52-Ser) does not eliminate its antimicrobial activity.[27] The lectin-like ability of lysozyme to recognize bacterial carbohydrate antigen without lytic activity was reported for tetrasaccharide related to lipopolysaccharide of Klebsiella pneumoniae.[28] Also, lysozyme interacts with antibodies and T-cell receptors.[29]","Lactic acid fermentation Lactic acid fermentation is a metabolic process by which glucose and other six-carbon sugars (also, disaccharides of six-carbon sugars, e.g. sucrose or lactose) are converted into cellular energy and the metabolite lactate. It is an anaerobic fermentation reaction that occurs in some bacteria and animal cells, such as muscle cells.[1][2][3]","Digestion Lactase is an enzyme that breaks down the disaccharide lactose to its component parts, glucose and galactose. Glucose and galactose can be absorbed by the small intestine. Approximately 65 percent of the adult population produce only small amounts of lactase and are unable to eat unfermented milk-based foods. This is commonly known as lactose intolerance. Lactose intolerance varies widely by ethnic heritage; more than 90 percent of peoples of east Asian descent are lactose intolerant, in contrast to about 5 percent of people of northern European descent.[18]","Escherichia coli Strain JM109 is a mutant form of E-coli that is recA and endA deficient developed by Promega. The strain can be utilized for blue/white screening when the cells carry the fertility factor episome[93] Lack of recA decreases the possibility of unwanted restriction of the DNA of interest and lack of endA inhibit plasmid DNA decomposition. Thus, JM109 is useful for cloning and expression systems.","Alkaline phosphatase While the outer membrane of E.coli contains porins that are permeable to phosphorylated compounds, the inner membrane does not. Then, an issue arises in how to transport such compounds across the inner membrane and into the cytosol. Surely, with the strong anionic charge of phosphate groups along with the remainder of the compound they are very much immiscible in the nonpolar region of the bilayer. The solution arises in cleaving the phosphate group away from the compound via ALP. In effect, along with the concomitant compound the phosphate was bound to, this enzyme yields pure inorganic phosphate which can be ultimately targeted by the phosphate-specific transport system (Pst system)[7] for translocation into the cytosol.[8] As such, the main purpose of dephosphorylation by alkaline phosphatase is to increase the rate of diffusion of the molecules into the cells and inhibit them from diffusing out.[9]","Catabolite repression Catabolite repression was extensively studied in Escherichia coli. E. coli grows faster on glucose than on any other carbon source. For example, if E. coli is placed on an agar plate containing only glucose and lactose, the bacteria will use glucose first and lactose second. When glucose is available in the environment, the synthesis of β-galactosidase is under repression due to the effect of catabolite repression caused by glucose. The catabolite repression in this case is achieved through the utilization of phosphotransferase system.","Lactase In metabolism, the β-glycosidic bond in D-lactose is hydrolyzed to form D-galactose and D-glucose, which can be absorbed through the intestinal walls and into the bloodstream. The overall reaction that lactase catalyzes is C12H22O11 + H2O → C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 + heat.","lac operon In the current model, lac repressor is bound simultaneously to both the main operator O1 and to either O2 or O3. The intervening DNA loops out from the complex. The redundant nature of the two minor operators suggests that it is not a specific looped complex that is important. One idea is that the system works through tethering; if bound repressor releases from O1 momentarily, binding to a minor operator keeps it in the vicinity, so that it may rebind quickly. This would increase the affinity of repressor for O1.","Lipopolysaccharide The making of LPS can be modified in order to present a specific sugar structure. Those can be recognised by either other LPS (which enables to inhibit LPS toxins) or glycosyltransferases that use those sugar structure to add more specific sugars. It has recently been shown that a specific enzyme in the intestine (alkaline phosphatase) can detoxify LPS by removing the two phosphate groups found on LPS carbohydrates.[11] This may function as an adaptive mechanism to help the host manage potentially toxic effects of gram-negative bacteria normally found in the small intestine. A different enzyme may detoxify LPS when it enters, or is produced in, animal tissues. Neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells produce a lipase, acyloxyacyl hydrolase (AOAH), that inactivates LPS by removing the two secondary acyl chains from lipid A. If they are given LPS parenterally, mice that lack AOAH develop high titers of non-specific antibodies, develop prolonged hepatomegaly, and experience prolonged endotoxin tolerance. LPS inactivation may be required for animals to restore homeostasis after parenteral LPS exposure.[12]","Operon Discovered in 1953 by Jacques Monod and colleagues, the trp operon in E. coli was the first repressible operon to be discovered. While the lac operon can be activated by a chemical (allolactose), the tryptophan (Trp) operon is inhibited by a chemical (tryptophan). This operon contains five structural genes: trp E, trp D, trp C, trp B, and trp A, which encodes tryptophan synthetase. It also contains a promoter which binds to RNA polymerase and an operator which blocks transcription when bound to the protein synthesized by the repressor gene (trp R) that binds to the operator. In the lac operon, lactose binds to the repressor protein and prevents it from repressing gene transcription, while in the trp operon, tryptophan binds to the repressor protein and enables it to repress gene transcription. Also unlike the lac operon, the trp operon contains a leader peptide and an attenuator sequence which allows for graded regulation.[16] This is an example of the corepressible model.","Lactase persistence Hypolactasia is known to be recessively and autosomally inherited, which means that individuals with the nonpersistent phenotype are homozygous and received the two copies of a low lactase-activity allele (the ancestral allele) from their parents, who may be homozygous or at least heterozygous for the allele.[11] Only one high-activity allele is required to be lactase persistent.[11][12] Lactase persistence behaves as a dominant trait because half levels of lactase activity are sufficient to show significant digestion of lactose.[1] Cis-acting transcriptional silence of the lactase gene is responsible for the hypolactasia phenotype.[11][12] Furthermore, studies show that only eight cases were found where the parents of a child with lactase persistence were both hypolactasic.[1] While a variety of genetic, as well as nutritional, factors determine lactase expression, no evidence has been found for adaptive alteration of lactase expression within an individual in response to changes in lactose consumption levels.[1] The two distinct phenotypes of hypolactasia are: Phenotype I, characterized by reduced synthesis of precursor LPH, and phenotype II, associated with ample precursor synthesis, but reduced conversion of the protein to its mature molecular form.[14] The lactase enzyme has two active sites which break down lactose. The first is at Glu1273 and the second is at Glu1749, which separately break down lactose into two separate kinds of molecules.[1]","MacConkey agar Using neutral red pH indicator, the agar distinguishes those Gram-negative bacteria that can ferment the sugar lactose (Lac+) from those that cannot (Lac-)fermentation.","Biomolecular engineering Advances in genetic engineering have made the modification of genes in microbes quite efficient allowing constructs to be made in about a weeks worth of time. It has also made it possible to modify the organism's genome itself. Specifically, use of the genes from the bacteriophage lambda are used in recombination.[6] This mechanism, known as recombineering, utilizes the three proteins Exo, Beta, and Gam, which are created by the genes exo, bet, and gam respectively. Exo is a double stranded DNA exonuclease with 5’ to 3’ activity. It cuts the double stranded DNA leaving 3’ overhangs. Beta is a protein that binds to single stranded DNA and assists homologous recombination by promoting annealing between the homology regions of the inserted DNA and the chromosomal DNA. Gam functions to protect the DNA insert from being destroyed by native nucleases within the cell.","Facilitated diffusion Single-molecule imaging is an imaging technique which provides an ideal resolution necessary for the study of the Transcription factor binding mechanism in living cells.[6] In prokaryotic bacteria cells such as E. coli, facilitated diffusion is required in order for regulatory proteins to locate and bind to target sites on DNA base pairs.[7][8][9] There are 2 main steps involved: the protein binds to a non-specific site on the DNA and then it diffuses along the DNA chain until it locates a target site, a process referred to as sliding.[10] According to Brackley et al. (2013), during the process of protein sliding, the protein searches the entire length of the DNA chain using 3-D and 1-D diffusion patterns. During 3-D diffusion, the high incidence of Crowder proteins creates an osmotic pressure which brings searcher proteins (e.g. Lac Repressor) closer to the DNA to increase their attraction and enable them to bind, as well as steric effect which exclude the Crowder proteins from this region (Lac operator region). Blocker proteins participate in 1-D diffusion only i.e. bind to and diffuse along the DNA contour and not in the cytosol.","Galactose Galactose is a monosaccharide. When combined with glucose (monosaccharide), through a condensation reaction, the result is the disaccharide lactose. The hydrolysis of lactose to glucose and galactose is catalyzed by the enzymes lactase and β-galactosidase. The latter is produced by the lac operon in Escherichia coli.","Adenomatous polyposis coli APC is classified as a tumor suppressor gene. Tumor suppressor genes prevent the uncontrolled growth of cells that may result in cancerous tumors. The protein made by the APC gene plays a critical role in several cellular processes that determine whether a cell may develop into a tumor. The APC protein helps control how often a cell divides, how it attaches to other cells within a tissue, how the cell polarizes and the morphogenesis of the 3D structures,[3] or whether a cell moves within or away from a tissue. This protein also helps ensure that the chromosome number in cells produced through cell division is correct. The APC protein accomplishes these tasks mainly through association with other proteins, especially those that are involved in cell attachment and signaling. The activity of one protein in particular, beta-catenin, is controlled by the APC protein (see: Wnt signaling pathway). Regulation of beta-catenin prevents genes that stimulate cell division from being turned on too often and prevents cell overgrowth.","lac operon Examples include:","Gene product Proteins have many different functions in a cell and the function may vary based on the polypeptides they interact with and their cellular environment. Chaperone proteins work to stabilize newly synthesized proteins. They ensure the new protein folds into its correct functional conformation in addition to making sure products do not aggregate in areas where they should not.[8] Proteins can also function as enzymes, increasing the rate of various biochemical reactions and turning substrates into products.[7][9] Products can be modified by attaching groups such as phosphate via an enzyme to specific amino acids in the primary sequence.[9] Proteins can also be used to move molecules in the cell to where they are needed, these are called motor proteins.[9] The shape of the cell is supported by proteins. Proteins such as actin, microtubules and intermediate filaments provide structure to the cell.[7] Another class of proteins are found in plasma membranes. Membrane proteins can be associated with the plasma membrane in different ways, depending on their structure.[9] These proteins allow the cell to import or export cell products, nutrients or signals to and from the extracellular space.[7][9] Other proteins help the cell to perform regulatory functions. For example, transcription factors bind to DNA to help transcription of RNA.[10]","Infant formula Lysozyme is an enzyme that is responsible for protecting the body by damaging bacterial cell walls. Lactoferrin is a globular, multifunctional protein that has antimicrobial activity. Compared to human milk, cow’s milk has a signifactly lower levels of lysozyme and lactoferrin; therefore, the industry has an increasing interest in adding them into infant formulas.[104]","Copper The protein hemocyanin is the oxygen carrier in most mollusks and some arthropods such as the horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus).[128] Because hemocyanin is blue, these organisms have blue blood rather than the red blood of iron-based hemoglobin. Structurally related to hemocyanin are the laccases and tyrosinases. Instead of reversibly binding oxygen, these proteins hydroxylate substrates, illustrated by their role in the formation of lacquers.[129] The biological role for copper commenced with the appearance of oxygen in earth's atmosphere.[130] Several copper proteins, such as the \"blue copper proteins\", do not interact directly with substrates, hence they are not enzymes. These proteins relay electrons by the process called electron transfer.[129]","Lipopolysaccharide LPS is the major component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, contributing greatly to the structural integrity of the bacteria, and protecting the membrane from certain kinds of chemical attack. LPS also increases the negative charge of the cell membrane and helps stabilize the overall membrane structure. It is of crucial importance to Gram-negative bacteria, which die if it is mutated or removed. LPS induces a strong response from normal animal immune systems. It has also been implicated in non-pathogenic aspects of bacterial ecology, including surface adhesion, bacteriophage sensitivity, and interactions with predators such as amoebae.","Lactate dehydrogenase This protein may use the morpheein model of allosteric regulation.[7]"],"string":"[\n \"lac operon One may distinguish between structural genes encoding enzymes, and regulatory genes encoding proteins that affect gene expression. Current usage expands the phenotypic nomenclature to apply to proteins: thus, LacZ is the protein product of the lacZ gene, β-galactosidase. Various short sequences that are not genes also affect gene expression, including the lac promoter, lac p, and the lac operator, lac o. Although it is not strictly standard usage, mutations affecting lac o are referred to as lac oc, for historical reasons.\",\n \"lac operon The lac operon (lactose operon) is an operon required for the transport and metabolism of lactose in Escherichia coli and many other enteric bacteria. Although glucose is the preferred carbon source for most bacteria, the lac operon allows for the effective digestion of lactose when glucose is not available through the activity of beta-galactosidase.[1] Gene regulation of the lac operon was the first genetic regulatory mechanism to be understood clearly, so it has become a foremost example of prokaryotic gene regulation. It is often discussed in introductory molecular and cellular biology classes for this reason. This lactose metabolism system was used by Jacob and Monod to determine how a cell knows which enzyme to synthesize. Their work on the lac operon won them the Nobel Prize in Physiology in 1965. [2]\",\n \"lac operon Bacterial operons are polycistronic transcripts that are able to produce multiple proteins from one mRNA transcript. In this case, when lactose is required as a sugar source for the bacterium, the three genes of the lac operon can be expressed and their subsequent proteins translated: lacZ, lacY, and lacA. The gene product of lacZ is β-galactosidase which cleaves lactose, a disaccharide, into glucose and galactose. lacY encodes Beta-galactoside permease, a protein which becomes embedded in the cytoplasmic membrane to enable transport of lactose into the cell. Finally, lacA encodes β-galactoside transacetylase.\",\n \"lac operon Specific control of the lac genes depends on the availability of the substrate lactose to the bacterium. The proteins are not produced by the bacterium when lactose is unavailable as a carbon source. The lac genes are organized into an operon; that is, they are oriented in the same direction immediately adjacent on the chromosome and are co-transcribed into a single polycistronic mRNA molecule. Transcription of all genes starts with the binding of the enzyme RNA polymerase (RNAP), a DNA-binding protein, which binds to a specific DNA binding site, the promoter, immediately upstream of the genes. Binding of RNA polymerase to the promoter is aided by the cAMP-bound catabolite activator protein (CAP, also known as the cAMP receptor protein).[5] However, the lacI gene (regulatory gene for lac operon) produces a protein that blocks RNAP from binding to the promoter of the operon. This protein can only be removed when allolactose binds to it, and inactivates it. The protein that is formed by the lacI gene is known as the lac repressor. The type of regulation that the lac operon undergoes is referred to as negative inducible, meaning that the gene is turned off by the regulatory factor (lac repressor) unless some molecule (lactose) is added. Because of the presence of the lac repressor protein, genetic engineers who replace the lacZ gene with another gene will have to grow the experimental bacteria on agar with lactose available on it. If they do not, the gene they are trying to express will not be expressed as the repressor protein is still blocking RNAP from binding to the promoter and transcribing the gene. Once the repressor is removed, RNAP then proceeds to transcribe all three genes (lacZYA) into mRNA. Each of the three genes on the mRNA strand has its own Shine-Dalgarno sequence, so the genes are independently translated.[6] The DNA sequence of the E. coli lac operon, the lacZYA mRNA, and the lacI genes are available from GenBank (view).\",\n \"lac operon The lac gene and its derivatives are amenable to use as a reporter gene in a number of bacterial-based selection techniques such as two hybrid analysis, in which the successful binding of a transcriptional activator to a specific promoter sequence must be determined.[15] In LB plates containing X-gal, the colour change from white colonies to a shade of blue corresponds to about 20-100 β-galactosidase units, while tetrazolium lactose and MacConkey lactose media have a range of 100-1000 units, being most sensitive in the high and low parts of this range respectively.[15] Since MacConkey lactose and tetrazolium lactose media both rely on the products of lactose breakdown, they require the presence of both lacZ and lacY genes. The many lac fusion techniques which include only the lacZ gene are thus suited to X-gal plates[15] or ONPG liquid broths.[23]\",\n \"lac operon It would be wasteful to produce the enzymes when there is no lactose available or if there is a more preferable energy source available, such as glucose. The lac operon uses a two-part control mechanism to ensure that the cell expends energy producing the enzymes encoded by the lac operon only when necessary.[3] In the absence of lactose, the lac repressor, lacI, halts production of the enzymes encoded by the lac operon.[4] The lac repressor is always expressed unless a co-inducer binds to it. In other words, it is transcribed only in the presence of small molecule co-inducer. In the presence of glucose, the catabolite activator protein (CAP), required for production of the enzymes, remains inactive, and EIIAGlc shuts down lactose permease to prevent transport of lactose into the cell. This dual control mechanism causes the sequential utilization of glucose and lactose in two distinct growth phases, known as diauxie.\",\n \"Reporter gene A common reporter in bacteria is the E. coli lacZ gene, which encodes the protein beta-galactosidase. This enzyme causes bacteria expressing the gene to appear blue when grown on a medium that contains the substrate analog X-gal. An example of a selectable-marker which is also a reporter in bacteria is the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene, which confers resistance to the antibiotic chloramphenicol.\",\n \"Lac repressor The lac repressor is a DNA-binding protein which inhibits the expression of genes coding for proteins involved in the metabolism of lactose in bacteria. These genes are repressed when lactose is not available to the cell, ensuring that the bacterium only invests energy in the production of machinery necessary for uptake and utilization of lactose when lactose is present. When lactose becomes available, it is converted into allolactose, which inhibits the lac repressor's DNA binding ability. Loss of DNA binding by the lac repressor is required for transcriptional activation of the operon.\",\n \"lac operon The delay between growth phases reflects the time needed to produce sufficient quantities of lactose-metabolizing enzymes. First, the CAP regulatory protein has to assemble on the lac promoter, resulting in an increase in the production of lac mRNA. More available copies of the lac mRNA results in the production (see translation) of significantly more copies of LacZ (β-galactosidase, for lactose metabolism) and LacY (lactose permease to transport lactose into the cell). After a delay needed to increase the level of the lactose metabolizing enzymes, the bacteria enter into a new rapid phase of cell growth.\",\n \"lac operon The first control mechanism is the regulatory response to lactose, which uses an intracellular regulatory protein called the lactose repressor to hinder production of β-galactosidase in the absence of lactose. The lacI gene coding for the repressor lies nearby the lac operon and is always expressed (constitutive). If lactose is missing from the growth medium, the repressor binds very tightly to a short DNA sequence just downstream of the promoter near the beginning of lacZ called the lac operator. The repressor binding to the operator interferes with binding of RNAP to the promoter, and therefore mRNA encoding LacZ and LacY is only made at very low levels. When cells are grown in the presence of lactose, however, a lactose metabolite called allolactose, made from lactose by the product of the lacZ gene, binds to the repressor, causing an allosteric shift. Thus altered, the repressor is unable to bind to the operator, allowing RNAP to transcribe the lac genes and thereby leading to higher levels of the encoded proteins.\",\n \"lac operon The cya gene encodes adenylate cyclase, which produces cAMP. In a cya mutant, the absence of cAMP makes the expression of the lacZYA genes more than ten times lower than normal. Addition of cAMP corrects the low Lac expression characteristic of cya mutants. The second gene, crp, encodes a protein called catabolite activator protein (CAP) or cAMP receptor protein (CRP).[21]\",\n \"Lactase Lactase is also used to screen for blue white colonies in the multiple cloning sites of various plasmid vectors in Escherichia coli or other bacteria.[citation needed]\",\n \"lac operon In the case of Lac, wild type cells are Lac+ and are able to use lactose as a carbon and energy source, while Lac− mutant derivatives cannot use lactose. The same three letters are typically used (lower-case, italicized) to label the genes involved in a particular phenotype, where each different gene is additionally distinguished by an extra letter. The lac genes encoding enzymes are lacZ, lacY, and lacA. The fourth lac gene is lacI, encoding the lactose repressor—\\\"I\\\" stands for inducibility.\",\n \"lac operon The second control mechanism is a response to glucose, which uses the catabolite activator protein (CAP) homodimer to greatly increase production of β-galactosidase in the absence of glucose. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is a signal molecule whose prevalence is inversely proportional to that of glucose. It binds to the CAP, which in turn allows the CAP to bind to the CAP binding site (a 16 bp DNA sequence upstream of the promoter on the left in the diagram below, about 60 bp upstream of the transcription start site),[7] which assists the RNAP in binding to the DNA. In the absence of glucose, the cAMP concentration is high and binding of CAP-cAMP to the DNA significantly increases the production of β-galactosidase, enabling the cell to hydrolyse lactose and release galactose and glucose.\",\n \"Lactase Lactase (also known as lactase-phlorizin hydrolase, or LPH), a part of the β-galactosidase family of enzymes, is a glycoside hydrolase involved in the hydrolysis of the disaccharide lactose into constituent galactose and glucose monomers. Lactase is present predominantly along the brush border membrane of the differentiated enterocytes lining the villi of the small intestine.[2] In humans, lactase is encoded by the LCT gene.[3][4]\",\n \"Transformation (genetics) In a cloning experiment, a gene may be inserted into a plasmid used for transformation. However, in such experiment, not all the plasmids may contain a successfully inserted gene. Additional techniques may therefore be employed further to screen for transformed cells that contain plasmid with the insert. Reporter genes can be used as markers, such as the lacZ gene which codes for β-galactosidase used in blue-white screening. This method of screening relies on the principle of α-complementation, where a fragment of the lacZ gene (lacZα) in the plasmid can complement another mutant lacZ gene (lacZΔM15) in the cell. Both genes by themselves produce non-functional peptides, however, when expressed together, as when a plasmid containing lacZ-α is transformed into a lacZΔM15 cells, they form a functional β-galactosidase. The presence of an active β-galactosidase may be detected when cells are grown in plates containing X-gal, forming characteristic blue colonies. However, the multiple cloning site, where a gene of interest may be ligated into the plasmid vector, is located within the lacZα gene. Successful ligation therefore disrupts the lacZα gene, and no functional β-galactosidase can form, resulting in white colonies. Cells containing successfully ligated insert can then be easily identified by its white coloration from the unsuccessful blue ones.\",\n \"lac operon The experimental microorganism used by François Jacob and Jacques Monod was the common laboratory bacterium, E. coli, but many of the basic regulatory concepts that were discovered by Jacob and Monod are fundamental to cellular regulation in all organisms.[16] The key idea is that proteins are not synthesized when they are not needed--- E. coli conserves cellular resources and energy by not making the three Lac proteins when there is no need to metabolize lactose, such as when other sugars like glucose are available. The following section discusses how E. coli controls certain genes in response to metabolic needs.\",\n \"Lac repressor The lac repressor (LacI) operates by a helix-turn-helix motif in its DNA binding domain binding base-specifically to the major groove of the operator region of the lac operon, with base contacts also made by residues of symmetry-related alpha helices, the \\\"hinge\\\" helices, which bind deeply in the minor groove.[1] This DNA binding causes the specific affinity of RNA polymerase for the promoter sequence to increase sufficiently that it cannot escape the promoter region and enter elongation, and so prevents transcription of the mRNA coding for the Lac proteins.[2] When lactose is present, allolactose binds to the lac repressor, causing an allosteric change in its shape. In its changed state, the lac repressor is unable to bind tightly to its cognate operator. This effect is referred to as induction, because it induces, rather than represses, expression of the metabolic genes. In vitro, Isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) is a commonly used allolactose mimic which can be used to induce transcription of genes being regulated by lac repressor.\",\n \"lac operon However the lactose metabolism enzymes are made in small quantities in the presence of both glucose and lactose (sometimes called leaky expression) due to the fact that the LacI repressor rapidly associates/dissociates from the DNA rather than tightly binding to it, which can allow time for RNAP to bind and transcribe mRNAs of lacZYA. Leaky expression is necessary in order to allow for metabolism of some lactose after the glucose source is expended, but before lac expression is fully activated.\",\n \"Operon The lac operon of the model bacterium Escherichia coli was the first operon to be discovered and provides a typical example of operon function. It consists of three adjacent structural genes, a promoter, a terminator, and an operator. The lac operon is regulated by several factors including the availability of glucose and lactose. It can be activated by allolactose. Lactose binds to the repressor protein and prevents it from repressing gene transcription. This is an example of the derepressible (from above: negative inducible) model.\",\n \"Catabolite repression Once the glucose is all used up, the second preferred carbon source (i.e. lactose) has to be used by bacteria. Absence of glucose will \\\"turn off\\\" catabolite repression. When glucose levels are low the phosphorylated form of EIIA accumulates and consequently activates the enzyme adenylyl cyclase, which will produce high levels of cAMP. cAMP binds to catabolite activator protein (CAP) and together they will bind to a promoter sequence on the lac operon. However, this is not enough for the lactose genes to be transcribed. Lactose must be present inside the cell to remove the lactose repressor from the operator sequence (transcriptional regulation). When these two conditions are satisfied, it means for the bacteria that glucose is absent and lactose is available. Next, bacteria start to transcribe the lac operon and produce β-galactosidase enzymes for lactose metabolism. The example above is a simplification of a complex process. Catabolite repression is considered to be a part of global control system and therefore it affects more genes rather than just lactose gene transcription.[2][3]\",\n \"lac operon To analyze regulatory mutants of the lac operon, Jacob developed a system by which a second copy of the lac genes (lacI with its promoter, and lacZYA with promoter and operator) could be introduced into a single cell. A culture of such bacteria, which are diploid for the lac genes but otherwise normal, is then tested for the regulatory phenotype. In particular, it is determined whether LacZ and LacY are made even in the absence of IPTG (due to the lactose repressor produced by the mutant gene being non-functional). This experiment, in which genes or gene clusters are tested pairwise, is called a complementation test.\",\n \"Gene Genes are regulated so that they are expressed only when the product is needed, since expression draws on limited resources.[2]:7 A cell regulates its gene expression depending on its external environment (e.g. available nutrients, temperature and other stresses), its internal environment (e.g. cell division cycle, metabolism, infection status), and its specific role if in a multicellular organism. Gene expression can be regulated at any step: from transcriptional initiation, to RNA processing, to post-translational modification of the protein. The regulation of lactose metabolism genes in E. coli (lac operon) was the first such mechanism to be described in 1961.[51]\",\n \"lac operon This test is illustrated in the figure (lacA is omitted for simplicity). First, certain haploid states are shown (i.e. the cell carries only a single copy of the lac genes). Panel (a) shows repression, (b) shows induction by IPTG, and (c) and (d) show the effect of a mutation to the lacI gene or to the operator, respectively. In panel (e) the complementation test for repressor is shown. If one copy of the lac genes carries a mutation in lacI, but the second copy is wild type for lacI, the resulting phenotype is normal---but lacZ is expressed when exposed to inducer IPTG. Mutations affecting repressor are said to be recessive to wild type (and that wild type is dominant), and this is explained by the fact that repressor is a small protein which can diffuse in the cell. The copy of the lac operon adjacent to the defective lacI gene is effectively shut off by protein produced from the second copy of lacI.\",\n \"Inducer The inducer in the lac operon is allolactose.[2] If lactose is present in the medium, then a small amount of it will be converted to allolactose by a few molecules of β-galactosidase that are present in the cell.[3] Allolactose binds to the repressor and decreases the repressor's affinity for the operator site.[3]\",\n \"Cyclic adenosine monophosphate cAMP, for example, is involved in the positive regulation of the lac operon. In an environment with a low glucose concentration, cAMP accumulates and binds to the allosteric site on CRP (cAMP receptor protein), a transcription activator protein. The protein assumes its active shape and binds to a specific site upstream of the lac promoter, making it easier for RNA polymerase to bind to the adjacent promoter to start transcription of the lac operon, increasing the rate of lac operon transcription. With a high glucose concentration, the cAMP concentration decreases, and the CRP disengages from the lac operon.\",\n \"Cloning vector Many general purpose vectors such as pUC19 usually include a system for detecting the presence of a cloned DNA fragment, based on the loss of an easily scored phenotype. The most widely used is the gene coding for E. coli β-galactosidase, whose activity can easily be detected by the ability of the enzyme it encodes to hydrolyze the soluble, colourless substrate X-gal (5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-beta-d-galactoside) into an insoluble, blue product (5,5'-dibromo-4,4'-dichloro indigo). Cloning a fragment of DNA within the vector-based lacZα sequence of the β-galactosidase prevents the production of an active enzyme. If X-gal is included in the selective agar plates, transformant colonies are generally blue in the case of a vector with no inserted DNA and white in the case of a vector containing a fragment of cloned DNA.\",\n \"Protein production For example, a DNA sequence for a protein of interest could be cloned or subcloned into a high copy-number plasmid containing the lac promoter, which is then transformed into the bacterium E. coli. Addition of IPTG (a lactose analog) activates the lac promoter and causes the bacteria to express the protein of interest.\",\n \"Escherichia coli Strain K-12 is a mutant form of E-coli that over-expresses the enzyme Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP).[92] The mutation arises due to a defect in the gene that constantly codes for the enzyme. A gene that is producing a product without any inhibition is said to have constitutive activity. This particular mutant form is used to isolate and purify the aforementioned enzyme.[92]\",\n \"lac operon Eventually it was discovered that two additional operators are involved in lac regulation.[9] One (O3) lies about -90 bp upstream of O1 in the end of the lacI gene, and the other (O2) is about +410 bp downstream of O1 in the early part of lacZ. These two sites were not found in the early work because they have redundant functions and individual mutations do not affect repression very much. Single mutations to either O2 or O3 have only 2 to 3-fold effects. However, their importance is demonstrated by the fact that a double mutant defective in both O2 and O3 is dramatically de-repressed (by about 70-fold).\",\n \"lac operon More recently inducer exclusion was shown to block expression of the lac operon when glucose is present. Glucose is transported into the cell by the PEP-dependent phosphotransferase system. The phosphate group of phosphoenolpyruvate is transferred via a phosphorylation cascade consisting of the general PTS (phosphotransferase system) proteins HPr and EIA and the glucose-specific PTS proteins EIIAGlc and EIIBGlc, the cytoplasmic domain of the EII glucose transporter. Transport of glucose is accompanied by its phosphorylation by EIIBGlc, draining the phosphate group from the other PTS proteins, including EIIAGlc. The unphosphorylated form of EIIAGlc binds to the lac permease and prevents it from bringing lactose into the cell. Therefore, if both glucose and lactose are present, the transport of glucose blocks the transport of the inducer of the lac operon.[8]\",\n \"lac operon Non-specific binding of the repressor to DNA plays a crucial role in the repression and induction of the Lac-operon. The specific binding site for the Lac-repressor protein is the operator. The non-specific interaction is mediated mainly by charge-charge interactions while binding to the operator is reinforced by hydrophobic interactions. Additionally, there is an abundance of non-specific DNA sequences to which the repressor can bind. Essentially, any sequence that is not the operator, is considered non-specific. Studies have shown, that without the presence of non-specific binding, induction (or unrepression) of the Lac-operon could not occur even with saturated levels of inducer. It had been demonstrated that, without non-specific binding, the basal level of induction is ten thousand times smaller than observed normally. This is because the non-specific DNA acts as sort of a \\\"sink\\\" for the repressor proteins, distracting them from the operator. The non-specific sequences decrease the amount of available repressor in the cell. This in turn reduces the amount of inducer required to unrepress the system.[11]\",\n \"Lactase The catalytic mechanism of D-lactose hydrolysis retains the substrate anomeric configuration in the products.[13] While the details of the mechanism are uncertain, the stereochemical retention is achieved through a double displacement reaction. Studies of E. coli lactase have proposed that hydrolysis is initiated when a glutamate nucleophile on the enzyme attacks from the axial side of the galactosyl carbon in the β-glycosidic bond.[14] The removal of the D-glucose leaving group may be facilitated by Mg-dependent acid catalysis.[14] The enzyme is liberated from the α-galactosyl moiety upon equatorial nucleophilic attack by water, which produces D-galactose.[13]\",\n \"lac operon The lac repressor is a four-part protein, a tetramer, with identical subunits. Each subunit contains a helix-turn-helix (HTH) motif capable of binding to DNA. The operator site where repressor binds is a DNA sequence with inverted repeat symmetry. The two DNA half-sites of the operator together bind to two of the subunits of the repressor. Although the other two subunits of repressor are not doing anything in this model, this property was not understood for many years.\",\n \"Inducer However, when lactose and glucose are both available in the system, the lac operon is repressed. This is because glucose actively prevents the induction of lacZYA.[2]\",\n \"Inducer Because a small inducer molecule is required, the increased expression of the target gene is called induction.[2] The lactose operon is one example of an inducible system.[2]\",\n \"lac operon Explanation of diauxie depended on the characterization of additional mutations affecting the lac genes other than those explained by the classical model. Two other genes, cya and crp, subsequently were identified that mapped far from lac, and that, when mutated, result in a decreased level of expression in the presence of IPTG and even in strains of the bacterium lacking the repressor or operator. The discovery of cAMP in E. coli led to the demonstration that mutants defective the cya gene but not the crp gene could be restored to full activity by the addition of cAMP to the medium.\",\n \"lac operon During World War II, Monod was testing the effects of combinations of sugars as nutrient sources for E. coli and B. subtilis. Monod was following up on similar studies that had been conducted by other scientists with bacteria and yeast. He found that bacteria grown with two different sugars often displayed two phases of growth. For example, if glucose and lactose were both provided, glucose was metabolized first (growth phase I, see Figure 2) and then lactose (growth phase II). Lactose was not metabolized during the first part of the diauxic growth curve because β-galactosidase was not made when both glucose and lactose were present in the medium. Monod named this phenomenon diauxie.[17]\",\n \"Lac repressor The lac repressor was first isolated by Walter Gilbert and Benno Müller-Hill in 1966.[7] They were able to show, in vitro, that the protein bound to DNA containing the lac operon, and released the DNA when IPTG was added. (IPTG is an allolactose analog.) They were also able to isolate the portion of DNA bound by the protein by using the enzyme deoxyribonuclease, which breaks down DNA. After treatment of the repressor-DNA complex, some DNA remained, suggesting that it had been masked by the repressor. This was later confirmed.\",\n \"lac operon In summary:\",\n \"lac operon The repressor is an allosteric protein, i.e. it can assume either one of two slightly different shapes, which are in equilibrium with each other. In one form the repressor will bind to the operator DNA with high specificity, and in the other form it has lost its specificity. According to the classical model of induction, binding of the inducer, either allolactose or IPTG, to the repressor affects the distribution of repressor between the two shapes. Thus, repressor with inducer bound is stabilized in the non-DNA-binding conformation. However, this simple model cannot be the whole story, because repressor is bound quite stably to DNA, yet it is released rapidly by addition of inducer. Therefore, it seems clear that inducer can also bind to the repressor when the repressor is already bound to DNA. It is still not entirely known what the exact mechanism of binding is.[10]\",\n \"Evolutionary developmental biology In 1961, Jacques Monod, Jean-Pierre Changeux and François Jacob discovered the lac operon in the bacterium Escherichia coli. It was a cluster of genes, arranged in a feedback control loop so that its products would only be made when \\\"switched on\\\" by an environmental stimulus. One of these products was an enzyme that splits a sugar, lactose; and lactose itself was the stimulus that switched the genes on. This was a revelation, as it showed for the first time that genes, even in an organism as small as a bacterium, were subject to fine-grained control. The implication was that many other genes were also elaborately regulated.[23]\",\n \"lac operon A more sophisticated version of this experiment uses marked operons to distinguish between the two copies of the lac genes and show that the unregulated structural gene(s) is(are) the one(s) next to the mutant operator (panel (g). For example, suppose that one copy is marked by a mutation inactivating lacZ so that it can only produce the LacY protein, while the second copy carries a mutation affecting lacY and can only produce LacZ. In this version, only the copy of the lac operon that is adjacent to the mutant operator is expressed without IPTG. We say that the operator mutation is cis-dominant, it is dominant to wild type but affects only the copy of the operon which is immediately adjacent to it.\",\n \"Lactase Lactase is an enzyme produced by many organisms. It is located in the brush border of the small intestine of humans and other mammals. Lactase is essential to the complete digestion of whole milk; it breaks down lactose, a sugar which gives milk its sweetness. Lacking lactase, a person consuming dairy products may experience the symptoms of lactose intolerance.[1] Lactase can be purchased as a food supplement, and is added to milk to produce \\\"lactose-free\\\" milk products.\",\n \"Regulation of gene expression Gene regulation is essential for viruses, prokaryotes and eukaryotes as it increases the versatility and adaptability of an organism by allowing the cell to express protein when needed. Although as early as 1951, Barbara McClintock showed interaction between two genetic loci, Activator (Ac) and Dissociator (Ds), in the color formation of maize seeds, the first discovery of a gene regulation system is widely considered to be the identification in 1961 of the lac operon, discovered by François Jacob and Jacques Monod, in which some enzymes involved in lactose metabolism are expressed by E. coli only in the presence of lactose and absence of glucose.\",\n \"Regulator gene Regulatory genes can also be described as positive or negative regulators, based on the environmental conditions that surround the cell. Positive regulators are regulatory elements that permit RNA polymerase binding to the promoter region, thus allowing transcription to occur. In terms of the lac operon, the positive regulator would be the CRP-cAMP complex that must be bound close to the site of the start of transcription of the lac genes. The binding of this positive regulator allows RNA polymerase to bind successfully to the promoter of the lac gene sequence which advances the transcription of lac genes; lac Z, lac Y, and lac A. Negative regulators are regulatory elements which obstruct the binding of RNA polymerase to the promoter region, thus repressing transcription. In terms of the lac operon, the negative regulator would be the lac repressor which binds to the promoter in the same site that RNA polymerase normally binds. The binding of the lac repressor to RNA polymerase's binding site inhibits the transcription of the lac genes. Only when a corepressor is bound to the lac repressor will the binding site be free for RNA polymerase to carry out transcription of the lac genes.[5][6][7]\",\n \"lac operon Monod then focused his attention on the induction of β-galactosidase formation that occurred when lactose was the sole sugar in the culture medium.[18]\",\n \"Lactase persistence The lactase persistent phenotype involves high mRNA expression, high lactase activity, and thus the ability to digest lactose, while the lactase nonpersistent phenotype involves low mRNA expression and low lactase activity.[13] The enzyme lactase is encoded by the gene LCT.[11]\",\n \"Lactase Lactase produced commercially can be extracted both from yeasts such as Kluyveromyces fragilis and Kluyveromyces lactis and from molds, such as Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus oryzae.[8] Its primary commercial use, in supplements such as Lacteeze and Lactaid, is to break down lactose in milk to make it suitable for people with lactose intolerance,[9][10] However, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration has not formally evaluated the effectiveness of these products.[11]\",\n \"Lactase Lactase is encoded by a single genetic locus on chromosome 2.[19] It is expressed exclusively by mammalian small intestine enterocytes and in very low levels in the colon during fetal development.[19] Humans are born with high levels of lactase expression. In most of the world’s population, lactase transcription is down-regulated after weaning, resulting in diminished lactase expression in the small intestine,[19] which causes the common symptoms of adult-type hypolactasia, or lactose intolerance.[20]\",\n \"lac operon Two puzzles of catabolite repression relate to how cAMP levels are coupled to the presence of glucose, and secondly, why the cells should even bother. After lactose is cleaved it actually forms glucose and galactose (easily converted to glucose). In metabolic terms, lactose is just as good a carbon and energy source as glucose. The cAMP level is related not to intracellular glucose concentration but to the rate of glucose transport, which influences the activity of adenylate cyclase. (In addition, glucose transport also leads to direct inhibition of the lactose permease.) As to why E. coli works this way, one can only speculate. All enteric bacteria ferment glucose, which suggests they encounter it frequently. It is possible that a small difference in efficiency of transport or metabolism of glucose v. lactose makes it advantageous for cells to regulate the lac operon in this way.[22]\",\n \"lac operon Only lacZ and lacY appear to be necessary for lactose catabolism.\",\n \"Lactase The lactase promoter is 150 base pairs long and is located just upstream of the site of transcription initiation.[23] The sequence is highly conserved in mammals, suggesting that critical cis-transcriptional regulators are located nearby.[23] Cdx-2, HNF-1α, and GATA have been identified as transcription factors.[23] Studies of hypolactasia onset have demonstrated that despite polymorphisms, little difference exists in lactase expression in infants, showing that the mutations become increasingly relevant during development.[24] Developmentally regulated DNA-binding proteins may down-regulate transcription or destabilize mRNA transcripts, causing decreased LPH expression after weaning.[24]\",\n \"Catabolite repression An important enzyme from the phosphotransferase system called Enzyme II A (EIIA) plays a central role in this mechanism. There are different catabolite-specific EIIA in a single cell, even though different bacterial groups have specificities to different sets of catabolites. In enteric bacteria one of the EIIA enzymes in their set is specific for glucose transport only. When glucose levels are high inside the bacteria, EIIA mostly exists in its unphosphorylated form. This leads to inhibition of adenylyl cyclase and lactose permease, therefore cAMP levels are low and lactose can not be transported inside the bacteria.\",\n \"Lysozyme Lysozyme crystals have been used to grow other functional materials for catalysis and biomedical applications.[39][40][41] Lysozyme is a commonly used enzyme for lysing gram negative bacteria.[42] Due to the unique function of lysozyme in which it can digest the cell wall and causes osmotic shock (burst the cell by suddenly change in solute concentration around the cell and thus the osmotic pressure), lysozyme is commonly used in lab setting to release proteins from bacterium periplasm while the inner membrane remains sealed as vesicles called the spheroplast.[43][44]\",\n \"Regulator gene Other regulatory genes code for activator proteins. An activator binds to a site on the DNA molecule and causes an increase in transcription of a nearby gene. In prokaryotes, a well-known activator protein is the catabolite activator protein or CAP, involved in positive control of the lac operon.\",\n \"Lactase Mature human lactase consists of a single 160-kDa polypeptide chain that localizes to the brush border membrane of intestinal epithelial cells. It is oriented with the N-terminus outside the cell and the C-terminus in the cytosol.[3] LPH contains two catalytic glutamic acid sites. In the human enzyme, the lactase activity has been connected to Glu-1749, while Glu-1273 is the site of phlorizin hydrolase function.[18]\",\n \"Lactase persistence It is not known how exactly the different variants described above regulate LCT expression. None of the mutations so far identified have been shown to be exclusively causal for lactase persistence, and it is possible that there are more alleles to be discovered.[30] If we focus on the “European variant”, the position −13910 has an enhancer function on the lactase promoter (the promoter facilitates the transcription of the LCT gene). T−13910 is a greater enhancer than C−13910, so this mutation is thought to be responsible for the differences in lactase expression,[31] although not enough evidence is found to prove that lactase persistence is only caused by C−13910→T−13910.[11]\",\n \"Reporter gene Commonly used reporter genes that induce visually identifiable characteristics usually involve fluorescent and luminescent proteins. Examples include the gene that encodes jellyfish green fluorescent protein (GFP), which causes cells that express it to glow green under blue light, the enzyme luciferase, which catalyzes a reaction with luciferin to produce light, and the red fluorescent protein from the gene dsRed (fr). The GUS gene has been commonly used in plants but luciferase and GFP are becoming more common.[1]\",\n \"MacConkey agar By utilizing the lactose available in the medium, Lac+ bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Enterobacter and Klebsiella will produce acid, which lowers the pH of the agar below 6.8 and results in the appearance of pink colonies. The bile salts precipitate in the immediate neighbourhood of the colony, causing the medium surrounding the colony to become hazy.[4][5]\",\n \"Gene Many prokaryotic genes are organized into operons, with multiple protein-coding sequences that are transcribed as a unit.[38][39] The genes in an operon are transcribed as a continuous messenger RNA, referred to as a polycistronic mRNA. The term cistron in this context is equivalent to gene. The transcription of an operon’s mRNA is often controlled by a repressor that can occur in an active or inactive state depending on the presence of certain specific metabolites.[40] When active, the repressor binds to a DNA sequence at the beginning of the operon, called the operator region, and represses transcription of the operon; when the repressor is inactive transcription of the operon can occur (see e.g. Lac operon). The products of operon genes typically have related functions and are involved in the same regulatory network.[2]:7.3\",\n \"lac operon A number of lactose derivatives or analogs have been described that are useful for work with the lac operon. These compounds are mainly substituted galactosides, where the glucose moiety of lactose is replaced by another chemical group.\",\n \"Alkaline phosphatase Alkaline phosphatase in E. coli is located in the periplasmic space and can thus be released using techniques that weaken the cell wall and release the protein. Due to the location of the enzyme, and the protein layout of the enzyme, the enzyme is in solution with a smaller amount of proteins than there are in another portion of the cell. [12] The proteins' heat stability can also be taken advantage of when isolating this enzyme (through heat denaturation). In addition, alkaline phosphatase can be assayed using p-Nitrophenyl phosphate. A reaction where alkaline phosphatase desphosphorylates the non-specific substrate, p-Nitrophenyl phosphate in order to produce p-Nitrophenol(PNP) and inorganic phosphate. PNP's yellow color, and its λmax at 410 allows spectophotometry to determine important information about enzymatic activity.[13] Some complexities of bacterial regulation and metabolism suggest that other, more subtle, purposes for the enzyme may also play a role for the cell. In the laboratory, however, mutant Escherichia coli lacking alkaline phosphatase survive quite well, as do mutants unable to shut off alkaline phosphatase production.[14]\",\n \"Lysozyme Lysozyme is abundant in secretions including tears, saliva, human milk, and mucus. It is also present in cytoplasmic granules of the macrophages and the polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs). Large amounts of lysozyme can be found in egg white. C-type lysozymes are closely related to alpha-lactalbumin in sequence and structure, making them part of the same family.[6] In humans, the lysozyme enzyme is encoded by the LYZ gene.[7][8]\",\n \"Lac repressor Structurally, the lac repressor protein is a homo-tetramer. The tetramer contains two DNA binding subunits composed of two monomers each (sometimes called \\\"dimeric lac repressor\\\"). These subunits dimerize to form a tetramer capable of binding two operator sequences. Each monomer [3][4][5] consists of four distinct regions:\",\n \"Lysozyme Lysozyme, also known as muramidase or N-acetylmuramide glycanhydrolase is an antimicrobial enzyme produced by animals that forms part of the innate immune system. Lysozyme is a glycoside hydrolase that catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan, which is the major component of gram-positive bacterial cell wall.[5] This hydrolysis in turn compromises the integrity of bacterial cell walls causing lysis of the bacteria.\",\n \"Lac repressor DNA binding occurs via an N-terminal helix-turn-helix structural motif and is targeted to one of several operator DNA sequences (known as O1, O2 and O3). The O1 operator sequence slightly overlaps with the promoter, which increases the affinity of RNA polymerase for the promoter sequence such that it cannot enter elongation and remains in Abortive initiation. Additionally, because each tetramer contains two DNA-binding subunits, binding of multiple operator sequences by a single tetramer induces DNA looping.[6]\",\n \"lac operon If the same experiment is carried out using an operator mutation, a different result is obtained (panel (f)). The phenotype of a cell carrying one mutant and one wild type operator site is that LacZ and LacY are produced even in the absence of the inducer IPTG; because the damaged operator site, does not permit binding of the repressor to inhibit transcription of the structural genes. The operator mutation is dominant. When the operator site where repressor must bind is damaged by mutation, the presence of a second functional site in the same cell makes no difference to expression of genes controlled by the mutant site.\",\n \"Enzyme Enzyme production (transcription and translation of enzyme genes) can be enhanced or diminished by a cell in response to changes in the cell's environment. This form of gene regulation is called enzyme induction. For example, bacteria may become resistant to antibiotics such as penicillin because enzymes called beta-lactamases are induced that hydrolyse the crucial beta-lactam ring within the penicillin molecule.[81] Another example comes from enzymes in the liver called cytochrome P450 oxidases, which are important in drug metabolism. Induction or inhibition of these enzymes can cause drug interactions.[82] Enzyme levels can also be regulated by changing the rate of enzyme degradation.[1]:30.1.1\",\n \"Lactase Preprolactase, the primary translation product, has a single polypeptide primary structure consisting of 1927 amino acids.[3] It can be divided into five domains: (i) a 19-amino-acid cleaved signal sequence; (ii) a large prosequence domain that is not present in mature lactase; (iii) the mature lactase segment; (iv) a membrane-spanning hydrophobic anchor; and (v) a short hydrophilic carboxyl terminus.[3] The signal sequence is cleaved in the endoplasmic reticulum, and the resulting 215-kDa pro-LPH is sent to the Golgi apparatus, where it is heavily glycosylated and proteolytically processed to its mature form.[16] The prodomain has been shown to act as an intramolecular chaperone in the ER, preventing trypsin cleavage and allowing LPH to adopt the necessary 3-D structure to be transported to the Golgi apparatus.[17]\",\n \"Polysaccharide Cell-surface polysaccharides play diverse roles in bacterial ecology and physiology. They serve as a barrier between the cell wall and the environment, mediate host-pathogen interactions, and form structural components of biofilms. These polysaccharides are synthesized from nucleotide-activated precursors (called nucleotide sugars) and, in most cases, all the enzymes necessary for biosynthesis, assembly and transport of the completed polymer are encoded by genes organized in dedicated clusters within the genome of the organism. Lipopolysaccharide is one of the most important cell-surface polysaccharides, as it plays a key structural role in outer membrane integrity, as well as being an important mediator of host-pathogen interactions.\",\n \"Inducer For a gene to be expressed, its DNA sequence must be copied (in a process known as transcription) to make a smaller, mobile molecule called messenger RNA (mRNA), which carries the instructions for making a protein to the site where the protein is manufactured (in a process known as translation). Many different types of proteins can affect the level of gene expression by promoting or preventing transcription. In prokaryotes (such as bacteria), these proteins often act on a portion of DNA known as the operator at the beginning of the gene. The promoter is where RNA polymerase, the enzyme that copies the genetic sequence and synthesizes the mRNA, attaches to the DNA strand.\",\n \"Transformation (genetics) Other commonly used reporter genes are green fluorescent protein (GFP), which produces cells that glow green under blue light, and the enzyme luciferase, which catalyzes a reaction with luciferin to emit light. The recombinant DNA may also be detected using other methods such as nucleic acid hybridization with radioactive RNA probe, while cells that expressed the desired protein from the plasmid may also be detected using immunological methods.\",\n \"Lactate dehydrogenase A cap-membrane-binding domain is found in prokaryotic lactate dehydrogenase. This consists of a large seven-stranded antiparallel beta-sheet flanked on both sides by alpha-helices. It allows for membrane association.[36]\",\n \"Lactase Substrate modification studies have demonstrated that the 3′-OH and 2′-OH moieties on the galactopyranose ring are essential for enzymatic recognition and hydrolysis.[15] The 3′-hydroxy group is involved in initial binding to the substrate while the 2′- group is not necessary for recognition but needed in subsequent steps. This is demonstrated by the fact that a 2-deoxy analog is an effective competitive inhibitor (Ki = 10mM).[15] Elimination of specific hydroxyl groups on the glucopyranose moiety does not completely eliminate catalysis.[15]\",\n \"Reporter gene Many methods of transfection and transformation – two ways of expressing a foreign or modified gene in an organism – are effective in only a small percentage of a population subjected to the techniques. Thus, a method for identifying those few successful gene uptake events is necessary. Reporter genes used in this way are normally expressed under their own promoter independent from that of the introduced gene of interest; the reporter gene can be expressed constitutively (that is, it is \\\"always on\\\") or inducibly with an external intervention such as the introduction of Isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) in the β-galactosidase system. As a result, the reporter gene's expression is independent of the gene of interest's expression, which is an advantage when the gene of interest is only expressed under certain specific conditions or in tissues that are difficult to access.\",\n \"lac operon A conceptual breakthrough of Jacob and Monod[19] was to recognize the distinction between regulatory substances and sites where they act to change gene expression. A former soldier, Jacob used the analogy of a bomber that would release its lethal cargo upon receipt of a special radio transmission or signal. A working system requires both a ground transmitter and a receiver in the airplane. Now, suppose that the usual transmitter is broken. This system can be made to work by introduction of a second, functional transmitter. In contrast, he said, consider a bomber with a defective receiver. The behavior of this bomber cannot be changed by introduction of a second, functional aeroplane.\",\n \"trp operon Discovered in 1953 by Jacques Monod and colleagues, the trp operon in E. coli was the first repressible operon to be discovered. While the lac operon can be activated by a chemical (allolactose), the tryptophan (Trp) operon is inhibited by a chemical (tryptophan). This operon contains five structural genes: trp E, trp D, trp C, trp B, and trp A, which encode tryptophan synthetase. It also contains a repressive regulator gene called trp R. trp R has a promoter where RNA polymerase binds and synthesizes mRNA for a regulatory protein. The protein that is synthesized by trp R then binds to the operator which then causes the transcription to be blocked. In the lac operon, allolactose binds to the repressor protein, allowing gene transcription, while in the trp operon, tryptophan binds to the repressor protein effectively blocking gene transcription. In both situations, repression is that of RNA polymerase transcribing the genes in the operon. Also unlike the lac operon, the trp operon contains a leader peptide and an attenuator sequence which allows for graded regulation.[1]\",\n \"Lysozyme Despite that the muramidase activity of lysozyme has been supposed to play the key role for its antibacterial properties, evidence of its non-enzymatic action was also reported. For example, blocking the catalytic activity of lysozyme by mutation of critical amino acid in the active site (52-Asp -> 52-Ser) does not eliminate its antimicrobial activity.[27] The lectin-like ability of lysozyme to recognize bacterial carbohydrate antigen without lytic activity was reported for tetrasaccharide related to lipopolysaccharide of Klebsiella pneumoniae.[28] Also, lysozyme interacts with antibodies and T-cell receptors.[29]\",\n \"Lactic acid fermentation Lactic acid fermentation is a metabolic process by which glucose and other six-carbon sugars (also, disaccharides of six-carbon sugars, e.g. sucrose or lactose) are converted into cellular energy and the metabolite lactate. It is an anaerobic fermentation reaction that occurs in some bacteria and animal cells, such as muscle cells.[1][2][3]\",\n \"Digestion Lactase is an enzyme that breaks down the disaccharide lactose to its component parts, glucose and galactose. Glucose and galactose can be absorbed by the small intestine. Approximately 65 percent of the adult population produce only small amounts of lactase and are unable to eat unfermented milk-based foods. This is commonly known as lactose intolerance. Lactose intolerance varies widely by ethnic heritage; more than 90 percent of peoples of east Asian descent are lactose intolerant, in contrast to about 5 percent of people of northern European descent.[18]\",\n \"Escherichia coli Strain JM109 is a mutant form of E-coli that is recA and endA deficient developed by Promega. The strain can be utilized for blue/white screening when the cells carry the fertility factor episome[93] Lack of recA decreases the possibility of unwanted restriction of the DNA of interest and lack of endA inhibit plasmid DNA decomposition. Thus, JM109 is useful for cloning and expression systems.\",\n \"Alkaline phosphatase While the outer membrane of E.coli contains porins that are permeable to phosphorylated compounds, the inner membrane does not. Then, an issue arises in how to transport such compounds across the inner membrane and into the cytosol. Surely, with the strong anionic charge of phosphate groups along with the remainder of the compound they are very much immiscible in the nonpolar region of the bilayer. The solution arises in cleaving the phosphate group away from the compound via ALP. In effect, along with the concomitant compound the phosphate was bound to, this enzyme yields pure inorganic phosphate which can be ultimately targeted by the phosphate-specific transport system (Pst system)[7] for translocation into the cytosol.[8] As such, the main purpose of dephosphorylation by alkaline phosphatase is to increase the rate of diffusion of the molecules into the cells and inhibit them from diffusing out.[9]\",\n \"Catabolite repression Catabolite repression was extensively studied in Escherichia coli. E. coli grows faster on glucose than on any other carbon source. For example, if E. coli is placed on an agar plate containing only glucose and lactose, the bacteria will use glucose first and lactose second. When glucose is available in the environment, the synthesis of β-galactosidase is under repression due to the effect of catabolite repression caused by glucose. The catabolite repression in this case is achieved through the utilization of phosphotransferase system.\",\n \"Lactase In metabolism, the β-glycosidic bond in D-lactose is hydrolyzed to form D-galactose and D-glucose, which can be absorbed through the intestinal walls and into the bloodstream. The overall reaction that lactase catalyzes is C12H22O11 + H2O → C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 + heat.\",\n \"lac operon In the current model, lac repressor is bound simultaneously to both the main operator O1 and to either O2 or O3. The intervening DNA loops out from the complex. The redundant nature of the two minor operators suggests that it is not a specific looped complex that is important. One idea is that the system works through tethering; if bound repressor releases from O1 momentarily, binding to a minor operator keeps it in the vicinity, so that it may rebind quickly. This would increase the affinity of repressor for O1.\",\n \"Lipopolysaccharide The making of LPS can be modified in order to present a specific sugar structure. Those can be recognised by either other LPS (which enables to inhibit LPS toxins) or glycosyltransferases that use those sugar structure to add more specific sugars. It has recently been shown that a specific enzyme in the intestine (alkaline phosphatase) can detoxify LPS by removing the two phosphate groups found on LPS carbohydrates.[11] This may function as an adaptive mechanism to help the host manage potentially toxic effects of gram-negative bacteria normally found in the small intestine. A different enzyme may detoxify LPS when it enters, or is produced in, animal tissues. Neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells produce a lipase, acyloxyacyl hydrolase (AOAH), that inactivates LPS by removing the two secondary acyl chains from lipid A. If they are given LPS parenterally, mice that lack AOAH develop high titers of non-specific antibodies, develop prolonged hepatomegaly, and experience prolonged endotoxin tolerance. LPS inactivation may be required for animals to restore homeostasis after parenteral LPS exposure.[12]\",\n \"Operon Discovered in 1953 by Jacques Monod and colleagues, the trp operon in E. coli was the first repressible operon to be discovered. While the lac operon can be activated by a chemical (allolactose), the tryptophan (Trp) operon is inhibited by a chemical (tryptophan). This operon contains five structural genes: trp E, trp D, trp C, trp B, and trp A, which encodes tryptophan synthetase. It also contains a promoter which binds to RNA polymerase and an operator which blocks transcription when bound to the protein synthesized by the repressor gene (trp R) that binds to the operator. In the lac operon, lactose binds to the repressor protein and prevents it from repressing gene transcription, while in the trp operon, tryptophan binds to the repressor protein and enables it to repress gene transcription. Also unlike the lac operon, the trp operon contains a leader peptide and an attenuator sequence which allows for graded regulation.[16] This is an example of the corepressible model.\",\n \"Lactase persistence Hypolactasia is known to be recessively and autosomally inherited, which means that individuals with the nonpersistent phenotype are homozygous and received the two copies of a low lactase-activity allele (the ancestral allele) from their parents, who may be homozygous or at least heterozygous for the allele.[11] Only one high-activity allele is required to be lactase persistent.[11][12] Lactase persistence behaves as a dominant trait because half levels of lactase activity are sufficient to show significant digestion of lactose.[1] Cis-acting transcriptional silence of the lactase gene is responsible for the hypolactasia phenotype.[11][12] Furthermore, studies show that only eight cases were found where the parents of a child with lactase persistence were both hypolactasic.[1] While a variety of genetic, as well as nutritional, factors determine lactase expression, no evidence has been found for adaptive alteration of lactase expression within an individual in response to changes in lactose consumption levels.[1] The two distinct phenotypes of hypolactasia are: Phenotype I, characterized by reduced synthesis of precursor LPH, and phenotype II, associated with ample precursor synthesis, but reduced conversion of the protein to its mature molecular form.[14] The lactase enzyme has two active sites which break down lactose. The first is at Glu1273 and the second is at Glu1749, which separately break down lactose into two separate kinds of molecules.[1]\",\n \"MacConkey agar Using neutral red pH indicator, the agar distinguishes those Gram-negative bacteria that can ferment the sugar lactose (Lac+) from those that cannot (Lac-)fermentation.\",\n \"Biomolecular engineering Advances in genetic engineering have made the modification of genes in microbes quite efficient allowing constructs to be made in about a weeks worth of time. It has also made it possible to modify the organism's genome itself. Specifically, use of the genes from the bacteriophage lambda are used in recombination.[6] This mechanism, known as recombineering, utilizes the three proteins Exo, Beta, and Gam, which are created by the genes exo, bet, and gam respectively. Exo is a double stranded DNA exonuclease with 5’ to 3’ activity. It cuts the double stranded DNA leaving 3’ overhangs. Beta is a protein that binds to single stranded DNA and assists homologous recombination by promoting annealing between the homology regions of the inserted DNA and the chromosomal DNA. Gam functions to protect the DNA insert from being destroyed by native nucleases within the cell.\",\n \"Facilitated diffusion Single-molecule imaging is an imaging technique which provides an ideal resolution necessary for the study of the Transcription factor binding mechanism in living cells.[6] In prokaryotic bacteria cells such as E. coli, facilitated diffusion is required in order for regulatory proteins to locate and bind to target sites on DNA base pairs.[7][8][9] There are 2 main steps involved: the protein binds to a non-specific site on the DNA and then it diffuses along the DNA chain until it locates a target site, a process referred to as sliding.[10] According to Brackley et al. (2013), during the process of protein sliding, the protein searches the entire length of the DNA chain using 3-D and 1-D diffusion patterns. During 3-D diffusion, the high incidence of Crowder proteins creates an osmotic pressure which brings searcher proteins (e.g. Lac Repressor) closer to the DNA to increase their attraction and enable them to bind, as well as steric effect which exclude the Crowder proteins from this region (Lac operator region). Blocker proteins participate in 1-D diffusion only i.e. bind to and diffuse along the DNA contour and not in the cytosol.\",\n \"Galactose Galactose is a monosaccharide. When combined with glucose (monosaccharide), through a condensation reaction, the result is the disaccharide lactose. The hydrolysis of lactose to glucose and galactose is catalyzed by the enzymes lactase and β-galactosidase. The latter is produced by the lac operon in Escherichia coli.\",\n \"Adenomatous polyposis coli APC is classified as a tumor suppressor gene. Tumor suppressor genes prevent the uncontrolled growth of cells that may result in cancerous tumors. The protein made by the APC gene plays a critical role in several cellular processes that determine whether a cell may develop into a tumor. The APC protein helps control how often a cell divides, how it attaches to other cells within a tissue, how the cell polarizes and the morphogenesis of the 3D structures,[3] or whether a cell moves within or away from a tissue. This protein also helps ensure that the chromosome number in cells produced through cell division is correct. The APC protein accomplishes these tasks mainly through association with other proteins, especially those that are involved in cell attachment and signaling. The activity of one protein in particular, beta-catenin, is controlled by the APC protein (see: Wnt signaling pathway). Regulation of beta-catenin prevents genes that stimulate cell division from being turned on too often and prevents cell overgrowth.\",\n \"lac operon Examples include:\",\n \"Gene product Proteins have many different functions in a cell and the function may vary based on the polypeptides they interact with and their cellular environment. Chaperone proteins work to stabilize newly synthesized proteins. They ensure the new protein folds into its correct functional conformation in addition to making sure products do not aggregate in areas where they should not.[8] Proteins can also function as enzymes, increasing the rate of various biochemical reactions and turning substrates into products.[7][9] Products can be modified by attaching groups such as phosphate via an enzyme to specific amino acids in the primary sequence.[9] Proteins can also be used to move molecules in the cell to where they are needed, these are called motor proteins.[9] The shape of the cell is supported by proteins. Proteins such as actin, microtubules and intermediate filaments provide structure to the cell.[7] Another class of proteins are found in plasma membranes. Membrane proteins can be associated with the plasma membrane in different ways, depending on their structure.[9] These proteins allow the cell to import or export cell products, nutrients or signals to and from the extracellular space.[7][9] Other proteins help the cell to perform regulatory functions. For example, transcription factors bind to DNA to help transcription of RNA.[10]\",\n \"Infant formula Lysozyme is an enzyme that is responsible for protecting the body by damaging bacterial cell walls. Lactoferrin is a globular, multifunctional protein that has antimicrobial activity. Compared to human milk, cow’s milk has a signifactly lower levels of lysozyme and lactoferrin; therefore, the industry has an increasing interest in adding them into infant formulas.[104]\",\n \"Copper The protein hemocyanin is the oxygen carrier in most mollusks and some arthropods such as the horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus).[128] Because hemocyanin is blue, these organisms have blue blood rather than the red blood of iron-based hemoglobin. Structurally related to hemocyanin are the laccases and tyrosinases. Instead of reversibly binding oxygen, these proteins hydroxylate substrates, illustrated by their role in the formation of lacquers.[129] The biological role for copper commenced with the appearance of oxygen in earth's atmosphere.[130] Several copper proteins, such as the \\\"blue copper proteins\\\", do not interact directly with substrates, hence they are not enzymes. These proteins relay electrons by the process called electron transfer.[129]\",\n \"Lipopolysaccharide LPS is the major component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, contributing greatly to the structural integrity of the bacteria, and protecting the membrane from certain kinds of chemical attack. LPS also increases the negative charge of the cell membrane and helps stabilize the overall membrane structure. It is of crucial importance to Gram-negative bacteria, which die if it is mutated or removed. LPS induces a strong response from normal animal immune systems. It has also been implicated in non-pathogenic aspects of bacterial ecology, including surface adhesion, bacteriophage sensitivity, and interactions with predators such as amoebae.\",\n \"Lactate dehydrogenase This protein may use the morpheein model of allosteric regulation.[7]\"\n]","isConversational":false},"gt_docs":{"kind":"list like","value":["lac operon Bacterial operons are polycistronic transcripts that are able to produce multiple proteins from one mRNA transcript. In this case, when lactose is required as a sugar source for the bacterium, the three genes of the lac operon can be expressed and their subsequent proteins translated: lacZ, lacY, and lacA. The gene product of lacZ is β-galactosidase which cleaves lactose, a disaccharide, into glucose and galactose. lacY encodes Beta-galactoside permease, a protein which becomes embedded in the cytoplasmic membrane to enable transport of lactose into the cell. Finally, lacA encodes β-galactoside transacetylase."],"string":"[\n \"lac operon Bacterial operons are polycistronic transcripts that are able to produce multiple proteins from one mRNA transcript. In this case, when lactose is required as a sugar source for the bacterium, the three genes of the lac operon can be expressed and their subsequent proteins translated: lacZ, lacY, and lacA. The gene product of lacZ is β-galactosidase which cleaves lactose, a disaccharide, into glucose and galactose. lacY encodes Beta-galactoside permease, a protein which becomes embedded in the cytoplasmic membrane to enable transport of lactose into the cell. Finally, lacA encodes β-galactoside transacetylase.\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":288,"cells":{"_id":{"kind":"string","value":"test356"},"query":{"kind":"string","value":"what happened to regina's mother on switched at birth"},"gt_ids":{"kind":"list like","value":["doc13676"],"string":"[\n \"doc13676\"\n]","isConversational":false},"gt_qrels":{"kind":"list like","value":[1],"string":"[\n 1\n]","isConversational":false},"candidate_ids":{"kind":"list like","value":["doc13622","doc13676","doc13638","doc590101","doc13627","doc13630","doc13637","doc13633","doc13667","doc13626","doc590099","doc13623","doc590114","doc13624","doc1176454","doc1697339","doc13664","doc13606","doc1697338","doc590106","doc13663","doc13669","doc13665","doc1176453","doc13628","doc13683","doc1116657","doc590107","doc1176465","doc590119","doc898415","doc13625","doc590100","doc590105","doc13662","doc590122","doc590116","doc1176466","doc13618","doc590128","doc590112","doc1176457","doc13692","doc1744515","doc1539000","doc387675","doc590111","doc13607","doc590123","doc590102","doc1176459","doc13611","doc13613","doc1483456","doc1176458","doc590120","doc1176451","doc1116656","doc587564","doc13594","doc1176462","doc590115","doc531509","doc13595","doc590108","doc1867812","doc898421","doc1431414","doc898406","doc2514181","doc590121","doc1753545","doc774991","doc895549","doc1745654","doc13629","doc1744527","doc13640","doc2472302","doc1176452","doc2660263","doc590127","doc1176463","doc1194340","doc861832","doc1539004","doc13646","doc2249511","doc54728","doc13693","doc590126","doc886166","doc898404","doc2657111","doc72341","doc402746","doc301561","doc2641632","doc1176464","doc531511"],"string":"[\n \"doc13622\",\n \"doc13676\",\n \"doc13638\",\n \"doc590101\",\n \"doc13627\",\n \"doc13630\",\n \"doc13637\",\n \"doc13633\",\n \"doc13667\",\n \"doc13626\",\n \"doc590099\",\n \"doc13623\",\n \"doc590114\",\n \"doc13624\",\n \"doc1176454\",\n \"doc1697339\",\n \"doc13664\",\n \"doc13606\",\n \"doc1697338\",\n \"doc590106\",\n \"doc13663\",\n \"doc13669\",\n \"doc13665\",\n \"doc1176453\",\n \"doc13628\",\n \"doc13683\",\n \"doc1116657\",\n \"doc590107\",\n \"doc1176465\",\n \"doc590119\",\n \"doc898415\",\n \"doc13625\",\n \"doc590100\",\n \"doc590105\",\n \"doc13662\",\n \"doc590122\",\n \"doc590116\",\n \"doc1176466\",\n \"doc13618\",\n \"doc590128\",\n \"doc590112\",\n \"doc1176457\",\n \"doc13692\",\n \"doc1744515\",\n \"doc1539000\",\n \"doc387675\",\n \"doc590111\",\n \"doc13607\",\n \"doc590123\",\n \"doc590102\",\n \"doc1176459\",\n \"doc13611\",\n \"doc13613\",\n \"doc1483456\",\n \"doc1176458\",\n \"doc590120\",\n \"doc1176451\",\n \"doc1116656\",\n \"doc587564\",\n \"doc13594\",\n \"doc1176462\",\n \"doc590115\",\n \"doc531509\",\n \"doc13595\",\n \"doc590108\",\n \"doc1867812\",\n \"doc898421\",\n \"doc1431414\",\n \"doc898406\",\n \"doc2514181\",\n \"doc590121\",\n \"doc1753545\",\n \"doc774991\",\n \"doc895549\",\n \"doc1745654\",\n \"doc13629\",\n \"doc1744527\",\n \"doc13640\",\n \"doc2472302\",\n \"doc1176452\",\n \"doc2660263\",\n \"doc590127\",\n \"doc1176463\",\n \"doc1194340\",\n \"doc861832\",\n \"doc1539004\",\n \"doc13646\",\n \"doc2249511\",\n \"doc54728\",\n \"doc13693\",\n \"doc590126\",\n \"doc886166\",\n \"doc898404\",\n \"doc2657111\",\n \"doc72341\",\n \"doc402746\",\n \"doc301561\",\n \"doc2641632\",\n \"doc1176464\",\n \"doc531511\"\n]","isConversational":false},"candidate_docs":{"kind":"list like","value":["List of Switched at Birth characters Played by Constance Marie, Regina Lourdes Vasquez is the legal mother of Daphne Vasquez and the biological mother of Bay Kennish. Before moving into the Kennishes' guest house, she, Daphne, and her mother Adriana lived in fictional working-class neighborhood East Riverside, Missouri, where she worked as a hair stylist. Prior to the beginning of the series, Regina had been raising Daphne as a single mother. Daphne's legal father, Angelo, abandoned their family after finding out that Daphne was not his daughter. After Angelo's leaving, Regina had Daphne tested again, only for the tests to reveal that Daphne was not her biological daughter either. In spite of this revelation, Regina chooses to keep the information to herself for fear of Daphne being taken away from her. This fact comes to light when photos of Bay are discovered, Regina having had a Private Investigator keep tabs on her biological daughter throughout the years.","List of Switched at Birth characters Played by Ivonne Coll, Adriana Vasquez is the mother of Regina Vasquez, the grandmother of Daphne Vasquez, and the biological grandmother of Bay Kennish. she had no idea that Regina knew about the switched but she was curious about why Daphne did not look like Regina. She had lived with Regina and Daphne for quite some time and is living with the two in the Kennishes' guest house. She had taken a huge disliking to Regina's ex-husband Angelo and ends up reporting him to the police. Regina told Adriana that she married Angelo and Adriana was not happy about it, and moved out of the guest house after she found out, but she later moved back into the guest house after she and Regina patched things up.","List of Switched at Birth characters Despite initial tension and disagreement, Kathryn forms a close relationship with Regina. Kathryn helps get Regina a job at a local salon and, in turn, Regina helps Kathryn write her book based around the switch. Kathryn is committed to caring and looking after her children. She finds a way to get a mopey Toby out of the house after his break-up with Simone and consults with Regina about how to tell Bay about Angelo's baby. Kathryn later finds out from Bay that Regina has begun drinking again and was sent to rehab.","Switched at Birth (season 1) Bay begins asking questions about her biological father, which her grandmother and Regina refuse to answer. Regina insists that \"The best thing that guy ever did was leave.\" Daphne and John bond over their love of basketball. Daphne loves this at first, as she has never had any 'father daughter moments' with her 'deadbeat adopted father,' but quickly becomes annoyed with John when he takes his coaching too seriously. John also meets Melody (Marlee Matlin), who is Emmett's mother and one of Regina's closest friends. Kathryn gets Regina a job at her friend's hair salon, and rumors fly regarding the Kennish-Vasquez living situation. Melody helps Regina overcome her worries regarding getting close to Bay. Kathryn admits the truth about Daphne and Bay to one of her friends, Denise, in order to end the rumor that John had an affair with Regina years before and Daphne is their 'love child.' Daphne gives Bay a photo of Regina when she was pregnant, which was taken by Bay's biological father.","List of Switched at Birth characters In the second season, Regina finds out that she can no longer cut hair or sign anymore, due to a medical problem with her wrists. She gets a new job, but is fired after the first day, because she oversleeps due to being drunk from a celebratory glass of Champagne. After this, and through the influence of Zane, a friend from her past, she starts drinking again. Bay, after finding out about Regina's drinking, confronts her about it and the two get into fight. Regina realize what she said to Bay she later apologize and asks her to forgive her and keep it a secret with the promise of returning to AA. Daphne later discovers her mother's alcohol problem when she finds her passed out on the sofa, smelling of alcohol. This further strains their relationship, which had already been suffering due to Regina's inability to sign. In \"Introducing the Miracle\", Regina's drinking is discovered on all sides and she's sent to rehab.","List of Switched at Birth characters Regina eventually gets a second chance at the job that she was fired from and begins to enjoy her work. However, in the third season premiere, her boss announces that she is selling the business and Regina will lose her job. After getting advice from Bay, Regina decides to open her own business as an interior decorator with Angelo as chief investor. She is later hired by a property developer named Wes and her business begins to expand, unfortunately she finds out that Wes is scamming the people of East Riverside. As a result of this, the community retaliates and a brick is thrown through the window of Regina's store. After she begins carrying a gun in order to defend herself, Regina accidentally pulls the gun on Daphne after she enters Regina's store unannounced. This causes Angelo and Regina to get into a big fight during which Angelo storms off. He is later shown to have suffered a brain aneurysm and died. As a result of this fight, Daphne blames her mother for Angelo's sudden death.","List of Switched at Birth characters Played by Lea Thompson, Kathryn is the mother of Bay and Toby Kennish and the biological mother of Daphne Vasquez. At first, she wasn't too excited about telling her friends that Bay and Daphne were switched at birth for the sake of maintaining her reputation, but after some pressing from Regina, she finally comes clean at a fundraiser.","List of Switched at Birth characters Throughout the first two seasons, John frequently finds himself at loggerheads with Regina. The two strong personalities often clash over how to raise their children. For example, they run into conflict when John attempts to buy Daphne a car for her sixteenth birthday, much to Regina's disapproval. Their biggest argument, however, comes after John revealing his longstanding resentment toward Regina from keeping Daphne from him for thirteen years. The strain of the fight causes John to have a heart attack, Regina in effect, saving his life. While in an altered state, John has a dream in which he sees how different and dark their lives would have been had Regina told the hospital of the switch after learning about it. In the dream, Regina has lost her life due to alcoholism and the girls did not get along. John see now how the switch was better for everyone. He comes to appreciate Regina and her place in their lives.","List of Switched at Birth characters Angelo dies following a car accident as a result of a brain aneurysm. After doctors attempt to save his life, he is declared brain dead and the decision to take him off life support rests with the family. While searching his apartment for a way to contact Angelo's mother, Bay and Emmett discover Angelo's Last Will and Testament, which states that he should be taken off life support. Bay calls Angelo's mother who also is Bay's biological grandmother and speaks to her in French for the first time and gives his mother the opportunity to say goodbye to him over the phone. The family decides to have Angelo's organs donated.[1]","List of Switched at Birth characters In \"The Awakening Conscience\", Angelo tells Regina that he got a woman named Lana pregnant, and upset, Regina walks out. Even though it happened before they married, Regina goes to tell Kathryn and tries to figure out how to tell Bay. Later however, when she's having lunch with Bay, she finds out Bay already knows and that Bay had gotten into a quarrel with him about it. Regina then realizes that Angelo told her about the pregnancy simply because he was afraid Bay might tell her first. Later, however, Lana decides to give the child up for adoption.","Switched at Birth (season 1) Artistic and troubled Bay Kennish has grown up with her wealthy parents John and Kathryn and older brother Toby. Through a school experiment, she discovers that her blood type is different from her family's. After taking a DNA test, the Kennishes learn that she was in fact switched at birth with Daphne Vasquez, an athletic Deaf teen living with her single mother Regina and grandmother Adrianna on the other side of town. Bay discovers that she and her biological mother Regina have a lot in common, and the Kennishes have their first experiences with Deafness and Deaf Culture. After learning that Regina is in financial trouble, the Kennishes invite her and Daphne to move into their guest house. The Kennishes and Vasquezes must then learn to get along, while trying to get to know each other.","List of Switched at Birth characters After running into financial troubles, Regina and her family move into the Kennish's guest house so that the two families might get to know each other better. She is also shown to be a talented artist, indicating that Bay inherited her skills as an artist from her biological mother.","Switched at Birth (season 1) Kathryn's mother Bonnie (Meredith Baxter) visits the family and bonds with Daphne though mainly over how she is one of the family by her blood and in result practically ignores Bay now \"seeing her differently,\" since she isn't her biological grandchild and begins to treat her very differently now somewhat coldly. This forms a wedge between her and Bay as well as Kathryn, with Bonnie stating how Daphne is her \"real\" daughter and not Bay due to how she carried Daphne and the similarities between her and Daphne that she doesn't have with Bay. But Kathryn still feels that Bay will always be her daughter no matter what a blood test says. Meanwhile, Daphne meets up with Monica, a teenage Latina from her old neighborhood, who now also sees and treats her differently since she's moved out of their town, but Daphne still feels a strong connection with where she was raised. During all this, Bay and Regina look into Angelo's disappearance; and Toby realizes he can only please Simone if he changes.","List of Switched at Birth characters At first, there is tension between Regina and Kathryn and John, particularly regarding the way in which their daughters are raised. Despite these personality clashes, Regina and Kathryn become close friends. Regina later assists Kathryn in writing her book. John and Regina are even seen to get along, despite John's longstanding resentment toward Regina over her keeping quiet about Daphne's true parentage. Regina's best friend is Melody Bledsoe, the mother of Daphne's best friend Emmett. Throughout the first season, Regina enters into a short-lived casual relationship with Bruce, the ex-husband of Kathryn's friend and Patrick, an art gallery owner.","Switched at Birth (season 2) Daphne gets the truth from Travis's mother regarding his so-called problems at home. Regina runs into an old friend while out with Kathryn. John sees an attack ad on his campaign involving his wife's radio interview. Toby brings Lana to the Kennish house for dinner and she lets something slip to an immigration social worker about carrying Angelo's baby.","Switched at Birth (TV series) This forces the girls, along with both families, to understand their differences and embrace their similarities. The girls sometimes struggle with their identities, as Bay discovers she has inherited her artistic talent from Regina, and Daphne discovers she has inherited John's athletic skill and Kathryn's love of cooking. Both mothers learn to bond with their biological daughters, while often unintentionally angering their legal ones. John learns to relate to his new-found daughter by coaching her deaf school's basketball team and employing her in the office of one of the local chain of car washes that he owns. Bay is driven by a need to find her biological father Angelo Sorrento, who left Regina shortly after Daphne went deaf. That causes a bond between her and Emmett that later becomes an intense romance.","List of Switched at Birth characters He sues the hospital for switching the girls and is awarded $5 million. Right after that, it is revealed that he got a woman, Lana, pregnant in a one-night stand. Regina is furious with him at first but they later reconcile. Lana wants to give the baby up for adoption, but Angelo convinces her not to at first.","List of Switched at Birth characters Later, Bay experiences the loss of Angelo, her biological father and expresses regret that she did not spend more time with him. After Angelo's cause of death is discovered, it is feared that she may share the same biological trait that lead to Angelo's brain aneurysm.","Switched at Birth (TV series) Bay Madeline Kennish, a teenage girl from the wealthy Kansas City suburb of Mission Hills, Kansas, discovers from a school lab assignment that her AB blood type is incompatible with her type A/O parents John and Kathryn. Genetic testing confirms Bay is not the Kennishes' biological daughter. She uses the phrase \"real parents,\" but is informed that \"biological\" is the preferred term. It is revealed that the hospital mistakenly switched Bay (who was actually born Daphne Paloma Vasquez) with the Kennishes' newborn daughter, who is raised by her single mother Regina and grandmother Adriana in the low-income neighborhood of East Riverside, Missouri. Daphne is deaf, having lost her hearing as a result of contracting meningitis at age three. The Kennishes invite Daphne and Regina to their home, and after learning that Regina is struggling financially, propose that they move into their guest house with Adriana, an offer that Regina accepts.","Switched at Birth (season 1) Daphne discovers that Regina’s guitar case has many pictures of Bay. Regina admits to Daphne that she knew about the switch since Daphne was three years old. Daphne turns to Wilke to escape this new turn of events. Meanwhile, Bay and Emmett’s relationship becomes more serious. However, the two encounter some problems due to their communication barrier and the fact that Bay feels like Emmett puts Daphne before her. Daphne tells Emmett that Regina knew about the switch. The Kennish’s lawyer prepares John and Kathryn for their trial by dredging up old family secrets. Elsewhere, Regina tries to contact her private investigator to find out who he told about the switch. Regina tries to get rid of the guitar case but can’t part with it. Later, during the legal meeting John and Kathryn are shown evidence that Regina knew about the switch for years. Regina reveals to the Kennish family and Daphne that she found out about the switch when Angelo had a DNA test done before deciding to leave her and Daphne. Everyone is in shock. No one more so than Daphne, who doesn’t know who she can trust anymore. Bay is in just as much pain, believing that her biological mom didn't want her. Bay turns to Emmett for comfort, and Regina leaves the Kennish house.","List of Switched at Birth characters When it comes out that Regina knew about the switch, Angelo is furious with her and felt that she kept him away from his daughter. They later reconcile and end up sleeping together, much to the dismay of Regina's mother. Angelo is arrested due to an outstanding warrant in Italy and faces deportation. When he was drunk, he beat a man for having an affair with his ex-fiancee. Regina's mother contacts the police so that Angelo would be arrested, and he is ordered back to Italy. In order to keep him in the country, Regina marries him so that he can gain US citizenship.","List of Switched at Birth characters Played by Marlee Matlin, Melody Bledsoe is the mother of Emmett Bledsoe and the best friend of Regina Vasquez. She is divorced from her ex-husband, Cameron, her polar opposite when it comes to parenting. Like her son, Melody is deaf although she can speak on some occasions due to being forced to attend speech therapy when she was young. She is overprotective and judgmental. Melody is upset when Emmett initially tells her that he wants to date Bay, believing that hearing and deaf relationships cannot succeed. This leads her to humiliate Bay at a dinner night with Emmett, Bay, and Regina. She gets into a dispute with Regina, but they reconcile and Melody eventually opens up to Bay when she realizes that Bay had good intentions. She also dates Daphne's boss Jeff but he breaks it off after realizing he loves Daphne.","List of Switched at Birth characters After Regina relapsed with her alcoholism, she shows up at Angelo's apartment drunk. Angelo contacts Bay, who then gets Daphne, and they go to retrieve Regina. Angelo instead promises he will take care of Regina and asks Bay to go to the hospital with Lana, who is in labor. Lana gives birth to Bay's half sister.","Switched at Birth (season 2) Regina tells Adriana and Daphne about Angelo and Lana's baby-to-be. Daphne takes it in stride and is supportive of Regina, suggesting a spa weekend for the two of them, paid for from her food truck profits. Bay finds herself on the wrong end of Natalie's wrath, forcing Melody to take everyone on a Tolerance Retreat to help bridge the divide between them. Bay bonds with Noah, who confides to her that he has Meniere's Disease, having already lost 60% hearing in his right ear, and is in the Pilot Program at Carlton so that he can learn to sign before he loses the rest of his hearing. Regina finds out from her new doctor that she has osteonecrosis in her right wrist and can never sign, paint, or be a hairdresser again, which leads to a falling-out with Melody, who thinks Regina is faking to get sympathy. Daphne tells Noah how upset she feels about her mom not being able to sign with her anymore. She asks him if he can imagine losing the ability to communicate with someone, but Noah passes on the opportunity to tell her that he has Meniere's Disease. However, he helps her understand her mother's point of view and stop being angry at her. After the retreat, Bay and Natalie declare a truce. Emmett is jealous of Bay's friendship with Noah and says he (Emmett) can't be friends with Bay any more because it hurts too much to not be with her. Meanwhile, Kathryn possibly hurts John's campaign during a radio interview by mentioning John's views on [legal] immigration, which John's political enemies use against him by claiming he is for illegal immigration. John believes he can win by staying away from specific issues before the election, and tells Kathryn to keep quiet about political issues from now on. Toby bonds with Lana and finds out that she is planning to give up her baby for adoption as she is in medical school and her family are all in Boston. Toby points out that she does have local family, his sister, Bay, who is also the baby's sister.","List of Switched at Birth characters Regina returns early from rehab to find that Daphne has grown closer to the Kennish family. Feeling left out, she decides to move in with Angelo. Hours later, Bay also moves with Angelo, leading to her and Regina developing a stronger mother-daughter bond and relationship. Daphne and Regina begin to grow apart. Regina tells Daphne that life is easier living with Bay. Their relationship improves and they will cohabitate. Regina later supports Daphne when she is charged with blackmail.","List of Switched at Birth characters Played by Annie Ilonzeh, Lana is the mother of Angelo's baby. She becomes friends with Toby when he gives her a ride home from the mechanic and she tells him that her family lives in Boston and they aren't aware that she's pregnant. After giving birth to her daughter, she puts the baby up for adoption and leaves for the airport.","Regina Mills However, defeated once more, Regina's new love for her son drove her to wish to redeem herself. Her plans for redemption were flouted when her mother Cora, whom she had thought dead at the hands of the pirate Captain Hook, returned. Cora framed Regina for the death of Dr. Archibald Hopper and forged an alliance with her. In the ensuing struggle of love versus power, Regina was eventually manipulated by Snow into killing her own mother, creating a new thirst for vengeance.","Switched at Birth (season 1) After revealing her secret, Regina tries to make amends with Daphne and Bay. Daphne decides to move in with her \"real family\". Meanwhile, Bay tells Emmett that for her birthday, she wants to see her art on a billboard and enlists his help. However, before they get the chance to put her art up, the pair are caught by the police and injured while climbing a barbed wire fence to get away. Bay also meets Emmett's mother Melody, who doesn't approve of their relationship. Melody's dislike of Bay is heightened when she discovers that Emmett has been injured while spending time with Bay, as well as that he wants to take speech therapy in order to better communicate with her. The girls celebrate their sixteenth birthdays with the Kennishes, the Vasquezes, and the Bledsoes. Regina shows up and is accepted into the party by Bay. Emmett gives Bay a scarf, which he later reveals to be a blindfold. He blindfolds Bay and takes her back to the billboard where he has put up her artwork. The two decide that it would be better if Bay told Daphne about them. However, when Bay approaches Daphne to tell her about the relationship, Daphne reveals that she has realized she has feelings for Emmett, leaving Bay in silent horror.","Switched at Birth (season 2) Regina persuades the interior decorator who fired her to give her a second chance. Angelo joins the country club, and hires Regina to redecorate a restaurant he becomes a partner in. John's senate boss Chip Coto makes a pass at Kathryn and she tells John. Daphne and Jace learn Coto has been having an affair with an intern, and Jace anonymously texts him that his secret is known. John angrily confronts Regina, and tells her he will never forgive her for keeping Daphne from him for 13 years, then has a heart attack in the kitchen. Regina finds him, calls 911 and administers CPR.","Switched at Birth (season 1) Bay and Daphne team up to shoot an ASL zombie movie for Emmett's birthday. Kathryn is upset at John for sharing personal family information to Sarah Lazar, who she suspects had an affair with her husband. Emmett and Simone feel guilty about what they did together. Wilke finds out about what had happened between them and Emmett tells his mom that he had made a mistake with another girl. Melody asks him to decide if it is worth telling Bay. Daphne is also upset at the fact that she had missed out on so many Kennish family memories and blames Regina for not telling her about the switch earlier. They later reconcile during a late night swim. Regina finally agrees to help Kathryn write her book on the switch after they have a conversation about living in denial.","Switched at Birth (season 3) A terrible accident has left Angelo in the hospital fighting to survive while others place blame as emotions run high. The Kennish and Vasquez families rally to support Angelo. Amid the emotion, decisions must be made and lives are changed forever. The doctors say that Angelo is brain dead. Bay and Emmett find Angelo's will, which says that he wishes to be unhooked from machines keeping him alive. At the end of the episode, it is revealed that Angelo died from an aneurysm, caused by being really angry at Regina. Daphne blames Regina for Angelo's death.","List of Switched at Birth characters Angelo, Bay's father, reenters her life after reading an article about the switch, wanting to get to know Bay. He indicates to Regina that he wishes for them to get back together, but she refuses. Later, Angelo flees the Kennish household and it is revealed that he is under threat of being deported for an outstanding warrant for arrest in Italy. When he first returns, Regina wants nothing to do with him, but eventually she relents, even marrying him in order for him to avoid deportation. Her relationship with Patrick is effectively ended by this marriage. She later gets half of Angelo's money as a result of the marriage.","Switched at Birth (season 1) John and Kathryn disapprove of Daphne's getting rides from her best friend Emmett on his motorcycle. They take the issue up with Regina, who feels threatened. John and Kathryn also decide that they want to sue the hospital. Regina considers joining them but decides against it. When Liam (Bay's ex) visits Daphne at Carlton, Emmett becomes protective of her. Daphne and Liam go on a date to a music store, and they hit it off. However, they later run into two of Liam's friends who begin making jokes about Deafness. Emmett comes to pick up Daphne, and he forgives her for bailing on him. Meanwhile, Regina opens up to Bay about her past drinking problems.","Switched at Birth (season 1) Bay believes she's uncovered her birth father's identity. She asks Daphne and Emmett to accompany her when she goes to meet him. Meanwhile, John and Kathryn suspect Regina is to blame for the hospital's recent action regarding their lawsuit. Bay finds out that the man she thought was her father isn't actually him. Regina talks to Toby about his addiction to poker, and he ends up taking responsibility for his actions. Daphne asks Emmett if something is going on with him and Bay, but he replies that nothing is. However, Emmett later tells a surprised Bay that he likes her and then proceeds to kiss her. Daphne unlocks and opens the guitar case that supposedly belonged to Bay's father after figuring out that the code is BAY. The contents reveal that Regina knew about the switch and has been keeping track of Bay for most of her life.","List of Switched at Birth characters Played by Gilles Marini, Angelo Sorrento is Bay's biological father, Daphne's legal father and Regina's husband. When Daphne was three, he became suspicious that she wasn't his daughter due to her fair skin, red hair, and green eyes. When Daphne contracted meningitis, he has a DNA test done and discovers the Daphne is not biologically his. Believing that Regina had an affair and not wanting to raise another man's child, he leaves Regina and Daphne. After learning about the switch, Angelo returns looking for Bay in \"The Homecoming\", surprising her at her art show. Despite resistance from the rest of her family, Bay forms a relationship with him, while Daphne and Regina want nothing to do with him. Angelo later implies to Regina that he would like to get back together with her and that had the girls not been switched, they would still be together.","Switched at Birth (season 1) Regina tells everyone that she and Angelo are married. The Kennishes are shocked, but not as much as Adriana, Regina's mother, who declares that Regina still loves him. Daphne takes the news of Angelo and Regina being married well, but she is getting out of the house and escaping at work. Regina also tells Patrick, but he leaves in frustration. Meanwhile, Bay helps Angelo look for an apartment. Angelo and Regina then go to an interview, and it goes well, except for the confusion of living arrangements. So it's decided that Angelo will move in with Daphne, Regina, and Adriana. While working on a street piece, Bay meets Medusa, another street artist who finishes Bay's painting. Emmett and Daphne enter their movie-Dawn of the Deaf-in a film festival, and when Toby spots Emmett at their house he shoves him to the ground, revealing his frustrations. In the end of the episode, it's decided that Angelo instead will be moving in with the Kennishes, so that Bay may get to know him and Daphne will be given some space.","Switched at Birth (season 1) Regina's artwork is entered in a gallery where she soon discovers the real reason why her art was chosen. Daphne finds herself the target of Simone's tactics. Emmett is having trouble with speech therapy and, under some advice by his father's girlfriend Olivia, begins to drink to ease his nerves. Emmett's troubles soon spiral further when Emmett soon reveals to Bay that he plans to drop out of school, and later on just settle for a GED, to become a photographer causing Bay to confide in Melody about her concerns for Emmett which has repercussions she wasn't suspecting. Kathryn meanwhile goes against John's wishes when she hands over money to a nurse who is in deep financial trouble; threatening their case. At Regina's art gallery, Emmett brings over his father and Olivia, where Melody is at also having tagged along with Bay and Regina. Things explode when Melody smells alcohol on Emmett's breath and she demands to know what's going on in her ex-husband's house hold, resulting in a huge fight breaking out in the gallery. Melody lets it slip about Emmett's intention to drop out of school, thereby accidentally revealing how Bay confided in her about the detail to Emmett angering him. In the end, Daphne's longing for her old school leads her to re-join Carlton discovering how the girls' basketball team was going to get cut due to a low budget and Bay and Emmett's relationship is greatly strained due to Bay's confiding in Melody and with Emmett, overall, being furious with Bay.","Switched at Birth (season 2) In an alternative reality dreamt by John during his heart attack, Regina reveals the switch as soon as she learns of it. John sues her and wins exclusive custody of both three-year-old girls, obtaining a restraining order against her. Daphne Kennish is given a cochlear implant and 13 years later has turned into a typical \"Buckner brat\" with a C average who is best friends with Simone Sinclair, sleeps with college frat men, and steals her parents' credit card; while Bay has become an adopted, motivated, A-student wallflower. Toby retains his gambling problem. Kathryn has become a romance novelist and is sleeping with Chip Coto. Bay meets Emmett and with his help finds out about Regina. Daphne and Bay meet Adriana and find out that Regina has died on their birthday, then angrily confront John. The dream ends with John again collapsing in the kitchen with a heart attack; he wakes up in the hospital, grateful to Regina for helping save his life.","List of Switched at Birth characters Throughout season 3, the relationship between Angelo and Daphne improved as father and daughter, significantly after Daphne asked him to learn sign language as to be able to communicate to each other more effectively. Due to Regina's project at East Riverside, Daphne and Angelo became increasingly worried for her safety. One night, after learning to shoot using a gun by Wes, Regina almost shot Daphne when she heard some noises at her store. That resulted in a heated argument between Angelo and Regina at the store. Angelo left the store full of anger and drove off. Then, Angelo swirled off the road, ending up in the hospital. The next day, Daphne was to retake her SAT examination to improve her score to get into a better medical school. She was unable to focus and left before she finished her exam as Angelo's condition was deteriorating. Unfortunately, Angelo was pronounced brain dead. The family decided to pull the plug on his life support after reading his will stating that if he were to be in a vegetative state, he wished to be let off life support. After learning that Angelo suffered a brain aneurysm while driving which may have occurred due to stress and anger, Daphne blamed Regina for his death.","Switched at Birth (season 1) Daphne is confronted by the restaurant owner about her involvement with Jeff, but she denies everything. Both of their jobs are in jeopardy. Bay has no plans on returning home anytime soon, but she calls on Toby for help when a street gang comes looking for Zarra. Kathryn is called up to testify for the other side of the case, as she stated in her book that the switch wasn't a completely bad event, since she got to know Bay. Daphne makes matters worse for herself and Jeff when she decides to quit her job so that she and him could be together without repercussions. Jeff doesn't feel the same way when Daphne declares her love for him and they break up. Meanwhile, Bay and Zarra make a run for Mexico to meet up with Zarra's famous street artist father. She runs into Emmett right before she leaves her house and he picks up on her intentions. John (with his tracking device) and Emmett go looking for Bay and find her sleeping in the back of her car at an abandoned parking lot in the middle of the night. After talking it out, John and Bay seem to be on better terms. Bay and Emmett have a moment in which she realizes that he really cares about her. When Angelo finds out that an older man had taken advantage of Daphne, he shows up at Maize and punches Jeff in the face. The outcome of the trial is determined: the Kennishes win the case, being awarded only $1, while Angelo also wins his case, receiving $5 million from the hospital. Toby points out to Regina that half of that money is legally hers now. When everyone has filed out of the courtroom, Daphne and Bay reminisce about their lives the day before they found out they were switched, mentioning how they must have seen each other before at a familiar pizza place. Then, an unknown pregnant woman walks into the courtroom asking for Angelo, causing Bay and Daphne much confusion.","Switched at Birth (season 1) Daphne and Bay unite to help Emmett save his beloved motorcycle when Melody insists that he sell it to pay off his fine. Elsewhere, Kathryn and John attempt to find a new lawyer for their case against the hospital. Angelo finds out that Regina had known about the switch for thirteen years and is outraged at the fact that she never came to him when she had first found out. After Bay and Daphne fail to save Emmett's motorcycle, he offers one of the girls one last ride. Daphne, as a gesture of her acceptance of Emmett and Bay's relationship, tells Bay to take the offer and watches with a saddened expression as the couple drive off. She later reconciles with Wilke. At the end of the episode, Emmett comes to his mother with $4,750 dollars of the money to pay off his fine and with some shocking news - he's moving in with his dad, leaving her visibly stunned. Regina and Angelo seem to rekindle their relationship.","Switched at Birth (season 2) Daphne breaks up with Travis. Afterwards, the police find the man who robbed the food truck but Travis lies when he is asked to ID the man. Daphne finds out that Travis wants personal revenge against the guy. Meanwhile, the Kennish kids are roped into helping out with John's campaign. Toby meets Elisa, a volunteer who turns out to be the daughter of the opposing candidate. Bay tells Emmett that she's in a new relationship, but he kisses her anyway. Regina is fired from her new job after the first day and turns to alcohol after being sober for many years.","List of Switched at Birth characters Played by Christopher Wiehl, Patrick is the ex-boyfriend of Regina Vasquez. He is an art gallery owner and first met Regina at the hair salon that she worked at. She later tells him to look at Bay's artwork, but he ends up commending her on her own art, eventually placing one of her pieces on exhibition, much to Bay's dismay. Patrick broke up with Regina after Regina told him she married Angelo in order for him to stay in the country.","Switched at Birth (season 4) Bay is desperate to bridge the distance between her and Emmett since the incident with Tank, but Emmett refuses to talk about what happened. Her building frustration and his constant dismissal of the topic ultimately leads them to take a break. Kathryn's mother visits and brings a surprise guest. She reveals that she has been diagnosed with Alzheimer's, which Kathryn initially refuses to accept. Meanwhile, a huge storm has Regina and Daphne stuck at the coffeehouse with Eric and Nacho, who ends up blackmailing them.","Constance Marie Constance Marie Lopez (born September 9, 1965)[1] known professionally as Constance Marie, is an American actress. She is known for her role as Angie Lopez on George Lopez (2002–2007) and her role as Marcela Quintanilla (mother of Selena) in the 1997 film Selena. She portrayed Regina Vasquez on the ABC Family/Freeform drama Switched at Birth (2011–2017).","Margo Harshman On May 14, 2014, her mother, Janelle Louise Harshman, died from breast cancer after a 20-year battle with the disease.[2]","Switched at Birth (season 1) Melody attributes Emmett's troublemaking behavior to Bay when it turns out he was arrested for putting Bay's art piece on the billboard from \"Paradise Lost,\" for her birthday present. Elsewhere, Regina becomes Angelo's business partner; Daphne's displeased with her basketball coach because she finds out they only put her on the team for a grant they give schools when they try to involve kids with disabilities in sports and on top of that, never allow her to play during a game; and Kathryn and John face a possible setback in their lawsuit because of their lawyer.","List of Switched at Birth characters Ending season 3, and starting season 4, Bay is on probation after taking the fall for Daphne when she vandalized her mom's (Regina Vasquez) worksite out of anger. Due to this, Bay and Emmett's plan to move to L.A. has been postponed. While Emmett leaves for L.A. Bay starts her community service. However, after giving a convicted criminal on probation a sandwich that had heroin in it, she is given another 100 days and house arrest. During season 4, Bay and Tank get drunk at a dorm party and wake up in bed together, with Bay unable to remember many events of the evening. This causes problems for her relationship with Emmett. in the end, this causes them to break up.","Switched at Birth (season 1) Daphne causes an accident at work, damaging several cupcakes. She stays late to fix them and ends up developing a friendship with her boss, Jeff. Believing that he may like her, she dresses differently in an attempt to catch his attention, but is disappointed when he rejects her. Bay is grounded until she completes her homework, but manipulates Angelo into covering for her so she can sneak out and meet with a street art gang. She comes home late, worrying Angelo and John. Meanwhile, Kathryn is jealous when an interviewer on a segment about her book only shows interest in Regina's story. Later, the two of them visit a hospital and Kathryn discovers that a nurse working there may be a previous girlfriend of Angelo. John discovers graffiti at his car wash, which turns out to be Bay's artwork.","Switched at Birth (season 1) Bay learns that Daphne is seeing her ex-boyfriend Liam, while Daphne, Kathryn, and Regina learn that Bay is seeing Ty. The truth about the switch and the gossip makes Kathryn uncomfortable after hearing a rumor that Daphne is John and Regina's love child. Bay feels like Daphne is trying to steal her life and gets upset after a Kennish family photo is taken without her in it. Emmett fills in as the drummer for Toby's band, 'Guitar Face.' He gets jealous when he finds out that Daphne is dating Liam, which results in an argument before he leaves. Daphne ends up breaking things off with Liam because of Bay and other outside pressure, and Regina hits it off with Denise's ex-husband Bruce.","Switched at Birth (season 2) Daphne leads her classmates in a protest against the closing of their school. Bay's efforts to join them are met with resistance. The uprising horrifies the parents and puts relationships at risk including Daphne and Bay's. Daphne finds out that Regina started drinking again. Melody is offered a position on the School Board.","List of Switched at Birth characters Played by Katie Leclerc, Daphne Paloma Vasquez-Kennish (born Bay Madeline Kennish) is the legal daughter of Regina Vasquez and Angelo Sorrento and biological daughter of John and Kathryn Kennish. Daphne lost her hearing at a young age due to a bad case of meningitis. It is mentioned in the episode \"Portrait of My Father\" that Daphne's father abandoned her and Regina when she was little. It is later revealed that Angelo left upon learning that Daphne was not his biological daughter. She was raised by Regina, a single mother, with help from Regina's mother Adriana. In the pilot episode, Daphne and her mother learn of the switch and move into the Kennishes' guest house after experiencing financial difficulty. Daphne, like her biological father, shows a strong interest in athletics and sports throughout the series. She is also shown to be a vegetarian. At age eight, Daphne became best friends with future classmate Emmett Bledsoe after he defended her from school yard bullies..","List of Switched at Birth characters In the second season, after learning that her high school is being faced with closure, Daphne organizes a rally and succeeds in keeping Carlton's doors open. Later, Daphne's relationship with her mother struggles after Regina reveals her preference to live with Bay, over her. Frustrated at her mother's decision to live with Bay and Angelo, Daphne jumps into a relationship with Jace, a guy who works in John's office. Together, they get caught up in the blackmailing of a United States Senator, ending the Senator's career and marriage. After breaking up with Jace, Daphne finds herself charged with blackmail and facing potential jail time.","Rita Bennett In the second season premiere Rita takes Astor and Cody to see Paul in prison.[21] He insists that Dexter dragged him out of Rita's house before drugging him and tipping off the police — and that if she could find his missing shoe it would prove his innocence.[22] Rita tells him that there is no shoe, despite having found it more than a month previously.[23] She later admits that she found the shoe, but refuses to acknowledge that Dexter is involved. That night she receives a call from the prison and learns that Paul was killed in an inmate altercation.[22][24] In \"Waiting to Exhale\", after Paul's funeral, Rita confronts Dexter about his involvement in Paul's death, and he is forced to admit to having a heroin addiction in order to cover up his real secret.[25][26] Rita threatens to leave Dexter if he does not commit to a program to deal with his \"addiction\". He starts attending Narcotics Anonymous meetings, where a mysterious woman named Lila Tournay (Jaime Murray) volunteers to be his sponsor.[27] In \"See-Through\" Rita's visiting mother, Gail (JoBeth Williams), suspects that Dexter is hiding something from the family.[28] In \"Dex, Lies, and Videotape\", Rita breaks up with Dexter after a phone call from Lila reveals, he lied to her.[29]","Switched at Birth (season 2) While Toby bonds with Elisa, discord breaks out at Carlton when the deaf students oppose the pilot program for hearing students, leaving Daphne feeling caught in the middle. After she talks to the school board, she tells Kathryn that they have decided to close Carlton. Meanwhile, Bay tells Regina's old boyfriend Zane about Regina's alcohol abuse and Zane then tells Regina. Regina confronts Bay about telling Zane and angrily scolds her for it. Bay is severely hurt but forgives Regina for her outburst after she apologizes. The two then decide to keep it secret and Regina promises to go back to her classes and get help. However, she goes back on her word when she leaves a voicemail for her sponsor and then deletes the message instead of sending it.","Switched at Birth (season 1) It's prom time at Carlton School for the Deaf and Daphne plans to ask Wilke to be her date, while Emmett asks Bay. Wilke tells Daphne that he can't go because he has to finish writing a paper. She ends up inviting Travis to come with her as a friend. Craig and Kathryn go to interview a former hospital worker, who turns out to be crazy. Their car breaks down on the way back, and the two almost share a kiss before Kathryn pulls away. Meanwhile, Regina struggles with her feelings for Angelo after he suddenly calls from prison. He needs a lawyer to help him stay in the country. As she is already in a relationship with Patrick, she tells him that while the girls are allowed to make up their own minds about him, she isn't going to take him back. Daphne finds out from Wilke's father that he will be heading off to boarding school soon and is angry and hurt that he didn't tell her. Wilke surprises Daphne on prom night with a limo and Travis ends up joining them. At prom, Wilke is finally honest about his leaving, and Daphne storms off. She decides to make amends with him, however, after Bay convinces her to make the best of the night, and Wilke ends up telling her that Emmett had slept with Simone. She confronts Emmett, who denies it, but she can tell that he is lying. She struggles with whether to tell Bay or not, but decides to wait until after the prom. Emmett, on the other hand, decides to tell Bay about his mistake with Simone before she hears it from someone else.Bay gets upset that Emmett cheated on her. Angry and heartbroken, break up with Emmett and she leaves the prom, while Daphne and Wilke end their relationship on a high note. After meeting with Craig about Angelo, John informs Regina that the best way to keep Angelo in the country is for him to marry a U.S citizen.","Switched at Birth (season 2) Life is shaken up once again for the Kennish-Vasquez family when a woman from Angelo's past surfaces, claiming to be pregnant with his baby. However, only Bay and Toby know. Kathryn urges John to consider running as the Republican Party candidate for the Kansas State Senate. Meanwhile, Bay is accused of cheating on her French exam and decides to attend Carlton. Daphne is still upset after all that happened with Jeff and snaps at Travis. She later apologizes and the twosome plot to start up a food truck business of Daphne's very own.","Regina Mills Over the next twenty-eight years, Regina ruled Storybrooke as its tyrannical mayor Regina Mills. Her undoing came when, in 2001, with Mr. Gold (Rumplestiltskin)'s help, she adopted Henry Mills, the grandson of her nemesis Snow White. Due to this, Snow's daughter Emma Swan (the Savior) arrived in 2011, after Henry began to realize the truth about that town. Regina originally sent her son to therapy sessions to reverse his belief in the curse. After a kiss from Emma caused her lover Graham Humbert (the Huntsman) to remember who he was, Regina killed him in order to protect the curse and also out of revenge for his breaking up with her. The power struggle between Regina and Rumplestiltskin continued in Storybrooke where she was often at odds with Mr. Gold.[6][7] Initially unbeknownst to him, Regina kept Gold's true love Belle captive, after telling him she had died.[8] She tried to prevent the relationship between David Nolan (Prince Charming) and Mary Margaret Blanchard (Snow White), by implicating her in David's wife Kathryn Nolan (Charming's fiancee Princess Abigail) false murder. After Emma threatened to take back her son, Regina tried to curse her with the same sleeping curse that took her mother. However, Henry consumed the curse instead. This finally caused Emma to believe in magic, awakening Henry with true love's kiss and breaking the curse.","Kate Beckett On January 9, 1999, when she was 19, her mother, Johanna, was stabbed to death while on her way to meet with Jim and Kate for dinner. The detective in charge of the investigation, Detective John Raglan, was apparently never able to find the killer and attributed her death to random gang violence. Kate, though, believes that there was more to her mother's murder than a random killing, thinking that the investigating detectives ignored every other evidence that could lead them to her mother's murderer. He was later killed while trying to tell Kate very important information.","List of Switched at Birth characters Switched at Birth is an American television drama series centering on Bay Kennish and Daphne Vasquez, who at the age of 15 learn that they were switched at birth. The wealthy Kennish family must struggle with the fact that their biological daughter is deaf from having meningitis as a child and must accept the character of working-class, recovering alcoholic Regina Vasquez, Daphne's single \"mother.\" Bay and Daphne attempt to find out how their lives would have been if they hadn't been switched. The one-hour-long series premiered on June 6, 2011.","Switched at Birth (season 2) Regina returns early from rehab, only to find that Daphne has grown closer to the Kennish family. Bay runs into her ex-boyfriend Ty; Travis and Emmett take advantage of Melody's absence and Kathryn and Nikki don't see eye to eye. Bay begins working at her dad's office.","Switched at Birth (season 1) Regina arranges for Bay to meet an art dealer, only to discover that he is much more interested in her art than Bay's (and maybe interested in more than that itself), much to Bay's dismay, who wants to be discovered as an artist. Meanwhile, Kathryn mentions to Emmett that Bay was heartbroken after Ty's departure and how she suddenly got happy again after he came along, sparking some hidden jealousy in Emmett and causing a strain on his and Bay's relationship. Elsewhere, Daphne hopes to be a starter on her basketball team by winning the spot in a competition only to find out that Simone isn't the person she thought she was when a truth comes out about her missing watch, and Bay tells Daphne her story with Simone: That they once video-taped a girl talking about her secret crush and against Bay's wishes, Simone posts it all over town, forcing the girl to leave. Daphne is forced to make a hard decision determining where she will stand with her friend. During all this, John attempts to become closer to Toby, but isn't happy with his goals. In the end, Emmett and Bay share a heartfelt and big moment in their relationship which ends with them officially declaring they are in love.","Switched at Birth (season 5) Toby and Lily come for a visit with the baby. They are fighting because Lily misses work, while Toby is working too much and not helping with the baby. Toby reveals his gambling problem has returned. They decide to move back to the States. Lily gets her job back at the university, and Kathryn will help with the baby. When Bay tries to rekindle her friendship with Mary Beth, she is upset to learn Mary Beth is now dating Tank. Regina decides to go public about her relationship with Luca. John teases her about the age difference, but relents after she scolds him for applying a sexist double standard. Kathryn and Daphne are both supportive and happy for Regina. Daphne is having nightmares about Bay's illness in China. Luca recognizes it as PTSD. Luca accidentally spills the secret about Bay's illness to Regina and Bay and Daphne have to tell everyone about it.","List of Switched at Birth characters Played by Vanessa Marano, Bay Madeline Kennish-Vasquez (born Daphne Paloma Vasquez) is the rebellious legal daughter of John and Kathryn Kennish; and biological daughter of Regina Vasquez and Angelo Sorrento. Bay is often bratty, which tends to lead to most of the conflicts within the series, especially with her boyfriends and Daphne. She is shown to be a talented graffiti artist. In the pilot episode, Bay, upon learning that she does not share the same blood type as either of her parents, visits a geneticist with her parents. It is then that they are informed that there was a mix up with two babies at the hospital, and that John and Kathryn are not her biological parents. The discovery of the switch leads Bay to question her entire upbringing, resulting in her breaking up with her boyfriend, Liam and getting arrested for attempting to buy beer with a fake ID.","Switched at Birth (season 1) At a student art show at Buckner Hall, Bay finally meets Angelo (Gilles Marini), after he reveals that he found out about the switch through the newspaper. Daphne finds out that Bay is dating Emmett and that prompts her to tell him how she really feels. In the midst of their argument at the car wash, the two share a kiss before Emmett declares his loyalty to Bay, leaving Daphne feeling more alone than ever. Regina decides to open up her own salon, but soon hits a roadblock when she finds out that because of her past credit scores and other issues, she can't get a loan without a co-signer. Things take a turn for the worse when Bay brings Angelo home to meet the Kennishes, resulting in a heated dispute between him and John. Angelo meets Daphne for the first time since he left when she was three and while she's angry, she also demands answers. Angelo also tries to reconnect with Regina, who is still not over the fact that he left their family and didn't trust her when she told him that she didn't have an affair that resulted in Daphne. After his argument with Daphne, Emmett reveals his frustrations regarding deaf-hearing relationships to Bay. They later make up after Toby speaks to Emmett and Emmett uses his voice for the first time in years and says his first words to Bay. In the end, Toby and Wilke finally persuade Emmett to play the drums for Guitar Face once again for an upcoming music festival. And before leaving, Emmett kisses Bay silently angering Daphne. In the car, Wilke admits to Toby, that he likes Daphne before they leave. When Bay asked Daphne if everything worked out, Daphne tells her that since Bay wasn't okay with her dating Liam, she will never be okay with her dating Emmett, stating that she won't give up on him like she has given up on many other things in her life putting Bay in an awkward state. Angelo shows up that night to tell Regina that he is not going back to Chicago and that he wants to start a new life with her, Bay and Daphne as Kathryn looks on through a nearby window.","Mary Margaret Blanchard The two find Emma, only for Mary Margaret to be transported with her back to the remaining Enchanted Forest through a portal, though they manage to return to Storybrooke.[15] After Regina and her mother Cora attempt to gain power by killing Mr. Gold, Mary Margaret curses Cora's heart with the same candle that Cora used to kill her mother Eva and tricks Regina into killing her. She pleads for Regina to kill her when she cannot deal with what she has done, but she instead tearfully taunts her.","Switched at Birth (season 3) As Bay and Daphne rebel against their mothers' Christmas traditions, a \"Christmas miracle\" grants them their wish of alternate lives in which they were not switched. Daphne wakes up as Bay Kennish (\"Bay-Daphne\") with her hearing intact, who is a skilled soccer player in training for the Olympics; while Bay wakes up as Daphne Sorrento (\"Daphne-Bay\"), deaf but a recognized artist, with a brother, Angelo Junior (AJ). However, these benefits come at a price: workaholic cosmetics entrepreneur Kathryn and depressed, stay-at-home has-been John are on the verge of divorce; Toby is an angst-ridden Emo; Emmett is only Daphne-Bay's platonic friend; and Regina has never conquered her alcoholism. When the girls decide this is worse, they fail at trying to reverse it at a disastrous Christmas-eve dinner party at the Kennishes, and succeed at waking up back to normal only after embracing the mothers' traditions which they once hated.","Rena Sofer In 2013, Sofer had a publicized appearance on Once Upon a Time, playing Snow White's mother.[10]","Switched at Birth (season 3) John temporarily moves in with Toby, who is unhappy about the situation. Toby and Bay try to get their parents to reconnect at a family outing, but Kathryn is adamant about finding her own independence. Melody preps Travis for an important college interview that he ends up skipping. Regina is in hot water with her boss after Adriana speaks out at a meeting against renovating East Riverside. Daphne tries to convince Sharee to get her mother some help with her mental issues. Bay comes across serious problems with her injured hand that could affect her future art career.","Kathryn Joosten Joosten died of lung cancer on the morning of June 2, 2012, after an 11-year battle with the disease. She was survived by her two sons, two grandchildren and a brother. Coincidentally, her death occurred twenty days after the onscreen death from cancer of her Desperate Housewives character, Karen McCluskey. Poignantly, viewers in the United Kingdom first saw her onscreen death the day after her real life passing.[3]","Switched at Birth (season 1) The show resumes at the beginning of the school year and Bay returns from her trip with a new boyfriend, Alex. Kathryn finally releases her book on the switch, which causes some problems in the Kennish household. Daphne lands a job at a restaurant with the help of Kathryn, but things do not go smoothly, as the head chef thinks that having a deaf person in the kitchen could raise hazards. After she is demoted to dish-washing, Kathryn tries to intervene. Bay is not completely over Emmett, especially after seeing a mural that he had painted of their relationship, and this leads to her breaking it off with Alex. Later, Bay and Emmett meet up and while he is deeply sorry about what had happened between him and Simone, Bay doesn't think that they could ever be the same. Meanwhile, Regina and the Kennishes have been trying to help Angelo stay in the country, but after he is ordered by a judge to be deported back to Italy, Regina steps in and decides to marry him the exact same day.","Rachael MacFarlane On July 16, 2010, MacFarlane's mother, Ann Perry Sager, died after a long battle with cancer. Her death was reported by Larry King on his show Larry King Live, who acknowledged a conversation he had with her during an interview with her son in May 2010.[5][10]","List of Desperate Housewives characters Stella Kaminsky (née Lindquist, formerly Wingfield; Polly Bergen) is Lynette's mother. She used to be an abusive mother, who frequently beat her girls. She used to get drunk and abuse drugs very often, and also bring strange men over to their house. She was almost always absent, so Lynette had to take care of her little sisters and make them go to school. Stella had breast cancer when she was younger.","Andrew Van de Kamp His parents' acrimonious divorce results in Rex buying Andrew a car. Bree tries to get him to give it back but Andrew refuses. Later that episode, in his most serious crime, he knocked down Juanita \"Mama\" Solis with his car while drunk. Mama survived this but was in a coma in hospital and died later after waking up from the coma and falling down stairs.[11] His parents help him cover it up but Andrew doesn't feel any remorse for his crime.[12] He continues to misbehave and Bree gets him dropped from the school swim team for smoking marijuana in an attempt to make him regret his actions.[13] Further angered by her refusal to allow Rex to convalesce from heart surgery at home, Andrew threatens, \"You wanna see how long I can hold a grudge? Go ahead and abandon my father because I promise you will be sorry.\"[14] When he finds out about his father's adultery, however, he apologizes to Bree and is angry with Rex.[15]","Susan Mayer After purchasing a majority of the houses on Wisteria Lane, Paul announces that he plans to open a halfway house for ex-convicts on the street. A protest against his plan escalates into a violent riot and Susan is trampled by the unruly crowd.[127] As a result, Susan loses a kidney and learns that her second kidney is deformed and she is at severe risk of renal failure. Susan reluctantly agrees to undergo dialysis while waiting for a transplant.[128] After Paul throws her out, Beth submits paperwork indicating that in the event of her death, her kidney would be given to Susan, and then commits suicide.[129] Despite initial refusal, Paul allows the operation to move forward and he and Susan reconcile.[130] After discovering that Paul has been depressed following Beth's suicide, Susan begins cooking meals for him with the assistance of Felicia Tilman (Harriet Sansom Harris), Beth's mother and Martha Huber's sister, who secretly adds antifreeze to the food in an effort to kill him.[131] Paul nearly dies as a result of the poisoned food. Unaware that Felicia is helping prepare his meals, Paul has Susan arrested for attempting to kill him.[132] Eventually, Susan is released, Paul confesses to the murder of Martha Huber, and Felicia presumably dies in a car crash while fleeing town.[133] Susan and her family move back onto Wisteria Lane. During a dinner party, Gabrielle's former stepfather, Alejandro (Tony Plana), who raped her during her childhood, attempts to harm Gabrielle until her husband, Carlos Solis (Ricardo Antonio Chavira) kills him. Susan, Lynette, and Bree agree to help cover up the crime.[134]","List of Switched at Birth characters Angelo and Regina reconsider their relationship, and decide to cohabitate after Bay and Daphne graduate from high school and leave for college.","Switched at Birth (season 4) Regina is hosting a baby shower for Lily, but the duties fall onto Bay when Hope kidnaps Will and Regina and Eric are blackmailed. Bay gets mad when she finds out that everyone has been keeping secrets from her. Lily has some uncomfortable conversations with some of Kathryn's friends regarding her child's disability. Meanwhile, after Professor Marillo tells her that she won't make it as a doctor, Daphne digs deeper and helps a friend keep pursuing her potential as well. Bay ends up spilling Eric's secret to her parents.","List of Switched at Birth characters Kathryn also comes to realise that she is unhappy with herself and in her marriage. Even after confessing her unhappiness to John, he fails to understand her emotions and situation. Eventually, the situation becomes so desperate that John, in a drunken haze, kisses Nikki's mother Jennyne, for which Kathryn kicks him out of the house. In turn, John finds out that Kathryn plans on writing an erotic novel based on the sex lives of their friends from John's baseball days. She finally tells him how unhappy she is, stating that they have nothing in common anymore and that they have fallen into a repetitive rut. After John tried to win her back by unintentionally buying her a piece of jewelry identical to one he had given her years before, Kathryn tells him that she wants adventure in their lives and that they have just grown apart.","Mare Winningham In 2006, she landed the role of Susan Grey on the ABC drama Grey's Anatomy where she played the stepmother of one of the main characters, Dr. Meredith Grey. Her character was killed off in May 2007.[2] In 2006, Winningham voiced the audio version of Stephen King's Lisey's Story. In 2007, she voiced Alice Hoffman's Skylight Confessions. In 2010, Winningham starred in an episode of Cold Case as main character Lilly Rush's stepmother, Celeste Cooper.[10] In 2011 she appeared in the fourth episode of Torchwood: Miracle Day as character Ellis Hartley Monroe.[11] She also starred in miniseries Mildred Pierce and Hatfields & McCoys and garnered another two Emmy nominations.[1] In 2012, she appeared Off-Broadway as Beth, the mother in an intellectual, though dysfunctional, British family, in the award-winning comic-drama Tribes by Nina Raine.","Switched at Birth (season 2) Bay enrolls in an experimental immersion program at Carlton for hearing students who have been learning sign language. She meets Teo, a fellow program participant, and finds herself on the outs with Natalie, who bullies her because she is hearing. John and Kathryn inform the family of John's plans to run for state senate. Elsewhere, Toby embarks on a romance with Nikki, but pulls back after Emmett shows him a distasteful picture of her on the internet. Angelo tells Regina about his possible unborn child and Regina has a run-in with Lana, the other woman, in an elevator. Daphne opens her food truck for business, but is uncomfortable with decisions John is trying to make for her. A boy from her old neighborhood is upset when Daphne brings her truck to East Riverside.","The Queen Is Dead (Once Upon a Time) On her birthday, Mary Margaret (Ginnifer Goodwin) receives a package containing her mother's tiara, with a card signed by Johanna. Snow goes to see her, and they share a happy reunion. A noise in the woods then leads Mary Margaret to overhear a conversation between Regina (Lana Parrilla) and Cora, revealing that they are working together to find the Dark One's dagger. Meanwhile, David (Josh Dallas) is attacked at the police station by Captain Hook (Colin O'Donoghue), who takes back his hook. Mary Margaret finds David there and revives him, informing him of Regina's duplicity. They resolve to find the dagger first, and Mary Margaret decides to try to drive a wedge between Regina and Cora. She meets with Regina and reveals what she knows, warning her that Cora doesn't care about Regina or Henry (Jared S. Gilmore), but Regina dismisses her. Mary Margaret and David ask Mother Superior for help finding the dagger, but a protection spell over Gold's shop prevents her from learning anything. David then receives a call from Emma Swan (Jennifer Morrison) that Mr. Gold (Robert Carlyle) has agreed to put his trust in them, and reveals that the dagger is hidden in the clock tower. Just after they retrieve it, Regina and Cora appear. They summon Johanna and Regina rips her heart out and demands the dagger. When Cora taunts Mary Margaret over her mother's hopes that she would always be good, Mary Margaret realizes that her private conversation with the Blue Fairy had really been with Cora and that Cora murdered her mother. Despite Johanna's protests, Mary Margaret gives up the dagger. Regina then restores Johanna's heart, but Cora immediately throws the woman to her death out of the clock tower.","Switched at Birth (season 1) Daphne and Jeff have been hanging out a lot more. Bay tries to find a way to get back the money she stole from her father before he checks his safe. Travis is worried because his job is on the line. The trial between the Kennishes and the hospital begins, with Angelo back in town to testify. Melody shows up at Jeff's house one night to retrieve her sunglasses and notices that Daphne's car is in the driveway, putting two-and-two together about their secret relationship. Daphne later reveals to Bay that she was about to take the next step with Jeff, and to Bay's surprise, it wouldn't have been her first time. Melody confronts Daphne about her relationship with Jeff, but Daphne is convinced that she was just jealous. Out of desperation, Bay borrows money from Simone, who is still trying to redeem herself to Bay. Meanwhile, Toby, Nikki, and Emmett start up their band, only to have Nikki back out because of her boyfriend's disapproval. Emmett convinces Toby to get her back. Due to her conscience and Daphne's insistence, Bay tells Kathryn about the money incident, which ends up causing a huge rift between her and her parents. At the end of the episode, it is implied that Daphne slept with Jeff and Bay is shown moving in with Zarra.","Switched at Birth (season 2) Bay begins to reconnect with Ty but then learns shocking news about his experiences in Afghanistan. Toby and Travis both seek a managerial position at John's car wash. Kathryn and Daphne have a hard time coming to terms with Bay's desire to stay with Regina. Kathryn and Daphne become tennis partners in a tournament at the country club.","Mary Alice Young Paul asks Mary Alice’s neighbors and friends, Susan (Teri Hatcher), Lynette (Felicity Huffman), Bree (Marcia Cross) and Gabrielle (Eva Longoria), to go through her clothes and other belongings and then pack them up, as he thinks it will be too hard for him. The women end up finding a letter addressed to Mary Alice, a blackmail note reading, \"I know what you did, it makes me sick, I’m going to tell.\"[17] Thereafter, the women make a series of discoveries concerning Mary Alice’s past and her possible motives for ending her life; she was being treated by Dr. Albert Goldfine (Sam Lloyd) where she revealed that she once went by the name Angela, and she may have had something to do with a baby that went missing.[18][19] Paul soon discovers who sent Mary Alice the note, their next-door neighbor struggling with financial difficulty, Martha Huber (Christine Estabrook), whom he ends up strangling to death out of pure rage and burying her body in the nearby forest.[20] Meanwhile, her son Zach begins having flashbacks and is under the impression he killed a baby named Dana, who he believed to be his younger sister and reveals this to Julie Mayer (Andrea Bowen), Susan’s daughter. Paul worries over what Susan is spreading about their family, so he tells Susan in private that Zach accidentally killed his younger sister, Dana, and that he and Mary Alice covered it up to protect him. However, it becomes evident that this is not the case when Paul tells Zach that Dana is still very much alive.[21]","Sharon Lawrence In 2009, Lawrence was nominated for the Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series for her portrayal as Izzie Stevens' mother on Grey's Anatomy.[4][7] In April 2010, Lawrence joined Josh Schwartz's CBS pilot Hitched.[8] In October 2010, she began a recurring role on One Tree Hill as Sylvia Baker, the mother of Julian Baker (Austin Nichols) who comes to Tree Hill from Los Angeles to plan the upcoming wedding of Julian and Brooke Davis (Sophia Bush). She also played the lead character mother in a Lifetime comedy-drama Drop Dead Diva from 2009 to 2013.[9] Also, she played the birth mother of Dr. Maura Isles (Sasha Alexander) in the TNT television series Rizzoli & Isles, although in real life the actresses are only 12 years apart.[10] In recent years, Lawrence has starred in several independent films.[11] In 2013 she was cast in Chris Carter's thriller drama series The After.[12] The show was set to premiere on Amazon Studios in 2014.[13][14][15] The series was cancelled by Amazon before its premiere on January 5, 2015.[16] In March, 2015, Lawrence was cast in the ABC comedy-drama pilot Mix.[17][18]She now stars in the new CBS Sitcom Me, Myself and I.","Constance Marie Marie had a starring role on the ABC Family/Freeform drama Switched at Birth, playing the birth mother of one of the girls and legal mother of the other.","List of Switched at Birth characters When Nikki then tells Toby that she is leaving for to work in Peru, Toby proposes, and she accepts. Later, when the man who killed Nikki's father is imprisoned, Toby decides to arrange a visit with him for Nikki in hopes that she will find closure over her father's death. After Nikki walks away from the man in the visiting center, Toby begins to chastise the killer. During the conversation, Toby is told that Nikki's father was a meth dealer and was killed as part of a deal gone bad. He eventually tells Nikki and the two then find that Nikki's mother had known all along.","Mother's Day (Rugrats) Germain and Klasky initially planned to portray the character as divorced, but Nickelodeon executives rejected the idea, feeling that the subject would be inappropriate for younger viewers. The studio also vetoed a reveal that the mother was dead, contending that such an idea would be \"scary\" and that \"children [would not] want to see that.\"[6] Germain stated this prevented them from saying much about the character in earlier seasons, adding: \"We mention that she exists but we don't tell you what happened to her. We even made a joke out of it in one episode. But we weren't allowed to go into the subject.\"[6] Even when the show did portray Chuckie's mother as having died from a terminal illness, the word \"dead\" was never used by any of the characters.[7] The character had been briefly mentioned before in the episodes \"Real or Robots?\" (1991), \"Chuckie vs. the Potty\" (1992), and \"My Friend Barney\" (1993).[8][9][10]","The Mother (How I Met Your Mother) In the series finale, it is revealed that six years prior to Ted telling the story to his children, Tracy died in 2024 from an undisclosed illness. In the finale the characters do not directly state that the mother is dead. Ted says that she \"became sick\" and his children saying that she has been \"gone\" for six years. Many fans expressed considerable disappointment to The Mother's death.[11] Milioti cried when she learned her character was supposed to die, but came to accept the ending was what the writers had planned from the beginning.[12] Bill Kuchman from Popculturology said that The Mother was \"an amazing character\"[9] and that \"over the course of this final season HIMYM made us care about Tracy.[13] Kuchman said that \"asking fans to drop all of that with a simple line about The Mother getting sick and passing away was a very difficult request\", that the finale \"advanced too quickly\" and that \"HIMYM was a victim of its own success on this issue\".[9]","List of Switched at Birth characters Played by Meeghan Holaway, Amanda Burke is the former lawyer of John and Kathryn Kennish. She was the first lawyer that the Kennishes appointed to help them with their case against the hospital, but they later fire her when they find out that she was in a relationship with one of the hospital board members. While she denied that her relationship would have any effect on how she'd perform for them in the case but John and Kathryn did not want to take any chances.","Switched at Birth (season 1) Kathryn and John meet Zarra and immediately disapproves of her and Bay's friendship. To combat this, Kathryn invites Bay's brief boyfriend Alex and his parents over for dinner. Daphne and Jeff are now in a secret relationship. Another worker at the restaurant, Scuba, who has a crush on Daphne, messes up some shrimp and gets Daphne to take the blame for it, as he picked up clues on the chef taking a liking to her in particular. When Jeff finds out, Scuba is fired and on his way out, he tells the whole kitchen that Daphne is Jeff's girlfriend. At the dinner, John and Kathryn are annoyed by Alex's parents, who only seem to gloat about their college-bound son. Bay gets a call from Zarra at a local jail, asking Bay to help bail her out. Bay then drags Alex along with her as she tries to put together the $1,500 needed. Meanwhile, Regina and Patrick have reconnected, although he is still not over the fact that Regina is legally married to her ex-boyfriend. Also, Toby is thinking of starting a band again after another hangout with Nikki, whom he seems to like. He also has a change of heart about Emmett and wants to start the band again.","Minka Kelly Kelly's mother Maureen died in 2008, at age 51, from colon cancer.[25][26][27]","Switched at Birth (season 3) John bonds with Nikki's mom, Jennice, when they help Toby move into his new apartment. John invites her to his house to watch a boxing match and they end up kissing, which Regina sees through the window. Kathryn goes to New York City with Renzo to pitch an idea for a second book. Daphne tells Bay that Tank has a crush on her. Bay later rejoins the field hockey team for college admissions appeal. Daphne worries about Sharee after witnessing an altercation outside of Sharee's house and Regina gets involved.","Norma McCorvey McCorvey died of heart failure in Katy, Texas, on February 18, 2017, at the age of 69.[10][12]","Kitty Walker When Robert returns to the States, they set up a meeting with the birth mother at the hospital she works at. She is a brain surgeon who plainly didn't have time for the baby. After the conversation, everything seemed to be going well and both parties were excited. This was until Kitty decided to go back to the hospital and question Trish (the birth mother) if she was 100% sure that she would go through with the adoption, and Trish was insulted that Kitty would doubt her. She ultimately told Kitty that she would find another set of adoption parents. Kitty was devastated that she had messed their chance up and Robert was upset with Kitty for returning to the hospital without discussing it with him. In a later episode, Trish phoned Robert and Kitty apologizing for \"freaking out\" when Kitty had questioned her, and thanked her for giving her a chance to rethink her decision, which remained the same. She told them that if they can trust her again, she would be happy to give them her baby. Although Robert was skeptical, Kitty was elated.","Maria Stark On the Ides of March, Maria and Howard were killed in a 'planned' car accident[2] (possibly arranged by the Roxxon Oil Company).[3] Afterwards, Tony ran his father's company, started a charity in his mother's name (which donated funds to finance various charities and renovation projects as well as the Avengers) and later became Iron Man.","Katie Leclerc Katie Leclerc was born in San Antonio, Texas, and grew up in Lakewood, Colorado. She is the youngest of three siblings.[2] She started learning American Sign Language at 17, before she found out she had a disorder which includes hearing loss. Her older sister also teaches ASL. http://www.sdentertainer.com/features/interviews/special-interview-abc-family-switched-birth-katie-leclerc/ |title=Special Interview with ABC Family \"Switched At Birth\" Katie Leclerc|work= San Diego Entertainer magazine|date= July 15, 2011|accessdate=July 15, 2011}}</ref> Both her father and older sister have Ménière's disease as well.[3]","Luna (Peters novel) Patrice (Mother): Patrice is the valetudinarian mother of Regan and Liam. After being a stay-at-home mom, she makes a career for herself as a wedding planner. She throws herself into her job, often ignoring her family and the problems that arise. Although she discovers Liam's gender dysphoria when he is young, she decides to ignore it. Although she outwardly neglects Liam when he gets older, she and Liam have a complex relationship with Jack. Patrice is aware that, should Jack find out about Luna, he will throw Liam out; she is otherwise not pointedly adverse to Luna. Indeed, Patrice humours Luna passively when she does not question the absence of her various medications though she is aware that Liam is suicidal, tells Elise, \"I don't think that's any of your business,\" when it is inferred that, after she sees Liam as Luna, Elise calls Patrice to ask if he's mentally ill, and calls her doctor to ask for an early refill of her estrogen prescription (the book hints that Luna is on transsexual hormone replacement therapy using cross-hormones from her mother's menopause hormone replacement therapy) without questioning how the estrogen had gone. Patrice does not want Jack to find out about Luna because she is afraid of losing Liam, so she keeps Liam's gender dysphoria secret, and only clandestinely helps Luna. When confronted with the secret by Regan, Patrice admits that she 'can't deal' and continues to ignore her family as it falls apart.","Switched at Birth (season 2) Toby and Nikki's relationship is strained by work and wedding planning so Bay tries to help Toby by booking a gig for Toby's band for the carnival to give him a temporary reprieve from the demands of adult life. Regina and Bay's messiness frustrates Angelo when he comes back from searching for his baby. Kathryn is unnerved by Adriana's frequent visits, and Jace introduces Daphne to a new adventure.","Switched at Birth (season 5) Bay and Daphne meet a girl named Ally who has Angelo's heart through heart surgery, but they find out she's not who she seems she is. Regina refuses to see her because it will bring up memories about Angelo's death. Toby is deciding whether or not to baptize Carlton. Emmett and Travis try to make amends during Melody's birthday."],"string":"[\n \"List of Switched at Birth characters Played by Constance Marie, Regina Lourdes Vasquez is the legal mother of Daphne Vasquez and the biological mother of Bay Kennish. Before moving into the Kennishes' guest house, she, Daphne, and her mother Adriana lived in fictional working-class neighborhood East Riverside, Missouri, where she worked as a hair stylist. Prior to the beginning of the series, Regina had been raising Daphne as a single mother. Daphne's legal father, Angelo, abandoned their family after finding out that Daphne was not his daughter. After Angelo's leaving, Regina had Daphne tested again, only for the tests to reveal that Daphne was not her biological daughter either. In spite of this revelation, Regina chooses to keep the information to herself for fear of Daphne being taken away from her. This fact comes to light when photos of Bay are discovered, Regina having had a Private Investigator keep tabs on her biological daughter throughout the years.\",\n \"List of Switched at Birth characters Played by Ivonne Coll, Adriana Vasquez is the mother of Regina Vasquez, the grandmother of Daphne Vasquez, and the biological grandmother of Bay Kennish. she had no idea that Regina knew about the switched but she was curious about why Daphne did not look like Regina. She had lived with Regina and Daphne for quite some time and is living with the two in the Kennishes' guest house. She had taken a huge disliking to Regina's ex-husband Angelo and ends up reporting him to the police. Regina told Adriana that she married Angelo and Adriana was not happy about it, and moved out of the guest house after she found out, but she later moved back into the guest house after she and Regina patched things up.\",\n \"List of Switched at Birth characters Despite initial tension and disagreement, Kathryn forms a close relationship with Regina. Kathryn helps get Regina a job at a local salon and, in turn, Regina helps Kathryn write her book based around the switch. Kathryn is committed to caring and looking after her children. She finds a way to get a mopey Toby out of the house after his break-up with Simone and consults with Regina about how to tell Bay about Angelo's baby. Kathryn later finds out from Bay that Regina has begun drinking again and was sent to rehab.\",\n \"Switched at Birth (season 1) Bay begins asking questions about her biological father, which her grandmother and Regina refuse to answer. Regina insists that \\\"The best thing that guy ever did was leave.\\\" Daphne and John bond over their love of basketball. Daphne loves this at first, as she has never had any 'father daughter moments' with her 'deadbeat adopted father,' but quickly becomes annoyed with John when he takes his coaching too seriously. John also meets Melody (Marlee Matlin), who is Emmett's mother and one of Regina's closest friends. Kathryn gets Regina a job at her friend's hair salon, and rumors fly regarding the Kennish-Vasquez living situation. Melody helps Regina overcome her worries regarding getting close to Bay. Kathryn admits the truth about Daphne and Bay to one of her friends, Denise, in order to end the rumor that John had an affair with Regina years before and Daphne is their 'love child.' Daphne gives Bay a photo of Regina when she was pregnant, which was taken by Bay's biological father.\",\n \"List of Switched at Birth characters In the second season, Regina finds out that she can no longer cut hair or sign anymore, due to a medical problem with her wrists. She gets a new job, but is fired after the first day, because she oversleeps due to being drunk from a celebratory glass of Champagne. After this, and through the influence of Zane, a friend from her past, she starts drinking again. Bay, after finding out about Regina's drinking, confronts her about it and the two get into fight. Regina realize what she said to Bay she later apologize and asks her to forgive her and keep it a secret with the promise of returning to AA. Daphne later discovers her mother's alcohol problem when she finds her passed out on the sofa, smelling of alcohol. This further strains their relationship, which had already been suffering due to Regina's inability to sign. In \\\"Introducing the Miracle\\\", Regina's drinking is discovered on all sides and she's sent to rehab.\",\n \"List of Switched at Birth characters Regina eventually gets a second chance at the job that she was fired from and begins to enjoy her work. However, in the third season premiere, her boss announces that she is selling the business and Regina will lose her job. After getting advice from Bay, Regina decides to open her own business as an interior decorator with Angelo as chief investor. She is later hired by a property developer named Wes and her business begins to expand, unfortunately she finds out that Wes is scamming the people of East Riverside. As a result of this, the community retaliates and a brick is thrown through the window of Regina's store. After she begins carrying a gun in order to defend herself, Regina accidentally pulls the gun on Daphne after she enters Regina's store unannounced. This causes Angelo and Regina to get into a big fight during which Angelo storms off. He is later shown to have suffered a brain aneurysm and died. As a result of this fight, Daphne blames her mother for Angelo's sudden death.\",\n \"List of Switched at Birth characters Played by Lea Thompson, Kathryn is the mother of Bay and Toby Kennish and the biological mother of Daphne Vasquez. At first, she wasn't too excited about telling her friends that Bay and Daphne were switched at birth for the sake of maintaining her reputation, but after some pressing from Regina, she finally comes clean at a fundraiser.\",\n \"List of Switched at Birth characters Throughout the first two seasons, John frequently finds himself at loggerheads with Regina. The two strong personalities often clash over how to raise their children. For example, they run into conflict when John attempts to buy Daphne a car for her sixteenth birthday, much to Regina's disapproval. Their biggest argument, however, comes after John revealing his longstanding resentment toward Regina from keeping Daphne from him for thirteen years. The strain of the fight causes John to have a heart attack, Regina in effect, saving his life. While in an altered state, John has a dream in which he sees how different and dark their lives would have been had Regina told the hospital of the switch after learning about it. In the dream, Regina has lost her life due to alcoholism and the girls did not get along. John see now how the switch was better for everyone. He comes to appreciate Regina and her place in their lives.\",\n \"List of Switched at Birth characters Angelo dies following a car accident as a result of a brain aneurysm. After doctors attempt to save his life, he is declared brain dead and the decision to take him off life support rests with the family. While searching his apartment for a way to contact Angelo's mother, Bay and Emmett discover Angelo's Last Will and Testament, which states that he should be taken off life support. Bay calls Angelo's mother who also is Bay's biological grandmother and speaks to her in French for the first time and gives his mother the opportunity to say goodbye to him over the phone. The family decides to have Angelo's organs donated.[1]\",\n \"List of Switched at Birth characters In \\\"The Awakening Conscience\\\", Angelo tells Regina that he got a woman named Lana pregnant, and upset, Regina walks out. Even though it happened before they married, Regina goes to tell Kathryn and tries to figure out how to tell Bay. Later however, when she's having lunch with Bay, she finds out Bay already knows and that Bay had gotten into a quarrel with him about it. Regina then realizes that Angelo told her about the pregnancy simply because he was afraid Bay might tell her first. Later, however, Lana decides to give the child up for adoption.\",\n \"Switched at Birth (season 1) Artistic and troubled Bay Kennish has grown up with her wealthy parents John and Kathryn and older brother Toby. Through a school experiment, she discovers that her blood type is different from her family's. After taking a DNA test, the Kennishes learn that she was in fact switched at birth with Daphne Vasquez, an athletic Deaf teen living with her single mother Regina and grandmother Adrianna on the other side of town. Bay discovers that she and her biological mother Regina have a lot in common, and the Kennishes have their first experiences with Deafness and Deaf Culture. After learning that Regina is in financial trouble, the Kennishes invite her and Daphne to move into their guest house. The Kennishes and Vasquezes must then learn to get along, while trying to get to know each other.\",\n \"List of Switched at Birth characters After running into financial troubles, Regina and her family move into the Kennish's guest house so that the two families might get to know each other better. She is also shown to be a talented artist, indicating that Bay inherited her skills as an artist from her biological mother.\",\n \"Switched at Birth (season 1) Kathryn's mother Bonnie (Meredith Baxter) visits the family and bonds with Daphne though mainly over how she is one of the family by her blood and in result practically ignores Bay now \\\"seeing her differently,\\\" since she isn't her biological grandchild and begins to treat her very differently now somewhat coldly. This forms a wedge between her and Bay as well as Kathryn, with Bonnie stating how Daphne is her \\\"real\\\" daughter and not Bay due to how she carried Daphne and the similarities between her and Daphne that she doesn't have with Bay. But Kathryn still feels that Bay will always be her daughter no matter what a blood test says. Meanwhile, Daphne meets up with Monica, a teenage Latina from her old neighborhood, who now also sees and treats her differently since she's moved out of their town, but Daphne still feels a strong connection with where she was raised. During all this, Bay and Regina look into Angelo's disappearance; and Toby realizes he can only please Simone if he changes.\",\n \"List of Switched at Birth characters At first, there is tension between Regina and Kathryn and John, particularly regarding the way in which their daughters are raised. Despite these personality clashes, Regina and Kathryn become close friends. Regina later assists Kathryn in writing her book. John and Regina are even seen to get along, despite John's longstanding resentment toward Regina over her keeping quiet about Daphne's true parentage. Regina's best friend is Melody Bledsoe, the mother of Daphne's best friend Emmett. Throughout the first season, Regina enters into a short-lived casual relationship with Bruce, the ex-husband of Kathryn's friend and Patrick, an art gallery owner.\",\n \"Switched at Birth (season 2) Daphne gets the truth from Travis's mother regarding his so-called problems at home. Regina runs into an old friend while out with Kathryn. John sees an attack ad on his campaign involving his wife's radio interview. Toby brings Lana to the Kennish house for dinner and she lets something slip to an immigration social worker about carrying Angelo's baby.\",\n \"Switched at Birth (TV series) This forces the girls, along with both families, to understand their differences and embrace their similarities. The girls sometimes struggle with their identities, as Bay discovers she has inherited her artistic talent from Regina, and Daphne discovers she has inherited John's athletic skill and Kathryn's love of cooking. Both mothers learn to bond with their biological daughters, while often unintentionally angering their legal ones. John learns to relate to his new-found daughter by coaching her deaf school's basketball team and employing her in the office of one of the local chain of car washes that he owns. Bay is driven by a need to find her biological father Angelo Sorrento, who left Regina shortly after Daphne went deaf. That causes a bond between her and Emmett that later becomes an intense romance.\",\n \"List of Switched at Birth characters He sues the hospital for switching the girls and is awarded $5 million. Right after that, it is revealed that he got a woman, Lana, pregnant in a one-night stand. Regina is furious with him at first but they later reconcile. Lana wants to give the baby up for adoption, but Angelo convinces her not to at first.\",\n \"List of Switched at Birth characters Later, Bay experiences the loss of Angelo, her biological father and expresses regret that she did not spend more time with him. After Angelo's cause of death is discovered, it is feared that she may share the same biological trait that lead to Angelo's brain aneurysm.\",\n \"Switched at Birth (TV series) Bay Madeline Kennish, a teenage girl from the wealthy Kansas City suburb of Mission Hills, Kansas, discovers from a school lab assignment that her AB blood type is incompatible with her type A/O parents John and Kathryn. Genetic testing confirms Bay is not the Kennishes' biological daughter. She uses the phrase \\\"real parents,\\\" but is informed that \\\"biological\\\" is the preferred term. It is revealed that the hospital mistakenly switched Bay (who was actually born Daphne Paloma Vasquez) with the Kennishes' newborn daughter, who is raised by her single mother Regina and grandmother Adriana in the low-income neighborhood of East Riverside, Missouri. Daphne is deaf, having lost her hearing as a result of contracting meningitis at age three. The Kennishes invite Daphne and Regina to their home, and after learning that Regina is struggling financially, propose that they move into their guest house with Adriana, an offer that Regina accepts.\",\n \"Switched at Birth (season 1) Daphne discovers that Regina’s guitar case has many pictures of Bay. Regina admits to Daphne that she knew about the switch since Daphne was three years old. Daphne turns to Wilke to escape this new turn of events. Meanwhile, Bay and Emmett’s relationship becomes more serious. However, the two encounter some problems due to their communication barrier and the fact that Bay feels like Emmett puts Daphne before her. Daphne tells Emmett that Regina knew about the switch. The Kennish’s lawyer prepares John and Kathryn for their trial by dredging up old family secrets. Elsewhere, Regina tries to contact her private investigator to find out who he told about the switch. Regina tries to get rid of the guitar case but can’t part with it. Later, during the legal meeting John and Kathryn are shown evidence that Regina knew about the switch for years. Regina reveals to the Kennish family and Daphne that she found out about the switch when Angelo had a DNA test done before deciding to leave her and Daphne. Everyone is in shock. No one more so than Daphne, who doesn’t know who she can trust anymore. Bay is in just as much pain, believing that her biological mom didn't want her. Bay turns to Emmett for comfort, and Regina leaves the Kennish house.\",\n \"List of Switched at Birth characters When it comes out that Regina knew about the switch, Angelo is furious with her and felt that she kept him away from his daughter. They later reconcile and end up sleeping together, much to the dismay of Regina's mother. Angelo is arrested due to an outstanding warrant in Italy and faces deportation. When he was drunk, he beat a man for having an affair with his ex-fiancee. Regina's mother contacts the police so that Angelo would be arrested, and he is ordered back to Italy. In order to keep him in the country, Regina marries him so that he can gain US citizenship.\",\n \"List of Switched at Birth characters Played by Marlee Matlin, Melody Bledsoe is the mother of Emmett Bledsoe and the best friend of Regina Vasquez. She is divorced from her ex-husband, Cameron, her polar opposite when it comes to parenting. Like her son, Melody is deaf although she can speak on some occasions due to being forced to attend speech therapy when she was young. She is overprotective and judgmental. Melody is upset when Emmett initially tells her that he wants to date Bay, believing that hearing and deaf relationships cannot succeed. This leads her to humiliate Bay at a dinner night with Emmett, Bay, and Regina. She gets into a dispute with Regina, but they reconcile and Melody eventually opens up to Bay when she realizes that Bay had good intentions. She also dates Daphne's boss Jeff but he breaks it off after realizing he loves Daphne.\",\n \"List of Switched at Birth characters After Regina relapsed with her alcoholism, she shows up at Angelo's apartment drunk. Angelo contacts Bay, who then gets Daphne, and they go to retrieve Regina. Angelo instead promises he will take care of Regina and asks Bay to go to the hospital with Lana, who is in labor. Lana gives birth to Bay's half sister.\",\n \"Switched at Birth (season 2) Regina tells Adriana and Daphne about Angelo and Lana's baby-to-be. Daphne takes it in stride and is supportive of Regina, suggesting a spa weekend for the two of them, paid for from her food truck profits. Bay finds herself on the wrong end of Natalie's wrath, forcing Melody to take everyone on a Tolerance Retreat to help bridge the divide between them. Bay bonds with Noah, who confides to her that he has Meniere's Disease, having already lost 60% hearing in his right ear, and is in the Pilot Program at Carlton so that he can learn to sign before he loses the rest of his hearing. Regina finds out from her new doctor that she has osteonecrosis in her right wrist and can never sign, paint, or be a hairdresser again, which leads to a falling-out with Melody, who thinks Regina is faking to get sympathy. Daphne tells Noah how upset she feels about her mom not being able to sign with her anymore. She asks him if he can imagine losing the ability to communicate with someone, but Noah passes on the opportunity to tell her that he has Meniere's Disease. However, he helps her understand her mother's point of view and stop being angry at her. After the retreat, Bay and Natalie declare a truce. Emmett is jealous of Bay's friendship with Noah and says he (Emmett) can't be friends with Bay any more because it hurts too much to not be with her. Meanwhile, Kathryn possibly hurts John's campaign during a radio interview by mentioning John's views on [legal] immigration, which John's political enemies use against him by claiming he is for illegal immigration. John believes he can win by staying away from specific issues before the election, and tells Kathryn to keep quiet about political issues from now on. Toby bonds with Lana and finds out that she is planning to give up her baby for adoption as she is in medical school and her family are all in Boston. Toby points out that she does have local family, his sister, Bay, who is also the baby's sister.\",\n \"List of Switched at Birth characters Regina returns early from rehab to find that Daphne has grown closer to the Kennish family. Feeling left out, she decides to move in with Angelo. Hours later, Bay also moves with Angelo, leading to her and Regina developing a stronger mother-daughter bond and relationship. Daphne and Regina begin to grow apart. Regina tells Daphne that life is easier living with Bay. Their relationship improves and they will cohabitate. Regina later supports Daphne when she is charged with blackmail.\",\n \"List of Switched at Birth characters Played by Annie Ilonzeh, Lana is the mother of Angelo's baby. She becomes friends with Toby when he gives her a ride home from the mechanic and she tells him that her family lives in Boston and they aren't aware that she's pregnant. After giving birth to her daughter, she puts the baby up for adoption and leaves for the airport.\",\n \"Regina Mills However, defeated once more, Regina's new love for her son drove her to wish to redeem herself. Her plans for redemption were flouted when her mother Cora, whom she had thought dead at the hands of the pirate Captain Hook, returned. Cora framed Regina for the death of Dr. Archibald Hopper and forged an alliance with her. In the ensuing struggle of love versus power, Regina was eventually manipulated by Snow into killing her own mother, creating a new thirst for vengeance.\",\n \"Switched at Birth (season 1) After revealing her secret, Regina tries to make amends with Daphne and Bay. Daphne decides to move in with her \\\"real family\\\". Meanwhile, Bay tells Emmett that for her birthday, she wants to see her art on a billboard and enlists his help. However, before they get the chance to put her art up, the pair are caught by the police and injured while climbing a barbed wire fence to get away. Bay also meets Emmett's mother Melody, who doesn't approve of their relationship. Melody's dislike of Bay is heightened when she discovers that Emmett has been injured while spending time with Bay, as well as that he wants to take speech therapy in order to better communicate with her. The girls celebrate their sixteenth birthdays with the Kennishes, the Vasquezes, and the Bledsoes. Regina shows up and is accepted into the party by Bay. Emmett gives Bay a scarf, which he later reveals to be a blindfold. He blindfolds Bay and takes her back to the billboard where he has put up her artwork. The two decide that it would be better if Bay told Daphne about them. However, when Bay approaches Daphne to tell her about the relationship, Daphne reveals that she has realized she has feelings for Emmett, leaving Bay in silent horror.\",\n \"Switched at Birth (season 2) Regina persuades the interior decorator who fired her to give her a second chance. Angelo joins the country club, and hires Regina to redecorate a restaurant he becomes a partner in. John's senate boss Chip Coto makes a pass at Kathryn and she tells John. Daphne and Jace learn Coto has been having an affair with an intern, and Jace anonymously texts him that his secret is known. John angrily confronts Regina, and tells her he will never forgive her for keeping Daphne from him for 13 years, then has a heart attack in the kitchen. Regina finds him, calls 911 and administers CPR.\",\n \"Switched at Birth (season 1) Bay and Daphne team up to shoot an ASL zombie movie for Emmett's birthday. Kathryn is upset at John for sharing personal family information to Sarah Lazar, who she suspects had an affair with her husband. Emmett and Simone feel guilty about what they did together. Wilke finds out about what had happened between them and Emmett tells his mom that he had made a mistake with another girl. Melody asks him to decide if it is worth telling Bay. Daphne is also upset at the fact that she had missed out on so many Kennish family memories and blames Regina for not telling her about the switch earlier. They later reconcile during a late night swim. Regina finally agrees to help Kathryn write her book on the switch after they have a conversation about living in denial.\",\n \"Switched at Birth (season 3) A terrible accident has left Angelo in the hospital fighting to survive while others place blame as emotions run high. The Kennish and Vasquez families rally to support Angelo. Amid the emotion, decisions must be made and lives are changed forever. The doctors say that Angelo is brain dead. Bay and Emmett find Angelo's will, which says that he wishes to be unhooked from machines keeping him alive. At the end of the episode, it is revealed that Angelo died from an aneurysm, caused by being really angry at Regina. Daphne blames Regina for Angelo's death.\",\n \"List of Switched at Birth characters Angelo, Bay's father, reenters her life after reading an article about the switch, wanting to get to know Bay. He indicates to Regina that he wishes for them to get back together, but she refuses. Later, Angelo flees the Kennish household and it is revealed that he is under threat of being deported for an outstanding warrant for arrest in Italy. When he first returns, Regina wants nothing to do with him, but eventually she relents, even marrying him in order for him to avoid deportation. Her relationship with Patrick is effectively ended by this marriage. She later gets half of Angelo's money as a result of the marriage.\",\n \"Switched at Birth (season 1) John and Kathryn disapprove of Daphne's getting rides from her best friend Emmett on his motorcycle. They take the issue up with Regina, who feels threatened. John and Kathryn also decide that they want to sue the hospital. Regina considers joining them but decides against it. When Liam (Bay's ex) visits Daphne at Carlton, Emmett becomes protective of her. Daphne and Liam go on a date to a music store, and they hit it off. However, they later run into two of Liam's friends who begin making jokes about Deafness. Emmett comes to pick up Daphne, and he forgives her for bailing on him. Meanwhile, Regina opens up to Bay about her past drinking problems.\",\n \"Switched at Birth (season 1) Bay believes she's uncovered her birth father's identity. She asks Daphne and Emmett to accompany her when she goes to meet him. Meanwhile, John and Kathryn suspect Regina is to blame for the hospital's recent action regarding their lawsuit. Bay finds out that the man she thought was her father isn't actually him. Regina talks to Toby about his addiction to poker, and he ends up taking responsibility for his actions. Daphne asks Emmett if something is going on with him and Bay, but he replies that nothing is. However, Emmett later tells a surprised Bay that he likes her and then proceeds to kiss her. Daphne unlocks and opens the guitar case that supposedly belonged to Bay's father after figuring out that the code is BAY. The contents reveal that Regina knew about the switch and has been keeping track of Bay for most of her life.\",\n \"List of Switched at Birth characters Played by Gilles Marini, Angelo Sorrento is Bay's biological father, Daphne's legal father and Regina's husband. When Daphne was three, he became suspicious that she wasn't his daughter due to her fair skin, red hair, and green eyes. When Daphne contracted meningitis, he has a DNA test done and discovers the Daphne is not biologically his. Believing that Regina had an affair and not wanting to raise another man's child, he leaves Regina and Daphne. After learning about the switch, Angelo returns looking for Bay in \\\"The Homecoming\\\", surprising her at her art show. Despite resistance from the rest of her family, Bay forms a relationship with him, while Daphne and Regina want nothing to do with him. Angelo later implies to Regina that he would like to get back together with her and that had the girls not been switched, they would still be together.\",\n \"Switched at Birth (season 1) Regina tells everyone that she and Angelo are married. The Kennishes are shocked, but not as much as Adriana, Regina's mother, who declares that Regina still loves him. Daphne takes the news of Angelo and Regina being married well, but she is getting out of the house and escaping at work. Regina also tells Patrick, but he leaves in frustration. Meanwhile, Bay helps Angelo look for an apartment. Angelo and Regina then go to an interview, and it goes well, except for the confusion of living arrangements. So it's decided that Angelo will move in with Daphne, Regina, and Adriana. While working on a street piece, Bay meets Medusa, another street artist who finishes Bay's painting. Emmett and Daphne enter their movie-Dawn of the Deaf-in a film festival, and when Toby spots Emmett at their house he shoves him to the ground, revealing his frustrations. In the end of the episode, it's decided that Angelo instead will be moving in with the Kennishes, so that Bay may get to know him and Daphne will be given some space.\",\n \"Switched at Birth (season 1) Regina's artwork is entered in a gallery where she soon discovers the real reason why her art was chosen. Daphne finds herself the target of Simone's tactics. Emmett is having trouble with speech therapy and, under some advice by his father's girlfriend Olivia, begins to drink to ease his nerves. Emmett's troubles soon spiral further when Emmett soon reveals to Bay that he plans to drop out of school, and later on just settle for a GED, to become a photographer causing Bay to confide in Melody about her concerns for Emmett which has repercussions she wasn't suspecting. Kathryn meanwhile goes against John's wishes when she hands over money to a nurse who is in deep financial trouble; threatening their case. At Regina's art gallery, Emmett brings over his father and Olivia, where Melody is at also having tagged along with Bay and Regina. Things explode when Melody smells alcohol on Emmett's breath and she demands to know what's going on in her ex-husband's house hold, resulting in a huge fight breaking out in the gallery. Melody lets it slip about Emmett's intention to drop out of school, thereby accidentally revealing how Bay confided in her about the detail to Emmett angering him. In the end, Daphne's longing for her old school leads her to re-join Carlton discovering how the girls' basketball team was going to get cut due to a low budget and Bay and Emmett's relationship is greatly strained due to Bay's confiding in Melody and with Emmett, overall, being furious with Bay.\",\n \"Switched at Birth (season 2) In an alternative reality dreamt by John during his heart attack, Regina reveals the switch as soon as she learns of it. John sues her and wins exclusive custody of both three-year-old girls, obtaining a restraining order against her. Daphne Kennish is given a cochlear implant and 13 years later has turned into a typical \\\"Buckner brat\\\" with a C average who is best friends with Simone Sinclair, sleeps with college frat men, and steals her parents' credit card; while Bay has become an adopted, motivated, A-student wallflower. Toby retains his gambling problem. Kathryn has become a romance novelist and is sleeping with Chip Coto. Bay meets Emmett and with his help finds out about Regina. Daphne and Bay meet Adriana and find out that Regina has died on their birthday, then angrily confront John. The dream ends with John again collapsing in the kitchen with a heart attack; he wakes up in the hospital, grateful to Regina for helping save his life.\",\n \"List of Switched at Birth characters Throughout season 3, the relationship between Angelo and Daphne improved as father and daughter, significantly after Daphne asked him to learn sign language as to be able to communicate to each other more effectively. Due to Regina's project at East Riverside, Daphne and Angelo became increasingly worried for her safety. One night, after learning to shoot using a gun by Wes, Regina almost shot Daphne when she heard some noises at her store. That resulted in a heated argument between Angelo and Regina at the store. Angelo left the store full of anger and drove off. Then, Angelo swirled off the road, ending up in the hospital. The next day, Daphne was to retake her SAT examination to improve her score to get into a better medical school. She was unable to focus and left before she finished her exam as Angelo's condition was deteriorating. Unfortunately, Angelo was pronounced brain dead. The family decided to pull the plug on his life support after reading his will stating that if he were to be in a vegetative state, he wished to be let off life support. After learning that Angelo suffered a brain aneurysm while driving which may have occurred due to stress and anger, Daphne blamed Regina for his death.\",\n \"Switched at Birth (season 1) Daphne is confronted by the restaurant owner about her involvement with Jeff, but she denies everything. Both of their jobs are in jeopardy. Bay has no plans on returning home anytime soon, but she calls on Toby for help when a street gang comes looking for Zarra. Kathryn is called up to testify for the other side of the case, as she stated in her book that the switch wasn't a completely bad event, since she got to know Bay. Daphne makes matters worse for herself and Jeff when she decides to quit her job so that she and him could be together without repercussions. Jeff doesn't feel the same way when Daphne declares her love for him and they break up. Meanwhile, Bay and Zarra make a run for Mexico to meet up with Zarra's famous street artist father. She runs into Emmett right before she leaves her house and he picks up on her intentions. John (with his tracking device) and Emmett go looking for Bay and find her sleeping in the back of her car at an abandoned parking lot in the middle of the night. After talking it out, John and Bay seem to be on better terms. Bay and Emmett have a moment in which she realizes that he really cares about her. When Angelo finds out that an older man had taken advantage of Daphne, he shows up at Maize and punches Jeff in the face. The outcome of the trial is determined: the Kennishes win the case, being awarded only $1, while Angelo also wins his case, receiving $5 million from the hospital. Toby points out to Regina that half of that money is legally hers now. When everyone has filed out of the courtroom, Daphne and Bay reminisce about their lives the day before they found out they were switched, mentioning how they must have seen each other before at a familiar pizza place. Then, an unknown pregnant woman walks into the courtroom asking for Angelo, causing Bay and Daphne much confusion.\",\n \"Switched at Birth (season 1) Daphne and Bay unite to help Emmett save his beloved motorcycle when Melody insists that he sell it to pay off his fine. Elsewhere, Kathryn and John attempt to find a new lawyer for their case against the hospital. Angelo finds out that Regina had known about the switch for thirteen years and is outraged at the fact that she never came to him when she had first found out. After Bay and Daphne fail to save Emmett's motorcycle, he offers one of the girls one last ride. Daphne, as a gesture of her acceptance of Emmett and Bay's relationship, tells Bay to take the offer and watches with a saddened expression as the couple drive off. She later reconciles with Wilke. At the end of the episode, Emmett comes to his mother with $4,750 dollars of the money to pay off his fine and with some shocking news - he's moving in with his dad, leaving her visibly stunned. Regina and Angelo seem to rekindle their relationship.\",\n \"Switched at Birth (season 2) Daphne breaks up with Travis. Afterwards, the police find the man who robbed the food truck but Travis lies when he is asked to ID the man. Daphne finds out that Travis wants personal revenge against the guy. Meanwhile, the Kennish kids are roped into helping out with John's campaign. Toby meets Elisa, a volunteer who turns out to be the daughter of the opposing candidate. Bay tells Emmett that she's in a new relationship, but he kisses her anyway. Regina is fired from her new job after the first day and turns to alcohol after being sober for many years.\",\n \"List of Switched at Birth characters Played by Christopher Wiehl, Patrick is the ex-boyfriend of Regina Vasquez. He is an art gallery owner and first met Regina at the hair salon that she worked at. She later tells him to look at Bay's artwork, but he ends up commending her on her own art, eventually placing one of her pieces on exhibition, much to Bay's dismay. Patrick broke up with Regina after Regina told him she married Angelo in order for him to stay in the country.\",\n \"Switched at Birth (season 4) Bay is desperate to bridge the distance between her and Emmett since the incident with Tank, but Emmett refuses to talk about what happened. Her building frustration and his constant dismissal of the topic ultimately leads them to take a break. Kathryn's mother visits and brings a surprise guest. She reveals that she has been diagnosed with Alzheimer's, which Kathryn initially refuses to accept. Meanwhile, a huge storm has Regina and Daphne stuck at the coffeehouse with Eric and Nacho, who ends up blackmailing them.\",\n \"Constance Marie Constance Marie Lopez (born September 9, 1965)[1] known professionally as Constance Marie, is an American actress. She is known for her role as Angie Lopez on George Lopez (2002–2007) and her role as Marcela Quintanilla (mother of Selena) in the 1997 film Selena. She portrayed Regina Vasquez on the ABC Family/Freeform drama Switched at Birth (2011–2017).\",\n \"Margo Harshman On May 14, 2014, her mother, Janelle Louise Harshman, died from breast cancer after a 20-year battle with the disease.[2]\",\n \"Switched at Birth (season 1) Melody attributes Emmett's troublemaking behavior to Bay when it turns out he was arrested for putting Bay's art piece on the billboard from \\\"Paradise Lost,\\\" for her birthday present. Elsewhere, Regina becomes Angelo's business partner; Daphne's displeased with her basketball coach because she finds out they only put her on the team for a grant they give schools when they try to involve kids with disabilities in sports and on top of that, never allow her to play during a game; and Kathryn and John face a possible setback in their lawsuit because of their lawyer.\",\n \"List of Switched at Birth characters Ending season 3, and starting season 4, Bay is on probation after taking the fall for Daphne when she vandalized her mom's (Regina Vasquez) worksite out of anger. Due to this, Bay and Emmett's plan to move to L.A. has been postponed. While Emmett leaves for L.A. Bay starts her community service. However, after giving a convicted criminal on probation a sandwich that had heroin in it, she is given another 100 days and house arrest. During season 4, Bay and Tank get drunk at a dorm party and wake up in bed together, with Bay unable to remember many events of the evening. This causes problems for her relationship with Emmett. in the end, this causes them to break up.\",\n \"Switched at Birth (season 1) Daphne causes an accident at work, damaging several cupcakes. She stays late to fix them and ends up developing a friendship with her boss, Jeff. Believing that he may like her, she dresses differently in an attempt to catch his attention, but is disappointed when he rejects her. Bay is grounded until she completes her homework, but manipulates Angelo into covering for her so she can sneak out and meet with a street art gang. She comes home late, worrying Angelo and John. Meanwhile, Kathryn is jealous when an interviewer on a segment about her book only shows interest in Regina's story. Later, the two of them visit a hospital and Kathryn discovers that a nurse working there may be a previous girlfriend of Angelo. John discovers graffiti at his car wash, which turns out to be Bay's artwork.\",\n \"Switched at Birth (season 1) Bay learns that Daphne is seeing her ex-boyfriend Liam, while Daphne, Kathryn, and Regina learn that Bay is seeing Ty. The truth about the switch and the gossip makes Kathryn uncomfortable after hearing a rumor that Daphne is John and Regina's love child. Bay feels like Daphne is trying to steal her life and gets upset after a Kennish family photo is taken without her in it. Emmett fills in as the drummer for Toby's band, 'Guitar Face.' He gets jealous when he finds out that Daphne is dating Liam, which results in an argument before he leaves. Daphne ends up breaking things off with Liam because of Bay and other outside pressure, and Regina hits it off with Denise's ex-husband Bruce.\",\n \"Switched at Birth (season 2) Daphne leads her classmates in a protest against the closing of their school. Bay's efforts to join them are met with resistance. The uprising horrifies the parents and puts relationships at risk including Daphne and Bay's. Daphne finds out that Regina started drinking again. Melody is offered a position on the School Board.\",\n \"List of Switched at Birth characters Played by Katie Leclerc, Daphne Paloma Vasquez-Kennish (born Bay Madeline Kennish) is the legal daughter of Regina Vasquez and Angelo Sorrento and biological daughter of John and Kathryn Kennish. Daphne lost her hearing at a young age due to a bad case of meningitis. It is mentioned in the episode \\\"Portrait of My Father\\\" that Daphne's father abandoned her and Regina when she was little. It is later revealed that Angelo left upon learning that Daphne was not his biological daughter. She was raised by Regina, a single mother, with help from Regina's mother Adriana. In the pilot episode, Daphne and her mother learn of the switch and move into the Kennishes' guest house after experiencing financial difficulty. Daphne, like her biological father, shows a strong interest in athletics and sports throughout the series. She is also shown to be a vegetarian. At age eight, Daphne became best friends with future classmate Emmett Bledsoe after he defended her from school yard bullies..\",\n \"List of Switched at Birth characters In the second season, after learning that her high school is being faced with closure, Daphne organizes a rally and succeeds in keeping Carlton's doors open. Later, Daphne's relationship with her mother struggles after Regina reveals her preference to live with Bay, over her. Frustrated at her mother's decision to live with Bay and Angelo, Daphne jumps into a relationship with Jace, a guy who works in John's office. Together, they get caught up in the blackmailing of a United States Senator, ending the Senator's career and marriage. After breaking up with Jace, Daphne finds herself charged with blackmail and facing potential jail time.\",\n \"Rita Bennett In the second season premiere Rita takes Astor and Cody to see Paul in prison.[21] He insists that Dexter dragged him out of Rita's house before drugging him and tipping off the police — and that if she could find his missing shoe it would prove his innocence.[22] Rita tells him that there is no shoe, despite having found it more than a month previously.[23] She later admits that she found the shoe, but refuses to acknowledge that Dexter is involved. That night she receives a call from the prison and learns that Paul was killed in an inmate altercation.[22][24] In \\\"Waiting to Exhale\\\", after Paul's funeral, Rita confronts Dexter about his involvement in Paul's death, and he is forced to admit to having a heroin addiction in order to cover up his real secret.[25][26] Rita threatens to leave Dexter if he does not commit to a program to deal with his \\\"addiction\\\". He starts attending Narcotics Anonymous meetings, where a mysterious woman named Lila Tournay (Jaime Murray) volunteers to be his sponsor.[27] In \\\"See-Through\\\" Rita's visiting mother, Gail (JoBeth Williams), suspects that Dexter is hiding something from the family.[28] In \\\"Dex, Lies, and Videotape\\\", Rita breaks up with Dexter after a phone call from Lila reveals, he lied to her.[29]\",\n \"Switched at Birth (season 2) While Toby bonds with Elisa, discord breaks out at Carlton when the deaf students oppose the pilot program for hearing students, leaving Daphne feeling caught in the middle. After she talks to the school board, she tells Kathryn that they have decided to close Carlton. Meanwhile, Bay tells Regina's old boyfriend Zane about Regina's alcohol abuse and Zane then tells Regina. Regina confronts Bay about telling Zane and angrily scolds her for it. Bay is severely hurt but forgives Regina for her outburst after she apologizes. The two then decide to keep it secret and Regina promises to go back to her classes and get help. However, she goes back on her word when she leaves a voicemail for her sponsor and then deletes the message instead of sending it.\",\n \"Switched at Birth (season 1) It's prom time at Carlton School for the Deaf and Daphne plans to ask Wilke to be her date, while Emmett asks Bay. Wilke tells Daphne that he can't go because he has to finish writing a paper. She ends up inviting Travis to come with her as a friend. Craig and Kathryn go to interview a former hospital worker, who turns out to be crazy. Their car breaks down on the way back, and the two almost share a kiss before Kathryn pulls away. Meanwhile, Regina struggles with her feelings for Angelo after he suddenly calls from prison. He needs a lawyer to help him stay in the country. As she is already in a relationship with Patrick, she tells him that while the girls are allowed to make up their own minds about him, she isn't going to take him back. Daphne finds out from Wilke's father that he will be heading off to boarding school soon and is angry and hurt that he didn't tell her. Wilke surprises Daphne on prom night with a limo and Travis ends up joining them. At prom, Wilke is finally honest about his leaving, and Daphne storms off. She decides to make amends with him, however, after Bay convinces her to make the best of the night, and Wilke ends up telling her that Emmett had slept with Simone. She confronts Emmett, who denies it, but she can tell that he is lying. She struggles with whether to tell Bay or not, but decides to wait until after the prom. Emmett, on the other hand, decides to tell Bay about his mistake with Simone before she hears it from someone else.Bay gets upset that Emmett cheated on her. Angry and heartbroken, break up with Emmett and she leaves the prom, while Daphne and Wilke end their relationship on a high note. After meeting with Craig about Angelo, John informs Regina that the best way to keep Angelo in the country is for him to marry a U.S citizen.\",\n \"Switched at Birth (season 2) Life is shaken up once again for the Kennish-Vasquez family when a woman from Angelo's past surfaces, claiming to be pregnant with his baby. However, only Bay and Toby know. Kathryn urges John to consider running as the Republican Party candidate for the Kansas State Senate. Meanwhile, Bay is accused of cheating on her French exam and decides to attend Carlton. Daphne is still upset after all that happened with Jeff and snaps at Travis. She later apologizes and the twosome plot to start up a food truck business of Daphne's very own.\",\n \"Regina Mills Over the next twenty-eight years, Regina ruled Storybrooke as its tyrannical mayor Regina Mills. Her undoing came when, in 2001, with Mr. Gold (Rumplestiltskin)'s help, she adopted Henry Mills, the grandson of her nemesis Snow White. Due to this, Snow's daughter Emma Swan (the Savior) arrived in 2011, after Henry began to realize the truth about that town. Regina originally sent her son to therapy sessions to reverse his belief in the curse. After a kiss from Emma caused her lover Graham Humbert (the Huntsman) to remember who he was, Regina killed him in order to protect the curse and also out of revenge for his breaking up with her. The power struggle between Regina and Rumplestiltskin continued in Storybrooke where she was often at odds with Mr. Gold.[6][7] Initially unbeknownst to him, Regina kept Gold's true love Belle captive, after telling him she had died.[8] She tried to prevent the relationship between David Nolan (Prince Charming) and Mary Margaret Blanchard (Snow White), by implicating her in David's wife Kathryn Nolan (Charming's fiancee Princess Abigail) false murder. After Emma threatened to take back her son, Regina tried to curse her with the same sleeping curse that took her mother. However, Henry consumed the curse instead. This finally caused Emma to believe in magic, awakening Henry with true love's kiss and breaking the curse.\",\n \"Kate Beckett On January 9, 1999, when she was 19, her mother, Johanna, was stabbed to death while on her way to meet with Jim and Kate for dinner. The detective in charge of the investigation, Detective John Raglan, was apparently never able to find the killer and attributed her death to random gang violence. Kate, though, believes that there was more to her mother's murder than a random killing, thinking that the investigating detectives ignored every other evidence that could lead them to her mother's murderer. He was later killed while trying to tell Kate very important information.\",\n \"List of Switched at Birth characters Switched at Birth is an American television drama series centering on Bay Kennish and Daphne Vasquez, who at the age of 15 learn that they were switched at birth. The wealthy Kennish family must struggle with the fact that their biological daughter is deaf from having meningitis as a child and must accept the character of working-class, recovering alcoholic Regina Vasquez, Daphne's single \\\"mother.\\\" Bay and Daphne attempt to find out how their lives would have been if they hadn't been switched. The one-hour-long series premiered on June 6, 2011.\",\n \"Switched at Birth (season 2) Regina returns early from rehab, only to find that Daphne has grown closer to the Kennish family. Bay runs into her ex-boyfriend Ty; Travis and Emmett take advantage of Melody's absence and Kathryn and Nikki don't see eye to eye. Bay begins working at her dad's office.\",\n \"Switched at Birth (season 1) Regina arranges for Bay to meet an art dealer, only to discover that he is much more interested in her art than Bay's (and maybe interested in more than that itself), much to Bay's dismay, who wants to be discovered as an artist. Meanwhile, Kathryn mentions to Emmett that Bay was heartbroken after Ty's departure and how she suddenly got happy again after he came along, sparking some hidden jealousy in Emmett and causing a strain on his and Bay's relationship. Elsewhere, Daphne hopes to be a starter on her basketball team by winning the spot in a competition only to find out that Simone isn't the person she thought she was when a truth comes out about her missing watch, and Bay tells Daphne her story with Simone: That they once video-taped a girl talking about her secret crush and against Bay's wishes, Simone posts it all over town, forcing the girl to leave. Daphne is forced to make a hard decision determining where she will stand with her friend. During all this, John attempts to become closer to Toby, but isn't happy with his goals. In the end, Emmett and Bay share a heartfelt and big moment in their relationship which ends with them officially declaring they are in love.\",\n \"Switched at Birth (season 5) Toby and Lily come for a visit with the baby. They are fighting because Lily misses work, while Toby is working too much and not helping with the baby. Toby reveals his gambling problem has returned. They decide to move back to the States. Lily gets her job back at the university, and Kathryn will help with the baby. When Bay tries to rekindle her friendship with Mary Beth, she is upset to learn Mary Beth is now dating Tank. Regina decides to go public about her relationship with Luca. John teases her about the age difference, but relents after she scolds him for applying a sexist double standard. Kathryn and Daphne are both supportive and happy for Regina. Daphne is having nightmares about Bay's illness in China. Luca recognizes it as PTSD. Luca accidentally spills the secret about Bay's illness to Regina and Bay and Daphne have to tell everyone about it.\",\n \"List of Switched at Birth characters Played by Vanessa Marano, Bay Madeline Kennish-Vasquez (born Daphne Paloma Vasquez) is the rebellious legal daughter of John and Kathryn Kennish; and biological daughter of Regina Vasquez and Angelo Sorrento. Bay is often bratty, which tends to lead to most of the conflicts within the series, especially with her boyfriends and Daphne. She is shown to be a talented graffiti artist. In the pilot episode, Bay, upon learning that she does not share the same blood type as either of her parents, visits a geneticist with her parents. It is then that they are informed that there was a mix up with two babies at the hospital, and that John and Kathryn are not her biological parents. The discovery of the switch leads Bay to question her entire upbringing, resulting in her breaking up with her boyfriend, Liam and getting arrested for attempting to buy beer with a fake ID.\",\n \"Switched at Birth (season 1) At a student art show at Buckner Hall, Bay finally meets Angelo (Gilles Marini), after he reveals that he found out about the switch through the newspaper. Daphne finds out that Bay is dating Emmett and that prompts her to tell him how she really feels. In the midst of their argument at the car wash, the two share a kiss before Emmett declares his loyalty to Bay, leaving Daphne feeling more alone than ever. Regina decides to open up her own salon, but soon hits a roadblock when she finds out that because of her past credit scores and other issues, she can't get a loan without a co-signer. Things take a turn for the worse when Bay brings Angelo home to meet the Kennishes, resulting in a heated dispute between him and John. Angelo meets Daphne for the first time since he left when she was three and while she's angry, she also demands answers. Angelo also tries to reconnect with Regina, who is still not over the fact that he left their family and didn't trust her when she told him that she didn't have an affair that resulted in Daphne. After his argument with Daphne, Emmett reveals his frustrations regarding deaf-hearing relationships to Bay. They later make up after Toby speaks to Emmett and Emmett uses his voice for the first time in years and says his first words to Bay. In the end, Toby and Wilke finally persuade Emmett to play the drums for Guitar Face once again for an upcoming music festival. And before leaving, Emmett kisses Bay silently angering Daphne. In the car, Wilke admits to Toby, that he likes Daphne before they leave. When Bay asked Daphne if everything worked out, Daphne tells her that since Bay wasn't okay with her dating Liam, she will never be okay with her dating Emmett, stating that she won't give up on him like she has given up on many other things in her life putting Bay in an awkward state. Angelo shows up that night to tell Regina that he is not going back to Chicago and that he wants to start a new life with her, Bay and Daphne as Kathryn looks on through a nearby window.\",\n \"Mary Margaret Blanchard The two find Emma, only for Mary Margaret to be transported with her back to the remaining Enchanted Forest through a portal, though they manage to return to Storybrooke.[15] After Regina and her mother Cora attempt to gain power by killing Mr. Gold, Mary Margaret curses Cora's heart with the same candle that Cora used to kill her mother Eva and tricks Regina into killing her. She pleads for Regina to kill her when she cannot deal with what she has done, but she instead tearfully taunts her.\",\n \"Switched at Birth (season 3) As Bay and Daphne rebel against their mothers' Christmas traditions, a \\\"Christmas miracle\\\" grants them their wish of alternate lives in which they were not switched. Daphne wakes up as Bay Kennish (\\\"Bay-Daphne\\\") with her hearing intact, who is a skilled soccer player in training for the Olympics; while Bay wakes up as Daphne Sorrento (\\\"Daphne-Bay\\\"), deaf but a recognized artist, with a brother, Angelo Junior (AJ). However, these benefits come at a price: workaholic cosmetics entrepreneur Kathryn and depressed, stay-at-home has-been John are on the verge of divorce; Toby is an angst-ridden Emo; Emmett is only Daphne-Bay's platonic friend; and Regina has never conquered her alcoholism. When the girls decide this is worse, they fail at trying to reverse it at a disastrous Christmas-eve dinner party at the Kennishes, and succeed at waking up back to normal only after embracing the mothers' traditions which they once hated.\",\n \"Rena Sofer In 2013, Sofer had a publicized appearance on Once Upon a Time, playing Snow White's mother.[10]\",\n \"Switched at Birth (season 3) John temporarily moves in with Toby, who is unhappy about the situation. Toby and Bay try to get their parents to reconnect at a family outing, but Kathryn is adamant about finding her own independence. Melody preps Travis for an important college interview that he ends up skipping. Regina is in hot water with her boss after Adriana speaks out at a meeting against renovating East Riverside. Daphne tries to convince Sharee to get her mother some help with her mental issues. Bay comes across serious problems with her injured hand that could affect her future art career.\",\n \"Kathryn Joosten Joosten died of lung cancer on the morning of June 2, 2012, after an 11-year battle with the disease. She was survived by her two sons, two grandchildren and a brother. Coincidentally, her death occurred twenty days after the onscreen death from cancer of her Desperate Housewives character, Karen McCluskey. Poignantly, viewers in the United Kingdom first saw her onscreen death the day after her real life passing.[3]\",\n \"Switched at Birth (season 1) The show resumes at the beginning of the school year and Bay returns from her trip with a new boyfriend, Alex. Kathryn finally releases her book on the switch, which causes some problems in the Kennish household. Daphne lands a job at a restaurant with the help of Kathryn, but things do not go smoothly, as the head chef thinks that having a deaf person in the kitchen could raise hazards. After she is demoted to dish-washing, Kathryn tries to intervene. Bay is not completely over Emmett, especially after seeing a mural that he had painted of their relationship, and this leads to her breaking it off with Alex. Later, Bay and Emmett meet up and while he is deeply sorry about what had happened between him and Simone, Bay doesn't think that they could ever be the same. Meanwhile, Regina and the Kennishes have been trying to help Angelo stay in the country, but after he is ordered by a judge to be deported back to Italy, Regina steps in and decides to marry him the exact same day.\",\n \"Rachael MacFarlane On July 16, 2010, MacFarlane's mother, Ann Perry Sager, died after a long battle with cancer. Her death was reported by Larry King on his show Larry King Live, who acknowledged a conversation he had with her during an interview with her son in May 2010.[5][10]\",\n \"List of Desperate Housewives characters Stella Kaminsky (née Lindquist, formerly Wingfield; Polly Bergen) is Lynette's mother. She used to be an abusive mother, who frequently beat her girls. She used to get drunk and abuse drugs very often, and also bring strange men over to their house. She was almost always absent, so Lynette had to take care of her little sisters and make them go to school. Stella had breast cancer when she was younger.\",\n \"Andrew Van de Kamp His parents' acrimonious divorce results in Rex buying Andrew a car. Bree tries to get him to give it back but Andrew refuses. Later that episode, in his most serious crime, he knocked down Juanita \\\"Mama\\\" Solis with his car while drunk. Mama survived this but was in a coma in hospital and died later after waking up from the coma and falling down stairs.[11] His parents help him cover it up but Andrew doesn't feel any remorse for his crime.[12] He continues to misbehave and Bree gets him dropped from the school swim team for smoking marijuana in an attempt to make him regret his actions.[13] Further angered by her refusal to allow Rex to convalesce from heart surgery at home, Andrew threatens, \\\"You wanna see how long I can hold a grudge? Go ahead and abandon my father because I promise you will be sorry.\\\"[14] When he finds out about his father's adultery, however, he apologizes to Bree and is angry with Rex.[15]\",\n \"Susan Mayer After purchasing a majority of the houses on Wisteria Lane, Paul announces that he plans to open a halfway house for ex-convicts on the street. A protest against his plan escalates into a violent riot and Susan is trampled by the unruly crowd.[127] As a result, Susan loses a kidney and learns that her second kidney is deformed and she is at severe risk of renal failure. Susan reluctantly agrees to undergo dialysis while waiting for a transplant.[128] After Paul throws her out, Beth submits paperwork indicating that in the event of her death, her kidney would be given to Susan, and then commits suicide.[129] Despite initial refusal, Paul allows the operation to move forward and he and Susan reconcile.[130] After discovering that Paul has been depressed following Beth's suicide, Susan begins cooking meals for him with the assistance of Felicia Tilman (Harriet Sansom Harris), Beth's mother and Martha Huber's sister, who secretly adds antifreeze to the food in an effort to kill him.[131] Paul nearly dies as a result of the poisoned food. Unaware that Felicia is helping prepare his meals, Paul has Susan arrested for attempting to kill him.[132] Eventually, Susan is released, Paul confesses to the murder of Martha Huber, and Felicia presumably dies in a car crash while fleeing town.[133] Susan and her family move back onto Wisteria Lane. During a dinner party, Gabrielle's former stepfather, Alejandro (Tony Plana), who raped her during her childhood, attempts to harm Gabrielle until her husband, Carlos Solis (Ricardo Antonio Chavira) kills him. Susan, Lynette, and Bree agree to help cover up the crime.[134]\",\n \"List of Switched at Birth characters Angelo and Regina reconsider their relationship, and decide to cohabitate after Bay and Daphne graduate from high school and leave for college.\",\n \"Switched at Birth (season 4) Regina is hosting a baby shower for Lily, but the duties fall onto Bay when Hope kidnaps Will and Regina and Eric are blackmailed. Bay gets mad when she finds out that everyone has been keeping secrets from her. Lily has some uncomfortable conversations with some of Kathryn's friends regarding her child's disability. Meanwhile, after Professor Marillo tells her that she won't make it as a doctor, Daphne digs deeper and helps a friend keep pursuing her potential as well. Bay ends up spilling Eric's secret to her parents.\",\n \"List of Switched at Birth characters Kathryn also comes to realise that she is unhappy with herself and in her marriage. Even after confessing her unhappiness to John, he fails to understand her emotions and situation. Eventually, the situation becomes so desperate that John, in a drunken haze, kisses Nikki's mother Jennyne, for which Kathryn kicks him out of the house. In turn, John finds out that Kathryn plans on writing an erotic novel based on the sex lives of their friends from John's baseball days. She finally tells him how unhappy she is, stating that they have nothing in common anymore and that they have fallen into a repetitive rut. After John tried to win her back by unintentionally buying her a piece of jewelry identical to one he had given her years before, Kathryn tells him that she wants adventure in their lives and that they have just grown apart.\",\n \"Mare Winningham In 2006, she landed the role of Susan Grey on the ABC drama Grey's Anatomy where she played the stepmother of one of the main characters, Dr. Meredith Grey. Her character was killed off in May 2007.[2] In 2006, Winningham voiced the audio version of Stephen King's Lisey's Story. In 2007, she voiced Alice Hoffman's Skylight Confessions. In 2010, Winningham starred in an episode of Cold Case as main character Lilly Rush's stepmother, Celeste Cooper.[10] In 2011 she appeared in the fourth episode of Torchwood: Miracle Day as character Ellis Hartley Monroe.[11] She also starred in miniseries Mildred Pierce and Hatfields & McCoys and garnered another two Emmy nominations.[1] In 2012, she appeared Off-Broadway as Beth, the mother in an intellectual, though dysfunctional, British family, in the award-winning comic-drama Tribes by Nina Raine.\",\n \"Switched at Birth (season 2) Bay enrolls in an experimental immersion program at Carlton for hearing students who have been learning sign language. She meets Teo, a fellow program participant, and finds herself on the outs with Natalie, who bullies her because she is hearing. John and Kathryn inform the family of John's plans to run for state senate. Elsewhere, Toby embarks on a romance with Nikki, but pulls back after Emmett shows him a distasteful picture of her on the internet. Angelo tells Regina about his possible unborn child and Regina has a run-in with Lana, the other woman, in an elevator. Daphne opens her food truck for business, but is uncomfortable with decisions John is trying to make for her. A boy from her old neighborhood is upset when Daphne brings her truck to East Riverside.\",\n \"The Queen Is Dead (Once Upon a Time) On her birthday, Mary Margaret (Ginnifer Goodwin) receives a package containing her mother's tiara, with a card signed by Johanna. Snow goes to see her, and they share a happy reunion. A noise in the woods then leads Mary Margaret to overhear a conversation between Regina (Lana Parrilla) and Cora, revealing that they are working together to find the Dark One's dagger. Meanwhile, David (Josh Dallas) is attacked at the police station by Captain Hook (Colin O'Donoghue), who takes back his hook. Mary Margaret finds David there and revives him, informing him of Regina's duplicity. They resolve to find the dagger first, and Mary Margaret decides to try to drive a wedge between Regina and Cora. She meets with Regina and reveals what she knows, warning her that Cora doesn't care about Regina or Henry (Jared S. Gilmore), but Regina dismisses her. Mary Margaret and David ask Mother Superior for help finding the dagger, but a protection spell over Gold's shop prevents her from learning anything. David then receives a call from Emma Swan (Jennifer Morrison) that Mr. Gold (Robert Carlyle) has agreed to put his trust in them, and reveals that the dagger is hidden in the clock tower. Just after they retrieve it, Regina and Cora appear. They summon Johanna and Regina rips her heart out and demands the dagger. When Cora taunts Mary Margaret over her mother's hopes that she would always be good, Mary Margaret realizes that her private conversation with the Blue Fairy had really been with Cora and that Cora murdered her mother. Despite Johanna's protests, Mary Margaret gives up the dagger. Regina then restores Johanna's heart, but Cora immediately throws the woman to her death out of the clock tower.\",\n \"Switched at Birth (season 1) Daphne and Jeff have been hanging out a lot more. Bay tries to find a way to get back the money she stole from her father before he checks his safe. Travis is worried because his job is on the line. The trial between the Kennishes and the hospital begins, with Angelo back in town to testify. Melody shows up at Jeff's house one night to retrieve her sunglasses and notices that Daphne's car is in the driveway, putting two-and-two together about their secret relationship. Daphne later reveals to Bay that she was about to take the next step with Jeff, and to Bay's surprise, it wouldn't have been her first time. Melody confronts Daphne about her relationship with Jeff, but Daphne is convinced that she was just jealous. Out of desperation, Bay borrows money from Simone, who is still trying to redeem herself to Bay. Meanwhile, Toby, Nikki, and Emmett start up their band, only to have Nikki back out because of her boyfriend's disapproval. Emmett convinces Toby to get her back. Due to her conscience and Daphne's insistence, Bay tells Kathryn about the money incident, which ends up causing a huge rift between her and her parents. At the end of the episode, it is implied that Daphne slept with Jeff and Bay is shown moving in with Zarra.\",\n \"Switched at Birth (season 2) Bay begins to reconnect with Ty but then learns shocking news about his experiences in Afghanistan. Toby and Travis both seek a managerial position at John's car wash. Kathryn and Daphne have a hard time coming to terms with Bay's desire to stay with Regina. Kathryn and Daphne become tennis partners in a tournament at the country club.\",\n \"Mary Alice Young Paul asks Mary Alice’s neighbors and friends, Susan (Teri Hatcher), Lynette (Felicity Huffman), Bree (Marcia Cross) and Gabrielle (Eva Longoria), to go through her clothes and other belongings and then pack them up, as he thinks it will be too hard for him. The women end up finding a letter addressed to Mary Alice, a blackmail note reading, \\\"I know what you did, it makes me sick, I’m going to tell.\\\"[17] Thereafter, the women make a series of discoveries concerning Mary Alice’s past and her possible motives for ending her life; she was being treated by Dr. Albert Goldfine (Sam Lloyd) where she revealed that she once went by the name Angela, and she may have had something to do with a baby that went missing.[18][19] Paul soon discovers who sent Mary Alice the note, their next-door neighbor struggling with financial difficulty, Martha Huber (Christine Estabrook), whom he ends up strangling to death out of pure rage and burying her body in the nearby forest.[20] Meanwhile, her son Zach begins having flashbacks and is under the impression he killed a baby named Dana, who he believed to be his younger sister and reveals this to Julie Mayer (Andrea Bowen), Susan’s daughter. Paul worries over what Susan is spreading about their family, so he tells Susan in private that Zach accidentally killed his younger sister, Dana, and that he and Mary Alice covered it up to protect him. However, it becomes evident that this is not the case when Paul tells Zach that Dana is still very much alive.[21]\",\n \"Sharon Lawrence In 2009, Lawrence was nominated for the Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series for her portrayal as Izzie Stevens' mother on Grey's Anatomy.[4][7] In April 2010, Lawrence joined Josh Schwartz's CBS pilot Hitched.[8] In October 2010, she began a recurring role on One Tree Hill as Sylvia Baker, the mother of Julian Baker (Austin Nichols) who comes to Tree Hill from Los Angeles to plan the upcoming wedding of Julian and Brooke Davis (Sophia Bush). She also played the lead character mother in a Lifetime comedy-drama Drop Dead Diva from 2009 to 2013.[9] Also, she played the birth mother of Dr. Maura Isles (Sasha Alexander) in the TNT television series Rizzoli & Isles, although in real life the actresses are only 12 years apart.[10] In recent years, Lawrence has starred in several independent films.[11] In 2013 she was cast in Chris Carter's thriller drama series The After.[12] The show was set to premiere on Amazon Studios in 2014.[13][14][15] The series was cancelled by Amazon before its premiere on January 5, 2015.[16] In March, 2015, Lawrence was cast in the ABC comedy-drama pilot Mix.[17][18]She now stars in the new CBS Sitcom Me, Myself and I.\",\n \"Constance Marie Marie had a starring role on the ABC Family/Freeform drama Switched at Birth, playing the birth mother of one of the girls and legal mother of the other.\",\n \"List of Switched at Birth characters When Nikki then tells Toby that she is leaving for to work in Peru, Toby proposes, and she accepts. Later, when the man who killed Nikki's father is imprisoned, Toby decides to arrange a visit with him for Nikki in hopes that she will find closure over her father's death. After Nikki walks away from the man in the visiting center, Toby begins to chastise the killer. During the conversation, Toby is told that Nikki's father was a meth dealer and was killed as part of a deal gone bad. He eventually tells Nikki and the two then find that Nikki's mother had known all along.\",\n \"Mother's Day (Rugrats) Germain and Klasky initially planned to portray the character as divorced, but Nickelodeon executives rejected the idea, feeling that the subject would be inappropriate for younger viewers. The studio also vetoed a reveal that the mother was dead, contending that such an idea would be \\\"scary\\\" and that \\\"children [would not] want to see that.\\\"[6] Germain stated this prevented them from saying much about the character in earlier seasons, adding: \\\"We mention that she exists but we don't tell you what happened to her. We even made a joke out of it in one episode. But we weren't allowed to go into the subject.\\\"[6] Even when the show did portray Chuckie's mother as having died from a terminal illness, the word \\\"dead\\\" was never used by any of the characters.[7] The character had been briefly mentioned before in the episodes \\\"Real or Robots?\\\" (1991), \\\"Chuckie vs. the Potty\\\" (1992), and \\\"My Friend Barney\\\" (1993).[8][9][10]\",\n \"The Mother (How I Met Your Mother) In the series finale, it is revealed that six years prior to Ted telling the story to his children, Tracy died in 2024 from an undisclosed illness. In the finale the characters do not directly state that the mother is dead. Ted says that she \\\"became sick\\\" and his children saying that she has been \\\"gone\\\" for six years. Many fans expressed considerable disappointment to The Mother's death.[11] Milioti cried when she learned her character was supposed to die, but came to accept the ending was what the writers had planned from the beginning.[12] Bill Kuchman from Popculturology said that The Mother was \\\"an amazing character\\\"[9] and that \\\"over the course of this final season HIMYM made us care about Tracy.[13] Kuchman said that \\\"asking fans to drop all of that with a simple line about The Mother getting sick and passing away was a very difficult request\\\", that the finale \\\"advanced too quickly\\\" and that \\\"HIMYM was a victim of its own success on this issue\\\".[9]\",\n \"List of Switched at Birth characters Played by Meeghan Holaway, Amanda Burke is the former lawyer of John and Kathryn Kennish. She was the first lawyer that the Kennishes appointed to help them with their case against the hospital, but they later fire her when they find out that she was in a relationship with one of the hospital board members. While she denied that her relationship would have any effect on how she'd perform for them in the case but John and Kathryn did not want to take any chances.\",\n \"Switched at Birth (season 1) Kathryn and John meet Zarra and immediately disapproves of her and Bay's friendship. To combat this, Kathryn invites Bay's brief boyfriend Alex and his parents over for dinner. Daphne and Jeff are now in a secret relationship. Another worker at the restaurant, Scuba, who has a crush on Daphne, messes up some shrimp and gets Daphne to take the blame for it, as he picked up clues on the chef taking a liking to her in particular. When Jeff finds out, Scuba is fired and on his way out, he tells the whole kitchen that Daphne is Jeff's girlfriend. At the dinner, John and Kathryn are annoyed by Alex's parents, who only seem to gloat about their college-bound son. Bay gets a call from Zarra at a local jail, asking Bay to help bail her out. Bay then drags Alex along with her as she tries to put together the $1,500 needed. Meanwhile, Regina and Patrick have reconnected, although he is still not over the fact that Regina is legally married to her ex-boyfriend. Also, Toby is thinking of starting a band again after another hangout with Nikki, whom he seems to like. He also has a change of heart about Emmett and wants to start the band again.\",\n \"Minka Kelly Kelly's mother Maureen died in 2008, at age 51, from colon cancer.[25][26][27]\",\n \"Switched at Birth (season 3) John bonds with Nikki's mom, Jennice, when they help Toby move into his new apartment. John invites her to his house to watch a boxing match and they end up kissing, which Regina sees through the window. Kathryn goes to New York City with Renzo to pitch an idea for a second book. Daphne tells Bay that Tank has a crush on her. Bay later rejoins the field hockey team for college admissions appeal. Daphne worries about Sharee after witnessing an altercation outside of Sharee's house and Regina gets involved.\",\n \"Norma McCorvey McCorvey died of heart failure in Katy, Texas, on February 18, 2017, at the age of 69.[10][12]\",\n \"Kitty Walker When Robert returns to the States, they set up a meeting with the birth mother at the hospital she works at. She is a brain surgeon who plainly didn't have time for the baby. After the conversation, everything seemed to be going well and both parties were excited. This was until Kitty decided to go back to the hospital and question Trish (the birth mother) if she was 100% sure that she would go through with the adoption, and Trish was insulted that Kitty would doubt her. She ultimately told Kitty that she would find another set of adoption parents. Kitty was devastated that she had messed their chance up and Robert was upset with Kitty for returning to the hospital without discussing it with him. In a later episode, Trish phoned Robert and Kitty apologizing for \\\"freaking out\\\" when Kitty had questioned her, and thanked her for giving her a chance to rethink her decision, which remained the same. She told them that if they can trust her again, she would be happy to give them her baby. Although Robert was skeptical, Kitty was elated.\",\n \"Maria Stark On the Ides of March, Maria and Howard were killed in a 'planned' car accident[2] (possibly arranged by the Roxxon Oil Company).[3] Afterwards, Tony ran his father's company, started a charity in his mother's name (which donated funds to finance various charities and renovation projects as well as the Avengers) and later became Iron Man.\",\n \"Katie Leclerc Katie Leclerc was born in San Antonio, Texas, and grew up in Lakewood, Colorado. She is the youngest of three siblings.[2] She started learning American Sign Language at 17, before she found out she had a disorder which includes hearing loss. Her older sister also teaches ASL. http://www.sdentertainer.com/features/interviews/special-interview-abc-family-switched-birth-katie-leclerc/ |title=Special Interview with ABC Family \\\"Switched At Birth\\\" Katie Leclerc|work= San Diego Entertainer magazine|date= July 15, 2011|accessdate=July 15, 2011}}</ref> Both her father and older sister have Ménière's disease as well.[3]\",\n \"Luna (Peters novel) Patrice (Mother): Patrice is the valetudinarian mother of Regan and Liam. After being a stay-at-home mom, she makes a career for herself as a wedding planner. She throws herself into her job, often ignoring her family and the problems that arise. Although she discovers Liam's gender dysphoria when he is young, she decides to ignore it. Although she outwardly neglects Liam when he gets older, she and Liam have a complex relationship with Jack. Patrice is aware that, should Jack find out about Luna, he will throw Liam out; she is otherwise not pointedly adverse to Luna. Indeed, Patrice humours Luna passively when she does not question the absence of her various medications though she is aware that Liam is suicidal, tells Elise, \\\"I don't think that's any of your business,\\\" when it is inferred that, after she sees Liam as Luna, Elise calls Patrice to ask if he's mentally ill, and calls her doctor to ask for an early refill of her estrogen prescription (the book hints that Luna is on transsexual hormone replacement therapy using cross-hormones from her mother's menopause hormone replacement therapy) without questioning how the estrogen had gone. Patrice does not want Jack to find out about Luna because she is afraid of losing Liam, so she keeps Liam's gender dysphoria secret, and only clandestinely helps Luna. When confronted with the secret by Regan, Patrice admits that she 'can't deal' and continues to ignore her family as it falls apart.\",\n \"Switched at Birth (season 2) Toby and Nikki's relationship is strained by work and wedding planning so Bay tries to help Toby by booking a gig for Toby's band for the carnival to give him a temporary reprieve from the demands of adult life. Regina and Bay's messiness frustrates Angelo when he comes back from searching for his baby. Kathryn is unnerved by Adriana's frequent visits, and Jace introduces Daphne to a new adventure.\",\n \"Switched at Birth (season 5) Bay and Daphne meet a girl named Ally who has Angelo's heart through heart surgery, but they find out she's not who she seems she is. Regina refuses to see her because it will bring up memories about Angelo's death. Toby is deciding whether or not to baptize Carlton. Emmett and Travis try to make amends during Melody's birthday.\"\n]","isConversational":false},"gt_docs":{"kind":"list like","value":["List of Switched at Birth characters Played by Ivonne Coll, Adriana Vasquez is the mother of Regina Vasquez, the grandmother of Daphne Vasquez, and the biological grandmother of Bay Kennish. she had no idea that Regina knew about the switched but she was curious about why Daphne did not look like Regina. She had lived with Regina and Daphne for quite some time and is living with the two in the Kennishes' guest house. She had taken a huge disliking to Regina's ex-husband Angelo and ends up reporting him to the police. Regina told Adriana that she married Angelo and Adriana was not happy about it, and moved out of the guest house after she found out, but she later moved back into the guest house after she and Regina patched things up."],"string":"[\n \"List of Switched at Birth characters Played by Ivonne Coll, Adriana Vasquez is the mother of Regina Vasquez, the grandmother of Daphne Vasquez, and the biological grandmother of Bay Kennish. she had no idea that Regina knew about the switched but she was curious about why Daphne did not look like Regina. She had lived with Regina and Daphne for quite some time and is living with the two in the Kennishes' guest house. She had taken a huge disliking to Regina's ex-husband Angelo and ends up reporting him to the police. Regina told Adriana that she married Angelo and Adriana was not happy about it, and moved out of the guest house after she found out, but she later moved back into the guest house after she and Regina patched things up.\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":289,"cells":{"_id":{"kind":"string","value":"test2810"},"query":{"kind":"string","value":"do you have to have a gun permit to shoot at a range"},"gt_ids":{"kind":"list like","value":["doc96527"],"string":"[\n \"doc96527\"\n]","isConversational":false},"gt_qrels":{"kind":"list like","value":[1],"string":"[\n 1\n]","isConversational":false},"candidate_ids":{"kind":"list like","value":["doc96527","doc96543","doc96526","doc96531","doc96544","doc1022413","doc96530","doc1722208","doc187195","doc96529","doc323031","doc96532","doc555317","doc96540","doc323054","doc323097","doc323016","doc96546","doc96549","doc323007","doc96548","doc1022412","doc96533","doc187197","doc2606101","doc31136","doc163663","doc96547","doc278181","doc322988","doc555325","doc195753","doc1514252","doc96536","doc273023","doc273031","doc323083","doc323044","doc540314","doc1414214","doc96542","doc96550","doc273034","doc1615817","doc2319414","doc96528","doc323101","doc323075","doc1084555","doc96535","doc1218389","doc1301450","doc323093","doc323098","doc245316","doc231069","doc187160","doc163642","doc323086","doc195771","doc207502","doc96539","doc1084566","doc195739","doc323091","doc2319416","doc793738","doc1127797","doc2110836","doc187176","doc195742","doc323006","doc96545","doc1111604","doc323118","doc346530","doc969555","doc437720","doc1501493","doc1356056","doc149395","doc793754","doc195738","doc474866","doc278154","doc163655","doc195766","doc187161","doc969550","doc474875","doc149396","doc824361","doc793755","doc209236","doc1301449","doc493598","doc195743","doc323063","doc1084557","doc445967"],"string":"[\n \"doc96527\",\n \"doc96543\",\n \"doc96526\",\n \"doc96531\",\n \"doc96544\",\n \"doc1022413\",\n \"doc96530\",\n \"doc1722208\",\n \"doc187195\",\n \"doc96529\",\n \"doc323031\",\n \"doc96532\",\n \"doc555317\",\n \"doc96540\",\n \"doc323054\",\n \"doc323097\",\n \"doc323016\",\n \"doc96546\",\n \"doc96549\",\n \"doc323007\",\n \"doc96548\",\n \"doc1022412\",\n \"doc96533\",\n \"doc187197\",\n \"doc2606101\",\n \"doc31136\",\n \"doc163663\",\n \"doc96547\",\n \"doc278181\",\n \"doc322988\",\n \"doc555325\",\n \"doc195753\",\n \"doc1514252\",\n \"doc96536\",\n \"doc273023\",\n \"doc273031\",\n \"doc323083\",\n \"doc323044\",\n \"doc540314\",\n \"doc1414214\",\n \"doc96542\",\n \"doc96550\",\n \"doc273034\",\n \"doc1615817\",\n \"doc2319414\",\n \"doc96528\",\n \"doc323101\",\n \"doc323075\",\n \"doc1084555\",\n \"doc96535\",\n \"doc1218389\",\n \"doc1301450\",\n \"doc323093\",\n \"doc323098\",\n \"doc245316\",\n \"doc231069\",\n \"doc187160\",\n \"doc163642\",\n \"doc323086\",\n \"doc195771\",\n \"doc207502\",\n \"doc96539\",\n \"doc1084566\",\n \"doc195739\",\n \"doc323091\",\n \"doc2319416\",\n \"doc793738\",\n \"doc1127797\",\n \"doc2110836\",\n \"doc187176\",\n \"doc195742\",\n \"doc323006\",\n \"doc96545\",\n \"doc1111604\",\n \"doc323118\",\n \"doc346530\",\n \"doc969555\",\n \"doc437720\",\n \"doc1501493\",\n \"doc1356056\",\n \"doc149395\",\n \"doc793754\",\n \"doc195738\",\n \"doc474866\",\n \"doc278154\",\n \"doc163655\",\n \"doc195766\",\n \"doc187161\",\n \"doc969550\",\n \"doc474875\",\n \"doc149396\",\n \"doc824361\",\n \"doc793755\",\n \"doc209236\",\n \"doc1301449\",\n \"doc493598\",\n \"doc195743\",\n \"doc323063\",\n \"doc1084557\",\n \"doc445967\"\n]","isConversational":false},"candidate_docs":{"kind":"list like","value":["Shooting ranges in the United States Typically, no license or advanced training beyond just firearm familiarization (for rentals) and range rules familiarization is usually required for using a shooting range in the United States; the only common requirement is that the shooter must be at least 18 or 21 years old (or have a legal guardian present), and must sign a waiver prior to shooting.","Shooting ranges in the United States Nearly all public ranges require that all firearms be unloaded prior to entering, or leaving, the range facility, irrespective of whether one holds a concealed carry license. The same is true for rental firearms leaving or returning to the rental counter, going to and from the shooting range.","Shooting ranges in the United States There are shooting ranges in the United States open to the public, both indoor and outdoor. Both privately owned firearms or those rented from the shooting range may be used, depending on the range rules set by the owner. Ranges rent their own handguns and provide instruction in use of rental guns at shooting ranges by a range master or similar individual to help one to easily learn use of any rental firearm in just a few minutes. Major tourist destinations in gun-friendly U.S. States have such \"rental ranges\" to cater to the domestic and international tourists that want to try their hand at the shooting sports. Each shooting range facility in the United States is typically overseen by one or more range masters to ensure gun safety rules are always stringently followed.","Shooting ranges in the United States Throughout much of the rest of the United States, though, especially in areas where the dominant side of the gun politics debate leans towards gun rights, and where no license is usually required to own a handgun or rifle or shotgun, the typical number of ranges often surpasses one for every 100,000 residents.[1]","Shooting ranges in the United States Whether indoors or outdoors, all shooters are required to wear safety glasses or goggles, although some ranges will allow impact-resistant corrective glasses as the only eye protection. Ear protection is mandatory either ear muffs or ear plugs, as long as one is within the defined boundaries of the range and the range is hot. For indoor ranges, these must be donned before going through the air lock door, and kept on as long as individuals are within the high noise area. Indoor ranges can introduce the risk of lead poisoning if they are not ventilated or cleaned properly. Lead dust in these facilities can be inhaled or can contaminate skin and clothing.[2]","Firearms license The permit or license scope varies according to what firearm(s) or activity(s) it allows the holder to legally do with the firearm. Some jurisdictions may require a firearm license to own a firearm, to engage in hunting, target shooting or collecting, or to carry a concealed firearm, or operate a business (such as being a gun dealer or a gunsmith). Some jurisdictions may require separate licenses for rifles, shotguns or handguns.","Shooting ranges in the United States In most[quantify] states in the United States, there are numerous public-access shooting ranges, ranging for example from 144 in Florida with a population in excess of 18.2 million to 9 in Hawaii with a population of 1.3 million (numbers taken as of October 2008). Exceptions include cities in the states of Hawaii, California, Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey, Illinois, and Washington, DC, all known for gun control policies in general, where the numbers of ranges may be only one for every few hundred thousand people, or none at all, such as in the Washington, DC case.[1]","Gun laws in Rhode Island However, the \"shall\" nature of the applicable statute is confusing, stating that the applicant should have \"good reason to fear an injury to his or her person or property or has any other proper reason for carrying a pistol or revolver\". Some local police chiefs disregard the \"proper reason\" clause and require a letter of need. Most local police chiefs also use the AG's application (which does require need) and thus the chiefs simply follow suit. In the case of an attorney general's application, the local police chief has to sign ones application to verify residency, or a town hall official can sign and stamp the application to verify residency before one can submit the application to the attorney general. But, before he signs the application he may have the person applying take an NRA Safety Course from an NRA Certified Instructor within the state. State law does require an applicant for either permit to pass a skill test using the Army-L target at 25 yards, to be certified by a police official or an NRA Certified Instructor.[6][7] In most cases, the AG will not issue a permit unless the demonstrated need is extremely convincing (work purposes, threat to one's life, etc.). Upon denial, applicants are offered the opportunity to appeal, requiring an interview with Bureau of Criminal Investigation staff. This often results in the issuance of a restricted permit, often for target range use. However, state law does not grant the AG the authority to issue restricted permits and state law explicitly states that carrying a firearm to a target range does not require a permit.","Gun laws in New York Youth and firearms: Youths between ages 14 and 21 may shoot a handgun at a range only if they are under the supervision of a military officer or licensed professional, have not been convicted of a felony, and do not seem to be a danger to themselves or others.[38]","Shooting ranges in the United States Some ranges offer a class for concealed carry licenses, which are available in almost every state. Some states issue the license only after a short course, and in some courses are optional.","Overview of gun laws by nation In addition to private licenses of firearms, organizations can issue carry-licenses to their members or employees for activity related to that organization (e.g. security companies, shooting clubs, other workplaces). Members of officially recognized shooting clubs (e.g.: practical shooting, Olympic shooting) are eligible for personal licenses allowing them to possess additional firearms (small bore rifles, handguns, air rifles and air pistols) and ammunition after demonstrating a need and fulfilling minimum membership time and activity requirements. Unlicensed individuals who want to engage in practice shooting are allowed supervised use of handguns at firing ranges.","Shooting ranges in the United States Of particular interest to international tourists interested in public access shooting ranges in the United States while on vacation, especially gun-friendly states include Kentucky, Tennessee, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, New Hampshire, Arizona, Nevada, Colorado, and Utah, among others. All of these states have publicly accessible shooting ranges with rental guns available at a modest fee. Ammunition costs for rental guns varies, of course, but 9×19mm Luger (usually the cheapest service caliber round) is often available for around $15 per 50 at sporting goods stores or slightly higher ($18–25) at most public access shooting ranges.","Firearms legislation in Ireland Shooting ranges in Ireland must be granted both planning permission by the local county council and an authorisation under section 2(5) of the Firearms Act by the local Garda Superintendent. Since the 2009 firearms act, most shooting ranges are required by their local Superintendent to be inspected and certified by the Firearms Range Inspector under section 4A of the Firearms Act.[7]","Shooting ranges in the United States Fees for using indoor public shooting ranges vary widely with local costs, but a typical rate starts at $10 per hour of use, with targets available at a modest charge. Additional fees usually will pertain to damaging target hangers, lights or baffles, up to damaging motors, which may cost as much as $200, per incident. Unlike for outdoor ranges, or for indoor rifle ranges, indoor public handgun shooting ranges are usually run continuously \"hot\". The only exception is if a target falls from a holder and needs to be retrieved. In this rather rare scenario, some ranges will go \"cold\", after all firearms are placed on the firing line table with their actions open. Other ranges have a policy that no shooters may go forward of the firing line at any time, so the dropped target is considered lost and must be replaced.","Overview of gun laws by nation In Iceland, a license is required to own or possess firearms. A national government safety course must be passed before applying for a license. A special license is required to own a handgun, which may only be used for target shooting at a licensed range. Semi-automatic firearms have caliber restrictions, while fully automatic firearms are only permitted for collectors.","Overview of gun laws by nation Each permit specifies types and number of weapons the holder can own. These values vary greatly depending on license type and documented needs, but it's an established practice to receive around 5 slots for target shooting and hunting and 10 slots for collecting. A target-shooting license requires the applicant to possess a valid shooting competition license (by taking part in 2 to 4 ISSF-regulated shooting competitions per year for each category of firearm owned: handgun, rifle and shotgun), and allows carrying a loaded concealed firearm in public. A collecting license allows obtaining and use of (in shooting range) any type of unstationary weapon including selective fire and fully automatic firearms. A self-defense license requires proving a \"constant, substantial and higher than average\" danger. There are separate, lifelong permits for high-ranking ex-military and police officers, generally allowing them to own one handgun. Institutional permits allow for firearm ownership by security companies.","Overview of gun laws by nation The carrying of weapons, either openly or concealed, is regulated by the states, and these laws have changed rapidly over the past decade. As of 2016,[update] most states grant licenses to carry handguns on a shall-issue basis to qualified applicants. A few states leave the issuance of carry permits to the discretion of issuing authorities (called may-issue), while eleven states allow the carrying of firearms in a concealed manner without a permit (called Constitutional carry). Twenty-six states allow for open carrying of handguns without a permit while, in general, twenty states require a permit to do so and four states plus Washington D.C. ban open-carry of handguns. There have been legal challenges to concealed-carry laws, with different rulings to their constitutional validity.","Shooting ranges in the United States Holster drawing, cowboy action shooting and combat-style shooting are not generally allowed, except on specially designated action shooting ranges, which often have additional safety requirements and equipment. Regular public ranges that do allow such shooting usually restrict the practice to designated persons, such as Law Enforcement, professional shooters, or others designated by range personnel.","Shooting ranges in the United States For those interested in more heavy use of the local shooting range, annual memberships are available at many indoor U.S. shooting ranges. Both individual and family memberships are often available. Typical costs vary but annual membership is usually available for around $200 per person, or slightly more for an entire family. Such plans typically have unlimited usage of the range, unlike the typical 1/2 hour or 1-, 2-, or 3-hour rental time slots when renting a shooting lane as an occasional shooter. For anyone shooting more than 8-10 times a year, annual membership is often cheaper than paying an hourly rate. For the more exotic outdoor sporting club private ranges, annual membership in the NRA is usually mandatory.","Overview of gun laws by nation Each of these has limits on type of firearm, and allows for a police-issued permit to buy a specified quantity of appropriate ammunition from a specific gun shop. Transport permits are required to take firearms from the permit-holder's residence to a specified shooting range or hunting ground, and are valid for two years. Transported firearms must be unloaded and not attached to the body.","Shooting ranges in the United States Shooting ranges that cater to foreign tourists interested in shooting handguns may have special package deals for under $20 for instruction, assistance, and shooting. Larger caliber firearms and automatic weapons are available for tourists at some ranges as well. Fees for renting larger caliber firearms are only modestly more, but rental fees for automatic weapons can rise quickly, to hundreds of dollars, depending on the number of rounds fired.","Firearms license A firearms license (also known as a gun license; spelt licence in British English) is a license or permit issued by a government authority (typically by the police) of a jurisdiction, that allows the licensee to buy, own, possess, or carry a firearm, often subject to a number of conditions or restrictions, especially with regard to storage requirements or the completion of a firearms safety course, as well as background checks, etc. Firearms licenses are not required in all jurisdictions.","Shooting ranges in the United States Private or restricted-access shooting ranges are owned and used by police departments, private companies, private membership shooting clubs, and the military for qualification and/or continued firearms practice and training. These private ranges have more-specialized features not seen in public ranges, e.g., large caliber rifle and automatic weapons ranges.","Gun laws in New York Cross registration of handguns: Some counties limit who can register a handgun on their license, with some allowing cross registration of a handgun from any other licensee, to licensed family members only, to no handgun can be cross registered. State law does not address this issue. Sharing use of a handgun not listed on your license is only allowed at a certified range with the licensed handgun owner present.[39]","Shooting sports Plinking on a Saturday in Burro Canyon, Arizona, USA. On this range firearms must be kept unloaded in the rack, except when on the firing line.","Right to keep and bear arms Convicted felons, persons adjudicated as mentally ill, and some others are prohibited from possessing firearms and ammunition in the US. In most states, residents may carry a handgun or other weapon in public in a concealed or open manner on one's person or in proximity, but that is restricted by some states and many cities. Some jurisdictions require a permit for concealed carry, but most jurisdictions do not require a permit for open carry, if it is allowed. Some states and localities require licenses to own or purchase guns and ammunition, as detailed in a summary of gun laws in the United States. Other states do not require such formalities and some allow the ownership and use of weapons taxed by the NFA.","Concealed carry in the United States Depending on the state, a practical component during which the attendee shoots the weapon for the purpose of demonstrating safety and proficiency, may be required. During range instruction, applicants would typically learn and demonstrate safe handling and operation of a firearm and accurate shooting from common self-defense distances. Some states require a certain proficiency to receive a passing grade, whereas other states (e.g., Florida) technically require only a single-shot be fired to demonstrate handgun handling proficiency.","Shooting ranges in the United States If one brings one's own firearms, ear and eye protection, it is often possible to buy a 50-round box of 9 mm ammunition and target, rent an indoor lane for an hour, and enjoy shooting for under $50 in the United States. Fees for outdoor ranges are often even less, often running $6.50 for 3 hours of range time. Along with a 500-round brick of .22 LR ammunition that often costs less than $60.00, it is possible on an outdoor range to enjoy an afternoon of shooting for under $70. Firearm rental fees vary, depending on the model and caliber, but for a typical, non-exotic handgun, costs are only modestly higher. Hearing and eye protection rental fees are modest, often available for under $3 each.","Gun laws in Canada (Note: legally, restricted firearms can only be discharged at shooting ranges; so while one can use them in competitions, one cannot use them for hunting)","Overview of gun laws by nation Gun laws and policies (collectively referred to as firearms regulation or gun control) regulate the manufacture, sale, transfer, possession, modification and use of small arms by civilians. Many countries have restrictive firearm policies, while a few have permissive ones.[1][2] The only countries with permissive gun legislation are: Albania, Austria, Chad, Republic of Congo, Honduras, Micronesia, Namibia, Nigeria, Pakistan, Philippines, Senegal, Tanzania, the United States, Yemen and Zambia, although several other countries like Canada and the Czech Republic, despite theoretically being restrictive, are shall-issue countries. Countries with a strong gun culture may afford civilians a right to keep and bear arms, and have more-liberal gun laws than neighboring jurisdictions. Countries which regulate access to firearms will typically restrict access to certain categories of firearms and then restrict the categories of persons who may be granted a license for access to such firearms. There may be separate licenses for hunting, sport shooting (a.k.a. target shooting), self-defense, collecting, and concealed carry, with different sets of requirements, permissions, and responsibilities.","Firearms legislation in Ireland Target shooting outside an authorised range in Ireland is a criminal offence. However the law does not contain a definition of target shooting, and thus certain activities (such as hunters zeroing rifles before hunting) technically breach this law but in practice the law is not enforced in these specific cases.","Gun laws in the United States by state As of July 1, 2017, persons who a) are at least 18 years old, b) are protected by a protection order, c) have applied for a license, and d) are not prohibited from possessing a handgun may carry a handgun without a license for 60 days from the date of the protection order being issued.[35]","Gun laws in Georgia There are a number of ways a firearm can be carried without a permit.[1] No permit is needed:","Shooting ranges in the United States Outdoor shooting ranges are usually backed by a sandbagged barrier or specially-designed funnel-shaped traps to prevent bullets from ricocheting back at the shooters. Many older outdoor ranges only use an earthen berm, which is often composed of sand, and called the impact berm. Most outdoor ranges restrict the maximum caliber size, or have separate ranges devoted to use with rifles firing heavy caliber cartridges. Many outdoor ranges do permit the use of automatic weapons on specially adapted Class III weapons ranges.","Gun laws in New Jersey In New Jersey, anyone seeking to purchase firearms (one does not need to obtain a Firearm Purchaser Identification card to own, possess in the home, transport firearms to and from authorized target range, to a gunsmith for purposes of repair, or to the woods or fields of the state for purposes of hunting ) is required to obtain a lifetime Firearm Purchaser Identification card, commonly referred to as FID, for the purchase of rifles and shotguns. To purchase a handgun, a separate permit is needed from the Chief of Police of their municipality, or the Superintendent of State Police if the municipality does not have a local police department. A permit is required for each handgun to be purchased and expires after 90 days but may be extended for an additional 90 days at the discretion of the Chief of Police or Superintendent of State Police. These, like the initial Firearms Purchaser Identification Card (FID), are provided to applicants on a shall-issue basis. They require in-depth application questioning, multiple references and background checks via the State Bureau of Identification and New Jersey State Police; however, authorities do not have discretion and must issue permits to applicants who satisfy the criteria described in the statutes. Reasons for denial include being convicted of a crime (equivalent to a felony) or disorderly persons offense (equivalent to a misdemeanor) in the case of domestic violence. As of August 2013 anyone on the terror watchlist is also disqualified.","Gun laws in New Jersey New Jersey \"may issue\" a Permit to Carry a Handgun to both residents and non-residents. One must submit an application to the chief law enforcement officer of one's municipality, or the Superintendent of State Police in areas where there is no local police department. Armored car employees are required to apply to the Superintendent of State Police. Non-residents may apply to the Superintendent of State Police. By statute, New Jersey is a \"may-issue\" permit system, in which authorities are allowed discretion in the approval and denial of applications. Additionally, training and range qualification is required, non politically connected or retired LEO will not be issued a permit. After a background check and review by the law enforcement agency, permit applications are forwarded to the Superior Court where they are approved or denied.[18]","Overview of gun laws by nation Gun ownership in Germany is restrictive, regulated by the Federal Weapons Act (German: Waffengesetz) of 1972.[111]\nThe laws apply to weapons with a fire energy exceeding 7.5 joules (5.5 ft⋅lbf). A firearms licence may be granted to those over the age of 18 who have no criminal convictions or mental disability, who are deemed reliable and can prove a necessity for owning a firearm. A separate license is required for each firearm owned. Target-shooters must have been a member of a shooting club with 18 recorded visits in the previous 12 months. A firearms carry permit is a second-tier license which allows concealed carry in public, and is only issued to those with a particular need.","Overview of gun laws by nation Citizens in Singapore must obtain a license to lawfully possess firearms or ammunition; applicants must provide justification for the licence, such as target shooting or self-defense. Target-shooting licences permit ownership of a gun, provided it is securely stored in an approved and protected firing range, and is not taken out of the firing range without special permission. Self-defence permits are rarely granted, unless one can justify an 'imminent threat to life that cannot be reasonably removed'. There is no restriction on types of small arms one may own after obtaining a licence.[72][73][74]","Gun laws in Nevada Nevada is a \"shall issue\" state for concealed carry. The county sheriff shall issue a concealed firearms permit to applicants who qualify under state and federal law, who submit an application in accordance with the provisions of section NRS 202.3657.[12][13] To apply for a Concealed Firearm Permit, a person must be 21 (18 for military),[14] complete an approved course in firearm safety and demonstrate competence (qualify) with any handgun. Previously, a single permit applied to only those firearms the applicant qualified with. Under revised legislation, a single permit is valid for all handguns the person owns or may thereafter own.[15][16] Holders of previous permit iterations are grandfathered per current law and are no longer constrained to their qualified firearms, nor qualified firearm action.","Gun laws in Oklahoma Discharging a firearm within a municipality (inside city limits) is illegal, even if a firearm is discharged on private property. State-licensed or recognized shooting ranges are exempt from this law.","Shooting ranges in the United States The maximum caliber size is sometimes posted on the door of the airlock on each particular range, or in the lobby or ready area if the facility only contains one range. Most indoor ranges restrict the use of certain magnum calibers, or the use of automatic weapons, primarily to prevent damage to the facilities. Other ranges do not have a caliber restriction, but instead limit projectiles to a certain muzzle velocity, often 2000 feet per second, or bullet construction.","Shooting ranges in the United States It is worth noting that there are many unsupervised outdoor ranges on public land in the U.S. where shooting is free and unfettered.","Gun laws in New Jersey There are a few exempted locations where one may carry and possess firearms. These locations are your home, place of business, premises or land possessed, or to a gunsmith for purposes of repair. Members of rifle or pistol clubs that submit their names to the state police annually are allowed to possess and transport their firearms to \"a place of target practice.\" Those who are not members of a rifle or pistol club can carry their firearms to \"an authorized target range.\" One may also carry firearms to the woods or fields or waters of the state for purposes of hunting or fishing. One must have a valid hunting or fishing license and the firearms must be appropriate for hunting or fishing to be covered under this exemption.","Gun laws in South Carolina South Carolina is a \"shall issue\" concealed carry permit state. No permit is required to purchase rifles, shotguns, or handguns. South Carolina also has \"Castle Doctrine\" legal protection of the use of deadly force against intruders into one's home, business, or car.[3] It is unlawful to carry a firearm onto private or public school property or into any publicly owned building except interstate rest areas without express permission. Open carry of a handgun is not allowed (long guns are allowed), but no permit is required to carry a loaded handgun in the console or glove compartment of a car. As of 3 June 2016[update], states with which South Carolina has reciprocity are: Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Idaho (enhanced permit only), Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Michigan, Missouri, New Mexico, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, South Dakota (enhanced permit only), Texas, Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia, and Wyoming.[4][5][6] South Carolina only recognizes resident permits from the states with which it has reciprocity; non-resident permits from those states will not be honored. South Carolina does issue a CCW permit to a non-resident from a non-reciprocal state only if the non-resident owns property in South Carolina.","Gun legislation in Germany For persons over 18 years of age, a license is not required to own a single-shot percussion firearm developed before January 1, 1871, or to own and carry any muzzle-loader with a flintlock or earlier design. However, the purchase of black powder or similar in order to actually use the firearms requires a license.[18]","Shooting ranges in the United States Self-defense classes may be available for a fee at shooting ranges, covering firearm use in much more detail.","Overview of gun laws by nation In order for a hunter to obtain a hunting/gun ownership license, he must spend a certain \"practice time\" with a professional hunter. To obtain a self-defense permit, one must be under witness protection. Sporting and collectors licenses require membership in a sport shooting club or collectors' association, respectively.","Overview of gun laws by nation A weapon permit for sporting purposes (both long and short firearms) has to be renewed every 5 years. Rifle permits for hunting rifles has to be renewed every 10 years. Shotguns are not on individual permits, and holders are allowed to own these as long as they have a valid hunting license – and they can keep them for up to 10 years after the hunting license expires – however they are not allowed to keep ammunition without a valid license.","Gun law in the United States In addition to federal and state gun laws some local governments have their own laws that regulate firearms. The right to keep and bear arms is protected by the Second Amendment to the United States Constitution. However, mass shootings in the U.S., especially since 2011, have led to public debate about gun control laws in the U.S., since nearly all school shootings have been carried out using pistols and shotguns.[1]","Shooting ranges in the United States Most outdoor ranges have established strictly-followed procedures for ensuring that a range is either active (\"hot\") or inactive (\"cold\"). When everyone on the firing line agrees for the line to go hot, actions may be closed, magazines may be loaded, rounds may be chambered and firearms may be fired. When everyone on the firing line agrees for the line to go cold, magazines must be removed, firearms must be unloaded, actions opened, and all the firearms must be placed on tables. Only upon confirmation does the line actually go cold. Firearms may not be loaded or even touched when the line is cold.","Gun laws in Maine Maine[3][4] is a \"shall issue\" state for concealed carry. The issuing authority are the local police, or the state police. As of October 15, 2015, a permit is not needed to carry a firearm - concealed or open - in the state of Maine, provided that the carrier is legally allowed to own a gun and is over 21 or a member or veteran of the military and over age 18. Concealed carry permits are still available (and are needed in order to legally carry weapons in various other states with which Maine has reciprocity agreements); such permits shall be issued within 30 days to a qualified applicant (who has to show proficiency in the use of pistols) and who has been a Maine resident for at least five years, or within 60 days to a nonresident or a resident for less than five years. The permit is valid for four years. Open carry is not lawful in establishments that directly serve alcohol as an open drink such as bars, clubs, certain restaurants and so on provided there is a no firearm sign posted in a manner reasonably likely to come to the attention of patrons or if the carrier of firearms is under the influence or asked to leave.[5][6] Open carry is not lawful in Federal buildings.[7][8][9][10] Maine honors concealed carry permits from several other states.[11]","Gun laws in Montana Open carry is generally allowed without a permit.[10][11][12]","Overview of gun laws by nation In the Netherlands, gun ownership is restricted to law enforcement, hunters, and target shooters (self-defense is not a valid reason to own firearms). A hunting license requires passing a hunters safety course. To own a gun for target shooting, the applicant must have been a member of a shooting club for a year. People with felonies, drug addictions, and mental illnesses may not possess firearms.","Overview of gun laws by nation Replicas of black powder firearms designed before 1885 require no license to own, and are therefore quite popular in the shooting community.","Gun laws in Alabama Firearms are prohibited from certain places, including demonstrations. Possession of firearms is prohibited on the premises of public schools by persons with intent to do bodily harm and those who do not have an Alabama Pistol Permit. Open carry on foot is generally allowed without a license, withstanding other applicable laws. As of Aug. 1, 2013, transportation of an unloaded handgun in a vehicle is allowed without an Alabama Pistol Permit if you are legally permitted to possess the handgun, and the handgun is locked away from immediate reach of all passengers. Carrying a handgun on premises that are not owned or under the control of the possessor is prohibited unless the person has a valid concealed handgun license.[1][2]","Gun laws in California California is a \"may issue\" state for permits to carry concealed guns. The willingness of issuing authorities in California ranges from No Issue in most urban areas to Shall Issue in rural counties. Additionally, the issuing authority can also impose restrictions on the CCW permit-holder, such as limiting concealed carry only to the purposes listed on the approved CCW permit application. However, concealed carry permits are valid statewide, regardless of where they were issued. This creates a situation where residents in presumptively No Issue locations such as Los Angeles and San Francisco cannot lawfully carry a concealed firearm, but residents from other counties with more permissive CCW issuance policies can lawfully carry within these same jurisdictions. California does not recognize concealed carry permits issued by other states, and non-residents are generally forbidden from obtaining a California concealed carry permit.","Gun laws in New York New York state law does not require a license to own or possess long guns, but does require a permit to legally possess or own a pistol. However, all firearms must comply with the NY SAFE Act, which bans guns considered \"assault weapons\" from ownership by private citizens, unless they were owned prior to the ban.","Concealed carry in the United States States with pure shall-issue licensing laws require the issuing authority to issue permits to any applicant who has submitted a properly-completed application, passed a background check, completed any required training, and met any other criteria specified by law. The issuing authority has no discretion to deny permits based on factors beyond the qualification criteria specified by law.[citation needed]","Overview of gun laws by nation Greece has strict gun control. Shotguns (limited to 3-round capacity), rifles and handguns are allowed, and these require a licence issued by provincial police. To purchase handguns and rifles, citizens must either have a concealed-carry permit or a target-shooting permit (for rifles). Semi auto rifles are prohibited. Hunters can own up to 10 shotguns and sport shooters can own up to 7 guns, and there is no license-check or record kept for ammunition purchases for shotguns but target shooters can only own 500 rounds per weapon.","Gun laws in the United States by state Open carry of a loaded firearm (e.g., a live round of ammunition in the firing chamber) is allowed with a permit","Gun laws in Arizona Arizona is classified as a \"shall issue\" state. Even though Arizona law allows concealed carry by adults without permit, concealed carry permits are still available and issued by the Concealed Weapons Permit Unit of the Arizona Department of Public Safety for purposes of reciprocity with other states or for carrying firearms in certain regulated places. Requirements for issuance include taking a training class (provided by a licensed third party) or hunter education class, submitting a finger print card, and paying a $60 fee. Applicants must be at least 21 years of age. New permits are valid for five years. [11] Renewing a permit requires only an application and finger print card. However, effective December 31, 2007 the finger print card requirement for renewal is scheduled to end.[12] Arizona recognizes all valid out-of-state carry permits.[13]","Shooting ranges in the United States An estimated 16,000 to 18,000 indoor firing ranges are in operation in the United States.[2] Indoor ranges differ in construction, depending on the type of weapons to be fired:","Gun law in the United States Each state has its own laws regarding who is allowed to own or possess firearms, and there are various state and federal permitting and background check requirements. Controversy continues over which classes of people, such as convicted felons, people with severe or violent mental illness,[22] and people on the federal no-fly list, should be excluded. Laws in these areas vary considerably, and enforcement is in flux.","Gun laws in the United States by state Firearm owners are subject to the firearm laws of the state they are in, and not exclusively their state of residence. Reciprocity between states exists in certain situations, such as with regard to concealed carry permits. These are recognized on a state-by-state basis. For example, Idaho recognizes an Oregon permit, but Oregon does not recognize an Idaho permit. Florida issues a license to carry both concealed weapons and firearms, but others license only the concealed carry of firearms. Some states do not recognize out-of-state permits to carry a firearm at all, so it is important to understand the laws of each state when traveling with a handgun.[4]","Overview of gun laws by nation In Italy, national police issue gun licenses to those over the age of 18 without criminal records, who are not mentally ill or known substance abusers, who can prove competence with firearm safety. A shooting sports license permits transporting unloaded firearms and firing them in designated shooting ranges. A hunting license allows holders to engage in hunting with firearms. A concealed carry license permits a person to carry a loaded firearm in public, and requires proving a \"valid reason\" to do so (e.g.: a security guard or a jeweler at risk of robbery). The number of firearms an individual may own and retain in their home is limited to three common handguns, six sporting handguns or long guns, an unlimited number of hunting long guns, and eight historical firearms (manufactured before 1890). These limits can be exceeded with a collector license.","Gun legislation in Germany Firearms carry permits (Waffenschein) entitle licensees to publicly carry legally owned weapons, whether concealed or not. A mandatory legal and safety class and shooting proficiency tests are required to obtain such a permit. Carry permits are usually only issued to persons with a particular need for carrying a firearm. This includes some private security personnel and persons living under a raised threat level like celebrities and politicians. They are valid up to three years and can be extended. Carrying at public events is prohibited. Licensed hunters do not need a permit to carry loaded weapons while hunting, and unloaded weapons while directly traveling to and from such an activity.","Air gun laws Air pistols are considered handguns and subjected to Class H firearms restrictions. An air pistol shooter will require membership and attendance at an authorized pistol club for six months before allowing ownership, and need to shoot in at least ten events per year — four for each handgun class (air pistol, rimfire or centerfire) — including at least six formal competitions to keep the licence.","Firearms policy in the United Kingdom A visitors permit is available for possession of firearms without certificate by visitors to the UK.[53]","Gun show loophole Federal law requires background checks for commercial gun sales, but an exemption exists for private-party sales whereby \"Any person may sell a firearm to an unlicensed resident of the State where he resides as long as he does not know or have reasonable cause to believe the person is prohibited from receiving or possessing firearms under Federal law.\"[2][3][4] Under federal law, private-party sellers are not required to perform background checks on buyers, record the sale, or ask for identification, whether at a gun show or other venue. This is in contrast to sales by gun stores and other Federal Firearms License (FFL) holders, who are required to perform background checks and record all sales on almost all buyers, regardless of whether the venue is their business location or a gun show. Some states have passed laws to require background checks for private sales with limited exceptions. Access to the National Instant Criminal Background Check System (NICS) is limited to FFL holders.","Gun laws in New York In New York State, pistol licenses are generally of two types: carry or premises-only.[18] \"Premises-only\" is the most common license issued in NYC and is supposed to be \"Shall-Issue.\"[22] Restrictions can be placed on either of the above types of licenses; for example, many jurisdictions allow handgun license holders to carry handguns only while hunting (i.e., sportsman's license) and/or traveling to and from the range (i.e., target license).[18]","Gun laws in the United States by state Act 746 allows for concealed carry without permit when upon a journey (outside of one's county of residence).[11]","Overview of gun laws by nation Police-issued firearm permits require applicants to be 18 years of age, provide a mental health certificate issued by a psychiatrist, have a clean criminal record with no domestic violence accusations, and pass a written test on firearm safety and knowledge. Final approval is in the hands of the police commander of the district, who can deny the permit in \"justified cases\" not detailed in the letter of the law. There are five types of permits:","Shooting ranges in the United States The instructions of the appointed range master are to be followed at all times.","Gun laws in Illinois To legally possess firearms or ammunition, Illinois residents must have a Firearm Owners Identification (FOID) card, which is issued by the Illinois State Police to any qualified applicant. Non-residents who may legally possess firearms in their home state are exempt from this requirement.","Overview of gun laws by nation The UK increased firearm regulation through several Firearms Acts,[144]\nleading to an outright ban on automatic firearms and many semi-automatic firearms. Breech-loading handguns are also tightly controlled.[145]\nFirearm ownership usually requires a police-issued Shotgun Certificate (SGC) or Firearm Certificate (FAC). The applicant must have: no criminal convictions; no history of medical condition including alcohol and drug-related conditions; no history of depression, mental or nervous disorder, or epilepsy; and a secure gun safe to store firearms. The FAC additionally requires demonstrating a good reason for each firearm the applicant wishes to own (such as hunting, pest control, collecting, or target shooting). Self-defence is only accepted as a good reason in Northern Ireland.","Gun laws in Indiana Indiana requires a license for most methods of carrying a handgun. Indiana laws are silent concerning the manner of carry; therefore, the laws cover open carry, concealed carry, vehicle carry, and locked case carry. There are exceptions for carrying a handgun unloaded, not readily accessible, and secured in a case in a vehicle, on your own property, from place of purchase and to a firearm range for the purpose of practice.[6]","Gun laws in Utah Utah requires a permit to carry a concealed firearm. With a permit, a person may carry a firearm with a loaded chamber either openly or concealed. Utah will honor a permit issued by any state or county.[7] Utah does not require concealed carry permit holders to notify police officers of their permit or possession of firearms when stopped by police officers, but the state Bureau of Criminal Identification recommends doing so \"for the safety of all involved\" and to give the officer \"some assurance they are most likely dealing with a law abiding citizen.\"[8]","Gun laws in Colorado Colorado is a \"shall-issue\" state for concealed carry. Permits are issued by the county sheriff,[6] and are valid for five years. Applicants must demonstrate competence with a handgun, either by passing a training class or by other means.[7] The Concealed Carry Act allows a person with a permit to carry a concealed weapon \"in all areas of the state\" with the exception of some federal properties, K-12 schools, and buildings with fixed security checkpoints such as courthouses, and also disallows a local government from enforcing an ordinance or resolution that conflicts with the law.[8]","Shotgun An SGC holder can own any number of shotguns meeting these requirements so long as he/she can store them securely. No certificate is required to own shotgun ammunition, but one is required to buy it. There is no restriction on the amount of shotgun ammunition that can be bought or owned. There are also no rules regarding the storage of ammunition.","Gun laws in Australia The states issue firearms licences for a legal reason, such as hunting, sport shooting, pest control, collecting and for farmers and farm workers. Licences are prohibited for convicted offenders and those with a history of mental illness. Licences must be renewed every 3 or 5 years (or 10 years in the Northern Territory and South Australia). Full licence-holders must be 18 years of age; minor's permits allow the use of a firearm under adult supervision by those as young as 12 in most states.[27]","Gun laws in North Carolina In North Carolina, it is unlawful for any person, firm, or corporation to sell, give away, transfer, purchase, or receive, at any place in the state, any pistol, unless the purchaser or receiver has first obtained a license or permit to receive such a pistol by the sheriff of the county where the purchaser or receiver resides, or the purchaser or receiver possesses a valid North Carolina issued concealed carry permit.[10] To obtain a permit prior to the transfer of a pistol applies not only to a commercial transaction typically at a sporting goods store but also between private individuals or companies throughout North Carolina.[10]","Air gun laws Shooting is permitted on licensed ranges (ยง 27 Abs. 1, ยง 12 Abs. 4 2 Nr. 1 WaffG), and on enclosed private property if it is assured that the projectiles can not possibly leave the shooting area (ยง 12 Abs. 4 Nr. 1a WaffG). The minimum age for air gun shooting in Germany is 12 years under supervision (ยง 27 Abs. 3 S. 1 Nr. 1 WaffG), but exceptions may be granted to younger children upon request, supported by suitable references from a doctor and by a licensed shooting federation (ยง 27 Abs. 4 WaffG).","Gun laws in the United States by state State level laws vary significantly in their form, content, and level of restriction. Forty-four states have a provision in their state constitutions similar to the Second Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which protects the right to keep and bear arms. The exceptions are California, Iowa, Maryland, Minnesota, New Jersey, and New York. In New York, however, the statutory civil rights laws contain a provision virtually identical to the Second Amendment.[1][2] Additionally, the U.S. Supreme Court held in McDonald v. Chicago that the protections of the Second Amendment to keep and bear arms for self-defense in one's home apply against state governments and their political subdivisions.[3]","Gun laws in Iowa On January 1, 2011, Iowa became a \"shall issue\" state for a permit to carry weapons on one's person.[1] Applicants must successfully complete an approved training course.","Gun laws in Canada Businesses, museums and organizations must have a valid firearms business licence to possess, manufacture or sell firearms, restricted or prohibited firearms, prohibited devices, or prohibited ammunition. A licence is not required to possess regular ammunition, but is required to manufacture or sell ammunition. A separate licence is required for each location where the business operates, and each business licence is valid only for the activities specified on the licence.","Concealed carry in the United States Installation policies can vary from no-issue for most bases to shall-issue in rare circumstances. Installations that do allow the carrying of firearms typically restrict carrying to designated areas and for specific purposes (i.e., hunting or officially sanctioned shooting competitions in approved locations on the installation). Installation commanders may require the applicant complete extensive firearms safety training, undergo a mental health evaluation, and obtain a letter of recommendation from his or her unit commander (or employer) before such authorization is granted. Personnel that reside on a military installation are typically required to store their personally-owned firearms in the installation armory, although the installation commander or provost marshal may permit a servicemember to store his or her personal firearms in their on-base dwelling if he or she has a gun safe or similarly designed cabinet where the firearms can be secured.","Gun laws in the United States by state As of July 1, 2014, due to the enhanced Castle Doctrine law, a person may keep a loaded handgun or long gun in their private vehicle without a permit.[96]","Gun laws in New York The City of New York has its own set of laws, and requires permits to own any long gun or pistol.[citation needed]","Gun laws in Utah Open carry of a loaded firearm (e.g., a live round of ammunition in the firing chamber) is allowed with a permit","Gun laws in Iowa You must complete the Iowa Application for Permit to Carry Weapons. You must apply to the Sheriff in the county of your residence. You must produce an identification card with your current address; You must have documentation indicating you meet the training requirements of Iowa Code Chapter 724. You must pay $50 in cash (Some counties charge additional $5–10 for the wallet card). Service members or former service member don't have to take the training course, as long as they present their DD-214 or a military ID. The Sheriff Office will take your picture. The Sheriff is required to conduct a background check of local files and the NICS (FBI files). If you provide false information on your application, you commit a class “D” felony. Your permit will be issued or denied within 30 days.","Gun laws in North Carolina Under N.C.G.S. 14-402, a county sheriff is only authorized to issue a permit to receive or purchase a handgun when an application is submitted by a person who is a resident of his or her particular county.[10] The sole exception is that the sheriff may issue a permit to a non-resident when the purpose of the permit is collecting. Before issuing a permit, the sheriff must fully satisfy himself/herself by affidavits, oral evidence, or otherwise, that the applicant is of good moral character and that the person, firm, or corporation wants to possess the weapon for one of the following purposes: The protection of the applicant's home, business, person, family, or property; target shooting; collection;or hunting.[10] The sheriff must also verify by a criminal history background investigation that it is not a violation of the state or federal law for the applicant to purchase, transfer, receive, or possess a handgun.[10] In order to determine criminal history of the applicant, the sheriff must access the computerized criminal history records maintained by the State and Federal Bureaus of Investigation, by conducting a national criminal history records check, and by conducting a criminal history check through the Administrative Office of the Courts.[10]","Gun laws in Tennessee A license is required to carry a loaded handgun either openly or concealed. Such permits are issued through the Department of Safety to qualified residents 21 years or 18 years old if the applicant is active duty, reservist, guardsman, or honorably discharged from their branch of service, DD-214 must mention 'pistol qualification' in order to be exempt from 8 hour safety course must have a valid military ID. The length of the term for the initial license is determined by the age of the applicant. If renewed properly and on time, the license is renewed every 5 years. Tennessee recognizes any valid, out-of-state permit for carrying a handgun as long as the permittee is not a resident of Tennessee. Nonresidents are not issued permits unless they are regularly employed in the state. Such persons are then required to obtain Tennessee permits even if they have home state permits unless their home state has entered into a reciprocity agreement with Tennessee. Permittees may carry handguns in most areas except civic centers, public recreation buildings and colleges. Businesses or landowners posting \"no carry\" signs may prohibit gun carry on any portion of their properties.","Air gun laws Air weapons exceeding 7.5 J muzzle energy, e.g. field target guns, are treated like firearms and therefore require a relevant permit for acquisition and possession. Proof of need, a clean criminal record and the passing of a knowledge and handling test are required (ยง 4 Abs. 1 WaffG) to gain the permit.","Gun laws in Michigan As of December 18, 2012, no purchase permit is required for purchases from a Class 1 FFL Dealer.[14]","Gun laws in Montana Montana has some of the most permissive gun laws in the United States.[4] It is a \"shall issue\" state for concealed carry.[5][6] The county sheriff shall issue a concealed weapons permit to a qualified applicant within 60 days. Concealed carry is not allowed in government buildings, financial institutions, or any place where alcoholic beverages are served. Carrying a concealed weapon while intoxicated is prohibited. No weapons, concealed or otherwise, are allowed in school buildings. Montana recognizes concealed carry permits issued by most but not all other states. Concealed carry without a permit is generally allowed outside city, town, or logging camp limits. Under Montana law a permit is necessary only when the weapon is \" wholly or partially covered by the clothing or wearing apparel \",[7] therefore it is legal to carry and/or keep a firearm inside a vehicle without a permit (as long as it is not concealed on the person). If you do not have a CWP it could be considered a violation of the law for you to conceal a gun in a purse or backpack, since the law defines a concealed weapon as one that is \"wholly or partially covered by the clothing or wearing apparel of the person carrying or bearing the weapon.[8] As of 2017, the concealed weapons law applies only to firearms, excluding items such as knives, slingshots, billies, etc. from the permit requirement.[9]","Gun laws in Pennsylvania Pennsylvania shall issue a LTCF to resident and non-resident applicants if no good cause exists to deny the license. Non-resident applicants must first obtain a license from their home state, unless their home state does not issue licenses.[1][2]","Gun laws in the United States by state Enhanced concealed carry permits allow for carrying in some forbidden areas such as carrying at public colleges, most public buildings, non-secure locations in an airport, churches, and more.[12][13]","Overview of gun laws by nation Ukraine is the only European country without firearms statutes; regulation is by Order No. 622 of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. A firearm license may be issued to citizens who meet an age requirement (21 for shotguns, 18 for shotguns for hunting purposes, and 25 for rifles), have no criminal record or history of domestic violence or mental illness and have a specific reason such as target shooting, hunting or collecting. Handguns of .22, 9 mm, .357 magnum and .38 caliber are permitted only for target shooting and those who can prove a threat against their lives (who are typically also given concealed carry permits).[104] All firearms must be stored unloaded in a safe.","Gun law in the United States Fugitives, those convicted of a felony with a sentence exceeding 2 years, or 2 year for a misdemeanor, past or present, and those who were involuntarily admitted to a mental facility are prohibited from purchasing a firearm. Forty-four states have a provision in their state constitutions similar to the Second Amendment to the United States Constitution, which protects the right to keep and bear arms. The exceptions are California, Iowa, Maryland, Minnesota, New Jersey, and New York. In New York, however, the statutory civil rights laws contain a provision virtually identical to the Second Amendment.[4][5] Additionally, the U.S. Supreme Court held in McDonald v. Chicago that the protections of the Second Amendment to keep and bear arms for self-defense in one's home apply against state governments and their political subdivisions.[6]","Gun laws in Florida Open carry when on foot in a public area is generally illegal, but is permitted in certain circumstances, as defined by Florida statute 790.25(3). For example, open carry is permitted while hunting, fishing, camping, gun shows, or while target shooting at a gun range, and while going to and from such activities.[14] The open carry ban statute was challenged in court[15] but the ban was upheld.[16]"],"string":"[\n \"Shooting ranges in the United States Typically, no license or advanced training beyond just firearm familiarization (for rentals) and range rules familiarization is usually required for using a shooting range in the United States; the only common requirement is that the shooter must be at least 18 or 21 years old (or have a legal guardian present), and must sign a waiver prior to shooting.\",\n \"Shooting ranges in the United States Nearly all public ranges require that all firearms be unloaded prior to entering, or leaving, the range facility, irrespective of whether one holds a concealed carry license. The same is true for rental firearms leaving or returning to the rental counter, going to and from the shooting range.\",\n \"Shooting ranges in the United States There are shooting ranges in the United States open to the public, both indoor and outdoor. Both privately owned firearms or those rented from the shooting range may be used, depending on the range rules set by the owner. Ranges rent their own handguns and provide instruction in use of rental guns at shooting ranges by a range master or similar individual to help one to easily learn use of any rental firearm in just a few minutes. Major tourist destinations in gun-friendly U.S. States have such \\\"rental ranges\\\" to cater to the domestic and international tourists that want to try their hand at the shooting sports. Each shooting range facility in the United States is typically overseen by one or more range masters to ensure gun safety rules are always stringently followed.\",\n \"Shooting ranges in the United States Throughout much of the rest of the United States, though, especially in areas where the dominant side of the gun politics debate leans towards gun rights, and where no license is usually required to own a handgun or rifle or shotgun, the typical number of ranges often surpasses one for every 100,000 residents.[1]\",\n \"Shooting ranges in the United States Whether indoors or outdoors, all shooters are required to wear safety glasses or goggles, although some ranges will allow impact-resistant corrective glasses as the only eye protection. Ear protection is mandatory either ear muffs or ear plugs, as long as one is within the defined boundaries of the range and the range is hot. For indoor ranges, these must be donned before going through the air lock door, and kept on as long as individuals are within the high noise area. Indoor ranges can introduce the risk of lead poisoning if they are not ventilated or cleaned properly. Lead dust in these facilities can be inhaled or can contaminate skin and clothing.[2]\",\n \"Firearms license The permit or license scope varies according to what firearm(s) or activity(s) it allows the holder to legally do with the firearm. Some jurisdictions may require a firearm license to own a firearm, to engage in hunting, target shooting or collecting, or to carry a concealed firearm, or operate a business (such as being a gun dealer or a gunsmith). Some jurisdictions may require separate licenses for rifles, shotguns or handguns.\",\n \"Shooting ranges in the United States In most[quantify] states in the United States, there are numerous public-access shooting ranges, ranging for example from 144 in Florida with a population in excess of 18.2 million to 9 in Hawaii with a population of 1.3 million (numbers taken as of October 2008). Exceptions include cities in the states of Hawaii, California, Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey, Illinois, and Washington, DC, all known for gun control policies in general, where the numbers of ranges may be only one for every few hundred thousand people, or none at all, such as in the Washington, DC case.[1]\",\n \"Gun laws in Rhode Island However, the \\\"shall\\\" nature of the applicable statute is confusing, stating that the applicant should have \\\"good reason to fear an injury to his or her person or property or has any other proper reason for carrying a pistol or revolver\\\". Some local police chiefs disregard the \\\"proper reason\\\" clause and require a letter of need. Most local police chiefs also use the AG's application (which does require need) and thus the chiefs simply follow suit. In the case of an attorney general's application, the local police chief has to sign ones application to verify residency, or a town hall official can sign and stamp the application to verify residency before one can submit the application to the attorney general. But, before he signs the application he may have the person applying take an NRA Safety Course from an NRA Certified Instructor within the state. State law does require an applicant for either permit to pass a skill test using the Army-L target at 25 yards, to be certified by a police official or an NRA Certified Instructor.[6][7] In most cases, the AG will not issue a permit unless the demonstrated need is extremely convincing (work purposes, threat to one's life, etc.). Upon denial, applicants are offered the opportunity to appeal, requiring an interview with Bureau of Criminal Investigation staff. This often results in the issuance of a restricted permit, often for target range use. However, state law does not grant the AG the authority to issue restricted permits and state law explicitly states that carrying a firearm to a target range does not require a permit.\",\n \"Gun laws in New York Youth and firearms: Youths between ages 14 and 21 may shoot a handgun at a range only if they are under the supervision of a military officer or licensed professional, have not been convicted of a felony, and do not seem to be a danger to themselves or others.[38]\",\n \"Shooting ranges in the United States Some ranges offer a class for concealed carry licenses, which are available in almost every state. Some states issue the license only after a short course, and in some courses are optional.\",\n \"Overview of gun laws by nation In addition to private licenses of firearms, organizations can issue carry-licenses to their members or employees for activity related to that organization (e.g. security companies, shooting clubs, other workplaces). Members of officially recognized shooting clubs (e.g.: practical shooting, Olympic shooting) are eligible for personal licenses allowing them to possess additional firearms (small bore rifles, handguns, air rifles and air pistols) and ammunition after demonstrating a need and fulfilling minimum membership time and activity requirements. Unlicensed individuals who want to engage in practice shooting are allowed supervised use of handguns at firing ranges.\",\n \"Shooting ranges in the United States Of particular interest to international tourists interested in public access shooting ranges in the United States while on vacation, especially gun-friendly states include Kentucky, Tennessee, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, New Hampshire, Arizona, Nevada, Colorado, and Utah, among others. All of these states have publicly accessible shooting ranges with rental guns available at a modest fee. Ammunition costs for rental guns varies, of course, but 9×19mm Luger (usually the cheapest service caliber round) is often available for around $15 per 50 at sporting goods stores or slightly higher ($18–25) at most public access shooting ranges.\",\n \"Firearms legislation in Ireland Shooting ranges in Ireland must be granted both planning permission by the local county council and an authorisation under section 2(5) of the Firearms Act by the local Garda Superintendent. Since the 2009 firearms act, most shooting ranges are required by their local Superintendent to be inspected and certified by the Firearms Range Inspector under section 4A of the Firearms Act.[7]\",\n \"Shooting ranges in the United States Fees for using indoor public shooting ranges vary widely with local costs, but a typical rate starts at $10 per hour of use, with targets available at a modest charge. Additional fees usually will pertain to damaging target hangers, lights or baffles, up to damaging motors, which may cost as much as $200, per incident. Unlike for outdoor ranges, or for indoor rifle ranges, indoor public handgun shooting ranges are usually run continuously \\\"hot\\\". The only exception is if a target falls from a holder and needs to be retrieved. In this rather rare scenario, some ranges will go \\\"cold\\\", after all firearms are placed on the firing line table with their actions open. Other ranges have a policy that no shooters may go forward of the firing line at any time, so the dropped target is considered lost and must be replaced.\",\n \"Overview of gun laws by nation In Iceland, a license is required to own or possess firearms. A national government safety course must be passed before applying for a license. A special license is required to own a handgun, which may only be used for target shooting at a licensed range. Semi-automatic firearms have caliber restrictions, while fully automatic firearms are only permitted for collectors.\",\n \"Overview of gun laws by nation Each permit specifies types and number of weapons the holder can own. These values vary greatly depending on license type and documented needs, but it's an established practice to receive around 5 slots for target shooting and hunting and 10 slots for collecting. A target-shooting license requires the applicant to possess a valid shooting competition license (by taking part in 2 to 4 ISSF-regulated shooting competitions per year for each category of firearm owned: handgun, rifle and shotgun), and allows carrying a loaded concealed firearm in public. A collecting license allows obtaining and use of (in shooting range) any type of unstationary weapon including selective fire and fully automatic firearms. A self-defense license requires proving a \\\"constant, substantial and higher than average\\\" danger. There are separate, lifelong permits for high-ranking ex-military and police officers, generally allowing them to own one handgun. Institutional permits allow for firearm ownership by security companies.\",\n \"Overview of gun laws by nation The carrying of weapons, either openly or concealed, is regulated by the states, and these laws have changed rapidly over the past decade. As of 2016,[update] most states grant licenses to carry handguns on a shall-issue basis to qualified applicants. A few states leave the issuance of carry permits to the discretion of issuing authorities (called may-issue), while eleven states allow the carrying of firearms in a concealed manner without a permit (called Constitutional carry). Twenty-six states allow for open carrying of handguns without a permit while, in general, twenty states require a permit to do so and four states plus Washington D.C. ban open-carry of handguns. There have been legal challenges to concealed-carry laws, with different rulings to their constitutional validity.\",\n \"Shooting ranges in the United States Holster drawing, cowboy action shooting and combat-style shooting are not generally allowed, except on specially designated action shooting ranges, which often have additional safety requirements and equipment. Regular public ranges that do allow such shooting usually restrict the practice to designated persons, such as Law Enforcement, professional shooters, or others designated by range personnel.\",\n \"Shooting ranges in the United States For those interested in more heavy use of the local shooting range, annual memberships are available at many indoor U.S. shooting ranges. Both individual and family memberships are often available. Typical costs vary but annual membership is usually available for around $200 per person, or slightly more for an entire family. Such plans typically have unlimited usage of the range, unlike the typical 1/2 hour or 1-, 2-, or 3-hour rental time slots when renting a shooting lane as an occasional shooter. For anyone shooting more than 8-10 times a year, annual membership is often cheaper than paying an hourly rate. For the more exotic outdoor sporting club private ranges, annual membership in the NRA is usually mandatory.\",\n \"Overview of gun laws by nation Each of these has limits on type of firearm, and allows for a police-issued permit to buy a specified quantity of appropriate ammunition from a specific gun shop. Transport permits are required to take firearms from the permit-holder's residence to a specified shooting range or hunting ground, and are valid for two years. Transported firearms must be unloaded and not attached to the body.\",\n \"Shooting ranges in the United States Shooting ranges that cater to foreign tourists interested in shooting handguns may have special package deals for under $20 for instruction, assistance, and shooting. Larger caliber firearms and automatic weapons are available for tourists at some ranges as well. Fees for renting larger caliber firearms are only modestly more, but rental fees for automatic weapons can rise quickly, to hundreds of dollars, depending on the number of rounds fired.\",\n \"Firearms license A firearms license (also known as a gun license; spelt licence in British English) is a license or permit issued by a government authority (typically by the police) of a jurisdiction, that allows the licensee to buy, own, possess, or carry a firearm, often subject to a number of conditions or restrictions, especially with regard to storage requirements or the completion of a firearms safety course, as well as background checks, etc. Firearms licenses are not required in all jurisdictions.\",\n \"Shooting ranges in the United States Private or restricted-access shooting ranges are owned and used by police departments, private companies, private membership shooting clubs, and the military for qualification and/or continued firearms practice and training. These private ranges have more-specialized features not seen in public ranges, e.g., large caliber rifle and automatic weapons ranges.\",\n \"Gun laws in New York Cross registration of handguns: Some counties limit who can register a handgun on their license, with some allowing cross registration of a handgun from any other licensee, to licensed family members only, to no handgun can be cross registered. State law does not address this issue. Sharing use of a handgun not listed on your license is only allowed at a certified range with the licensed handgun owner present.[39]\",\n \"Shooting sports Plinking on a Saturday in Burro Canyon, Arizona, USA. On this range firearms must be kept unloaded in the rack, except when on the firing line.\",\n \"Right to keep and bear arms Convicted felons, persons adjudicated as mentally ill, and some others are prohibited from possessing firearms and ammunition in the US. In most states, residents may carry a handgun or other weapon in public in a concealed or open manner on one's person or in proximity, but that is restricted by some states and many cities. Some jurisdictions require a permit for concealed carry, but most jurisdictions do not require a permit for open carry, if it is allowed. Some states and localities require licenses to own or purchase guns and ammunition, as detailed in a summary of gun laws in the United States. Other states do not require such formalities and some allow the ownership and use of weapons taxed by the NFA.\",\n \"Concealed carry in the United States Depending on the state, a practical component during which the attendee shoots the weapon for the purpose of demonstrating safety and proficiency, may be required. During range instruction, applicants would typically learn and demonstrate safe handling and operation of a firearm and accurate shooting from common self-defense distances. Some states require a certain proficiency to receive a passing grade, whereas other states (e.g., Florida) technically require only a single-shot be fired to demonstrate handgun handling proficiency.\",\n \"Shooting ranges in the United States If one brings one's own firearms, ear and eye protection, it is often possible to buy a 50-round box of 9 mm ammunition and target, rent an indoor lane for an hour, and enjoy shooting for under $50 in the United States. Fees for outdoor ranges are often even less, often running $6.50 for 3 hours of range time. Along with a 500-round brick of .22 LR ammunition that often costs less than $60.00, it is possible on an outdoor range to enjoy an afternoon of shooting for under $70. Firearm rental fees vary, depending on the model and caliber, but for a typical, non-exotic handgun, costs are only modestly higher. Hearing and eye protection rental fees are modest, often available for under $3 each.\",\n \"Gun laws in Canada (Note: legally, restricted firearms can only be discharged at shooting ranges; so while one can use them in competitions, one cannot use them for hunting)\",\n \"Overview of gun laws by nation Gun laws and policies (collectively referred to as firearms regulation or gun control) regulate the manufacture, sale, transfer, possession, modification and use of small arms by civilians. Many countries have restrictive firearm policies, while a few have permissive ones.[1][2] The only countries with permissive gun legislation are: Albania, Austria, Chad, Republic of Congo, Honduras, Micronesia, Namibia, Nigeria, Pakistan, Philippines, Senegal, Tanzania, the United States, Yemen and Zambia, although several other countries like Canada and the Czech Republic, despite theoretically being restrictive, are shall-issue countries. Countries with a strong gun culture may afford civilians a right to keep and bear arms, and have more-liberal gun laws than neighboring jurisdictions. Countries which regulate access to firearms will typically restrict access to certain categories of firearms and then restrict the categories of persons who may be granted a license for access to such firearms. There may be separate licenses for hunting, sport shooting (a.k.a. target shooting), self-defense, collecting, and concealed carry, with different sets of requirements, permissions, and responsibilities.\",\n \"Firearms legislation in Ireland Target shooting outside an authorised range in Ireland is a criminal offence. However the law does not contain a definition of target shooting, and thus certain activities (such as hunters zeroing rifles before hunting) technically breach this law but in practice the law is not enforced in these specific cases.\",\n \"Gun laws in the United States by state As of July 1, 2017, persons who a) are at least 18 years old, b) are protected by a protection order, c) have applied for a license, and d) are not prohibited from possessing a handgun may carry a handgun without a license for 60 days from the date of the protection order being issued.[35]\",\n \"Gun laws in Georgia There are a number of ways a firearm can be carried without a permit.[1] No permit is needed:\",\n \"Shooting ranges in the United States Outdoor shooting ranges are usually backed by a sandbagged barrier or specially-designed funnel-shaped traps to prevent bullets from ricocheting back at the shooters. Many older outdoor ranges only use an earthen berm, which is often composed of sand, and called the impact berm. Most outdoor ranges restrict the maximum caliber size, or have separate ranges devoted to use with rifles firing heavy caliber cartridges. Many outdoor ranges do permit the use of automatic weapons on specially adapted Class III weapons ranges.\",\n \"Gun laws in New Jersey In New Jersey, anyone seeking to purchase firearms (one does not need to obtain a Firearm Purchaser Identification card to own, possess in the home, transport firearms to and from authorized target range, to a gunsmith for purposes of repair, or to the woods or fields of the state for purposes of hunting ) is required to obtain a lifetime Firearm Purchaser Identification card, commonly referred to as FID, for the purchase of rifles and shotguns. To purchase a handgun, a separate permit is needed from the Chief of Police of their municipality, or the Superintendent of State Police if the municipality does not have a local police department. A permit is required for each handgun to be purchased and expires after 90 days but may be extended for an additional 90 days at the discretion of the Chief of Police or Superintendent of State Police. These, like the initial Firearms Purchaser Identification Card (FID), are provided to applicants on a shall-issue basis. They require in-depth application questioning, multiple references and background checks via the State Bureau of Identification and New Jersey State Police; however, authorities do not have discretion and must issue permits to applicants who satisfy the criteria described in the statutes. Reasons for denial include being convicted of a crime (equivalent to a felony) or disorderly persons offense (equivalent to a misdemeanor) in the case of domestic violence. As of August 2013 anyone on the terror watchlist is also disqualified.\",\n \"Gun laws in New Jersey New Jersey \\\"may issue\\\" a Permit to Carry a Handgun to both residents and non-residents. One must submit an application to the chief law enforcement officer of one's municipality, or the Superintendent of State Police in areas where there is no local police department. Armored car employees are required to apply to the Superintendent of State Police. Non-residents may apply to the Superintendent of State Police. By statute, New Jersey is a \\\"may-issue\\\" permit system, in which authorities are allowed discretion in the approval and denial of applications. Additionally, training and range qualification is required, non politically connected or retired LEO will not be issued a permit. After a background check and review by the law enforcement agency, permit applications are forwarded to the Superior Court where they are approved or denied.[18]\",\n \"Overview of gun laws by nation Gun ownership in Germany is restrictive, regulated by the Federal Weapons Act (German: Waffengesetz) of 1972.[111]\\nThe laws apply to weapons with a fire energy exceeding 7.5 joules (5.5 ft⋅lbf). A firearms licence may be granted to those over the age of 18 who have no criminal convictions or mental disability, who are deemed reliable and can prove a necessity for owning a firearm. A separate license is required for each firearm owned. Target-shooters must have been a member of a shooting club with 18 recorded visits in the previous 12 months. A firearms carry permit is a second-tier license which allows concealed carry in public, and is only issued to those with a particular need.\",\n \"Overview of gun laws by nation Citizens in Singapore must obtain a license to lawfully possess firearms or ammunition; applicants must provide justification for the licence, such as target shooting or self-defense. Target-shooting licences permit ownership of a gun, provided it is securely stored in an approved and protected firing range, and is not taken out of the firing range without special permission. Self-defence permits are rarely granted, unless one can justify an 'imminent threat to life that cannot be reasonably removed'. There is no restriction on types of small arms one may own after obtaining a licence.[72][73][74]\",\n \"Gun laws in Nevada Nevada is a \\\"shall issue\\\" state for concealed carry. The county sheriff shall issue a concealed firearms permit to applicants who qualify under state and federal law, who submit an application in accordance with the provisions of section NRS 202.3657.[12][13] To apply for a Concealed Firearm Permit, a person must be 21 (18 for military),[14] complete an approved course in firearm safety and demonstrate competence (qualify) with any handgun. Previously, a single permit applied to only those firearms the applicant qualified with. Under revised legislation, a single permit is valid for all handguns the person owns or may thereafter own.[15][16] Holders of previous permit iterations are grandfathered per current law and are no longer constrained to their qualified firearms, nor qualified firearm action.\",\n \"Gun laws in Oklahoma Discharging a firearm within a municipality (inside city limits) is illegal, even if a firearm is discharged on private property. State-licensed or recognized shooting ranges are exempt from this law.\",\n \"Shooting ranges in the United States The maximum caliber size is sometimes posted on the door of the airlock on each particular range, or in the lobby or ready area if the facility only contains one range. Most indoor ranges restrict the use of certain magnum calibers, or the use of automatic weapons, primarily to prevent damage to the facilities. Other ranges do not have a caliber restriction, but instead limit projectiles to a certain muzzle velocity, often 2000 feet per second, or bullet construction.\",\n \"Shooting ranges in the United States It is worth noting that there are many unsupervised outdoor ranges on public land in the U.S. where shooting is free and unfettered.\",\n \"Gun laws in New Jersey There are a few exempted locations where one may carry and possess firearms. These locations are your home, place of business, premises or land possessed, or to a gunsmith for purposes of repair. Members of rifle or pistol clubs that submit their names to the state police annually are allowed to possess and transport their firearms to \\\"a place of target practice.\\\" Those who are not members of a rifle or pistol club can carry their firearms to \\\"an authorized target range.\\\" One may also carry firearms to the woods or fields or waters of the state for purposes of hunting or fishing. One must have a valid hunting or fishing license and the firearms must be appropriate for hunting or fishing to be covered under this exemption.\",\n \"Gun laws in South Carolina South Carolina is a \\\"shall issue\\\" concealed carry permit state. No permit is required to purchase rifles, shotguns, or handguns. South Carolina also has \\\"Castle Doctrine\\\" legal protection of the use of deadly force against intruders into one's home, business, or car.[3] It is unlawful to carry a firearm onto private or public school property or into any publicly owned building except interstate rest areas without express permission. Open carry of a handgun is not allowed (long guns are allowed), but no permit is required to carry a loaded handgun in the console or glove compartment of a car. As of 3 June 2016[update], states with which South Carolina has reciprocity are: Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Idaho (enhanced permit only), Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Michigan, Missouri, New Mexico, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, South Dakota (enhanced permit only), Texas, Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia, and Wyoming.[4][5][6] South Carolina only recognizes resident permits from the states with which it has reciprocity; non-resident permits from those states will not be honored. South Carolina does issue a CCW permit to a non-resident from a non-reciprocal state only if the non-resident owns property in South Carolina.\",\n \"Gun legislation in Germany For persons over 18 years of age, a license is not required to own a single-shot percussion firearm developed before January 1, 1871, or to own and carry any muzzle-loader with a flintlock or earlier design. However, the purchase of black powder or similar in order to actually use the firearms requires a license.[18]\",\n \"Shooting ranges in the United States Self-defense classes may be available for a fee at shooting ranges, covering firearm use in much more detail.\",\n \"Overview of gun laws by nation In order for a hunter to obtain a hunting/gun ownership license, he must spend a certain \\\"practice time\\\" with a professional hunter. To obtain a self-defense permit, one must be under witness protection. Sporting and collectors licenses require membership in a sport shooting club or collectors' association, respectively.\",\n \"Overview of gun laws by nation A weapon permit for sporting purposes (both long and short firearms) has to be renewed every 5 years. Rifle permits for hunting rifles has to be renewed every 10 years. Shotguns are not on individual permits, and holders are allowed to own these as long as they have a valid hunting license – and they can keep them for up to 10 years after the hunting license expires – however they are not allowed to keep ammunition without a valid license.\",\n \"Gun law in the United States In addition to federal and state gun laws some local governments have their own laws that regulate firearms. The right to keep and bear arms is protected by the Second Amendment to the United States Constitution. However, mass shootings in the U.S., especially since 2011, have led to public debate about gun control laws in the U.S., since nearly all school shootings have been carried out using pistols and shotguns.[1]\",\n \"Shooting ranges in the United States Most outdoor ranges have established strictly-followed procedures for ensuring that a range is either active (\\\"hot\\\") or inactive (\\\"cold\\\"). When everyone on the firing line agrees for the line to go hot, actions may be closed, magazines may be loaded, rounds may be chambered and firearms may be fired. When everyone on the firing line agrees for the line to go cold, magazines must be removed, firearms must be unloaded, actions opened, and all the firearms must be placed on tables. Only upon confirmation does the line actually go cold. Firearms may not be loaded or even touched when the line is cold.\",\n \"Gun laws in Maine Maine[3][4] is a \\\"shall issue\\\" state for concealed carry. The issuing authority are the local police, or the state police. As of October 15, 2015, a permit is not needed to carry a firearm - concealed or open - in the state of Maine, provided that the carrier is legally allowed to own a gun and is over 21 or a member or veteran of the military and over age 18. Concealed carry permits are still available (and are needed in order to legally carry weapons in various other states with which Maine has reciprocity agreements); such permits shall be issued within 30 days to a qualified applicant (who has to show proficiency in the use of pistols) and who has been a Maine resident for at least five years, or within 60 days to a nonresident or a resident for less than five years. The permit is valid for four years. Open carry is not lawful in establishments that directly serve alcohol as an open drink such as bars, clubs, certain restaurants and so on provided there is a no firearm sign posted in a manner reasonably likely to come to the attention of patrons or if the carrier of firearms is under the influence or asked to leave.[5][6] Open carry is not lawful in Federal buildings.[7][8][9][10] Maine honors concealed carry permits from several other states.[11]\",\n \"Gun laws in Montana Open carry is generally allowed without a permit.[10][11][12]\",\n \"Overview of gun laws by nation In the Netherlands, gun ownership is restricted to law enforcement, hunters, and target shooters (self-defense is not a valid reason to own firearms). A hunting license requires passing a hunters safety course. To own a gun for target shooting, the applicant must have been a member of a shooting club for a year. People with felonies, drug addictions, and mental illnesses may not possess firearms.\",\n \"Overview of gun laws by nation Replicas of black powder firearms designed before 1885 require no license to own, and are therefore quite popular in the shooting community.\",\n \"Gun laws in Alabama Firearms are prohibited from certain places, including demonstrations. Possession of firearms is prohibited on the premises of public schools by persons with intent to do bodily harm and those who do not have an Alabama Pistol Permit. Open carry on foot is generally allowed without a license, withstanding other applicable laws. As of Aug. 1, 2013, transportation of an unloaded handgun in a vehicle is allowed without an Alabama Pistol Permit if you are legally permitted to possess the handgun, and the handgun is locked away from immediate reach of all passengers. Carrying a handgun on premises that are not owned or under the control of the possessor is prohibited unless the person has a valid concealed handgun license.[1][2]\",\n \"Gun laws in California California is a \\\"may issue\\\" state for permits to carry concealed guns. The willingness of issuing authorities in California ranges from No Issue in most urban areas to Shall Issue in rural counties. Additionally, the issuing authority can also impose restrictions on the CCW permit-holder, such as limiting concealed carry only to the purposes listed on the approved CCW permit application. However, concealed carry permits are valid statewide, regardless of where they were issued. This creates a situation where residents in presumptively No Issue locations such as Los Angeles and San Francisco cannot lawfully carry a concealed firearm, but residents from other counties with more permissive CCW issuance policies can lawfully carry within these same jurisdictions. California does not recognize concealed carry permits issued by other states, and non-residents are generally forbidden from obtaining a California concealed carry permit.\",\n \"Gun laws in New York New York state law does not require a license to own or possess long guns, but does require a permit to legally possess or own a pistol. However, all firearms must comply with the NY SAFE Act, which bans guns considered \\\"assault weapons\\\" from ownership by private citizens, unless they were owned prior to the ban.\",\n \"Concealed carry in the United States States with pure shall-issue licensing laws require the issuing authority to issue permits to any applicant who has submitted a properly-completed application, passed a background check, completed any required training, and met any other criteria specified by law. The issuing authority has no discretion to deny permits based on factors beyond the qualification criteria specified by law.[citation needed]\",\n \"Overview of gun laws by nation Greece has strict gun control. Shotguns (limited to 3-round capacity), rifles and handguns are allowed, and these require a licence issued by provincial police. To purchase handguns and rifles, citizens must either have a concealed-carry permit or a target-shooting permit (for rifles). Semi auto rifles are prohibited. Hunters can own up to 10 shotguns and sport shooters can own up to 7 guns, and there is no license-check or record kept for ammunition purchases for shotguns but target shooters can only own 500 rounds per weapon.\",\n \"Gun laws in the United States by state Open carry of a loaded firearm (e.g., a live round of ammunition in the firing chamber) is allowed with a permit\",\n \"Gun laws in Arizona Arizona is classified as a \\\"shall issue\\\" state. Even though Arizona law allows concealed carry by adults without permit, concealed carry permits are still available and issued by the Concealed Weapons Permit Unit of the Arizona Department of Public Safety for purposes of reciprocity with other states or for carrying firearms in certain regulated places. Requirements for issuance include taking a training class (provided by a licensed third party) or hunter education class, submitting a finger print card, and paying a $60 fee. Applicants must be at least 21 years of age. New permits are valid for five years. [11] Renewing a permit requires only an application and finger print card. However, effective December 31, 2007 the finger print card requirement for renewal is scheduled to end.[12] Arizona recognizes all valid out-of-state carry permits.[13]\",\n \"Shooting ranges in the United States An estimated 16,000 to 18,000 indoor firing ranges are in operation in the United States.[2] Indoor ranges differ in construction, depending on the type of weapons to be fired:\",\n \"Gun law in the United States Each state has its own laws regarding who is allowed to own or possess firearms, and there are various state and federal permitting and background check requirements. Controversy continues over which classes of people, such as convicted felons, people with severe or violent mental illness,[22] and people on the federal no-fly list, should be excluded. Laws in these areas vary considerably, and enforcement is in flux.\",\n \"Gun laws in the United States by state Firearm owners are subject to the firearm laws of the state they are in, and not exclusively their state of residence. Reciprocity between states exists in certain situations, such as with regard to concealed carry permits. These are recognized on a state-by-state basis. For example, Idaho recognizes an Oregon permit, but Oregon does not recognize an Idaho permit. Florida issues a license to carry both concealed weapons and firearms, but others license only the concealed carry of firearms. Some states do not recognize out-of-state permits to carry a firearm at all, so it is important to understand the laws of each state when traveling with a handgun.[4]\",\n \"Overview of gun laws by nation In Italy, national police issue gun licenses to those over the age of 18 without criminal records, who are not mentally ill or known substance abusers, who can prove competence with firearm safety. A shooting sports license permits transporting unloaded firearms and firing them in designated shooting ranges. A hunting license allows holders to engage in hunting with firearms. A concealed carry license permits a person to carry a loaded firearm in public, and requires proving a \\\"valid reason\\\" to do so (e.g.: a security guard or a jeweler at risk of robbery). The number of firearms an individual may own and retain in their home is limited to three common handguns, six sporting handguns or long guns, an unlimited number of hunting long guns, and eight historical firearms (manufactured before 1890). These limits can be exceeded with a collector license.\",\n \"Gun legislation in Germany Firearms carry permits (Waffenschein) entitle licensees to publicly carry legally owned weapons, whether concealed or not. A mandatory legal and safety class and shooting proficiency tests are required to obtain such a permit. Carry permits are usually only issued to persons with a particular need for carrying a firearm. This includes some private security personnel and persons living under a raised threat level like celebrities and politicians. They are valid up to three years and can be extended. Carrying at public events is prohibited. Licensed hunters do not need a permit to carry loaded weapons while hunting, and unloaded weapons while directly traveling to and from such an activity.\",\n \"Air gun laws Air pistols are considered handguns and subjected to Class H firearms restrictions. An air pistol shooter will require membership and attendance at an authorized pistol club for six months before allowing ownership, and need to shoot in at least ten events per year — four for each handgun class (air pistol, rimfire or centerfire) — including at least six formal competitions to keep the licence.\",\n \"Firearms policy in the United Kingdom A visitors permit is available for possession of firearms without certificate by visitors to the UK.[53]\",\n \"Gun show loophole Federal law requires background checks for commercial gun sales, but an exemption exists for private-party sales whereby \\\"Any person may sell a firearm to an unlicensed resident of the State where he resides as long as he does not know or have reasonable cause to believe the person is prohibited from receiving or possessing firearms under Federal law.\\\"[2][3][4] Under federal law, private-party sellers are not required to perform background checks on buyers, record the sale, or ask for identification, whether at a gun show or other venue. This is in contrast to sales by gun stores and other Federal Firearms License (FFL) holders, who are required to perform background checks and record all sales on almost all buyers, regardless of whether the venue is their business location or a gun show. Some states have passed laws to require background checks for private sales with limited exceptions. Access to the National Instant Criminal Background Check System (NICS) is limited to FFL holders.\",\n \"Gun laws in New York In New York State, pistol licenses are generally of two types: carry or premises-only.[18] \\\"Premises-only\\\" is the most common license issued in NYC and is supposed to be \\\"Shall-Issue.\\\"[22] Restrictions can be placed on either of the above types of licenses; for example, many jurisdictions allow handgun license holders to carry handguns only while hunting (i.e., sportsman's license) and/or traveling to and from the range (i.e., target license).[18]\",\n \"Gun laws in the United States by state Act 746 allows for concealed carry without permit when upon a journey (outside of one's county of residence).[11]\",\n \"Overview of gun laws by nation Police-issued firearm permits require applicants to be 18 years of age, provide a mental health certificate issued by a psychiatrist, have a clean criminal record with no domestic violence accusations, and pass a written test on firearm safety and knowledge. Final approval is in the hands of the police commander of the district, who can deny the permit in \\\"justified cases\\\" not detailed in the letter of the law. There are five types of permits:\",\n \"Shooting ranges in the United States The instructions of the appointed range master are to be followed at all times.\",\n \"Gun laws in Illinois To legally possess firearms or ammunition, Illinois residents must have a Firearm Owners Identification (FOID) card, which is issued by the Illinois State Police to any qualified applicant. Non-residents who may legally possess firearms in their home state are exempt from this requirement.\",\n \"Overview of gun laws by nation The UK increased firearm regulation through several Firearms Acts,[144]\\nleading to an outright ban on automatic firearms and many semi-automatic firearms. Breech-loading handguns are also tightly controlled.[145]\\nFirearm ownership usually requires a police-issued Shotgun Certificate (SGC) or Firearm Certificate (FAC). The applicant must have: no criminal convictions; no history of medical condition including alcohol and drug-related conditions; no history of depression, mental or nervous disorder, or epilepsy; and a secure gun safe to store firearms. The FAC additionally requires demonstrating a good reason for each firearm the applicant wishes to own (such as hunting, pest control, collecting, or target shooting). Self-defence is only accepted as a good reason in Northern Ireland.\",\n \"Gun laws in Indiana Indiana requires a license for most methods of carrying a handgun. Indiana laws are silent concerning the manner of carry; therefore, the laws cover open carry, concealed carry, vehicle carry, and locked case carry. There are exceptions for carrying a handgun unloaded, not readily accessible, and secured in a case in a vehicle, on your own property, from place of purchase and to a firearm range for the purpose of practice.[6]\",\n \"Gun laws in Utah Utah requires a permit to carry a concealed firearm. With a permit, a person may carry a firearm with a loaded chamber either openly or concealed. Utah will honor a permit issued by any state or county.[7] Utah does not require concealed carry permit holders to notify police officers of their permit or possession of firearms when stopped by police officers, but the state Bureau of Criminal Identification recommends doing so \\\"for the safety of all involved\\\" and to give the officer \\\"some assurance they are most likely dealing with a law abiding citizen.\\\"[8]\",\n \"Gun laws in Colorado Colorado is a \\\"shall-issue\\\" state for concealed carry. Permits are issued by the county sheriff,[6] and are valid for five years. Applicants must demonstrate competence with a handgun, either by passing a training class or by other means.[7] The Concealed Carry Act allows a person with a permit to carry a concealed weapon \\\"in all areas of the state\\\" with the exception of some federal properties, K-12 schools, and buildings with fixed security checkpoints such as courthouses, and also disallows a local government from enforcing an ordinance or resolution that conflicts with the law.[8]\",\n \"Shotgun An SGC holder can own any number of shotguns meeting these requirements so long as he/she can store them securely. No certificate is required to own shotgun ammunition, but one is required to buy it. There is no restriction on the amount of shotgun ammunition that can be bought or owned. There are also no rules regarding the storage of ammunition.\",\n \"Gun laws in Australia The states issue firearms licences for a legal reason, such as hunting, sport shooting, pest control, collecting and for farmers and farm workers. Licences are prohibited for convicted offenders and those with a history of mental illness. Licences must be renewed every 3 or 5 years (or 10 years in the Northern Territory and South Australia). Full licence-holders must be 18 years of age; minor's permits allow the use of a firearm under adult supervision by those as young as 12 in most states.[27]\",\n \"Gun laws in North Carolina In North Carolina, it is unlawful for any person, firm, or corporation to sell, give away, transfer, purchase, or receive, at any place in the state, any pistol, unless the purchaser or receiver has first obtained a license or permit to receive such a pistol by the sheriff of the county where the purchaser or receiver resides, or the purchaser or receiver possesses a valid North Carolina issued concealed carry permit.[10] To obtain a permit prior to the transfer of a pistol applies not only to a commercial transaction typically at a sporting goods store but also between private individuals or companies throughout North Carolina.[10]\",\n \"Air gun laws Shooting is permitted on licensed ranges (ยง 27 Abs. 1, ยง 12 Abs. 4 2 Nr. 1 WaffG), and on enclosed private property if it is assured that the projectiles can not possibly leave the shooting area (ยง 12 Abs. 4 Nr. 1a WaffG). The minimum age for air gun shooting in Germany is 12 years under supervision (ยง 27 Abs. 3 S. 1 Nr. 1 WaffG), but exceptions may be granted to younger children upon request, supported by suitable references from a doctor and by a licensed shooting federation (ยง 27 Abs. 4 WaffG).\",\n \"Gun laws in the United States by state State level laws vary significantly in their form, content, and level of restriction. Forty-four states have a provision in their state constitutions similar to the Second Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which protects the right to keep and bear arms. The exceptions are California, Iowa, Maryland, Minnesota, New Jersey, and New York. In New York, however, the statutory civil rights laws contain a provision virtually identical to the Second Amendment.[1][2] Additionally, the U.S. Supreme Court held in McDonald v. Chicago that the protections of the Second Amendment to keep and bear arms for self-defense in one's home apply against state governments and their political subdivisions.[3]\",\n \"Gun laws in Iowa On January 1, 2011, Iowa became a \\\"shall issue\\\" state for a permit to carry weapons on one's person.[1] Applicants must successfully complete an approved training course.\",\n \"Gun laws in Canada Businesses, museums and organizations must have a valid firearms business licence to possess, manufacture or sell firearms, restricted or prohibited firearms, prohibited devices, or prohibited ammunition. A licence is not required to possess regular ammunition, but is required to manufacture or sell ammunition. A separate licence is required for each location where the business operates, and each business licence is valid only for the activities specified on the licence.\",\n \"Concealed carry in the United States Installation policies can vary from no-issue for most bases to shall-issue in rare circumstances. Installations that do allow the carrying of firearms typically restrict carrying to designated areas and for specific purposes (i.e., hunting or officially sanctioned shooting competitions in approved locations on the installation). Installation commanders may require the applicant complete extensive firearms safety training, undergo a mental health evaluation, and obtain a letter of recommendation from his or her unit commander (or employer) before such authorization is granted. Personnel that reside on a military installation are typically required to store their personally-owned firearms in the installation armory, although the installation commander or provost marshal may permit a servicemember to store his or her personal firearms in their on-base dwelling if he or she has a gun safe or similarly designed cabinet where the firearms can be secured.\",\n \"Gun laws in the United States by state As of July 1, 2014, due to the enhanced Castle Doctrine law, a person may keep a loaded handgun or long gun in their private vehicle without a permit.[96]\",\n \"Gun laws in New York The City of New York has its own set of laws, and requires permits to own any long gun or pistol.[citation needed]\",\n \"Gun laws in Utah Open carry of a loaded firearm (e.g., a live round of ammunition in the firing chamber) is allowed with a permit\",\n \"Gun laws in Iowa You must complete the Iowa Application for Permit to Carry Weapons. You must apply to the Sheriff in the county of your residence. You must produce an identification card with your current address; You must have documentation indicating you meet the training requirements of Iowa Code Chapter 724. You must pay $50 in cash (Some counties charge additional $5–10 for the wallet card). Service members or former service member don't have to take the training course, as long as they present their DD-214 or a military ID. The Sheriff Office will take your picture. The Sheriff is required to conduct a background check of local files and the NICS (FBI files). If you provide false information on your application, you commit a class “D” felony. Your permit will be issued or denied within 30 days.\",\n \"Gun laws in North Carolina Under N.C.G.S. 14-402, a county sheriff is only authorized to issue a permit to receive or purchase a handgun when an application is submitted by a person who is a resident of his or her particular county.[10] The sole exception is that the sheriff may issue a permit to a non-resident when the purpose of the permit is collecting. Before issuing a permit, the sheriff must fully satisfy himself/herself by affidavits, oral evidence, or otherwise, that the applicant is of good moral character and that the person, firm, or corporation wants to possess the weapon for one of the following purposes: The protection of the applicant's home, business, person, family, or property; target shooting; collection;or hunting.[10] The sheriff must also verify by a criminal history background investigation that it is not a violation of the state or federal law for the applicant to purchase, transfer, receive, or possess a handgun.[10] In order to determine criminal history of the applicant, the sheriff must access the computerized criminal history records maintained by the State and Federal Bureaus of Investigation, by conducting a national criminal history records check, and by conducting a criminal history check through the Administrative Office of the Courts.[10]\",\n \"Gun laws in Tennessee A license is required to carry a loaded handgun either openly or concealed. Such permits are issued through the Department of Safety to qualified residents 21 years or 18 years old if the applicant is active duty, reservist, guardsman, or honorably discharged from their branch of service, DD-214 must mention 'pistol qualification' in order to be exempt from 8 hour safety course must have a valid military ID. The length of the term for the initial license is determined by the age of the applicant. If renewed properly and on time, the license is renewed every 5 years. Tennessee recognizes any valid, out-of-state permit for carrying a handgun as long as the permittee is not a resident of Tennessee. Nonresidents are not issued permits unless they are regularly employed in the state. Such persons are then required to obtain Tennessee permits even if they have home state permits unless their home state has entered into a reciprocity agreement with Tennessee. Permittees may carry handguns in most areas except civic centers, public recreation buildings and colleges. Businesses or landowners posting \\\"no carry\\\" signs may prohibit gun carry on any portion of their properties.\",\n \"Air gun laws Air weapons exceeding 7.5 J muzzle energy, e.g. field target guns, are treated like firearms and therefore require a relevant permit for acquisition and possession. Proof of need, a clean criminal record and the passing of a knowledge and handling test are required (ยง 4 Abs. 1 WaffG) to gain the permit.\",\n \"Gun laws in Michigan As of December 18, 2012, no purchase permit is required for purchases from a Class 1 FFL Dealer.[14]\",\n \"Gun laws in Montana Montana has some of the most permissive gun laws in the United States.[4] It is a \\\"shall issue\\\" state for concealed carry.[5][6] The county sheriff shall issue a concealed weapons permit to a qualified applicant within 60 days. Concealed carry is not allowed in government buildings, financial institutions, or any place where alcoholic beverages are served. Carrying a concealed weapon while intoxicated is prohibited. No weapons, concealed or otherwise, are allowed in school buildings. Montana recognizes concealed carry permits issued by most but not all other states. Concealed carry without a permit is generally allowed outside city, town, or logging camp limits. Under Montana law a permit is necessary only when the weapon is \\\" wholly or partially covered by the clothing or wearing apparel \\\",[7] therefore it is legal to carry and/or keep a firearm inside a vehicle without a permit (as long as it is not concealed on the person). If you do not have a CWP it could be considered a violation of the law for you to conceal a gun in a purse or backpack, since the law defines a concealed weapon as one that is \\\"wholly or partially covered by the clothing or wearing apparel of the person carrying or bearing the weapon.[8] As of 2017, the concealed weapons law applies only to firearms, excluding items such as knives, slingshots, billies, etc. from the permit requirement.[9]\",\n \"Gun laws in Pennsylvania Pennsylvania shall issue a LTCF to resident and non-resident applicants if no good cause exists to deny the license. Non-resident applicants must first obtain a license from their home state, unless their home state does not issue licenses.[1][2]\",\n \"Gun laws in the United States by state Enhanced concealed carry permits allow for carrying in some forbidden areas such as carrying at public colleges, most public buildings, non-secure locations in an airport, churches, and more.[12][13]\",\n \"Overview of gun laws by nation Ukraine is the only European country without firearms statutes; regulation is by Order No. 622 of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. A firearm license may be issued to citizens who meet an age requirement (21 for shotguns, 18 for shotguns for hunting purposes, and 25 for rifles), have no criminal record or history of domestic violence or mental illness and have a specific reason such as target shooting, hunting or collecting. Handguns of .22, 9 mm, .357 magnum and .38 caliber are permitted only for target shooting and those who can prove a threat against their lives (who are typically also given concealed carry permits).[104] All firearms must be stored unloaded in a safe.\",\n \"Gun law in the United States Fugitives, those convicted of a felony with a sentence exceeding 2 years, or 2 year for a misdemeanor, past or present, and those who were involuntarily admitted to a mental facility are prohibited from purchasing a firearm. Forty-four states have a provision in their state constitutions similar to the Second Amendment to the United States Constitution, which protects the right to keep and bear arms. The exceptions are California, Iowa, Maryland, Minnesota, New Jersey, and New York. In New York, however, the statutory civil rights laws contain a provision virtually identical to the Second Amendment.[4][5] Additionally, the U.S. Supreme Court held in McDonald v. Chicago that the protections of the Second Amendment to keep and bear arms for self-defense in one's home apply against state governments and their political subdivisions.[6]\",\n \"Gun laws in Florida Open carry when on foot in a public area is generally illegal, but is permitted in certain circumstances, as defined by Florida statute 790.25(3). For example, open carry is permitted while hunting, fishing, camping, gun shows, or while target shooting at a gun range, and while going to and from such activities.[14] The open carry ban statute was challenged in court[15] but the ban was upheld.[16]\"\n]","isConversational":false},"gt_docs":{"kind":"list like","value":["Shooting ranges in the United States Typically, no license or advanced training beyond just firearm familiarization (for rentals) and range rules familiarization is usually required for using a shooting range in the United States; the only common requirement is that the shooter must be at least 18 or 21 years old (or have a legal guardian present), and must sign a waiver prior to shooting."],"string":"[\n \"Shooting ranges in the United States Typically, no license or advanced training beyond just firearm familiarization (for rentals) and range rules familiarization is usually required for using a shooting range in the United States; the only common requirement is that the shooter must be at least 18 or 21 years old (or have a legal guardian present), and must sign a waiver prior to shooting.\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":290,"cells":{"_id":{"kind":"string","value":"test3217"},"query":{"kind":"string","value":"when does the sword art online movie take place"},"gt_ids":{"kind":"list like","value":["doc110107"],"string":"[\n \"doc110107\"\n]","isConversational":false},"gt_qrels":{"kind":"list like","value":[1],"string":"[\n 1\n]","isConversational":false},"candidate_ids":{"kind":"list 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with the main staff returning from the anime series.[5][6] The film takes place after the anime series' second season, Sword Art Online II.[7] It was then revealed at the Dengeki Bunko Haru no Saiten 2016 event on March 13, 2016 that the film is titled Sword Art Online The Movie: Ordinal Scale.[8] The voice cast from the anime series returned to reprise their roles in the film.[3][9][10]","Sword Art Online An animated film titled Sword Art Online The Movie: Ordinal Scale featuring an original story by Kawahara set after the events of Sword Art Online II premiered in Japan and Southeast Asia on February 18, 2017, and was released in the United States on March 9, 2017.[61][62][63][64]","Sword Art Online The Movie: Ordinal Scale The Blu-ray and DVD home video release volumes of Sword Art Online The Movie: Ordinal Scale were released in Japan on September 27, 2017 and are scheduled for release in North America on December 19, 2017.[26] The Japanese home video release features a sequel novel titled Sword Art Online: Cordial Code written by Kawahara and illustrated by abec, set eight days after the events of Ordinal Scale.[27]","Sword Art Online An anime television series produced by A-1 Pictures, known simply as Sword Art Online, aired in Japan between July and December 2012, with television film Sword Art Online: Extra Edition airing on December 31, 2013, and a second season, titled Sword Art Online II, airing between July and December 2014. An animated film titled Sword Art Online The Movie: Ordinal Scale featuring an original story by Kawahara premiered in Japan and Southeast Asia on February 18, 2017, and was released in the United States on March 9, 2017. A third season titled Sword Art Online: Alicization and a spin-off anime series titled Sword Art Online Alternative Gun Gale Online are in production and are set to be released in 2018.[needs update] A live-action series will be produced by Netflix. Four video games based on the series have been released for multiple consoles.","Sword Art Online The Movie: Ordinal Scale Sword Art Online The Movie: Ordinal Scale (Japanese: 劇場版 ソードアート・オンライン -オーディナル・スケール-, Hepburn: Gekijō-ban Sōdo Āto Onrain -Ōdinaru Sukēru-) is a 2017 Japanese animated fantasy adventure film based on the Sword Art Online light novel series written by Reki Kawahara and illustrated by abec. The film is produced by A-1 Pictures and directed by Tomohiko Itō, featuring an original story by Kawahara, character designs by Shingo Adachi and music by Yuki Kajiura. It was released in Japan, Southeast Asia, and Germany on February 18, 2017, in Mexico on March 4, 2017, and in the United States on March 9, 2017.","Sword Art Online The Movie: Ordinal Scale The film premiered in Japan, Southeast Asia and Germany on February 18, 2017. The Asian premieres were distributed by Aniplex and Odex, respectively.[13][14][15] There was a premiere event in the United States on March 1, 2017; Eleven Arts distributed and released the film in U.S. theaters on March 9, 2017.[16] Madman Entertainment also released the film at theaters in Australia and New Zealand on March 9, 2017.[17] Aniplex of America released the film at theaters in Canada between March 17 and March 19, 2017.[18] The English dub premiered at Anime Boston 2017, with a national release on April 22.[19][20] Anime Limited brought the film to cinemas in the United Kingdom and Ireland on April 19, 2017.[21][22] The film was set to play in about 1,000 theaters worldwide.[23]","Sword Art Online Sword Art Online (Japanese: ソードアート・オンライン, Hepburn: Sōdo Āto Onrain) is a Japanese light novel series written by Reki Kawahara and illustrated by abec. The series takes place in the near future and focuses on protagonist Kazuto \"Kirito\" Kirigaya and Asuna Yuuki as they play though various virtual reality MMORPG worlds. The light novels began publication on ASCII Media Works' Dengeki Bunko imprint from April 10, 2009, with a spin-off series launching in October 2012. The series has spawned eight manga adaptations published by ASCII Media Works and Kadokawa. The novels and four of the manga adaptations have been licensed for release in North America by Yen Press.","Sword Art Online Kawahara also writes the Sword Art Online: Progressive series, which covers Kirito's adventures on the first few floors of Aincrad. The first volume of Progressive was released on October 10, 2012,[11] and four volumes have been released as of December 10, 2015.[12] The first volume of a light novel series based on Sword Art Online titled Sword Art Online Alternative Gun Gale Online, written by Keiichi Sigsawa with illustrations by Kouhaku Kuroboshi, was published by ASCII Media Works on December 10, 2014.[13] An original 100-page prequel novel to Sword Art Online The Movie: Ordinal Scale written by Kawahara, titled Hopeful Chant, was released to people who watched the film in Japan during March 4–10, 2017.[14]","Sword Art Online The Movie: Ordinal Scale In the year 2026, the Augma is released to the public as an alternative system to the AmuSphere, due to its function to simulate reality while the player is conscious rather than using FullDive. The most prominent combat-based game is Ordinal Scale, in which a player's abilities are ranked by ordinal numbers.","Sword Art Online A stage event at the Dengeki Bunko Autumn Festival 2011 revealed that Reki Kawahara's light novels would get video game adaptations.[83] The first Sword Art Online adaptation, titled Sword Art Online: Infinity Moment (ソードアート・オンライン -インフィニティ・モーメント-, Sōdo Āto Onrain: Infiniti Mōmento), was developed by Namco Bandai Games for the PlayStation Portable.[84] The game follows an alternate storyline, in which a glitch causes Kirito and the other players to remain in Sword Art Online despite defeating Heathcliff, and players from other VMMORPGs such as Leafa and Sinon get sucked into the game themselves.[85] The game was released in both regular and limited edition box sets on March 14, 2013.[86]","Sword Art Online The Movie: Ordinal Scale The group returns to the arena still in full-dive where Kirito, now OS's top-ranked player, dispatches the bosses with his new sword as Kikuoka finds Shigemura in the server room of Argus (the defunct company that ran SAO) and arrests him. The hooded Yuna restores the survivors' memories and fades out of existence since she was coded from the Floor 100 boss. Afterwards, Kirito and Asuna fulfill their promise they made to each other in Aincrad, to watch a meteor shower together. Asuna returns Kirito's engagement ring so to properly put it on her hand, which he does.","Sword Art Online: Hollow Realization Hollow Realization takes place in Sword Art: Origin, a restoration of Aincrad titled Ainground,[10] with intentions of research and development[12] in the year 2026, three years after the original Sword Art Online event.[13] However, unlike in Sword Art Online, Aincrad is one large floor, instead of multiple, while the castle itself was renamed to Ainground,[6] where several monsters can be battled.[2]","Sword Art Online The Movie: Ordinal Scale The film on its opening weekend opened at No. 1 at the Japanese box office, debuting in 151 theaters across Japan and grossed a total of ¥425 million from 308,376 admissions.[28][29] As of October 1, 2017, the film has grossed a total of over ¥4.3 billion.[2] It grossed over US$1.35 million in its first weekend in North America.[30] During its first day in Italy, the film beat out both Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales and Wonder Woman at the box office.[31] It has grossed CN¥43 million in China.[32]","Sword Art Online The Movie: Ordinal Scale Kirito goes to the school and meets Professor Tetsuhiro Shigemura who developed Augma, but Shigemura refuses to answer any questions. Before leaving, Kirito notices on Shigemura's desk a picture of a girl who resembles Yuna. Kirito discusses with Kikuoka Seijirou, who informs him that Shigemura's daughter, Yuna, died in SAO. Visiting Asuna's home, Kirito promises Asuna to get her memories back. Kirito encounters the hooded girl again, revealed to be Yuna. When she tells him his rank is too low, Kirito decides to level up, solo-killing as many bosses as he can with aid from Sinon and Leafa.","Sword Art Online The Movie: Ordinal Scale A few days after the world premiere, a leak of the film was found online, tracing the source back to Malaysia and Singapore.[24][25]","Sword Art Online The Movie: Ordinal Scale The film's soundtrack is composed by Yuki Kajiura, who also composed the music for the anime series. The soundtrack features 50 tracks, including 5 insert songs performed by Sayaka Kanda. It was released by Aniplex on February 22, 2017.[11] LiSA performed the film's theme song, titled \"Catch the Moment\".[12] Sayaka Kanda perfroms five songs as Yuna: \"Ubiquitous dB\", \"Longing\", \"Delete\", \"Break Beat Bark!\" and \"Smile For You\".","Sword Art Online The Movie: Ordinal Scale Alex Osborn of IGN posted a score of 7.5/10 and stated: \"It's not a visual stunner, but Ordinal Scale serves up a solid original story that will help tide over those who are hungry for more SAO while they wait for a third season\". The second review came from Cine Premier's Julio Vélez who scored it a 4.5/5 and stated: \"The second act falls a little in action by focusing more on defining the motives of the antagonists, but everything recovers in an exciting and prolonged climax\".[33] In a review featured on the anime streaming website Crunchyroll, Isaac Akers states \"SAO being SAO, this was never going to be a perfectly crafted movie—but it captures so many of the charms of the franchise whilst also avoiding nearly all of its most aggravating faults.\"[34]","Sword Art Online An anime adaptation of Sword Art Online was announced at Dengeki Bunko Autumn Festival 2011, along with Reki Kawahara's other light novel series, Accel World.[39] The anime is produced by Aniplex and Genco, animated by A-1 Pictures and directed by Tomohiko Ito with music by Yuki Kajiura.[40] The anime aired on Tokyo MX, tvk, TVS, TVA, RKB, HBC and MBS between July 7 and December 22, 2012, and on AT-X, Chiba TV and BS11 at later dates.[41] The series was also streamed on Crunchyroll and Hulu.[42] The anime is adapted from the first four novels and parts of volume seven.","Sword Art Online At the end of the special, the anime television series was confirmed for a second season, titled Sword Art Online II, which premiered on July 5, 2014.[54][55] The first 14 episodes of the second season is an adaptation of volumes five and six the light novels that cover the Phantom Bullet arc.[56] Episodes 15 to 17 cover the Calibur arc from volume 8 of the novels, with episodes 18 to 24 covering volume 7 of the novels, the Mother's Rosario arc. Premiere screening events of the second season were held in the United States, France, Germany, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Korea and Japan before the television premiere between June 29 and July 4, 2014.[57][58][59] At Katsucon, it was announced that the English dub of the second season would air on Toonami beginning March 28, 2015.[60]","Sword Art Online Steven Spielberg's 2018 film Ready Player One contains a reference to Sword Art Online.[142] Ernest Cline, the writer of 2011 novel Ready Player One, discussed Sword Art Online in an interview, noting how he met its writer Reki Kawahara at an event in Japan where they discussed how they independently developed similar ideas related to virtual reality.[143]","Sword Art Online The Movie: Ordinal Scale Days later, the OS players gather at a stadium for Yuna's concert. In the lower levels, Kirito duels with Eiji who claims he has a way to return Asuna's memories. Kirito wins but Eiji reveals that Shigemura has been harvesting memories of SAO players in an attempt to reconstruct his lost daughter's soul and download her as an AI; having all players in the concert would make removing memories easier. Eiji adds that the drones used for harvesting possess enough power to damage the players' brains, killing them like the NerveGear did in SAO.","Sword Art Online In 2022, a virtual reality massively multiplayer online role-playing game (VRMMORPG) called Sword Art Online (SAO) is released. With the NerveGear, a helmet that stimulates the user's five senses via their brain, players can experience and control their in-game characters with their minds. Both the game and the NerveGear was created by Akihiko Kayaba.","Sword Art Online In the real world, Kazuto discovers that 300 SAO players, including Asuna, remain trapped in their NerveGear. As he goes to the hospital to see Asuna, he meets Shouzou Yuuki, Asuna's father, who is asked by an associate of his, Nobuyuki Sugou, to make a decision, which Sugou later reveals to be his marriage with Asuna, angering Kazuto. Several months later, he is informed by Agil, another SAO survivor, that a figure similar to Asuna was spotted on \"The World Tree\" in another VRMMORPG cyberspace called Alfheim Online (ALO). Assisted in-game by his cousin Suguha \"Leafa\" Kirigaya and Yui, a navigation pixie (originally an AI from SAO), he quickly learns that the trapped players in ALO are part of a plan conceived by Sugou to perform illegal experiments on their minds. The goal is to create the perfect mind-control for financial gain and to subjugate Asuna, whom he intends to marry in the real world, to assume control of her family's corporation. Kirito eventually stops the experiment and rescues the remaining 300 SAO players, foiling Sugou's plans. Before leaving ALO to see Asuna, Kayaba, who has uploaded his mind to the Internet using an experimental and destructively high-power version of NerveGear at the cost of his life, entrusts Kirito with The Seed – a package program designed to create virtual worlds. Kazuto eventually reunites with Asuna in the real world and The Seed is released onto the Internet, reviving Aincrad as other VRMMORPGs begin to thrive.","List of Sword Art Online episodes Five pieces of theme music were used for the series: two opening themes and three ending themes. For the first 14 episodes, the opening theme song is \"Crossing Field\" performed by LiSA,[17] and the ending theme is \"Yume Sekai\" (ユメセカイ, lit. \"Dream World\") performed by Haruka Tomatsu.[18] The second opening theme, used from episode 15 onwards, is \"Innocence\" performed by Eir Aoi.[19] While its second ending theme, used from episodes 15 to 24, is \"Overfly\" sung by Luna Haruna.[20] The third ending theme, \"Crossing Field\" was used for the final episode. The extra edition's main theme is \"Niji no Oto\" (虹の音, Sound of the Rainbow) by Eir Aoi.[21] The original score for the series is composed by Yuki Kajiura. A film, Sword Art Online: Ordinal Scale, was released on February 18, 2017.","Sword Art Online Reki Kawahara wrote the first volume in 2002 as a competition entry for ASCII Media Works' Dengeki Game Novel Prize (電撃ゲーム小説大賞, Dengeki Game Shōsetsu Taishō, now Dengeki Novel Prize), but refrained from submitting it as he had exceeded the page limit; he instead published it as a web novel under the pseudonym Fumio Kunori.[3] Over time, he added three further episodes and several short stories.[4][5] In 2008, he participated in the competition again by writing Accel World, this time winning the Grand Prize. Aside from Accel World, he was requested to get his earlier work, Sword Art Online, published by ASCII Media Works.[3] Kawahara agreed and withdrew his web novel versions.[5]","Sword Art Online The Movie: Ordinal Scale As a horde of Aincrad bosses raid the arena, Kirito and Yuna join the battle. Yuna tells Kirito that the Augma has a hidden full-dive feature and he can use it to defeat SAO's 100th floor boss to end the battle. Before diving, Kirito gives Asuna an engagement ring. Entering the Ruby Palace of Floor 100, Kirito, Lisbeth, Silica, Agil, and Sinon confront the boss. They are easily defeated until Asuna, Leafa, Klein, and several others from ALO and GGO come to their aid. Yui restores their saved abilities from SAO, allowing everyone to defeat the boss. The voice of Akihiko Kayaba congratulates them on their victory and gives Kirito an extremely powerful sword as a reward.","Sword Art Online A virtual reality massive multiplayer online game was in development by Kadokawa and IBM Japan,[115] but was only a demo and will not be released as a full game. An action role-playing game titled Accel World VS Sword Art Online: Millennium Twilight was announced in October 2016. The game is a crossover with Accel World, developed by Bandai Namco Entertainment for PlayStation 4, PlayStation Vita,[116] and Windows via Steam,[117] and was released to western audiences on July 7, 2017.[118]","Sword Art Online Sword Art Online: Memory Defrag, launched by Bandai Namco Entertainment, was released outside of Japan on January 24, 2017.[119] This RPG is available on iOS and Android devices. Featuring content from the anime series, Ordinal Scale, and some original shorts written for event characters, players are allowed to play solo and progress through the story, or join up with others online to farm special items, equipment, and materials.[120] Common events include ranked challenges against other players, floor clearing, character introductions and seasonal events. Players have the choice of spending real money to speed-up their progress.[121]","Sword Art Online Soon after, at the prompting of a government official investigating strange occurrences in VR, Kazuto takes on a job to investigate a series of murders involving another VRMMORPG called Gun Gale Online (GGO), the AmuSphere (the successor of the NerveGear), and a player called Death Gun. Aided by a female player named Shino \"Sinon\" Asada, he participates in a gunfight tournament called the Bullet of Bullets (BoB) and discovers the truth behind the murders, which originated with a player who participated in a player-killing guild in SAO. Through his and Sinon's efforts, two suspects are captured, though the third suspect, Johnny Black, escapes.","Sword Art Online The third season of Sword Art Online, titled Sword Art Online: Alicization and a spin-off anime, titled Sword Art Online Alternative Gun Gale Online, were announced in 2017.[65] Sword Art Online Alternative Gun Gale Online, animated by 3Hz, is due to air in April 2018.[66][67] Sword Art Online: Alicization is due to air in October 2018.[68]","Sword Art Online The Movie: Ordinal Scale Asuna, Lisbeth and Silica encourage Kirito to play OS upon hearing that Aincrad bosses have appeared. Kirito joins Asuna and Klein in a boss fight where the game's mascot, AI idol singer Yuna, appears and gives players buff effects as she sings. Kirito fails to achieve anything due to lack of physical strength and quickness. Eiji, the number-two player, aides the group in defeating the boss. Before Asuna makes the killing blow, Eiji whispers the word \"Switch,\" a game mechanic from SAO that she recognizes.","Sword Art Online After Kawahara's request for Sword Art Online to be published was approved,[3] he started working with illustrator abec on the light novel series. The first volume was published in print on April 10, 2009,[9] and 20 volumes have been published as of September 8, 2017.[10]","Sword Art Online Sword Art Online is a planned American live-action television adaptation of Sword Art Online. Skydance Television announced on August 2, 2016, that they had acquired the global rights to produce a live-action television adaptation of Reki Kawahara's Sword Art Online light novel series.[123] Laeta Kalogridis has been attached to write a script for the pilot, and will also serve as executive producer for the series alongside Skydance CEO David Ellison, Dana Goldberg, and Marcy Ross.[123] Skydance has stated their intent to \"fast-track\" the launch of the series,[123] along with plans to follow the TV series with the release of a Sword Art Online virtual reality experience.[124][125] In February 2018 it was reported that the live-action series had been sold to Netflix.[126]","Sword Art Online The Movie: Ordinal Scale Asuna, Lisbeth and Silica enter another fight where Yuna and Eiji appear again. Asuna is hit by the boss and passes out upon saving Silica who was pushed into the boss' path by Eiji. Asuna realizes her memories of SAO are fading and at a hospital visit with Kirito, learn that the Augma scanned her brain for SAO memories and that it could also happen to other SAO survivors playing OS. Kirito investigates the issue with Sinon during a boss battle, where an SAO player is defeated and a glowing orb floats upward into an OS drone. Yui fails to retrieve it after being locked out by the game. Later, Kirito meets the hooded girl again who repeats her actions from before. Kirito and Yui discover she is pointing towards Touto Technical University.","List of Sword Art Online episodes Sword Art Online is a science fantasy anime series adapted from the light novel series of the same title written by Reki Kawahara and illustrated by Abec. It was produced by A-1 Pictures, Genco, and the SAO Project, and directed by Tomohiko Itō.[1] It is divided into the \"Aincrad\" and \"Fairy Dance\" arcs. The story of the first season follows the adventures of Kazuto \"Kirito\" Kirigaya and Asuna Yuuki, two players who are trapped in the virtual world of \"Sword Art Online\" (SAO). They are tasked to clear all 100 Floors and defeat the final boss in order to be freed from the game.[2][3] Three months after the death game, Kazuto discovers that Asuna is being held captive in \"ALfheim Online\" (ALO), a spiritual successor to SAO, where the players assume the roles of fairies. Kazuto enters the game and allies himself with his sister Suguha \"Leafa\" Kirigaya to rescue Asuna from captivity.[4]","Sword Art Online The anime has been licensed in North America by Aniplex of America[43] and an English-language dub premiered on Adult Swim's Toonami from July 27, 2013[44] to February 15, 2014. The series was released by Aniplex of America in four DVD and Blu-ray sets, with special extras on the BD sets, between August 13 and November 19, 2013.[45] Manga Entertainment released the first series on BD/DVD in the United Kingdom in December 2013,[46] whilst Madman Entertainment released the series in Australia[47] and the English-language version began airing on ABC3 on June 7, 2014.[48] Sword Art Online has been available on Netflix in North America since March 15, 2014.[49]","Sword Art Online The Movie: Ordinal Scale The next night, Asuna joins Klein and his group for another boss fight while waiting for their last group member, unaware that he was injured by Eiji the night before. Asuna proceeds to the fight which is again presided over by Yuna. Klein and his group are ambushed and defeated by the sudden appearance of another boss and Eiji. The following morning, as Kirito practices with OS in a park, a girl in a white hood appears and points off into the distance before disappearing. Kirito meets with Asuna, who theorizes that Eiji was a member of the Knights of the Blood Oath named Nautilus, while Yui deduces that the spawn locations of the Aincrad bosses line up with the SAO dungeon maps.","Sword Art Online For the second season, the first opening theme is \"Ignite\" by Aoi, and the first ending theme is \"Startear\" by Haruna.[77] The second opening theme is \"Courage\" by Tomatsu,[78] and the second ending theme is \"No More Time Machine\" by LiSA, with the third ending theme being \"Shirushi\" (シルシ), also by LiSA.[79] The song \"Catch the Moment\" by LiSA is used as the theme song to Sword Art Online: Ordinal Scale.[80]","List of Sword Art Online episodes The series aired from July 8 to December 23, 2012, on Tokyo Metropolitan Television, spanning 25 episodes. It was later broadcast by 12 other stations.[5] Aniplex of America announced that the English dubbed version will air on Adult Swim's Toonami block starting from July 27, 2013.[6][7] The first DVD and Blu-ray Disc volumes were released in Japan on October 24, 2012, and it concluded on June 26, 2013, with all nine volumes containing a bonus Sword Art Offline (ソードアート・オフライン, Sōdo Āto Ofurain) episode.[8][9][10] In North America, Aniplex of America released the series in four Blu-ray/DVD volumes on August 13, 2013.[11] In Australasia, Madman Entertainment distributed the four volumes in DVD and Blu-ray format.[12] In Europe, Manga Entertainment first released all four volumes on December 16, 2013.[13][14] A special episode of the anime titled Sword Art Online: Extra Edition (ソードアート・オンライン Extra Edition, Sōdo Āto Onrain Ekisutora Edikushon) was globally released on December 31, 2013.[15] A second season, Sword Art Online II began in July 2014.[16]","Sword Art Online A number of character songs were included in the Blu-ray and DVD volume releases of the anime. These were collected into two compilation albums: Sword Art Online Song Collection, which included character songs released in the season one volumes, was released on August 27, 2014,[81] while Sword Art Online Song Collection II, which included character songs released in the season two volumes, was released on March 22, 2017.[82]","Sword Art Online A fourth game titled Sword Art Online: Hollow Realization was released in Japan for the PS4, Vita, and Windows on October 27, 2016[101] and worldwide on November 8, 2016 for the PS4 and Vita.[102]","Sword Art Online A social network game called Sword Art Online: End World was released for Japanese feature phones and smartphones on February 28, 2013[103][104] with more than 1 million registered users.[105] Another freemium game for Android and iOS titled Sword Art Online: Code Register launched in 2014, and over 3,000,000 users have downloaded the game.[106] Another game called Sword Art Online: Progress Link designed for the Mobage browser game platform on smartphones was released on February 10, 2015.[107] In 2016, Bandai Namco released Sword Art Online: Memory Defrag for Android and iOS.[108]","Sword Art Online Alternative Gun Gale Online Dengeki Bunko announced on September 18, 2014 that Keiichi Sigsawa would be writing a light novel based on Reki Kawahara's Sword Art Online light novel series. The series is supervised by Kawahara and illustrated by Kouhaku Kuroboshi, and ASCII Media Works published the first novel under the Dengeki imprint on December 10, 2014.[3] During their panel at Anime NYC on November 18, 2017, Yen Press announced that they had licensed the series.[4]","Sword Art Online On November 6, 10,000 players log into the SAO's mainframe cyberspace for the first time, only to discover that they are unable to log out. Kayaba appears and tells the players that they must beat all 100 floors of Aincrad, a steel castle which is the setting of SAO, if they wish to be free. Those who suffer in-game deaths or forcibly remove the NerveGear out-of-game will suffer real-life deaths.","Sword Art Online A third video game developed by Artdink[94] and titled Sword Art Online: Lost Song was released in Japan on March 26, 2015[95] on the PlayStation 3 and Vita platforms,[96][97] with an English version being released in Asia.[98] The game's producer revealed in October 2014 that the game is an open-world action RPG featuring an original storyline, set within Alfheim Online, where characters are able to fly.[99] The game sold 139,298 physical retail copies on the PlayStation Vita in addition to another 55,090 units on the PlayStation 3 within its first week of release in Japan, ranking second and sixth place respectively within the Japanese software sales charts for that particular week, narrowly behind Bloodborne taking the top spot.[100]","Sword Art Online There are ten manga adaptations of the series, all written by Reki Kawahara and published by ASCII Media Works. Sword Art Online: Aincrad (ソードアート・オンライン アインクラッド), illustrated by Tamako Nakamura, was serialized in Dengeki Bunko Magazine between the September 2010 and May 2012 issues. Two tankōbon volumes of Aincrad were released on September 27, 2012.[24][25] A comedy four-panel manga, titled Sword Art Online. (そーどあーと☆おんらいん。) and illustrated by Jūsei Minami, began serialization in the September 2010 issue of Dengeki Bunko Magazine. The first volume of Sword Art Online. was released on September 27, 2012.[26] A third manga, titled Sword Art Online: Fairy Dance (ソードアート・オンライン フェアリィ・ダンス) and illustrated by Hazuki Tsubasa, began serialization in the May 2012 issue of Dengeki Bunko Magazine. The first volume of Fairy Dance was released on October 27, 2012;[27] the third volume was released on June 27, 2014.[28] The Aincrad and Fairy Dance manga have been acquired for release in North America by Yen Press.[15] The first volume of Aincrad was published on March 25, 2014.[16]","Sword Art Online The Movie: Ordinal Scale In a post-credits scene, Kikuoka, who was impressed with Shigemura's attempt at AI and soul reconstruction, recruits Shigemura to Rath.","Sword Art Online A year-end special, titled Sword Art Online Extra Edition, aired on December 31, 2013. The special recapped the previously aired anime series and included some new footage.[50] Extra Edition was streamed worldwide a few hours after its airing in Japan.[51] The two-hour-long special was available on Daisuki worldwide except for French-speaking areas, as well as China and Korea.[51] Daisuki offered subtitles in various languages such as English, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, and German.[51] English-speaking countries, Mexico, Central and South America could also watch the stream on Crunchyroll.[52] Extra Edition was also simulcast in Korea on Aniplus cable channel and in China on the LeTV streaming website.[52] French-speaking countries could watch on the Wakanim streaming website.[52] The Blu-ray Disc and DVD of Extra Edition was released on April 23, 2014 in Japan.[53] The limited edition included a Yui character song titled \"Heart Sweet Heart\" by Kanae Itō and an original side story written by Kawahara titled \"Sword Art Online Niji no Hashi\" (ソードアート・オンライン 虹の橋, Sword Art Online Rainbow Bridge).[53]","Sword Art Online Alternative Gun Gale Online Due to the incident that occurred in VR MMORPG Sword Art Online — where 10,000 players were trapped in the game on launch day — the popularity of VR games has plummeted due to fear of similar incidents. The NerveGear, SAO's VR device, was recalled and destroyed, but with the launch of its successor, the AmuSphere, combined with release of the license-free development support package the \"Seed,\" the popularity of VR games saw a sudden resurgence.","Sword Art Online At their Japan Expo USA panel, Yen Press announced the rights to publish the light novels; the first volume was released on April 22, 2014.[15][16] Yen Press later announced their license of the Sword Art Online: Progressive series, which is scheduled for release in 2015.[17] The novels are also published in China, Taiwan, South Korea, Thailand and Vietnam,[18] with future plans for publications in France,[19] Germany, Italy, Austria, Switzerland and others.[18]","List of Sword Art Online episodes In North America, Aniplex of America released the series in four DVD and Blu-ray volumes beginning on August 13, 2013. In Australasia, Madman Entertainment released volume one in DVD and Blu-ray on December 18, 2013, and concluded with volume four on March 19, 2014. In Europe, Manga Entertainment began to release the anime on December 16, 2013.[72] Sword Art Online: Extra Edition was licensed by Aniplex of America and released by Blu-ray and DVD in North America on December 23, 2014.[62]","List of Sword Art Online light novels Sword Art Online is a Japanese light novel series written by Reki Kawahara with accompanying illustrations drawn by abec. The series takes place in the near-future and focuses on various virtual reality MMORPG worlds. Originally self-published online under the pseudonym Fumio Kunori,[1] ASCII Media Works began publishing the novels on April 10, 2009 under their Dengeki Bunko imprint.[2] The series has since grown to 18 volumes as of August 10, 2016 and the 20th volume was released on September 8, 2017.[3] Yen Press began publishing the novels in English in North America and United Kingdom with the first volume on April 22, 2014. The novels are also published in China, Taiwan, South Korea, Thailand,[4] France,[5] and Poland.[6] With more than 16 million copies in print worldwide, there are future plans for publications in Germany, Italy, Austria, Switzerland, Vietnam and others.[4]","Sword Art Online One of the players, named Kazuto \"Kirito\" Kirigaya, is one of 1,000 testers in the game's previous closed beta. With the advantage of previous VR gaming experience and a drive to protect other beta testers from discrimination, he isolates himself from the greater groups and plays the game alone, bearing the mantle of \"beater\", a portmanteau of \"beta tester\" and \"cheater\". As the players progress through the game Kirito eventually befriends a young girl named Asuna Yuuki, forming a relationship with and later marrying her in-game. After the duo discover the identity of Kayaba's secret ID, who was playing as the leader of the guild Asuna joined in, they confront and destroy him, freeing themselves and the other players from the game.","Steins;Gate A film, titled Steins;Gate: The Movie − Load Region of Déjà Vu, was announced at the end of the series.[106][107] The movie, featuring an original storyline taking place after the events of the series, was released in Japanese theaters on April 20, 2013, and later on Blu-ray Disc and DVD on December 13, 2013.[13]","Sword Art Online Alternative Gun Gale Online An anime television series adaptation was announced at the Dengeki Bunko Fall Festival 2017 event on October 1, 2017.[1] The series is directed by Masayuki Sakoi, written by Yōsuke Kuroda, and animated by studio 3Hz, with character designs by Yoshio Kosakai.[7][8] The opening theme song is \"Ryūsei\" (流星, Meteor) by Eir Aoi[9] and the ending theme song is \"To see the future\" by Tomori Kusunoki.[10][11]","Sword Art Online: Hollow Realization The game was teased at Tokyo Game Show 2015 in September[12] with the working title of SAO IV.[17] It was officially announced at Dengeki Bunko Fall Fest by Bandai Namco on October 3.[18] According to Bandai Namco Games producer Yosuke Futami, the game was devised with the idea of Kirito starting the game at level one.[5] A Western release date was later announced, with Hollow Realization releasing in Japan on October 27 and internationally on November 8.[19] The North American Vita release is digital-only.[11]","Sword Art Online A spin-off manga starring Lisbeth, Silica, and Leafa, titled Sword Art Online: Girls Ops (ソードアート・オンライン ガールズ・オプス) and illustrated by Neko Nekobyō, began serialization in the July 2013 issue of Dengeki Bunko Magazine.[29] Girls Ops was licensed by Yen Press in November 2014, the first volume of which was released on May 19, 2015.[30][31] A manga adaption of Sword Art Online: Progressive, illustrated by Kiseki Himura, began serialization in the August 2013 issue of Dengeki G's Magazine. The manga ended serialization in the magazine's May 2014 issue and was transferred to Dengeki G's Comic starting with the June 2014 issue.[32] The Progressive manga adaption has been licensed by Yen Press, with the first two volumes released in January and April 2015, respectively.[17][33]","Sword Art Online: Hollow Realization A DLC called Chapter 1: Explorer of Illusory Mists became available starting on May 16, 2017.[23]On July 21, 2017 the second expansion[24] was released with the title Chapter II: Tuner of Causality. The last post-release content was released on September 26, 2017 closing the Abyss of the Shrine Maiden saga and it was titled Chapter III: The One Who Opposes God released on September 26, 2017. [25][26]","Sword Art Online A sixth manga, titled Sword Art Online: Phantom Bullet and illustrated by Kōtarō Yamada, had its first chapter serialized in the May 2014 issue of Dengeki Bunko Magazine, with following chapters being digitally serialized on Kadokawa's Comic Walker website. A seventh manga, titled Sword Art Online: Calibur and illustrated by Shii Kiya, was serialized in Dengeki G's Comic between the September 2014 and July 2015 issues.[34] A single compilation volume was released on August 10, 2015.[35] An eighth manga, titled Sword Art Online: Mother's Rosario and also by Tsubasa, is based on the seventh volume of the novel series and began serialization in the July 2014 issue of Dengeki Bunko Magazine.[36] A ninth manga, an adapatation of Sword Art Online Alternative Gun Gale Online, began serialization in the November 2015 issue of Dengeki Maoh.[37]","Date A Live On the event of \"Date A Live II\", the staff unveiled that the movie will be titled as Date a Live The Movie: Mayuri Judgement (劇場版 デート ア ライブ 万由里ジャッジメント, Gekijōban Dēto A Raibu: Mayuri Jajjimento) and will premiere in August 22, with an original story supervised by the original light novel author, Koushi Tachibana. Nobunaga Shimazaki, the voice actor of Shido Itsuka, introduced a silhouette of the new title character, named Mayuri (万由里, Mayuri).[14] During the events of \"Tohka's Birthday\" on 10 April, Sora Amamiya was confirmed to be voicing Mayuri.[15]","Sword Art Online Kazuto is later recruited to assist in testing an experimental FullDive machine, Soul Translator (STL), which has an interface that is far more realistic and complex than the previous machine he had played to help develop an artificial intelligence for the Ministry of Defense (MOD) named A.L.I.C.E. He tests the STL by entering a virtual reality cyberspace created with The Seed package, named UnderWorld (UW). In the UW, the flow of time proceeds a thousand times faster than in the real world, and Kirito's memories of what happens inside are restricted. However, Black injures Kazuto with suxamethonium chloride. The MOD recovers Kazuto and places him back into the STL to preserve his mind while attempts are made to save him.","Sword Art Online A tenth manga, titled Sword Art Online: Project Alicization and illustrated by Kōtarō Yamada, based on the Alicization arc of the light novel series, began serialization in the September 2016 issue of Dengeki Bunko Magazine.[38]","The Irregular at Magic High School The Movie: The Girl Who Calls the Stars The development of the movie was revealed in the 19th light novel volume which was released in March 2016.[2]","Sword Art Online There are a number of dōjinshi (fan works) written by Kawahara under the pseudonym Fumio Kunori, titled Sword Art Online Material Edition (ソードアート・オンライン・マテリアル・エディション).[20] An 80-page assemblage of some of the Material Edition volumes was published on February 13, 2011;[21] the latest release is Material Edition volume 19 on May 5, 2016. The author has also created some other dōjinshi including Lisbeth Edition, Silica Edition and Pina Edition under cooperation with Kurusu Tatsuya from ponz.info.[22][23] It is reported that these dōjinshi gain traction from the involvement of the original author in its creation process, as well as from supplying more details on characters from the original work.[22]","Sword Art Online A game based in Gun Gale Online, Sword Art Online: Fatal Bullet, was released for the PS4, Xbox One and Windows on February 23, 2018.[122]","No Game No Life An anime movie adaptation of the sixth light novel was announced on July 17, 2016 at the MF Bunko J Summer School Festival 2016 event.[64] The film, titled No Game No Life: Zero (ノーゲーム・ノーライフ ゼロ, Nōgēmu Nōraifu Zero), premiered on July 15, 2017, with the staff and cast from the anime series returning.[65][66] Based on the sixth volume of the light novel series, the story is set 6000 years before the events of the series, with most of the original cast portraying ancient characters related to their present counterparts. The theme song is \"There is a Reason\" by Konomi Suzuki. The song was included on the album \"No Song No Life\" on July 12, 2017.[67] Sentai Filmworks released the film theatrically within the United States from October 5, 2017,[68] and has licensed the film for home video distribution.[69] Madman Entertainment premiered the film in Australia at the Madman Anime Festival in Melbourne on November 5, 2017.[70]","Steins;Gate: The Movie − Load Region of Déjà Vu The film takes place in August 2011, one year after the events of the anime series. After going through a painstaking journey across multiple 'World Lines' due to the invention of 'D-Mail', text messages that can be sent to the past, Rintarō Okabe has assumedly landed in the \"Steins Gate\" World Line, in which he was able to prevent the deaths of both Mayuri Shiina and Kurisu Makise, as well as prevent a future ruled by SERN due to the invention of a time machine that no longer exists. On August 3, Kurisu arrives in Japan for a press conference and reunites with all the members of the Future Gadget Laboratory. Meanwhile, Rintarō starts having intense side effects from his time travels, seeing visions of alternate Worldlines. The next day on August 4, a mysterious visitor shows up at Kurisu's hotel, telling her to remember three things: a cell phone, a microwave oven, and SERN. Later that day, as Kurisu is talking to Rintarō about how her own instances of déjà vu may be similar to Rintarō's 'Reading Steiner' ability to remember things from other World Lines, Rintarō suddenly disappears before Kurisu's eyes. Furthermore, no one else seems to remember Rintarō ever existed, with Kurisu barely retaining a faint memory of someone.","List of Sword Art Online II episodes This 24-episode series initially ran in Japan from July 5 to December 20, 2014 on Tokyo MX with later airings on Chiba TV, tvk, Teleball, GYT, GTV, MBS, TVA, TVh, TVQ and BS11.[7] The series was made available as a worldwide simulcast by Aniplex.[8][9] It was also picked up by Crunchyroll for online simulcast streaming in North America and other select parts of the world.[10] Daisuki allowed users to stream the series in select European countries.[11]","Steins;Gate: The Movie − Load Region of Déjà Vu The film was released in both DVD and Blu-ray Disc home video versions in Japan on December 13, 2013.[6] Several versions were released; a standard DVD edition, a standard Blu-ray Disc edition, a five-disc combo pack containing several radio dramas, and a six-disc combo pack containing the radio dramas in addition to the film's soundtrack. Additional items were shipped depending on the retailer. The Japanese release also includes English subtitles.[7] Funimation released the film on Blu-ray Disc/DVD in North America on March 28, 2017.[8]","Sword Art Online Sword Art Online: Hollow Fragment is a PlayStation Vita game released in Japan on April 24, 2014.[87][88] Sword Art Online: Hollow Fragment takes place in the same alternative storyline as Sword Art Online: Infinity Moment,[89] and it includes all content of \"Floor Clearing\" from that previous game[90] with the addition of new unexplored \"Hollow Area\" of Aincrad.[91] The protagonist Kirito will cross swords with a mysterious player who would become one of the key characters in the game.[91] The game sold 145,029 physical retail copies within the first week of release in Japan, topping the Japanese software sales charts for that particular week.[92] The game had also been released in Taiwan by Namco Bandai Games Taiwan with Chinese and English subtitles.[93] A digital-only North American, European and Australian release was released in August 2014.","Steins;Gate: The Movie − Load Region of Déjà Vu Steins;Gate: The Movie − Load Region of Déjà Vu (Japanese: 劇場版 シュタインズ・ゲート 負荷領域のデジャヴ, Hepburn: Gekijōban Shutainzu Gēto: Fuka Ryōiki no Dejavu) is a 2013 Japanese animated science fiction film produced by White Fox. It is a follow-up to the 2011 anime television series Steins;Gate, which was based on the video game of the same name, and is part of the Science Adventure franchise. The film premiered in Japanese theaters on April 20, 2013 and was released on BD/DVD on December 13, 2013.[1][2][3] The film has been licensed in North America by Funimation,[4] and it was released in English in March 2017.[5]","Sword Art Online Alternative Gun Gale Online Tadadi Tamori launched a manga adaptation in ASCII Media Works seinen manga magazine Dengeki Maoh on October 27, 2015.[5] Yen Press announced their license to the series at Sakura-Con on April 15, 2017.[6]","Digimon Adventure tri. The first film, Reunion (再会, Saikai), was released in Japan on November 21, 2015, Indonesia on August 3, 2016, North America on September 15, 2016, and Germany and Austria on May 21, 2017. It was released on region-free DVD and Blu-ray in Japan on December 18, 2015, the U.S. on May 16, 2017, the UK on May 22, 2017, Australia on July 19, 2017, and Germany on August 7, 2017. The second film, Determination (決意, Ketsui), was released in Japan on March 12, 2016 as well as Germany and Austria on July 2, 2017. It was released on region-free DVD and Blu-ray in Japan on April 2, 2016 and the U.S. at Anime Expo from July 1, 2017 through July 4, 2017 as well as San Diego Comic-Con from July 19, 2017 through July 23, 2017, ahead of a general release on August 15, 2017. It will be released in the UK on November 6, 2017[6] and Germany on October 9, 2017.[7] The third film, Confession (告白, Kokuhaku), was released in Japan on September 24, 2016, North America on July 1, 2017, and Germany and Austria on August 13, 2017. It was released on region-free DVD and Blu-ray in Japan on November 2, 2016. It will be released in Germany on October 30, 2017,[8] the US on December 5, 2017,[9] and the UK on December 26, 2017.[10] The fourth film, Loss (喪失, Sōshitsu), was released on February 25, 2017. It was released on region-free DVD and Blu-ray in Japan on April 4, 2017. The fifth film, Symbiosis (共生, Kyōsei), will be released on September 30, 2017.[11] It will be released on region-free DVD and Blu-Ray in Japan on November 2, 2017.[12] The films are being streamed in episodic format outside Japan by Crunchyroll,[13] Hulu,[14] AnimeLab,[15] and Tubi TV,[16] while Eleven Arts[17] and Shout! Factory are distributing the English-language films.[18]","List of Sword Art Online: Alicization episodes The series premiered on October 7, 2018,[2] with a one-hour world premiere airing in Japan, the United States, Australia, France, Germany, Russia and South Korea on September 15, 2018.[3] It will air for four cours (around one year).[1]","List of Sword Art Online light novels Kawahara also began writing a parallel series of light novels titled Sword Art Online: Progressive, a retelling of the original series' Aincrad arc. However, instead of covering the arc in one light novel, Kawahara plans to take a floor by floor approach of the Aincrad arc. The first volume was released on October 10, 2012[7] and four volumes have been published as of December 2015.","Sword Art Online For the character protagonist Kirito, Kawahara was asked if Kirito's personality and character were based on his own; he answered that he usually does not put aspects of himself into his characters,[6] and jokingly remarked: \"but if I had to say there was a point of similarity between Kirito and myself, it is the fact that neither of us are good at forming parties. We [both] tend to play solo in these games a lot.\"[7] Kawahara also noted that the female characters in the story were not based on anyone he knew in the real world, stating: \"I don't usually make a character, setting, or anything before I start writing. As I write the story, the girls become what they are now. So, somehow, I don’t know exactly, but somehow, my subliminal idea or some hidden emotion creates the characters to be strong and capable.\"[6] Kawahara added that he wrote the series to demonstrate that he views online gaming not as a social ill or escape from real life, but rather decided to show games in a more positive light in his light novels.[6] He noted that \"the character of Asuna I might have created a little too perfectly for Sword Art Online\".[8]","Aura: Koga Maryuin's Last War An anime film, produced by AIC ASTA and directed by Seiji Kishi, was released in Japanese theaters on April 13, 2013,[6][7] and was released on Blu-ray Disc and DVD on September 18, 2013.[8]","Sword Art Online: Hollow Realization The main character of the game is a 14-year old AI, known as Premiere,[14] that travels with Kirito.[5] Although she is part of the game's initial release, a later patch would tweak her \"vocabulary and personality\" in-game to a \"specific character\", based on keywords in Twitter tweets as part of a promotional campaign featuring the character.[15] These conversations with Twitter users would dictate her personality over time and ultimately decide if she would become a \"good girl\" or \"bad girl\" in-game.[16]","List of Sword Art Online II episodes The second season of Sword Art Online, titled Sword Art Online II, is a science fantasy anime series adapted from the light novel series of the same title written by Reki Kawahara and illustrated by Abec. It was produced by A-1 Pictures and the SAO Project, and directed by Tomohiko Itō.[1][2] It is divided into the \"Phantom Bullet\", \"Calibur\" and \"Mother's Rosario\" arcs. The episodes are each 24 minutes in length and adapts Kawahara's light novels from the fifth through the seventh volumes as well as parts of the eighth volume.[3] The story of the second season follows Kazuto \"Kirito\" Kirigaya as he plays the new virtual reality game called \"Gun Gale Online\" (GGO), where he allies himself with a girl named Shino \"Sinon\" Asada and enters a tournament to investigate a player known only as \"Death Gun\", who has the ability to kill a person in the real world by killing their virtual avatar.[4] Kirito and his friends return to \"ALfheim Online\" (ALO) to retrieve the Holy Sword Excaliber from Thrym, the King of the Frost Giants, in order to restore the city of Jötunheimr back to its former glory.[5] Asuna befriends a girl named Yuuki Konno, leader of the Sleeping Knights, who asks Asuna to join them in one last quest together. However, Asuna later discovers that Yuuki is suffering from a terminal illness and does not have very long to live.[6]","Sword Art Online The light novel series spans several virtual reality worlds, beginning with the titular world of Sword Art Online. Each world is built on a game engine called the World Seed, which was initially developed specifically for SAO by Akihiko Kayaba, but was later duplicated for ALO, and later willed to Kirito, who had it leaked online with the successful intention of reviving the virtual reality industry.","Sword Art Online Alternative Gun Gale Online The series aired in Japan between April 8 and June 30, 2018,[b][13][12] and is airing on Tokyo MX, BS11, Tochigi TV, Gunma TV, MBS, and TV Aichi.[7] The series will be released on 6 home video sets with 2 episodes each, for a total of 12 episodes.[14] Aniplex of America has licensed the series and simulcast the series on Crunchyroll and Hulu.[15]","Death Note: Light Up the New World As of February 2016 principal photography was taking place outside Japan.[2]","The Irregular at Magic High School The Movie: The Girl Who Calls the Stars The film is getting english subbed on June 10 by Aniplex of America, and it's confirmed that the film was premiered in United States on July 28[11][12][13] The film also screening in South East Asia by Odex.","Sword Art Online Rebecca Silverman of Anime News Network has criticized the series as having pacing problems, logical gaps, and \"sloppy writing\".[138] Theron Martin of Anime News Network criticized the story as struggling \"to achieve and maintain the level of gravitas that life-or-death danger should have\", while calling it unwilling to commit to Kirito's \"lone wolf\" image.[139] DeviceCritique explains that Sword Art Online influences the virtual reality market to grow, and references the Oculus Rift as a prime example of the starting point of virtual reality. It also praises Sword Art Online for exploring the psychological and social aspects of virtual reality gaming.[140] Adam Facey of The Muse criticized the series, among others, as being sexist and the female characters as being overly sexualized.[141]","Log Horizon By its eleventh expansion pack, the massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG) Elder Tale (エルダー・テイル, Erudā Teiru) has become a global success, with a user base of millions of players. However, during the release of its twelfth expansion pack: Homesteading the Noosphere (ノウアスフィアの開墾, Nōasufia no Kaikon, sometimes mistranslated as Novasphere Pioneers),[2][3] thirty thousand Japanese gamers who are logged on at the time of the update suddenly find themselves transported into the virtual game world and donning their in-game avatars. In the midst of the event, a socially awkward gamer named Shiroe, along with his friends, Naotsugu and Akatsuki, decide to team up so that they may face this world, which unfortunately has now become their reality, along with the challenges and obstacles ahead of them.","Re:Zero − Starting Life in Another World An original video animation (OVA) episode was announced at the \"MF Bunko J Summer School Festival 2017\" event on September 10, 2017.[61] All of the main staff and cast will be returning for the OVA, with Tatsuya Koyanagi joining as chief director.[62] Titled Memory Snow, the OVA will be screened in Japanese theaters starting on October 6, 2018.[63][64][65]","Sword Art Online According to Oricon, Sword Art Online was the top selling light novel series of 2012, with eight volumes figuring among the top selling light novels.[127][128] It was ranked first in the 2012 and 2013 Kono Light Novel ga Sugoi! rankings, as well as top ten placement in 2011, 2014 and 2015.[129][130][131][132][133] It was also the second best selling light novel series for the first half of 2016 in Japan, selling 489,374 copies.[134] Sword Art Online: Progressive sold 321,535 copies in the same time period.[134] As of 2017, the series has an estimated 20 million copies in print worldwide.[135]","Sword Art Online: Hollow Realization Sword Art Online: Hollow Realization (ソードアート・オンライン -ホロウ・リアリゼーション-, Sōdoāto Onrain - Horō Riarizēshon -) is a video game developed by Aquria and published by Bandai Namco Entertainment for the PlayStation 4, PlayStation Vita, and Windows PC, based on the Japanese light novel series, Sword Art Online. It is the fourth video game in the series and the successor to Sword Art Online: Lost Song. Hollow Realization was released on October 27, 2016 in Japan,[1] and on November 8, 2016 for North American and European territories.[2][3]","Sword Art Online The opening theme song for the first 14 episodes of season one is \"Crossing Field\" by LiSA,[73] and the ending theme song is \"Yume Sekai\" (ユメセカイ, lit. \"Dream World\") by Haruka Tomatsu.[74] From episode 15 onward, the opening theme is \"Innocence\" by Eir Aoi and the ending theme is \"Overfly\" by Luna Haruna.[75][76] The main theme for Sword Art Online: Extra Edition is \"Niji no Oto\" (虹の音, Sound of the Rainbow) by Aoi.[75]","List of Sword Art Online episodes Sword Art Online: Extra Edition is a special anime episode which was simulcast worldwide on December 31, 2013.[15] In Japan, it was premiered on two broadcast channels: Tokyo MX and BS 11. While in other countries, the special was streamed via the Internet on Daisuki and Crunchyroll.[58]","Violet Evergarden When the Violet Evergarden Gaiden light novel was released, the jacket band announced that a \"new project\" was in progress and that it will be a completely new work for the anime.[19] In July 2018, it was announced at a special event for the series that the aforementioned new project will be a brand new anime film scheduled to premiere in January 2020.[20]","Sinon (Sword Art Online) Shortly before the Bullet of Bullets (BoB) tournament, Sinon encounters Kirito, deciding to help him after believing he is female due to his avatar.[11] After Kirito's true gender was revealed, an angered Sinon[12] attempts to leave him, but they meet again during the BoB.[13] The two are confronted by Death Gun, who causes Sinon's PTSD to relapse when his weapon was revealed to be a Type 54 pistol, the same weapon she had used in the post office shooting.[14] She is rescued by Kirito and the two escape, though she is afraid to attack Death Gun.[15] With his help, Sinon overcomes her fear and the two defeat Death Gun.[16] Afterwards, the two end the tournament as co-winners after Sinon kills them both with a «Gift Grenade».[17] Upon exiting GGO, Shino is visited by Shinkawa, who congratulates her on winning the BoB. However, angry at Kirito, he attacks her with intentions of raping and eventually killing her, revealing himself to be Death Gun's creator.[18] Shino manages to resist his attack and escape, but is stopped by Shinkawa before she could exit the house; Kirito arrives and fights Shinkawa, the latter eventually being knocked out by Shino throwing her stereo at him.[19]","Pokémon the Movie: Kyurem vs. the Sword of Justice Pokémon the Movie: Kyurem vs. the Sword of Justice, originally released in Japan as Pocket Monsters Best Wishes! The Movie: Kyurem vs. the Sacred Swordsman: Keldeo (劇場版ポケットモンスター ベストウイッシュ キュレムVS聖剣士 ケルディオ, Gekijōban Poketto Monsutā Besuto Uisshu Kyuremu tai Seikenshi Kerudio) is a 2012 Japanese anime film and the 15th Pokémon anime movie released. The movie was released on July 14, 2012 in Japan. The movies features Kyurem, the Boundary Pokémon, as revealed during a preview shown at the end of the last movie Pokémon the Movie: Black—Victini and Reshiram and White—Victini and Zekrom, as well as Cobalion, Terrakion, and Virizion, the titular \"Sacred Swordsmen\", before the introduction of the new Pokémon Keldeo.[2] The movie also celebrates the 90th anniversary of the Japanese manga publisher Shogakukan, which published many Pokémon related works. The film was first broadcast in English on Cartoon Network in the United States on December 8, 2012. The movie was released on DVD in the U.S. on April 2, 2013 by Viz Media. Universal released the movie on DVD in the UK on September 30, 2013.","Sword Gai An anime adaptation originally developed by DLE and Fields was scheduled to air in April 2016,[5] but it was delayed indefinitely until Netflix streamed the series worldwide on March 23, 2018.[6][7] Tomohito Naka directed the series while Takahiro Ikezoe served as the chief director, Inoue himself wrote the scripts, Atsuko Nakajima designed the characters, Toshiki Kameyama was the sound designer, and Kotaro Nakagawa composed the music. LandQ Studios, Production I.G, and DLE are credited with animation.[8] The opening theme song is \"Sadame Goto\" (サダメゴト, What is Predestined) by Yūto Uemura.[4]","Is It Wrong to Try to Pick Up Girls in a Dungeon? A second season of the anime and an original film adaptation titled Is It Wrong to Try to Pick Up Girls in a Dungeon?: Arrow of the Orion (劇場版 ダンジョンに出会いを求めるのは間違っているだろうか ー オリオンの矢 ー, Danjon ni Deai o Motomeru no wa Machigatteiru Darō ka ー Orion no Ya ー) were announced on February 18, 2018, during the GA Bunko 2018 Happyō Stage at Wonder Festival.[73] The film will be directed by Katsushi Sakurabi written by Fujino Ōmori, with animation by J.C.Staff and music by Keiji Inai. The film is slated to screen on Japanese cinemas in February 15, 2019.[74][75]","Overlord (novel series) In the year 2126, a Dive Massively Multiplayer Online Role Playing Game or DMMORPG called Yggdrasil was released. It stands out among all other DMMORPGs due to its unusually high ability for the player to interact with the game. After an intense 12-year run the game servers are about to be shut down. Within the game exists a guild, Ainz Ooal Gown, once consisting of 41 members and credited as one of the strongest guilds in the game. Now only 4 of the members remain, the other 37 having quit the game. Of those 4 only one, an elder lich character named Momonga, continues to play as the guild leader and maintaining their headquarters, The Great Tomb of Nazarick. He invites the remaining guild members but of those only one appears and only for a short while before leaving. While saddened by this, he accepts the reality that his friends have their other lives (both lives are real) to take care of and decides to stay logged in until the servers shut down.","Fate/stay night: Heaven's Feel The first film, titled Fate/stay night: Heaven's Feel I. presage flower, premiered in Japan on October 14, 2017,[1][4] and premiered in the United States between November and December 2017.[5] Its English dub premiered on June 5, 2018 and June 7, 2018 in the USA[6]. The second film, titled Fate/stay night: Heaven's Feel II. lost butterfly, is scheduled to premiere on January 12, 2019 in Japan.","Sword Art Online: Hollow Realization Hollow Realization is approximately 30 to 40 hours in length; however, completely finishing the game such as leveling up to the highest level and completing all the quests will take the player approximately 70 to 100 hours.[10] The game will eventually feature downloadable content. For example, the free expansion pack Fighters of the Blue Sky, to be released in 2016, will feature Sword Art Online: Lost Song characters Rain and Seven, a new PvP feature, and an additional story.[11] The paid expansion pack Shrine Maiden of the Abyss, to be released in 2017, will add an additional three chapters into the game.[11]","Steins;Gate: The Movie − Load Region of Déjà Vu A manga adaptation by Reki Kugayama was serialized in Kadokawa Shoten's Shōnen Ace magazine between the May and December 2013 issues, released on March 26 and October 26, 2013, respectively.[14] The series was collected in two volumes, released on April 24[15] and December 26, 2013.[16] A two-volume novel series, written by Tatsuya Hamazaki and illustrated by Huke, Kyūta Sakai, and Bun150, was published by Kadokawa Shoten under their Kadokawa Sneaker Bunko imprint. The two volumes were released on May 1 and June 1, 2013.[17][18]","Sword Art Online: Hollow Realization Players who pre-ordered Sword Art Online: Hollow Realization via the PlayStation Store in Japan gain a one-week early access into part of the game's main story.[11] The game will feature Japanese voices coupled with English, French, German, Italian, and Spanish subtitles.[20] The opening theme is \"Windia\" by Luna Haruna.[21] The ending theme is \"Two of Us\" by Haruka Tomatsu. An advertising campaign for the game, titled \"Sword Art On-Nyaine\", featured cats playing with toys but with Hollow Realization sounds dubbed over them.[22]"],"string":"[\n \"Sword Art Online The Movie: Ordinal Scale At the Dengeki Bunko Autumn Festival 2015 on October 4, 2015, it was announced that the light novel series would be adapted into an animated film, with the main staff returning from the anime series.[5][6] The film takes place after the anime series' second season, Sword Art Online II.[7] It was then revealed at the Dengeki Bunko Haru no Saiten 2016 event on March 13, 2016 that the film is titled Sword Art Online The Movie: Ordinal Scale.[8] The voice cast from the anime series returned to reprise their roles in the film.[3][9][10]\",\n \"Sword Art Online An animated film titled Sword Art Online The Movie: Ordinal Scale featuring an original story by Kawahara set after the events of Sword Art Online II premiered in Japan and Southeast Asia on February 18, 2017, and was released in the United States on March 9, 2017.[61][62][63][64]\",\n \"Sword Art Online The Movie: Ordinal Scale The Blu-ray and DVD home video release volumes of Sword Art Online The Movie: Ordinal Scale were released in Japan on September 27, 2017 and are scheduled for release in North America on December 19, 2017.[26] The Japanese home video release features a sequel novel titled Sword Art Online: Cordial Code written by Kawahara and illustrated by abec, set eight days after the events of Ordinal Scale.[27]\",\n \"Sword Art Online An anime television series produced by A-1 Pictures, known simply as Sword Art Online, aired in Japan between July and December 2012, with television film Sword Art Online: Extra Edition airing on December 31, 2013, and a second season, titled Sword Art Online II, airing between July and December 2014. An animated film titled Sword Art Online The Movie: Ordinal Scale featuring an original story by Kawahara premiered in Japan and Southeast Asia on February 18, 2017, and was released in the United States on March 9, 2017. A third season titled Sword Art Online: Alicization and a spin-off anime series titled Sword Art Online Alternative Gun Gale Online are in production and are set to be released in 2018.[needs update] A live-action series will be produced by Netflix. Four video games based on the series have been released for multiple consoles.\",\n \"Sword Art Online The Movie: Ordinal Scale Sword Art Online The Movie: Ordinal Scale (Japanese: 劇場版 ソードアート・オンライン -オーディナル・スケール-, Hepburn: Gekijō-ban Sōdo Āto Onrain -Ōdinaru Sukēru-) is a 2017 Japanese animated fantasy adventure film based on the Sword Art Online light novel series written by Reki Kawahara and illustrated by abec. The film is produced by A-1 Pictures and directed by Tomohiko Itō, featuring an original story by Kawahara, character designs by Shingo Adachi and music by Yuki Kajiura. It was released in Japan, Southeast Asia, and Germany on February 18, 2017, in Mexico on March 4, 2017, and in the United States on March 9, 2017.\",\n \"Sword Art Online The Movie: Ordinal Scale The film premiered in Japan, Southeast Asia and Germany on February 18, 2017. The Asian premieres were distributed by Aniplex and Odex, respectively.[13][14][15] There was a premiere event in the United States on March 1, 2017; Eleven Arts distributed and released the film in U.S. theaters on March 9, 2017.[16] Madman Entertainment also released the film at theaters in Australia and New Zealand on March 9, 2017.[17] Aniplex of America released the film at theaters in Canada between March 17 and March 19, 2017.[18] The English dub premiered at Anime Boston 2017, with a national release on April 22.[19][20] Anime Limited brought the film to cinemas in the United Kingdom and Ireland on April 19, 2017.[21][22] The film was set to play in about 1,000 theaters worldwide.[23]\",\n \"Sword Art Online Sword Art Online (Japanese: ソードアート・オンライン, Hepburn: Sōdo Āto Onrain) is a Japanese light novel series written by Reki Kawahara and illustrated by abec. The series takes place in the near future and focuses on protagonist Kazuto \\\"Kirito\\\" Kirigaya and Asuna Yuuki as they play though various virtual reality MMORPG worlds. The light novels began publication on ASCII Media Works' Dengeki Bunko imprint from April 10, 2009, with a spin-off series launching in October 2012. The series has spawned eight manga adaptations published by ASCII Media Works and Kadokawa. The novels and four of the manga adaptations have been licensed for release in North America by Yen Press.\",\n \"Sword Art Online Kawahara also writes the Sword Art Online: Progressive series, which covers Kirito's adventures on the first few floors of Aincrad. The first volume of Progressive was released on October 10, 2012,[11] and four volumes have been released as of December 10, 2015.[12] The first volume of a light novel series based on Sword Art Online titled Sword Art Online Alternative Gun Gale Online, written by Keiichi Sigsawa with illustrations by Kouhaku Kuroboshi, was published by ASCII Media Works on December 10, 2014.[13] An original 100-page prequel novel to Sword Art Online The Movie: Ordinal Scale written by Kawahara, titled Hopeful Chant, was released to people who watched the film in Japan during March 4–10, 2017.[14]\",\n \"Sword Art Online The Movie: Ordinal Scale In the year 2026, the Augma is released to the public as an alternative system to the AmuSphere, due to its function to simulate reality while the player is conscious rather than using FullDive. The most prominent combat-based game is Ordinal Scale, in which a player's abilities are ranked by ordinal numbers.\",\n \"Sword Art Online A stage event at the Dengeki Bunko Autumn Festival 2011 revealed that Reki Kawahara's light novels would get video game adaptations.[83] The first Sword Art Online adaptation, titled Sword Art Online: Infinity Moment (ソードアート・オンライン -インフィニティ・モーメント-, Sōdo Āto Onrain: Infiniti Mōmento), was developed by Namco Bandai Games for the PlayStation Portable.[84] The game follows an alternate storyline, in which a glitch causes Kirito and the other players to remain in Sword Art Online despite defeating Heathcliff, and players from other VMMORPGs such as Leafa and Sinon get sucked into the game themselves.[85] The game was released in both regular and limited edition box sets on March 14, 2013.[86]\",\n \"Sword Art Online The Movie: Ordinal Scale The group returns to the arena still in full-dive where Kirito, now OS's top-ranked player, dispatches the bosses with his new sword as Kikuoka finds Shigemura in the server room of Argus (the defunct company that ran SAO) and arrests him. The hooded Yuna restores the survivors' memories and fades out of existence since she was coded from the Floor 100 boss. Afterwards, Kirito and Asuna fulfill their promise they made to each other in Aincrad, to watch a meteor shower together. Asuna returns Kirito's engagement ring so to properly put it on her hand, which he does.\",\n \"Sword Art Online: Hollow Realization Hollow Realization takes place in Sword Art: Origin, a restoration of Aincrad titled Ainground,[10] with intentions of research and development[12] in the year 2026, three years after the original Sword Art Online event.[13] However, unlike in Sword Art Online, Aincrad is one large floor, instead of multiple, while the castle itself was renamed to Ainground,[6] where several monsters can be battled.[2]\",\n \"Sword Art Online The Movie: Ordinal Scale The film on its opening weekend opened at No. 1 at the Japanese box office, debuting in 151 theaters across Japan and grossed a total of ¥425 million from 308,376 admissions.[28][29] As of October 1, 2017, the film has grossed a total of over ¥4.3 billion.[2] It grossed over US$1.35 million in its first weekend in North America.[30] During its first day in Italy, the film beat out both Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales and Wonder Woman at the box office.[31] It has grossed CN¥43 million in China.[32]\",\n \"Sword Art Online The Movie: Ordinal Scale Kirito goes to the school and meets Professor Tetsuhiro Shigemura who developed Augma, but Shigemura refuses to answer any questions. Before leaving, Kirito notices on Shigemura's desk a picture of a girl who resembles Yuna. Kirito discusses with Kikuoka Seijirou, who informs him that Shigemura's daughter, Yuna, died in SAO. Visiting Asuna's home, Kirito promises Asuna to get her memories back. Kirito encounters the hooded girl again, revealed to be Yuna. When she tells him his rank is too low, Kirito decides to level up, solo-killing as many bosses as he can with aid from Sinon and Leafa.\",\n \"Sword Art Online The Movie: Ordinal Scale A few days after the world premiere, a leak of the film was found online, tracing the source back to Malaysia and Singapore.[24][25]\",\n \"Sword Art Online The Movie: Ordinal Scale The film's soundtrack is composed by Yuki Kajiura, who also composed the music for the anime series. The soundtrack features 50 tracks, including 5 insert songs performed by Sayaka Kanda. It was released by Aniplex on February 22, 2017.[11] LiSA performed the film's theme song, titled \\\"Catch the Moment\\\".[12] Sayaka Kanda perfroms five songs as Yuna: \\\"Ubiquitous dB\\\", \\\"Longing\\\", \\\"Delete\\\", \\\"Break Beat Bark!\\\" and \\\"Smile For You\\\".\",\n \"Sword Art Online The Movie: Ordinal Scale Alex Osborn of IGN posted a score of 7.5/10 and stated: \\\"It's not a visual stunner, but Ordinal Scale serves up a solid original story that will help tide over those who are hungry for more SAO while they wait for a third season\\\". The second review came from Cine Premier's Julio Vélez who scored it a 4.5/5 and stated: \\\"The second act falls a little in action by focusing more on defining the motives of the antagonists, but everything recovers in an exciting and prolonged climax\\\".[33] In a review featured on the anime streaming website Crunchyroll, Isaac Akers states \\\"SAO being SAO, this was never going to be a perfectly crafted movie—but it captures so many of the charms of the franchise whilst also avoiding nearly all of its most aggravating faults.\\\"[34]\",\n \"Sword Art Online An anime adaptation of Sword Art Online was announced at Dengeki Bunko Autumn Festival 2011, along with Reki Kawahara's other light novel series, Accel World.[39] The anime is produced by Aniplex and Genco, animated by A-1 Pictures and directed by Tomohiko Ito with music by Yuki Kajiura.[40] The anime aired on Tokyo MX, tvk, TVS, TVA, RKB, HBC and MBS between July 7 and December 22, 2012, and on AT-X, Chiba TV and BS11 at later dates.[41] The series was also streamed on Crunchyroll and Hulu.[42] The anime is adapted from the first four novels and parts of volume seven.\",\n \"Sword Art Online At the end of the special, the anime television series was confirmed for a second season, titled Sword Art Online II, which premiered on July 5, 2014.[54][55] The first 14 episodes of the second season is an adaptation of volumes five and six the light novels that cover the Phantom Bullet arc.[56] Episodes 15 to 17 cover the Calibur arc from volume 8 of the novels, with episodes 18 to 24 covering volume 7 of the novels, the Mother's Rosario arc. Premiere screening events of the second season were held in the United States, France, Germany, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Korea and Japan before the television premiere between June 29 and July 4, 2014.[57][58][59] At Katsucon, it was announced that the English dub of the second season would air on Toonami beginning March 28, 2015.[60]\",\n \"Sword Art Online Steven Spielberg's 2018 film Ready Player One contains a reference to Sword Art Online.[142] Ernest Cline, the writer of 2011 novel Ready Player One, discussed Sword Art Online in an interview, noting how he met its writer Reki Kawahara at an event in Japan where they discussed how they independently developed similar ideas related to virtual reality.[143]\",\n \"Sword Art Online The Movie: Ordinal Scale Days later, the OS players gather at a stadium for Yuna's concert. In the lower levels, Kirito duels with Eiji who claims he has a way to return Asuna's memories. Kirito wins but Eiji reveals that Shigemura has been harvesting memories of SAO players in an attempt to reconstruct his lost daughter's soul and download her as an AI; having all players in the concert would make removing memories easier. Eiji adds that the drones used for harvesting possess enough power to damage the players' brains, killing them like the NerveGear did in SAO.\",\n \"Sword Art Online In 2022, a virtual reality massively multiplayer online role-playing game (VRMMORPG) called Sword Art Online (SAO) is released. With the NerveGear, a helmet that stimulates the user's five senses via their brain, players can experience and control their in-game characters with their minds. Both the game and the NerveGear was created by Akihiko Kayaba.\",\n \"Sword Art Online In the real world, Kazuto discovers that 300 SAO players, including Asuna, remain trapped in their NerveGear. As he goes to the hospital to see Asuna, he meets Shouzou Yuuki, Asuna's father, who is asked by an associate of his, Nobuyuki Sugou, to make a decision, which Sugou later reveals to be his marriage with Asuna, angering Kazuto. Several months later, he is informed by Agil, another SAO survivor, that a figure similar to Asuna was spotted on \\\"The World Tree\\\" in another VRMMORPG cyberspace called Alfheim Online (ALO). Assisted in-game by his cousin Suguha \\\"Leafa\\\" Kirigaya and Yui, a navigation pixie (originally an AI from SAO), he quickly learns that the trapped players in ALO are part of a plan conceived by Sugou to perform illegal experiments on their minds. The goal is to create the perfect mind-control for financial gain and to subjugate Asuna, whom he intends to marry in the real world, to assume control of her family's corporation. Kirito eventually stops the experiment and rescues the remaining 300 SAO players, foiling Sugou's plans. Before leaving ALO to see Asuna, Kayaba, who has uploaded his mind to the Internet using an experimental and destructively high-power version of NerveGear at the cost of his life, entrusts Kirito with The Seed – a package program designed to create virtual worlds. Kazuto eventually reunites with Asuna in the real world and The Seed is released onto the Internet, reviving Aincrad as other VRMMORPGs begin to thrive.\",\n \"List of Sword Art Online episodes Five pieces of theme music were used for the series: two opening themes and three ending themes. For the first 14 episodes, the opening theme song is \\\"Crossing Field\\\" performed by LiSA,[17] and the ending theme is \\\"Yume Sekai\\\" (ユメセカイ, lit. \\\"Dream World\\\") performed by Haruka Tomatsu.[18] The second opening theme, used from episode 15 onwards, is \\\"Innocence\\\" performed by Eir Aoi.[19] While its second ending theme, used from episodes 15 to 24, is \\\"Overfly\\\" sung by Luna Haruna.[20] The third ending theme, \\\"Crossing Field\\\" was used for the final episode. The extra edition's main theme is \\\"Niji no Oto\\\" (虹の音, Sound of the Rainbow) by Eir Aoi.[21] The original score for the series is composed by Yuki Kajiura. A film, Sword Art Online: Ordinal Scale, was released on February 18, 2017.\",\n \"Sword Art Online Reki Kawahara wrote the first volume in 2002 as a competition entry for ASCII Media Works' Dengeki Game Novel Prize (電撃ゲーム小説大賞, Dengeki Game Shōsetsu Taishō, now Dengeki Novel Prize), but refrained from submitting it as he had exceeded the page limit; he instead published it as a web novel under the pseudonym Fumio Kunori.[3] Over time, he added three further episodes and several short stories.[4][5] In 2008, he participated in the competition again by writing Accel World, this time winning the Grand Prize. Aside from Accel World, he was requested to get his earlier work, Sword Art Online, published by ASCII Media Works.[3] Kawahara agreed and withdrew his web novel versions.[5]\",\n \"Sword Art Online The Movie: Ordinal Scale As a horde of Aincrad bosses raid the arena, Kirito and Yuna join the battle. Yuna tells Kirito that the Augma has a hidden full-dive feature and he can use it to defeat SAO's 100th floor boss to end the battle. Before diving, Kirito gives Asuna an engagement ring. Entering the Ruby Palace of Floor 100, Kirito, Lisbeth, Silica, Agil, and Sinon confront the boss. They are easily defeated until Asuna, Leafa, Klein, and several others from ALO and GGO come to their aid. Yui restores their saved abilities from SAO, allowing everyone to defeat the boss. The voice of Akihiko Kayaba congratulates them on their victory and gives Kirito an extremely powerful sword as a reward.\",\n \"Sword Art Online A virtual reality massive multiplayer online game was in development by Kadokawa and IBM Japan,[115] but was only a demo and will not be released as a full game. An action role-playing game titled Accel World VS Sword Art Online: Millennium Twilight was announced in October 2016. The game is a crossover with Accel World, developed by Bandai Namco Entertainment for PlayStation 4, PlayStation Vita,[116] and Windows via Steam,[117] and was released to western audiences on July 7, 2017.[118]\",\n \"Sword Art Online Sword Art Online: Memory Defrag, launched by Bandai Namco Entertainment, was released outside of Japan on January 24, 2017.[119] This RPG is available on iOS and Android devices. Featuring content from the anime series, Ordinal Scale, and some original shorts written for event characters, players are allowed to play solo and progress through the story, or join up with others online to farm special items, equipment, and materials.[120] Common events include ranked challenges against other players, floor clearing, character introductions and seasonal events. Players have the choice of spending real money to speed-up their progress.[121]\",\n \"Sword Art Online Soon after, at the prompting of a government official investigating strange occurrences in VR, Kazuto takes on a job to investigate a series of murders involving another VRMMORPG called Gun Gale Online (GGO), the AmuSphere (the successor of the NerveGear), and a player called Death Gun. Aided by a female player named Shino \\\"Sinon\\\" Asada, he participates in a gunfight tournament called the Bullet of Bullets (BoB) and discovers the truth behind the murders, which originated with a player who participated in a player-killing guild in SAO. Through his and Sinon's efforts, two suspects are captured, though the third suspect, Johnny Black, escapes.\",\n \"Sword Art Online The third season of Sword Art Online, titled Sword Art Online: Alicization and a spin-off anime, titled Sword Art Online Alternative Gun Gale Online, were announced in 2017.[65] Sword Art Online Alternative Gun Gale Online, animated by 3Hz, is due to air in April 2018.[66][67] Sword Art Online: Alicization is due to air in October 2018.[68]\",\n \"Sword Art Online The Movie: Ordinal Scale Asuna, Lisbeth and Silica encourage Kirito to play OS upon hearing that Aincrad bosses have appeared. Kirito joins Asuna and Klein in a boss fight where the game's mascot, AI idol singer Yuna, appears and gives players buff effects as she sings. Kirito fails to achieve anything due to lack of physical strength and quickness. Eiji, the number-two player, aides the group in defeating the boss. Before Asuna makes the killing blow, Eiji whispers the word \\\"Switch,\\\" a game mechanic from SAO that she recognizes.\",\n \"Sword Art Online After Kawahara's request for Sword Art Online to be published was approved,[3] he started working with illustrator abec on the light novel series. The first volume was published in print on April 10, 2009,[9] and 20 volumes have been published as of September 8, 2017.[10]\",\n \"Sword Art Online Sword Art Online is a planned American live-action television adaptation of Sword Art Online. Skydance Television announced on August 2, 2016, that they had acquired the global rights to produce a live-action television adaptation of Reki Kawahara's Sword Art Online light novel series.[123] Laeta Kalogridis has been attached to write a script for the pilot, and will also serve as executive producer for the series alongside Skydance CEO David Ellison, Dana Goldberg, and Marcy Ross.[123] Skydance has stated their intent to \\\"fast-track\\\" the launch of the series,[123] along with plans to follow the TV series with the release of a Sword Art Online virtual reality experience.[124][125] In February 2018 it was reported that the live-action series had been sold to Netflix.[126]\",\n \"Sword Art Online The Movie: Ordinal Scale Asuna, Lisbeth and Silica enter another fight where Yuna and Eiji appear again. Asuna is hit by the boss and passes out upon saving Silica who was pushed into the boss' path by Eiji. Asuna realizes her memories of SAO are fading and at a hospital visit with Kirito, learn that the Augma scanned her brain for SAO memories and that it could also happen to other SAO survivors playing OS. Kirito investigates the issue with Sinon during a boss battle, where an SAO player is defeated and a glowing orb floats upward into an OS drone. Yui fails to retrieve it after being locked out by the game. Later, Kirito meets the hooded girl again who repeats her actions from before. Kirito and Yui discover she is pointing towards Touto Technical University.\",\n \"List of Sword Art Online episodes Sword Art Online is a science fantasy anime series adapted from the light novel series of the same title written by Reki Kawahara and illustrated by Abec. It was produced by A-1 Pictures, Genco, and the SAO Project, and directed by Tomohiko Itō.[1] It is divided into the \\\"Aincrad\\\" and \\\"Fairy Dance\\\" arcs. The story of the first season follows the adventures of Kazuto \\\"Kirito\\\" Kirigaya and Asuna Yuuki, two players who are trapped in the virtual world of \\\"Sword Art Online\\\" (SAO). They are tasked to clear all 100 Floors and defeat the final boss in order to be freed from the game.[2][3] Three months after the death game, Kazuto discovers that Asuna is being held captive in \\\"ALfheim Online\\\" (ALO), a spiritual successor to SAO, where the players assume the roles of fairies. Kazuto enters the game and allies himself with his sister Suguha \\\"Leafa\\\" Kirigaya to rescue Asuna from captivity.[4]\",\n \"Sword Art Online The anime has been licensed in North America by Aniplex of America[43] and an English-language dub premiered on Adult Swim's Toonami from July 27, 2013[44] to February 15, 2014. The series was released by Aniplex of America in four DVD and Blu-ray sets, with special extras on the BD sets, between August 13 and November 19, 2013.[45] Manga Entertainment released the first series on BD/DVD in the United Kingdom in December 2013,[46] whilst Madman Entertainment released the series in Australia[47] and the English-language version began airing on ABC3 on June 7, 2014.[48] Sword Art Online has been available on Netflix in North America since March 15, 2014.[49]\",\n \"Sword Art Online The Movie: Ordinal Scale The next night, Asuna joins Klein and his group for another boss fight while waiting for their last group member, unaware that he was injured by Eiji the night before. Asuna proceeds to the fight which is again presided over by Yuna. Klein and his group are ambushed and defeated by the sudden appearance of another boss and Eiji. The following morning, as Kirito practices with OS in a park, a girl in a white hood appears and points off into the distance before disappearing. Kirito meets with Asuna, who theorizes that Eiji was a member of the Knights of the Blood Oath named Nautilus, while Yui deduces that the spawn locations of the Aincrad bosses line up with the SAO dungeon maps.\",\n \"Sword Art Online For the second season, the first opening theme is \\\"Ignite\\\" by Aoi, and the first ending theme is \\\"Startear\\\" by Haruna.[77] The second opening theme is \\\"Courage\\\" by Tomatsu,[78] and the second ending theme is \\\"No More Time Machine\\\" by LiSA, with the third ending theme being \\\"Shirushi\\\" (シルシ), also by LiSA.[79] The song \\\"Catch the Moment\\\" by LiSA is used as the theme song to Sword Art Online: Ordinal Scale.[80]\",\n \"List of Sword Art Online episodes The series aired from July 8 to December 23, 2012, on Tokyo Metropolitan Television, spanning 25 episodes. It was later broadcast by 12 other stations.[5] Aniplex of America announced that the English dubbed version will air on Adult Swim's Toonami block starting from July 27, 2013.[6][7] The first DVD and Blu-ray Disc volumes were released in Japan on October 24, 2012, and it concluded on June 26, 2013, with all nine volumes containing a bonus Sword Art Offline (ソードアート・オフライン, Sōdo Āto Ofurain) episode.[8][9][10] In North America, Aniplex of America released the series in four Blu-ray/DVD volumes on August 13, 2013.[11] In Australasia, Madman Entertainment distributed the four volumes in DVD and Blu-ray format.[12] In Europe, Manga Entertainment first released all four volumes on December 16, 2013.[13][14] A special episode of the anime titled Sword Art Online: Extra Edition (ソードアート・オンライン Extra Edition, Sōdo Āto Onrain Ekisutora Edikushon) was globally released on December 31, 2013.[15] A second season, Sword Art Online II began in July 2014.[16]\",\n \"Sword Art Online A number of character songs were included in the Blu-ray and DVD volume releases of the anime. These were collected into two compilation albums: Sword Art Online Song Collection, which included character songs released in the season one volumes, was released on August 27, 2014,[81] while Sword Art Online Song Collection II, which included character songs released in the season two volumes, was released on March 22, 2017.[82]\",\n \"Sword Art Online A fourth game titled Sword Art Online: Hollow Realization was released in Japan for the PS4, Vita, and Windows on October 27, 2016[101] and worldwide on November 8, 2016 for the PS4 and Vita.[102]\",\n \"Sword Art Online A social network game called Sword Art Online: End World was released for Japanese feature phones and smartphones on February 28, 2013[103][104] with more than 1 million registered users.[105] Another freemium game for Android and iOS titled Sword Art Online: Code Register launched in 2014, and over 3,000,000 users have downloaded the game.[106] Another game called Sword Art Online: Progress Link designed for the Mobage browser game platform on smartphones was released on February 10, 2015.[107] In 2016, Bandai Namco released Sword Art Online: Memory Defrag for Android and iOS.[108]\",\n \"Sword Art Online Alternative Gun Gale Online Dengeki Bunko announced on September 18, 2014 that Keiichi Sigsawa would be writing a light novel based on Reki Kawahara's Sword Art Online light novel series. The series is supervised by Kawahara and illustrated by Kouhaku Kuroboshi, and ASCII Media Works published the first novel under the Dengeki imprint on December 10, 2014.[3] During their panel at Anime NYC on November 18, 2017, Yen Press announced that they had licensed the series.[4]\",\n \"Sword Art Online On November 6, 10,000 players log into the SAO's mainframe cyberspace for the first time, only to discover that they are unable to log out. Kayaba appears and tells the players that they must beat all 100 floors of Aincrad, a steel castle which is the setting of SAO, if they wish to be free. Those who suffer in-game deaths or forcibly remove the NerveGear out-of-game will suffer real-life deaths.\",\n \"Sword Art Online A third video game developed by Artdink[94] and titled Sword Art Online: Lost Song was released in Japan on March 26, 2015[95] on the PlayStation 3 and Vita platforms,[96][97] with an English version being released in Asia.[98] The game's producer revealed in October 2014 that the game is an open-world action RPG featuring an original storyline, set within Alfheim Online, where characters are able to fly.[99] The game sold 139,298 physical retail copies on the PlayStation Vita in addition to another 55,090 units on the PlayStation 3 within its first week of release in Japan, ranking second and sixth place respectively within the Japanese software sales charts for that particular week, narrowly behind Bloodborne taking the top spot.[100]\",\n \"Sword Art Online There are ten manga adaptations of the series, all written by Reki Kawahara and published by ASCII Media Works. Sword Art Online: Aincrad (ソードアート・オンライン アインクラッド), illustrated by Tamako Nakamura, was serialized in Dengeki Bunko Magazine between the September 2010 and May 2012 issues. Two tankōbon volumes of Aincrad were released on September 27, 2012.[24][25] A comedy four-panel manga, titled Sword Art Online. (そーどあーと☆おんらいん。) and illustrated by Jūsei Minami, began serialization in the September 2010 issue of Dengeki Bunko Magazine. The first volume of Sword Art Online. was released on September 27, 2012.[26] A third manga, titled Sword Art Online: Fairy Dance (ソードアート・オンライン フェアリィ・ダンス) and illustrated by Hazuki Tsubasa, began serialization in the May 2012 issue of Dengeki Bunko Magazine. The first volume of Fairy Dance was released on October 27, 2012;[27] the third volume was released on June 27, 2014.[28] The Aincrad and Fairy Dance manga have been acquired for release in North America by Yen Press.[15] The first volume of Aincrad was published on March 25, 2014.[16]\",\n \"Sword Art Online The Movie: Ordinal Scale In a post-credits scene, Kikuoka, who was impressed with Shigemura's attempt at AI and soul reconstruction, recruits Shigemura to Rath.\",\n \"Sword Art Online A year-end special, titled Sword Art Online Extra Edition, aired on December 31, 2013. The special recapped the previously aired anime series and included some new footage.[50] Extra Edition was streamed worldwide a few hours after its airing in Japan.[51] The two-hour-long special was available on Daisuki worldwide except for French-speaking areas, as well as China and Korea.[51] Daisuki offered subtitles in various languages such as English, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, and German.[51] English-speaking countries, Mexico, Central and South America could also watch the stream on Crunchyroll.[52] Extra Edition was also simulcast in Korea on Aniplus cable channel and in China on the LeTV streaming website.[52] French-speaking countries could watch on the Wakanim streaming website.[52] The Blu-ray Disc and DVD of Extra Edition was released on April 23, 2014 in Japan.[53] The limited edition included a Yui character song titled \\\"Heart Sweet Heart\\\" by Kanae Itō and an original side story written by Kawahara titled \\\"Sword Art Online Niji no Hashi\\\" (ソードアート・オンライン 虹の橋, Sword Art Online Rainbow Bridge).[53]\",\n \"Sword Art Online Alternative Gun Gale Online Due to the incident that occurred in VR MMORPG Sword Art Online — where 10,000 players were trapped in the game on launch day — the popularity of VR games has plummeted due to fear of similar incidents. The NerveGear, SAO's VR device, was recalled and destroyed, but with the launch of its successor, the AmuSphere, combined with release of the license-free development support package the \\\"Seed,\\\" the popularity of VR games saw a sudden resurgence.\",\n \"Sword Art Online At their Japan Expo USA panel, Yen Press announced the rights to publish the light novels; the first volume was released on April 22, 2014.[15][16] Yen Press later announced their license of the Sword Art Online: Progressive series, which is scheduled for release in 2015.[17] The novels are also published in China, Taiwan, South Korea, Thailand and Vietnam,[18] with future plans for publications in France,[19] Germany, Italy, Austria, Switzerland and others.[18]\",\n \"List of Sword Art Online episodes In North America, Aniplex of America released the series in four DVD and Blu-ray volumes beginning on August 13, 2013. In Australasia, Madman Entertainment released volume one in DVD and Blu-ray on December 18, 2013, and concluded with volume four on March 19, 2014. In Europe, Manga Entertainment began to release the anime on December 16, 2013.[72] Sword Art Online: Extra Edition was licensed by Aniplex of America and released by Blu-ray and DVD in North America on December 23, 2014.[62]\",\n \"List of Sword Art Online light novels Sword Art Online is a Japanese light novel series written by Reki Kawahara with accompanying illustrations drawn by abec. The series takes place in the near-future and focuses on various virtual reality MMORPG worlds. Originally self-published online under the pseudonym Fumio Kunori,[1] ASCII Media Works began publishing the novels on April 10, 2009 under their Dengeki Bunko imprint.[2] The series has since grown to 18 volumes as of August 10, 2016 and the 20th volume was released on September 8, 2017.[3] Yen Press began publishing the novels in English in North America and United Kingdom with the first volume on April 22, 2014. The novels are also published in China, Taiwan, South Korea, Thailand,[4] France,[5] and Poland.[6] With more than 16 million copies in print worldwide, there are future plans for publications in Germany, Italy, Austria, Switzerland, Vietnam and others.[4]\",\n \"Sword Art Online One of the players, named Kazuto \\\"Kirito\\\" Kirigaya, is one of 1,000 testers in the game's previous closed beta. With the advantage of previous VR gaming experience and a drive to protect other beta testers from discrimination, he isolates himself from the greater groups and plays the game alone, bearing the mantle of \\\"beater\\\", a portmanteau of \\\"beta tester\\\" and \\\"cheater\\\". As the players progress through the game Kirito eventually befriends a young girl named Asuna Yuuki, forming a relationship with and later marrying her in-game. After the duo discover the identity of Kayaba's secret ID, who was playing as the leader of the guild Asuna joined in, they confront and destroy him, freeing themselves and the other players from the game.\",\n \"Steins;Gate A film, titled Steins;Gate: The Movie − Load Region of Déjà Vu, was announced at the end of the series.[106][107] The movie, featuring an original storyline taking place after the events of the series, was released in Japanese theaters on April 20, 2013, and later on Blu-ray Disc and DVD on December 13, 2013.[13]\",\n \"Sword Art Online Alternative Gun Gale Online An anime television series adaptation was announced at the Dengeki Bunko Fall Festival 2017 event on October 1, 2017.[1] The series is directed by Masayuki Sakoi, written by Yōsuke Kuroda, and animated by studio 3Hz, with character designs by Yoshio Kosakai.[7][8] The opening theme song is \\\"Ryūsei\\\" (流星, Meteor) by Eir Aoi[9] and the ending theme song is \\\"To see the future\\\" by Tomori Kusunoki.[10][11]\",\n \"Sword Art Online: Hollow Realization The game was teased at Tokyo Game Show 2015 in September[12] with the working title of SAO IV.[17] It was officially announced at Dengeki Bunko Fall Fest by Bandai Namco on October 3.[18] According to Bandai Namco Games producer Yosuke Futami, the game was devised with the idea of Kirito starting the game at level one.[5] A Western release date was later announced, with Hollow Realization releasing in Japan on October 27 and internationally on November 8.[19] The North American Vita release is digital-only.[11]\",\n \"Sword Art Online A spin-off manga starring Lisbeth, Silica, and Leafa, titled Sword Art Online: Girls Ops (ソードアート・オンライン ガールズ・オプス) and illustrated by Neko Nekobyō, began serialization in the July 2013 issue of Dengeki Bunko Magazine.[29] Girls Ops was licensed by Yen Press in November 2014, the first volume of which was released on May 19, 2015.[30][31] A manga adaption of Sword Art Online: Progressive, illustrated by Kiseki Himura, began serialization in the August 2013 issue of Dengeki G's Magazine. The manga ended serialization in the magazine's May 2014 issue and was transferred to Dengeki G's Comic starting with the June 2014 issue.[32] The Progressive manga adaption has been licensed by Yen Press, with the first two volumes released in January and April 2015, respectively.[17][33]\",\n \"Sword Art Online: Hollow Realization A DLC called Chapter 1: Explorer of Illusory Mists became available starting on May 16, 2017.[23]On July 21, 2017 the second expansion[24] was released with the title Chapter II: Tuner of Causality. The last post-release content was released on September 26, 2017 closing the Abyss of the Shrine Maiden saga and it was titled Chapter III: The One Who Opposes God released on September 26, 2017. [25][26]\",\n \"Sword Art Online A sixth manga, titled Sword Art Online: Phantom Bullet and illustrated by Kōtarō Yamada, had its first chapter serialized in the May 2014 issue of Dengeki Bunko Magazine, with following chapters being digitally serialized on Kadokawa's Comic Walker website. A seventh manga, titled Sword Art Online: Calibur and illustrated by Shii Kiya, was serialized in Dengeki G's Comic between the September 2014 and July 2015 issues.[34] A single compilation volume was released on August 10, 2015.[35] An eighth manga, titled Sword Art Online: Mother's Rosario and also by Tsubasa, is based on the seventh volume of the novel series and began serialization in the July 2014 issue of Dengeki Bunko Magazine.[36] A ninth manga, an adapatation of Sword Art Online Alternative Gun Gale Online, began serialization in the November 2015 issue of Dengeki Maoh.[37]\",\n \"Date A Live On the event of \\\"Date A Live II\\\", the staff unveiled that the movie will be titled as Date a Live The Movie: Mayuri Judgement (劇場版 デート ア ライブ 万由里ジャッジメント, Gekijōban Dēto A Raibu: Mayuri Jajjimento) and will premiere in August 22, with an original story supervised by the original light novel author, Koushi Tachibana. Nobunaga Shimazaki, the voice actor of Shido Itsuka, introduced a silhouette of the new title character, named Mayuri (万由里, Mayuri).[14] During the events of \\\"Tohka's Birthday\\\" on 10 April, Sora Amamiya was confirmed to be voicing Mayuri.[15]\",\n \"Sword Art Online Kazuto is later recruited to assist in testing an experimental FullDive machine, Soul Translator (STL), which has an interface that is far more realistic and complex than the previous machine he had played to help develop an artificial intelligence for the Ministry of Defense (MOD) named A.L.I.C.E. He tests the STL by entering a virtual reality cyberspace created with The Seed package, named UnderWorld (UW). In the UW, the flow of time proceeds a thousand times faster than in the real world, and Kirito's memories of what happens inside are restricted. However, Black injures Kazuto with suxamethonium chloride. The MOD recovers Kazuto and places him back into the STL to preserve his mind while attempts are made to save him.\",\n \"Sword Art Online A tenth manga, titled Sword Art Online: Project Alicization and illustrated by Kōtarō Yamada, based on the Alicization arc of the light novel series, began serialization in the September 2016 issue of Dengeki Bunko Magazine.[38]\",\n \"The Irregular at Magic High School The Movie: The Girl Who Calls the Stars The development of the movie was revealed in the 19th light novel volume which was released in March 2016.[2]\",\n \"Sword Art Online There are a number of dōjinshi (fan works) written by Kawahara under the pseudonym Fumio Kunori, titled Sword Art Online Material Edition (ソードアート・オンライン・マテリアル・エディション).[20] An 80-page assemblage of some of the Material Edition volumes was published on February 13, 2011;[21] the latest release is Material Edition volume 19 on May 5, 2016. The author has also created some other dōjinshi including Lisbeth Edition, Silica Edition and Pina Edition under cooperation with Kurusu Tatsuya from ponz.info.[22][23] It is reported that these dōjinshi gain traction from the involvement of the original author in its creation process, as well as from supplying more details on characters from the original work.[22]\",\n \"Sword Art Online A game based in Gun Gale Online, Sword Art Online: Fatal Bullet, was released for the PS4, Xbox One and Windows on February 23, 2018.[122]\",\n \"No Game No Life An anime movie adaptation of the sixth light novel was announced on July 17, 2016 at the MF Bunko J Summer School Festival 2016 event.[64] The film, titled No Game No Life: Zero (ノーゲーム・ノーライフ ゼロ, Nōgēmu Nōraifu Zero), premiered on July 15, 2017, with the staff and cast from the anime series returning.[65][66] Based on the sixth volume of the light novel series, the story is set 6000 years before the events of the series, with most of the original cast portraying ancient characters related to their present counterparts. The theme song is \\\"There is a Reason\\\" by Konomi Suzuki. The song was included on the album \\\"No Song No Life\\\" on July 12, 2017.[67] Sentai Filmworks released the film theatrically within the United States from October 5, 2017,[68] and has licensed the film for home video distribution.[69] Madman Entertainment premiered the film in Australia at the Madman Anime Festival in Melbourne on November 5, 2017.[70]\",\n \"Steins;Gate: The Movie − Load Region of Déjà Vu The film takes place in August 2011, one year after the events of the anime series. After going through a painstaking journey across multiple 'World Lines' due to the invention of 'D-Mail', text messages that can be sent to the past, Rintarō Okabe has assumedly landed in the \\\"Steins Gate\\\" World Line, in which he was able to prevent the deaths of both Mayuri Shiina and Kurisu Makise, as well as prevent a future ruled by SERN due to the invention of a time machine that no longer exists. On August 3, Kurisu arrives in Japan for a press conference and reunites with all the members of the Future Gadget Laboratory. Meanwhile, Rintarō starts having intense side effects from his time travels, seeing visions of alternate Worldlines. The next day on August 4, a mysterious visitor shows up at Kurisu's hotel, telling her to remember three things: a cell phone, a microwave oven, and SERN. Later that day, as Kurisu is talking to Rintarō about how her own instances of déjà vu may be similar to Rintarō's 'Reading Steiner' ability to remember things from other World Lines, Rintarō suddenly disappears before Kurisu's eyes. Furthermore, no one else seems to remember Rintarō ever existed, with Kurisu barely retaining a faint memory of someone.\",\n \"List of Sword Art Online II episodes This 24-episode series initially ran in Japan from July 5 to December 20, 2014 on Tokyo MX with later airings on Chiba TV, tvk, Teleball, GYT, GTV, MBS, TVA, TVh, TVQ and BS11.[7] The series was made available as a worldwide simulcast by Aniplex.[8][9] It was also picked up by Crunchyroll for online simulcast streaming in North America and other select parts of the world.[10] Daisuki allowed users to stream the series in select European countries.[11]\",\n \"Steins;Gate: The Movie − Load Region of Déjà Vu The film was released in both DVD and Blu-ray Disc home video versions in Japan on December 13, 2013.[6] Several versions were released; a standard DVD edition, a standard Blu-ray Disc edition, a five-disc combo pack containing several radio dramas, and a six-disc combo pack containing the radio dramas in addition to the film's soundtrack. Additional items were shipped depending on the retailer. The Japanese release also includes English subtitles.[7] Funimation released the film on Blu-ray Disc/DVD in North America on March 28, 2017.[8]\",\n \"Sword Art Online Sword Art Online: Hollow Fragment is a PlayStation Vita game released in Japan on April 24, 2014.[87][88] Sword Art Online: Hollow Fragment takes place in the same alternative storyline as Sword Art Online: Infinity Moment,[89] and it includes all content of \\\"Floor Clearing\\\" from that previous game[90] with the addition of new unexplored \\\"Hollow Area\\\" of Aincrad.[91] The protagonist Kirito will cross swords with a mysterious player who would become one of the key characters in the game.[91] The game sold 145,029 physical retail copies within the first week of release in Japan, topping the Japanese software sales charts for that particular week.[92] The game had also been released in Taiwan by Namco Bandai Games Taiwan with Chinese and English subtitles.[93] A digital-only North American, European and Australian release was released in August 2014.\",\n \"Steins;Gate: The Movie − Load Region of Déjà Vu Steins;Gate: The Movie − Load Region of Déjà Vu (Japanese: 劇場版 シュタインズ・ゲート 負荷領域のデジャヴ, Hepburn: Gekijōban Shutainzu Gēto: Fuka Ryōiki no Dejavu) is a 2013 Japanese animated science fiction film produced by White Fox. It is a follow-up to the 2011 anime television series Steins;Gate, which was based on the video game of the same name, and is part of the Science Adventure franchise. The film premiered in Japanese theaters on April 20, 2013 and was released on BD/DVD on December 13, 2013.[1][2][3] The film has been licensed in North America by Funimation,[4] and it was released in English in March 2017.[5]\",\n \"Sword Art Online Alternative Gun Gale Online Tadadi Tamori launched a manga adaptation in ASCII Media Works seinen manga magazine Dengeki Maoh on October 27, 2015.[5] Yen Press announced their license to the series at Sakura-Con on April 15, 2017.[6]\",\n \"Digimon Adventure tri. The first film, Reunion (再会, Saikai), was released in Japan on November 21, 2015, Indonesia on August 3, 2016, North America on September 15, 2016, and Germany and Austria on May 21, 2017. It was released on region-free DVD and Blu-ray in Japan on December 18, 2015, the U.S. on May 16, 2017, the UK on May 22, 2017, Australia on July 19, 2017, and Germany on August 7, 2017. The second film, Determination (決意, Ketsui), was released in Japan on March 12, 2016 as well as Germany and Austria on July 2, 2017. It was released on region-free DVD and Blu-ray in Japan on April 2, 2016 and the U.S. at Anime Expo from July 1, 2017 through July 4, 2017 as well as San Diego Comic-Con from July 19, 2017 through July 23, 2017, ahead of a general release on August 15, 2017. It will be released in the UK on November 6, 2017[6] and Germany on October 9, 2017.[7] The third film, Confession (告白, Kokuhaku), was released in Japan on September 24, 2016, North America on July 1, 2017, and Germany and Austria on August 13, 2017. It was released on region-free DVD and Blu-ray in Japan on November 2, 2016. It will be released in Germany on October 30, 2017,[8] the US on December 5, 2017,[9] and the UK on December 26, 2017.[10] The fourth film, Loss (喪失, Sōshitsu), was released on February 25, 2017. It was released on region-free DVD and Blu-ray in Japan on April 4, 2017. The fifth film, Symbiosis (共生, Kyōsei), will be released on September 30, 2017.[11] It will be released on region-free DVD and Blu-Ray in Japan on November 2, 2017.[12] The films are being streamed in episodic format outside Japan by Crunchyroll,[13] Hulu,[14] AnimeLab,[15] and Tubi TV,[16] while Eleven Arts[17] and Shout! Factory are distributing the English-language films.[18]\",\n \"List of Sword Art Online: Alicization episodes The series premiered on October 7, 2018,[2] with a one-hour world premiere airing in Japan, the United States, Australia, France, Germany, Russia and South Korea on September 15, 2018.[3] It will air for four cours (around one year).[1]\",\n \"List of Sword Art Online light novels Kawahara also began writing a parallel series of light novels titled Sword Art Online: Progressive, a retelling of the original series' Aincrad arc. However, instead of covering the arc in one light novel, Kawahara plans to take a floor by floor approach of the Aincrad arc. The first volume was released on October 10, 2012[7] and four volumes have been published as of December 2015.\",\n \"Sword Art Online For the character protagonist Kirito, Kawahara was asked if Kirito's personality and character were based on his own; he answered that he usually does not put aspects of himself into his characters,[6] and jokingly remarked: \\\"but if I had to say there was a point of similarity between Kirito and myself, it is the fact that neither of us are good at forming parties. We [both] tend to play solo in these games a lot.\\\"[7] Kawahara also noted that the female characters in the story were not based on anyone he knew in the real world, stating: \\\"I don't usually make a character, setting, or anything before I start writing. As I write the story, the girls become what they are now. So, somehow, I don’t know exactly, but somehow, my subliminal idea or some hidden emotion creates the characters to be strong and capable.\\\"[6] Kawahara added that he wrote the series to demonstrate that he views online gaming not as a social ill or escape from real life, but rather decided to show games in a more positive light in his light novels.[6] He noted that \\\"the character of Asuna I might have created a little too perfectly for Sword Art Online\\\".[8]\",\n \"Aura: Koga Maryuin's Last War An anime film, produced by AIC ASTA and directed by Seiji Kishi, was released in Japanese theaters on April 13, 2013,[6][7] and was released on Blu-ray Disc and DVD on September 18, 2013.[8]\",\n \"Sword Art Online: Hollow Realization The main character of the game is a 14-year old AI, known as Premiere,[14] that travels with Kirito.[5] Although she is part of the game's initial release, a later patch would tweak her \\\"vocabulary and personality\\\" in-game to a \\\"specific character\\\", based on keywords in Twitter tweets as part of a promotional campaign featuring the character.[15] These conversations with Twitter users would dictate her personality over time and ultimately decide if she would become a \\\"good girl\\\" or \\\"bad girl\\\" in-game.[16]\",\n \"List of Sword Art Online II episodes The second season of Sword Art Online, titled Sword Art Online II, is a science fantasy anime series adapted from the light novel series of the same title written by Reki Kawahara and illustrated by Abec. It was produced by A-1 Pictures and the SAO Project, and directed by Tomohiko Itō.[1][2] It is divided into the \\\"Phantom Bullet\\\", \\\"Calibur\\\" and \\\"Mother's Rosario\\\" arcs. The episodes are each 24 minutes in length and adapts Kawahara's light novels from the fifth through the seventh volumes as well as parts of the eighth volume.[3] The story of the second season follows Kazuto \\\"Kirito\\\" Kirigaya as he plays the new virtual reality game called \\\"Gun Gale Online\\\" (GGO), where he allies himself with a girl named Shino \\\"Sinon\\\" Asada and enters a tournament to investigate a player known only as \\\"Death Gun\\\", who has the ability to kill a person in the real world by killing their virtual avatar.[4] Kirito and his friends return to \\\"ALfheim Online\\\" (ALO) to retrieve the Holy Sword Excaliber from Thrym, the King of the Frost Giants, in order to restore the city of Jötunheimr back to its former glory.[5] Asuna befriends a girl named Yuuki Konno, leader of the Sleeping Knights, who asks Asuna to join them in one last quest together. However, Asuna later discovers that Yuuki is suffering from a terminal illness and does not have very long to live.[6]\",\n \"Sword Art Online The light novel series spans several virtual reality worlds, beginning with the titular world of Sword Art Online. Each world is built on a game engine called the World Seed, which was initially developed specifically for SAO by Akihiko Kayaba, but was later duplicated for ALO, and later willed to Kirito, who had it leaked online with the successful intention of reviving the virtual reality industry.\",\n \"Sword Art Online Alternative Gun Gale Online The series aired in Japan between April 8 and June 30, 2018,[b][13][12] and is airing on Tokyo MX, BS11, Tochigi TV, Gunma TV, MBS, and TV Aichi.[7] The series will be released on 6 home video sets with 2 episodes each, for a total of 12 episodes.[14] Aniplex of America has licensed the series and simulcast the series on Crunchyroll and Hulu.[15]\",\n \"Death Note: Light Up the New World As of February 2016 principal photography was taking place outside Japan.[2]\",\n \"The Irregular at Magic High School The Movie: The Girl Who Calls the Stars The film is getting english subbed on June 10 by Aniplex of America, and it's confirmed that the film was premiered in United States on July 28[11][12][13] The film also screening in South East Asia by Odex.\",\n \"Sword Art Online Rebecca Silverman of Anime News Network has criticized the series as having pacing problems, logical gaps, and \\\"sloppy writing\\\".[138] Theron Martin of Anime News Network criticized the story as struggling \\\"to achieve and maintain the level of gravitas that life-or-death danger should have\\\", while calling it unwilling to commit to Kirito's \\\"lone wolf\\\" image.[139] DeviceCritique explains that Sword Art Online influences the virtual reality market to grow, and references the Oculus Rift as a prime example of the starting point of virtual reality. It also praises Sword Art Online for exploring the psychological and social aspects of virtual reality gaming.[140] Adam Facey of The Muse criticized the series, among others, as being sexist and the female characters as being overly sexualized.[141]\",\n \"Log Horizon By its eleventh expansion pack, the massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG) Elder Tale (エルダー・テイル, Erudā Teiru) has become a global success, with a user base of millions of players. However, during the release of its twelfth expansion pack: Homesteading the Noosphere (ノウアスフィアの開墾, Nōasufia no Kaikon, sometimes mistranslated as Novasphere Pioneers),[2][3] thirty thousand Japanese gamers who are logged on at the time of the update suddenly find themselves transported into the virtual game world and donning their in-game avatars. In the midst of the event, a socially awkward gamer named Shiroe, along with his friends, Naotsugu and Akatsuki, decide to team up so that they may face this world, which unfortunately has now become their reality, along with the challenges and obstacles ahead of them.\",\n \"Re:Zero − Starting Life in Another World An original video animation (OVA) episode was announced at the \\\"MF Bunko J Summer School Festival 2017\\\" event on September 10, 2017.[61] All of the main staff and cast will be returning for the OVA, with Tatsuya Koyanagi joining as chief director.[62] Titled Memory Snow, the OVA will be screened in Japanese theaters starting on October 6, 2018.[63][64][65]\",\n \"Sword Art Online According to Oricon, Sword Art Online was the top selling light novel series of 2012, with eight volumes figuring among the top selling light novels.[127][128] It was ranked first in the 2012 and 2013 Kono Light Novel ga Sugoi! rankings, as well as top ten placement in 2011, 2014 and 2015.[129][130][131][132][133] It was also the second best selling light novel series for the first half of 2016 in Japan, selling 489,374 copies.[134] Sword Art Online: Progressive sold 321,535 copies in the same time period.[134] As of 2017, the series has an estimated 20 million copies in print worldwide.[135]\",\n \"Sword Art Online: Hollow Realization Sword Art Online: Hollow Realization (ソードアート・オンライン -ホロウ・リアリゼーション-, Sōdoāto Onrain - Horō Riarizēshon -) is a video game developed by Aquria and published by Bandai Namco Entertainment for the PlayStation 4, PlayStation Vita, and Windows PC, based on the Japanese light novel series, Sword Art Online. It is the fourth video game in the series and the successor to Sword Art Online: Lost Song. Hollow Realization was released on October 27, 2016 in Japan,[1] and on November 8, 2016 for North American and European territories.[2][3]\",\n \"Sword Art Online The opening theme song for the first 14 episodes of season one is \\\"Crossing Field\\\" by LiSA,[73] and the ending theme song is \\\"Yume Sekai\\\" (ユメセカイ, lit. \\\"Dream World\\\") by Haruka Tomatsu.[74] From episode 15 onward, the opening theme is \\\"Innocence\\\" by Eir Aoi and the ending theme is \\\"Overfly\\\" by Luna Haruna.[75][76] The main theme for Sword Art Online: Extra Edition is \\\"Niji no Oto\\\" (虹の音, Sound of the Rainbow) by Aoi.[75]\",\n \"List of Sword Art Online episodes Sword Art Online: Extra Edition is a special anime episode which was simulcast worldwide on December 31, 2013.[15] In Japan, it was premiered on two broadcast channels: Tokyo MX and BS 11. While in other countries, the special was streamed via the Internet on Daisuki and Crunchyroll.[58]\",\n \"Violet Evergarden When the Violet Evergarden Gaiden light novel was released, the jacket band announced that a \\\"new project\\\" was in progress and that it will be a completely new work for the anime.[19] In July 2018, it was announced at a special event for the series that the aforementioned new project will be a brand new anime film scheduled to premiere in January 2020.[20]\",\n \"Sinon (Sword Art Online) Shortly before the Bullet of Bullets (BoB) tournament, Sinon encounters Kirito, deciding to help him after believing he is female due to his avatar.[11] After Kirito's true gender was revealed, an angered Sinon[12] attempts to leave him, but they meet again during the BoB.[13] The two are confronted by Death Gun, who causes Sinon's PTSD to relapse when his weapon was revealed to be a Type 54 pistol, the same weapon she had used in the post office shooting.[14] She is rescued by Kirito and the two escape, though she is afraid to attack Death Gun.[15] With his help, Sinon overcomes her fear and the two defeat Death Gun.[16] Afterwards, the two end the tournament as co-winners after Sinon kills them both with a «Gift Grenade».[17] Upon exiting GGO, Shino is visited by Shinkawa, who congratulates her on winning the BoB. However, angry at Kirito, he attacks her with intentions of raping and eventually killing her, revealing himself to be Death Gun's creator.[18] Shino manages to resist his attack and escape, but is stopped by Shinkawa before she could exit the house; Kirito arrives and fights Shinkawa, the latter eventually being knocked out by Shino throwing her stereo at him.[19]\",\n \"Pokémon the Movie: Kyurem vs. the Sword of Justice Pokémon the Movie: Kyurem vs. the Sword of Justice, originally released in Japan as Pocket Monsters Best Wishes! The Movie: Kyurem vs. the Sacred Swordsman: Keldeo (劇場版ポケットモンスター ベストウイッシュ キュレムVS聖剣士 ケルディオ, Gekijōban Poketto Monsutā Besuto Uisshu Kyuremu tai Seikenshi Kerudio) is a 2012 Japanese anime film and the 15th Pokémon anime movie released. The movie was released on July 14, 2012 in Japan. The movies features Kyurem, the Boundary Pokémon, as revealed during a preview shown at the end of the last movie Pokémon the Movie: Black—Victini and Reshiram and White—Victini and Zekrom, as well as Cobalion, Terrakion, and Virizion, the titular \\\"Sacred Swordsmen\\\", before the introduction of the new Pokémon Keldeo.[2] The movie also celebrates the 90th anniversary of the Japanese manga publisher Shogakukan, which published many Pokémon related works. The film was first broadcast in English on Cartoon Network in the United States on December 8, 2012. The movie was released on DVD in the U.S. on April 2, 2013 by Viz Media. Universal released the movie on DVD in the UK on September 30, 2013.\",\n \"Sword Gai An anime adaptation originally developed by DLE and Fields was scheduled to air in April 2016,[5] but it was delayed indefinitely until Netflix streamed the series worldwide on March 23, 2018.[6][7] Tomohito Naka directed the series while Takahiro Ikezoe served as the chief director, Inoue himself wrote the scripts, Atsuko Nakajima designed the characters, Toshiki Kameyama was the sound designer, and Kotaro Nakagawa composed the music. LandQ Studios, Production I.G, and DLE are credited with animation.[8] The opening theme song is \\\"Sadame Goto\\\" (サダメゴト, What is Predestined) by Yūto Uemura.[4]\",\n \"Is It Wrong to Try to Pick Up Girls in a Dungeon? A second season of the anime and an original film adaptation titled Is It Wrong to Try to Pick Up Girls in a Dungeon?: Arrow of the Orion (劇場版 ダンジョンに出会いを求めるのは間違っているだろうか ー オリオンの矢 ー, Danjon ni Deai o Motomeru no wa Machigatteiru Darō ka ー Orion no Ya ー) were announced on February 18, 2018, during the GA Bunko 2018 Happyō Stage at Wonder Festival.[73] The film will be directed by Katsushi Sakurabi written by Fujino Ōmori, with animation by J.C.Staff and music by Keiji Inai. The film is slated to screen on Japanese cinemas in February 15, 2019.[74][75]\",\n \"Overlord (novel series) In the year 2126, a Dive Massively Multiplayer Online Role Playing Game or DMMORPG called Yggdrasil was released. It stands out among all other DMMORPGs due to its unusually high ability for the player to interact with the game. After an intense 12-year run the game servers are about to be shut down. Within the game exists a guild, Ainz Ooal Gown, once consisting of 41 members and credited as one of the strongest guilds in the game. Now only 4 of the members remain, the other 37 having quit the game. Of those 4 only one, an elder lich character named Momonga, continues to play as the guild leader and maintaining their headquarters, The Great Tomb of Nazarick. He invites the remaining guild members but of those only one appears and only for a short while before leaving. While saddened by this, he accepts the reality that his friends have their other lives (both lives are real) to take care of and decides to stay logged in until the servers shut down.\",\n \"Fate/stay night: Heaven's Feel The first film, titled Fate/stay night: Heaven's Feel I. presage flower, premiered in Japan on October 14, 2017,[1][4] and premiered in the United States between November and December 2017.[5] Its English dub premiered on June 5, 2018 and June 7, 2018 in the USA[6]. The second film, titled Fate/stay night: Heaven's Feel II. lost butterfly, is scheduled to premiere on January 12, 2019 in Japan.\",\n \"Sword Art Online: Hollow Realization Hollow Realization is approximately 30 to 40 hours in length; however, completely finishing the game such as leveling up to the highest level and completing all the quests will take the player approximately 70 to 100 hours.[10] The game will eventually feature downloadable content. For example, the free expansion pack Fighters of the Blue Sky, to be released in 2016, will feature Sword Art Online: Lost Song characters Rain and Seven, a new PvP feature, and an additional story.[11] The paid expansion pack Shrine Maiden of the Abyss, to be released in 2017, will add an additional three chapters into the game.[11]\",\n \"Steins;Gate: The Movie − Load Region of Déjà Vu A manga adaptation by Reki Kugayama was serialized in Kadokawa Shoten's Shōnen Ace magazine between the May and December 2013 issues, released on March 26 and October 26, 2013, respectively.[14] The series was collected in two volumes, released on April 24[15] and December 26, 2013.[16] A two-volume novel series, written by Tatsuya Hamazaki and illustrated by Huke, Kyūta Sakai, and Bun150, was published by Kadokawa Shoten under their Kadokawa Sneaker Bunko imprint. The two volumes were released on May 1 and June 1, 2013.[17][18]\",\n \"Sword Art Online: Hollow Realization Players who pre-ordered Sword Art Online: Hollow Realization via the PlayStation Store in Japan gain a one-week early access into part of the game's main story.[11] The game will feature Japanese voices coupled with English, French, German, Italian, and Spanish subtitles.[20] The opening theme is \\\"Windia\\\" by Luna Haruna.[21] The ending theme is \\\"Two of Us\\\" by Haruka Tomatsu. An advertising campaign for the game, titled \\\"Sword Art On-Nyaine\\\", featured cats playing with toys but with Hollow Realization sounds dubbed over them.[22]\"\n]","isConversational":false},"gt_docs":{"kind":"list like","value":["Sword Art Online The Movie: Ordinal Scale In the year 2026, the Augma is released to the public as an alternative system to the AmuSphere, due to its function to simulate reality while the player is conscious rather than using FullDive. The most prominent combat-based game is Ordinal Scale, in which a player's abilities are ranked by ordinal numbers."],"string":"[\n \"Sword Art Online The Movie: Ordinal Scale In the year 2026, the Augma is released to the public as an alternative system to the AmuSphere, due to its function to simulate reality while the player is conscious rather than using FullDive. The most prominent combat-based game is Ordinal Scale, in which a player's abilities are ranked by ordinal numbers.\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":291,"cells":{"_id":{"kind":"string","value":"test3382"},"query":{"kind":"string","value":"what is the job of a senator in the philippines"},"gt_ids":{"kind":"list like","value":["doc115439"],"string":"[\n \"doc115439\"\n]","isConversational":false},"gt_qrels":{"kind":"list like","value":[1],"string":"[\n 1\n]","isConversational":false},"candidate_ids":{"kind":"list like","value":["doc115439","doc528220","doc115437","doc115446","doc115448","doc115441","doc115438","doc1021338","doc304482","doc115450","doc115447","doc115449","doc115455","doc115460","doc854676","doc115443","doc1784614","doc115451","doc115457","doc115458","doc1594670","doc1613470","doc115452","doc115453","doc115440","doc854661","doc1021337","doc312582","doc115445","doc115444","doc854666","doc854675","doc1021339","doc70613","doc312583","doc1613468","doc854659","doc854663","doc1594669","doc312588","doc528219","doc2522528","doc2070851","doc2522529","doc87232","doc854667","doc854668","doc854664","doc1966922","doc87214","doc115456","doc313171","doc528228","doc528234","doc918271","doc500427","doc854662","doc70612","doc854674","doc304483","doc1646879","doc358942","doc1966923","doc589377","doc854670","doc189548","doc1420200","doc500433","doc854660","doc528229","doc115461","doc854673","doc87233","doc115435","doc939137","doc2522527","doc115459","doc2091584","doc1021335","doc500431","doc2237452","doc189522","doc189521","doc1021340","doc87213","doc885130","doc115442","doc2410797","doc312584","doc1019859","doc2650371","doc70645","doc115454","doc312177","doc189530","doc189536","doc1646869","doc854671","doc885129","doc313159"],"string":"[\n \"doc115439\",\n \"doc528220\",\n \"doc115437\",\n \"doc115446\",\n \"doc115448\",\n \"doc115441\",\n \"doc115438\",\n \"doc1021338\",\n \"doc304482\",\n \"doc115450\",\n \"doc115447\",\n \"doc115449\",\n \"doc115455\",\n \"doc115460\",\n \"doc854676\",\n \"doc115443\",\n \"doc1784614\",\n \"doc115451\",\n \"doc115457\",\n \"doc115458\",\n \"doc1594670\",\n \"doc1613470\",\n \"doc115452\",\n \"doc115453\",\n \"doc115440\",\n \"doc854661\",\n \"doc1021337\",\n \"doc312582\",\n \"doc115445\",\n \"doc115444\",\n \"doc854666\",\n \"doc854675\",\n \"doc1021339\",\n \"doc70613\",\n \"doc312583\",\n \"doc1613468\",\n \"doc854659\",\n \"doc854663\",\n \"doc1594669\",\n \"doc312588\",\n \"doc528219\",\n \"doc2522528\",\n \"doc2070851\",\n \"doc2522529\",\n \"doc87232\",\n \"doc854667\",\n \"doc854668\",\n \"doc854664\",\n \"doc1966922\",\n \"doc87214\",\n \"doc115456\",\n \"doc313171\",\n \"doc528228\",\n \"doc528234\",\n \"doc918271\",\n \"doc500427\",\n \"doc854662\",\n \"doc70612\",\n \"doc854674\",\n \"doc304483\",\n \"doc1646879\",\n \"doc358942\",\n \"doc1966923\",\n \"doc589377\",\n \"doc854670\",\n \"doc189548\",\n \"doc1420200\",\n \"doc500433\",\n \"doc854660\",\n \"doc528229\",\n \"doc115461\",\n \"doc854673\",\n \"doc87233\",\n \"doc115435\",\n \"doc939137\",\n \"doc2522527\",\n \"doc115459\",\n \"doc2091584\",\n \"doc1021335\",\n \"doc500431\",\n \"doc2237452\",\n \"doc189522\",\n \"doc189521\",\n \"doc1021340\",\n \"doc87213\",\n \"doc885130\",\n \"doc115442\",\n \"doc2410797\",\n \"doc312584\",\n \"doc1019859\",\n \"doc2650371\",\n \"doc70645\",\n \"doc115454\",\n \"doc312177\",\n \"doc189530\",\n \"doc189536\",\n \"doc1646869\",\n \"doc854671\",\n \"doc885129\",\n \"doc313159\"\n]","isConversational":false},"candidate_docs":{"kind":"list like","value":["Senate of the Philippines Aside from having its concurrence on every bill in order to be passed for the president's signature to become a law, the Senate is the only body that can concur with treaties, and can try impeachment cases. The Senate Presidency is currently held by Aquilino Pimentel III.","Congress of the Philippines The Senate is composed of 24 senators [2] half of which are elected every three years. Each senator, therefore, serves a total of six years. The senators are elected by the whole electorate and do not represent any geographical district.","Senate of the Philippines The Senate of the Philippines (Filipino: Senado ng Pilipinas, also Mataas na Kapulungan ng Pilipinas or \"upper chamber\") is the upper house of the bicameral legislature of the Philippines, the Congress; the House of Representatives is the lower house. The Senate is composed of 24 senators who are elected at-large with the country as one district under plurality-at-large voting.","Senate of the Philippines Article VI, Section 2 of the 1987 Philippine Constitution provides that the Senate shall be composed of 24 senators who shall be elected at-large by the qualified voters of the Philippines, as may be provided by law.","Senate of the Philippines It follows also that the Senator, having a national rather than only a district constituency, will have a broader outlook of the problems of the country, instead of being restricted by narrow viewpoints and interests. With such perspective, the Senate is likely to be more circumspect, or at least less impulsive, than the House of Representatives.","Senate of the Philippines On August 29, 1916 the United States Congress enacted the Philippine Autonomy Act or popularly known as the \"Jones Law\", which created an elected bicameral Philippine Legislature with the Senate as the upper chamber and with the House of Representatives of the Philippines, previously called the Philippine Assembly, as the lower chamber. The Governor-General continued to be the head of the executive branch of the Insular Government. Senators then were elected via senatorial districts via plurality-at-large voting; each district grouped several provinces and each elected two senators except for \"non-Christian\" provinces where the Governor-General of the Philippines appointed the senators for the district.","Senate of the Philippines Senators serve six-year terms with a maximum of two consecutive terms, with half of the senators elected every three years to ensure that the Senate is maintained as a continuous body, though staggered. When the Senate was restored by the 1987 Constitution, the 24 senators who were elected in 1987 served until 1992. In 1992 the 12 candidates for the Senate obtaining the highest number of votes served until 1998, while the next 12 served until 1995. Thereafter, each senator elected serves the full six years.","Government of the Philippines Senators are elected to a term of six years. They can be re-elected but may not run for a third consecutive term. The House of Representatives may opt to pass for a vacancy of a legislative seat, which leads to a special election. The winner of the special election will serve the unfinished term of the previous district representative, and will be considered as one elective term. The same rule also applies in the Senate, however it only applies if the seat was vacated before a regular legislative election.","Politics of the Philippines Congress is a bicameral legislature. The upper house, the Senate, is composed of 24 senators elected via the plurality-at-large voting with the country as one at-large \"district.\" The senators elect amongst themselves a Senate President. The lower house is the House of Representatives, currently composed of 292 representatives, with no more than 20% elected via party-list system, with the rest elected from legislative districts. The House of Representatives is headed by the Speaker.","Senate of the Philippines The Senate Electoral Tribunal (SET) composed of three Supreme Court justices and six senators determines election protests on already-seated senators. There had been three instances where the SET has replaced senators due to election protests, the last of which was in 2011 when the tribunal awarded the protest of Aquilino Pimentel III against Juan Miguel Zubiri.[4]","Senate of the Philippines The composition of the Senate is smaller in number as compared to the House of Representatives. The members of this chamber are elected at large by the entire electorate. The rationale for this rule intends to make the Senate a training ground for national leaders and possibly a springboard for the presidency.","Senate of the Philippines Senatorial candidates are chosen by the leaders of major political parties or coalitions of parties. The selection process is not transparent and is done in \"backrooms\" where much political horse-trading occurs. Thus, the absence of regional or proportional representation in the Senate exacerbates a top heavy system of governance, with power centralized in Metro Manila. It has often been suggested that each region of the country should elect its own senator(s) to more properly represent the people. This will have the effect of flattening the power structure. Regional problems and concerns within a national view can be addressed more effectively. A senator's performance, accountability, and electability become meaningful to a more defined and identifiable regional constituency.","Senate of the Philippines By virtue of these provisions of the 1987 Philippine Constitution, the Senate adopts its own rules, otherwise known as the \"Rules of the Senate.\" The Rules of the Senate provide the following officers: a President, a President pro tempore, a Secretary and a Sergeant-at-Arms.","Senate of the Philippines The Senate previously met at the Old Legislative Building in Manila until May 1997. The Senate occupied the upper floors (the Session Hall now restored to its semi-former glory) while the House of Representatives occupied the lower floors (now occupied by the permanent exhibit of Juan Luna's Spoliarium as the museum's centerpiece), with the National Library at the basement. When the Legislative Building was ruined in World War II, the House of Representatives temporarily met at the Old Japanese Schoolhouse at Lepanto[7] (modern-day S. H. Loyola) Street, while the Senate's temporary headquarters was at the half-ruined Manila City Hall.[8] Congress then returned to the Legislative Building in 1950 upon its reconstruction. When President Ferdinand Marcos dissolved Congress in 1972, he built a new legislative complex in Quezon City. The unicameral parliament known as the Batasang Pambansa eventually met there in 1978. With the restoration of the bicameral legislature in 1987, the House of Representatives inherited the complex at Quezon City, now called the Batasang Pambansa Complex, while the Senate returned to the Congress Building, until the GSIS Building was finished in May 1997. Thus, the country's two houses of Congress meet at different places in Metro Manila.","President of the Senate of the Philippines Legend: Boldface means still an incumbent Senator.","Senate of the Philippines This setup continued until 1935, when the Philippine Independence Act or the \"Tydings–McDuffie Act\" was passed by the U.S. Congress which granted the Filipinos the right to frame their own constitution in preparation for their independence, wherein they established a unicameral National Assembly of the Philippines, effectively abolishing the Senate. Not long after the adoption of the 1935 Constitution several amendments began to be proposed. By 1938, the National Assembly began consideration of these proposals, which included restoring the Senate as the upper chamber of Congress. The amendment of the 1935 Constitution to have a bicameral legislature was approved in 1940 and the first biennial elections for the restored upper house was held in November 1941. Instead of the old senatorial districts, senators were elected via the entire country serving as an at-large district, although still under plurality-at-large voting, with voters voting up to eight candidates, and the eight candidates with the highest number of votes being elected. While the Senate from 1916 to 1935 had exclusive confirmation rights over executive appointments, as part of the compromises that restored the Senate in 1941, the power of confirming executive appointments has been exercised by a joint Commission on Appointments composed of members of both houses. However, the Senate since its restoration and the independence of the Philippines in 1946 has the power to ratify treaties.","Constitution of the Philippines Article VI provides for a bicameral legislature called the Congress composed of the Senate and the House of Representatives. It vests upon Congress, among others, the power of investigation and inquiry in aid of legislation,[3] the power to declare the existence of a state of war,[4] \nthe power of the purse,[5] the power of taxation,[6] and the power of eminent domain.[7]","Senate of the Philippines The qualifications for membership in the Senate are expressly stated in Section 3, Art. VI of the 1987 Philippine Constitution as follows:","Senate of the Philippines The Senate was modeled upon the United States Senate; the two chambers of Congress have roughly equal powers, and every bill or resolution that has to go through both houses needs the consent of both chambers before being passed for the president's signature. Once a bill is defeated in the Senate, it is lost. Once a bill is approved by the Senate on third reading, the bill is passed to the House of Representatives, unless an identical bill has also been passed by the lower house. When a counterpart bill in the lower house is different from the one passed by the Senate, either a bicameral conference committee is created consisting of members from both chambers of Congress to reconcile the differences, or either chamber may instead approve the other chamber's version.","Senate of the Philippines While money bills originate in the House of Representatives, the Senate may still propose or concur with amendments. Only the Senate has the power to approve, via a two-thirds supermajority, or denounce treaties, and the power to try and convict, via a two-thirds supermajority, an impeached official.","Philippines Senators are elected at large while the representatives are elected from both legislative districts and through sectoral representation.[218] The judicial power is vested in the Supreme Court, composed of a Chief Justice as its presiding officer and fourteen associate justices, all of whom are appointed by the President from nominations submitted by the Judicial and Bar Council.[218]","State senator This system changed in 1963, when the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that state legislatures must apportion seats in both houses according to population. However, the Single-member District system remained, and as a result, the State Senates became redundant bodies,[1] as other solutions, such as abolition (as in Canada) or switching to statewide proportional representation (as in Australia) were not considered. A senator's job is to represent the people at a higher level than a state representative in the lower house.[2]","Senate of the Philippines Under the Constitution, \"Congress shall convene once every year on the fourth Monday of July for its regular session...\". During this time, the Senate is organized to elect its officers. Specifically, the 1987 Philippine Constitution provides a definite statement, to it:","Senate of the Philippines The Senate shall elect its President and the House of Representatives its Speaker by a vote of all its respective members.","Senate of the Philippines The Senate has its roots in the Philippine Commission of the Insular Government. Under the Philippine Organic Act, from 1907 to 1916, the Philippine Commission headed by the Governor-General of the Philippines served as the upper chamber of the Philippine Legislature, with the Philippine Assembly as the elected lower house. At the same time the governor-general also exercised executive powers.","President of the Senate of the Philippines The Senate President is elected by the majority of the Members of the Senate from among themselves; Since there are 24 Senators, 13 votes are needed to win the Senate Presidency, including any vacant seats or senators not attending the session. Although Senate presidents are elected at the start of each Congress, there had been numerous instances of Senate coups in which a sitting Senate President is unseated in the middle of session. Term-sharing agreements among Senators who are both eyeing the position of the Senate President also played a role in changing the leadership of the Senate, but in a smooth manner, the peaceful transition of power and this was done two times in 1999 and in 2006.","Government of the Philippines The legislative power is vested in the Congress of the Philippines which consists of the Senate of the Philippines Senate and House of Representatives. The upper house is located in Pasay City, while the lower house is located in Quezon City. Both are in Metro Manila. The district and sectoral representatives are elected for a term of three years. They can be re-elected but they may not run for a fourth consecutive term.","Senate A senate is a deliberative assembly, often the upper house or chamber of a bicameral legislature or parliament. The name comes from the ancient Roman Senate (Latin: Senatus), so-called as an assembly of the senior (Latin: senex meaning \"the elder\" or \"old man\") and therefore allegedly wiser and more experienced members of the society or ruling class. Thus, the literal meaning of the word \"senate\" is Assembly of Elders.","Senate of the Philippines In the Senate, the officers are the Senate President, Senate President pro tempore, Majority Floor Leader, Minority Floor Leader and the Senate Secretary and the Senate Sergeant at Arms who shall be elected by the Senators from among the employees and staff of the Senate. Meanwhile, the Senate President, Senate President pro-tempore, the Majority Floor Leader and the Minority Floor Leader shall be elected by the Senators from among themselves.","Senate of the Philippines The Senate finally convened in 1945 and served as the upper chamber of Congress from thereon until the declaration of martial law by President Ferdinand Marcos in 1972, which shut down Congress. The Senate was resurrected in 1987 upon the ratification of the 1987 Constitution. However, instead of eight senators being replaced after every election, it was changed to twelve.","President of the Senate of the Philippines In the Senate, he supervises the committees and attended its hearings and meetings if necessary and such committee reports are being submitted to his/her office.","President of the Senate of the Philippines Aquilino Pimentel III (PDP–Laban), served 2016–2018","Government of the Philippines The current President of the Senate is Vicente Sotto, III, while the current Speaker of the House of Representatives is Pantaleon Alvarez.","United States Senate As the upper house, the Senate has several powers of advice and consent which are unique to it; these include the ratification of treaties and the confirmation of Cabinet secretaries, Supreme Court justices, federal judges, other federal executive officials, flag officers, regulatory officials, ambassadors, and other federal uniformed officers. In addition to these, in cases wherein no candidate receives a majority of electors for Vice President, the duty befalls upon the Senate to elect one of the top two recipients of electors for that office. It further has the responsibility of conducting trials of those impeached by the House. The Senate is widely considered both a more deliberative[2] and more prestigious[3][4][5] body than the House of Representatives due to its longer terms, smaller size, and statewide constituencies, which historically led to a more collegial and less partisan atmosphere.[6]","Senate Many countries have an assembly named a senate, composed of senators who may be elected, appointed, have inherited the title, or gained membership by other methods, depending on the country. Modern senates typically serve to provide a chamber of \"sober second thought\" to consider legislation passed by a lower house, whose members are usually elected.","State senator A state senator is a member of a state's senate, the upper house in the bicameral legislature of 49 U.S. states, or a legislator in Nebraska's one-house state legislature.","President of the Senate of the Philippines The President of the Senate of the Philippines (Filipino: Pangulo ng Senado ng Pilipinas), or more popularly known as the Senate President, is the presiding officer and the highest-ranking official of the Senate of the Philippines, and third highest and most powerful official in the Government of the Philippines. He/she is elected by the entire body to be their leader. The Senate President is second in line in succession for the presidency, behind the Vice President of the Philippines and in front of the Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines.","President of the Senate of the Philippines According to the Rule 3 of the Rules of the Senate, the Senate President has the powers and duties to:","Philippines The President functions as both head of state and head of government and is the commander-in-chief of the armed forces. The president is elected by popular vote for a single six-year term, during which he or she appoints and presides over the cabinet.[218] The bicameral Congress is composed of the Senate, serving as the upper house, with members elected to a six-year term, and the House of Representatives, serving as the lower house, with members elected to a three-year term.[218]","Senate Senate membership can be determined either through elections or appointments. For example, elections are held every three years for half the membership of the Senate of the Philippines, the term of a senator being six years. In contrast, members of the Canadian Senate are appointed by the Governor General upon the recommendation of the Prime Minister of Canada, holding the office until they resign, are removed, or retire at the mandatory age of 75.","Congress of the Philippines The Congress of the Philippines (Filipino: Kongreso ng Pilipinas) is the national legislature of the Philippines. It is a bicameral body consisting of the Senate (upper chamber), and the House of Representatives (lower chamber) although commonly in the Philippines the term congress refers to the latter.[1]","Chairman of the Senate of Pakistan The role of the Senate is to promote national cohesion and harmony and to alleviate fears of the smaller provinces regarding domination by any one province because of its majority, in the National Assembly.[5]","Jones Law (Philippines) Among the provisions of the law was the creation of an all-Filipino legislature. It created the Philippine Senate to replace the Philippine Commission, which had served as the upper chamber of the legislature.[2]","Chairman of the Senate of Pakistan The Senate act as an legislative institution that represents the provinces and territories of the country and promotes a feeling of equality, peace and good understanding between them, which is so essential for the growth and prosperity of a nation.[5] Thus, the Senate in Pakistan, over the years, has emerged as an essential organ and a stabilizing factor of the federation.[5]","Elections in the Philippines The Senate has 24 members, and 12 members are elected every election; hence, each voter is entitled to twelve votes for the Senate in every election. The voter may not complete the twelve votes for the Senate, but s/he must not surpass the twelve votes or else his/her ballot for that position will be nullified. With the entire country as one at-large district, the twelve candidates with the most number of votes are elected. This is often not proportional to the results.","President of the Senate of the Philippines The Senate was created on 1916 with the abolition of the Philippine Commission as the upper house with the Philippine Assembly as the lower house. The Senate and the House of Representatives comprised the Philippine Legislature (PL). Representation was by senatorial district; Manuel L. Quezon was elected Senator from the now-defunct 5th Legislative District.","President of the Senate of the Philippines All Senators from 1941 onwards were elected at-large, with the whole Philippines as one constituency.","President of the Senate of the Philippines The Senate President is also the ex officio chairman of the Commission on Appointments, a constitutional body within the Congress that has the sole power to confirm all appointments made by the President of the Philippines . Under Section 2 of Chapter 2 of the Rules of the Commission on Appointments, the powers and duties of the Senate President as its Ex-Officio Chairman are as follows:","Senate of Pakistan First convened in 1973, the Senate's composition and powers are established by the Article 59 of the Constitution of Pakistan.[1] Each province of Pakistan are represented by fourteen senators and eight senators from the tribal areas regardless of population, who serve staggered six-year terms.[2] The Senate secretariat is located in the east wing of the Parliament Building; the National Assembly convenes in the west wing of the same building.[3]","Elections in the Philippines The Congress or Kongreso has two chambers. The House of Representatives or Kapulungan ng mga Kinatawan has 292 seats as of 2013[update], of which 80% are contested in single seat electoral districts and 20% are allotted to party-lists according to a modified Hare quota with remainders disregarded and a three-seat cap. These party list seats are only accessible to marginalized and under-represented groups and parties, local parties, and sectoral wings of major parties that represent the marginalized. The Constitution of the Philippines allows the House of Representatives to have more than 250 members by statute without a need for a constitutional amendment. The Senate or Senado has 24 members which are elected on a nationwide at-large basis; they do not represent any geographical district. Half of the Senate is renewed every three years.","Senate of the Philippines Following this set of officers, the Senate as an institution can then be grouped into the Senate Proper and the Secretariat. The former belongs exclusively to the members of the Senate as well as its committees, while the latter renders support services to the members of the Senate.","Bicameralism Senators in Canada are not elected by the people but are appointed by the Governor General on the advice of the Prime Minister. The Senate does not originate most legislation (although a small fraction of government bills are introduced in the Senate and Senators may introduce private members' bills in the same way as MPs) but acts as a chamber of revision almost always passing legislation approved by the House of Commons, made up of Members of Parliament (MPs) who are elected. The Senate must pass legislation before it becomes law and can therefore act as a wise facilitator or engage in filibuster. The Senate does not have to endure the accountability and scrutiny of parliamentary elections. Therefore, the bicameral structure of Canadian parliament is more de jure than de facto.[citation needed]","Congress of the Philippines In 1916, the Jones Law changed the legislative system. The Philippine Commission was abolished, and a new bicameral Philippine Legislature consisting of a House of Representatives and a Senate was established.[10]","Congress of the Philippines It consists of the enactment of laws intended as a rule of conduct to govern the relation between individuals (i.e., civil laws, commercial laws, etc.) or between individuals and the state (i.e., criminal law, political law, etc.) [15]","President of the Senate In addition to overseeing the business of the chamber, chairing and regulating debates, deciding whether motions and bills are admissible, representing the Senate, etc., the President of the Senate stands in for the President of the Republic when s/he is unable to perform his/her duties.[6]","Senate of Nigeria The Senate is the upper house of the Nigeria's bicameral legislature, the National Assembly of Nigeria. The National Assembly (popularly referred to as NASS) is the nation's highest legislature, whose power to make laws is summarized in chapter one, section four of the 1999 Nigerian Constitution. It consists of 109 senators: the 36 states are each divided in 3 senatorial districts each electing one senator; the Federal Capital Territory elects only one senator. [1] [2]","President of the Senate of the Philippines Unlike most Senate Presidents that are the symbolic presiding officers of the upper house, the Senate President of the Philippines wields considerate power by influencing the legislative agenda and has the ability to vote not just in order to break ties, although the Senate President is traditionally the last senator to vote. A tied vote, therefore, means that the motion is lost, and that the Senate President cannot cast a tie-breaking vote since that would mean that the presiding officer would have had voted twice.","United States Senate The composition and powers of the Senate are established by Article One of the United States Constitution.[1] The Senate is composed of senators, each of whom represents a single state in its entirety, with each state being equally represented by two senators, regardless of its population, serving staggered terms of six years; with fifty states presently in the Union, there are 100 U.S. Senators. From 1789 until 1913, Senators were appointed by legislatures of the states they represented; following the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, they are now popularly elected. The Senate chamber is located in the north wing of the Capitol, in Washington, D.C.","President of the Senate of the Philippines Juan Ponce Enrile (PMP/UNA), served 2008–2013","Politics of the Philippines Each bill needs the consent of both houses in order to be submitted to the president for his signature. If the president vetoes the bill, Congress can override the veto with a two-thirds supermajority. If either house voted down on a bill or fails to act on it after an adjournment sine die, the bill is lost and would have to be proposed to the next congress, with the process starting all over again. Congress' decisions are mostly via majority vote, except for voting on constitutional amendments and other matters. Each house has its own inherent power, with the Senate given the power to vote on treaties, while the House of Representatives can only introduce money bills. The constitution provides Congress with impeachment powers, with the House of Representatives having the power to impeach, and the Senate having the power to try the impeached official.","Local government in the Philippines The legislatures review the ordinances and resolutions enacted by the legislatures below. Aside from regular and ex-officio members, the legislatures above the barangay level also have three sectoral representatives, one each from women, agricultural or industrial workers, and other sectors.[2]","Commission on Appointments The Commission is composed of the Senate President, the ex officio Chairman, twelve Senators and twelve members of the House of Representatives. Members from each House of Congress are elected based on proportional representation from the political parties and parties or organizations registered under the party-list system represented. The Chairman of the Commission shall vote only in case of a tie. It shall act on all appointments submitted within thirty session days of Congress. It shall be governed by a majority vote of all members.[2]","Senate of Pakistan The Senate has several exclusive powers not granted to the National Assembly, including the powers of making parliamentary bills as a being enforced into law. Elections are held every three years for one half of the Senate and each Senator has a term of six years.[4] The Constitution does not allow for the dissolution of the Senate.[5]","President of the Philippines Impeachment in the Philippines follows procedures similar to the United States. The House of Representatives, one of the houses of the bicameral Congress, has the exclusive power to initiate all cases of impeachment against the President, Vice President, members of the Supreme Court, members of the Constitutional Commissions and the Ombudsman.[29] When a third of its membership has endorsed the impeachment articles, it is then transmitted to the Senate of the Philippines which tries and decide, as impeachment tribunal, the impeachment case.[30] A main difference from US proceedings however is that only a third of House members are required to approve the motion to impeach the President (as opposed to the majority required in the United States). In the Senate, selected members of the House of Representatives act as the prosecutors and the Senators act as judges with the Senate President and Chief Justice of the Supreme Court jointly presiding over the proceedings. Like the United States, to convict the official in question requires that a minimum of two-thirds (i.e., 16 of 24 members) of the senate vote in favour of conviction. If an impeachment attempt is unsuccessful or the official is acquitted, no new cases can be filed against that impeachable official for at least one full year.","President of the Senate of the Philippines Franklin Drilon (LP), served 2000, 2001-2006, 2013-2016","Senate of Canada The senator responsible for steering legislation through the Senate is the Representative of the Government in the Senate, who is a senator selected by the prime minister and whose role is to introduce legislation on behalf of the government. The position was created in 2016 to replace the former position of Leader of the Government in the Senate. The opposition equivalent is the Leader of the Opposition in the Senate, who is selected by his or her counterpart in the House of Commons, the Leader of the Opposition. However, if the Official Opposition in the Commons is a different party than the Official Opposition in the Senate (as was the case from 2011 to 2015), then the Senate party chooses its own leader.","Upper house The Senate of the Philippines was abolished – and restored – twice: from 1935 to 1945 when a unicameral National Assembly convened, and from 1972 to 1987 when Congress was closed, and later a new constitution was approved instituting a unicameral Parliament. The Senate was re-instituted with the restoration of a bicameral Congress via a constitutional amendment in 1941, and via adoption of a new constitution in 1987.","Senate of Nigeria Senators are to serve a term of four years until a General election. Senators have unlimited tenure[9] and can remain in the chamber for as long as they are re-elected in general elections.","President of the Senate of the Philippines The current Senate President of the 17th Congress of the Philippines is Tito Sotto, who was elected on May 21, 2018.","Congress of the Philippines The legislative system was changed again in 1935. The 1935 Constitution, aside from instituting the Commonwealth which gave the Filipinos more role in government, established a unicameral National Assembly. But in 1940, through an amendment to the 1935 Constitution, a bicameral Congress of the Philippines consisting of a House of Representatives and a Senate was created. Those elected in 1941 would not serve until 1945, as World War II erupted. The invading Japanese set up the Second Philippine Republic and convened its own National Assembly. With the Japanese defeat in 1945, the Commonwealth and its Congress was restored. The same set up will continue until the Americans granted independence on July 4, 1946.[11]","Senate of the Philippines The Senate would eventually move to Bonifacio Global City in Taguig by 2020. As the Senate is renting GSIS for the office space, it asked the Bases Conversion and Development Authority (BCDA) to present suitable sites for it to move to, with the Senate eyeing the Navy Village property along Lawton Avenue as its favored site.[9]","President of the Senate of the Philippines Jinggoy Estrada (PMP), served 2013 (acting)","Elections in the Philippines From 1951 to 1971, instead of 12 senators elected every three years, the electorate voted for eight senators every two years in the same format. From 1941 to 1949, all elections to the senate were by block voting: the voters may write a name for every seat contested, or they can write the name of the party, which would then give all of the voters' votes to that party's ticket. Compounded with the Nacionalista Party's dominance, this caused a sweep of 24 seats for them in 1941.[2] From 1916 to 1934, voting was via senatorial districts; voters vote for one candidate every three years, except for the first election in 1916 where they'd vote for two candidates; the second-placed candidate would only serve for three years.","Senate of the Philippines Majority bloc (17):","Lists of electoral districts by nation The Philippines has a bicameral legislature: the Senate and the House of Representatives. The senators are elected nationwide at-large as one \"district,\" with the twelve candidates with the most votes winning the twelve seats contested every election.","Chairman of the Senate of Pakistan The main purpose for the creation of the Senate was to give equal representation to all the federating units since the membership of the National Assembly was based on the population of each four province.[5] Equal provincial membership in the Senate, thus, balances the provincial inequality in the National Assembly and dispels doubts and apprehension, if any, regarding deprivation and exploitation.[5]","Senate of the Philippines The Senate currently meets at the GSIS Building along Sen. J.W. Diokno Boulevard in Pasay City. Built on land reclaimed from Manila Bay, the Senate shares the complex with the Government Service Insurance System (GSIS).","Parliament of Pakistan The main purpose for the creation of the Aiwan-e Bala (English: Senate of Pakistan) was to give equal representation to all the federating units since the membership of the National Assembly was based on the population of each province. Equal provincial membership in the Senate, thus, balances the provincial inequality in the National Assembly and dispels doubts and apprehension, if any, regarding deprivation and exploitation. The role of the Senate is to promote national cohesion and harmony and to alleviate fears of the smaller provinces regarding domination by any one province because of its majority, in the National Assembly. The Senate, is a body which represents the provinces/territories of the country and promotes a feeling of equality, peace and harmony, which is so essential for the growth and prosperity of a nation. Thus, the Senate in Pakistan, over the years, has emerged as an essential organ and a stabilizing factor of the federation. The Senate consists of 104 members, of whom 14 members are elected by each Provincial Assembly, 8 members are elected from Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATAs) by the Members of National Assembly from these areas, 2 members, 1 woman and 1 Technocrat is elected from the Federal Capital by the Members of National Assembly, 4 women and 4 Technocrats are elected by the members of each Provincial Assembly.\nAnd 1 Non - Muslim Member is selected from each Province. The breakup of seats allocated to each Province, Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATAs), Federal Capital, Women and Ulema/Technocrats. It is the responsibility of the Chief Election Commissioner to hold and make arrangements for the Senate elections in accordance with the system of proportional representation by means of a single transferable vote through electoral colleges. The term of the members of the Senate is 6 years. However, the term of the first group of the Senators, who shall retire after completion of first 3 years of the Senate, is determined by drawing of lots by the Chief Election Commissioner.","Government of the Philippines The government has three interdependent branches: the legislative branch, the executive branch, and the judicial branch. The powers of the branches are vested by the Constitution of the Philippines in the following: Legislative power is vested in the two-chamber Congress of the Philippines—the Senate is the upper chamber and the House of Representatives is the lower chamber.[1]","Senate of Nigeria The constitution provides several unique functions for the Senate that form its ability to \"check and balance\" other elements of the Federal Government of Nigeria. [7] [8] These include the requirement that the Senate may advise and must consent to some of the President's government appointments; also the Senate must consent to all treaties with foreign governments and it tries all impeachments.","University of the City of Manila In 2001, the Supreme Student Council (SSC), the university's student governing body, led the campaign for the student representation at the PLM Board of Regents, and made the PLM community cognizant of the issue.[73] Senator Francis Pangilinan, on January 15, 2002, filed the Senate Bill No. 1967 or an act amending certain provisions of Republic Act No. 4196. The bill seeks the installation of student representation in the Board of Regents, and Senator Pangilinan perceives it as an imperative step in furthering the role of the youth in nation building.[74]","Senate of Canada The Senate is the upper house of Parliament and the House of Commons is the lower house. This does not, however, imply that the Senate is more powerful than the House of Commons, merely that its members and officers outrank the members and officers of the Commons in the order of precedence for the purposes of protocol. As a matter of practice and custom, the Commons is the dominant chamber. The approval of both chambers is necessary for legislation and, thus, the Senate can reject bills passed by the Commons. Between 1867 and 1987, the Senate rejected fewer than two bills per year, but this has increased in more recent years.[2] Moreover, members of the Cabinet are responsible solely to the House of Commons. While the prime minister and the rest of Cabinet remain in office only while they retain the confidence of the Commons, senators are not beholden to such control. Although legislation can normally be introduced in either chamber, the majority of government bills originate in the House of Commons, with the Senate acting as the chamber of \"sober second thought\" (as it was called by Sir John A. Macdonald, Canada's first prime minister).[3]","Senate of Canada The Senate of Canada (French: Sénat du Canada) is a component of the Parliament of Canada, along with the House of Commons and the Monarch (represented by the Governor General). The Senate is modelled after the British House of Lords and consists of 105 members appointed by the Governor General on the advice of the Prime Minister.[1] Seats are assigned on a regional basis: four regions—defined as Ontario, Quebec, the Maritime provinces, and the Western provinces—each receive 24 seats, with the remaining portions of the country—Newfoundland and Labrador and the three northern territories—assigned the remaining nine seats apart from these regional divisions. Senators may serve until they reach the age of 75.","Government of the Philippines Legislative Power:","Elections in the Philippines Philippine Elections are of several types. The president, vice-president, and the senators are elected for a six-year term, while the members of the House of Representatives, governors, vice-governors, members of the Sangguniang Panlalawigan (provincial board members), mayors, vice-mayors, members of the Sangguniang Panlungsod/members of the Sangguniang Bayan (city/municipal councilors), barangay officials, and the members of the Sangguniang Kabataan (youth councilors) are elected to serve for a three-year term.","Illinois Senate The Illinois Senate convenes at the Illinois State Capitol in Springfield, Illinois. Its first official working day is the second Wednesday of January each year. Its primary duties are to pass bills into law, approve the state budget, confirm appointments to state departments and agencies, act on federal constitutional amendments and propose constitutional amendments for Illinois. It also has the power to override gubernatorial vetoes through a three-fifths majority vote. The Illinois Senate tries impeachments made by the House of Representatives, and can convict impeached officers by a two-thirds vote.","Senate of the Philippines Future president Manuel L. Quezon, who was then Philippine Resident Commissioner, encouraged future president Sergio Osmeña, then Speaker of the House, to run for the leadership of the Senate, but Osmeña preferred to continue leading the lower house. Quezon then ran for the Senate and became Senate President serving for 19 years (1916–1935).","Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines e. establish an efficient and effective system to monitor and evaluate the performance of legislative tasks and duties of the House, its Members and its committees; f. establish coordinative linkages with the Senate of the Philippines to efficiently monitor and facilitate Senate action on House measures pending with the same; g. preside over the sessions of the House and decide all questions of order subject to appeal by any Member who may explain the appeal in not more than five (5) minutes: Provided, That the appeal shall not be subject to debate, and no explanation of vote shall be allowed in case of nominal voting;","Senate The modern word Senate is derived from the [Latin] word senātus (senate), which comes from senex, “old man”.[1] The members or legislators of a senate are called senators. The Latin word senator was adopted into English with no change in spelling. Its meaning is derived from a very ancient form of social organization, in which advisory or decision-making powers are reserved for the eldest men. For the same reason, the word senate is correctly used when referring to any powerful authority characteristically composed by the eldest members of a community, as a deliberative body of a faculty in an institution of higher learning is often called a senate. This form adaptation was used to show the power of those in body and for the decision-making process to be thorough, which could take a long period of time. The original senate was the Roman Senate, which lasted until 580 (various efforts to revive it were made in Medieval Rome). In the Eastern Roman Empire, the Byzantine Senate continued until the Fourth Crusade, circa 1202–1204.","House of Representatives of the Philippines Just like most lower houses, money bills, originate in the House of Representatives, but the Senate may still propose or concur with amendments, same with bills of local application and private bills. The House of Representatives has the sole power to initiate impeachment proceedings, and may impeach an official by a vote of one-third of its members. Once an official is impeached, the Senate tries that official.","At-large In Philippine politics, \"at-large\" usually refers to the manner of election of the Senate: the voters have twelve votes, with the country acting as one at-large \"district\", the twelve candidates with the most number of votes are elected (plurality-at-large voting).","United States Senate Except for the President of the Senate, the Senate elects its own officers,[1] who maintain order and decorum, manage and schedule the legislative and executive business of the Senate, and interpret the Senate's rules, practices and precedents. Many non-member officers are also hired to run various day-to-day functions of the Senate.","Senate of the Philippines Each House shall choose such other officers as it may deem necessary.","Representative of the Government in the Senate The responsibilities of the leader of the government in the Senate include:","Senate of Canada The Governor General is the Queen's representative and holds the power to make normal senatorial appointments, although, in modern practice, the Governor General makes appointments only on the advice of the prime minister. Senators used to hold their seats for life; however, under the British North America Act, 1965 (now known as the Constitution Act, 1965), members, save for those appointed prior to the change, may not sit in the Senate after reaching the age of 75. Prime ministers normally choose members of their own party to be senators, though they sometimes nominate independents or members of opposing parties. Some members of the Senate are ex-Cabinet ministers, former provincial officials, and other eminent people. The first Aboriginal senator was James Gladstone, who sat as an Independent Conservative.[2]","Senate of Canada The Constitution Act, 1867 outlines the qualifications of senators. Individuals must be both citizens of Canada and at least 30 years of age to be eligible for appointment to the Senate. Senators must also maintain residency in the provinces or territories for which they are appointed.[1] In the past, this criterion has often been interpreted quite liberally, with virtually any holding that met the property qualification, including primary residences, second residences, summer homes, investment properties or even lots of undeveloped land, having been deemed to meet the residency requirement;[9] as long as the senator listed a qualifying property as a residence, no further efforts have typically been undertaken to verify whether they actually resided there in any meaningful way.[9] Residency has come under increased scrutiny, particularly in 2013 as several senators have faced allegations of irregularities in their housing expense claims.[10]","Local government in the Philippines According to the Constitution of the Philippines, the local governments \"shall enjoy local autonomy\", and in which the Philippine president exercises \"general supervision\". Congress enacted the Local Government Code of the Philippines in 1991 to \"provide for a more responsive and accountable local government structure instituted through a system of decentralization with effective mechanisms of recall, initiative, and referendum, allocate among the different local government units their powers, responsibilities, and resources, and provide for the qualifications, election, appointment and removal, term, salaries, powers and functions and duties of local officials, and all other matters relating to the organization and operation of local units.\"[1]","President of the Senate of the Philippines Aquilino Pimentel, Jr. (PDP-Laban), served 2000-2001","Illinois Senate The Illinois Senate is the upper chamber of the Illinois General Assembly, the legislative branch of the government of the state of Illinois in the United States. The body was created by the first state constitution adopted in 1818. The Illinois Senate is made up of 59 senators elected from individual legislative districts determined by population; redistricted every 10 years, based on the 2010 U.S. census each senator represents approximately 217,468 people.[1] Under the Illinois Constitution of 1970, senators are divided into three groups, each group having a two-year term at a different part of the decade between censuses, with the rest of the decade being taken up by two four-year terms.[2] Depending on the election year, roughly one-third, two-thirds, or all Senate seats may be contested. In contrast, the Illinois House of Representatives is made up of 118 members with its entire membership elected to two-year terms. House districts are formed by dividing each Senate district in half.[3]","Bicameralism He noted further that \"The use of the Senate is to consist in its proceeding with more coolness, with more system and with more wisdom, than the popular branch.\" Madison's argument led the Framers to grant the Senate prerogatives in foreign policy, an area where steadiness, discretion, and caution were deemed especially important.[2] State legislators chose the Senate, and senators had to possess significant property to be deemed worthy and sensible enough for the position. In 1913, the 17th Amendment passed, which mandated choosing Senators by popular vote rather than State legislatures.[2]"],"string":"[\n \"Senate of the Philippines Aside from having its concurrence on every bill in order to be passed for the president's signature to become a law, the Senate is the only body that can concur with treaties, and can try impeachment cases. The Senate Presidency is currently held by Aquilino Pimentel III.\",\n \"Congress of the Philippines The Senate is composed of 24 senators [2] half of which are elected every three years. Each senator, therefore, serves a total of six years. The senators are elected by the whole electorate and do not represent any geographical district.\",\n \"Senate of the Philippines The Senate of the Philippines (Filipino: Senado ng Pilipinas, also Mataas na Kapulungan ng Pilipinas or \\\"upper chamber\\\") is the upper house of the bicameral legislature of the Philippines, the Congress; the House of Representatives is the lower house. The Senate is composed of 24 senators who are elected at-large with the country as one district under plurality-at-large voting.\",\n \"Senate of the Philippines Article VI, Section 2 of the 1987 Philippine Constitution provides that the Senate shall be composed of 24 senators who shall be elected at-large by the qualified voters of the Philippines, as may be provided by law.\",\n \"Senate of the Philippines It follows also that the Senator, having a national rather than only a district constituency, will have a broader outlook of the problems of the country, instead of being restricted by narrow viewpoints and interests. With such perspective, the Senate is likely to be more circumspect, or at least less impulsive, than the House of Representatives.\",\n \"Senate of the Philippines On August 29, 1916 the United States Congress enacted the Philippine Autonomy Act or popularly known as the \\\"Jones Law\\\", which created an elected bicameral Philippine Legislature with the Senate as the upper chamber and with the House of Representatives of the Philippines, previously called the Philippine Assembly, as the lower chamber. The Governor-General continued to be the head of the executive branch of the Insular Government. Senators then were elected via senatorial districts via plurality-at-large voting; each district grouped several provinces and each elected two senators except for \\\"non-Christian\\\" provinces where the Governor-General of the Philippines appointed the senators for the district.\",\n \"Senate of the Philippines Senators serve six-year terms with a maximum of two consecutive terms, with half of the senators elected every three years to ensure that the Senate is maintained as a continuous body, though staggered. When the Senate was restored by the 1987 Constitution, the 24 senators who were elected in 1987 served until 1992. In 1992 the 12 candidates for the Senate obtaining the highest number of votes served until 1998, while the next 12 served until 1995. Thereafter, each senator elected serves the full six years.\",\n \"Government of the Philippines Senators are elected to a term of six years. They can be re-elected but may not run for a third consecutive term. The House of Representatives may opt to pass for a vacancy of a legislative seat, which leads to a special election. The winner of the special election will serve the unfinished term of the previous district representative, and will be considered as one elective term. The same rule also applies in the Senate, however it only applies if the seat was vacated before a regular legislative election.\",\n \"Politics of the Philippines Congress is a bicameral legislature. The upper house, the Senate, is composed of 24 senators elected via the plurality-at-large voting with the country as one at-large \\\"district.\\\" The senators elect amongst themselves a Senate President. The lower house is the House of Representatives, currently composed of 292 representatives, with no more than 20% elected via party-list system, with the rest elected from legislative districts. The House of Representatives is headed by the Speaker.\",\n \"Senate of the Philippines The Senate Electoral Tribunal (SET) composed of three Supreme Court justices and six senators determines election protests on already-seated senators. There had been three instances where the SET has replaced senators due to election protests, the last of which was in 2011 when the tribunal awarded the protest of Aquilino Pimentel III against Juan Miguel Zubiri.[4]\",\n \"Senate of the Philippines The composition of the Senate is smaller in number as compared to the House of Representatives. The members of this chamber are elected at large by the entire electorate. The rationale for this rule intends to make the Senate a training ground for national leaders and possibly a springboard for the presidency.\",\n \"Senate of the Philippines Senatorial candidates are chosen by the leaders of major political parties or coalitions of parties. The selection process is not transparent and is done in \\\"backrooms\\\" where much political horse-trading occurs. Thus, the absence of regional or proportional representation in the Senate exacerbates a top heavy system of governance, with power centralized in Metro Manila. It has often been suggested that each region of the country should elect its own senator(s) to more properly represent the people. This will have the effect of flattening the power structure. Regional problems and concerns within a national view can be addressed more effectively. A senator's performance, accountability, and electability become meaningful to a more defined and identifiable regional constituency.\",\n \"Senate of the Philippines By virtue of these provisions of the 1987 Philippine Constitution, the Senate adopts its own rules, otherwise known as the \\\"Rules of the Senate.\\\" The Rules of the Senate provide the following officers: a President, a President pro tempore, a Secretary and a Sergeant-at-Arms.\",\n \"Senate of the Philippines The Senate previously met at the Old Legislative Building in Manila until May 1997. The Senate occupied the upper floors (the Session Hall now restored to its semi-former glory) while the House of Representatives occupied the lower floors (now occupied by the permanent exhibit of Juan Luna's Spoliarium as the museum's centerpiece), with the National Library at the basement. When the Legislative Building was ruined in World War II, the House of Representatives temporarily met at the Old Japanese Schoolhouse at Lepanto[7] (modern-day S. H. Loyola) Street, while the Senate's temporary headquarters was at the half-ruined Manila City Hall.[8] Congress then returned to the Legislative Building in 1950 upon its reconstruction. When President Ferdinand Marcos dissolved Congress in 1972, he built a new legislative complex in Quezon City. The unicameral parliament known as the Batasang Pambansa eventually met there in 1978. With the restoration of the bicameral legislature in 1987, the House of Representatives inherited the complex at Quezon City, now called the Batasang Pambansa Complex, while the Senate returned to the Congress Building, until the GSIS Building was finished in May 1997. Thus, the country's two houses of Congress meet at different places in Metro Manila.\",\n \"President of the Senate of the Philippines Legend: Boldface means still an incumbent Senator.\",\n \"Senate of the Philippines This setup continued until 1935, when the Philippine Independence Act or the \\\"Tydings–McDuffie Act\\\" was passed by the U.S. Congress which granted the Filipinos the right to frame their own constitution in preparation for their independence, wherein they established a unicameral National Assembly of the Philippines, effectively abolishing the Senate. Not long after the adoption of the 1935 Constitution several amendments began to be proposed. By 1938, the National Assembly began consideration of these proposals, which included restoring the Senate as the upper chamber of Congress. The amendment of the 1935 Constitution to have a bicameral legislature was approved in 1940 and the first biennial elections for the restored upper house was held in November 1941. Instead of the old senatorial districts, senators were elected via the entire country serving as an at-large district, although still under plurality-at-large voting, with voters voting up to eight candidates, and the eight candidates with the highest number of votes being elected. While the Senate from 1916 to 1935 had exclusive confirmation rights over executive appointments, as part of the compromises that restored the Senate in 1941, the power of confirming executive appointments has been exercised by a joint Commission on Appointments composed of members of both houses. However, the Senate since its restoration and the independence of the Philippines in 1946 has the power to ratify treaties.\",\n \"Constitution of the Philippines Article VI provides for a bicameral legislature called the Congress composed of the Senate and the House of Representatives. It vests upon Congress, among others, the power of investigation and inquiry in aid of legislation,[3] the power to declare the existence of a state of war,[4] \\nthe power of the purse,[5] the power of taxation,[6] and the power of eminent domain.[7]\",\n \"Senate of the Philippines The qualifications for membership in the Senate are expressly stated in Section 3, Art. VI of the 1987 Philippine Constitution as follows:\",\n \"Senate of the Philippines The Senate was modeled upon the United States Senate; the two chambers of Congress have roughly equal powers, and every bill or resolution that has to go through both houses needs the consent of both chambers before being passed for the president's signature. Once a bill is defeated in the Senate, it is lost. Once a bill is approved by the Senate on third reading, the bill is passed to the House of Representatives, unless an identical bill has also been passed by the lower house. When a counterpart bill in the lower house is different from the one passed by the Senate, either a bicameral conference committee is created consisting of members from both chambers of Congress to reconcile the differences, or either chamber may instead approve the other chamber's version.\",\n \"Senate of the Philippines While money bills originate in the House of Representatives, the Senate may still propose or concur with amendments. Only the Senate has the power to approve, via a two-thirds supermajority, or denounce treaties, and the power to try and convict, via a two-thirds supermajority, an impeached official.\",\n \"Philippines Senators are elected at large while the representatives are elected from both legislative districts and through sectoral representation.[218] The judicial power is vested in the Supreme Court, composed of a Chief Justice as its presiding officer and fourteen associate justices, all of whom are appointed by the President from nominations submitted by the Judicial and Bar Council.[218]\",\n \"State senator This system changed in 1963, when the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that state legislatures must apportion seats in both houses according to population. However, the Single-member District system remained, and as a result, the State Senates became redundant bodies,[1] as other solutions, such as abolition (as in Canada) or switching to statewide proportional representation (as in Australia) were not considered. A senator's job is to represent the people at a higher level than a state representative in the lower house.[2]\",\n \"Senate of the Philippines Under the Constitution, \\\"Congress shall convene once every year on the fourth Monday of July for its regular session...\\\". During this time, the Senate is organized to elect its officers. Specifically, the 1987 Philippine Constitution provides a definite statement, to it:\",\n \"Senate of the Philippines The Senate shall elect its President and the House of Representatives its Speaker by a vote of all its respective members.\",\n \"Senate of the Philippines The Senate has its roots in the Philippine Commission of the Insular Government. Under the Philippine Organic Act, from 1907 to 1916, the Philippine Commission headed by the Governor-General of the Philippines served as the upper chamber of the Philippine Legislature, with the Philippine Assembly as the elected lower house. At the same time the governor-general also exercised executive powers.\",\n \"President of the Senate of the Philippines The Senate President is elected by the majority of the Members of the Senate from among themselves; Since there are 24 Senators, 13 votes are needed to win the Senate Presidency, including any vacant seats or senators not attending the session. Although Senate presidents are elected at the start of each Congress, there had been numerous instances of Senate coups in which a sitting Senate President is unseated in the middle of session. Term-sharing agreements among Senators who are both eyeing the position of the Senate President also played a role in changing the leadership of the Senate, but in a smooth manner, the peaceful transition of power and this was done two times in 1999 and in 2006.\",\n \"Government of the Philippines The legislative power is vested in the Congress of the Philippines which consists of the Senate of the Philippines Senate and House of Representatives. The upper house is located in Pasay City, while the lower house is located in Quezon City. Both are in Metro Manila. The district and sectoral representatives are elected for a term of three years. They can be re-elected but they may not run for a fourth consecutive term.\",\n \"Senate A senate is a deliberative assembly, often the upper house or chamber of a bicameral legislature or parliament. The name comes from the ancient Roman Senate (Latin: Senatus), so-called as an assembly of the senior (Latin: senex meaning \\\"the elder\\\" or \\\"old man\\\") and therefore allegedly wiser and more experienced members of the society or ruling class. Thus, the literal meaning of the word \\\"senate\\\" is Assembly of Elders.\",\n \"Senate of the Philippines In the Senate, the officers are the Senate President, Senate President pro tempore, Majority Floor Leader, Minority Floor Leader and the Senate Secretary and the Senate Sergeant at Arms who shall be elected by the Senators from among the employees and staff of the Senate. Meanwhile, the Senate President, Senate President pro-tempore, the Majority Floor Leader and the Minority Floor Leader shall be elected by the Senators from among themselves.\",\n \"Senate of the Philippines The Senate finally convened in 1945 and served as the upper chamber of Congress from thereon until the declaration of martial law by President Ferdinand Marcos in 1972, which shut down Congress. The Senate was resurrected in 1987 upon the ratification of the 1987 Constitution. However, instead of eight senators being replaced after every election, it was changed to twelve.\",\n \"President of the Senate of the Philippines In the Senate, he supervises the committees and attended its hearings and meetings if necessary and such committee reports are being submitted to his/her office.\",\n \"President of the Senate of the Philippines Aquilino Pimentel III (PDP–Laban), served 2016–2018\",\n \"Government of the Philippines The current President of the Senate is Vicente Sotto, III, while the current Speaker of the House of Representatives is Pantaleon Alvarez.\",\n \"United States Senate As the upper house, the Senate has several powers of advice and consent which are unique to it; these include the ratification of treaties and the confirmation of Cabinet secretaries, Supreme Court justices, federal judges, other federal executive officials, flag officers, regulatory officials, ambassadors, and other federal uniformed officers. In addition to these, in cases wherein no candidate receives a majority of electors for Vice President, the duty befalls upon the Senate to elect one of the top two recipients of electors for that office. It further has the responsibility of conducting trials of those impeached by the House. The Senate is widely considered both a more deliberative[2] and more prestigious[3][4][5] body than the House of Representatives due to its longer terms, smaller size, and statewide constituencies, which historically led to a more collegial and less partisan atmosphere.[6]\",\n \"Senate Many countries have an assembly named a senate, composed of senators who may be elected, appointed, have inherited the title, or gained membership by other methods, depending on the country. Modern senates typically serve to provide a chamber of \\\"sober second thought\\\" to consider legislation passed by a lower house, whose members are usually elected.\",\n \"State senator A state senator is a member of a state's senate, the upper house in the bicameral legislature of 49 U.S. states, or a legislator in Nebraska's one-house state legislature.\",\n \"President of the Senate of the Philippines The President of the Senate of the Philippines (Filipino: Pangulo ng Senado ng Pilipinas), or more popularly known as the Senate President, is the presiding officer and the highest-ranking official of the Senate of the Philippines, and third highest and most powerful official in the Government of the Philippines. He/she is elected by the entire body to be their leader. The Senate President is second in line in succession for the presidency, behind the Vice President of the Philippines and in front of the Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines.\",\n \"President of the Senate of the Philippines According to the Rule 3 of the Rules of the Senate, the Senate President has the powers and duties to:\",\n \"Philippines The President functions as both head of state and head of government and is the commander-in-chief of the armed forces. The president is elected by popular vote for a single six-year term, during which he or she appoints and presides over the cabinet.[218] The bicameral Congress is composed of the Senate, serving as the upper house, with members elected to a six-year term, and the House of Representatives, serving as the lower house, with members elected to a three-year term.[218]\",\n \"Senate Senate membership can be determined either through elections or appointments. For example, elections are held every three years for half the membership of the Senate of the Philippines, the term of a senator being six years. In contrast, members of the Canadian Senate are appointed by the Governor General upon the recommendation of the Prime Minister of Canada, holding the office until they resign, are removed, or retire at the mandatory age of 75.\",\n \"Congress of the Philippines The Congress of the Philippines (Filipino: Kongreso ng Pilipinas) is the national legislature of the Philippines. It is a bicameral body consisting of the Senate (upper chamber), and the House of Representatives (lower chamber) although commonly in the Philippines the term congress refers to the latter.[1]\",\n \"Chairman of the Senate of Pakistan The role of the Senate is to promote national cohesion and harmony and to alleviate fears of the smaller provinces regarding domination by any one province because of its majority, in the National Assembly.[5]\",\n \"Jones Law (Philippines) Among the provisions of the law was the creation of an all-Filipino legislature. It created the Philippine Senate to replace the Philippine Commission, which had served as the upper chamber of the legislature.[2]\",\n \"Chairman of the Senate of Pakistan The Senate act as an legislative institution that represents the provinces and territories of the country and promotes a feeling of equality, peace and good understanding between them, which is so essential for the growth and prosperity of a nation.[5] Thus, the Senate in Pakistan, over the years, has emerged as an essential organ and a stabilizing factor of the federation.[5]\",\n \"Elections in the Philippines The Senate has 24 members, and 12 members are elected every election; hence, each voter is entitled to twelve votes for the Senate in every election. The voter may not complete the twelve votes for the Senate, but s/he must not surpass the twelve votes or else his/her ballot for that position will be nullified. With the entire country as one at-large district, the twelve candidates with the most number of votes are elected. This is often not proportional to the results.\",\n \"President of the Senate of the Philippines The Senate was created on 1916 with the abolition of the Philippine Commission as the upper house with the Philippine Assembly as the lower house. The Senate and the House of Representatives comprised the Philippine Legislature (PL). Representation was by senatorial district; Manuel L. Quezon was elected Senator from the now-defunct 5th Legislative District.\",\n \"President of the Senate of the Philippines All Senators from 1941 onwards were elected at-large, with the whole Philippines as one constituency.\",\n \"President of the Senate of the Philippines The Senate President is also the ex officio chairman of the Commission on Appointments, a constitutional body within the Congress that has the sole power to confirm all appointments made by the President of the Philippines . Under Section 2 of Chapter 2 of the Rules of the Commission on Appointments, the powers and duties of the Senate President as its Ex-Officio Chairman are as follows:\",\n \"Senate of Pakistan First convened in 1973, the Senate's composition and powers are established by the Article 59 of the Constitution of Pakistan.[1] Each province of Pakistan are represented by fourteen senators and eight senators from the tribal areas regardless of population, who serve staggered six-year terms.[2] The Senate secretariat is located in the east wing of the Parliament Building; the National Assembly convenes in the west wing of the same building.[3]\",\n \"Elections in the Philippines The Congress or Kongreso has two chambers. The House of Representatives or Kapulungan ng mga Kinatawan has 292 seats as of 2013[update], of which 80% are contested in single seat electoral districts and 20% are allotted to party-lists according to a modified Hare quota with remainders disregarded and a three-seat cap. These party list seats are only accessible to marginalized and under-represented groups and parties, local parties, and sectoral wings of major parties that represent the marginalized. The Constitution of the Philippines allows the House of Representatives to have more than 250 members by statute without a need for a constitutional amendment. The Senate or Senado has 24 members which are elected on a nationwide at-large basis; they do not represent any geographical district. Half of the Senate is renewed every three years.\",\n \"Senate of the Philippines Following this set of officers, the Senate as an institution can then be grouped into the Senate Proper and the Secretariat. The former belongs exclusively to the members of the Senate as well as its committees, while the latter renders support services to the members of the Senate.\",\n \"Bicameralism Senators in Canada are not elected by the people but are appointed by the Governor General on the advice of the Prime Minister. The Senate does not originate most legislation (although a small fraction of government bills are introduced in the Senate and Senators may introduce private members' bills in the same way as MPs) but acts as a chamber of revision almost always passing legislation approved by the House of Commons, made up of Members of Parliament (MPs) who are elected. The Senate must pass legislation before it becomes law and can therefore act as a wise facilitator or engage in filibuster. The Senate does not have to endure the accountability and scrutiny of parliamentary elections. Therefore, the bicameral structure of Canadian parliament is more de jure than de facto.[citation needed]\",\n \"Congress of the Philippines In 1916, the Jones Law changed the legislative system. The Philippine Commission was abolished, and a new bicameral Philippine Legislature consisting of a House of Representatives and a Senate was established.[10]\",\n \"Congress of the Philippines It consists of the enactment of laws intended as a rule of conduct to govern the relation between individuals (i.e., civil laws, commercial laws, etc.) or between individuals and the state (i.e., criminal law, political law, etc.) [15]\",\n \"President of the Senate In addition to overseeing the business of the chamber, chairing and regulating debates, deciding whether motions and bills are admissible, representing the Senate, etc., the President of the Senate stands in for the President of the Republic when s/he is unable to perform his/her duties.[6]\",\n \"Senate of Nigeria The Senate is the upper house of the Nigeria's bicameral legislature, the National Assembly of Nigeria. The National Assembly (popularly referred to as NASS) is the nation's highest legislature, whose power to make laws is summarized in chapter one, section four of the 1999 Nigerian Constitution. It consists of 109 senators: the 36 states are each divided in 3 senatorial districts each electing one senator; the Federal Capital Territory elects only one senator. [1] [2]\",\n \"President of the Senate of the Philippines Unlike most Senate Presidents that are the symbolic presiding officers of the upper house, the Senate President of the Philippines wields considerate power by influencing the legislative agenda and has the ability to vote not just in order to break ties, although the Senate President is traditionally the last senator to vote. A tied vote, therefore, means that the motion is lost, and that the Senate President cannot cast a tie-breaking vote since that would mean that the presiding officer would have had voted twice.\",\n \"United States Senate The composition and powers of the Senate are established by Article One of the United States Constitution.[1] The Senate is composed of senators, each of whom represents a single state in its entirety, with each state being equally represented by two senators, regardless of its population, serving staggered terms of six years; with fifty states presently in the Union, there are 100 U.S. Senators. From 1789 until 1913, Senators were appointed by legislatures of the states they represented; following the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, they are now popularly elected. The Senate chamber is located in the north wing of the Capitol, in Washington, D.C.\",\n \"President of the Senate of the Philippines Juan Ponce Enrile (PMP/UNA), served 2008–2013\",\n \"Politics of the Philippines Each bill needs the consent of both houses in order to be submitted to the president for his signature. If the president vetoes the bill, Congress can override the veto with a two-thirds supermajority. If either house voted down on a bill or fails to act on it after an adjournment sine die, the bill is lost and would have to be proposed to the next congress, with the process starting all over again. Congress' decisions are mostly via majority vote, except for voting on constitutional amendments and other matters. Each house has its own inherent power, with the Senate given the power to vote on treaties, while the House of Representatives can only introduce money bills. The constitution provides Congress with impeachment powers, with the House of Representatives having the power to impeach, and the Senate having the power to try the impeached official.\",\n \"Local government in the Philippines The legislatures review the ordinances and resolutions enacted by the legislatures below. Aside from regular and ex-officio members, the legislatures above the barangay level also have three sectoral representatives, one each from women, agricultural or industrial workers, and other sectors.[2]\",\n \"Commission on Appointments The Commission is composed of the Senate President, the ex officio Chairman, twelve Senators and twelve members of the House of Representatives. Members from each House of Congress are elected based on proportional representation from the political parties and parties or organizations registered under the party-list system represented. The Chairman of the Commission shall vote only in case of a tie. It shall act on all appointments submitted within thirty session days of Congress. It shall be governed by a majority vote of all members.[2]\",\n \"Senate of Pakistan The Senate has several exclusive powers not granted to the National Assembly, including the powers of making parliamentary bills as a being enforced into law. Elections are held every three years for one half of the Senate and each Senator has a term of six years.[4] The Constitution does not allow for the dissolution of the Senate.[5]\",\n \"President of the Philippines Impeachment in the Philippines follows procedures similar to the United States. The House of Representatives, one of the houses of the bicameral Congress, has the exclusive power to initiate all cases of impeachment against the President, Vice President, members of the Supreme Court, members of the Constitutional Commissions and the Ombudsman.[29] When a third of its membership has endorsed the impeachment articles, it is then transmitted to the Senate of the Philippines which tries and decide, as impeachment tribunal, the impeachment case.[30] A main difference from US proceedings however is that only a third of House members are required to approve the motion to impeach the President (as opposed to the majority required in the United States). In the Senate, selected members of the House of Representatives act as the prosecutors and the Senators act as judges with the Senate President and Chief Justice of the Supreme Court jointly presiding over the proceedings. Like the United States, to convict the official in question requires that a minimum of two-thirds (i.e., 16 of 24 members) of the senate vote in favour of conviction. If an impeachment attempt is unsuccessful or the official is acquitted, no new cases can be filed against that impeachable official for at least one full year.\",\n \"President of the Senate of the Philippines Franklin Drilon (LP), served 2000, 2001-2006, 2013-2016\",\n \"Senate of Canada The senator responsible for steering legislation through the Senate is the Representative of the Government in the Senate, who is a senator selected by the prime minister and whose role is to introduce legislation on behalf of the government. The position was created in 2016 to replace the former position of Leader of the Government in the Senate. The opposition equivalent is the Leader of the Opposition in the Senate, who is selected by his or her counterpart in the House of Commons, the Leader of the Opposition. However, if the Official Opposition in the Commons is a different party than the Official Opposition in the Senate (as was the case from 2011 to 2015), then the Senate party chooses its own leader.\",\n \"Upper house The Senate of the Philippines was abolished – and restored – twice: from 1935 to 1945 when a unicameral National Assembly convened, and from 1972 to 1987 when Congress was closed, and later a new constitution was approved instituting a unicameral Parliament. The Senate was re-instituted with the restoration of a bicameral Congress via a constitutional amendment in 1941, and via adoption of a new constitution in 1987.\",\n \"Senate of Nigeria Senators are to serve a term of four years until a General election. Senators have unlimited tenure[9] and can remain in the chamber for as long as they are re-elected in general elections.\",\n \"President of the Senate of the Philippines The current Senate President of the 17th Congress of the Philippines is Tito Sotto, who was elected on May 21, 2018.\",\n \"Congress of the Philippines The legislative system was changed again in 1935. The 1935 Constitution, aside from instituting the Commonwealth which gave the Filipinos more role in government, established a unicameral National Assembly. But in 1940, through an amendment to the 1935 Constitution, a bicameral Congress of the Philippines consisting of a House of Representatives and a Senate was created. Those elected in 1941 would not serve until 1945, as World War II erupted. The invading Japanese set up the Second Philippine Republic and convened its own National Assembly. With the Japanese defeat in 1945, the Commonwealth and its Congress was restored. The same set up will continue until the Americans granted independence on July 4, 1946.[11]\",\n \"Senate of the Philippines The Senate would eventually move to Bonifacio Global City in Taguig by 2020. As the Senate is renting GSIS for the office space, it asked the Bases Conversion and Development Authority (BCDA) to present suitable sites for it to move to, with the Senate eyeing the Navy Village property along Lawton Avenue as its favored site.[9]\",\n \"President of the Senate of the Philippines Jinggoy Estrada (PMP), served 2013 (acting)\",\n \"Elections in the Philippines From 1951 to 1971, instead of 12 senators elected every three years, the electorate voted for eight senators every two years in the same format. From 1941 to 1949, all elections to the senate were by block voting: the voters may write a name for every seat contested, or they can write the name of the party, which would then give all of the voters' votes to that party's ticket. Compounded with the Nacionalista Party's dominance, this caused a sweep of 24 seats for them in 1941.[2] From 1916 to 1934, voting was via senatorial districts; voters vote for one candidate every three years, except for the first election in 1916 where they'd vote for two candidates; the second-placed candidate would only serve for three years.\",\n \"Senate of the Philippines Majority bloc (17):\",\n \"Lists of electoral districts by nation The Philippines has a bicameral legislature: the Senate and the House of Representatives. The senators are elected nationwide at-large as one \\\"district,\\\" with the twelve candidates with the most votes winning the twelve seats contested every election.\",\n \"Chairman of the Senate of Pakistan The main purpose for the creation of the Senate was to give equal representation to all the federating units since the membership of the National Assembly was based on the population of each four province.[5] Equal provincial membership in the Senate, thus, balances the provincial inequality in the National Assembly and dispels doubts and apprehension, if any, regarding deprivation and exploitation.[5]\",\n \"Senate of the Philippines The Senate currently meets at the GSIS Building along Sen. J.W. Diokno Boulevard in Pasay City. Built on land reclaimed from Manila Bay, the Senate shares the complex with the Government Service Insurance System (GSIS).\",\n \"Parliament of Pakistan The main purpose for the creation of the Aiwan-e Bala (English: Senate of Pakistan) was to give equal representation to all the federating units since the membership of the National Assembly was based on the population of each province. Equal provincial membership in the Senate, thus, balances the provincial inequality in the National Assembly and dispels doubts and apprehension, if any, regarding deprivation and exploitation. The role of the Senate is to promote national cohesion and harmony and to alleviate fears of the smaller provinces regarding domination by any one province because of its majority, in the National Assembly. The Senate, is a body which represents the provinces/territories of the country and promotes a feeling of equality, peace and harmony, which is so essential for the growth and prosperity of a nation. Thus, the Senate in Pakistan, over the years, has emerged as an essential organ and a stabilizing factor of the federation. The Senate consists of 104 members, of whom 14 members are elected by each Provincial Assembly, 8 members are elected from Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATAs) by the Members of National Assembly from these areas, 2 members, 1 woman and 1 Technocrat is elected from the Federal Capital by the Members of National Assembly, 4 women and 4 Technocrats are elected by the members of each Provincial Assembly.\\nAnd 1 Non - Muslim Member is selected from each Province. The breakup of seats allocated to each Province, Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATAs), Federal Capital, Women and Ulema/Technocrats. It is the responsibility of the Chief Election Commissioner to hold and make arrangements for the Senate elections in accordance with the system of proportional representation by means of a single transferable vote through electoral colleges. The term of the members of the Senate is 6 years. However, the term of the first group of the Senators, who shall retire after completion of first 3 years of the Senate, is determined by drawing of lots by the Chief Election Commissioner.\",\n \"Government of the Philippines The government has three interdependent branches: the legislative branch, the executive branch, and the judicial branch. The powers of the branches are vested by the Constitution of the Philippines in the following: Legislative power is vested in the two-chamber Congress of the Philippines—the Senate is the upper chamber and the House of Representatives is the lower chamber.[1]\",\n \"Senate of Nigeria The constitution provides several unique functions for the Senate that form its ability to \\\"check and balance\\\" other elements of the Federal Government of Nigeria. [7] [8] These include the requirement that the Senate may advise and must consent to some of the President's government appointments; also the Senate must consent to all treaties with foreign governments and it tries all impeachments.\",\n \"University of the City of Manila In 2001, the Supreme Student Council (SSC), the university's student governing body, led the campaign for the student representation at the PLM Board of Regents, and made the PLM community cognizant of the issue.[73] Senator Francis Pangilinan, on January 15, 2002, filed the Senate Bill No. 1967 or an act amending certain provisions of Republic Act No. 4196. The bill seeks the installation of student representation in the Board of Regents, and Senator Pangilinan perceives it as an imperative step in furthering the role of the youth in nation building.[74]\",\n \"Senate of Canada The Senate is the upper house of Parliament and the House of Commons is the lower house. This does not, however, imply that the Senate is more powerful than the House of Commons, merely that its members and officers outrank the members and officers of the Commons in the order of precedence for the purposes of protocol. As a matter of practice and custom, the Commons is the dominant chamber. The approval of both chambers is necessary for legislation and, thus, the Senate can reject bills passed by the Commons. Between 1867 and 1987, the Senate rejected fewer than two bills per year, but this has increased in more recent years.[2] Moreover, members of the Cabinet are responsible solely to the House of Commons. While the prime minister and the rest of Cabinet remain in office only while they retain the confidence of the Commons, senators are not beholden to such control. Although legislation can normally be introduced in either chamber, the majority of government bills originate in the House of Commons, with the Senate acting as the chamber of \\\"sober second thought\\\" (as it was called by Sir John A. Macdonald, Canada's first prime minister).[3]\",\n \"Senate of Canada The Senate of Canada (French: Sénat du Canada) is a component of the Parliament of Canada, along with the House of Commons and the Monarch (represented by the Governor General). The Senate is modelled after the British House of Lords and consists of 105 members appointed by the Governor General on the advice of the Prime Minister.[1] Seats are assigned on a regional basis: four regions—defined as Ontario, Quebec, the Maritime provinces, and the Western provinces—each receive 24 seats, with the remaining portions of the country—Newfoundland and Labrador and the three northern territories—assigned the remaining nine seats apart from these regional divisions. Senators may serve until they reach the age of 75.\",\n \"Government of the Philippines Legislative Power:\",\n \"Elections in the Philippines Philippine Elections are of several types. The president, vice-president, and the senators are elected for a six-year term, while the members of the House of Representatives, governors, vice-governors, members of the Sangguniang Panlalawigan (provincial board members), mayors, vice-mayors, members of the Sangguniang Panlungsod/members of the Sangguniang Bayan (city/municipal councilors), barangay officials, and the members of the Sangguniang Kabataan (youth councilors) are elected to serve for a three-year term.\",\n \"Illinois Senate The Illinois Senate convenes at the Illinois State Capitol in Springfield, Illinois. Its first official working day is the second Wednesday of January each year. Its primary duties are to pass bills into law, approve the state budget, confirm appointments to state departments and agencies, act on federal constitutional amendments and propose constitutional amendments for Illinois. It also has the power to override gubernatorial vetoes through a three-fifths majority vote. The Illinois Senate tries impeachments made by the House of Representatives, and can convict impeached officers by a two-thirds vote.\",\n \"Senate of the Philippines Future president Manuel L. Quezon, who was then Philippine Resident Commissioner, encouraged future president Sergio Osmeña, then Speaker of the House, to run for the leadership of the Senate, but Osmeña preferred to continue leading the lower house. Quezon then ran for the Senate and became Senate President serving for 19 years (1916–1935).\",\n \"Speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines e. establish an efficient and effective system to monitor and evaluate the performance of legislative tasks and duties of the House, its Members and its committees; f. establish coordinative linkages with the Senate of the Philippines to efficiently monitor and facilitate Senate action on House measures pending with the same; g. preside over the sessions of the House and decide all questions of order subject to appeal by any Member who may explain the appeal in not more than five (5) minutes: Provided, That the appeal shall not be subject to debate, and no explanation of vote shall be allowed in case of nominal voting;\",\n \"Senate The modern word Senate is derived from the [Latin] word senātus (senate), which comes from senex, “old man”.[1] The members or legislators of a senate are called senators. The Latin word senator was adopted into English with no change in spelling. Its meaning is derived from a very ancient form of social organization, in which advisory or decision-making powers are reserved for the eldest men. For the same reason, the word senate is correctly used when referring to any powerful authority characteristically composed by the eldest members of a community, as a deliberative body of a faculty in an institution of higher learning is often called a senate. This form adaptation was used to show the power of those in body and for the decision-making process to be thorough, which could take a long period of time. The original senate was the Roman Senate, which lasted until 580 (various efforts to revive it were made in Medieval Rome). In the Eastern Roman Empire, the Byzantine Senate continued until the Fourth Crusade, circa 1202–1204.\",\n \"House of Representatives of the Philippines Just like most lower houses, money bills, originate in the House of Representatives, but the Senate may still propose or concur with amendments, same with bills of local application and private bills. The House of Representatives has the sole power to initiate impeachment proceedings, and may impeach an official by a vote of one-third of its members. Once an official is impeached, the Senate tries that official.\",\n \"At-large In Philippine politics, \\\"at-large\\\" usually refers to the manner of election of the Senate: the voters have twelve votes, with the country acting as one at-large \\\"district\\\", the twelve candidates with the most number of votes are elected (plurality-at-large voting).\",\n \"United States Senate Except for the President of the Senate, the Senate elects its own officers,[1] who maintain order and decorum, manage and schedule the legislative and executive business of the Senate, and interpret the Senate's rules, practices and precedents. Many non-member officers are also hired to run various day-to-day functions of the Senate.\",\n \"Senate of the Philippines Each House shall choose such other officers as it may deem necessary.\",\n \"Representative of the Government in the Senate The responsibilities of the leader of the government in the Senate include:\",\n \"Senate of Canada The Governor General is the Queen's representative and holds the power to make normal senatorial appointments, although, in modern practice, the Governor General makes appointments only on the advice of the prime minister. Senators used to hold their seats for life; however, under the British North America Act, 1965 (now known as the Constitution Act, 1965), members, save for those appointed prior to the change, may not sit in the Senate after reaching the age of 75. Prime ministers normally choose members of their own party to be senators, though they sometimes nominate independents or members of opposing parties. Some members of the Senate are ex-Cabinet ministers, former provincial officials, and other eminent people. The first Aboriginal senator was James Gladstone, who sat as an Independent Conservative.[2]\",\n \"Senate of Canada The Constitution Act, 1867 outlines the qualifications of senators. Individuals must be both citizens of Canada and at least 30 years of age to be eligible for appointment to the Senate. Senators must also maintain residency in the provinces or territories for which they are appointed.[1] In the past, this criterion has often been interpreted quite liberally, with virtually any holding that met the property qualification, including primary residences, second residences, summer homes, investment properties or even lots of undeveloped land, having been deemed to meet the residency requirement;[9] as long as the senator listed a qualifying property as a residence, no further efforts have typically been undertaken to verify whether they actually resided there in any meaningful way.[9] Residency has come under increased scrutiny, particularly in 2013 as several senators have faced allegations of irregularities in their housing expense claims.[10]\",\n \"Local government in the Philippines According to the Constitution of the Philippines, the local governments \\\"shall enjoy local autonomy\\\", and in which the Philippine president exercises \\\"general supervision\\\". Congress enacted the Local Government Code of the Philippines in 1991 to \\\"provide for a more responsive and accountable local government structure instituted through a system of decentralization with effective mechanisms of recall, initiative, and referendum, allocate among the different local government units their powers, responsibilities, and resources, and provide for the qualifications, election, appointment and removal, term, salaries, powers and functions and duties of local officials, and all other matters relating to the organization and operation of local units.\\\"[1]\",\n \"President of the Senate of the Philippines Aquilino Pimentel, Jr. (PDP-Laban), served 2000-2001\",\n \"Illinois Senate The Illinois Senate is the upper chamber of the Illinois General Assembly, the legislative branch of the government of the state of Illinois in the United States. The body was created by the first state constitution adopted in 1818. The Illinois Senate is made up of 59 senators elected from individual legislative districts determined by population; redistricted every 10 years, based on the 2010 U.S. census each senator represents approximately 217,468 people.[1] Under the Illinois Constitution of 1970, senators are divided into three groups, each group having a two-year term at a different part of the decade between censuses, with the rest of the decade being taken up by two four-year terms.[2] Depending on the election year, roughly one-third, two-thirds, or all Senate seats may be contested. In contrast, the Illinois House of Representatives is made up of 118 members with its entire membership elected to two-year terms. House districts are formed by dividing each Senate district in half.[3]\",\n \"Bicameralism He noted further that \\\"The use of the Senate is to consist in its proceeding with more coolness, with more system and with more wisdom, than the popular branch.\\\" Madison's argument led the Framers to grant the Senate prerogatives in foreign policy, an area where steadiness, discretion, and caution were deemed especially important.[2] State legislators chose the Senate, and senators had to possess significant property to be deemed worthy and sensible enough for the position. In 1913, the 17th Amendment passed, which mandated choosing Senators by popular vote rather than State legislatures.[2]\"\n]","isConversational":false},"gt_docs":{"kind":"list like","value":["Senate of the Philippines Aside from having its concurrence on every bill in order to be passed for the president's signature to become a law, the Senate is the only body that can concur with treaties, and can try impeachment cases. The Senate Presidency is currently held by Aquilino Pimentel III."],"string":"[\n \"Senate of the Philippines Aside from having its concurrence on every bill in order to be passed for the president's signature to become a law, the Senate is the only body that can concur with treaties, and can try impeachment cases. The Senate Presidency is currently held by Aquilino Pimentel III.\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":292,"cells":{"_id":{"kind":"string","value":"test528"},"query":{"kind":"string","value":"who should have won the election of 1824"},"gt_ids":{"kind":"list like","value":["doc19131"],"string":"[\n \"doc19131\"\n]","isConversational":false},"gt_qrels":{"kind":"list like","value":[1],"string":"[\n 1\n]","isConversational":false},"candidate_ids":{"kind":"list like","value":["doc19141","doc19130","doc19138","doc19139","doc19131","doc19150","doc19143","doc99479","doc507378","doc19140","doc507386","doc1513012","doc2432835","doc19129","doc598994","doc19134","doc507375","doc507373","doc507372","doc897211","doc301261","doc19149","doc671841","doc1932647","doc258319","doc19151","doc507380","doc145765","doc19144","doc19145","doc1061467","doc1932648","doc507377","doc301262","doc578303","doc99453","doc19146","doc1932645","doc507395","doc19142","doc99480","doc28319","doc1513014","doc19136","doc2170052","doc28321","doc145753","doc145752","doc19133","doc1061468","doc19148","doc19132","doc507379","doc802549","doc859386","doc1381452","doc897213","doc1932650","doc507387","doc99478","doc1364002","doc99493","doc507381","doc1972125","doc2244177","doc598995","doc160913","doc1062441","doc507376","doc56662","doc19147","doc1061463","doc671819","doc507388","doc1861362","doc1932611","doc648628","doc722188","doc507374","doc1761158","doc19135","doc507384","doc691921","doc507389","doc160906","doc507398","doc197898","doc19137","doc301260","doc2432836","doc1061479","doc1190668","doc445542","doc1657778","doc1381451","doc1062440","doc1190658","doc507391","doc1190670","doc2286222"],"string":"[\n \"doc19141\",\n \"doc19130\",\n \"doc19138\",\n \"doc19139\",\n \"doc19131\",\n \"doc19150\",\n \"doc19143\",\n \"doc99479\",\n \"doc507378\",\n \"doc19140\",\n \"doc507386\",\n \"doc1513012\",\n \"doc2432835\",\n \"doc19129\",\n \"doc598994\",\n \"doc19134\",\n \"doc507375\",\n \"doc507373\",\n \"doc507372\",\n \"doc897211\",\n \"doc301261\",\n \"doc19149\",\n \"doc671841\",\n \"doc1932647\",\n \"doc258319\",\n \"doc19151\",\n \"doc507380\",\n \"doc145765\",\n \"doc19144\",\n \"doc19145\",\n \"doc1061467\",\n \"doc1932648\",\n \"doc507377\",\n \"doc301262\",\n \"doc578303\",\n \"doc99453\",\n \"doc19146\",\n \"doc1932645\",\n \"doc507395\",\n \"doc19142\",\n \"doc99480\",\n \"doc28319\",\n \"doc1513014\",\n \"doc19136\",\n \"doc2170052\",\n \"doc28321\",\n \"doc145753\",\n \"doc145752\",\n \"doc19133\",\n \"doc1061468\",\n \"doc19148\",\n \"doc19132\",\n \"doc507379\",\n \"doc802549\",\n \"doc859386\",\n \"doc1381452\",\n \"doc897213\",\n \"doc1932650\",\n \"doc507387\",\n \"doc99478\",\n \"doc1364002\",\n \"doc99493\",\n \"doc507381\",\n \"doc1972125\",\n \"doc2244177\",\n \"doc598995\",\n \"doc160913\",\n \"doc1062441\",\n \"doc507376\",\n \"doc56662\",\n \"doc19147\",\n \"doc1061463\",\n \"doc671819\",\n \"doc507388\",\n \"doc1861362\",\n \"doc1932611\",\n \"doc648628\",\n \"doc722188\",\n \"doc507374\",\n \"doc1761158\",\n \"doc19135\",\n \"doc507384\",\n \"doc691921\",\n \"doc507389\",\n \"doc160906\",\n \"doc507398\",\n \"doc197898\",\n \"doc19137\",\n \"doc301260\",\n \"doc2432836\",\n \"doc1061479\",\n \"doc1190668\",\n \"doc445542\",\n \"doc1657778\",\n \"doc1381451\",\n \"doc1062440\",\n \"doc1190658\",\n \"doc507391\",\n \"doc1190670\",\n \"doc2286222\"\n]","isConversational":false},"candidate_docs":{"kind":"list like","value":["United States presidential election, 1824 Secretary of the Treasury William H. Crawford","United States presidential election, 1824 John Quincy Adams\nDemocratic-Republican","United States presidential election, 1824 Secretary of State John Quincy Adams","United States presidential election, 1824 House Speaker Henry Clay from Kentucky","United States presidential election, 1824 The United States presidential election of 1824 was the tenth quadrennial presidential election, held from Tuesday, October 26, to Thursday, December 2, 1824. John Quincy Adams was elected President on February 9, 1825. The election was the only one in history to be decided by the House of Representatives under the provisions of the Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution after no candidate secured a majority of the electoral vote. It was also the first U.S. presidential election where the elected president lost the popular vote,[1] and the only presidential election in which the candidate who received the most electoral votes (Andrew Jackson) did not become President, a source of great bitterness for Jackson and his supporters, who proclaimed the election of Adams a corrupt bargain.","United States presidential election, 1824 Since no candidate received a majority of the electoral votes, the presidential election was thrown into a contingent election in the U.S. House of Representatives. Following the provisions of the Twelfth Amendment, only the top three candidates in the electoral vote were admitted as candidates in the House: Andrew Jackson, John Quincy Adams, and William Harris Crawford. Henry Clay, who happened to be Speaker of the House at the time, was left out. Clay detested Jackson and had said of him, \"I cannot believe that killing 2,500 Englishmen at New Orleans qualifies for the various, difficult, and complicated duties of the Chief Magistracy.\"[20] Moreover, Clay's American System was far closer to Adams' position on tariffs and internal improvements than Jackson's or Crawford's, so Clay threw his support to Adams. Thus Adams was elected President on February 9, 1825, on the first ballot,[21][22] with 13 states, followed by Jackson with 7, and Crawford with 4.","United States presidential election, 1824 Secretary of War John C. Calhoun","John Quincy Adams The Federalist Party had nearly collapsed in the aftermath of the War of 1812, and all of the major presidential candidates were members of Monroe's Democratic-Republican Party. As 1824 approached, Jackson jumped into the race, motivated in large part by his anger over Clay and Crawford's denunciations of his actions in Florida.[48] The congressional nominating caucus had decided upon previous presidential nominees, but it had become largely discredited. Candidates were instead nominated by state legislatures or nominating conventions, and Adams received the endorsement of several New England legislatures.[49] Seeing Jackson's strength, Calhoun dropped out of the presidential race and instead sought the vice presidency. The remaining candidates relied heavily on regional strength. Adams was popular in New England, Clay and Jackson were strong in the West, and Jackson and Crawford competed for the South, despite the latter's health problems. In the 1824 presidential election, no candidate won a majority of the electoral vote, necessitating a contingent election under the terms of the Twelfth Amendment. The House decided among the top three electoral vote winners, with each state's delegation having one vote. The top three electoral vote winners were Jackson, Adams, and Crawford; though Clay had also received electoral votes, he was not eligible to be selected by the House.[50]","United States presidential election, 1828 Andrew Jackson won a plurality of electoral votes in the election of 1824, but still lost to John Quincy Adams when the election was deferred to the House of Representatives (by the terms of the Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution, a presidential election in which no candidate wins a majority of the electoral vote is decided by the House of Representatives). Henry Clay, unsuccessful candidate and Speaker of the House at the time, despised Jackson, in part due to their fight for Western votes during the election, and he chose to support Adams, which led to Adams being elected president. A few days after the election, Adams named Clay his Secretary of State, a position which at that time often led to the presidency. Jackson and his followers immediately accused Clay and Adams of striking a \"corrupt bargain,\" and they continued to lambaste the president until the 1828 election.","United States presidential election, 1824 Senator Andrew Jackson from Tennessee","United States presidential election, 1828 Jefferson wrote in dismay at the outcome of the contingent election of 1825 to Congressional caucus nominee William H. Crawford, saying that he had hoped to congratulate Crawford but \"events had not been what we had wished.\"[11]","Corrupt bargain After the votes were counted in the U.S. presidential election of 1824, no candidate had received the majority needed of the Presidential Electoral votes (although Andrew Jackson had the most[1]), thereby putting the outcome in the hands of the House of Representatives. There were four candidates on the ballot: John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay, Andrew Jackson, and William H. Crawford. Following the provisions of the Twelfth Amendment, however, only the top three candidates in the electoral vote were admitted as candidates, leaving out Henry Clay. To the surprise of many, the House elected John Quincy Adams over rival Andrew Jackson. It was widely believed that Clay, the Speaker of the House at the time, convinced Congress to elect Adams, who then made Clay his Secretary of State. Jackson's supporters denounced this as a \"corrupt bargain.\"[2][3] The \"corrupt bargain\" that placed Adams in the White House and Clay in the State Department launched a four-year campaign of revenge by the friends of Andrew Jackson. Claiming the people had been cheated of their choice, Jacksonians attacked the Adams administration at every turn as illegitimate and tainted by aristocracy and corruption. Adams aided his own defeat by failing to rein in the pork barrel frenzy sparked by the General Survey Act. Jackson's attack on the national blueprint put forward by Adams and Clay won support from Old Republicans and market liberals, the latter of which increasingly argued that Congressional involvement in internal improvements was an open invitation to special interests and political logrolling.[4]","Second Party System The 1824 presidential election operated without political parties and came down to a four-man race. Each candidate (Henry Clay, William Crawford, Andrew Jackson, and John Quincy Adams), all of whom were nominally Democratic Republicans, had a regional base of support involving factions in the various states. With no electoral college majority, the choice devolved on the United States House of Representatives. Clay was not among the three finalists, but as Speaker of the House he negotiated the settlement. Jackson, despite having won the most popular votes and the most electoral votes, was not elected. John Quincy Adams, son of former President John Adams, was elected, and he immediately chose Clay as Secretary of State.[6]","United States presidential election, 1824 James Monroe\nDemocratic-Republican","Bank War The 1824 election turned into a four-way contest between Jackson, John Quincy Adams, William H. Crawford, and Clay. Jackson won a plurality of the electoral vote and a strong plurality of the popular vote. However, he did not win an electoral majority, which meant that the election was thrown to the House of Representatives, which would decide amongst the top three vote getters. Clay finished fourth. However, he was also Speaker of the House, and maneuvered the election in favor of Adams, who in turn made Clay Secretary of State, an office that in the past had served as a stepping stone to the presidency. Jackson was enraged by this so-called \"corrupt bargain\" to subvert the will of the people.[29] In 1828, Jackson ran again. His forces were immensely strengthened by the revival of the Old Republican North-South agrarian alliance and its state sovereignty precepts. Most Old Republicans had supported Crawford in 1824. Alarmed by the centralization in the Adams administration, most of them flocked to Jackson.[30] The transition was made relatively easy by the fact that Jackson's own principles of government-including commitment to reducing the debt and returning power to the states-were largely in line with their own.[31]","United States presidential election, 1824 The end of opposition parties also meant the end of party discipline and the means to suppress internecine factional animosities. Rather than produce political harmony, as President James Monroe had hoped, amalgamation had led to intense rivalries among Republicans.[8] Bereft of any party apparatus to contain these outbursts, Monroe attempted to enlist the leading statesmen of his day into his cabinet so as to commit them to advancing his policies. Of the five politicians who would run for president in 1824, three were in Monroe's cabinet: Secretary of State John Quincy Adams of Massachusetts, Secretary of the Treasury William H. Crawford of Georgia, and Secretary of War John C. Calhoun of South Carolina. General Andrew Jackson of Tennessee, a commander in the regular US Army, was tapped for high-profile military assignments. Only Speaker of the House of Representatives Henry Clay of Kentucky held political power independent of the Monroe administration. Monroe’s efforts to bring Clay into his cabinet failed, and the Speaker remained a persistent critic of the Monroe administration.","United States presidential election, 1828 Jackson had won a plurality of the electoral and popular vote in the 1824 election, but had lost the contingent election that was held in the House of Representatives. In the aftermath of the election, Jackson's supporters accused Adams and Henry Clay of having reached a \"corrupt bargain\" in which Clay helped Adams win the contingent election in return for the position of Secretary of State. After the 1824 election, Jackson's supporters immediately began plans for a re-match in 1828.","United States presidential election, 1828 Andrew Jackson\nDemocratic","United States presidential election, 1828 John Quincy Adams\nDemocratic-Republican","History of the United States (1789–1849) Monroe was reelected without opposition in 1820, and the old caucus system for selecting Republican candidates collapsed in 1820. In the presidential election of 1824, factions in Tennessee and Pennsylvania put forth Andrew Jackson. From Kentucky came Speaker of the House Henry Clay, while Massachusetts produced Secretary of State Adams; a rump congressional caucus put forward Treasury Secretary William H. Crawford. Personality and sectional allegiance played important roles in determining the outcome of the election. Adams won the electoral votes from New England and most of New York; Clay won his western base of Kentucky, Ohio, and Missouri; Jackson won his base in the Southeast, and plus Illinois, Indiana, North Carolina, South Carolina, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and New Jersey; and Crawford won his base in the South, Virginia, Georgia, and Delaware. No candidate gained a majority in the Electoral College, so the president was selected by the House of Representatives, where Clay was the most influential figure. In return for Clay's support in winning the presidency, John Quincy Adams appointed Clay as secretary of state in what Jacksonians denounced as The Corrupt Bargain.","United States presidential elections in which the winner lost the popular vote The 1824 presidential election was the first election in American history in which the popular vote mattered, as 18 states chose presidential electors by popular vote in 1824 (six states still left the choice up to their state legislatures). When the final votes were tallied in those 18 states, Andrew Jackson polled 152,901 popular votes to John Quincy Adams's 114,023; Henry Clay won 47,217, and William H. Crawford won 46,979. The electoral college returns, however, gave Jackson only 99 votes, 32 fewer than he needed for a majority of the total votes cast. Adams won 84 electoral votes followed by 41 for Crawford, and 37 for Clay.[9] All four candidates in the election identified with the Democratic-Republican Party.","United States presidential election, 1824 The 1824 presidential election marked the final collapse of the Republican-Federalist political framework. Considering the large numbers of candidates and strong regional preferences, it is not surprising that the results of the election of 1824 were inconclusive. The electoral map confirmed the candidates' sectional support, with Adams winning outright in the New England states, Jackson gleaning success in states throughout the nation, Clay attracting votes from the West, and Crawford attracting votes from the eastern South. Andrew Jackson received more electoral and popular votes than any other candidate, but not the majority of 131 electoral votes needed to win the election. Since no candidate received the required majority of electoral votes, the presidential election was decided by the House of Representatives (see \"Contingent election\" below). Meanwhile, John C. Calhoun easily defeated his rivals in the race for the vice presidency, as the support of both the Adams and Jackson camps quickly gave him an unassailable lead over the other candidates. This means that 1824 marks the only election in U.S. history where only the vice presidential candidate had been successfully elected to an executive office by Electoral College.","John C. Calhoun Calhoun was initially a candidate for President of the United States in the election of 1824. Four other men also sought the presidency: Andrew Jackson, John Quincy Adams, William H. Crawford, and Henry Clay. Calhoun failed to win the endorsement of the South Carolina legislature, and his supporters in Pennsylvania decided to abandon his candidacy in favor of Jackson's, and instead supported him for vice president. Other states soon followed, and Calhoun therefore allowed himself to become a candidate for vice president rather than president.[12][48] The Electoral College elected Calhoun vice president by a landslide. He won 182 votes out of 261 electoral votes, while five other men received the remaining votes.[49] No presidential candidate received a majority in the Electoral College, and the election was ultimately resolved by the House of Representatives, where Adams was declared the winner over Crawford and Jackson, who in the election had led Adams in both popular vote and electoral vote. After Clay, the Speaker of the House, was appointed Secretary of State by Adams, Jackson's supporters denounced what they considered a \"corrupt bargain\" between Adams and Clay to give Adams the presidency in exchange for Clay receiving the office of Secretary of State. Calhoun also expressed some concerns, which caused friction between him and Adams.[50]","Andrew Jackson Democratic-Republican presidential nominees had historically been chosen by informal Congressional nominating caucuses, but this method had become unpopular. In 1824, most of the Democratic-Republicans in Congress boycotted the caucus. Those who attended backed Crawford for president and Albert Gallatin for vice president. A Pennsylvania convention nominated Jackson for president a month later, stating that the irregular caucus ignored the \"voice of the people\" and was a \"vain hope that the American people might be thus deceived into a belief that he [Crawford] was the regular democratic candidate.\"[122] Gallatin criticized Jackson as \"an honest man and the idol of the worshipers of military glory, but from incapacity, military habits, and habitual disregard of laws and constitutional provisions, altogether unfit for the office.\"[123] After Jackson won the Pennsylvania nomination, Calhoun dropped out of the presidential race and successfully sought the vice presidency instead.[124]","Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution Only once since then has the House of Representatives chosen the President: In 1824, Andrew Jackson received 99 electoral votes, John Quincy Adams (son of John Adams) 84, William H. Crawford 41 and Henry Clay 37. All of the candidates were members of the Democratic-Republican Party (though there were significant political differences among them), and each had fallen short of the 131 votes necessary to win. Because the House could only consider the top three candidates, Clay could not become President. Crawford's poor health following a stroke made his election by the House unlikely. Andrew Jackson expected the House to vote for him, as he had won a plurality of the popular and electoral votes.[Note 3] Instead, the House elected Adams on the first ballot with thirteen states, followed by Jackson with seven and Crawford with four.[20] Clay had endorsed Adams for the Presidency; the endorsement carried additional weight because Clay was the Speaker of the House. When Adams later appointed Clay his Secretary of State, many—particularly Jackson and his supporters—accused the pair of making a \"Corrupt Bargain\".[21][22] In the less contested election for vice president, John C. Calhoun received 182 electoral votes and was elected outright.","United States presidential election, 1824 Adams' victory shocked Jackson, who, as the winner of a plurality of both the popular and electoral votes, expected to be elected president. Not long before the results of the House election, an anonymous statement appeared in a Philadelphia paper, called the Columbian Observer. The statement, said to be from a member of Congress, essentially accused Clay of selling Adams his support for the office of Secretary of State. No formal investigation was conducted, so the matter was neither confirmed nor denied. When Clay was indeed offered the position after Adams was victorious, he opted to accept and continue to support the administration he voted for, knowing that declining the position would not have helped to dispel the rumors brought against him.[23] By appointing Clay his Secretary of State, President Adams essentially declared him heir to the Presidency, as Adams and his three predecessors had all served as Secretary of State. Jackson and his followers accused Adams and Clay of striking a \"corrupt bargain\". The Jacksonians would campaign on this claim for the next four years, ultimately attaining Jackson's victory in the Adams-Jackson rematch in 1828.","United States presidential election, 1828 Within months after the inauguration of John Quincy Adams in 1825, the Tennessee legislature re-nominated Jackson for president, thus setting the stage for a re-match between these two very different politicians three years thence. Congressional opponents of Adams, including former William H. Crawford supporter Martin Van Buren, rallied around Jackson's candidacy. Jackson's supporters called themselves Democrats, and would formally organize as the Democratic Party shortly after his election.[5] In hopes of uniting those opposed to Adams, Jackson ran on a ticket with sitting Vice President John C. Calhoun. No congressional nominating caucus or national convention was held.[6]","United States presidential election, 1832 Several prominent politicians were considered for the presidential nomination. Richard Rush would have been the nominee, but he pointedly refused. As a result of this action, along with his softness towards Andrew Jackson, former President John Quincy Adams never forgave him. Adams had enough courage to run as the Anti-Masonic candidate, but the party leaders did not want to risk running someone so unpopular.[3]","United States presidential election, 1824 Secretary of the Navy Smith Thompson","United States presidential election, 1824 The traditional Congressional caucus nominated Crawford for president and Albert Gallatin for vice-president, but it was sparsely attended and was widely attacked as undemocratic. Gallatin later withdrew from the contest for the vice presidency, after quickly becoming disillusioned by repeated attacks on his credibility made by the other candidates. He was replaced by North Carolina senator Nathaniel Macon. A serious impediment to Crawford's candidacy was created by the effects of a stroke he suffered in 1823. Among other candidates, John Quincy Adams had more support than Henry Clay because of his huge popularity among the old Federalist voters in New England. By this time, even the traditionally Federalist Adams family had come to terms with the Democratic-Republican Party.","Henry Clay After a brief retirement, Clay won election to the House in 1822, and began considering his first presidential bid.[90] By 1822, several members of the dominant Democratic-Republican Party had begun exploring presidential bids to succeed Monroe, who planned to retire after two terms like his predecessors.[91] The Federalist Party had almost totally collapsed at this point, and the party failed to put forth a presidential candidate. Re-elected as Speaker in 1823, Clay passed the Tariff of 1824 and the General Survey Act, and Clay campaigned on his American System of high tariffs and federal spending on infrastructure.[92] As the election approached, three members of Monroe's Cabinet, Secretary of the Treasury William Crawford, Secretary of State John Quincy Adams, and Secretary of War John C. Calhoun, appeared to be Clay's strongest competitors for the presidency.[91] In 1822, the Tennessee legislature elected General Andrew Jackson to the Senate, and his backers also began to prepare for a presidential candidacy. Though many (including Clay) did not take his candidacy seriously at first, Jackson's emergence threatened Clay's presidential chances, since both candidates had a strong following in the western states.[93] Jackson's supporters devised new campaign strategies by building grassroots networks that bypassed party bosses, signalling the rise of Jacksonian democracy.[94] Crawford won the Republican congressional nominating caucus, which had decided previous Republican nominees, but the caucus had come to be seen as a vestige of elitism and Crawford's caucus victory actually hurt his popularity.[95] In the Fall of 1823, Crawford suffered a major stroke, while Calhoun withdrew after Jackson won the support of the Pennsylvania legislature.[94] The 1824 election thus had four major candidates, all of them Democratic-Republicans: Adams of Massachusetts, Crawford of Georgia, Jackson of Tennessee, and Clay of Kentucky. Ideologically, Adams and Clay both supported a relatively strong federal government, while Crawford and Jackson tended to oppose federal infrastructure projects, instead favoring stronger state governments.[96]","Andrew Jackson In the presidential election, Jackson won a plurality of the electoral vote, taking several southern and western states as well as the mid-Atlantic states of Pennsylvania and New Jersey. He was the only candidate to win states outside of his regional base, as Adams dominated New England, Clay took three western states, and Crawford won Virginia and Georgia. Jackson won a plurality of the popular vote, taking 42 percent, although not all states held a popular vote for the presidency. He won 99 electoral votes, more than any other candidates, but still short of 131, which he needed for a true majority. With no candidate having won a majority of the electoral, the House of Representatives held a contingent election under the terms of the Twelfth Amendment. The amendment specifies that only the top three electoral vote-winners are eligible to be elected by the House, so Clay was eliminated from contention. Jackson believed that he was likely to win this contingent election, as Crawford and Adams lacked Jackson's national appeal, and Crawford had suffered a debilitating stroke that made many doubt his physical fitness for the presidency. Clay, who as Speaker of the House presided over the election, saw Jackson as a dangerous demagogue who might topple the republic in favor of his own leadership. He threw his support behind Adams, who shared Clay's support for federally-funded internal improvements such as roads and canals. With Clay's backing, Adams won the contingent election on the first ballot. Furious supporters of Jackson accused Clay and Adams of having reached a \"corrupt bargain\" after Adams appointed Clay as his Secretary of State.[125] \"So you see,\" Jackson growled, \"the Judas of the West has closed the contract and receive the thirty pieces of silver. [H]is end will be the same.\"[126] After the election, Jackson resigned his Senate seat and returned to Tennessee.[127]","United States presidential election, 1828 Passage of the unpopular tariff helped Jackson carry much of the South,[3] and Jackson also swept the Western states. Adams swept New England but won only three states outside of his home region. Jackson became the first president whose home state was neither Massachusetts nor Virginia. The election ushered Jacksonian Democracy into prominence, thus marking the transition from the First Party System to the Second Party System. Historians debate the significance of the election, with many arguing that it marked the beginning of modern American politics with the decisive establishment of democracy and the permanent establishment of a two-party electoral system.[4]","United States presidential elections in which the winner lost the popular vote As no candidate secured the required number of votes (131 total) from the Electoral College, the election was decided by the House of Representatives under the provisions of the Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Only the top three candidates in the electoral vote were admitted as candidates in this contingent election. Henry Clay, as the candidate with the fewest electoral votes, was eliminated from the deliberation. As Speaker of the House, however, Clay was still the most important player in determining the outcome of the election. The election was held on February 9, 1825, with each state having one vote, as determined by the wishes of the majority of each state's congressional representatives. Adams emerged as the winner with a one-vote margin of victory. Most of Clay's supporters, joined by several old Federalists, switched their votes to Adams in enough states to give him the election. Soon after his inauguration as President, Adams appointed Henry Clay as his secretary of state.[9] This result became a source of great bitterness for Jackson and his supporters, who proclaimed the election of Adams a \"corrupt bargain,\" and were inspired to create the Democratic Party.[10][11]","United States presidential nominating convention In the early 19th century, members of Congress met within their party caucuses to select their party's nominee. Conflicts between the interests of the Eastern Congressional class and citizens in newer Western states led to the hotly contested 1824 election, in which factions of the Democratic-Republican Party rejected the caucus nominee, William H. Crawford of Georgia, and backed John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay, and Andrew Jackson (all of whom carried more states than Crawford in the election) instead.","John Quincy Adams Adams was elected president in a close and controversial four-way contest in 1824. As president he sought to modernize the American economy and promote education. Adams enacted a part of his agenda and paid off much of the national debt.[5] However, he was stymied time and again by a Congress controlled by opponents, and his lack of patronage networks helped politicians sabotage him. He lost his 1828 bid for re-election to Andrew Jackson. He has been portrayed by recent historians as an exemplar and moral leader during an era of modernization, when new modes of communication spread messages of religious revival, social reform, and party politics, and improved transportation moved goods, money, and people more rapidly.[6] Historians have generally ranked him as an above-average president.","United States presidential election, 1824 The election was as much a contest of favorite sons as it was a conflict over policy, although positions on tariffs and internal improvements did create some significant disagreements. In general, the candidates were favored by different sections of the country: Adams was strong in the Northeast; Jackson in the South, West and mid-Atlantic; Clay in parts of the West; and Crawford in parts of the South.","Andrew Jackson Jackson turned down an offer to run for governor of his home state, but accepted John Overton's plan to have the legislature nominate him for president.[113] On July 22, 1822, he was officially nominated by the Tennessee legislature.[114] Jackson had come to dislike Secretary of the Treasury William H. Crawford, who had been the most vocal critic of Jackson in Monroe's cabinet, and he hoped to prevent Tennessee's electoral votes from going to Crawford. Yet Jackson's nomination garnered a welcoming response even outside of Tennessee, as many Americans appreciated Jackson's attacks on banks. The Panic of 1819 had devastated the fortunes of many, and banks and politicians seen as supportive of banks were particularly unpopular. With his growing political viability, Jackson emerged as one of the five major presidential candidates, along with Crawford, Adams, Clay, and Secretary of War John C. Calhoun. During the Era of Good Feelings, the Federalist Party had faded away, and all five presidential contenders were members of the Democratic-Republican Party. Jackson's campaign promoted him as a defender of the common people, as well as the one candidate who could rise above sectional divisions. On the major issues of the day, most prominently the tariff, Jackson expressed centrist beliefs, and opponents accused him of obfuscating his positions. At the forefront of Jackson's campaign was combatting corruption. Jackson vowed to restore honesty in government and to scale back its excesses.[115]","United States presidential election, 1828 John Quincy Adams received a similar number of electoral college votes in 1824 and 1828","United States presidential election, 1824 Andrew Jackson was recruited to run for the office of the president by the state legislature of Tennessee. Jackson did not seek the task of running for president. Instead, he wished to retire to his estate on the outskirts of Nashville called the Hermitage. However, Andrew Jackson was not one to decline such request.[13]","John Quincy Adams Adams knew that his own victory in the contingent election would require the support of Clay, who besides being a presidential contender also had accumulated immense influence in the House and had thrice served as the body's speaker. In contrast with Clay, Crawford believed in a weak, limited federal government. Jackson's policy views were unclear, but Clay had been outraged by Jackson's actions in Florida, and he feared what Jackson would do in office. Clay's American System called for high tariffs, federally-funded internal improvements, and a national bank, all of which were supported by Adams. Adams and Clay met prior to the contingent election, and Clay agreed to support Adams. In February 1825 Adams won the contingent election, taking thirteen of the twenty-four state delegations. After the election, many of Jackson's supporters claimed that Adams and Clay had reached a \"Corrupt Bargain\" in which Adams promised Clay the position of Secretary of State in return for Clay's support.[51]","United States presidential election The 12th Amendment also established rules when no candidate wins a majority vote in the Electoral College. In the presidential election of 1824, Andrew Jackson received a plurality, but not a majority, of electoral votes cast. The election was thrown to the House of Representatives, and John Quincy Adams was elected to the presidency. A deep rivalry resulted between Andrew Jackson and House Speaker Henry Clay, who had also been a candidate in the election.","Corrupt bargain Regardless of the various theories concerning the matter, John Quincy Adams was a one-term President, and his rival, Jackson, was elected President by a large majority of the Electors in the election of 1828 and then a second term in the election of 1832.","United States presidential election, 1824 The previous competition between the Federalist Party and the Democratic-Republican Party collapsed after the War of 1812 due to the disintegration of the Federalists' popular appeal, and U.S. President James Monroe of the Democratic-Republican Party was able to run without opposition in the election of 1820. Like previous presidents who had been elected to two terms, James Monroe declined to seek re-nomination for a third term.[12]","United States presidential elections in Mississippi The election of 1824 was a complex realigning election following the collapse of the prevailing Democratic-Republican Party, resulting in four different candidates each claiming to carry the banner of the party, and competing for influence in different parts of the country. The election was the only one in history to be decided by the House of Representatives under the provisions of the Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution after no candidate secured a majority of the electoral vote. It was also the only presidential election in which the candidate who received a plurality of electoral votes (Andrew Jackson) did not become President, a source of great bitterness for Jackson and his supporters, who proclaimed the election of Adams a corrupt bargain.","United States presidential election However, candidates can fail to get the most votes in the nationwide popular vote in a Presidential election and still win that election. In the 1824 election, Jackson won the popular vote, but no one received the majority of electoral votes. According to the 12th Amendment in the Constitution, the House of Representatives must choose the president out of the top 3 people in the election. Clay had come fourth, so he threw his support to Adams, who then won. Because Adams later named Clay his Secretary of State, Jackson's supporters claimed that Adams gained the presidency by making a deal with Clay. Charges of a \"corrupt bargain\" followed Adams through his term.","United States presidential election, 1832 Andrew Jackson\nDemocratic","United States presidential election, 1832 Andrew Jackson\nDemocratic","United States presidential election, 1824 The Era of Good Feelings, closely associated with the administration of President James Monroe (1817–1825), was characterized by the dissolution of national political identities.[2] With the discredited Federalists in decline nationally, the \"amalgamated\" or hybridized Republicans adopted key Federalist economic programs and institutions, further erasing party identities and consolidating their victory.[3][4] The economic nationalism of the Era of Good Feelings that would authorize the Tariff of 1816 and incorporate the Second Bank of the United States portended an abandonment of the Jeffersonian political formula for strict construction of the constitution, limited central government and commitments to the primacy of Southern agrarian interests.[5][6][7]","Henry Clay By 1824, with Crawford still in the race, Clay concluded that no candidate would win a majority of electoral votes; such a scenario would require the House of Representatives to decide the election. According to the terms of the Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution, the top three electoral vote-getters would advance to a runoff in the House in which each state delegation would cast one vote. As Speaker of the House, Clay felt confident that he could win a contingent presidential election held in the House.[97] In hopes of winning New York's electoral votes, Clay named former Senator Nathan Sanford as his running mate. Martin Van Buren, a prominent backer of Crawford, asked Clay to serve as Crawford's running mate; Clay declined the offer, but rumors of the offer hurt Clay's presidential candidacy.[98] As election returns came to Washington, Clay rightly assumed that no one had won a majority of electoral votes, and that Jackson and Adams (in either order) would finish first and second in the electoral college.[99] Clay won Kentucky, Ohio, and Missouri, but the failure of Clay's supporters in New York and Louisiana allowed Crawford to finish third.[100] Clay was humiliated that he finished behind the invalid Crawford and Jackson, but supporters of the three remaining presidential candidates immediately began courting his support for the House vote.[101] On January 9, 1825, Clay privately met with Adams for three hours, after which Clay promised Adams his support; both would later claim that they did not discuss Clay's position in an Adams administration.[102] Of the three candidates, Adams was the most sympathetic to Clay's American System, and Clay viewed both Jackson and the sickly Crawford as unsuitable for the presidency.[103] With the help of Clay, Adams won the House vote on the first ballot.[104] After his election, Adams offered Clay the position of Secretary of State, which Clay accepted, despite fears that he would be accused of trading his support for the Cabinet post. Jackson was outraged by the election, and he and his supporters accused Clay and Adams of having reached a \"Corrupt Bargain.\"[105][106]","United States presidential election, 1824 The campaigning for presidential election of 1824 took many forms. Contrafacta, or well known songs and tunes whose lyrics have been altered, were used to promote political agendas and presidential candidates. Below can be found a sound clip featuring \"Hunters of Kentucky\", a tune written by Samuel Woodsworth in 1815 under the title \"The Unfortunate Miss Bailey\". Contrafacta such as this one, which promoted Andrew Jackson as a national hero, have been a long-standing tradition in presidential elections. Another form of campaigning during this election was through newsprint. Political cartoons and partisan writings were best circulated among the voting public through newspapers. Presidential candidate John C. Calhoun was one of the candidates most directly involved through his participation in the publishing of the newspaper The Patriot as a member of the editorial staff. This was a sure way to promote his own political agendas and campaign. In contrast, most candidates involved in early 19th century elections did not run their own political campaigns. Instead it was left to volunteer citizens and partisans to speak on their behalf.[14][15][16][17]","United States presidential election, 1824 Prior to the election, the Democratic-Republican Party had won six consecutive presidential elections. In 1824 the Democratic-Republican Party failed to agree on a choice of candidate for president, with the result that the party effectively ceased to exist and split four ways behind four separate candidates. Later, the faction led by Jackson would evolve into the modern Democratic Party in the 1828 election, while the factions led by Adams and Henry Clay would become the National Republican Party and then the Whig Party.","United States presidential election, 1828 In the aftermath of the 1824 election, the national Democratic-Republican Party collapsed as national politics became increasingly polarized between supporters of Adams and supporters of Jackson. In a prelude to the presidential election, the Jacksonians bolstered their numbers in Congress in the 1826 Congressional elections; Jackson ally Andrew Stevenson was chosen as the new Speaker of the House of Representatives in 1827 over Adams ally Speaker John W. Taylor.","James K. Polk In the 1824 U.S. presidential election, Jackson got the most electoral votes (he also led in the popular vote) but as he did not receive a majority in the Electoral College, the election was thrown into the U.S. House of Representatives, which chose Secretary of State John Quincy Adams, who had received the second-most of each. Polk, like other Jackson supporters, believed that Speaker of the House Henry Clay had traded his support as fourth-place finisher (the House may only choose from among the top three) to Adams in a Corrupt Bargain in exchange for being the new Secretary of State. Polk had in August 1824 declared his candidacy for the following year's election to the House of Representatives from Tennessee's 6th congressional district.[25] The district stretched from Maury County south to the Alabama line, and extensive electioneering was expected of the five candidates. Polk campaigned so vigorously that Sarah began to worry about his health. During the campaign, Polk's opponents said that at the age of 29 Polk was too young for the responsibility of a seat in the House, but he won the election with 3,669 votes out of 10,440 and took his seat in Congress later that year.[26]","United States presidential elections in Illinois The election of 1824 was a complex realigning election following the collapse of the prevailing Democratic-Republican Party, resulting in four different candidates each claiming to carry the banner of the party, and competing for influence in different parts of the country. The election was the only one in history to be decided by the House of Representatives under the provisions of the Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution after no candidate secured a majority of the electoral vote. It was also the only presidential election in which the candidate who received a plurality of electoral votes (Andrew Jackson) did not become President, a source of great bitterness for Jackson and his supporters, who proclaimed the election of Adams a corrupt bargain.","Congressional nominating caucus In 1816, James Monroe narrowly won his party's nomination over William H. Crawford. Instead of contesting the caucus result, Crawford supported Monroe's candidacy and decided to bide his time until a future election. Another Democratic-Republican caucus met in 1820, but adjourned without making a nomination. Monroe's 1820 re-election campaign went unopposed, as the Federalists had become extremely weak at the national level and no Democratic-Republican challenged Monroe, making Monroe the only presidential candidate since Washington to have been re-elected without serious opposition. In 1824, Crawford was nominated by the caucus, but three other Democratic-Republican candidates also ran for president, of whom one, John Quincy Adams, won the election.[1] After 1824, the Democratic-Republican Party fractured between supporters of Andrew Jackson and supporters of Adams; both candidates condemned the caucus system, and no caucus was held in 1828. From 1831 onwards, the Congressional nominating caucus was replaced with national presidential nominating conventions.","History of the United States (1789–1849) Charismatic Andrew Jackson, by contrast, in collaboration with strategist Martin Van Buren rallied his followers in the newly emerging Democratic Party. In the election of 1828, Jackson defeated Adams by an overwhelming electoral majority in the first presidential election since 1800 to mark a wholesale voter rejection of the previous administration's policies. The electoral campaign was correspondingly as vicious as the one 28 years earlier, with Jackson and Adams's camps hurtling the worst mudslinging accusations at one another. The former painted himself as a war hero and the champion of the masses against Northeastern elites while the latter argued that he was a man of education and social grace against an uncouth, semi-literate backwoodsman. This belied the fact that Andrew Jackson was a societal elite by any definition, owning a large plantation with dozens of slaves and mostly surrounding himself with men of wealth and property. The election saw the coming to power of Jacksonian Democracy, thus marking the transition from the First Party System (which reflected Jeffersonian Democracy) to the Second Party System. Historians debate the significance of the election, with many arguing that it marked the beginning of modern American politics, with the decisive establishment of democracy and the formation of the two party system.[25]","Andrew Jackson Jackson was nominated for president by the Tennessee legislature in October 1825, more than three years before the 1828 election. It was the earliest such nomination in presidential history, and it attested to the fact that Jackson's supporters began the 1828 campaign almost as soon as the 1824 campaign ended. Adams's presidency floundered, as his ambitious agenda faced defeat in a new era of mass politics. Critics led by Jackson attacked Adams's policies as a dangerous expansion of Federal power. Senator Martin Van Buren, who had been a prominent supporter of Crawford in the 1824 election, emerged as one of the strongest opponents of Adams's policies, and he settled on Jackson as his preferred candidate in the 1828 election. Van Buren was joined by Vice President Calhoun, who also opposed much of Adams's agenda on states' rights grounds. Van Buren and other Jackson allies established numerous pro-Jackson newspapers and clubs around the country, while Jackson avoided campaigning but made himself available to visitors at his Hermitage plantation. In the election, Jackson won a commanding 56 percent of the popular vote and 68 percent of the electoral vote. The election marked the definitive end of the one-party Era of Good Feelings, as Jackson's supporters coalesced into the Democratic Party and Adams's followers became known as the National Republicans.[130] In the large Scots-Irish community that was especially numerous in the rural South and Southwest, Jackson was a favorite hero.[131]","United States presidential election, 1828 In the next election, Jackson's and Adams' supporters saw value in establishing the opinion of Jefferson in regards to their respective candidates and against their opposition.[12] Jefferson died on July 4, 1826.","John Quincy Adams Immediately upon becoming Secretary of State, Adams emerged as one of Monroe's most likely successors, as the last three presidents had all served in the role (although Jefferson also served as vice president) before taking office. As the 1824 election approached, Adams, Clay, Secretary of War John C. Calhoun, and Secretary of the Treasury William H. Crawford positioned themselves to succeed Monroe. Adams felt that his own election as president would vindicate his father, while also allowing him to pursue an ambitious domestic policy. Though he lacked the charisma of his competitors, Adams was widely respected and benefited from the lack of other prominent Northerners.[47]","Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette With the roads becoming impassable, Lafayette stayed in Washington City for the winter of 1824–25, and thus was there for the climax of the hotly contested 1824 election, in which no presidential candidate was able to secure a majority of the Electoral College, throwing the decision to the House of Representatives. On 9 February 1825, that body selected Secretary of State John Quincy Adams as president; that evening, the runner-up, General Andrew Jackson, shook hands with Adams at the White House as Lafayette looked on.[171]","John Quincy Adams The key states in the election were New York, Pennsylvania, and Ohio, which accounted for nearly a third of the country's electoral votes.[79] Jackson won Pennsylvania, Ohio, and even Clay's home state of Kentucky. He also won a majority of the electoral votes in New York, and denied Adams a sweep of New England by winning an electoral vote in Maine. In the South, aside from Adams's win in Maryland, only Louisiana was remotely competitive, and even there Jackson won 53% of the vote. In total, Jackson won 178 of the 261 electoral votes and just under 56 percent of the popular vote. No future presidential candidate would match Jackson's proportion of the popular vote until Theodore Roosevelt exceeded it in 1904. Adams's loss made him the second one-term president, after his own father. The election marked the permanent end of the Era of Good Feelings and the start of the Second Party System.[80]","United States presidential election, 1828 President Adams and his allies, including Secretary of State Clay and Senator Daniel Webster of Massachusetts, became known as the National Republicans. The National Republicans were significantly less organized than the Democrats, and many party leaders did not embrace the new era of popular campaigning. Adams was re-nominated on the endorsement of state legislatures and partisan rallies. As with the Democrats, no nominating caucus or national convention was held. Adams chose Secretary of the Treasury Richard Rush, a Pennsylvanian known for his protectionist views, as his running mate. Adams, who was personally popular in New England, hoped to assemble a coalition in which Clay attracted Western voters, Rush attracted voters in the middle states, and Webster won over former members of the Federalist Party.[7]","United States presidential elections in Louisiana The election of 1824 was a complex realigning election following the collapse of the prevailing Democratic-Republican Party, resulting in four different candidates each claiming to carry the banner of the party, and competing for influence in different parts of the country. The election was the only one in history to be decided by the House of Representatives under the provisions of the Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution after no candidate secured a majority of the electoral vote. It was also the only presidential election in which the candidate who received a plurality of electoral votes (Andrew Jackson) did not become President, a source of great bitterness for Jackson and his supporters, who proclaimed the election of Adams a corrupt bargain.","United States presidential elections in Connecticut The election of 1824 was a complex realigning election following the collapse of the prevailing Democratic-Republican Party, resulting in four different candidates each claiming to carry the banner of the party, and competing for influence in different parts of the country. The election was the only one in history to be decided by the House of Representatives under the provisions of the Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution after no candidate secured a majority of the electoral vote. It was also the only presidential election in which the candidate who received a plurality of electoral votes (Andrew Jackson) did not become President, a source of great bitterness for Jackson and his supporters, who proclaimed the election of Adams a corrupt bargain.","Bank War Jackson ran under the banner of \"Jackson and Reform,\" promising a return to Jeffersonian principles of limited government and an end to the centralizing policies of Adams.[32] The Democratic Party launched a spirited and sophisticated campaign better organized than any previous campaign in American history[33] against Adams, personifying him as a purveyor of corruption and fraudulent republicanism, and a menace to American democracy.[34][35] At the heart of the campaign was the conviction that Andrew Jackson had been denied the presidency in 1824 only through a \"corrupt bargain\" devised by Adams and Clay; a Jackson victory promised to rectify this betrayal of the popular will.[36][37]","Era of Good Feelings Recognizing the danger of intraparty rivalries, Monroe attempted to include prospective presidential candidates and top political leaders in his administration. His cabinet comprised three of the political rivals who would vie for the presidency in 1824: John Quincy Adams, John C. Calhoun and William H. Crawford. A fourth, Andrew Jackson, held high military appointments.[40] Here, Monroe felt he could manage the factional disputes and arrange compromise on national politics within administration guidelines.[38] His great disadvantage was that amalgamation deprived him of appealing to Republican \"solidarity\" that would have cleared the way for passage of his programs in Congress.","Martin Van Buren The 1824 elections dealt a severe blow to the Albany Regency, as Clinton returned to the governorship with the support of the People's party. By the time the state legislature convened to choose the state's presidential electors, results from other states had made it clear that no individual would win a majority of the electoral vote, necessitating a contingent election in the United States House of Representatives.[59] While Adams and Jackson were assured of finishing in the top three, and thus being eligible for selection in the contingent election, New York's electors would help determine whether Clay or Crawford would finish third.[60] Though most of the state's electoral votes went to Adams, Crawford won one more electoral vote than Clay in the state, and Clay's defeat in Louisiana left Crawford in third place.[61] With Crawford still in the running, Van Buren lobbied members of the House to support Crawaford.[62] He hoped to engineer a Crawford victory on the second ballot of the contingent election, but Adams won on the first ballot with the help of Clay and Stephen Van Rensselaer, a Congressman from New York. Despite his close ties with Van Buren, Van Rensselaer cast his vote for Adams, thus giving Adams a narrow majority of New York's delegation and a victory in the contingent election.[63]","United States presidential election, 1828 As the once-dominant Democratic-Republican Party collapsed, Jackson and allies such as Martin Van Buren and Vice President John C. Calhoun laid the foundations of the Democratic Party. Opponents of Adams coalesced around Jackson, and, unlike the 1824 election, the 1828 election became a two-way contest. Adams's supporters rallied around the president, calling themselves National Republicans in contrast to Jackson's Democrats. Jackson's cause was aided by the passage of the Tariff of 1828, referred to by its opponents as the Tariff of Abominations, which raised tariffs on imported materials and goods from abroad. With the ongoing expansion of the right to vote to most white men, the election marked a dramatic expansion of the electorate, with 9.5% of Americans casting a vote for President, compared with 3.4% in 1824.[2]","Democratic-Republican Party James Monroe ran under the party's banner in the 1820 election and built support by consensus. Monroe faced no serious rival and was nearly unanimously elected by the electoral college. The party's historic domination by the Virginian delegation faded as New York and Pennsylvania became more important. In the 1824 election, most of the party in Congress boycotted the caucus; only a small rump group backed William Crawford. The Crawford faction included most \"Old Republicans\"—those who remained committed to states' rights and the Principles of 1798 and were distrustful of the nationalizing program promoted by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun.","United States presidential election, 1824 Secretary of War John C. Calhoun of South Carolina, who was a fifth candidate in the early stages of consideration, declined to run for president, but did decide to seek the vice presidency. For president, he backed Jackson, whose political beliefs he considered more compatible with those of most voters in the southern states. Both Adams and Jackson supporters backed Calhoun's candidacy as vice president; thus, he easily secured the majority of electoral votes he needed to secure that office. In reality, Calhoun was vehemently opposed to nearly all of Adams's policies, but he did nothing to dissuade Adams supporters from voting for him for vice president.","Henry Clay Like Washington and Jefferson, President Madison decided to retire after two terms, leaving open the Republican nomination for the 1816 presidential election. At the time, the Republicans used a congressional nominating caucus to choose their presidential nominees, giving Congressmen a powerful role in the presidential selection process. Monroe and Secretary of War William Crawford emerged as the two main candidates for the Republican nomination. Clay had a favorable opinion of both individuals, but he worked to ensure that Monroe won the nomination, which he did.[78] In the general election, Monroe easily defeated the Federalist candidate, Rufus King. Clay was offered the position of Secretary of War in the Madison and Monroe administrations.[79] However, Clay strongly desired the office of Secretary of State, and was angered when Monroe instead chose John Quincy Adams. Unfortunately for Clay, Monroe had decided to place a northeasterner into the most prominent Cabinet position, and was also fearful that the appointment of Clay to State would look like a reward for Clay's support in the nominating caucus.[80] Clay became so bitter that he refused to allow Monroe's inauguration to take place in the House Chamber, and subsequently did not attend Monroe's outdoor inauguration.[81]","John C. Calhoun Calhoun began his political career in the House of Representatives. As a prominent leader of the war hawk faction, Calhoun strongly supported the War of 1812 to defend American honor against British infractions of American independence and neutrality during the Napoleonic Wars. He then served as Secretary of War under President James Monroe, and in this position reorganized and modernized the War Department. Calhoun was a candidate for the presidency in the 1824 election. After failing to gain support, he let his name be put forth as a candidate for vice president. The Electoral College elected Calhoun for vice president by an overwhelming majority. He served under John Quincy Adams and continued under Andrew Jackson, who defeated Adams in the election of 1828.","United States presidential election, 1828 A goal of the pro-Adams press was to depict Jackson as a \"mere military chieftain.\"[12] Edward Coles recounted that Jefferson told him in a conversation in August 1825 that he feared the popular enthusiasm for Jackson: \"It has caused me to doubt more than anything that has occurred since our Revolution.\" Coles used the opinion of Thomas Gilmer to back himself up; Gilmer said Jefferson told him at Monticello before the election of Adams in 1825, \"One might as well make a sailor of a cock, or a soldier of a goose, as a President of Andrew Jackson.\"[12] Daniel Webster, who was also at Monticello at the time, made the same report. Webster recorded that Jefferson told him in December 1824 that Jackson was a dangerous man unfit for the presidency.[13] Historian Sean Wilentz described Webster's account of the meeting as \"not wholly reliable.\"[14] Biographer Robert V. Remini said that Jefferson \"had no great love for Jackson.\"[15]","James Monroe Monroe decided to seek the presidency in the 1816 election, and his war-time leadership had established him as Madison's heir apparent. Monroe had strong support from many in the party, but his candidacy was challenged at the 1816 Democratic-Republican congressional nominating caucus. Secretary of the Treasury William H. Crawford had the support of numerous Southern and Western Congressmen, while Governor Daniel D. Tompkins was backed by several Congressmen from New York. Crawford appealed especially to many Democratic-Republicans who were wary of Madison and Monroe's support for the establishment of the Second Bank of the United States.[70] Despite his substantial backing, Crawford decided to defer to Monroe on the belief that he could eventually run as Monroe's successor, and Monroe won his party's nomination. Tompkins won the party's vice presidential nomination. The moribund Federalists nominated Rufus King as their presidential nominee, but the party offered little opposition following the conclusion of a popular war that they had opposed. Monroe received 183 of the 217 electoral votes, winning every state but Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Delaware.[71]","Andrew Jackson Born in the colonial Carolinas to a Scotch-Irish family in the decade before the American Revolutionary War, Jackson became a frontier lawyer and married Rachel Donelson Robards. He served briefly in the U.S. House of Representatives and the U.S. Senate representing Tennessee. After resigning, he served as a justice on the Tennessee Supreme Court from 1798 until 1804. Jackson purchased a property later known as the Hermitage, and became a wealthy, slaveowning planter. In 1801, he was appointed colonel of the Tennessee militia and was elected its commander the following year. He led troops during the Creek War of 1813–1814, winning the Battle of Horseshoe Bend. The subsequent Treaty of Fort Jackson required the Creek surrender of vast lands in present-day Alabama and Georgia. In the concurrent war against the British, Jackson's victory in 1815 at the Battle of New Orleans made him a national hero. Jackson then led U.S. forces in the First Seminole War, which caused the annexation of Florida from Spain. Jackson briefly served as Florida's first territorial governor before returning to the Senate. He ran for president in 1824, winning a plurality of the popular and electoral vote. As no candidate won an electoral majority, the House of Representatives elected John Quincy Adams in a contingent election. In reaction to the alleged \"corrupt bargain\" between Adams and Henry Clay and the ambitious agenda of President Adams, Jackson's supporters founded the Democratic Party.","Jeffersonian democracy After the Madison administration experienced serious trouble financing the War of 1812, and discovered the Army and militia were unable to make war effectively, a new generation of Republican nationalists emerged. They were supported by President James Monroe, an original Jeffersonian, and included John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun. Adams defeated Andrew Jackson, who had support from the Quids, in 1824 and in a few years two successor parties had emerged, the Democratic Party, which formulated Jacksonian democracy and which still exists; and Henry Clay's Whig Party. Their competition marked the Second Party System.[42]","History of the United States Congress The victory of John Quincy Adams in 1824 was challenged by Andrew Jackson, who argued a corrupt bargain between Clay and Adams had cheated Jackson; Jackson led both electoral votes and popular votes, but had no majority in the electoral college. Clay strongly opposed Jackson's \"total war\" policy (Jackson's unauthorized invasion of the Spanish colony of Florida was criticized in Congress––Jackson was the victorious general of the Battle of New Orleans). Clay gave his votes in the House of Representatives to the candidate who was closest to Jackson in terms of both electoral votes and popular votes, namely, John Quincy Adams. Jackson and his (as yet unnamed) followers easily dominated the 1826 Congressional Election and took complete control of the 20th United States Congress. As the Second Party System emerged, the Whigs and Jacksonians (called \"Democrats\" by 1834) battled for control of Congress. In the 1832 Senate elections, the National Republican party, which was the main party that opposed Andrew Jackson, gained control of the US Senate after President Jackson broke with his Vice-President John Calhoun, and gained Senate seats in parts of the Southern US, and maintained control over Senate until 1835, when Jackson's popular bank policies could help the Democrats regain control of Congress again in the 1834 Congressional elections; this break between Jackson and Calhoun was over whether or not South Carolina could avoid the Tariff of 1828, which Calhoun strongly opposed, and resulted in Calhoun's new Nullifier Party eventually uniting with Henry Clay's National Republican Party, and other opponents of Andrew Jackson, to form the US Whig Party in 1834.","United States presidential election, 1828 The United States presidential election of 1828 was the 11th quadrennial presidential election, held from Friday, October 31, to Tuesday, December 2, 1828. It featured a re-match of the 1824 election, as incumbent President John Quincy Adams of the National Republican Party faced Andrew Jackson of the nascent Democratic Party. Unlike in 1824, Jackson defeated Adams, marking the start of Democratic dominance in federal politics. Adams was the second president to lose re-election, following his father, John Adams.","1832 Democratic National Convention In the summer of 1822, \"Richmond Junto\" leader Thomas Ritchie of Virginia began raising the idea of a national convention to resolve the issue of nomination; ultimately, the Congressional nominating caucus was appealed to by the devotees of Treasury Secretary William H. Crawford's candidacy.[1] Following that defeat in the election of 1824, early in 1827, Van Buren privately made the argument to Richie for an exclusive national convention of Republicans to ensure Jackson's nomination.[2] However, it did not immediately come to fruition while state conventions and legislatures took up Jackson as their presidential candidate for the election of 1828 with Vice President John C. Calhoun as his running mate. Such a type of national convention would occur after the election.","United States presidential election, 1824 Amid these reconfigured political landscapes arose two pivotal events: the Panic of 1819 and the Missouri crisis of 1820.[9] Both the alarming economic disaster, which fell heavily upon both agrarian and industrial workers, and the distressing sectional disputes over slavery expansion, produced widespread social unrest and calls for increased democratic control over the future of the American republic.[10] From these disaffected social groups would be assembled the popular base on which political parties would be revived, though these were only beginning to take shape at the time of the 1824 presidential election.[11]","United States presidential election, 1828 Jackson avoided articulating issue positions, instead campaigning on his personal qualities and his opposition to Adams. Adams avoided popular campaigning, instead emphasizing his support of specific issues.[6] Adams' praise of internal improvements in Europe, such as \"lighthouses of the skies\" (observatories), in his first annual message to Congress, and his suggestion that Congress not be \"palsied by the will of our constituents\" were given attention in and out of the press. John Randolph stated on the floor of the Senate that he \"never will be palsied by any power save the constitution, and the will of my constituents.\" Jackson wrote that a lavish government combined with contempt of the constituents could lead to despotism, if not checked by the \"voice of the people.\" Modern campaigning was also introduced by Jackson. People kissed babies, had picnics, and started many other traditions during the campaign.","Jacksonian democracy Most former Republicans supported Jackson, while others such as Henry Clay opposed him. Most former Federalists, such as Daniel Webster, opposed Jackson, although some like James Buchanan supported him. In 1828, John Quincy Adams pulled together a network of factions called the National Republicans, but he was defeated by Jackson. By the late 1830s, the Jacksonian Democrats and the Whigs politically battled it out nationally and in every state.[24]","United States presidential election, 1828 Gilmer accused Coles of misrepresentation, for Jefferson's opinion had changed, Gilmer said. Jefferson's son-in-law, former Virginia Governor Thomas Mann Randolph, Jr., said in 1826 that Jefferson had a \"strong repugnance\" to Henry Clay.[12] Randolph publicly stated that Jefferson became friendly to Jackson's candidacy as early as the summer of 1825, perhaps because of the \"corrupt bargain\" charge, and thought of Jackson as \"an honest, sincere, clear-headed and strong-minded man; of the soundest political principles\" and \"the only hope left\" to reverse the increasing powers assumed by the federal government.[16] Others said the same thing, but Coles could not believe Jefferson's opinion had changed.[12]","Era of Good Feelings So thoroughly had Monroe reduced party politics that he essentially ran unopposed in the 1820 presidential election. The Federalists ran no candidate to oppose him, running only a vice-presidential candidate, Richard Stockton. Monroe and his vice president Daniel D. Tompkins would have won reelection unanimously through the electoral college, had there not been a handful of faithless electors; one presidential elector cast his vote for John Quincy Adams, while a handful of electors (mostly former Federalists) cast votes for a number of Federalist candidates for Vice President. It would be the last presidential election in which a candidate would run essentially unopposed.","United States presidential election, 1828 Andrew Jackson was sworn in as president on March 4, 1829.","John Tyler By the time of Tyler's senatorial election, the 1828 campaign for president was in progress. Adams, the incumbent president, was challenged by Gen. Andrew Jackson. The Democratic-Republicans had splintered into Adams's National Republicans and Jackson's Democrats. Tyler disliked both candidates for their willingness to increase the power of the federal government, but he was increasingly drawn to Jackson, hoping that he would not seek to spend as much federal money on internal improvements as Adams. of Jackson he wrote, \"Turning to him I may at least indulge in hope; looking on Adams I must despair.\"[29]","United States presidential election, 1824 Monroe's vice president, Daniel D. Tompkins, was considered unelectable due to his overwhelming unpopularity and major health problems (Tompkins died in June 1825, a little over three months after he left office). The presidential nomination was thus left wide open within the Democratic-Republican Party, the only major national political entity remaining in the United States.","United States presidential elections in which the winner lost the popular vote When individuals cast ballots in the general election, they are choosing electors and telling them whom they should vote for in the Electoral College. The \"national popular vote\" is the sum of all the votes cast in the general election, nationwide. The presidential elections of 1876, 1888, 2000, and 2016 produced an Electoral College winner who did not receive the most votes in the general election.[4][5][6] In 1824, there were six states in which electors were legislatively appointed, rather than popularly elected, so the true national popular vote is uncertain. When no candidate received a majority of electoral votes in 1824, the election was decided by the House of Representatives. For these two reasons, the 1824 election is distinguishable from the latter four elections, which were held after all states had instituted the popular selection of electors, and in each of which a single candidate won an outright majority of electoral votes, thus becoming president without a contingent election in the House of Representatives.[7] The true national popular vote total was also uncertain in the 1960 election, and the plurality winner depends on how votes for Alabama electors are allocated.[8]","Second Party System Jackson loudly denounced this \"corrupt bargain.\" Campaigning vigorously he launched a crusade against the corruption he saw in Washington. Appealing both to local militia companies (as the most famous of the nation's Indian fighters, and a hero of the War of 1812) and to state political factions, Jackson assembled a coalition, the embryonic Democratic Party, that ousted Adams in 1828. Martin Van Buren, brilliant leader of New York politics, was Jackson's key aide, bringing along the large electoral votes of Virginia and Pennsylvania. His reward was appointment as Secretary of State and later nomination and election to the vice presidency as heir to the Jacksonian tradition. The Adams-Clay wing of the Democratic-Republican Party became known as the National Republicans, although Adams never considered himself a loyal member of the party.[6]","Henry Clay With the defeat of Adams, Clay became the leader of the National Republicans.[132] In 1830, Clay began making preparations for a presidential campaign in the 1832 election. Early in Jackson's presidency, many doubted that Jackson would seek a second term, and Clay, Vice President John Calhoun, and former Treasury Secretary William Crawford (whose health had somewhat improved since 1824) all began preparations for the upcoming election.[133] In 1831, Jackson made it clear that he was going to run for re-election, ensuring that support or opposition to his presidency would be a central feature of the upcoming race.[134] While the two previous elections had essentially been intra-party contests among Democratic-Republicans, the election of 1832 saw the development of discrete political parties.[135] Jackson's Democrats rallied around his policies towards the national bank, internal improvements, Indian removal, and nullification, but these policies also earned Jackson various enemies.[135] John C. Calhoun's Nullifier faction opposed Jackson after the president took a strong stance against nullification, but the Nullifiers and National Republicans disagreed about the tariff, limiting the possibility of cooperation.[136] The Anti-Masonic Party, a new political party opposed to Freemasonry, nominated former Attorney General William Wirt for president. Clay, himself a Freemason, considered withdrawing from the race in hopes of unifying Jackson's opponents, but he ultimately decided to stay in the race.[137] Inspired by the Anti-Masonic Party's national convention, Clay's followers arranged for a national nominating convention, with the intention of anointing Clay as the National Republican nominee.[138] Facing little opposition at the convention, Clay won the party's presidential nomination, and the convention nominated Pennsylvania Congressman John Sergeant as Clay's running mate.[124] As the election approached, the debate over the re-authorization of the Second Bank of the United States emerged as the most important issue.[135] In his veto of the bank, Jackson effectively made the case that the bank was a tool of the elites, bolstering his popularity with the people.[139]","United States presidential election, 1796 John Jay,\nGovernor of New York","United States presidential election, 1800 John Adams\nFederalist","Marbury v. Madison In the fiercely contested U.S. presidential election of 1800, the three major candidates were Thomas Jefferson, Aaron Burr, and John Adams, who was the incumbent U.S. president.[1] Adams was aligned with the Federalist Party, while Jefferson and Burr were part of the opposing Democratic-Republican Party. American public opinion had gradually turned against the Federalists in the months prior to the election, mainly due to their use of the Alien and Sedition Acts and growing tensions with Great Britain.[3] Jefferson easily won the popular vote, but only narrowly defeated Adams in the Electoral College.[b]","Congressional nominating caucus In 1804, after the passage of the 12th Amendment, the Democratic-Republicans caucus met again. In a ballot of the caucus, George Clinton defeated John Breckinridge and was nominated as Jefferson's running mate. At the 1808 caucus, supporters of James Madison defeated attempts to nominate Clinton or James Monroe instead of Madison. Clinton was nominated as the vice presidential nominee, but Clinton criticized the legitimacy of the caucus system and both Clinton and Monroe considered running for president. The Federalists meanwhile, held a proto-national convention in New York in 1808, where they nominated Charles Cotesworth Pinckney and Rufus King. In 1812, Madison won unanimous re-nomination by the caucus. However, the Democratic-Republican members of the New York legislature denounced the caucus system as illegitimate, and instead nominated DeWitt Clinton, the nephew of George Clinton. The Federalists held another proto-convention in 1812, there they agreed to support Clinton. Clinton ultimately lost the election, but provided a strong challenge to Madison and won 89 electoral votes.[1]","Martin Van Buren Van Buren chose to back Crawford over John Quincy Adams, Andrew Jackson, and Henry Clay in the presidential election of 1824.[53] Crawford shared Van Buren's affinity for Jeffersonian principles of states' rights and limited government, and Van Buren believed that Crawford made an ideal leader around which to form a coalition led by leaders from New York, Pennsylvania, and Virginia's \"Richmond Junto.\"[54] Van Buren's support for Crawford aroused strong opposition in New York in the form of the People's party, which drew support from Clintonians, Federalists, and others opposed to Van Buren.[55] Nonetheless, Van Buren helped Crawford win the Democratic-Republican party's presidential nomination at the February 1824 congressional nominating caucus.[56] The other Democratic-Republican candidates in the race refused to accept the poorly-attended caucus's decision, and as the Federalist Party had virtually ceased to function as a national party, the 1824 campaign became a competition among four candidates of the same party. Though Crawford suffered a severe stroke that left him in poor helath, Van Buren continued to support his chosen candidate.[57] Van Buren met with Thomas Jefferson in May 1824 an attempt to bolster Crawford's candidacy, and though he was unsuccessful in gaining a public endorsement for Crawford, he nonetheless cherished the chance to meet with his political hero.[58]","United States presidential election, 1796 John Adams\nFederalist","United States presidential election, 1828 The selection of electors began on October 31 with elections in Ohio and Pennsylvania and ended on November 13 with elections in North Carolina. The Electoral College met on December 3. Adams won almost exactly the same states that his father had won in the election of 1800: the New England states, New Jersey, and Delaware. In addition, Adams picked up Maryland. Jackson won everything else, which resulted in a landslide victory for him.","United States presidential election, 1796 Samuel Johnston,\nFormer U.S. Senator from North Carolina","United States presidential election, 1844 John Tyler\nIndependent"],"string":"[\n \"United States presidential election, 1824 Secretary of the Treasury William H. Crawford\",\n \"United States presidential election, 1824 John Quincy Adams\\nDemocratic-Republican\",\n \"United States presidential election, 1824 Secretary of State John Quincy Adams\",\n \"United States presidential election, 1824 House Speaker Henry Clay from Kentucky\",\n \"United States presidential election, 1824 The United States presidential election of 1824 was the tenth quadrennial presidential election, held from Tuesday, October 26, to Thursday, December 2, 1824. John Quincy Adams was elected President on February 9, 1825. The election was the only one in history to be decided by the House of Representatives under the provisions of the Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution after no candidate secured a majority of the electoral vote. It was also the first U.S. presidential election where the elected president lost the popular vote,[1] and the only presidential election in which the candidate who received the most electoral votes (Andrew Jackson) did not become President, a source of great bitterness for Jackson and his supporters, who proclaimed the election of Adams a corrupt bargain.\",\n \"United States presidential election, 1824 Since no candidate received a majority of the electoral votes, the presidential election was thrown into a contingent election in the U.S. House of Representatives. Following the provisions of the Twelfth Amendment, only the top three candidates in the electoral vote were admitted as candidates in the House: Andrew Jackson, John Quincy Adams, and William Harris Crawford. Henry Clay, who happened to be Speaker of the House at the time, was left out. Clay detested Jackson and had said of him, \\\"I cannot believe that killing 2,500 Englishmen at New Orleans qualifies for the various, difficult, and complicated duties of the Chief Magistracy.\\\"[20] Moreover, Clay's American System was far closer to Adams' position on tariffs and internal improvements than Jackson's or Crawford's, so Clay threw his support to Adams. Thus Adams was elected President on February 9, 1825, on the first ballot,[21][22] with 13 states, followed by Jackson with 7, and Crawford with 4.\",\n \"United States presidential election, 1824 Secretary of War John C. Calhoun\",\n \"John Quincy Adams The Federalist Party had nearly collapsed in the aftermath of the War of 1812, and all of the major presidential candidates were members of Monroe's Democratic-Republican Party. As 1824 approached, Jackson jumped into the race, motivated in large part by his anger over Clay and Crawford's denunciations of his actions in Florida.[48] The congressional nominating caucus had decided upon previous presidential nominees, but it had become largely discredited. Candidates were instead nominated by state legislatures or nominating conventions, and Adams received the endorsement of several New England legislatures.[49] Seeing Jackson's strength, Calhoun dropped out of the presidential race and instead sought the vice presidency. The remaining candidates relied heavily on regional strength. Adams was popular in New England, Clay and Jackson were strong in the West, and Jackson and Crawford competed for the South, despite the latter's health problems. In the 1824 presidential election, no candidate won a majority of the electoral vote, necessitating a contingent election under the terms of the Twelfth Amendment. The House decided among the top three electoral vote winners, with each state's delegation having one vote. The top three electoral vote winners were Jackson, Adams, and Crawford; though Clay had also received electoral votes, he was not eligible to be selected by the House.[50]\",\n \"United States presidential election, 1828 Andrew Jackson won a plurality of electoral votes in the election of 1824, but still lost to John Quincy Adams when the election was deferred to the House of Representatives (by the terms of the Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution, a presidential election in which no candidate wins a majority of the electoral vote is decided by the House of Representatives). Henry Clay, unsuccessful candidate and Speaker of the House at the time, despised Jackson, in part due to their fight for Western votes during the election, and he chose to support Adams, which led to Adams being elected president. A few days after the election, Adams named Clay his Secretary of State, a position which at that time often led to the presidency. Jackson and his followers immediately accused Clay and Adams of striking a \\\"corrupt bargain,\\\" and they continued to lambaste the president until the 1828 election.\",\n \"United States presidential election, 1824 Senator Andrew Jackson from Tennessee\",\n \"United States presidential election, 1828 Jefferson wrote in dismay at the outcome of the contingent election of 1825 to Congressional caucus nominee William H. Crawford, saying that he had hoped to congratulate Crawford but \\\"events had not been what we had wished.\\\"[11]\",\n \"Corrupt bargain After the votes were counted in the U.S. presidential election of 1824, no candidate had received the majority needed of the Presidential Electoral votes (although Andrew Jackson had the most[1]), thereby putting the outcome in the hands of the House of Representatives. There were four candidates on the ballot: John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay, Andrew Jackson, and William H. Crawford. Following the provisions of the Twelfth Amendment, however, only the top three candidates in the electoral vote were admitted as candidates, leaving out Henry Clay. To the surprise of many, the House elected John Quincy Adams over rival Andrew Jackson. It was widely believed that Clay, the Speaker of the House at the time, convinced Congress to elect Adams, who then made Clay his Secretary of State. Jackson's supporters denounced this as a \\\"corrupt bargain.\\\"[2][3] The \\\"corrupt bargain\\\" that placed Adams in the White House and Clay in the State Department launched a four-year campaign of revenge by the friends of Andrew Jackson. Claiming the people had been cheated of their choice, Jacksonians attacked the Adams administration at every turn as illegitimate and tainted by aristocracy and corruption. Adams aided his own defeat by failing to rein in the pork barrel frenzy sparked by the General Survey Act. Jackson's attack on the national blueprint put forward by Adams and Clay won support from Old Republicans and market liberals, the latter of which increasingly argued that Congressional involvement in internal improvements was an open invitation to special interests and political logrolling.[4]\",\n \"Second Party System The 1824 presidential election operated without political parties and came down to a four-man race. Each candidate (Henry Clay, William Crawford, Andrew Jackson, and John Quincy Adams), all of whom were nominally Democratic Republicans, had a regional base of support involving factions in the various states. With no electoral college majority, the choice devolved on the United States House of Representatives. Clay was not among the three finalists, but as Speaker of the House he negotiated the settlement. Jackson, despite having won the most popular votes and the most electoral votes, was not elected. John Quincy Adams, son of former President John Adams, was elected, and he immediately chose Clay as Secretary of State.[6]\",\n \"United States presidential election, 1824 James Monroe\\nDemocratic-Republican\",\n \"Bank War The 1824 election turned into a four-way contest between Jackson, John Quincy Adams, William H. Crawford, and Clay. Jackson won a plurality of the electoral vote and a strong plurality of the popular vote. However, he did not win an electoral majority, which meant that the election was thrown to the House of Representatives, which would decide amongst the top three vote getters. Clay finished fourth. However, he was also Speaker of the House, and maneuvered the election in favor of Adams, who in turn made Clay Secretary of State, an office that in the past had served as a stepping stone to the presidency. Jackson was enraged by this so-called \\\"corrupt bargain\\\" to subvert the will of the people.[29] In 1828, Jackson ran again. His forces were immensely strengthened by the revival of the Old Republican North-South agrarian alliance and its state sovereignty precepts. Most Old Republicans had supported Crawford in 1824. Alarmed by the centralization in the Adams administration, most of them flocked to Jackson.[30] The transition was made relatively easy by the fact that Jackson's own principles of government-including commitment to reducing the debt and returning power to the states-were largely in line with their own.[31]\",\n \"United States presidential election, 1824 The end of opposition parties also meant the end of party discipline and the means to suppress internecine factional animosities. Rather than produce political harmony, as President James Monroe had hoped, amalgamation had led to intense rivalries among Republicans.[8] Bereft of any party apparatus to contain these outbursts, Monroe attempted to enlist the leading statesmen of his day into his cabinet so as to commit them to advancing his policies. Of the five politicians who would run for president in 1824, three were in Monroe's cabinet: Secretary of State John Quincy Adams of Massachusetts, Secretary of the Treasury William H. Crawford of Georgia, and Secretary of War John C. Calhoun of South Carolina. General Andrew Jackson of Tennessee, a commander in the regular US Army, was tapped for high-profile military assignments. Only Speaker of the House of Representatives Henry Clay of Kentucky held political power independent of the Monroe administration. Monroe’s efforts to bring Clay into his cabinet failed, and the Speaker remained a persistent critic of the Monroe administration.\",\n \"United States presidential election, 1828 Jackson had won a plurality of the electoral and popular vote in the 1824 election, but had lost the contingent election that was held in the House of Representatives. In the aftermath of the election, Jackson's supporters accused Adams and Henry Clay of having reached a \\\"corrupt bargain\\\" in which Clay helped Adams win the contingent election in return for the position of Secretary of State. After the 1824 election, Jackson's supporters immediately began plans for a re-match in 1828.\",\n \"United States presidential election, 1828 Andrew Jackson\\nDemocratic\",\n \"United States presidential election, 1828 John Quincy Adams\\nDemocratic-Republican\",\n \"History of the United States (1789–1849) Monroe was reelected without opposition in 1820, and the old caucus system for selecting Republican candidates collapsed in 1820. In the presidential election of 1824, factions in Tennessee and Pennsylvania put forth Andrew Jackson. From Kentucky came Speaker of the House Henry Clay, while Massachusetts produced Secretary of State Adams; a rump congressional caucus put forward Treasury Secretary William H. Crawford. Personality and sectional allegiance played important roles in determining the outcome of the election. Adams won the electoral votes from New England and most of New York; Clay won his western base of Kentucky, Ohio, and Missouri; Jackson won his base in the Southeast, and plus Illinois, Indiana, North Carolina, South Carolina, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and New Jersey; and Crawford won his base in the South, Virginia, Georgia, and Delaware. No candidate gained a majority in the Electoral College, so the president was selected by the House of Representatives, where Clay was the most influential figure. In return for Clay's support in winning the presidency, John Quincy Adams appointed Clay as secretary of state in what Jacksonians denounced as The Corrupt Bargain.\",\n \"United States presidential elections in which the winner lost the popular vote The 1824 presidential election was the first election in American history in which the popular vote mattered, as 18 states chose presidential electors by popular vote in 1824 (six states still left the choice up to their state legislatures). When the final votes were tallied in those 18 states, Andrew Jackson polled 152,901 popular votes to John Quincy Adams's 114,023; Henry Clay won 47,217, and William H. Crawford won 46,979. The electoral college returns, however, gave Jackson only 99 votes, 32 fewer than he needed for a majority of the total votes cast. Adams won 84 electoral votes followed by 41 for Crawford, and 37 for Clay.[9] All four candidates in the election identified with the Democratic-Republican Party.\",\n \"United States presidential election, 1824 The 1824 presidential election marked the final collapse of the Republican-Federalist political framework. Considering the large numbers of candidates and strong regional preferences, it is not surprising that the results of the election of 1824 were inconclusive. The electoral map confirmed the candidates' sectional support, with Adams winning outright in the New England states, Jackson gleaning success in states throughout the nation, Clay attracting votes from the West, and Crawford attracting votes from the eastern South. Andrew Jackson received more electoral and popular votes than any other candidate, but not the majority of 131 electoral votes needed to win the election. Since no candidate received the required majority of electoral votes, the presidential election was decided by the House of Representatives (see \\\"Contingent election\\\" below). Meanwhile, John C. Calhoun easily defeated his rivals in the race for the vice presidency, as the support of both the Adams and Jackson camps quickly gave him an unassailable lead over the other candidates. This means that 1824 marks the only election in U.S. history where only the vice presidential candidate had been successfully elected to an executive office by Electoral College.\",\n \"John C. Calhoun Calhoun was initially a candidate for President of the United States in the election of 1824. Four other men also sought the presidency: Andrew Jackson, John Quincy Adams, William H. Crawford, and Henry Clay. Calhoun failed to win the endorsement of the South Carolina legislature, and his supporters in Pennsylvania decided to abandon his candidacy in favor of Jackson's, and instead supported him for vice president. Other states soon followed, and Calhoun therefore allowed himself to become a candidate for vice president rather than president.[12][48] The Electoral College elected Calhoun vice president by a landslide. He won 182 votes out of 261 electoral votes, while five other men received the remaining votes.[49] No presidential candidate received a majority in the Electoral College, and the election was ultimately resolved by the House of Representatives, where Adams was declared the winner over Crawford and Jackson, who in the election had led Adams in both popular vote and electoral vote. After Clay, the Speaker of the House, was appointed Secretary of State by Adams, Jackson's supporters denounced what they considered a \\\"corrupt bargain\\\" between Adams and Clay to give Adams the presidency in exchange for Clay receiving the office of Secretary of State. Calhoun also expressed some concerns, which caused friction between him and Adams.[50]\",\n \"Andrew Jackson Democratic-Republican presidential nominees had historically been chosen by informal Congressional nominating caucuses, but this method had become unpopular. In 1824, most of the Democratic-Republicans in Congress boycotted the caucus. Those who attended backed Crawford for president and Albert Gallatin for vice president. A Pennsylvania convention nominated Jackson for president a month later, stating that the irregular caucus ignored the \\\"voice of the people\\\" and was a \\\"vain hope that the American people might be thus deceived into a belief that he [Crawford] was the regular democratic candidate.\\\"[122] Gallatin criticized Jackson as \\\"an honest man and the idol of the worshipers of military glory, but from incapacity, military habits, and habitual disregard of laws and constitutional provisions, altogether unfit for the office.\\\"[123] After Jackson won the Pennsylvania nomination, Calhoun dropped out of the presidential race and successfully sought the vice presidency instead.[124]\",\n \"Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution Only once since then has the House of Representatives chosen the President: In 1824, Andrew Jackson received 99 electoral votes, John Quincy Adams (son of John Adams) 84, William H. Crawford 41 and Henry Clay 37. All of the candidates were members of the Democratic-Republican Party (though there were significant political differences among them), and each had fallen short of the 131 votes necessary to win. Because the House could only consider the top three candidates, Clay could not become President. Crawford's poor health following a stroke made his election by the House unlikely. Andrew Jackson expected the House to vote for him, as he had won a plurality of the popular and electoral votes.[Note 3] Instead, the House elected Adams on the first ballot with thirteen states, followed by Jackson with seven and Crawford with four.[20] Clay had endorsed Adams for the Presidency; the endorsement carried additional weight because Clay was the Speaker of the House. When Adams later appointed Clay his Secretary of State, many—particularly Jackson and his supporters—accused the pair of making a \\\"Corrupt Bargain\\\".[21][22] In the less contested election for vice president, John C. Calhoun received 182 electoral votes and was elected outright.\",\n \"United States presidential election, 1824 Adams' victory shocked Jackson, who, as the winner of a plurality of both the popular and electoral votes, expected to be elected president. Not long before the results of the House election, an anonymous statement appeared in a Philadelphia paper, called the Columbian Observer. The statement, said to be from a member of Congress, essentially accused Clay of selling Adams his support for the office of Secretary of State. No formal investigation was conducted, so the matter was neither confirmed nor denied. When Clay was indeed offered the position after Adams was victorious, he opted to accept and continue to support the administration he voted for, knowing that declining the position would not have helped to dispel the rumors brought against him.[23] By appointing Clay his Secretary of State, President Adams essentially declared him heir to the Presidency, as Adams and his three predecessors had all served as Secretary of State. Jackson and his followers accused Adams and Clay of striking a \\\"corrupt bargain\\\". The Jacksonians would campaign on this claim for the next four years, ultimately attaining Jackson's victory in the Adams-Jackson rematch in 1828.\",\n \"United States presidential election, 1828 Within months after the inauguration of John Quincy Adams in 1825, the Tennessee legislature re-nominated Jackson for president, thus setting the stage for a re-match between these two very different politicians three years thence. Congressional opponents of Adams, including former William H. Crawford supporter Martin Van Buren, rallied around Jackson's candidacy. Jackson's supporters called themselves Democrats, and would formally organize as the Democratic Party shortly after his election.[5] In hopes of uniting those opposed to Adams, Jackson ran on a ticket with sitting Vice President John C. Calhoun. No congressional nominating caucus or national convention was held.[6]\",\n \"United States presidential election, 1832 Several prominent politicians were considered for the presidential nomination. Richard Rush would have been the nominee, but he pointedly refused. As a result of this action, along with his softness towards Andrew Jackson, former President John Quincy Adams never forgave him. Adams had enough courage to run as the Anti-Masonic candidate, but the party leaders did not want to risk running someone so unpopular.[3]\",\n \"United States presidential election, 1824 Secretary of the Navy Smith Thompson\",\n \"United States presidential election, 1824 The traditional Congressional caucus nominated Crawford for president and Albert Gallatin for vice-president, but it was sparsely attended and was widely attacked as undemocratic. Gallatin later withdrew from the contest for the vice presidency, after quickly becoming disillusioned by repeated attacks on his credibility made by the other candidates. He was replaced by North Carolina senator Nathaniel Macon. A serious impediment to Crawford's candidacy was created by the effects of a stroke he suffered in 1823. Among other candidates, John Quincy Adams had more support than Henry Clay because of his huge popularity among the old Federalist voters in New England. By this time, even the traditionally Federalist Adams family had come to terms with the Democratic-Republican Party.\",\n \"Henry Clay After a brief retirement, Clay won election to the House in 1822, and began considering his first presidential bid.[90] By 1822, several members of the dominant Democratic-Republican Party had begun exploring presidential bids to succeed Monroe, who planned to retire after two terms like his predecessors.[91] The Federalist Party had almost totally collapsed at this point, and the party failed to put forth a presidential candidate. Re-elected as Speaker in 1823, Clay passed the Tariff of 1824 and the General Survey Act, and Clay campaigned on his American System of high tariffs and federal spending on infrastructure.[92] As the election approached, three members of Monroe's Cabinet, Secretary of the Treasury William Crawford, Secretary of State John Quincy Adams, and Secretary of War John C. Calhoun, appeared to be Clay's strongest competitors for the presidency.[91] In 1822, the Tennessee legislature elected General Andrew Jackson to the Senate, and his backers also began to prepare for a presidential candidacy. Though many (including Clay) did not take his candidacy seriously at first, Jackson's emergence threatened Clay's presidential chances, since both candidates had a strong following in the western states.[93] Jackson's supporters devised new campaign strategies by building grassroots networks that bypassed party bosses, signalling the rise of Jacksonian democracy.[94] Crawford won the Republican congressional nominating caucus, which had decided previous Republican nominees, but the caucus had come to be seen as a vestige of elitism and Crawford's caucus victory actually hurt his popularity.[95] In the Fall of 1823, Crawford suffered a major stroke, while Calhoun withdrew after Jackson won the support of the Pennsylvania legislature.[94] The 1824 election thus had four major candidates, all of them Democratic-Republicans: Adams of Massachusetts, Crawford of Georgia, Jackson of Tennessee, and Clay of Kentucky. Ideologically, Adams and Clay both supported a relatively strong federal government, while Crawford and Jackson tended to oppose federal infrastructure projects, instead favoring stronger state governments.[96]\",\n \"Andrew Jackson In the presidential election, Jackson won a plurality of the electoral vote, taking several southern and western states as well as the mid-Atlantic states of Pennsylvania and New Jersey. He was the only candidate to win states outside of his regional base, as Adams dominated New England, Clay took three western states, and Crawford won Virginia and Georgia. Jackson won a plurality of the popular vote, taking 42 percent, although not all states held a popular vote for the presidency. He won 99 electoral votes, more than any other candidates, but still short of 131, which he needed for a true majority. With no candidate having won a majority of the electoral, the House of Representatives held a contingent election under the terms of the Twelfth Amendment. The amendment specifies that only the top three electoral vote-winners are eligible to be elected by the House, so Clay was eliminated from contention. Jackson believed that he was likely to win this contingent election, as Crawford and Adams lacked Jackson's national appeal, and Crawford had suffered a debilitating stroke that made many doubt his physical fitness for the presidency. Clay, who as Speaker of the House presided over the election, saw Jackson as a dangerous demagogue who might topple the republic in favor of his own leadership. He threw his support behind Adams, who shared Clay's support for federally-funded internal improvements such as roads and canals. With Clay's backing, Adams won the contingent election on the first ballot. Furious supporters of Jackson accused Clay and Adams of having reached a \\\"corrupt bargain\\\" after Adams appointed Clay as his Secretary of State.[125] \\\"So you see,\\\" Jackson growled, \\\"the Judas of the West has closed the contract and receive the thirty pieces of silver. [H]is end will be the same.\\\"[126] After the election, Jackson resigned his Senate seat and returned to Tennessee.[127]\",\n \"United States presidential election, 1828 Passage of the unpopular tariff helped Jackson carry much of the South,[3] and Jackson also swept the Western states. Adams swept New England but won only three states outside of his home region. Jackson became the first president whose home state was neither Massachusetts nor Virginia. The election ushered Jacksonian Democracy into prominence, thus marking the transition from the First Party System to the Second Party System. Historians debate the significance of the election, with many arguing that it marked the beginning of modern American politics with the decisive establishment of democracy and the permanent establishment of a two-party electoral system.[4]\",\n \"United States presidential elections in which the winner lost the popular vote As no candidate secured the required number of votes (131 total) from the Electoral College, the election was decided by the House of Representatives under the provisions of the Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Only the top three candidates in the electoral vote were admitted as candidates in this contingent election. Henry Clay, as the candidate with the fewest electoral votes, was eliminated from the deliberation. As Speaker of the House, however, Clay was still the most important player in determining the outcome of the election. The election was held on February 9, 1825, with each state having one vote, as determined by the wishes of the majority of each state's congressional representatives. Adams emerged as the winner with a one-vote margin of victory. Most of Clay's supporters, joined by several old Federalists, switched their votes to Adams in enough states to give him the election. Soon after his inauguration as President, Adams appointed Henry Clay as his secretary of state.[9] This result became a source of great bitterness for Jackson and his supporters, who proclaimed the election of Adams a \\\"corrupt bargain,\\\" and were inspired to create the Democratic Party.[10][11]\",\n \"United States presidential nominating convention In the early 19th century, members of Congress met within their party caucuses to select their party's nominee. Conflicts between the interests of the Eastern Congressional class and citizens in newer Western states led to the hotly contested 1824 election, in which factions of the Democratic-Republican Party rejected the caucus nominee, William H. Crawford of Georgia, and backed John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay, and Andrew Jackson (all of whom carried more states than Crawford in the election) instead.\",\n \"John Quincy Adams Adams was elected president in a close and controversial four-way contest in 1824. As president he sought to modernize the American economy and promote education. Adams enacted a part of his agenda and paid off much of the national debt.[5] However, he was stymied time and again by a Congress controlled by opponents, and his lack of patronage networks helped politicians sabotage him. He lost his 1828 bid for re-election to Andrew Jackson. He has been portrayed by recent historians as an exemplar and moral leader during an era of modernization, when new modes of communication spread messages of religious revival, social reform, and party politics, and improved transportation moved goods, money, and people more rapidly.[6] Historians have generally ranked him as an above-average president.\",\n \"United States presidential election, 1824 The election was as much a contest of favorite sons as it was a conflict over policy, although positions on tariffs and internal improvements did create some significant disagreements. In general, the candidates were favored by different sections of the country: Adams was strong in the Northeast; Jackson in the South, West and mid-Atlantic; Clay in parts of the West; and Crawford in parts of the South.\",\n \"Andrew Jackson Jackson turned down an offer to run for governor of his home state, but accepted John Overton's plan to have the legislature nominate him for president.[113] On July 22, 1822, he was officially nominated by the Tennessee legislature.[114] Jackson had come to dislike Secretary of the Treasury William H. Crawford, who had been the most vocal critic of Jackson in Monroe's cabinet, and he hoped to prevent Tennessee's electoral votes from going to Crawford. Yet Jackson's nomination garnered a welcoming response even outside of Tennessee, as many Americans appreciated Jackson's attacks on banks. The Panic of 1819 had devastated the fortunes of many, and banks and politicians seen as supportive of banks were particularly unpopular. With his growing political viability, Jackson emerged as one of the five major presidential candidates, along with Crawford, Adams, Clay, and Secretary of War John C. Calhoun. During the Era of Good Feelings, the Federalist Party had faded away, and all five presidential contenders were members of the Democratic-Republican Party. Jackson's campaign promoted him as a defender of the common people, as well as the one candidate who could rise above sectional divisions. On the major issues of the day, most prominently the tariff, Jackson expressed centrist beliefs, and opponents accused him of obfuscating his positions. At the forefront of Jackson's campaign was combatting corruption. Jackson vowed to restore honesty in government and to scale back its excesses.[115]\",\n \"United States presidential election, 1828 John Quincy Adams received a similar number of electoral college votes in 1824 and 1828\",\n \"United States presidential election, 1824 Andrew Jackson was recruited to run for the office of the president by the state legislature of Tennessee. Jackson did not seek the task of running for president. Instead, he wished to retire to his estate on the outskirts of Nashville called the Hermitage. However, Andrew Jackson was not one to decline such request.[13]\",\n \"John Quincy Adams Adams knew that his own victory in the contingent election would require the support of Clay, who besides being a presidential contender also had accumulated immense influence in the House and had thrice served as the body's speaker. In contrast with Clay, Crawford believed in a weak, limited federal government. Jackson's policy views were unclear, but Clay had been outraged by Jackson's actions in Florida, and he feared what Jackson would do in office. Clay's American System called for high tariffs, federally-funded internal improvements, and a national bank, all of which were supported by Adams. Adams and Clay met prior to the contingent election, and Clay agreed to support Adams. In February 1825 Adams won the contingent election, taking thirteen of the twenty-four state delegations. After the election, many of Jackson's supporters claimed that Adams and Clay had reached a \\\"Corrupt Bargain\\\" in which Adams promised Clay the position of Secretary of State in return for Clay's support.[51]\",\n \"United States presidential election The 12th Amendment also established rules when no candidate wins a majority vote in the Electoral College. In the presidential election of 1824, Andrew Jackson received a plurality, but not a majority, of electoral votes cast. The election was thrown to the House of Representatives, and John Quincy Adams was elected to the presidency. A deep rivalry resulted between Andrew Jackson and House Speaker Henry Clay, who had also been a candidate in the election.\",\n \"Corrupt bargain Regardless of the various theories concerning the matter, John Quincy Adams was a one-term President, and his rival, Jackson, was elected President by a large majority of the Electors in the election of 1828 and then a second term in the election of 1832.\",\n \"United States presidential election, 1824 The previous competition between the Federalist Party and the Democratic-Republican Party collapsed after the War of 1812 due to the disintegration of the Federalists' popular appeal, and U.S. President James Monroe of the Democratic-Republican Party was able to run without opposition in the election of 1820. Like previous presidents who had been elected to two terms, James Monroe declined to seek re-nomination for a third term.[12]\",\n \"United States presidential elections in Mississippi The election of 1824 was a complex realigning election following the collapse of the prevailing Democratic-Republican Party, resulting in four different candidates each claiming to carry the banner of the party, and competing for influence in different parts of the country. The election was the only one in history to be decided by the House of Representatives under the provisions of the Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution after no candidate secured a majority of the electoral vote. It was also the only presidential election in which the candidate who received a plurality of electoral votes (Andrew Jackson) did not become President, a source of great bitterness for Jackson and his supporters, who proclaimed the election of Adams a corrupt bargain.\",\n \"United States presidential election However, candidates can fail to get the most votes in the nationwide popular vote in a Presidential election and still win that election. In the 1824 election, Jackson won the popular vote, but no one received the majority of electoral votes. According to the 12th Amendment in the Constitution, the House of Representatives must choose the president out of the top 3 people in the election. Clay had come fourth, so he threw his support to Adams, who then won. Because Adams later named Clay his Secretary of State, Jackson's supporters claimed that Adams gained the presidency by making a deal with Clay. Charges of a \\\"corrupt bargain\\\" followed Adams through his term.\",\n \"United States presidential election, 1832 Andrew Jackson\\nDemocratic\",\n \"United States presidential election, 1832 Andrew Jackson\\nDemocratic\",\n \"United States presidential election, 1824 The Era of Good Feelings, closely associated with the administration of President James Monroe (1817–1825), was characterized by the dissolution of national political identities.[2] With the discredited Federalists in decline nationally, the \\\"amalgamated\\\" or hybridized Republicans adopted key Federalist economic programs and institutions, further erasing party identities and consolidating their victory.[3][4] The economic nationalism of the Era of Good Feelings that would authorize the Tariff of 1816 and incorporate the Second Bank of the United States portended an abandonment of the Jeffersonian political formula for strict construction of the constitution, limited central government and commitments to the primacy of Southern agrarian interests.[5][6][7]\",\n \"Henry Clay By 1824, with Crawford still in the race, Clay concluded that no candidate would win a majority of electoral votes; such a scenario would require the House of Representatives to decide the election. According to the terms of the Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution, the top three electoral vote-getters would advance to a runoff in the House in which each state delegation would cast one vote. As Speaker of the House, Clay felt confident that he could win a contingent presidential election held in the House.[97] In hopes of winning New York's electoral votes, Clay named former Senator Nathan Sanford as his running mate. Martin Van Buren, a prominent backer of Crawford, asked Clay to serve as Crawford's running mate; Clay declined the offer, but rumors of the offer hurt Clay's presidential candidacy.[98] As election returns came to Washington, Clay rightly assumed that no one had won a majority of electoral votes, and that Jackson and Adams (in either order) would finish first and second in the electoral college.[99] Clay won Kentucky, Ohio, and Missouri, but the failure of Clay's supporters in New York and Louisiana allowed Crawford to finish third.[100] Clay was humiliated that he finished behind the invalid Crawford and Jackson, but supporters of the three remaining presidential candidates immediately began courting his support for the House vote.[101] On January 9, 1825, Clay privately met with Adams for three hours, after which Clay promised Adams his support; both would later claim that they did not discuss Clay's position in an Adams administration.[102] Of the three candidates, Adams was the most sympathetic to Clay's American System, and Clay viewed both Jackson and the sickly Crawford as unsuitable for the presidency.[103] With the help of Clay, Adams won the House vote on the first ballot.[104] After his election, Adams offered Clay the position of Secretary of State, which Clay accepted, despite fears that he would be accused of trading his support for the Cabinet post. Jackson was outraged by the election, and he and his supporters accused Clay and Adams of having reached a \\\"Corrupt Bargain.\\\"[105][106]\",\n \"United States presidential election, 1824 The campaigning for presidential election of 1824 took many forms. Contrafacta, or well known songs and tunes whose lyrics have been altered, were used to promote political agendas and presidential candidates. Below can be found a sound clip featuring \\\"Hunters of Kentucky\\\", a tune written by Samuel Woodsworth in 1815 under the title \\\"The Unfortunate Miss Bailey\\\". Contrafacta such as this one, which promoted Andrew Jackson as a national hero, have been a long-standing tradition in presidential elections. Another form of campaigning during this election was through newsprint. Political cartoons and partisan writings were best circulated among the voting public through newspapers. Presidential candidate John C. Calhoun was one of the candidates most directly involved through his participation in the publishing of the newspaper The Patriot as a member of the editorial staff. This was a sure way to promote his own political agendas and campaign. In contrast, most candidates involved in early 19th century elections did not run their own political campaigns. Instead it was left to volunteer citizens and partisans to speak on their behalf.[14][15][16][17]\",\n \"United States presidential election, 1824 Prior to the election, the Democratic-Republican Party had won six consecutive presidential elections. In 1824 the Democratic-Republican Party failed to agree on a choice of candidate for president, with the result that the party effectively ceased to exist and split four ways behind four separate candidates. Later, the faction led by Jackson would evolve into the modern Democratic Party in the 1828 election, while the factions led by Adams and Henry Clay would become the National Republican Party and then the Whig Party.\",\n \"United States presidential election, 1828 In the aftermath of the 1824 election, the national Democratic-Republican Party collapsed as national politics became increasingly polarized between supporters of Adams and supporters of Jackson. In a prelude to the presidential election, the Jacksonians bolstered their numbers in Congress in the 1826 Congressional elections; Jackson ally Andrew Stevenson was chosen as the new Speaker of the House of Representatives in 1827 over Adams ally Speaker John W. Taylor.\",\n \"James K. Polk In the 1824 U.S. presidential election, Jackson got the most electoral votes (he also led in the popular vote) but as he did not receive a majority in the Electoral College, the election was thrown into the U.S. House of Representatives, which chose Secretary of State John Quincy Adams, who had received the second-most of each. Polk, like other Jackson supporters, believed that Speaker of the House Henry Clay had traded his support as fourth-place finisher (the House may only choose from among the top three) to Adams in a Corrupt Bargain in exchange for being the new Secretary of State. Polk had in August 1824 declared his candidacy for the following year's election to the House of Representatives from Tennessee's 6th congressional district.[25] The district stretched from Maury County south to the Alabama line, and extensive electioneering was expected of the five candidates. Polk campaigned so vigorously that Sarah began to worry about his health. During the campaign, Polk's opponents said that at the age of 29 Polk was too young for the responsibility of a seat in the House, but he won the election with 3,669 votes out of 10,440 and took his seat in Congress later that year.[26]\",\n \"United States presidential elections in Illinois The election of 1824 was a complex realigning election following the collapse of the prevailing Democratic-Republican Party, resulting in four different candidates each claiming to carry the banner of the party, and competing for influence in different parts of the country. The election was the only one in history to be decided by the House of Representatives under the provisions of the Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution after no candidate secured a majority of the electoral vote. It was also the only presidential election in which the candidate who received a plurality of electoral votes (Andrew Jackson) did not become President, a source of great bitterness for Jackson and his supporters, who proclaimed the election of Adams a corrupt bargain.\",\n \"Congressional nominating caucus In 1816, James Monroe narrowly won his party's nomination over William H. Crawford. Instead of contesting the caucus result, Crawford supported Monroe's candidacy and decided to bide his time until a future election. Another Democratic-Republican caucus met in 1820, but adjourned without making a nomination. Monroe's 1820 re-election campaign went unopposed, as the Federalists had become extremely weak at the national level and no Democratic-Republican challenged Monroe, making Monroe the only presidential candidate since Washington to have been re-elected without serious opposition. In 1824, Crawford was nominated by the caucus, but three other Democratic-Republican candidates also ran for president, of whom one, John Quincy Adams, won the election.[1] After 1824, the Democratic-Republican Party fractured between supporters of Andrew Jackson and supporters of Adams; both candidates condemned the caucus system, and no caucus was held in 1828. From 1831 onwards, the Congressional nominating caucus was replaced with national presidential nominating conventions.\",\n \"History of the United States (1789–1849) Charismatic Andrew Jackson, by contrast, in collaboration with strategist Martin Van Buren rallied his followers in the newly emerging Democratic Party. In the election of 1828, Jackson defeated Adams by an overwhelming electoral majority in the first presidential election since 1800 to mark a wholesale voter rejection of the previous administration's policies. The electoral campaign was correspondingly as vicious as the one 28 years earlier, with Jackson and Adams's camps hurtling the worst mudslinging accusations at one another. The former painted himself as a war hero and the champion of the masses against Northeastern elites while the latter argued that he was a man of education and social grace against an uncouth, semi-literate backwoodsman. This belied the fact that Andrew Jackson was a societal elite by any definition, owning a large plantation with dozens of slaves and mostly surrounding himself with men of wealth and property. The election saw the coming to power of Jacksonian Democracy, thus marking the transition from the First Party System (which reflected Jeffersonian Democracy) to the Second Party System. Historians debate the significance of the election, with many arguing that it marked the beginning of modern American politics, with the decisive establishment of democracy and the formation of the two party system.[25]\",\n \"Andrew Jackson Jackson was nominated for president by the Tennessee legislature in October 1825, more than three years before the 1828 election. It was the earliest such nomination in presidential history, and it attested to the fact that Jackson's supporters began the 1828 campaign almost as soon as the 1824 campaign ended. Adams's presidency floundered, as his ambitious agenda faced defeat in a new era of mass politics. Critics led by Jackson attacked Adams's policies as a dangerous expansion of Federal power. Senator Martin Van Buren, who had been a prominent supporter of Crawford in the 1824 election, emerged as one of the strongest opponents of Adams's policies, and he settled on Jackson as his preferred candidate in the 1828 election. Van Buren was joined by Vice President Calhoun, who also opposed much of Adams's agenda on states' rights grounds. Van Buren and other Jackson allies established numerous pro-Jackson newspapers and clubs around the country, while Jackson avoided campaigning but made himself available to visitors at his Hermitage plantation. In the election, Jackson won a commanding 56 percent of the popular vote and 68 percent of the electoral vote. The election marked the definitive end of the one-party Era of Good Feelings, as Jackson's supporters coalesced into the Democratic Party and Adams's followers became known as the National Republicans.[130] In the large Scots-Irish community that was especially numerous in the rural South and Southwest, Jackson was a favorite hero.[131]\",\n \"United States presidential election, 1828 In the next election, Jackson's and Adams' supporters saw value in establishing the opinion of Jefferson in regards to their respective candidates and against their opposition.[12] Jefferson died on July 4, 1826.\",\n \"John Quincy Adams Immediately upon becoming Secretary of State, Adams emerged as one of Monroe's most likely successors, as the last three presidents had all served in the role (although Jefferson also served as vice president) before taking office. As the 1824 election approached, Adams, Clay, Secretary of War John C. Calhoun, and Secretary of the Treasury William H. Crawford positioned themselves to succeed Monroe. Adams felt that his own election as president would vindicate his father, while also allowing him to pursue an ambitious domestic policy. Though he lacked the charisma of his competitors, Adams was widely respected and benefited from the lack of other prominent Northerners.[47]\",\n \"Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette With the roads becoming impassable, Lafayette stayed in Washington City for the winter of 1824–25, and thus was there for the climax of the hotly contested 1824 election, in which no presidential candidate was able to secure a majority of the Electoral College, throwing the decision to the House of Representatives. On 9 February 1825, that body selected Secretary of State John Quincy Adams as president; that evening, the runner-up, General Andrew Jackson, shook hands with Adams at the White House as Lafayette looked on.[171]\",\n \"John Quincy Adams The key states in the election were New York, Pennsylvania, and Ohio, which accounted for nearly a third of the country's electoral votes.[79] Jackson won Pennsylvania, Ohio, and even Clay's home state of Kentucky. He also won a majority of the electoral votes in New York, and denied Adams a sweep of New England by winning an electoral vote in Maine. In the South, aside from Adams's win in Maryland, only Louisiana was remotely competitive, and even there Jackson won 53% of the vote. In total, Jackson won 178 of the 261 electoral votes and just under 56 percent of the popular vote. No future presidential candidate would match Jackson's proportion of the popular vote until Theodore Roosevelt exceeded it in 1904. Adams's loss made him the second one-term president, after his own father. The election marked the permanent end of the Era of Good Feelings and the start of the Second Party System.[80]\",\n \"United States presidential election, 1828 President Adams and his allies, including Secretary of State Clay and Senator Daniel Webster of Massachusetts, became known as the National Republicans. The National Republicans were significantly less organized than the Democrats, and many party leaders did not embrace the new era of popular campaigning. Adams was re-nominated on the endorsement of state legislatures and partisan rallies. As with the Democrats, no nominating caucus or national convention was held. Adams chose Secretary of the Treasury Richard Rush, a Pennsylvanian known for his protectionist views, as his running mate. Adams, who was personally popular in New England, hoped to assemble a coalition in which Clay attracted Western voters, Rush attracted voters in the middle states, and Webster won over former members of the Federalist Party.[7]\",\n \"United States presidential elections in Louisiana The election of 1824 was a complex realigning election following the collapse of the prevailing Democratic-Republican Party, resulting in four different candidates each claiming to carry the banner of the party, and competing for influence in different parts of the country. The election was the only one in history to be decided by the House of Representatives under the provisions of the Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution after no candidate secured a majority of the electoral vote. It was also the only presidential election in which the candidate who received a plurality of electoral votes (Andrew Jackson) did not become President, a source of great bitterness for Jackson and his supporters, who proclaimed the election of Adams a corrupt bargain.\",\n \"United States presidential elections in Connecticut The election of 1824 was a complex realigning election following the collapse of the prevailing Democratic-Republican Party, resulting in four different candidates each claiming to carry the banner of the party, and competing for influence in different parts of the country. The election was the only one in history to be decided by the House of Representatives under the provisions of the Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution after no candidate secured a majority of the electoral vote. It was also the only presidential election in which the candidate who received a plurality of electoral votes (Andrew Jackson) did not become President, a source of great bitterness for Jackson and his supporters, who proclaimed the election of Adams a corrupt bargain.\",\n \"Bank War Jackson ran under the banner of \\\"Jackson and Reform,\\\" promising a return to Jeffersonian principles of limited government and an end to the centralizing policies of Adams.[32] The Democratic Party launched a spirited and sophisticated campaign better organized than any previous campaign in American history[33] against Adams, personifying him as a purveyor of corruption and fraudulent republicanism, and a menace to American democracy.[34][35] At the heart of the campaign was the conviction that Andrew Jackson had been denied the presidency in 1824 only through a \\\"corrupt bargain\\\" devised by Adams and Clay; a Jackson victory promised to rectify this betrayal of the popular will.[36][37]\",\n \"Era of Good Feelings Recognizing the danger of intraparty rivalries, Monroe attempted to include prospective presidential candidates and top political leaders in his administration. His cabinet comprised three of the political rivals who would vie for the presidency in 1824: John Quincy Adams, John C. Calhoun and William H. Crawford. A fourth, Andrew Jackson, held high military appointments.[40] Here, Monroe felt he could manage the factional disputes and arrange compromise on national politics within administration guidelines.[38] His great disadvantage was that amalgamation deprived him of appealing to Republican \\\"solidarity\\\" that would have cleared the way for passage of his programs in Congress.\",\n \"Martin Van Buren The 1824 elections dealt a severe blow to the Albany Regency, as Clinton returned to the governorship with the support of the People's party. By the time the state legislature convened to choose the state's presidential electors, results from other states had made it clear that no individual would win a majority of the electoral vote, necessitating a contingent election in the United States House of Representatives.[59] While Adams and Jackson were assured of finishing in the top three, and thus being eligible for selection in the contingent election, New York's electors would help determine whether Clay or Crawford would finish third.[60] Though most of the state's electoral votes went to Adams, Crawford won one more electoral vote than Clay in the state, and Clay's defeat in Louisiana left Crawford in third place.[61] With Crawford still in the running, Van Buren lobbied members of the House to support Crawaford.[62] He hoped to engineer a Crawford victory on the second ballot of the contingent election, but Adams won on the first ballot with the help of Clay and Stephen Van Rensselaer, a Congressman from New York. Despite his close ties with Van Buren, Van Rensselaer cast his vote for Adams, thus giving Adams a narrow majority of New York's delegation and a victory in the contingent election.[63]\",\n \"United States presidential election, 1828 As the once-dominant Democratic-Republican Party collapsed, Jackson and allies such as Martin Van Buren and Vice President John C. Calhoun laid the foundations of the Democratic Party. Opponents of Adams coalesced around Jackson, and, unlike the 1824 election, the 1828 election became a two-way contest. Adams's supporters rallied around the president, calling themselves National Republicans in contrast to Jackson's Democrats. Jackson's cause was aided by the passage of the Tariff of 1828, referred to by its opponents as the Tariff of Abominations, which raised tariffs on imported materials and goods from abroad. With the ongoing expansion of the right to vote to most white men, the election marked a dramatic expansion of the electorate, with 9.5% of Americans casting a vote for President, compared with 3.4% in 1824.[2]\",\n \"Democratic-Republican Party James Monroe ran under the party's banner in the 1820 election and built support by consensus. Monroe faced no serious rival and was nearly unanimously elected by the electoral college. The party's historic domination by the Virginian delegation faded as New York and Pennsylvania became more important. In the 1824 election, most of the party in Congress boycotted the caucus; only a small rump group backed William Crawford. The Crawford faction included most \\\"Old Republicans\\\"—those who remained committed to states' rights and the Principles of 1798 and were distrustful of the nationalizing program promoted by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun.\",\n \"United States presidential election, 1824 Secretary of War John C. Calhoun of South Carolina, who was a fifth candidate in the early stages of consideration, declined to run for president, but did decide to seek the vice presidency. For president, he backed Jackson, whose political beliefs he considered more compatible with those of most voters in the southern states. Both Adams and Jackson supporters backed Calhoun's candidacy as vice president; thus, he easily secured the majority of electoral votes he needed to secure that office. In reality, Calhoun was vehemently opposed to nearly all of Adams's policies, but he did nothing to dissuade Adams supporters from voting for him for vice president.\",\n \"Henry Clay Like Washington and Jefferson, President Madison decided to retire after two terms, leaving open the Republican nomination for the 1816 presidential election. At the time, the Republicans used a congressional nominating caucus to choose their presidential nominees, giving Congressmen a powerful role in the presidential selection process. Monroe and Secretary of War William Crawford emerged as the two main candidates for the Republican nomination. Clay had a favorable opinion of both individuals, but he worked to ensure that Monroe won the nomination, which he did.[78] In the general election, Monroe easily defeated the Federalist candidate, Rufus King. Clay was offered the position of Secretary of War in the Madison and Monroe administrations.[79] However, Clay strongly desired the office of Secretary of State, and was angered when Monroe instead chose John Quincy Adams. Unfortunately for Clay, Monroe had decided to place a northeasterner into the most prominent Cabinet position, and was also fearful that the appointment of Clay to State would look like a reward for Clay's support in the nominating caucus.[80] Clay became so bitter that he refused to allow Monroe's inauguration to take place in the House Chamber, and subsequently did not attend Monroe's outdoor inauguration.[81]\",\n \"John C. Calhoun Calhoun began his political career in the House of Representatives. As a prominent leader of the war hawk faction, Calhoun strongly supported the War of 1812 to defend American honor against British infractions of American independence and neutrality during the Napoleonic Wars. He then served as Secretary of War under President James Monroe, and in this position reorganized and modernized the War Department. Calhoun was a candidate for the presidency in the 1824 election. After failing to gain support, he let his name be put forth as a candidate for vice president. The Electoral College elected Calhoun for vice president by an overwhelming majority. He served under John Quincy Adams and continued under Andrew Jackson, who defeated Adams in the election of 1828.\",\n \"United States presidential election, 1828 A goal of the pro-Adams press was to depict Jackson as a \\\"mere military chieftain.\\\"[12] Edward Coles recounted that Jefferson told him in a conversation in August 1825 that he feared the popular enthusiasm for Jackson: \\\"It has caused me to doubt more than anything that has occurred since our Revolution.\\\" Coles used the opinion of Thomas Gilmer to back himself up; Gilmer said Jefferson told him at Monticello before the election of Adams in 1825, \\\"One might as well make a sailor of a cock, or a soldier of a goose, as a President of Andrew Jackson.\\\"[12] Daniel Webster, who was also at Monticello at the time, made the same report. Webster recorded that Jefferson told him in December 1824 that Jackson was a dangerous man unfit for the presidency.[13] Historian Sean Wilentz described Webster's account of the meeting as \\\"not wholly reliable.\\\"[14] Biographer Robert V. Remini said that Jefferson \\\"had no great love for Jackson.\\\"[15]\",\n \"James Monroe Monroe decided to seek the presidency in the 1816 election, and his war-time leadership had established him as Madison's heir apparent. Monroe had strong support from many in the party, but his candidacy was challenged at the 1816 Democratic-Republican congressional nominating caucus. Secretary of the Treasury William H. Crawford had the support of numerous Southern and Western Congressmen, while Governor Daniel D. Tompkins was backed by several Congressmen from New York. Crawford appealed especially to many Democratic-Republicans who were wary of Madison and Monroe's support for the establishment of the Second Bank of the United States.[70] Despite his substantial backing, Crawford decided to defer to Monroe on the belief that he could eventually run as Monroe's successor, and Monroe won his party's nomination. Tompkins won the party's vice presidential nomination. The moribund Federalists nominated Rufus King as their presidential nominee, but the party offered little opposition following the conclusion of a popular war that they had opposed. Monroe received 183 of the 217 electoral votes, winning every state but Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Delaware.[71]\",\n \"Andrew Jackson Born in the colonial Carolinas to a Scotch-Irish family in the decade before the American Revolutionary War, Jackson became a frontier lawyer and married Rachel Donelson Robards. He served briefly in the U.S. House of Representatives and the U.S. Senate representing Tennessee. After resigning, he served as a justice on the Tennessee Supreme Court from 1798 until 1804. Jackson purchased a property later known as the Hermitage, and became a wealthy, slaveowning planter. In 1801, he was appointed colonel of the Tennessee militia and was elected its commander the following year. He led troops during the Creek War of 1813–1814, winning the Battle of Horseshoe Bend. The subsequent Treaty of Fort Jackson required the Creek surrender of vast lands in present-day Alabama and Georgia. In the concurrent war against the British, Jackson's victory in 1815 at the Battle of New Orleans made him a national hero. Jackson then led U.S. forces in the First Seminole War, which caused the annexation of Florida from Spain. Jackson briefly served as Florida's first territorial governor before returning to the Senate. He ran for president in 1824, winning a plurality of the popular and electoral vote. As no candidate won an electoral majority, the House of Representatives elected John Quincy Adams in a contingent election. In reaction to the alleged \\\"corrupt bargain\\\" between Adams and Henry Clay and the ambitious agenda of President Adams, Jackson's supporters founded the Democratic Party.\",\n \"Jeffersonian democracy After the Madison administration experienced serious trouble financing the War of 1812, and discovered the Army and militia were unable to make war effectively, a new generation of Republican nationalists emerged. They were supported by President James Monroe, an original Jeffersonian, and included John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun. Adams defeated Andrew Jackson, who had support from the Quids, in 1824 and in a few years two successor parties had emerged, the Democratic Party, which formulated Jacksonian democracy and which still exists; and Henry Clay's Whig Party. Their competition marked the Second Party System.[42]\",\n \"History of the United States Congress The victory of John Quincy Adams in 1824 was challenged by Andrew Jackson, who argued a corrupt bargain between Clay and Adams had cheated Jackson; Jackson led both electoral votes and popular votes, but had no majority in the electoral college. Clay strongly opposed Jackson's \\\"total war\\\" policy (Jackson's unauthorized invasion of the Spanish colony of Florida was criticized in Congress––Jackson was the victorious general of the Battle of New Orleans). Clay gave his votes in the House of Representatives to the candidate who was closest to Jackson in terms of both electoral votes and popular votes, namely, John Quincy Adams. Jackson and his (as yet unnamed) followers easily dominated the 1826 Congressional Election and took complete control of the 20th United States Congress. As the Second Party System emerged, the Whigs and Jacksonians (called \\\"Democrats\\\" by 1834) battled for control of Congress. In the 1832 Senate elections, the National Republican party, which was the main party that opposed Andrew Jackson, gained control of the US Senate after President Jackson broke with his Vice-President John Calhoun, and gained Senate seats in parts of the Southern US, and maintained control over Senate until 1835, when Jackson's popular bank policies could help the Democrats regain control of Congress again in the 1834 Congressional elections; this break between Jackson and Calhoun was over whether or not South Carolina could avoid the Tariff of 1828, which Calhoun strongly opposed, and resulted in Calhoun's new Nullifier Party eventually uniting with Henry Clay's National Republican Party, and other opponents of Andrew Jackson, to form the US Whig Party in 1834.\",\n \"United States presidential election, 1828 The United States presidential election of 1828 was the 11th quadrennial presidential election, held from Friday, October 31, to Tuesday, December 2, 1828. It featured a re-match of the 1824 election, as incumbent President John Quincy Adams of the National Republican Party faced Andrew Jackson of the nascent Democratic Party. Unlike in 1824, Jackson defeated Adams, marking the start of Democratic dominance in federal politics. Adams was the second president to lose re-election, following his father, John Adams.\",\n \"1832 Democratic National Convention In the summer of 1822, \\\"Richmond Junto\\\" leader Thomas Ritchie of Virginia began raising the idea of a national convention to resolve the issue of nomination; ultimately, the Congressional nominating caucus was appealed to by the devotees of Treasury Secretary William H. Crawford's candidacy.[1] Following that defeat in the election of 1824, early in 1827, Van Buren privately made the argument to Richie for an exclusive national convention of Republicans to ensure Jackson's nomination.[2] However, it did not immediately come to fruition while state conventions and legislatures took up Jackson as their presidential candidate for the election of 1828 with Vice President John C. Calhoun as his running mate. Such a type of national convention would occur after the election.\",\n \"United States presidential election, 1824 Amid these reconfigured political landscapes arose two pivotal events: the Panic of 1819 and the Missouri crisis of 1820.[9] Both the alarming economic disaster, which fell heavily upon both agrarian and industrial workers, and the distressing sectional disputes over slavery expansion, produced widespread social unrest and calls for increased democratic control over the future of the American republic.[10] From these disaffected social groups would be assembled the popular base on which political parties would be revived, though these were only beginning to take shape at the time of the 1824 presidential election.[11]\",\n \"United States presidential election, 1828 Jackson avoided articulating issue positions, instead campaigning on his personal qualities and his opposition to Adams. Adams avoided popular campaigning, instead emphasizing his support of specific issues.[6] Adams' praise of internal improvements in Europe, such as \\\"lighthouses of the skies\\\" (observatories), in his first annual message to Congress, and his suggestion that Congress not be \\\"palsied by the will of our constituents\\\" were given attention in and out of the press. John Randolph stated on the floor of the Senate that he \\\"never will be palsied by any power save the constitution, and the will of my constituents.\\\" Jackson wrote that a lavish government combined with contempt of the constituents could lead to despotism, if not checked by the \\\"voice of the people.\\\" Modern campaigning was also introduced by Jackson. People kissed babies, had picnics, and started many other traditions during the campaign.\",\n \"Jacksonian democracy Most former Republicans supported Jackson, while others such as Henry Clay opposed him. Most former Federalists, such as Daniel Webster, opposed Jackson, although some like James Buchanan supported him. In 1828, John Quincy Adams pulled together a network of factions called the National Republicans, but he was defeated by Jackson. By the late 1830s, the Jacksonian Democrats and the Whigs politically battled it out nationally and in every state.[24]\",\n \"United States presidential election, 1828 Gilmer accused Coles of misrepresentation, for Jefferson's opinion had changed, Gilmer said. Jefferson's son-in-law, former Virginia Governor Thomas Mann Randolph, Jr., said in 1826 that Jefferson had a \\\"strong repugnance\\\" to Henry Clay.[12] Randolph publicly stated that Jefferson became friendly to Jackson's candidacy as early as the summer of 1825, perhaps because of the \\\"corrupt bargain\\\" charge, and thought of Jackson as \\\"an honest, sincere, clear-headed and strong-minded man; of the soundest political principles\\\" and \\\"the only hope left\\\" to reverse the increasing powers assumed by the federal government.[16] Others said the same thing, but Coles could not believe Jefferson's opinion had changed.[12]\",\n \"Era of Good Feelings So thoroughly had Monroe reduced party politics that he essentially ran unopposed in the 1820 presidential election. The Federalists ran no candidate to oppose him, running only a vice-presidential candidate, Richard Stockton. Monroe and his vice president Daniel D. Tompkins would have won reelection unanimously through the electoral college, had there not been a handful of faithless electors; one presidential elector cast his vote for John Quincy Adams, while a handful of electors (mostly former Federalists) cast votes for a number of Federalist candidates for Vice President. It would be the last presidential election in which a candidate would run essentially unopposed.\",\n \"United States presidential election, 1828 Andrew Jackson was sworn in as president on March 4, 1829.\",\n \"John Tyler By the time of Tyler's senatorial election, the 1828 campaign for president was in progress. Adams, the incumbent president, was challenged by Gen. Andrew Jackson. The Democratic-Republicans had splintered into Adams's National Republicans and Jackson's Democrats. Tyler disliked both candidates for their willingness to increase the power of the federal government, but he was increasingly drawn to Jackson, hoping that he would not seek to spend as much federal money on internal improvements as Adams. of Jackson he wrote, \\\"Turning to him I may at least indulge in hope; looking on Adams I must despair.\\\"[29]\",\n \"United States presidential election, 1824 Monroe's vice president, Daniel D. Tompkins, was considered unelectable due to his overwhelming unpopularity and major health problems (Tompkins died in June 1825, a little over three months after he left office). The presidential nomination was thus left wide open within the Democratic-Republican Party, the only major national political entity remaining in the United States.\",\n \"United States presidential elections in which the winner lost the popular vote When individuals cast ballots in the general election, they are choosing electors and telling them whom they should vote for in the Electoral College. The \\\"national popular vote\\\" is the sum of all the votes cast in the general election, nationwide. The presidential elections of 1876, 1888, 2000, and 2016 produced an Electoral College winner who did not receive the most votes in the general election.[4][5][6] In 1824, there were six states in which electors were legislatively appointed, rather than popularly elected, so the true national popular vote is uncertain. When no candidate received a majority of electoral votes in 1824, the election was decided by the House of Representatives. For these two reasons, the 1824 election is distinguishable from the latter four elections, which were held after all states had instituted the popular selection of electors, and in each of which a single candidate won an outright majority of electoral votes, thus becoming president without a contingent election in the House of Representatives.[7] The true national popular vote total was also uncertain in the 1960 election, and the plurality winner depends on how votes for Alabama electors are allocated.[8]\",\n \"Second Party System Jackson loudly denounced this \\\"corrupt bargain.\\\" Campaigning vigorously he launched a crusade against the corruption he saw in Washington. Appealing both to local militia companies (as the most famous of the nation's Indian fighters, and a hero of the War of 1812) and to state political factions, Jackson assembled a coalition, the embryonic Democratic Party, that ousted Adams in 1828. Martin Van Buren, brilliant leader of New York politics, was Jackson's key aide, bringing along the large electoral votes of Virginia and Pennsylvania. His reward was appointment as Secretary of State and later nomination and election to the vice presidency as heir to the Jacksonian tradition. The Adams-Clay wing of the Democratic-Republican Party became known as the National Republicans, although Adams never considered himself a loyal member of the party.[6]\",\n \"Henry Clay With the defeat of Adams, Clay became the leader of the National Republicans.[132] In 1830, Clay began making preparations for a presidential campaign in the 1832 election. Early in Jackson's presidency, many doubted that Jackson would seek a second term, and Clay, Vice President John Calhoun, and former Treasury Secretary William Crawford (whose health had somewhat improved since 1824) all began preparations for the upcoming election.[133] In 1831, Jackson made it clear that he was going to run for re-election, ensuring that support or opposition to his presidency would be a central feature of the upcoming race.[134] While the two previous elections had essentially been intra-party contests among Democratic-Republicans, the election of 1832 saw the development of discrete political parties.[135] Jackson's Democrats rallied around his policies towards the national bank, internal improvements, Indian removal, and nullification, but these policies also earned Jackson various enemies.[135] John C. Calhoun's Nullifier faction opposed Jackson after the president took a strong stance against nullification, but the Nullifiers and National Republicans disagreed about the tariff, limiting the possibility of cooperation.[136] The Anti-Masonic Party, a new political party opposed to Freemasonry, nominated former Attorney General William Wirt for president. Clay, himself a Freemason, considered withdrawing from the race in hopes of unifying Jackson's opponents, but he ultimately decided to stay in the race.[137] Inspired by the Anti-Masonic Party's national convention, Clay's followers arranged for a national nominating convention, with the intention of anointing Clay as the National Republican nominee.[138] Facing little opposition at the convention, Clay won the party's presidential nomination, and the convention nominated Pennsylvania Congressman John Sergeant as Clay's running mate.[124] As the election approached, the debate over the re-authorization of the Second Bank of the United States emerged as the most important issue.[135] In his veto of the bank, Jackson effectively made the case that the bank was a tool of the elites, bolstering his popularity with the people.[139]\",\n \"United States presidential election, 1796 John Jay,\\nGovernor of New York\",\n \"United States presidential election, 1800 John Adams\\nFederalist\",\n \"Marbury v. Madison In the fiercely contested U.S. presidential election of 1800, the three major candidates were Thomas Jefferson, Aaron Burr, and John Adams, who was the incumbent U.S. president.[1] Adams was aligned with the Federalist Party, while Jefferson and Burr were part of the opposing Democratic-Republican Party. American public opinion had gradually turned against the Federalists in the months prior to the election, mainly due to their use of the Alien and Sedition Acts and growing tensions with Great Britain.[3] Jefferson easily won the popular vote, but only narrowly defeated Adams in the Electoral College.[b]\",\n \"Congressional nominating caucus In 1804, after the passage of the 12th Amendment, the Democratic-Republicans caucus met again. In a ballot of the caucus, George Clinton defeated John Breckinridge and was nominated as Jefferson's running mate. At the 1808 caucus, supporters of James Madison defeated attempts to nominate Clinton or James Monroe instead of Madison. Clinton was nominated as the vice presidential nominee, but Clinton criticized the legitimacy of the caucus system and both Clinton and Monroe considered running for president. The Federalists meanwhile, held a proto-national convention in New York in 1808, where they nominated Charles Cotesworth Pinckney and Rufus King. In 1812, Madison won unanimous re-nomination by the caucus. However, the Democratic-Republican members of the New York legislature denounced the caucus system as illegitimate, and instead nominated DeWitt Clinton, the nephew of George Clinton. The Federalists held another proto-convention in 1812, there they agreed to support Clinton. Clinton ultimately lost the election, but provided a strong challenge to Madison and won 89 electoral votes.[1]\",\n \"Martin Van Buren Van Buren chose to back Crawford over John Quincy Adams, Andrew Jackson, and Henry Clay in the presidential election of 1824.[53] Crawford shared Van Buren's affinity for Jeffersonian principles of states' rights and limited government, and Van Buren believed that Crawford made an ideal leader around which to form a coalition led by leaders from New York, Pennsylvania, and Virginia's \\\"Richmond Junto.\\\"[54] Van Buren's support for Crawford aroused strong opposition in New York in the form of the People's party, which drew support from Clintonians, Federalists, and others opposed to Van Buren.[55] Nonetheless, Van Buren helped Crawford win the Democratic-Republican party's presidential nomination at the February 1824 congressional nominating caucus.[56] The other Democratic-Republican candidates in the race refused to accept the poorly-attended caucus's decision, and as the Federalist Party had virtually ceased to function as a national party, the 1824 campaign became a competition among four candidates of the same party. Though Crawford suffered a severe stroke that left him in poor helath, Van Buren continued to support his chosen candidate.[57] Van Buren met with Thomas Jefferson in May 1824 an attempt to bolster Crawford's candidacy, and though he was unsuccessful in gaining a public endorsement for Crawford, he nonetheless cherished the chance to meet with his political hero.[58]\",\n \"United States presidential election, 1796 John Adams\\nFederalist\",\n \"United States presidential election, 1828 The selection of electors began on October 31 with elections in Ohio and Pennsylvania and ended on November 13 with elections in North Carolina. The Electoral College met on December 3. Adams won almost exactly the same states that his father had won in the election of 1800: the New England states, New Jersey, and Delaware. In addition, Adams picked up Maryland. Jackson won everything else, which resulted in a landslide victory for him.\",\n \"United States presidential election, 1796 Samuel Johnston,\\nFormer U.S. Senator from North Carolina\",\n \"United States presidential election, 1844 John Tyler\\nIndependent\"\n]","isConversational":false},"gt_docs":{"kind":"list like","value":["United States presidential election, 1824 The United States presidential election of 1824 was the tenth quadrennial presidential election, held from Tuesday, October 26, to Thursday, December 2, 1824. John Quincy Adams was elected President on February 9, 1825. The election was the only one in history to be decided by the House of Representatives under the provisions of the Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution after no candidate secured a majority of the electoral vote. It was also the first U.S. presidential election where the elected president lost the popular vote,[1] and the only presidential election in which the candidate who received the most electoral votes (Andrew Jackson) did not become President, a source of great bitterness for Jackson and his supporters, who proclaimed the election of Adams a corrupt bargain."],"string":"[\n \"United States presidential election, 1824 The United States presidential election of 1824 was the tenth quadrennial presidential election, held from Tuesday, October 26, to Thursday, December 2, 1824. John Quincy Adams was elected President on February 9, 1825. The election was the only one in history to be decided by the House of Representatives under the provisions of the Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution after no candidate secured a majority of the electoral vote. It was also the first U.S. presidential election where the elected president lost the popular vote,[1] and the only presidential election in which the candidate who received the most electoral votes (Andrew Jackson) did not become President, a source of great bitterness for Jackson and his supporters, who proclaimed the election of Adams a corrupt bargain.\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":293,"cells":{"_id":{"kind":"string","value":"test1661"},"query":{"kind":"string","value":"what is the tigers name in life of pi"},"gt_ids":{"kind":"list like","value":["doc58701"],"string":"[\n \"doc58701\"\n]","isConversational":false},"gt_qrels":{"kind":"list like","value":[1],"string":"[\n 1\n]","isConversational":false},"candidate_ids":{"kind":"list like","value":["doc58728","doc58729","doc58721","doc267628","doc58719","doc58708","doc58711","doc58701","doc267631","doc267630","doc520006","doc267645","doc267625","doc58717","doc267629","doc58712","doc267634","doc267671","doc267633","doc58727","doc58706","doc1926060","doc267640","doc267670","doc58707","doc58725","doc58715","doc267632","doc1707248","doc2293566","doc58723","doc58724","doc446306","doc267643","doc58710","doc58722","doc58709","doc761823","doc360564","doc58714","doc267641","doc58713","doc58734","doc519915","doc175095","doc2013098","doc267642","doc1759845","doc558716","doc1759844","doc446309","doc519921","doc267635","doc519917","doc396446","doc1802119","doc267664","doc267627","doc519920","doc2053577","doc2013097","doc272155","doc267668","doc1477559","doc520004","doc58703","doc39890","doc360555","doc1477560","doc2013092","doc360566","doc267644","doc267637","doc2293567","doc1119410","doc1477545","doc58726","doc520013","doc267662","doc58718","doc267665","doc519914","doc58716","doc266123","doc267639","doc1832988","doc1477488","doc1477556","doc267661","doc2277321","doc382852","doc267646","doc519978","doc267666","doc446300","doc2636324","doc519962","doc519977","doc267663","doc1529357"],"string":"[\n \"doc58728\",\n \"doc58729\",\n \"doc58721\",\n \"doc267628\",\n \"doc58719\",\n \"doc58708\",\n \"doc58711\",\n \"doc58701\",\n \"doc267631\",\n \"doc267630\",\n \"doc520006\",\n \"doc267645\",\n \"doc267625\",\n \"doc58717\",\n \"doc267629\",\n \"doc58712\",\n \"doc267634\",\n \"doc267671\",\n \"doc267633\",\n \"doc58727\",\n \"doc58706\",\n \"doc1926060\",\n \"doc267640\",\n \"doc267670\",\n \"doc58707\",\n \"doc58725\",\n \"doc58715\",\n \"doc267632\",\n \"doc1707248\",\n \"doc2293566\",\n \"doc58723\",\n \"doc58724\",\n \"doc446306\",\n \"doc267643\",\n \"doc58710\",\n \"doc58722\",\n \"doc58709\",\n \"doc761823\",\n \"doc360564\",\n \"doc58714\",\n \"doc267641\",\n \"doc58713\",\n \"doc58734\",\n \"doc519915\",\n \"doc175095\",\n \"doc2013098\",\n \"doc267642\",\n \"doc1759845\",\n \"doc558716\",\n \"doc1759844\",\n \"doc446309\",\n \"doc519921\",\n \"doc267635\",\n \"doc519917\",\n \"doc396446\",\n \"doc1802119\",\n \"doc267664\",\n \"doc267627\",\n \"doc519920\",\n \"doc2053577\",\n \"doc2013097\",\n \"doc272155\",\n \"doc267668\",\n \"doc1477559\",\n \"doc520004\",\n \"doc58703\",\n \"doc39890\",\n \"doc360555\",\n \"doc1477560\",\n \"doc2013092\",\n \"doc360566\",\n \"doc267644\",\n \"doc267637\",\n \"doc2293567\",\n \"doc1119410\",\n \"doc1477545\",\n \"doc58726\",\n \"doc520013\",\n \"doc267662\",\n \"doc58718\",\n \"doc267665\",\n \"doc519914\",\n \"doc58716\",\n \"doc266123\",\n \"doc267639\",\n \"doc1832988\",\n \"doc1477488\",\n \"doc1477556\",\n \"doc267661\",\n \"doc2277321\",\n \"doc382852\",\n \"doc267646\",\n \"doc519978\",\n \"doc267666\",\n \"doc446300\",\n \"doc2636324\",\n \"doc519962\",\n \"doc519977\",\n \"doc267663\",\n \"doc1529357\"\n]","isConversational":false},"candidate_docs":{"kind":"list like","value":["Life of Pi Richard Parker is a royal Bengal tiger who is stranded on the lifeboat with Pi when the ship sinks. Richard Parker lives on the lifeboat with Pi and is kept alive with the food and water Pi delivers. Richard Parker develops a relationship with Pi that allows them to coexist in their struggle.","Life of Pi In the novel, a hunter named Richard Parker is hired to kill a panther thought to have killed seven people within two months. Instead, he accidentally immobilizes a female Bengal tiger with tranquilizer darts while her cub escapes hiding in a bush. Parker names the cub Thirsty after his enthusiasm when drinking from a nearby river. The paperwork that accompanies the shipment of the two tigers to Pi's family's zoo in Pondicherry states that the cub's name is \"Richard Parker\" and the hunter's given name is \"Thirsty\" and his surname is \"None Given\", due to a mix-up with the names. Pi's father finds the story so amusing that they continue to call the tiger \"Richard Parker\".","Life of Pi The name of Martel's tiger, Richard Parker, was inspired by a character in Edgar Allan Poe's nautical adventure novel The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket (1838). In this book, Richard Parker is a mutineer who is stranded and eventually cannibalized on the hull of an overturned ship (and there is a dog aboard who is named Tiger). The author also had in mind another occurrence of the name, in the famous legal case R v Dudley and Stephens (1884) where a shipwreck again results in the cannibalism of a cabin boy named Richard Parker, this time in a lifeboat.[18] A third Richard Parker drowned in the sinking of the Francis Spaight in 1846, described by author Jack London, and later the cabin boy (not Richard Parker) was cannibalized.","Life of Pi (film) Pi's father names him Piscine Molitor after the swimming pool in France. In secondary school in Pondicherry, he adopts the name \"Pi\" (the Greek letter, Ï€) to avoid the sound-alike nickname \"Pissing Patel\". He is raised in a Hindu family, but at 12 years old, is introduced to Christianity and then Islam, and decides to follow all three religions as he \"just wants to love God\". His mother supports his desire to grow, but his rationalist father tries to secularize him. Pi's family owns a zoo, and Pi takes interest in the animals, especially a Bengal tiger named Richard Parker. After Pi gets dangerously close to Richard Parker, his father forces him to witness the tiger killing a goat.","Life of Pi PBS has described Martel's story as one of \"personal growth through adversity.\"[15] The main character learns that \"tigers are dangerous\" at a young age when his father forces him to watch the zoo's Royal Bengal tiger patriarch, Mahisha, devour a live goat. Later, after he has been reduced to eking out a desperate existence on the lifeboat with the company of a fully grown tiger, Pi develops \"alpha\" qualities as he musters the strength, will and skills he needs to survive.[15]","Life of Pi In recounting his experiences, Pi describes several other unusual situations involving proper names: two visitors to the zoo, one a devout Muslim, and the other a committed atheist, bear identical names; and a 450-pound tiger at the zoo bears the name Richard Parker as the result of a clerical error, in which human and animal names were reversed.[9]","Life of Pi The second part of the novel begins with Pi's family aboard the Tsimtsum, a Japanese freighter that is transporting animals from their zoo to North America. A few days out of port from Manila, the ship encounters a storm and sinks. Pi manages to escape in a small lifeboat, only to learn that the boat also holds a spotted hyena, an injured Grant's zebra, and an orangutan named Orange Juice. Much to the boy's distress, the hyena kills the zebra and then Orange Juice. A tiger has been hiding under the boat's tarpaulin: it's Richard Parker, who had boarded the lifeboat with ambivalent assistance from Pi himself some time before the hyena attack. Suddenly emerging from his hideaway, Richard Parker kills and eats the hyena.","Life of Pi Life of Pi is a Canadian fantasy adventure novel by Yann Martel published in 2001. The protagonist is Piscine Molitor \"Pi\" Patel, an Indian boy from Pondicherry who explores issues of spirituality and practicality from an early age. He survives 227 days after a shipwreck while stranded on a lifeboat in the Pacific Ocean with a Bengal tiger named Richard Parker.","Life of Pi (film) Pi fashions a small tethered raft from flotation vests which he retreats to for safety from Richard Parker. Despite his moral code against killing, he begins fishing, enabling him to sustain the tiger as well. When the tiger jumps into the sea to hunt for fish and then comes threateningly towards Pi, Pi considers letting him drown, but ultimately helps him back into the boat. One night, a humpback whale breaches near the boat, destroying the raft and its supplies. Pi trains Richard Parker to accept him in the boat, and realizes that caring for the tiger is also helping keep himself alive.","Life of Pi (film) After the storm, Pi awakens in the lifeboat with the zebra, and is joined by a resourceful orangutan. A spotted hyena emerges from under a tarpaulin covering half of the lifeboat and snaps at Pi, forcing him to retreat to the end of the boat. The hyena kills the zebra and later the orangutan. Richard Parker emerges from under the tarpaulin, killing the hyena before retreating back to cover for several days.","Tiger In William Blake's poem in the Songs of Experience, titled \"The Tyger,\" the tiger is a menacing and fearful animal. In Yann Martel's 2001 Man Booker Prize winning novel Life of Pi, the protagonist, surviving shipwreck for months in a small boat, somehow avoids being eaten by the other survivor, a large Bengal tiger. The story was adapted in Ang Lee's 2012 feature film of the same name. Jim Corbett's 1944 Man-Eaters of Kumaon tells ten true stories of his tiger-hunting exploits in what is now the northern Uttarakhand region of India. The book has sold over four million copies,[201] and has been the basis of both fictional and documentary films. In Rudyard Kipling's 1894 The Jungle Book, the tiger, Shere Khan, is the mortal enemy of the human protagonist, Mowgli; the book has formed the basis of both live-action and animated films. Other tiger characters aimed at children tend to be more benign, as for instance Tigger in A. A. Milne's Winnie-the-Pooh and Hobbes of the comic strip Calvin and Hobbes, both of whom are represented as simply stuffed animals come to life.","Life of Pi (film) The R&H VFX (Visual Effects) Supervisor Bill Westenhofer said that discussions of the project began with Ang Lee in August 2009.[37][38] Westenhofer noted that Lee \"knew we had done the lion in the first Narnia movie. He asked, 'Does a digital character look more or less real in 3D?' We looked at each other and thought that was a pretty good question.\"[39] He also stated that during these meetings, Lee said, \"'I look forward to making art with you.' This was really for me one of the most rewarding things I've worked on and the first chance to really combine art with VFX. Every shot was artistic exploration, to make the ocean a character and make it interesting we had to strive to make it as visually stunning as possible.\"[40] Rhythm & Hues spent a year on research and development, \" building upon its already vast knowledge of CG animation\" to develop the tiger.[41] The British Film Institute's Sight & Sound magazine suggested that, \"Life of Pi can be seen as the film Rhythm & Hues has been building up to all these years, by taking things they learned from each production from Cats & Dogs to Yogi Bear, integrating their animals in different situations and environments, pushing them to do more, and understanding how all of this can succeed both visually and dramatically.\"[42]","Life of Pi (film) Life of Pi is a 2012 American survival drama film based on Yann Martel's 2001 novel of the same name. Directed by Ang Lee, the film's adapted screenplay was written by David Magee, and it stars Suraj Sharma, Irrfan Khan, Rafe Spall, Tabu Hashmi, Adil Hussain, and Gérard Depardieu. The storyline revolves around an Indian man named \"Pi\" Patel, telling a novelist about his life story, and how at 16 he survives a shipwreck and is adrift in the Pacific Ocean on a lifeboat with a Bengal tiger. The film had its worldwide premiere as the opening film of the 51st New York Film Festival at both the Walter Reade Theater and Alice Tully Hall in New York City on September 28, 2012.[9]","Life of Pi The investigators note parallels between the two stories. They soon conclude that the hyena symbolizes the cook, the zebra the sailor, the orangutan Pi's mother, and the tiger represents Pi. Pi points out that neither story can be proven and neither explains the cause of the shipwreck, so he asks the officials which story they prefer: the one without animals or the one with animals. They eventually choose the story with the animals. Pi thanks them and says: \"And so it goes with God.\" The investigators then leave and file a report.","Life of Pi (film) When Pi is 16, his father announces that they must move to Canada, where he intends to settle and sell the animals. The family books passage with the animals on a Japanese freighter. During a storm, the ship founders while Pi is on deck. He tries to find his family, but a crewman throws him into a lifeboat. A freed zebra jumps onto the boat with him, breaking its leg. The ship sinks into the Mariana Trench drowning his family. Pi briefly sees what appears to be a survivor, but it turns out to be Richard Parker.","Life of Pi Frightened, Pi constructs a small raft out of rescue flotation devices, tethers it to the bow of the boat and makes it his place of retirement. He begins conditioning Richard Parker to take a submissive role by using food as a positive reinforcer, and seasickness as a punishment mechanism, while using a whistle for signals. Soon, Pi asserts himself as the alpha animal, and is eventually able to share the boat with his feline companion, admitting in the end that Richard Parker is the one who helped him survive his ordeal.","Life of Pi (film) Yann recognizes the parallels between the two stories, noting that in the second one, Pi fills the role of the tiger. Pi asks which story the writer prefers, and Yann chooses the first, to which Pi replies, \"and so it goes with God\". Glancing at a copy of the insurance report, Yann sees that the agents also chose the first story.","Life of Pi (film) New animal welfare concerns were raised in 2015 when PETA released a video that appeared to show Life of Pi animal trainer Michael Hackenberger swearing at and whipping a young tiger 19 times.[105] In April 2016, the Ontario Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals filed animal cruelty charges against Hackenberger based on the video evidence.[106]","Life of Pi (film) Pi and Richard Parker leave the island, eventually reaching the coast of Mexico. Pi is saddened that Richard Parker does not acknowledge him before disappearing into the jungle. He is rescued and brought to a hospital. Insurance agents for the Japanese freighter company interview him, but do not believe his story and ask what really happened. He tells a different story, in which the animals are replaced by human survivors: his mother for the orangutan, an amiable sailor for the zebra, and the ship's brutish cook for the hyena. In this story, the cook kills the sailor and feeds on his flesh. He also kills Pi's mother after which Pi kills him with a knife and uses his remains as food and fish bait. The insurance agents are dissatisfied with this story, but they leave without questioning Pi further.","Life of Pi Piscine Molitor Patel, known to all as just \"Pi\", is the narrator and protagonist of the novel. He was named after a swimming pool in Paris, despite the fact that neither his mother nor his father particularly liked swimming. The story is told as a narrative from the perspective of a middle-aged Pi, now married with his own family, and living in Canada. At the time of main events of the story, he is sixteen years old. He recounts the story of his life and his 227-day journey on a lifeboat when his ship sinks in the middle of the Pacific Ocean during a voyage to North America.","Life of Pi In the first section, the main character, by the name of Piscine Patel, an adult Canadian, reminisces about his childhood in India. His father owns a zoo in Pondicherry. The livelihood provides the family with a relatively affluent lifestyle and some understanding of animal psychology.","A Tiger for Malgudi The tiger recounts his story of capture by a [circus] owner, but he never tried to escape. He lived freely in the wild jungles of India in his youth. He mates and has a litter with a tigress, and raises a litter until one day he finds that hunters have captured and killed his entire family. He exacts revenge by attacking and eating the cattle and livestock of nearby villages, but is captured by poachers. He is sent to a circus in Malgudi, where a harsh animal trainer known only as \"the Captain\" starves him and forces him to do tricks in the circus. He lives in captivity successfully for some time, but eventually his wild instincts overcome him and he mauls and kills the Captain. After an extended rampage though town, he is recaptured, but this time voluntarily by a monk/renunciant with whom he befriends and finds peace on the hills. The monk, called the Master, later realizing his own days are coming to an end, donates the elderly tiger to the local zoo, where he is cared for, admired by onlookers, and passes his days.","Life of Pi (film) After 3,000 young men auditioned for the film's lead, in October 2010 Lee cast Suraj Sharma, a 17-year-old student and an acting newcomer.[19] Upon receiving the role, Sharma underwent extensive training in ocean survival, as well as in yoga and meditation practices to prepare for the part.[20] Two months after Sharma was cast, it was announced that Gérard Depardieu would play the role of the Cook, Irrfan Khan would play the adult Pi, Adil Hussain would play Pi's father, while Tabu was in talks to play the role of Pi's mother.[21]","Life of Pi (film) A 2013 investigation by the Hollywood Reporter brought to light leaked emails suggesting that animals involved in the filming of Life of Pi had been mistreated during the filming despite the American Humane Association’s \"No Animals Were Harmed\" certification on the film.[100][101][102] In an April 7, 2011 ACA monitor, Gina Johnson, wrote that “last week we almost killed King” The email goes on to suggest that the incident, in which the tiger apparently nearly drowned while filming a scene, would be \"downplayed\" in the official report to the ACA. Additionally, the exposé alleges that Johnson was involved in a romantic relationship with one of the film’s producers, possibly representing a conflict of interest. Life of Pi director Ang Lee has described the animal abuse allegations as \"an accident\" in interviews. Following the publication of the Hollywood Reporter investigation, Gina Johnson resigned from her position with the ACA.[103][104]","Life of Pi The narrator describes how he acquired his full name, Piscine Molitor Patel, as a tribute to the swimming pool in France. After hearing schoolmates tease him by transforming the first name into \"Pissing\", he establishes the short form of his name as \"Pi\" when he starts secondary school. The name, he says, pays tribute to the irrational number which is the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter.","Life of Pi 'Life of Pi' is told from two alternating points of view, the main character Pi in a flashback and Yann Martel himself, who is the \"visiting writer\" (Martel 101) interviewing Pi many years after the tiger in the boat story. This technique of the intrusive narrator adds the documentary realism to the book, setting up, like a musical counter-point, the myth-making, unreliable narrator, Pi. The reader is left to ponder at the end whether Pi's story is an allegory of another set of parallel events.[26]","Life of Pi Two hundred and twenty-seven days after the ship's sinking, the lifeboat washes onto a beach in Mexico, after which Richard Parker disappears into the nearby jungle without looking back, leaving Pi heartbroken at the abrupt farewell.","Life of Pi (film) Weeks later they encounter a floating island of interconnected trees. It is a lush jungle of edible plants, fresh water pools and a large population of meerkats, enabling Pi and Richard Parker to eat and drink freely and regain strength. At night, the island transforms into a hostile environment. Richard Parker retreats to the lifeboat while Pi and the meerkats sleep in the trees; the water pools turn acidic, digesting the fish in them. Pi deduces that the island is carnivorous after finding a human tooth embedded in a flower.","Unreliable narrator Pi Patel, the narrator of Yann Martel's Life of Pi, published in 2001, is another example of an unreliable narrator. After spending many days adrift at sea, he describes several fanciful events and tells his rescuers that his lifeboat was shared by a zebra, an orangutan, a hyena (which killed the zebra and orangutan) and a Bengal tiger (which killed the hyena). When they question his story, he provides an alternate, darker, but more believable recounting of events, in which a sailor and his mother are murdered by a cannibalistic ship's cook, who Pi then kills and eats to survive. The rescuers notice the parallels between the people and the animals, with the zebra representing the sailor, the orangutan representing Pi's mother, the hyena representing the cook, and the tiger representing Pi himself. When Pi points out that neither story is provable and that neither story changes the outcome (the ship has sunk, and his family has died), the rescuers choose to believe the story featuring the animals, because it is a better story.","Roar: Tigers of the Sundarbans The film was premiered by Salman Khan at an event in Mumbai on 31 July 2014, ahead an October 31 release. It is an epic tale of a team trying to outsmart the acute senses of the infamous white tiger who is looking for her cub. This film won best visual effects.[1][2][3][4][5][6]","Life of Pi Martel has mentioned that a book review he read of Brazilian author Moacyr Scliar's 1981 novella Max and the Cats accounts in part for his novel's premise. Scliar's story describes a Jewish-German refugee crossing the Atlantic Ocean with a jaguar in his boat.[21][22] Scliar said that he was perplexed that Martel \"used the idea without consulting or even informing me,\" and indicated that he was reviewing the situation before deciding whether to take any action in response.[23][24] After talking with Martel, Scliar elected not to pursue the matter.[25] A dedication to Scliar \"for the spark of life\" appears in the author's note of Life of Pi. Literary reviews have described the similarities between Life of Pi and Max and the Cats as superficial. Reviewer Peter Yan wrote: \"Reading the two books side-by-side, one realizes how inadequate bald plot summaries are in conveying the unique imaginative impact of each book,\"[26] and noted that Martel's distinctive narrative structure is not found in Scliar's novella. The themes of the books are also dissimilar, with Max and the Cats being an allegory for Nazism.[27] In Life of Pi, 211 of 354 pages are devoted to Pi's experience in the lifeboat, compared to Max and the Cats, in which 17 of its 99 pages depict time spent in a lifeboat.[27]","Life of Pi According to the reviewer Peter Yan,","White tiger White tigers appear frequently in literature, video games, television, and comic books. Such examples include the Swedish rock band Kent, which featured a white tiger on the cover of their best-selling album Vapen & ammunition in 2002. This was a tribute to the band's home town Eskilstuna, as the local zoo in town had white tigers from the Hawthorn Circus as its main attraction. The white tiger has also been featured in the video for the song \"Human\" by the popular American synth-rock band The Killers. White Tiger is also the name of an American glam metal band from the 1980s. In the live action version of Disney's 101 Dalmatians, Cruella de Vil kills a white tiger for its fur. Seto Bagh (or 'White Tiger' in English) is a Nepali language novel by Diamond Shumsher Rana about an encounter with a white tiger. Aravind Adiga's novel The White Tiger won the Man Booker Prize in 2008.[30] The central character and narrator refers to himself as \"The White Tiger\". It was a nickname given to him as a child to denote that he was unique in the \"jungle\" (his hometown), that he was smarter than the others.","Life of Pi (film) Principal photography for the film began on January 18, 2011 in Puducherry at the Holy Rosary Church in Muthialpet. Filming continued in Puducherry until January 31 and moved to other parts of India, including the popular hill station of Munnar in Kerala, as well as Taiwan. The crew filmed in Taiwan for five and a half months in Taipei Zoo, an airport in Taichung, and Kenting National Park, located in Pingtung County where Lee was born.[26][27] The ocean scenes of the film were shot at a giant wave tank built by the crew in an abandoned airport.[28] The tank is known as the world's largest self-generating wave tank, with a capacity of 1.7 million gallons.[29] With production scheduled to last two and a half months at the tank, cinematographer Claudio Miranda assisted in the tank's design in order to get the most out of it for lighting, explaining, \"We knew we were going to be inside there shooting for 2.5 months, so it was worth it to be able to do anything we want. On all these kind of scenes, we had an idea of what the weather would be like. In that tank, I can create storm clouds, nightfall. We had curtains that I can block out [light], doors to open and let in real sunlight,\" Miranda says. \"So lighting-wise, [the movie] had a big ebb and flow.\"[30] After photography was completed in Taiwan, production moved back to India and concluded in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.[19]","Life of Pi A few years later in 1977, during the period when Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi declares \"The Emergency\", Pi's father decides to sell the zoo and immigrate with his wife and sons to Canada.","Life of Pi Having read about these events, Yann Martel thought, \"So many victimized Richard Parkers had to mean something.\"[19][20]","Life of Pi Pi is raised as a Hindu who practices vegetarianism. At the age of fourteen, he investigates Christianity and Islam, and decides to become an adherent of all three religions, much to his parents' dismay, saying he \"just wants to love God.\"[10][11] He tries to understand God through the lens of each religion, and comes to recognize benefits in each one.","Masha and the Bear A tiger who is Bear's best friend from their days performing together in the circus.","The White Tiger The inspector knows that Balram exceeds everyone else within the “jungle” of his lowly school and town. He says, “In any jungle, what is the rarest of animals – the creature that comes along only once in a generation? The white tiger” (30). Balram calls himself White Tiger permanently after this event. He fully takes on and embodies the life of a white tiger. In Balram’s opinion, “[Slaves] remain slaves because they can’t see what is beautiful in this world” (34). A “white tiger” can never be a slave, because it can see and pursue beauty. “Beauty,” in this case, is the life of financial prosperity and freedom of choice that Balram yearns for. Amidst the other animals in the darkness, amidst the other children in his school and the rest of India trapped in lives of Darkness, all who are unable to see beauty, and who carry with them small bellies, Balram, the “White Tiger,” knows that he must escape any means possible.","Life of Pi Some time later, Pi's boat comes ashore on a floating island network of algae and inhabited by hundreds of thousands of meerkats. Soon, Pi and Richard Parker regain strength, but the boy's discovery of the carnivorous nature of the island's plant life forces him to return to the ocean.","Life of Pi (film) Canadian child actor Rajiv Surendra, best known at the time for a small part in Mean Girls, was one of the auditioners for the role of Pi. In 2016, he published The Elephants in My Backyard, a memoir of his failed campaign to win the part.[22] In an interview with Deccan Chronicle in 2017, American actor Naren Weiss revealed that he too unsuccessfully auditioned for the role of Pi.[23]","Life of Pi Pi recounts various events while adrift in the Pacific Ocean. At his lowest point, exposure renders him blind and unable to catch fish. In a state of delirium, he talks with a marine \"echo\", which he initially identifies as Richard Parker having gained the ability to speak, but it turns out to be another blind castaway, a Frenchman, who boards the lifeboat with the intention of killing and eating Pi, but is eventually killed by Richard Parker.","Life of Pi This novel has also been adapted as a play by Keith Robinson, artistic director of the youth-oriented Twisting Yarn Theatre Company. Andy Rashleigh wrote the adaptation, which was directed by Keith Robinson. The premier/original cast contained only six actors—Tony Hasnath (Pi), Taresh Solanki (Richard Parker), Melody Brown (Mother), Conor Alexander (Father), Sanjay Shalat (Brother) and Mark Pearce (Uncle).[39] The play was produced at the Alhambra Theatre in Bradford, England, in 2003.[40] The company toured England and Ireland with the play in 2004 and 2007.","Tiger The tiger (Panthera tigris) is the largest cat species, most recognizable for their pattern of dark vertical stripes on reddish-orange fur with a lighter underside. The species is classified in the genus Panthera with the lion, leopard, jaguar, and snow leopard. Tigers are apex predators, primarily preying on ungulates such as deer and bovids. They are territorial and generally solitary but social animals, often requiring large contiguous areas of habitat that support their prey requirements. This, coupled with the fact that they are indigenous to some of the more densely populated places on Earth, has caused significant conflicts with humans.","Felidae Panthera tigris (tiger)","The Tiger Rising The Tiger - The tiger is described as a beautiful and poor animal trapped cruelly in a cage where he cannot escape. He paces around in the cage and is fed by Beauchamp and then Rob.","Life of Pi (film) In April 2011, it was announced that Tobey Maguire would be joining the film in the role originally referred to as \"a reporter.\"[24] However, in September 2012, it was announced that Lee had cut Maguire from the film. He justified the cut by stating that he did it \"to be consistent with the other casting choices made for the film, I decided to go with an entirely international cast.\"[25] Like Shahrukh Khan, Lee described Maguire's presence also as \"too jarringly recognizable.\" He reshot the scenes with Rafe Spall in the role of the book's actual author.[25]","Nandankanan Zoological Park Bengal Tiger at Nandankanan","Shere Khan Shere Khan /ˈʃɪər ˈkɑːn/ (Hindi: शेर खान; Urdu: شیر خان ) is a fictional Bengal tiger and the main antagonist of Rudyard Kipling's Jungle Book and its adaptations.[1] According to The Kipling Society, the word Shere (or \"shir\") translates as \"tiger\" and Khan is a title of distinction, used together \"to show that he is chief among tigers.\"[2] Other sources indicate Shere may mean \"tiger\" or \"lion\" in Persian, Urdu, and Punjabi, and that Khan translates as \"king\", or \"leader\", in a number of languages influenced by the Mongols, including Pashto and Urdu.[3][4][5] The name may have originated from the nickname of the Afghan origin King who once ruled in India, Sher Shah Suri.[6]","Nandankanan Zoological Park The Royal Bengal Tiger","White tiger Kylie Chan's Dark Heavens series incorporates the four winds of Chinese mythology – including The White Tiger. In Hayate the Combat Butler, Tama, Nagi Sanzenin's pet tiger, is a white tiger. In Colleen Houck's series beginning with the novel Tiger's Curse, one of the main characters, Ren, is shown as a white tiger. In 2013, a white tiger used for an election campaign in Lahore, Pakistan, died of dehydration.[32] A white tiger named Mantecore was used as part of Siegfried & Roy's Siegfried & Roy at the Mirage Resort and Casino magical show. In 2014, Mantecore died at the age of 17 due to illness.","Tiger In 1758, Carl Linnaeus described the tiger in his work Systema Naturae and gave it the scientific name Felis tigris.[3] In 1929, the British taxonomist Reginald Innes Pocock subordinated the species under the genus Panthera using the scientific name Panthera tigris.[12][13]","Life of Pi (film) —Ang Lee, on the use of water and the spiritual element of Life of Pi, November 17, 2012.[11]","Tiger Tigers are among the most recognisable and popular of the world's charismatic megafauna. They have featured prominently in ancient mythology and folklore, and continue to be depicted in modern films and literature. They appear on many flags, coats of arms, and as mascots for sporting teams. The tiger is the national animal of Bangladesh, India, Malaysia and South Korea.","Orange (colour) A Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris tigris)","Chessington World of Adventures Sumatran tiger 2010","Life of Pi (film) A. O. Scott of The New York Times was critical of the film's narrative frame, arguing that \"the movie invites you to believe in all kinds of marvelous things, but it also may cause you to doubt what you see with your own eyes – or even to wonder if, in the end, you have seen anything at all.\" Scott further criticized the film for repressing the darker themes of the tale.[80] Nick Schager of The Village Voice also panned the film stating \"A stacked-deck theological inquiry filtered through a Titanic-by-way-of–Slumdog Millionaire narrative, Life of Pi manages occasional spiritual wonder through its 3-D visuals but otherwise sinks like a stone.\"[81] Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian gave the film 2 out of 5 stars, and states \"despite some lovely images and those eyepopping effects, it is a shallow and self-important shaggy-dog story – or shaggy-tiger story [....] It deserves every technical prize going.\"[82]","Life of Pi (film) In Canada, novelist Yann Martel meets Pi Patel; Martel has been told that Pi's life story would be a good subject for a book. Pi tells his story to Yann:","Tiger The Middle English tigre and the Old English tigras (a plural word) were both used for the animal.[10] These derive from the Old French tigre, itself a derivative of the Latin word tigris. The original source may have been the Persian tigra meaning pointed or sharp and the Avestan tigrhi meaning an arrow, perhaps referring to the speed with which a tiger launches itself at its prey.[11]","Eugène Delacroix A Young Tiger Playing with its Mother, 1830","The Tiger Rising Beauchamp - Owner of the Kentucky Star motel, the woods behind the motel, and the tiger.","Saroj Raj Choudhury 1974 was a landmark year in Choudhury's life when the Kharia tribals brought a female tiger cub found near the Khairi river.[12] He took the cub into his care and converted his quarters at Jashipur in such a way to accommodate the wild animal. The cub, named Khairi after the river he was found from, remained with Choudhury for number of years even after it was full grown.[10] He also reared several other wild animals at his residence such as a crocodile, a bear cub named Jumbu, a blind hyena called Baina and a mongoose, all of them roamed free in his courtyard.[13]","Life of Pi (film) Despite the Oscar for Best Visual Effects at the 2013 Academy Awards, Rhythm & Hues Studios (who provided most of the visual effects for the film) was forced to file for bankruptcy on February 11, 2013, citing unfair competition from subsidized and tax exempt foreign studios.[86] This sparked a demonstration of nearly 500 VFX artists who protested outside the 2013 Academy Awards.[87] Inside, during the Oscars, when R&H visual effects supervisor Bill Westenhofer brought up R&H during his acceptance speech for Life of Pi, the microphone was cut off.[88] This started an uproar among many visual effects industry professionals, changing profile pictures on social media such as Facebook and Twitter to show the green key colour, in order to raise awareness for what is happening to the effects industry.[89] In addition, director Ang Lee was criticized by the protest leader for his failure to thank the effect industry, \"Ang thanked the crew, the actors, his agent, his lawyer and the entire population of Taiwan right down to the team that built the wave-pool on the soundstage where Pi was shot, but failed to mention hundreds of artists who made not only the main character of the tiger, but replaced that pool, making it look like a real ocean for 80% of his movie.\"[90] He was also criticized for earlier complaining about the costs of visual effects.[90][91] In February 2014, Christina Lee Storm and Scott Leberecht released the documentary Life After Pi to YouTube.[92] The documentary details the role Rhythm & Hues played in Life of Pi as well as the consequent bankruptcy. Bill Westenhofer also discusses his experience at the Oscars as he accepted a Visual Effects award for Rhythm & Hues' work on Life of Pi.[93][94][95][96]","Bengal tiger Today, the tiger is the national animal of India. Bangladeshi banknotes feature a tiger. The political party Muslim League of Pakistan uses the tiger as its election symbol.[120]","Tiger In Buddhism, the tiger is one of the Three Senseless Creatures, symbolising anger, with the monkey representing greed and the deer lovesickness.[193] The Tungusic peoples considered the Siberian tiger a near-deity and often referred to it as \"Grandfather\" or \"Old man\". The Udege and Nanai called it \"Amba\". The Manchu considered the Siberian tiger as \"Hu Lin,\" the king.[72] In Hinduism, the god Shiva wears and sits on tiger skin.[196] The ten-armed warrior goddess Durga rides the tigress (or lioness) Damon into battle. In southern India the god Ayyappan was associated with a tiger.[197]","Life of Pi The French translation L'Histoire de Pi was chosen in the French CBC version of the contest Le combat des livres, where it was championed by Louise Forestier.[7] The novel won the 2003 Boeke Prize, a South African novel award. In 2004, it won the Asian/Pacific American Award for Literature in Best Adult Fiction for years 2001–2003.[8] In 2012 it was adapted into a feature film directed by Ang Lee with a screenplay by David Magee.","Wildlife of India Royal Bengal tiger","The White Tiger Throughout the book, there are references to how Balram is very different from those back in his home environment. He is referred to as the \"white tiger\"[9] (which also happens to be the title of the book). A white tiger symbolizes power in East Asian cultures,[10] such as in Vietnam. It is also a symbol for freedom and individuality. Balram is seen as different from those he grew up with. He is the one who got out of the \"Darkness\" and found his way into the \"Light\".","Bengal tiger Tipu Sultan, who ruled Mysore in late 18th-century India, was also a great admirer of the animal. The famed 18th-century automaton, Tipu's Tiger was also created for him.[121] In India, tiger has also found a place of prestige even in Vedic literatures. It has been celebrated in Hindu consciousness from time immemorial as the divine vehicle of the Goddess of Power, Durga or Shakti. The animal has been chosen by the Reserve Bank of India as its emblem and Indian currency notes carry its portrait.[122]","The Tiger Rising Rob Horton is 12 years old and lives with his father in a Florida motel called the Kentucky Star. His father (named Robert), and Rob have recently moved to Lister, Florida, after the death of Rob’s mother, Caroline. Rob is quiet and often is bullied at school. Things begin to change when Rob discovers a tiger in the forest (locked up in a cage) while wandering the woods. He then meets a girl named Sistine Bailey who has recently moved nearby. Rob shows Sistine the tiger. Rob, who usually keeps his feelings locked away begins to involuntarily open up emotionally to Sistine. Though Sistine insists on letting the tiger go, Rob is wary of what will happen to it if he does. Rob finally relents and releases the tiger, letting it run into the woods. However, just moments later, Rob's father shoots the tiger dead. At the tiger's funeral, Sistine recites a part of William Blake's The Tyger. Rob and his father confront their unresolved feelings about Rob's mother and Rob begins looking forward to going to school with Sistine.","The White Tiger Balram faints for a second time when he goes to the zoo. He sees the White Tiger trapped in the cage and realizes that he sees himself: “[The tiger] was hypnotizing himself by walking like this - that was the way he could tolerate this cage” (237). Balram’s current predicament of servitude serves as his own cage. Balram was “hypnotizing himself” by buying into his life of servitude. He wholeheartedly embraced his master, with whom he treated with great love, to distract himself from the fact that he was living in a life that he and his father wanted so desperately for him to break free of. “All at once, the tiger vanished” (237). When Balram sees himself in that cage, he has an epiphany. Up to this point, he had never seriously considered rebelling against or killing Ashok. But the tiger vanishes from the cage because, at that moment, the caged version of Balram ceased to exist. A changed man, he realizes that he must kill Ashok to become his own man and enter into a life of Light.","Life of Pi (film) The lead visual effects company for Life of Pi was Rhythm & Hues Studios (R&H). 3D effects for the film were created by a team of R&H artists in Los Angeles, Mumbai, Hyderabad, Kuala Lumpur, Vancouver and Kaohsiung.[31][32][33][34][35][36]","Life of Pi (film) The following October, Fox 2000 announced a partnership with M. Night Shyamalan to direct the film. Shyamalan was attracted to the novel particularly because its main character also comes from Pondicherry in India. The partners anticipated for Shyamalan to direct the film adaptation after completing The Village. He also replaced Georgaris as the screenwriter, writing a new screenplay for the film.[13] Ultimately, Shyamalan chose to film Lady in the Water after The Village; he said later, \"I was hesitant [to direct] because the book has kind of a twist ending. And I was concerned that as soon as you put my name on it, everybody would have a different experience.\"[14]","Roar: Tigers of the Sundarbans Roar was shot in the dense mangrove forest showcasing the animal-man conflict and the film has aerial visuals of the Sundarbans and over 800 shots with special effects. Director Kamal Sadanah said \"We spent four months doing the test shoots and we shot with trained tigers from Los Angeles and Thailand and composited these sequences with the ones taken at Sundarbans with VFX\". He concluded saying that he had to take up an online course in visual effects along with his producer Abis Rizvi.[7]","Bengal Tiger (2015 film) Ravi Teja played the role of Akash Narayan, an aimless youth with a master's degree in computers, whose reckless life changes after facing an insult.[14] Tamannaah, the female lead of Nandi's Racha (2012), was signed as one of the two female leads[15] as Ravi Teja was keen on working with her.[5] Impressed with her performance in Jil, Nandi approached Rashi Khanna to play the role of the other female lead.[16] Khanna stated that she and Tamannaah have roles of equal importance in the film.[13] Regarding her role, Khanna said that she would play an \"intelligent girl\" and shed weight for the same. She added that her subplot in the film, which explores the relationship she shares with her father (played by Rao Ramesh), has its \"own importance in the overall scheme of things\".[17] Boman Irani was cast for a crucial supporting role.[18]","Bengal tiger George Schaller wrote:[93]","Life of Pi The novel is a work of fiction set in the summer of 1977 that draws on places and historical events in India. The Patel Family's discussions of the political situation refer to the Emergency period of the mid-1970s, when Indira Gandhi's administration ruled by decree, curtailed press freedoms, and imprisoned political opponents. Pondicherry is a former French colony in India. It does have an Indian Coffee House and Botanical Gardens. The Botanical Garden had a zoo in 1977 but did not have any animals bigger than a deer. Munnar, the destination for the Patel family's vacation, is a small but popular hill station in Kerala. Madurai, also referenced in the novel, is a popular tourist and pilgrimage site in Tamil Nadu.","Tiger The Hindu goddess Durga riding a tiger. Guler school, early 18th century.","Life of Pi (film) Yann Martel, the author of the novel on which the film is based, found the film to be a \"delightful\" adaptation, saying,","Life of Pi Life of Pi, according to Yann Martel, can be summarized in three statements: \"Life is a story... You can choose your story... A story with God is the better story.\"[12] A recurring theme throughout the novel seems to be believability. Pi at the end of the book asks the two investigators \"If you stumble at mere believability, what are you living for?\"[13] According to Gordon Houser there are two main themes of the book: \"that all life is interdependent, and that we live and breathe via belief.\"[14]","Life of Pi (film) Richard Corliss of Time selected the film as the third-best movie of 2012, as well as calling it the next Avatar.[83]","Tiger Tigris striatus Severtzov, 1858","Life of Pi The third part of the novel describes a conversation between Pi and two officials from the Japanese Ministry of Transport, who are conducting an inquiry into the shipwreck. They meet him at the hospital in Mexico where he is recovering. Pi tells them his tale, but the officials reject it as unbelievable. Pi then offers them a second story in which he is adrift on a lifeboat not with zoo animals, but with the ship's cook, a Taiwanese sailor with a broken leg, and his own mother. The cook amputates the sailor's leg for use as fishing bait, then kills the sailor himself as well as Pi's mother for food, and soon he is killed by Pi, who dines on him.","Bagheera Bagheera (Hindi: बघीरा; Urdu: بگھیرا Baghīrā/Bagīdah) is a fictional character in Rudyard Kipling's Mowgli stories in the Jungle Book (coll. 1894) and the Second Jungle Book (coll. 1895). He is a black panther (melanistic Indian leopard) who serves as friend, protector and mentor to the \"man-cub\" Mowgli. The word bagheera is Hindi/Urdu for black panther-- although the root word bagh means tiger. Shere Khan’s name translates loosely as being a great king, presumably of the jungle, but makes no mention of the animal name “tiger.” Perhaps because Bagheera declares himself to be stronger and more vicious even than the infamous tiger, he feels entitled to the name of Bagheera while Shere Khan is mocked, in Kipling’s original work, as Lungri or “the lame one.”","Life of Pi (film) In February 2009, Fox 2000 Pictures hired Ang Lee to direct the film.[17] In May 2010, Lee and the producer Gil Netter proposed a reported budget of US$120 million, at which the studio balked, placing the project's development on hold for a short time.[12] David Magee was hired to write the screenplay, as Lee began to spend several months looking for someone to cast as Pi. Lee stated that water was a major inspiration behind making the film in 3-D: \"I thought this was a pretty impossible movie to make technically. It's so expensive for what it is. You sort of have to disguise a philosophical book as an adventure story. I thought of 3-D half a year before 'Avatar' was on the screen. I thought water, with its transparency and reflection, the way it comes out to you in 3-D, would create a new theatrical experience and maybe the audience or the studio would open up their minds a little bit to accept something different.\"[11] Following the premiere of the film, Lee stated that his desire to take risks and chances helped with his direction, saying \"In a strange way it did feel like we're the vessels, we have to surrender to movie god. We have to let things happen. I just had this feeling, I'll follow this kid to wherever this movie takes me. I saw the movie start to unravel in front of me.\"[18]","Tigon At the Alipore Zoo in India, a female tigon named Rudhrani, born in 1971, was successfully mated to an Asiatic lion named Debabrata. The rare, second generation hybrid was called a litigon. Rudhrani produced seven litigons in her lifetime. Some of these reached impressive sizes—a litigon named Cubanacan weighed at least 363 kilograms (800 lb), stood 1.32 metres (4.3 ft) at the shoulder, and was 3.5 metres (11 ft) in total length.[5]","Bengal tiger The Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) is the most numerous tiger population. By 2011, the total population was estimated at fewer than 2,500 individuals with a decreasing trend. None of the Tiger Conservation Landscapes within the Bengal tiger's range is considered large enough to support an effective population size of 250 adult individuals. Since 2010, it is listed as Endangered on the IUCN Red List.[1] An example of charismatic megafauna, the Bengal tiger is the most familiar tiger subspecies, as well as the largest in the wilderness,[3][4] ranking with the Caspian and Siberian tigers among the biggest cats that ever lived.[5][2]","Bengal tiger Notable Bengal tigers include the man-eating Tiger of Segur,[112] Tigers of Chowgarh,[113] Tiger of Mundachipallam,[114] Chuka man-eating tiger and Thak man-eater.[115]","Life of Pi (film) According to French journalist Marjolaine Gout, the movie is \"a philosophical tale where Noah's Ark metamorphoses into 'The Raft of the Medusa'\". She adds that it is \"a visual masterpiece\" in which \"Ang Lee proves, once again, his talent as a universal storyteller\". She also writes about the visual poetry of the movie reminding viewers of the works of classical painters and the symbolic of kolams. The film got 8 out of 10 stars, the readers gave 7 stars.[78]","Book of Imaginary Beings The Tigers of AnnamÂ","The Tiger: An Old Hunter's Tale In Japanese-occupied Korea in 1925, Chun Man-duk, a revered hunter, lives with his teenage son, Seok, in a hut near Mount Jirisan. Following a tragic accident in which he killed his beloved wife, he has retired his rifle and become a humble herb gatherer limping amongst his cherished mountains. The Japanese governor-general overseeing the occupation gathers tiger pelts as a hobby of seeming cultural dominance, and soon becomes obsessed with killing possibly the last remaining tiger in Korea, an enormous one-eyed male that lives on the mountain and has killed scores of hunters. The tiger is known locally in hushed tones as Mountain Lord, and locals fear its demise will bring wolves and boars return because of its absence. Gu-kyung is the resolute but ruthless leader of a band of Korean hunters that attempt to track and kill the tiger for the bounty, including by killing its mate and two cubs and using them for bait. Eventually, we learn that Man-duk mortally wounded the tiger's mother when she leapt at him near her kill of an escaped barnyard animal during a winter of privation. He saved the nearby one-eyed cub and its sibling by intervening against the more junior hunter Gu-kyung, who delivered the killing shot on their mother. He told them to leave them to their fate. It is revealed that he secretly relocated them to a safe den, though the sibling soon died. Seok loves a girl in town, and secretly joins one of Gu-kyung's hunts in aspiration of earning a bounty sufficient to convince her father to allow them to marry; during the hunt, Seok wounds the tiger, but is himself mortally wounded. After several failures, mounting hunter deaths, and facing deepening winter, soldiers of the Japanese army are dispatched to participate in escalating efforts to find and kill the tiger, and several attempts are made to enlist Man-duk to facilitate the hunt, all of which he resolutely resists. However, following Seok's death and the wounding of the great beast, hunter and tiger, now both bereft of mates and offspring, each tread fatefully toward the snow-blasted mountain top, with the bounty hunters and army in close pursuit. Man-duk reaches the top of the mountain and waits for the tiger. Soon following, the tiger appears. Man-duk and the tiger then seem the fight, with the former injuring the tiger. Man-duk provokes the tiger, asking why he \"stopped\", and proceeds to take out a knife at the mountain's edge. The tiger pounces at him, and they both fall off the mountain together. The governor-general of the Japanese army asks the hunters what happened after the incident, and they relate to him a story about the Mountain Lord becoming a god. The governor-general comes to the conclusion that his army is unable to fight during the looming winter and has decided to withdraw until the next spring. The film ends with flashbacks of Man-duk's and the tiger's early lives, where it then returns to the present where, showing their lifeless bodies near each other as the snow falls on them.","Life of Pi (film) Artist Abdul Rahman in the Malaysian branch underscored the global nature of the effects process, saying that \"the special thing about Life of Pi is that it was the first time we did something called remote rendering, where we engaged our cloud infrastructure in Taiwan called CAVE (Cloud Animation and Visual Effects).\"[43]","Tiger The tiger is an endangered species. Poaching for fur and body parts and destruction of habitat have simultaneously greatly reduced tiger populations in the wild. Major reasons for population decline include habitat destruction, habitat fragmentation and poaching.[1]","Life of Pi (film) The film has been described as containing a \"subtle, artistic warning\" about the dangers of increased anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions and ocean acidification, the acidic island Pi and Richard Parker encounter being compared to Castello Aragonese in the Tyrrhenian Sea near Naples and Richard Parker's final dismissive departure representing the \"not too pleasant face of Gaia (see Gaia hypothesis).\"[84]","White tiger Because of the extreme rarity of the white tiger allele in the wild,[8] the breeding pool was limited to the small number of white tigers in captivity. According to Kailash Sankhala, the last white tiger ever seen in the wild was shot in 1958.[8][21][22] Today there is a large number of white tigers in captivity. A white Amur tiger may have been born at Center Hill and has given rise to a strain of white Amur tigers. A man named Robert Baudy realized that his tigers had white genes when a tiger he sold to Marwell Zoo in England developed white spots, and bred them accordingly.[23] The Lowry Park Zoo in Tampa Bay has four of these white Amur tigers, descended from Robert Baudy's stock.","Maharashtra Indian Tigers at Tadoba Tiger reserve","Tiger A dominant tigress they called Padmini killed a 250 kg (550 lb) male nilgai – a very large antelope. They found her at the kill just after dawn with her three 14-month-old cubs and they watched uninterrupted for the next ten hours. During this period the family was joined by two adult females and one adult male, all offspring from Padmini's previous litters, and by two unrelated tigers, one female the other unidentified. By three o'clock there were no fewer than nine tigers round the kill.[89]","Tiger A dominant cub emerges in most litters, usually a male.[122] This cub is more active than its siblings and takes the lead in their play, eventually leaving its mother and becoming independent earlier. The cubs open their eyes at six to fourteen days old. By eight weeks, the cubs make short ventures outside the den with their mother, although they do not travel with her as she roams her territory until they are older. The cubs are nursed for three to six months. Around the time they are weaned, they start to accompany their mother on territorial walks and they are taught how to hunt. The cubs often become capable (and nearly adult size) hunters at eleven months old. The cubs become independent around eighteen months of age, but it is not until they are around two to two and a half years old that they fully separate from their mother. Females reach sexual maturity at three to four years, whereas males do so at four to five years. The oldest recorded captive tiger lived for 26 years. A wild specimen, having no natural predators, could in theory live to a comparable age.[85]","Life of Pi (film) I'm happy it works so well as a film. Even if the ending is not as ambiguous as the book's, the possibility that there might be another version of Pi's story comes at you unexpectedly and raises the same important questions about truth, perception and belief.[79]","Liger Other big cat hybrids can reach similar sizes; the litigon, a rare hybrid of a male lion and a female tigon, is roughly the same size as the liger, with a male named Cubanacan (at the Alipore Zoo in India) reaching 363 kg (800 lb).[12] The extreme rarity of these second-generation hybrids may make it difficult to ascertain whether they are larger or smaller, on average than the liger."],"string":"[\n \"Life of Pi Richard Parker is a royal Bengal tiger who is stranded on the lifeboat with Pi when the ship sinks. Richard Parker lives on the lifeboat with Pi and is kept alive with the food and water Pi delivers. Richard Parker develops a relationship with Pi that allows them to coexist in their struggle.\",\n \"Life of Pi In the novel, a hunter named Richard Parker is hired to kill a panther thought to have killed seven people within two months. Instead, he accidentally immobilizes a female Bengal tiger with tranquilizer darts while her cub escapes hiding in a bush. Parker names the cub Thirsty after his enthusiasm when drinking from a nearby river. The paperwork that accompanies the shipment of the two tigers to Pi's family's zoo in Pondicherry states that the cub's name is \\\"Richard Parker\\\" and the hunter's given name is \\\"Thirsty\\\" and his surname is \\\"None Given\\\", due to a mix-up with the names. Pi's father finds the story so amusing that they continue to call the tiger \\\"Richard Parker\\\".\",\n \"Life of Pi The name of Martel's tiger, Richard Parker, was inspired by a character in Edgar Allan Poe's nautical adventure novel The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym of Nantucket (1838). In this book, Richard Parker is a mutineer who is stranded and eventually cannibalized on the hull of an overturned ship (and there is a dog aboard who is named Tiger). The author also had in mind another occurrence of the name, in the famous legal case R v Dudley and Stephens (1884) where a shipwreck again results in the cannibalism of a cabin boy named Richard Parker, this time in a lifeboat.[18] A third Richard Parker drowned in the sinking of the Francis Spaight in 1846, described by author Jack London, and later the cabin boy (not Richard Parker) was cannibalized.\",\n \"Life of Pi (film) Pi's father names him Piscine Molitor after the swimming pool in France. In secondary school in Pondicherry, he adopts the name \\\"Pi\\\" (the Greek letter, Ï€) to avoid the sound-alike nickname \\\"Pissing Patel\\\". He is raised in a Hindu family, but at 12 years old, is introduced to Christianity and then Islam, and decides to follow all three religions as he \\\"just wants to love God\\\". His mother supports his desire to grow, but his rationalist father tries to secularize him. Pi's family owns a zoo, and Pi takes interest in the animals, especially a Bengal tiger named Richard Parker. After Pi gets dangerously close to Richard Parker, his father forces him to witness the tiger killing a goat.\",\n \"Life of Pi PBS has described Martel's story as one of \\\"personal growth through adversity.\\\"[15] The main character learns that \\\"tigers are dangerous\\\" at a young age when his father forces him to watch the zoo's Royal Bengal tiger patriarch, Mahisha, devour a live goat. Later, after he has been reduced to eking out a desperate existence on the lifeboat with the company of a fully grown tiger, Pi develops \\\"alpha\\\" qualities as he musters the strength, will and skills he needs to survive.[15]\",\n \"Life of Pi In recounting his experiences, Pi describes several other unusual situations involving proper names: two visitors to the zoo, one a devout Muslim, and the other a committed atheist, bear identical names; and a 450-pound tiger at the zoo bears the name Richard Parker as the result of a clerical error, in which human and animal names were reversed.[9]\",\n \"Life of Pi The second part of the novel begins with Pi's family aboard the Tsimtsum, a Japanese freighter that is transporting animals from their zoo to North America. A few days out of port from Manila, the ship encounters a storm and sinks. Pi manages to escape in a small lifeboat, only to learn that the boat also holds a spotted hyena, an injured Grant's zebra, and an orangutan named Orange Juice. Much to the boy's distress, the hyena kills the zebra and then Orange Juice. A tiger has been hiding under the boat's tarpaulin: it's Richard Parker, who had boarded the lifeboat with ambivalent assistance from Pi himself some time before the hyena attack. Suddenly emerging from his hideaway, Richard Parker kills and eats the hyena.\",\n \"Life of Pi Life of Pi is a Canadian fantasy adventure novel by Yann Martel published in 2001. The protagonist is Piscine Molitor \\\"Pi\\\" Patel, an Indian boy from Pondicherry who explores issues of spirituality and practicality from an early age. He survives 227 days after a shipwreck while stranded on a lifeboat in the Pacific Ocean with a Bengal tiger named Richard Parker.\",\n \"Life of Pi (film) Pi fashions a small tethered raft from flotation vests which he retreats to for safety from Richard Parker. Despite his moral code against killing, he begins fishing, enabling him to sustain the tiger as well. When the tiger jumps into the sea to hunt for fish and then comes threateningly towards Pi, Pi considers letting him drown, but ultimately helps him back into the boat. One night, a humpback whale breaches near the boat, destroying the raft and its supplies. Pi trains Richard Parker to accept him in the boat, and realizes that caring for the tiger is also helping keep himself alive.\",\n \"Life of Pi (film) After the storm, Pi awakens in the lifeboat with the zebra, and is joined by a resourceful orangutan. A spotted hyena emerges from under a tarpaulin covering half of the lifeboat and snaps at Pi, forcing him to retreat to the end of the boat. The hyena kills the zebra and later the orangutan. Richard Parker emerges from under the tarpaulin, killing the hyena before retreating back to cover for several days.\",\n \"Tiger In William Blake's poem in the Songs of Experience, titled \\\"The Tyger,\\\" the tiger is a menacing and fearful animal. In Yann Martel's 2001 Man Booker Prize winning novel Life of Pi, the protagonist, surviving shipwreck for months in a small boat, somehow avoids being eaten by the other survivor, a large Bengal tiger. The story was adapted in Ang Lee's 2012 feature film of the same name. Jim Corbett's 1944 Man-Eaters of Kumaon tells ten true stories of his tiger-hunting exploits in what is now the northern Uttarakhand region of India. The book has sold over four million copies,[201] and has been the basis of both fictional and documentary films. In Rudyard Kipling's 1894 The Jungle Book, the tiger, Shere Khan, is the mortal enemy of the human protagonist, Mowgli; the book has formed the basis of both live-action and animated films. Other tiger characters aimed at children tend to be more benign, as for instance Tigger in A. A. Milne's Winnie-the-Pooh and Hobbes of the comic strip Calvin and Hobbes, both of whom are represented as simply stuffed animals come to life.\",\n \"Life of Pi (film) The R&H VFX (Visual Effects) Supervisor Bill Westenhofer said that discussions of the project began with Ang Lee in August 2009.[37][38] Westenhofer noted that Lee \\\"knew we had done the lion in the first Narnia movie. He asked, 'Does a digital character look more or less real in 3D?' We looked at each other and thought that was a pretty good question.\\\"[39] He also stated that during these meetings, Lee said, \\\"'I look forward to making art with you.' This was really for me one of the most rewarding things I've worked on and the first chance to really combine art with VFX. Every shot was artistic exploration, to make the ocean a character and make it interesting we had to strive to make it as visually stunning as possible.\\\"[40] Rhythm & Hues spent a year on research and development, \\\" building upon its already vast knowledge of CG animation\\\" to develop the tiger.[41] The British Film Institute's Sight & Sound magazine suggested that, \\\"Life of Pi can be seen as the film Rhythm & Hues has been building up to all these years, by taking things they learned from each production from Cats & Dogs to Yogi Bear, integrating their animals in different situations and environments, pushing them to do more, and understanding how all of this can succeed both visually and dramatically.\\\"[42]\",\n \"Life of Pi (film) Life of Pi is a 2012 American survival drama film based on Yann Martel's 2001 novel of the same name. Directed by Ang Lee, the film's adapted screenplay was written by David Magee, and it stars Suraj Sharma, Irrfan Khan, Rafe Spall, Tabu Hashmi, Adil Hussain, and Gérard Depardieu. The storyline revolves around an Indian man named \\\"Pi\\\" Patel, telling a novelist about his life story, and how at 16 he survives a shipwreck and is adrift in the Pacific Ocean on a lifeboat with a Bengal tiger. The film had its worldwide premiere as the opening film of the 51st New York Film Festival at both the Walter Reade Theater and Alice Tully Hall in New York City on September 28, 2012.[9]\",\n \"Life of Pi The investigators note parallels between the two stories. They soon conclude that the hyena symbolizes the cook, the zebra the sailor, the orangutan Pi's mother, and the tiger represents Pi. Pi points out that neither story can be proven and neither explains the cause of the shipwreck, so he asks the officials which story they prefer: the one without animals or the one with animals. They eventually choose the story with the animals. Pi thanks them and says: \\\"And so it goes with God.\\\" The investigators then leave and file a report.\",\n \"Life of Pi (film) When Pi is 16, his father announces that they must move to Canada, where he intends to settle and sell the animals. The family books passage with the animals on a Japanese freighter. During a storm, the ship founders while Pi is on deck. He tries to find his family, but a crewman throws him into a lifeboat. A freed zebra jumps onto the boat with him, breaking its leg. The ship sinks into the Mariana Trench drowning his family. Pi briefly sees what appears to be a survivor, but it turns out to be Richard Parker.\",\n \"Life of Pi Frightened, Pi constructs a small raft out of rescue flotation devices, tethers it to the bow of the boat and makes it his place of retirement. He begins conditioning Richard Parker to take a submissive role by using food as a positive reinforcer, and seasickness as a punishment mechanism, while using a whistle for signals. Soon, Pi asserts himself as the alpha animal, and is eventually able to share the boat with his feline companion, admitting in the end that Richard Parker is the one who helped him survive his ordeal.\",\n \"Life of Pi (film) Yann recognizes the parallels between the two stories, noting that in the second one, Pi fills the role of the tiger. Pi asks which story the writer prefers, and Yann chooses the first, to which Pi replies, \\\"and so it goes with God\\\". Glancing at a copy of the insurance report, Yann sees that the agents also chose the first story.\",\n \"Life of Pi (film) New animal welfare concerns were raised in 2015 when PETA released a video that appeared to show Life of Pi animal trainer Michael Hackenberger swearing at and whipping a young tiger 19 times.[105] In April 2016, the Ontario Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals filed animal cruelty charges against Hackenberger based on the video evidence.[106]\",\n \"Life of Pi (film) Pi and Richard Parker leave the island, eventually reaching the coast of Mexico. Pi is saddened that Richard Parker does not acknowledge him before disappearing into the jungle. He is rescued and brought to a hospital. Insurance agents for the Japanese freighter company interview him, but do not believe his story and ask what really happened. He tells a different story, in which the animals are replaced by human survivors: his mother for the orangutan, an amiable sailor for the zebra, and the ship's brutish cook for the hyena. In this story, the cook kills the sailor and feeds on his flesh. He also kills Pi's mother after which Pi kills him with a knife and uses his remains as food and fish bait. The insurance agents are dissatisfied with this story, but they leave without questioning Pi further.\",\n \"Life of Pi Piscine Molitor Patel, known to all as just \\\"Pi\\\", is the narrator and protagonist of the novel. He was named after a swimming pool in Paris, despite the fact that neither his mother nor his father particularly liked swimming. The story is told as a narrative from the perspective of a middle-aged Pi, now married with his own family, and living in Canada. At the time of main events of the story, he is sixteen years old. He recounts the story of his life and his 227-day journey on a lifeboat when his ship sinks in the middle of the Pacific Ocean during a voyage to North America.\",\n \"Life of Pi In the first section, the main character, by the name of Piscine Patel, an adult Canadian, reminisces about his childhood in India. His father owns a zoo in Pondicherry. The livelihood provides the family with a relatively affluent lifestyle and some understanding of animal psychology.\",\n \"A Tiger for Malgudi The tiger recounts his story of capture by a [circus] owner, but he never tried to escape. He lived freely in the wild jungles of India in his youth. He mates and has a litter with a tigress, and raises a litter until one day he finds that hunters have captured and killed his entire family. He exacts revenge by attacking and eating the cattle and livestock of nearby villages, but is captured by poachers. He is sent to a circus in Malgudi, where a harsh animal trainer known only as \\\"the Captain\\\" starves him and forces him to do tricks in the circus. He lives in captivity successfully for some time, but eventually his wild instincts overcome him and he mauls and kills the Captain. After an extended rampage though town, he is recaptured, but this time voluntarily by a monk/renunciant with whom he befriends and finds peace on the hills. The monk, called the Master, later realizing his own days are coming to an end, donates the elderly tiger to the local zoo, where he is cared for, admired by onlookers, and passes his days.\",\n \"Life of Pi (film) After 3,000 young men auditioned for the film's lead, in October 2010 Lee cast Suraj Sharma, a 17-year-old student and an acting newcomer.[19] Upon receiving the role, Sharma underwent extensive training in ocean survival, as well as in yoga and meditation practices to prepare for the part.[20] Two months after Sharma was cast, it was announced that Gérard Depardieu would play the role of the Cook, Irrfan Khan would play the adult Pi, Adil Hussain would play Pi's father, while Tabu was in talks to play the role of Pi's mother.[21]\",\n \"Life of Pi (film) A 2013 investigation by the Hollywood Reporter brought to light leaked emails suggesting that animals involved in the filming of Life of Pi had been mistreated during the filming despite the American Humane Association’s \\\"No Animals Were Harmed\\\" certification on the film.[100][101][102] In an April 7, 2011 ACA monitor, Gina Johnson, wrote that “last week we almost killed King” The email goes on to suggest that the incident, in which the tiger apparently nearly drowned while filming a scene, would be \\\"downplayed\\\" in the official report to the ACA. Additionally, the exposé alleges that Johnson was involved in a romantic relationship with one of the film’s producers, possibly representing a conflict of interest. Life of Pi director Ang Lee has described the animal abuse allegations as \\\"an accident\\\" in interviews. Following the publication of the Hollywood Reporter investigation, Gina Johnson resigned from her position with the ACA.[103][104]\",\n \"Life of Pi The narrator describes how he acquired his full name, Piscine Molitor Patel, as a tribute to the swimming pool in France. After hearing schoolmates tease him by transforming the first name into \\\"Pissing\\\", he establishes the short form of his name as \\\"Pi\\\" when he starts secondary school. The name, he says, pays tribute to the irrational number which is the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter.\",\n \"Life of Pi 'Life of Pi' is told from two alternating points of view, the main character Pi in a flashback and Yann Martel himself, who is the \\\"visiting writer\\\" (Martel 101) interviewing Pi many years after the tiger in the boat story. This technique of the intrusive narrator adds the documentary realism to the book, setting up, like a musical counter-point, the myth-making, unreliable narrator, Pi. The reader is left to ponder at the end whether Pi's story is an allegory of another set of parallel events.[26]\",\n \"Life of Pi Two hundred and twenty-seven days after the ship's sinking, the lifeboat washes onto a beach in Mexico, after which Richard Parker disappears into the nearby jungle without looking back, leaving Pi heartbroken at the abrupt farewell.\",\n \"Life of Pi (film) Weeks later they encounter a floating island of interconnected trees. It is a lush jungle of edible plants, fresh water pools and a large population of meerkats, enabling Pi and Richard Parker to eat and drink freely and regain strength. At night, the island transforms into a hostile environment. Richard Parker retreats to the lifeboat while Pi and the meerkats sleep in the trees; the water pools turn acidic, digesting the fish in them. Pi deduces that the island is carnivorous after finding a human tooth embedded in a flower.\",\n \"Unreliable narrator Pi Patel, the narrator of Yann Martel's Life of Pi, published in 2001, is another example of an unreliable narrator. After spending many days adrift at sea, he describes several fanciful events and tells his rescuers that his lifeboat was shared by a zebra, an orangutan, a hyena (which killed the zebra and orangutan) and a Bengal tiger (which killed the hyena). When they question his story, he provides an alternate, darker, but more believable recounting of events, in which a sailor and his mother are murdered by a cannibalistic ship's cook, who Pi then kills and eats to survive. The rescuers notice the parallels between the people and the animals, with the zebra representing the sailor, the orangutan representing Pi's mother, the hyena representing the cook, and the tiger representing Pi himself. When Pi points out that neither story is provable and that neither story changes the outcome (the ship has sunk, and his family has died), the rescuers choose to believe the story featuring the animals, because it is a better story.\",\n \"Roar: Tigers of the Sundarbans The film was premiered by Salman Khan at an event in Mumbai on 31 July 2014, ahead an October 31 release. It is an epic tale of a team trying to outsmart the acute senses of the infamous white tiger who is looking for her cub. This film won best visual effects.[1][2][3][4][5][6]\",\n \"Life of Pi Martel has mentioned that a book review he read of Brazilian author Moacyr Scliar's 1981 novella Max and the Cats accounts in part for his novel's premise. Scliar's story describes a Jewish-German refugee crossing the Atlantic Ocean with a jaguar in his boat.[21][22] Scliar said that he was perplexed that Martel \\\"used the idea without consulting or even informing me,\\\" and indicated that he was reviewing the situation before deciding whether to take any action in response.[23][24] After talking with Martel, Scliar elected not to pursue the matter.[25] A dedication to Scliar \\\"for the spark of life\\\" appears in the author's note of Life of Pi. Literary reviews have described the similarities between Life of Pi and Max and the Cats as superficial. Reviewer Peter Yan wrote: \\\"Reading the two books side-by-side, one realizes how inadequate bald plot summaries are in conveying the unique imaginative impact of each book,\\\"[26] and noted that Martel's distinctive narrative structure is not found in Scliar's novella. The themes of the books are also dissimilar, with Max and the Cats being an allegory for Nazism.[27] In Life of Pi, 211 of 354 pages are devoted to Pi's experience in the lifeboat, compared to Max and the Cats, in which 17 of its 99 pages depict time spent in a lifeboat.[27]\",\n \"Life of Pi According to the reviewer Peter Yan,\",\n \"White tiger White tigers appear frequently in literature, video games, television, and comic books. Such examples include the Swedish rock band Kent, which featured a white tiger on the cover of their best-selling album Vapen & ammunition in 2002. This was a tribute to the band's home town Eskilstuna, as the local zoo in town had white tigers from the Hawthorn Circus as its main attraction. The white tiger has also been featured in the video for the song \\\"Human\\\" by the popular American synth-rock band The Killers. White Tiger is also the name of an American glam metal band from the 1980s. In the live action version of Disney's 101 Dalmatians, Cruella de Vil kills a white tiger for its fur. Seto Bagh (or 'White Tiger' in English) is a Nepali language novel by Diamond Shumsher Rana about an encounter with a white tiger. Aravind Adiga's novel The White Tiger won the Man Booker Prize in 2008.[30] The central character and narrator refers to himself as \\\"The White Tiger\\\". It was a nickname given to him as a child to denote that he was unique in the \\\"jungle\\\" (his hometown), that he was smarter than the others.\",\n \"Life of Pi (film) Principal photography for the film began on January 18, 2011 in Puducherry at the Holy Rosary Church in Muthialpet. Filming continued in Puducherry until January 31 and moved to other parts of India, including the popular hill station of Munnar in Kerala, as well as Taiwan. The crew filmed in Taiwan for five and a half months in Taipei Zoo, an airport in Taichung, and Kenting National Park, located in Pingtung County where Lee was born.[26][27] The ocean scenes of the film were shot at a giant wave tank built by the crew in an abandoned airport.[28] The tank is known as the world's largest self-generating wave tank, with a capacity of 1.7 million gallons.[29] With production scheduled to last two and a half months at the tank, cinematographer Claudio Miranda assisted in the tank's design in order to get the most out of it for lighting, explaining, \\\"We knew we were going to be inside there shooting for 2.5 months, so it was worth it to be able to do anything we want. On all these kind of scenes, we had an idea of what the weather would be like. In that tank, I can create storm clouds, nightfall. We had curtains that I can block out [light], doors to open and let in real sunlight,\\\" Miranda says. \\\"So lighting-wise, [the movie] had a big ebb and flow.\\\"[30] After photography was completed in Taiwan, production moved back to India and concluded in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.[19]\",\n \"Life of Pi A few years later in 1977, during the period when Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi declares \\\"The Emergency\\\", Pi's father decides to sell the zoo and immigrate with his wife and sons to Canada.\",\n \"Life of Pi Having read about these events, Yann Martel thought, \\\"So many victimized Richard Parkers had to mean something.\\\"[19][20]\",\n \"Life of Pi Pi is raised as a Hindu who practices vegetarianism. At the age of fourteen, he investigates Christianity and Islam, and decides to become an adherent of all three religions, much to his parents' dismay, saying he \\\"just wants to love God.\\\"[10][11] He tries to understand God through the lens of each religion, and comes to recognize benefits in each one.\",\n \"Masha and the Bear A tiger who is Bear's best friend from their days performing together in the circus.\",\n \"The White Tiger The inspector knows that Balram exceeds everyone else within the “jungle” of his lowly school and town. He says, “In any jungle, what is the rarest of animals – the creature that comes along only once in a generation? The white tiger” (30). Balram calls himself White Tiger permanently after this event. He fully takes on and embodies the life of a white tiger. In Balram’s opinion, “[Slaves] remain slaves because they can’t see what is beautiful in this world” (34). A “white tiger” can never be a slave, because it can see and pursue beauty. “Beauty,” in this case, is the life of financial prosperity and freedom of choice that Balram yearns for. Amidst the other animals in the darkness, amidst the other children in his school and the rest of India trapped in lives of Darkness, all who are unable to see beauty, and who carry with them small bellies, Balram, the “White Tiger,” knows that he must escape any means possible.\",\n \"Life of Pi Some time later, Pi's boat comes ashore on a floating island network of algae and inhabited by hundreds of thousands of meerkats. Soon, Pi and Richard Parker regain strength, but the boy's discovery of the carnivorous nature of the island's plant life forces him to return to the ocean.\",\n \"Life of Pi (film) Canadian child actor Rajiv Surendra, best known at the time for a small part in Mean Girls, was one of the auditioners for the role of Pi. In 2016, he published The Elephants in My Backyard, a memoir of his failed campaign to win the part.[22] In an interview with Deccan Chronicle in 2017, American actor Naren Weiss revealed that he too unsuccessfully auditioned for the role of Pi.[23]\",\n \"Life of Pi Pi recounts various events while adrift in the Pacific Ocean. At his lowest point, exposure renders him blind and unable to catch fish. In a state of delirium, he talks with a marine \\\"echo\\\", which he initially identifies as Richard Parker having gained the ability to speak, but it turns out to be another blind castaway, a Frenchman, who boards the lifeboat with the intention of killing and eating Pi, but is eventually killed by Richard Parker.\",\n \"Life of Pi This novel has also been adapted as a play by Keith Robinson, artistic director of the youth-oriented Twisting Yarn Theatre Company. Andy Rashleigh wrote the adaptation, which was directed by Keith Robinson. The premier/original cast contained only six actors—Tony Hasnath (Pi), Taresh Solanki (Richard Parker), Melody Brown (Mother), Conor Alexander (Father), Sanjay Shalat (Brother) and Mark Pearce (Uncle).[39] The play was produced at the Alhambra Theatre in Bradford, England, in 2003.[40] The company toured England and Ireland with the play in 2004 and 2007.\",\n \"Tiger The tiger (Panthera tigris) is the largest cat species, most recognizable for their pattern of dark vertical stripes on reddish-orange fur with a lighter underside. The species is classified in the genus Panthera with the lion, leopard, jaguar, and snow leopard. Tigers are apex predators, primarily preying on ungulates such as deer and bovids. They are territorial and generally solitary but social animals, often requiring large contiguous areas of habitat that support their prey requirements. This, coupled with the fact that they are indigenous to some of the more densely populated places on Earth, has caused significant conflicts with humans.\",\n \"Felidae Panthera tigris (tiger)\",\n \"The Tiger Rising The Tiger - The tiger is described as a beautiful and poor animal trapped cruelly in a cage where he cannot escape. He paces around in the cage and is fed by Beauchamp and then Rob.\",\n \"Life of Pi (film) In April 2011, it was announced that Tobey Maguire would be joining the film in the role originally referred to as \\\"a reporter.\\\"[24] However, in September 2012, it was announced that Lee had cut Maguire from the film. He justified the cut by stating that he did it \\\"to be consistent with the other casting choices made for the film, I decided to go with an entirely international cast.\\\"[25] Like Shahrukh Khan, Lee described Maguire's presence also as \\\"too jarringly recognizable.\\\" He reshot the scenes with Rafe Spall in the role of the book's actual author.[25]\",\n \"Nandankanan Zoological Park Bengal Tiger at Nandankanan\",\n \"Shere Khan Shere Khan /ˈʃɪər ˈkɑːn/ (Hindi: शेर खान; Urdu: شیر خان ) is a fictional Bengal tiger and the main antagonist of Rudyard Kipling's Jungle Book and its adaptations.[1] According to The Kipling Society, the word Shere (or \\\"shir\\\") translates as \\\"tiger\\\" and Khan is a title of distinction, used together \\\"to show that he is chief among tigers.\\\"[2] Other sources indicate Shere may mean \\\"tiger\\\" or \\\"lion\\\" in Persian, Urdu, and Punjabi, and that Khan translates as \\\"king\\\", or \\\"leader\\\", in a number of languages influenced by the Mongols, including Pashto and Urdu.[3][4][5] The name may have originated from the nickname of the Afghan origin King who once ruled in India, Sher Shah Suri.[6]\",\n \"Nandankanan Zoological Park The Royal Bengal Tiger\",\n \"White tiger Kylie Chan's Dark Heavens series incorporates the four winds of Chinese mythology – including The White Tiger. In Hayate the Combat Butler, Tama, Nagi Sanzenin's pet tiger, is a white tiger. In Colleen Houck's series beginning with the novel Tiger's Curse, one of the main characters, Ren, is shown as a white tiger. In 2013, a white tiger used for an election campaign in Lahore, Pakistan, died of dehydration.[32] A white tiger named Mantecore was used as part of Siegfried & Roy's Siegfried & Roy at the Mirage Resort and Casino magical show. In 2014, Mantecore died at the age of 17 due to illness.\",\n \"Tiger In 1758, Carl Linnaeus described the tiger in his work Systema Naturae and gave it the scientific name Felis tigris.[3] In 1929, the British taxonomist Reginald Innes Pocock subordinated the species under the genus Panthera using the scientific name Panthera tigris.[12][13]\",\n \"Life of Pi (film) —Ang Lee, on the use of water and the spiritual element of Life of Pi, November 17, 2012.[11]\",\n \"Tiger Tigers are among the most recognisable and popular of the world's charismatic megafauna. They have featured prominently in ancient mythology and folklore, and continue to be depicted in modern films and literature. They appear on many flags, coats of arms, and as mascots for sporting teams. The tiger is the national animal of Bangladesh, India, Malaysia and South Korea.\",\n \"Orange (colour) A Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris tigris)\",\n \"Chessington World of Adventures Sumatran tiger 2010\",\n \"Life of Pi (film) A. O. Scott of The New York Times was critical of the film's narrative frame, arguing that \\\"the movie invites you to believe in all kinds of marvelous things, but it also may cause you to doubt what you see with your own eyes – or even to wonder if, in the end, you have seen anything at all.\\\" Scott further criticized the film for repressing the darker themes of the tale.[80] Nick Schager of The Village Voice also panned the film stating \\\"A stacked-deck theological inquiry filtered through a Titanic-by-way-of–Slumdog Millionaire narrative, Life of Pi manages occasional spiritual wonder through its 3-D visuals but otherwise sinks like a stone.\\\"[81] Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian gave the film 2 out of 5 stars, and states \\\"despite some lovely images and those eyepopping effects, it is a shallow and self-important shaggy-dog story – or shaggy-tiger story [....] It deserves every technical prize going.\\\"[82]\",\n \"Life of Pi (film) In Canada, novelist Yann Martel meets Pi Patel; Martel has been told that Pi's life story would be a good subject for a book. Pi tells his story to Yann:\",\n \"Tiger The Middle English tigre and the Old English tigras (a plural word) were both used for the animal.[10] These derive from the Old French tigre, itself a derivative of the Latin word tigris. The original source may have been the Persian tigra meaning pointed or sharp and the Avestan tigrhi meaning an arrow, perhaps referring to the speed with which a tiger launches itself at its prey.[11]\",\n \"Eugène Delacroix A Young Tiger Playing with its Mother, 1830\",\n \"The Tiger Rising Beauchamp - Owner of the Kentucky Star motel, the woods behind the motel, and the tiger.\",\n \"Saroj Raj Choudhury 1974 was a landmark year in Choudhury's life when the Kharia tribals brought a female tiger cub found near the Khairi river.[12] He took the cub into his care and converted his quarters at Jashipur in such a way to accommodate the wild animal. The cub, named Khairi after the river he was found from, remained with Choudhury for number of years even after it was full grown.[10] He also reared several other wild animals at his residence such as a crocodile, a bear cub named Jumbu, a blind hyena called Baina and a mongoose, all of them roamed free in his courtyard.[13]\",\n \"Life of Pi (film) Despite the Oscar for Best Visual Effects at the 2013 Academy Awards, Rhythm & Hues Studios (who provided most of the visual effects for the film) was forced to file for bankruptcy on February 11, 2013, citing unfair competition from subsidized and tax exempt foreign studios.[86] This sparked a demonstration of nearly 500 VFX artists who protested outside the 2013 Academy Awards.[87] Inside, during the Oscars, when R&H visual effects supervisor Bill Westenhofer brought up R&H during his acceptance speech for Life of Pi, the microphone was cut off.[88] This started an uproar among many visual effects industry professionals, changing profile pictures on social media such as Facebook and Twitter to show the green key colour, in order to raise awareness for what is happening to the effects industry.[89] In addition, director Ang Lee was criticized by the protest leader for his failure to thank the effect industry, \\\"Ang thanked the crew, the actors, his agent, his lawyer and the entire population of Taiwan right down to the team that built the wave-pool on the soundstage where Pi was shot, but failed to mention hundreds of artists who made not only the main character of the tiger, but replaced that pool, making it look like a real ocean for 80% of his movie.\\\"[90] He was also criticized for earlier complaining about the costs of visual effects.[90][91] In February 2014, Christina Lee Storm and Scott Leberecht released the documentary Life After Pi to YouTube.[92] The documentary details the role Rhythm & Hues played in Life of Pi as well as the consequent bankruptcy. Bill Westenhofer also discusses his experience at the Oscars as he accepted a Visual Effects award for Rhythm & Hues' work on Life of Pi.[93][94][95][96]\",\n \"Bengal tiger Today, the tiger is the national animal of India. Bangladeshi banknotes feature a tiger. The political party Muslim League of Pakistan uses the tiger as its election symbol.[120]\",\n \"Tiger In Buddhism, the tiger is one of the Three Senseless Creatures, symbolising anger, with the monkey representing greed and the deer lovesickness.[193] The Tungusic peoples considered the Siberian tiger a near-deity and often referred to it as \\\"Grandfather\\\" or \\\"Old man\\\". The Udege and Nanai called it \\\"Amba\\\". The Manchu considered the Siberian tiger as \\\"Hu Lin,\\\" the king.[72] In Hinduism, the god Shiva wears and sits on tiger skin.[196] The ten-armed warrior goddess Durga rides the tigress (or lioness) Damon into battle. In southern India the god Ayyappan was associated with a tiger.[197]\",\n \"Life of Pi The French translation L'Histoire de Pi was chosen in the French CBC version of the contest Le combat des livres, where it was championed by Louise Forestier.[7] The novel won the 2003 Boeke Prize, a South African novel award. In 2004, it won the Asian/Pacific American Award for Literature in Best Adult Fiction for years 2001–2003.[8] In 2012 it was adapted into a feature film directed by Ang Lee with a screenplay by David Magee.\",\n \"Wildlife of India Royal Bengal tiger\",\n \"The White Tiger Throughout the book, there are references to how Balram is very different from those back in his home environment. He is referred to as the \\\"white tiger\\\"[9] (which also happens to be the title of the book). A white tiger symbolizes power in East Asian cultures,[10] such as in Vietnam. It is also a symbol for freedom and individuality. Balram is seen as different from those he grew up with. He is the one who got out of the \\\"Darkness\\\" and found his way into the \\\"Light\\\".\",\n \"Bengal tiger Tipu Sultan, who ruled Mysore in late 18th-century India, was also a great admirer of the animal. The famed 18th-century automaton, Tipu's Tiger was also created for him.[121] In India, tiger has also found a place of prestige even in Vedic literatures. It has been celebrated in Hindu consciousness from time immemorial as the divine vehicle of the Goddess of Power, Durga or Shakti. The animal has been chosen by the Reserve Bank of India as its emblem and Indian currency notes carry its portrait.[122]\",\n \"The Tiger Rising Rob Horton is 12 years old and lives with his father in a Florida motel called the Kentucky Star. His father (named Robert), and Rob have recently moved to Lister, Florida, after the death of Rob’s mother, Caroline. Rob is quiet and often is bullied at school. Things begin to change when Rob discovers a tiger in the forest (locked up in a cage) while wandering the woods. He then meets a girl named Sistine Bailey who has recently moved nearby. Rob shows Sistine the tiger. Rob, who usually keeps his feelings locked away begins to involuntarily open up emotionally to Sistine. Though Sistine insists on letting the tiger go, Rob is wary of what will happen to it if he does. Rob finally relents and releases the tiger, letting it run into the woods. However, just moments later, Rob's father shoots the tiger dead. At the tiger's funeral, Sistine recites a part of William Blake's The Tyger. Rob and his father confront their unresolved feelings about Rob's mother and Rob begins looking forward to going to school with Sistine.\",\n \"The White Tiger Balram faints for a second time when he goes to the zoo. He sees the White Tiger trapped in the cage and realizes that he sees himself: “[The tiger] was hypnotizing himself by walking like this - that was the way he could tolerate this cage” (237). Balram’s current predicament of servitude serves as his own cage. Balram was “hypnotizing himself” by buying into his life of servitude. He wholeheartedly embraced his master, with whom he treated with great love, to distract himself from the fact that he was living in a life that he and his father wanted so desperately for him to break free of. “All at once, the tiger vanished” (237). When Balram sees himself in that cage, he has an epiphany. Up to this point, he had never seriously considered rebelling against or killing Ashok. But the tiger vanishes from the cage because, at that moment, the caged version of Balram ceased to exist. A changed man, he realizes that he must kill Ashok to become his own man and enter into a life of Light.\",\n \"Life of Pi (film) The lead visual effects company for Life of Pi was Rhythm & Hues Studios (R&H). 3D effects for the film were created by a team of R&H artists in Los Angeles, Mumbai, Hyderabad, Kuala Lumpur, Vancouver and Kaohsiung.[31][32][33][34][35][36]\",\n \"Life of Pi (film) The following October, Fox 2000 announced a partnership with M. Night Shyamalan to direct the film. Shyamalan was attracted to the novel particularly because its main character also comes from Pondicherry in India. The partners anticipated for Shyamalan to direct the film adaptation after completing The Village. He also replaced Georgaris as the screenwriter, writing a new screenplay for the film.[13] Ultimately, Shyamalan chose to film Lady in the Water after The Village; he said later, \\\"I was hesitant [to direct] because the book has kind of a twist ending. And I was concerned that as soon as you put my name on it, everybody would have a different experience.\\\"[14]\",\n \"Roar: Tigers of the Sundarbans Roar was shot in the dense mangrove forest showcasing the animal-man conflict and the film has aerial visuals of the Sundarbans and over 800 shots with special effects. Director Kamal Sadanah said \\\"We spent four months doing the test shoots and we shot with trained tigers from Los Angeles and Thailand and composited these sequences with the ones taken at Sundarbans with VFX\\\". He concluded saying that he had to take up an online course in visual effects along with his producer Abis Rizvi.[7]\",\n \"Bengal Tiger (2015 film) Ravi Teja played the role of Akash Narayan, an aimless youth with a master's degree in computers, whose reckless life changes after facing an insult.[14] Tamannaah, the female lead of Nandi's Racha (2012), was signed as one of the two female leads[15] as Ravi Teja was keen on working with her.[5] Impressed with her performance in Jil, Nandi approached Rashi Khanna to play the role of the other female lead.[16] Khanna stated that she and Tamannaah have roles of equal importance in the film.[13] Regarding her role, Khanna said that she would play an \\\"intelligent girl\\\" and shed weight for the same. She added that her subplot in the film, which explores the relationship she shares with her father (played by Rao Ramesh), has its \\\"own importance in the overall scheme of things\\\".[17] Boman Irani was cast for a crucial supporting role.[18]\",\n \"Bengal tiger George Schaller wrote:[93]\",\n \"Life of Pi The novel is a work of fiction set in the summer of 1977 that draws on places and historical events in India. The Patel Family's discussions of the political situation refer to the Emergency period of the mid-1970s, when Indira Gandhi's administration ruled by decree, curtailed press freedoms, and imprisoned political opponents. Pondicherry is a former French colony in India. It does have an Indian Coffee House and Botanical Gardens. The Botanical Garden had a zoo in 1977 but did not have any animals bigger than a deer. Munnar, the destination for the Patel family's vacation, is a small but popular hill station in Kerala. Madurai, also referenced in the novel, is a popular tourist and pilgrimage site in Tamil Nadu.\",\n \"Tiger The Hindu goddess Durga riding a tiger. Guler school, early 18th century.\",\n \"Life of Pi (film) Yann Martel, the author of the novel on which the film is based, found the film to be a \\\"delightful\\\" adaptation, saying,\",\n \"Life of Pi Life of Pi, according to Yann Martel, can be summarized in three statements: \\\"Life is a story... You can choose your story... A story with God is the better story.\\\"[12] A recurring theme throughout the novel seems to be believability. Pi at the end of the book asks the two investigators \\\"If you stumble at mere believability, what are you living for?\\\"[13] According to Gordon Houser there are two main themes of the book: \\\"that all life is interdependent, and that we live and breathe via belief.\\\"[14]\",\n \"Life of Pi (film) Richard Corliss of Time selected the film as the third-best movie of 2012, as well as calling it the next Avatar.[83]\",\n \"Tiger Tigris striatus Severtzov, 1858\",\n \"Life of Pi The third part of the novel describes a conversation between Pi and two officials from the Japanese Ministry of Transport, who are conducting an inquiry into the shipwreck. They meet him at the hospital in Mexico where he is recovering. Pi tells them his tale, but the officials reject it as unbelievable. Pi then offers them a second story in which he is adrift on a lifeboat not with zoo animals, but with the ship's cook, a Taiwanese sailor with a broken leg, and his own mother. The cook amputates the sailor's leg for use as fishing bait, then kills the sailor himself as well as Pi's mother for food, and soon he is killed by Pi, who dines on him.\",\n \"Bagheera Bagheera (Hindi: बघीरा; Urdu: بگھیرا Baghīrā/Bagīdah) is a fictional character in Rudyard Kipling's Mowgli stories in the Jungle Book (coll. 1894) and the Second Jungle Book (coll. 1895). He is a black panther (melanistic Indian leopard) who serves as friend, protector and mentor to the \\\"man-cub\\\" Mowgli. The word bagheera is Hindi/Urdu for black panther-- although the root word bagh means tiger. Shere Khan’s name translates loosely as being a great king, presumably of the jungle, but makes no mention of the animal name “tiger.” Perhaps because Bagheera declares himself to be stronger and more vicious even than the infamous tiger, he feels entitled to the name of Bagheera while Shere Khan is mocked, in Kipling’s original work, as Lungri or “the lame one.”\",\n \"Life of Pi (film) In February 2009, Fox 2000 Pictures hired Ang Lee to direct the film.[17] In May 2010, Lee and the producer Gil Netter proposed a reported budget of US$120 million, at which the studio balked, placing the project's development on hold for a short time.[12] David Magee was hired to write the screenplay, as Lee began to spend several months looking for someone to cast as Pi. Lee stated that water was a major inspiration behind making the film in 3-D: \\\"I thought this was a pretty impossible movie to make technically. It's so expensive for what it is. You sort of have to disguise a philosophical book as an adventure story. I thought of 3-D half a year before 'Avatar' was on the screen. I thought water, with its transparency and reflection, the way it comes out to you in 3-D, would create a new theatrical experience and maybe the audience or the studio would open up their minds a little bit to accept something different.\\\"[11] Following the premiere of the film, Lee stated that his desire to take risks and chances helped with his direction, saying \\\"In a strange way it did feel like we're the vessels, we have to surrender to movie god. We have to let things happen. I just had this feeling, I'll follow this kid to wherever this movie takes me. I saw the movie start to unravel in front of me.\\\"[18]\",\n \"Tigon At the Alipore Zoo in India, a female tigon named Rudhrani, born in 1971, was successfully mated to an Asiatic lion named Debabrata. The rare, second generation hybrid was called a litigon. Rudhrani produced seven litigons in her lifetime. Some of these reached impressive sizes—a litigon named Cubanacan weighed at least 363 kilograms (800 lb), stood 1.32 metres (4.3 ft) at the shoulder, and was 3.5 metres (11 ft) in total length.[5]\",\n \"Bengal tiger The Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) is the most numerous tiger population. By 2011, the total population was estimated at fewer than 2,500 individuals with a decreasing trend. None of the Tiger Conservation Landscapes within the Bengal tiger's range is considered large enough to support an effective population size of 250 adult individuals. Since 2010, it is listed as Endangered on the IUCN Red List.[1] An example of charismatic megafauna, the Bengal tiger is the most familiar tiger subspecies, as well as the largest in the wilderness,[3][4] ranking with the Caspian and Siberian tigers among the biggest cats that ever lived.[5][2]\",\n \"Bengal tiger Notable Bengal tigers include the man-eating Tiger of Segur,[112] Tigers of Chowgarh,[113] Tiger of Mundachipallam,[114] Chuka man-eating tiger and Thak man-eater.[115]\",\n \"Life of Pi (film) According to French journalist Marjolaine Gout, the movie is \\\"a philosophical tale where Noah's Ark metamorphoses into 'The Raft of the Medusa'\\\". She adds that it is \\\"a visual masterpiece\\\" in which \\\"Ang Lee proves, once again, his talent as a universal storyteller\\\". She also writes about the visual poetry of the movie reminding viewers of the works of classical painters and the symbolic of kolams. The film got 8 out of 10 stars, the readers gave 7 stars.[78]\",\n \"Book of Imaginary Beings The Tigers of AnnamÂ\",\n \"The Tiger: An Old Hunter's Tale In Japanese-occupied Korea in 1925, Chun Man-duk, a revered hunter, lives with his teenage son, Seok, in a hut near Mount Jirisan. Following a tragic accident in which he killed his beloved wife, he has retired his rifle and become a humble herb gatherer limping amongst his cherished mountains. The Japanese governor-general overseeing the occupation gathers tiger pelts as a hobby of seeming cultural dominance, and soon becomes obsessed with killing possibly the last remaining tiger in Korea, an enormous one-eyed male that lives on the mountain and has killed scores of hunters. The tiger is known locally in hushed tones as Mountain Lord, and locals fear its demise will bring wolves and boars return because of its absence. Gu-kyung is the resolute but ruthless leader of a band of Korean hunters that attempt to track and kill the tiger for the bounty, including by killing its mate and two cubs and using them for bait. Eventually, we learn that Man-duk mortally wounded the tiger's mother when she leapt at him near her kill of an escaped barnyard animal during a winter of privation. He saved the nearby one-eyed cub and its sibling by intervening against the more junior hunter Gu-kyung, who delivered the killing shot on their mother. He told them to leave them to their fate. It is revealed that he secretly relocated them to a safe den, though the sibling soon died. Seok loves a girl in town, and secretly joins one of Gu-kyung's hunts in aspiration of earning a bounty sufficient to convince her father to allow them to marry; during the hunt, Seok wounds the tiger, but is himself mortally wounded. After several failures, mounting hunter deaths, and facing deepening winter, soldiers of the Japanese army are dispatched to participate in escalating efforts to find and kill the tiger, and several attempts are made to enlist Man-duk to facilitate the hunt, all of which he resolutely resists. However, following Seok's death and the wounding of the great beast, hunter and tiger, now both bereft of mates and offspring, each tread fatefully toward the snow-blasted mountain top, with the bounty hunters and army in close pursuit. Man-duk reaches the top of the mountain and waits for the tiger. Soon following, the tiger appears. Man-duk and the tiger then seem the fight, with the former injuring the tiger. Man-duk provokes the tiger, asking why he \\\"stopped\\\", and proceeds to take out a knife at the mountain's edge. The tiger pounces at him, and they both fall off the mountain together. The governor-general of the Japanese army asks the hunters what happened after the incident, and they relate to him a story about the Mountain Lord becoming a god. The governor-general comes to the conclusion that his army is unable to fight during the looming winter and has decided to withdraw until the next spring. The film ends with flashbacks of Man-duk's and the tiger's early lives, where it then returns to the present where, showing their lifeless bodies near each other as the snow falls on them.\",\n \"Life of Pi (film) Artist Abdul Rahman in the Malaysian branch underscored the global nature of the effects process, saying that \\\"the special thing about Life of Pi is that it was the first time we did something called remote rendering, where we engaged our cloud infrastructure in Taiwan called CAVE (Cloud Animation and Visual Effects).\\\"[43]\",\n \"Tiger The tiger is an endangered species. Poaching for fur and body parts and destruction of habitat have simultaneously greatly reduced tiger populations in the wild. Major reasons for population decline include habitat destruction, habitat fragmentation and poaching.[1]\",\n \"Life of Pi (film) The film has been described as containing a \\\"subtle, artistic warning\\\" about the dangers of increased anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions and ocean acidification, the acidic island Pi and Richard Parker encounter being compared to Castello Aragonese in the Tyrrhenian Sea near Naples and Richard Parker's final dismissive departure representing the \\\"not too pleasant face of Gaia (see Gaia hypothesis).\\\"[84]\",\n \"White tiger Because of the extreme rarity of the white tiger allele in the wild,[8] the breeding pool was limited to the small number of white tigers in captivity. According to Kailash Sankhala, the last white tiger ever seen in the wild was shot in 1958.[8][21][22] Today there is a large number of white tigers in captivity. A white Amur tiger may have been born at Center Hill and has given rise to a strain of white Amur tigers. A man named Robert Baudy realized that his tigers had white genes when a tiger he sold to Marwell Zoo in England developed white spots, and bred them accordingly.[23] The Lowry Park Zoo in Tampa Bay has four of these white Amur tigers, descended from Robert Baudy's stock.\",\n \"Maharashtra Indian Tigers at Tadoba Tiger reserve\",\n \"Tiger A dominant tigress they called Padmini killed a 250 kg (550 lb) male nilgai – a very large antelope. They found her at the kill just after dawn with her three 14-month-old cubs and they watched uninterrupted for the next ten hours. During this period the family was joined by two adult females and one adult male, all offspring from Padmini's previous litters, and by two unrelated tigers, one female the other unidentified. By three o'clock there were no fewer than nine tigers round the kill.[89]\",\n \"Tiger A dominant cub emerges in most litters, usually a male.[122] This cub is more active than its siblings and takes the lead in their play, eventually leaving its mother and becoming independent earlier. The cubs open their eyes at six to fourteen days old. By eight weeks, the cubs make short ventures outside the den with their mother, although they do not travel with her as she roams her territory until they are older. The cubs are nursed for three to six months. Around the time they are weaned, they start to accompany their mother on territorial walks and they are taught how to hunt. The cubs often become capable (and nearly adult size) hunters at eleven months old. The cubs become independent around eighteen months of age, but it is not until they are around two to two and a half years old that they fully separate from their mother. Females reach sexual maturity at three to four years, whereas males do so at four to five years. The oldest recorded captive tiger lived for 26 years. A wild specimen, having no natural predators, could in theory live to a comparable age.[85]\",\n \"Life of Pi (film) I'm happy it works so well as a film. Even if the ending is not as ambiguous as the book's, the possibility that there might be another version of Pi's story comes at you unexpectedly and raises the same important questions about truth, perception and belief.[79]\",\n \"Liger Other big cat hybrids can reach similar sizes; the litigon, a rare hybrid of a male lion and a female tigon, is roughly the same size as the liger, with a male named Cubanacan (at the Alipore Zoo in India) reaching 363 kg (800 lb).[12] The extreme rarity of these second-generation hybrids may make it difficult to ascertain whether they are larger or smaller, on average than the liger.\"\n]","isConversational":false},"gt_docs":{"kind":"list like","value":["Life of Pi Life of Pi is a Canadian fantasy adventure novel by Yann Martel published in 2001. The protagonist is Piscine Molitor \"Pi\" Patel, an Indian boy from Pondicherry who explores issues of spirituality and practicality from an early age. He survives 227 days after a shipwreck while stranded on a lifeboat in the Pacific Ocean with a Bengal tiger named Richard Parker."],"string":"[\n \"Life of Pi Life of Pi is a Canadian fantasy adventure novel by Yann Martel published in 2001. The protagonist is Piscine Molitor \\\"Pi\\\" Patel, an Indian boy from Pondicherry who explores issues of spirituality and practicality from an early age. He survives 227 days after a shipwreck while stranded on a lifeboat in the Pacific Ocean with a Bengal tiger named Richard Parker.\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":294,"cells":{"_id":{"kind":"string","value":"test153"},"query":{"kind":"string","value":"when did 10 shilling note go out of circulation"},"gt_ids":{"kind":"list like","value":["doc5633","doc5636"],"string":"[\n \"doc5633\",\n \"doc5636\"\n]","isConversational":false},"gt_qrels":{"kind":"list like","value":[1,1],"string":"[\n 1,\n 1\n]","isConversational":false},"candidate_ids":{"kind":"list like","value":["doc5636","doc835021","doc5634","doc5633","doc835014","doc5635","doc763183","doc360043","doc494485","doc158993","doc835029","doc1003687","doc763181","doc835018","doc1743309","doc977634","doc1794219","doc605668","doc1217169","doc158999","doc494481","doc1018285","doc835023","doc158934","doc1217168","doc1304344","doc153494","doc835036","doc977622","doc158998","doc1003681","doc1304337","doc605671","doc1827965","doc2479916","doc11545","doc1827908","doc1659282","doc1186520","doc835025","doc1659285","doc763186","doc763182","doc887931","doc1937572","doc1015018","doc1003686","doc1786848","doc977623","doc835039","doc605673","doc5637","doc977629","doc1163891","doc1659288","doc605674","doc1266118","doc835019","doc605681","doc977641","doc1751637","doc360700","doc763184","doc1743296","doc159002","doc1827876","doc763185","doc835026","doc1267373","doc671700","doc466847","doc2330024","doc254819","doc254807","doc1976944","doc605647","doc57966","doc835033","doc57965","doc494483","doc835031","doc494482","doc667003","doc1217153","doc835016","doc605672","doc158991","doc1659287","doc835024","doc2559380","doc2229078","doc1050643","doc605662","doc1267375","doc360041","doc605638","doc1217151","doc2479915","doc2559382","doc2616658"],"string":"[\n \"doc5636\",\n \"doc835021\",\n \"doc5634\",\n \"doc5633\",\n \"doc835014\",\n \"doc5635\",\n \"doc763183\",\n \"doc360043\",\n \"doc494485\",\n \"doc158993\",\n \"doc835029\",\n \"doc1003687\",\n \"doc763181\",\n \"doc835018\",\n \"doc1743309\",\n \"doc977634\",\n \"doc1794219\",\n \"doc605668\",\n \"doc1217169\",\n \"doc158999\",\n \"doc494481\",\n \"doc1018285\",\n \"doc835023\",\n \"doc158934\",\n \"doc1217168\",\n \"doc1304344\",\n \"doc153494\",\n \"doc835036\",\n \"doc977622\",\n \"doc158998\",\n \"doc1003681\",\n \"doc1304337\",\n \"doc605671\",\n \"doc1827965\",\n \"doc2479916\",\n \"doc11545\",\n \"doc1827908\",\n \"doc1659282\",\n \"doc1186520\",\n \"doc835025\",\n \"doc1659285\",\n \"doc763186\",\n \"doc763182\",\n \"doc887931\",\n \"doc1937572\",\n \"doc1015018\",\n \"doc1003686\",\n \"doc1786848\",\n \"doc977623\",\n \"doc835039\",\n \"doc605673\",\n \"doc5637\",\n \"doc977629\",\n \"doc1163891\",\n \"doc1659288\",\n \"doc605674\",\n \"doc1266118\",\n \"doc835019\",\n \"doc605681\",\n \"doc977641\",\n \"doc1751637\",\n \"doc360700\",\n \"doc763184\",\n \"doc1743296\",\n \"doc159002\",\n \"doc1827876\",\n \"doc763185\",\n \"doc835026\",\n \"doc1267373\",\n \"doc671700\",\n \"doc466847\",\n \"doc2330024\",\n \"doc254819\",\n \"doc254807\",\n \"doc1976944\",\n \"doc605647\",\n \"doc57966\",\n \"doc835033\",\n \"doc57965\",\n \"doc494483\",\n \"doc835031\",\n \"doc494482\",\n \"doc667003\",\n \"doc1217153\",\n \"doc835016\",\n \"doc605672\",\n \"doc158991\",\n \"doc1659287\",\n \"doc835024\",\n \"doc2559380\",\n \"doc2229078\",\n \"doc1050643\",\n \"doc605662\",\n \"doc1267375\",\n \"doc360041\",\n \"doc605638\",\n \"doc1217151\",\n \"doc2479915\",\n \"doc2559382\",\n \"doc2616658\"\n]","isConversational":false},"candidate_docs":{"kind":"list like","value":["Bank of England 10s note A new design for ten-shilling notes was introduced in 1961, with the old notes ceasing to be legal tender in 1962. These new series C notes were slightly longer and narrower, and were the first ten-shilling notes to feature a portrait of Queen Elizabeth II on the front. The reverse design incorporated the logo of the Bank of England.[1] In the late 1960s it was decided that future banknotes should feature a British historical figure on the reverse. The first such note was the series D £20 note, first issued in 1970, featuring William Shakespeare. A design for a ten-shilling note featuring Walter Raleigh on the reverse was approved in 1964 but was never issued.[3] Instead, in 1969, as part of the process of decimalisation, a new fifty pence coin was introduced as a replacement for the ten-shilling note. The principal reason for the change was economy: the notes had an average lifetime of about five months whereas coins could last at least fifty years.[4] The series C ten shilling notes ceased to be legal tender on 22 November 1970.[1]","Bank of England note issues The Bank of England's first ten-shilling (10/-) note was issued on 22 November 1928. This note featured a vignette of Britannia, a feature of the Bank's notes since 1694. The predominant colour was red-brown. Unlike previous notes it, and the contemporaneous £1 note, were not dated but are instead identified by the signature of the Chief Cashier of the time. In 1940 a metal security thread was introduced, and the colour of the note was changed to mauve for the duration of the war. The original design of the note was replaced by the Series C design on 12 October 1961, when Queen Elizabeth II agreed to allow the use of her portrait on the notes. As part of the planned Series D, which introduced historical figures, a new 10/- note was planned that featured Sir Walter Raleigh, which would be converted to a 50p note upon decimalisation. However, given the estimated lifespan of the note, it was decided to replace the 10/- note with the 50p coin.[17] The ten-shilling note was withdrawn from circulation on 20 November 1970 following the introduction on 14 October 1969 of the fifty pence coin.[24]","Bank of England 10s note In the 18th and 19th centuries, banknotes were handwritten or part-printed and could be exchanged, in whole or in part, for an equivalent amount of gold when presented at the bank. During the First World War the British Government wanted to maintain its stocks of bullion and so banks were ordered to stop exchanging banknotes for gold. One pound and 10 shilling notes were introduced by the Treasury in lieu of gold sovereigns. These notes were nicknamed \"Bradburys\" because of the prominent signature of Sir John Bradbury, Permanent Secretary to the Treasury displayed on the notes.[1] Britain returned to the gold standard in 1925, but the Bank of England was only obliged to exchange notes for gold in multiples of 400 ounces or more[clarification needed][\"or more\" contradicts \"multiples\". And were these troy ounces?]. The responsibility for the printing of ten-shilling notes was transferred to the Bank of England in 1928, and the right to redeem banknotes for gold ceased in 1931 when Britain stopped using the gold standard.[2]","Bank of England 10s note The Bank of England 10s note was a banknote of the pound sterling. Ten shillings in pre-decimal money (written 10s or 10/-) was equivalent to half of one pound. The ten-shilling note was the smallest denomination note ever issued by the Bank of England. The note was issued by the Bank of England for the first time in 1928 and continued to be printed until 1969. The note ceased to be legal tender in 1970 and was removed in favour of the fifty pence coin.","Bank of England note issues With the passing of the Bank Notes Act 1833, Bank of England notes over £5 in value were first given the status of \"legal tender\" in England and Wales, effectively guaranteeing the worth of the Bank's notes and ensuring public confidence in the notes in times of crisis or war.[23] The Currency and Bank Notes Act 1954 extended the definition of legal tender to ten shilling and £1 notes; unlike the 1833 Act, this law also applied to Scotland, meaning that English notes under £5 were classed as legal tender. The Bank of England ten-shilling note was withdrawn in 1969 and the £1 was removed from circulation in 1988,[24] leaving a legal curiosity in Scots law whereby there is now no paper legal tender in Scotland.[25] (Scottish notes were not included in the 1833 or 1954 Acts.)","Bank of England 10s note The first Bank of England ten-shilling notes were two-sided, red, printed banknotes featuring the declaration \"I promise to pay the bearer on demand the sum of ten shillings\" on the front. This declaration remains on Bank of England banknotes to this day. In 1940, during the Second World War, ten-shilling notes were issued in a new mauve and grey colour scheme in order to deter counterfeiters, although the design remained the same. At the same time, a metallic thread running through the paper was introduced as a security feature. After the war ten-shilling notes were issued in their original red colour. The earliest post-World War II notes did not have the metallic thread security feature, but those issued from October 1948 onward did.[1]","Bank of England £10 note The ability to redeem banknotes for gold ceased in 1931 when Britain stopped using the gold standard.[2] The £10 note ceased to be produced by the Bank of England in 1943, and it was not until 1964 with the advent of the series C notes that the denomination was re-introduced. These brown notes were the first £10 notes to feature an image of the monarch on the front, and unlike the previous 'White' notes they had a reverse; in this case featuring a lion. The C series was replaced by the D series beginning in 1975, with the new notes having a portrait of Florence Nightingale on the back. The tradition of portraying historical British figures on the reverse continued with the E series, first issued in 1992, with an image of Charles Dickens appearing. Series E notes are multicoloured, although they are predominantly orange-brown. From series E onward Bank of England £10 notes feature 'windowed' metal thread; this thread appears as a dashed line, yet forms a single line when held up to the light.[3]","Bank of England Treasury notes were issued until 1928, when the Currency and Bank Notes Act 1928 returned note-issuing powers to the banks.[53] The Bank of England issued notes for ten shillings and one pound for the first time on 22 November 1928.","Bank of England £1 note A new design for one pound notes was introduced in 1960, with the old notes ceasing to be legal tender in 1962. These new series C notes were slightly narrower, and were the first one-pound notes to feature a portrait of Queen Elizabeth II on the front. The reverse design incorporated the logo of the Bank of England. Series C notes were replaced by the series D notes from 1978 onward. These slightly smaller notes featured an entirely new design with Queen Elizabeth II on the front and scientist Isaac Newton on the back. The note was redesigned slightly in 1981 to feature brighter background colours.[2] Following a consultation with retailers and other groups it was announced on 31 July 1981 that the one pound note would be replaced by a one pound coin. Part of the reason for this change was that notes, on average, lasted only nine months in general circulation, while coins could last forty years or more. The government also believed that the growing vending industry would benefit from the introduction of a one-pound coin. The new cupro-nickel coin was introduced on 21 April 1983 and the one pound note ceased to be legal tender on 11 March 1988.[2][3] Bank of England £1 notes are still occasionally found in circulation in Scotland, alongside Royal Bank of Scotland £1 notes. This is because Scotland has no concept of Legal Tender, and any Sterling bank note, of any age, may be used provided the trader is content to accept it. The Bank of England will exchange old £1 notes for their face value in perpetuity.","Pound sterling At present, the oldest circulating coins in the UK are the 1p and 2p copper coins introduced in 1971. No other coins from before 1982 are in circulation. Prior to the demonetisation of the larger 10p in 1993, the oldest circulating coins had usually dated from 1947: although older coins (shilling; florin, sixpence to 1980) were still legal tender, inflation meant that their silver content was worth more than their face value, which meant that they tended to be removed from circulation. Before decimalisation in 1971, a handful of change might have contained coins 100 or more years old, bearing any of five monarchs' heads, especially in the copper coins.","Bank of England note issues The first Bank of England £10 note was issued in 1759,[24] when the Seven Years' War caused severe gold shortages. Following the withdrawal of the denomination after the Second World War, it was not reintroduced until 21 February 1964 when a new brown-coloured note was issued in the Series C design. The Series C note was withdrawn on 31 May 1979.","Shilling (British coin) Beginning with Lord Wrottesley's proposals in the 1820s there were various attempts to decimalise the pound sterling over the next century and a half.[13][14] These attempts came to nothing significant until the 1960s when the need for a currency more suited to simple monetary calculations became pressing. The decision to decimalise was announced in 1966, with the pound to be redivided into 100, rather than 240, pence.[15] Decimal Day was set for 15 February 1971, and a whole range of new coins were introduced. Shillings continued to be legal tender with a value of 5 new pence until 31 December 1990.[16]","Bank of England £10 note The Bank of England £10 note, also known as a tenner, is a banknote of the pound sterling. It is the second-lowest denomination of banknote issued by the Bank of England. The current polymer note, first issued in 2017, bears the image of Queen Elizabeth II on the obverse and the image of author Jane Austen on the reverse. The final cotton paper note featuring a portrait of naturalist Charles Darwin, first issued in 2000, was withdrawn from circulation on 1 March 2018.[1]","Bank of England note issues The Bank's first issue of ten-shilling and £1 notes in the 20th century was on 22 November 1928 when the Bank took over responsibility for these denominations from the Treasury. The Treasury had issued notes of these denominations three days after the declaration of war in 1914 in order to supplant the sovereign and half-sovereign and remove gold coins from circulation. The notes issued by the Bank in 1928 were the first coloured banknotes and also the first notes to be printed on both sides.","Manx pound The Isle of Man Government Notes Act revoked the banks' licences to issue banknotes as of 31 July 1961.[8] The Isle of Man Government started to issue its own notes, in denominations of 10 shillings, £1 and £5, on 3 July 1961. In 1969, the 10 s. note was replaced by a 50 pence note in the build-up to decimalisation. £20 notes were introduced in 1979. A polymer £1 note was introduced in 1983 but discontinued in 1988. A £50 note was also introduced in 1983. The 50 pence banknote was withdrawn in 1989. Legal tender status (the IOM's definition of which is akin to the UK) of the 10 shilling, 50p and £1 polymer notes continued until 31 October 2013, and these notes remained in circulation (albeit rarely seen) until this date, after which they remain exchangeable at branches of the Isle of Man Bank.[9]","Decimal Day Shillings and florins, together with their same-sized 5p and 10p coin equivalents, co-existed in circulation as valid currency until the early 1990s. In theory this included coins dating back to 1816; in practice the oldest were dated 1947, when these coins stopped containing silver. The coins were withdrawn when smaller 5p and 10p coins were introduced in 1990 and 1992 respectively.","Biafra In 1969 new notes were introduced: £10, £5, £1, 10/- and 5/-.[19]","Banknotes of the pound sterling At the start of the First World War, the government issued £1 and 10-shilling Treasury notes to supplant the sovereign and half-sovereign gold coins. The first coloured banknotes were issued in 1928, and were also the first notes to be printed on both sides. The Second World War saw a reversal in the trend of warfare creating more notes: to combat forgery, higher denomination notes (some as high as £1,000) were removed from circulation.","Florin (British coin) Florins (usually dated 1947 or later) remained in circulation after Decimal Day. In 1987, following a study of the currency, the Thatcher government announced its intent to issue a new ten pence piece, reduced in size.[39] A smaller ten pence piece was issued in 1992, after which the old florin was demonetised on 30 June 1993. The florin, the first decimal coin, was the last coin in general circulation just prior to decimalisation to be withdrawn.[40]","Pound sterling The Bank of England reintroduced £10 notes in 1964. In 1969, the 10/- note was replaced by the 50p coin to prepare for decimalisation. £20 Bank of England notes were reintroduced in 1970, followed by £50 in 1981.[79] A £1 coin was introduced in 1983, and Bank of England £1 notes were withdrawn in 1988. Scottish and Northern Irish banks followed, with only the Royal Bank of Scotland continuing to issue this denomination.","Bank of England £1 note The Bank of England £1 note was a banknote of the pound sterling. After the ten shilling note was withdrawn in 1970 it became the smallest denomination note issued by the Bank of England. The one pound note was issued by the Bank of England for the first time in 1797 and continued to be printed until 1984. The note was withdrawn in 1988 in favour of the one pound coin.","Australian ten-dollar note From 1966–1974 the main title identifying the country was Commonwealth of Australia; there were 470,000,000 notes issued in this period. This was subsequently changed to Australia until the end of issue of paper currency for this denomination in 1993, with 1,265,959,091 of these notes being printed. In the 1988 polymer issue 17,500,000 banknotes were printed and was the new Australia's 10 dollar note.","Bank of England note issues The Bank of England's first £1 note since 1845 was issued on 22 November 1928. This note featured a vignette of Britannia, a feature of the Bank's notes since 1694. The predominant colour was green. Unlike previous notes it, and the contemporaneous ten shilling note, were not dated but are instead identified by the signature of the Chief Cashier of the time. In 1940 a metal security thread was introduced, and the colour of the note was changed to blue and pink for the duration of the war, to combat German counterfeits. The original design of the note was replaced by the Series C design on 17 March 1960, when Queen Elizabeth II agreed to allow the use of her portrait on the notes. The Series C £1 note was withdrawn on 31 May 1979. On 9 February 1978 the Series D design (known as the \"Pictorial Series\") featuring Sir Isaac Newton on the reverse was issued, but following the introduction on 21 April 1983 of the £1 coin, the note was withdrawn from circulation on 11 March 1988.[24]","Pound sterling By the 1950s, coins of Kings George III, George IV and William IV had disappeared from circulation, but coins (at least the penny) bearing the head of any British king or queen from Queen Victoria onwards could be found in circulation. Silver coins were replaced by those in cupro-nickel in 1947, and by the 1960s the silver coins were rarely seen. Silver/cupro-nickel shillings (from any period after 1816) and florins (2 shillings) remained as legal tender after decimalisation (as 5p and 10p respectively) until 1993, but are now officially demonetised.[citation needed]","Florin (British coin) In accordance with the plan for decimalisation of the currency (120 years after this denomination was first introduced in the initial plan to introduce a decimal currency), from 1968 the ten pence coin was introduced of the same size, weight and metal composition as the florin. Thus, the florin ceased to be struck for circulation after the 1967-dated pieces. The new and the old circulated side by side as florins prior to Decimal Day (15 February 1971) and as ten pence pieces after.[39]","Ten pence (British coin) On 30th September 1992 a reduced size version of the 10 pence coin was introduced. The older and larger version of the coin was withdrawn from circulation on 30th June 1993. The design remained unchanged.","One pound (British coin) The original, round £1 coin replaced the Bank of England £1 note, which ceased to be issued at the end of 1984 and was removed from circulation on 11 March 1988, though still redeemable at the Bank's offices, like all English banknotes. One-pound notes continue to be issued in Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man, and by the Royal Bank of Scotland, but the pound coin is much more widely used. A new, dodecagonal (12-sided) design of coin was introduced on 28 March 2017 [4] and both new and old versions of the one pound coin circulated together until the older design was withdrawn from circulation on 15 October 2017. After that date, the older coin could only be redeemed at banks,[5] although some retailers announced they would continue to accept it for a limited time.[6] The original round pound remains legal tender on the Isle of Man.[7]","Bank of England note issues £20 notes, in white, appeared in 1725 and continued to be issued until 1943. They ceased to be legal tender in 1945.[24]","Decimal Day Under the new system, the pound was retained but was divided into 100 new pence, denoted by the symbol p. New coinage was issued alongside the old coins. The 5p and 10p coins were introduced in April 1968 and were the same size, composition, and value as the shilling and two shillings coins in circulation with them. In October 1969 the 50p coin was introduced, with the 10s note withdrawn on 20 November 1970. This reduced the number of new coins that had to be introduced on Decimal Day and meant that the public was already familiar with three of the six new coins. Small booklets were made available containing some or all of the new denominations.","Pound sterling In 1914, the Treasury introduced notes for 10/- and £1 to replace gold coins. These circulated until 1928, when they were replaced by Bank of England notes. Irish independence reduced the number of Irish banks issuing sterling notes to five operating in Northern Ireland. The Second World War had a drastic effect on the note production of the Bank of England. Fearful of mass forgery by the Nazis (see Operation Bernhard), all notes for £10 and above ceased production, leaving the bank to issue only 10/-, £1 and £5 notes. Scottish and Northern Irish issues were unaffected, with issues in denominations of £1, £5, £10, £20, £50 and £100.","Shilling (British coin) The shilling (1/-) was a coin worth one twentieth of a pound sterling, or twelve pence. It was first minted in the reign of Henry VII as the testoon, and became known as the shilling from the Old English scilling,[1] sometime in the mid-sixteenth century, circulating until 1990. The word bob was sometimes used for a monetary value of several shillings, e.g. \"ten bob note\". Following decimalisation on 15 February 1971 the coin had a value of five new pence. It was made from silver from its introduction in or around 1503 until 1947, and thereafter in cupronickel.","Ten pence (British coin) The British decimal ten pence (10p) coin – often pronounced ten pee – is a unit of currency equalling ten one-hundredths of a pound sterling. Its obverse has featured the profile of Queen Elizabeth II since the coin's introduction in 1968, replacing the two shilling coin in preparation for decimalisation in 1971.[1] Four different portraits of the Queen have been used on the coin, with the latest design by Jody Clark being introduced in 2015. The second and current reverse, featuring a segment of the Royal Shield, was introduced in 2008.","Banknotes of the pound sterling In the mid 1960s, shortly after the introduction of Series C, the Bank of England proposed to introduce a new banknote series featuring people from British history. In addition to enhancing the appearance of banknotes, the complexity of the new designs was intended to make counterfeiting harder. The task of designing the new Series D notes was given to the Bank's new in-house designer, Harry Eccleston, who not only designed the notes themselves, but also created three individual portraits of the Queen.[i] It was initially envisaged that all of the denominations of notes then in circulation would be issued under Series D. To that end, a Series D 10 shilling note was designed, featuring Sir Walter Raleigh, which would become the 50 pence note upon decimalisation, and intended to be the first of the new series to be issued. However, inflation meant that the lifespan of such a note would be too short - estimates by the Decimal Currency Board suggested that a 10 shilling note would last approximately five months[42] - and it was more economical to have a coin instead: the fifty pence coin was introduced in 1969.[30][43] Instead, the £20 note was the first Series D note to enter circulation in 1970, with William Shakespeare on the reverse.[44]","Coins of the pound sterling Some of the pre-decimalisation coins with exact decimal equivalent values continued in use after 1971 alongside the new coins, albeit with new names (the shilling became equivalent to the 5p coin, with the florin equating to 10p), and the others were withdrawn almost immediately. The use of florins and shillings as legal tender in this way ended in 1991 and 1993 when the 5p and 10p coins were replaced with smaller versions. Indeed, while pre-decimalisation shillings were used as 5p coins, for a while after decimalisation many people continued to call the new 5p coin a shilling, since it remained 1⁄20 of a pound, but was now counted as 5p (five new pence) instead of 12d (twelve old pennies). The pre-decimalisation sixpence, also known as a sixpenny bit or sixpenny piece, was equivalent to 2 1⁄2p, but was demonetised in 1980.","HM Treasury The promise (never adhered to) was that they would be removed from circulation after the war had ended. In fact, the notes were issued until 1928, when the Currency and Bank Notes Act 1928 returned note-issuing powers to the banks.[16]","Royal Mint In 1914 as war broke out in Europe, Chancellor of the Exchequer David Lloyd George instructed for gold coins to be removed from circulation so as to help pay for the war effort. The government started to issue £1 and 10 shilling treasury notes as replacement waving the way for Britan leaving the gold standard in 1931.","Coins of the pound sterling The decimal half penny coin was demonetised in 1984 as its value was by then too small to be useful. The pre-decimal sixpence, shilling and two shilling coins, which had continued to circulate alongside the decimal coinage with values of 2 1⁄2p, 5p and 10p respectively, were finally withdrawn in 1980, 1990 and 1993 respectively. However, the double florin and crown with values of 20p and 25p respectively have not been withdrawn.","Shilling At decimalisation in 1971, the shilling coin was superseded by the new five-pence piece, which initially was of identical size and weight and had the same value, and inherited the shilling's slang name of a bob. Shillings remained in circulation until the five pence coin was reduced in size in 1991.","Jamaican dollar On 8 September 1969, banknotes of 50 cents (5 shillings), $1 (10 shillings), $2 (£1), and $10 (£5) were introduced. The $5 note was introduced on 20 October 1970, followed by the $20 in June 1976, when the 50 cent note was replaced by a coin. $100 notes were added on 2 December 1986, followed by $50 notes on 27 July 1988. The $2 note was dropped in 1994, whilst the $1 note was replaced by a coin in 1990. In 1994, coins replaced the $5 notes and $500 notes were introduced. In 1999, $10 coins replaced notes, whilst, in 2000, $20 coins replaced the notes and $1000 notes were introduced.","Bank of England note issues The Series B note was replaced in turn on 21 February 1963 by the \"Series C\" £5 note which for the first time introduced the portrait of the monarch, Queen Elizabeth II, to the £5 note (the Queen's portrait having first appeared on the Series C ten shilling and £1 notes issued in 1960). The Series C £5 note was withdrawn on 31 August 1973.","Shilling Australian shillings, twenty of which made up one Australian pound, were first issued in 1910, with the Australian coat of arms on the reverse and King Edward VII on the face. The coat of arms design was retained through the reign of King George V until a new ram's head design was introduced for the coins of King George VI. This design continued until the last year of issue in 1963. In 1966, Australia's currency was decimalised and the shilling was replaced by a ten cent coin (Australian), where 10 shillings made up one Australian dollar.","Bank of England £10 note Source: Bank of England[2][3]","Bank of England £10 note Ten pound notes were introduced by the Bank of England for the first time in 1759 as a consequence of gold shortages caused by the Seven Years' War. The earliest notes were handwritten, and were issued as needed to individuals. These notes were written on one side only and bore the name of the payee, the date, and the signature of the issuing cashier. With the exception of the Restriction Period between 1797 and 1821, when the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars caused a bullion shortage, these notes could be exchanged in full, or in part, for an equivalent amount of gold when presented at the bank. If redeemed in part, the banknote would be signed to indicate the amount that had been redeemed. From 1853 printed notes replaced handwritten notes, with the declaration \"I promise to pay the bearer on demand the sum of ten pounds\" replacing the name of the payee. This declaration remains on Bank of England banknotes to this day. A printed signature of one of three cashiers appeared on the printed notes, though this was replaced by the signature of the Chief Cashier from 1870 onward.[2]","Australian one-dollar note The Australian one-dollar note (or $1 bill) was introduced in 1966 due to decimalisation, to replace the 10-shilling note. The note was issued from its introduction in 1966 until its replacement by the one-dollar coin in 1984. Approximately 1.7 billion one-dollar notes were printed.","Banknotes of the Australian dollar The $1 (10/-), $2 (£1), $10 (£5), and $20 (£10) had exact exchange rates with pounds and were a similar colour to the notes they replaced, but the $5 (£2/10) did not, and so was introduced after the public had become familiar with decimal currency. Notes issued between 1966 and 1973 bore the title \"Commonwealth of Australia\". Starting from 1974, the title on the new notes only read \"Australia\" and the legal tender phrase was also changed from \"Legal Tender throughout the Commonwealth of Australia and the territories of the Commonwealth\" to \"This Australian Note is legal tender throughout Australia and its territories\". The $50 note was introduced in 1973 and the $100 note in 1984, in response to inflation requiring larger denominations for transactions.[3] The one dollar note was replaced by a coin in 1984, while the two dollar note was replaced by a smaller coin in 1988.[3] These original bank notes were designed by Gordon Andrews, who rejected traditional Australian clichés in favour of interesting and familiar subjects such as Aboriginal culture, women, the environment, architecture and aeronautics.[4] Although no longer printed, all previous issues of Australian dollar banknotes are considered legal tender.[5]","Bank of England £5 note The note was introduced on 13 September 2016,[20] with an initial print run of 440 million notes (worth £2.2 billion), over the period of co-circulation.[21] It was announced that there would be a co-circulatory period with the old series E notes, and then on 5 May 2017, the series E would cease to be legal tender. However, as with all Bank of England notes, they can be exchanged at face value at any time in the future.[22]","Shilling (British coin) The Royal Mint debased the silver coinage in 1920 from 92.5% silver to 50% silver. Shillings of both alloys were minted that year.[10] This debasement was done because of the rising price of silver around the world, and followed the global trend of the elimination, or the reducing in purity, of the silver in coinage.[11] The minting of silver coinage of the pound sterling ceased completely in 1946 for similar reasons, exacerbated by the costs of the Second World War. New \"silver\" coinage was instead minted in cupronickel, an alloy of copper and nickel containing no silver at all.[12]","Gibraltar pound At the outbreak of World War I, Gibraltar was forced to issue banknotes to prevent paying out sterling or gold. These notes were issued under emergency wartime legislation, Ordinance 10 of 1914. At first the typeset notes were signed by hand by Treasurer Greenwood, though he later used stamps. The notes bore the embossed stamp of the Anglo-Egyptian Bank Ltd. and circulated alongside British Territory notes.[7] The 1914 notes were issued in denominations of 2 and 10 shillings, 1, 5 and 50 pounds. The 2 shilling and 50 pound notes were not continued when a new series of notes was introduced in 1927. The 10 shilling note was replaced by the 50 pence coin during the process of decimalization. In 1975, 10 and 20 pound notes were introduced, followed by 50 pounds in 1986. The 1 pound note was discontinued in 1988. In 1995, a new series of notes was introduced which, for the first time, bore the words \"pounds sterling\" rather than just \"pounds\". The government of Gibraltar introduced a new series of banknotes beginning with the 10 and 50 pound sterling notes issued on July 8, 2010. On May 11, 2011, the 5, 20 and 100 pound sterling notes were issued.[8]","Decimal Day The old halfpenny was withdrawn from circulation on 31 July 1969, and the half-crown (2s 6d) followed on 31 December to ease the transition.[8] (The farthing had last been minted in 1956 and had ceased to be legal tender in 1960.)","Bank of England note issues £50 notes, in white, appeared in 1725 and continued to be issued until 1943. They ceased to be legal tender in 1945.[24]","Banknotes of the pound sterling In the E revision series the £50 note was never issued, £100 notes were last used by the Bank of England in 1945.","Bank of England 10s note Information taken from Bank of England website.[1][2]","Decimal Day The new halfpenny, penny, and twopence coins were introduced on 15 February 1971. Within two weeks of Decimal Day, the old penny (1d) and old threepenny (3d) coins had left circulation, and old sixpences were becoming rare.[12] On 31 August 1971, the penny and threepence were officially withdrawn from circulation, ending the transition period.[13]","Indian 100-rupee note As of 2012, the new ₹ sign has been incorporated into banknote of ₹100.[5] In January 2014 RBI announced that it would be withdrawing from circulation all banknotes printed prior to 2005 by 31 March 2014. The deadline was later extended to 1 January 2015. Now further dead line was extended to 30 June 2016.[6]","Shilling New Zealand shillings, twenty of which made up one New Zealand pound, were first issued in 1933 and featured the image of a Maori warrior carrying a taiaha \"in a warlike attitude\" on the reverse.[4] In 1967, New Zealand's currency was decimalised and the shilling was replaced by a ten cent coin of the same size and weight. Smaller 10-cent coins were introduced in 2006.","Banknotes of the pound sterling As of October 2017, the Bank of England banknotes in circulation are from three distinct series. The two largest denominations are from Series F (£20 first issued in 2007, £50 first issued in 2011). The £5 and £10 notes are from Series G (first issued in 2016 & 2017), with the £10 note from the revised Series E (first issued in 2000) still in circulation.","Bank of England £20 note The right to redeem banknotes for gold ceased in 1931 when Britain stopped using the gold standard.[1] The twenty pound note ceased to be produced by the Bank of England in 1943, and it was not until 1970 with the introduction of the series D notes that the denomination reappeared. The predominantly purple series D notes were two-sided, with an image of Queen Elizabeth II appearing on one side, accompanied by an image of Saint George and the Dragon (all subsequent Bank of England notes also feature an image of the Queen) and an image of William Shakespeare appearing on the other. This note also had a security feature in the form of a 'windowed' metal thread. The thread is woven into the paper so that it forms a dashed line, yet appears as a single line when held up to the light. Series D notes were phased out in favour of the newer series E notes beginning in 1991. These notes were multicoloured (predominantly mauve-purple) and featured an image of scientist Michael Faraday on the back. Series E notes were replaced by a variant design from 1999 onwards. These are broadly similar to the earlier series E notes but feature Edward Elgar on the reverse.[2]","Bank of England note issues World War II saw a reversal in the trend of warfare creating more notes when, in order to combat forgery, higher denomination notes (at the time as high as £1,000) were removed from circulation.","Banknotes of the pound sterling In December 2013, the Bank confirmed that plastic or polymer notes would be brought into circulation in 2016 with the introduction of the £5 note featuring Sir Winston Churchill.[61][62] The Jane Austen polymer £10 note went into circulation in September 2017.[45][63]","Decimal Day In Ireland, all pre-decimal coins, except the 1s, 2s and 10s coins, were called in during the initial process between 1969 and 1972; the ten shilling coin, which, as recently issued and in any event equivalent to 50p, was permitted to remain outstanding (though due to silver content, the coin did not circulate). The 1s and 2s were recalled in 1993 and 1994 respectively. Pre-decimal Irish coins may still be redeemed at their face value equivalent in euro at the Central Bank in Dublin.","New Zealand ten-cent coin The old 10-cent coins were demonetised on 1 November 2006.","Withdrawn Canadian banknotes Printing of the $1,000 note ceased in 2000. The denomination was withdrawn on the advice of the Solicitor General and the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP), as it was often used for money laundering and organized crime.[4] The Bank of Canada has requested that financial institutions return $1,000 notes for destruction.[5] The most recent issue of this denomination was in 1992 as part of the Birds of Canada series. It was pink in colour, featuring Queen Elizabeth II on the face, and two pine grosbeaks on the back.","Bank of England £10 note The revised Series E £10 note was introduced in 2000. It features a portrait of Charles Darwin on the back as well as an illustration of HMS Beagle and images of various flora and fauna.[4] The note features a number of security features in addition to the metallic thread, including raised print, a watermark, microlettering, a hologram, and a number ten which only appears under ultraviolet light.[5]","Manx pound The Royal Mint issued a total of £1,000 in copper coins. Following an Act[Parliament or Tynwald?] in 1840, these were valued at 12 pence to the shilling. All coins issued before 1839 were declared by this law to be no longer current, and were recalled by the Board of Customs and exchanged by the Royal Mint at their original nominal value for the new coinage. After 1839, no further Manx coins were issued, and they gradually became scarce and were replaced in general circulation on the island by the coinage of the United Kingdom. They did not cease to be legal coinage on Mann until decimalisation in 1971. Banknotes had been privately issued for the island since 1865.","Pound sterling The £5 polymer banknote, issued by Northern Bank (now Danske Bank) in 2000, was the only polymer note in circulation until 2016, although Danske Bank also produces paper-based £10, £20 and £50 notes. The Bank of England introduced £5 polymer banknotes in September 2016, and the paper £5 notes were withdrawn on 5 May 2017. This date was picked due to its short format, 5/5.[citation needed] A polymer £10 banknote was introduced on 14 September 2017, and the paper note was withdrawn on 1 March 2018. A polymer £20 banknote will be introduced in 2020.[83]","Coins of the pound sterling In the years just before decimalisation, the circulating British coins were the half crown (2/6, withdrawn 1 January 1970), two shillings or florin (2/-), shilling (1/-), sixpence (6d), threepence (3d), penny (1d) and halfpenny (1⁄2d). The farthing (1⁄4d) had been withdrawn in 1960. There was also the Crown (5/-), which was (and still is) legal tender but only minted on special occasions and not normally circulated.","Bank of England £10 note In December 2013 the Bank of England announced that the next £10 note would be printed on polymer, rather than cotton paper.[6] This followed the announcement in July 2013 that Charles Darwin would be replaced by 19th Century author Jane Austen on the next £10 note, which would enter circulation in 2017. The decision to replace Darwin with Austen followed a campaign to have a woman on the back of a Bank of England banknote when it was announced that the only woman to feature on the back of a note — prison reformer Elizabeth Fry on the £5 note — was to be replaced by Winston Churchill.[7][8] Images on the reverse of the Jane Austen note include a portrait of Austen commissioned by her nephew, an illustration of Elizabeth Bennet from Pride and Prejudice by Isabel Bishop, an image of Godmersham Park (the home of Austen's brother), and a design based on Austen's 12-sided writing table as used by her at Chawton Cottage.[9] The note also includes the quote “I declare after all there is no enjoyment like reading!” which is said by Austen's character Caroline Bingley, who in fact has no interest in reading and is attempting to impress Mr Darcy.[10]","Bank of England note issues On 11 November 1971, the \"Series D\" pictorial £5 note was issued, showing a slightly older portrait of the Queen and a battle scene featuring the Duke of Wellington on the reverse. It was withdrawn on 29 November 1991.","Indian 1000-rupee note As of 2011, the new ₹ sign has been incorporated into banknotes of ₹1000.[4] In January 2014, RBI announced that it would be withdrawing from circulation all banknotes printed prior to 2005 by 31 March 2014. The deadline was later extended to 1 January 2015, and then again to 30 June 2016.[5]","Banknotes of the Canadian dollar This was also the last series that the $2 and $1,000 notes were issued. The $2 note was withdrawn in 1996 and replaced by the $2 coin known as the toonie. The $1,000 note was withdrawn by the Bank of Canada on 12 May 2000 at the request of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) as part of a program to reduce organized crime.[12] At the time, 2,827,702 of the $1000 bills were in circulation; by 2011, fewer than 1 million were in circulation, most held by organized crime.[12]","United States Note Soon after private ownership of gold was banned during 1933, all of the remaining types of circulating currency, National Bank Notes, silver certificates, Federal Reserve Notes, and United States Notes, were redeemable by individuals only for silver. Eventually, even silver redemption stopped during June 1968, during a time in which all U.S. currency (both coins and paper currency) was changed to fiat currency. For the general public there was then little to distinguish United States Notes from Federal Reserve Notes. As a result, the public circulation of United States Notes, then mainly in the form of $2 and $5 bills, was replaced with $5 Federal Reserve Notes and, eventually, $2 Federal Reserve Notes as well. United States Notes became rare in hand-to-hand commerce and the Treasury converted most of the outstanding balance into $100 bills which spent most of their time in bank vaults. No more United States Notes were distributed into public circulation after January 21, 1971.[21] In September 1994 the Riegle Improvement Act[22] released the Treasury from its long-standing obligation to keep the notes in circulation and finally, during 1996, the Treasury announced that its stock of $100 United States Notes had been destroyed.[23]","Withdrawal of low-denomination coins This withdrawal may be due to the high cost of production, since the coin may be worth less than its cost of production. For example, when Canada phased out its penny in 2012, its production cost was 1.6 cents per penny.[1] Other reasons include low purchasing power and low utility. Often coins are withdrawn after their purchasing power has been eroded after decades of inflation. In Switzerland, the 1 Rappen coin had fallen into disuse by the early 1980s, but was still produced until 2006, albeit in ever decreasing quantities. Conversely, the British Treasury department initially argued for the retention of the halfpenny, on the grounds that its withdrawal would drive up inflation.[2]","Banknotes of the United States dollar They were first issued in 1914, different from the Federal Reserve Bank Notes in that they were liabilities of the whole Federal Reserve System. They were redeemable in gold until 1933. After that date they stopped to be redeemable in anything, much like United States Notes (which later led to the halting of the production of United States Notes). They switched to small size in 1929 and are the only type of currency in circulation today in the United States. They were originally printed in denominations of $5, $10, $20, $50, $100, $500, $1,000, $5,000 and $10,000. The $500, $1,000, $5,000 and $10,000 denominations were last printed in 1945 and discontinued in 1969, making the $100 bill the largest denomination banknote in circulation. A $1 note was added in 1963 to replace the $1 Silver Certificate after that type of currency had been discontinued. Since United States Notes were discontinued in 1971, Federal Reserve Notes are the only type of currency circulating in the US. In 1976, a $2 note was added, 10 years after the $2 denomination of United States Note was officially discontinued. The denomination proved to be unpopular and is now treated as a curiosity, although it is still being printed. Starting 1996, all notes except $1 and $2 were redesigned to have a larger portrait of the people depicted on them. Since 2004, all notes (except $1 and $2) were progressively changed to have different colors to make them more easily distinguishable from each other, until the last such note was introduced in 2013 (the $100).","Banknotes of the United States dollar United States Notes, also known as Legal Tender Notes, succeeded Demand Notes as the main currency form of the United States. They were not redeemable but were receivable for all taxes and debts, which is what persuaded people to circulate them. They had a red seal and were originally issued in denominations of $1, $2, $5, $10, $20, $50, $100, $500 and $1,000. $5,000 and $10,000 notes were issued in 1878 and have not been issued anytime after. United States Notes switched to small size in 1928 and were introduced in denominations of only $1, $2 and $5. In 1934, when Federal Reserve Notes stopped being redeemable in gold, the only difference between them and Legal Tender Notes was that the first were liabilities of the Federal Reserve while the latter were direct liabilities of the United States Treasury Department. The $2 and $5 were issued through 1966, and the $2 note was only available as a United States Note. In 1966 the $5 United States Note was discontinued and the $2 denomination was discontinued altogether. In 1966 a $100 US note was issued to meet legal requirements about the amount of notes in circulation. In 1971 the production of US notes was halted and they were officially discontinued in 1994.","£sd As countries of the British Empire became independent, some (like the United States) abandoned the £sd system quickly, while others retained it almost as long as the UK itself. Australia for example, only changed to using a decimal currency on 14 February 1966. Still others, notably Ireland, decimalised only when the UK did. The UK abandoned the old penny on Decimal Day, 15 February 1971, when one pound sterling became divided into 100 new pence. This was a change from the system used in the earlier wave of decimalisations, in Australia, New Zealand, Rhodesia and South Africa, in which the pound was divided into two of a new major currency called the \"dollar\" or \"rand.\" The British shilling was replaced by a 5 new pence coin worth one-twentieth of a pound.","Banknotes of the pound sterling Elizabeth II was not the first British monarch to have her face on UK banknotes. George II, George III and George IV appeared on early Royal Bank of Scotland notes and George V appeared on 10 shilling and 1 pound notes issued by the British Treasury between 1914 and 1928. However, prior to the issue of its Series C banknotes in 1960, Bank of England banknotes generally did not depict the monarch. Today, notes issued by Scottish and Northern Irish banks do not depict the monarch.","Large denominations of United States currency The Federal Reserve began taking high-denomination currency out of circulation (destroying large bills received by banks) in 1969. As of May 30, 2009[update], only 336 $10,000 bills were known to exist; 342 remaining $5,000 bills; and 165,372 remaining $1,000 bills.[10] Due to their rarity, collectors often pay considerably more than the face value of the bills to acquire them. Some are in museums in other parts of the world.","Bank of England note issues On 24 June 2013, Governor of the Bank of England Mark Carney announced that a newly designed £10 banknote, featuring novelist Jane Austen, would be issued in 2017.[32] The campaign for a woman to appear celebrated the choice as \"a brilliant day\".[31] The date of issue was subsequently confirmed as 14 September 2017.[4]","Large denominations of United States currency Although they are still legal tender in the United States, high-denomination bills were last printed on December 27, 1945, and officially discontinued on July 14, 1969, by the Federal Reserve System,[9] due to 'lack of use'. The $5,000 and $10,000 effectively disappeared well before then.[nb 1]","Bank of England £1 note During the First World War the British Government wanted to maintain its stocks of gold and so banks were ordered to again stop exchanging any and all denominations of banknotes for gold. Gold sovereigns were replaced by one pound notes issued by the Treasury. These notes were nicknamed \"Bradburys\" because of the prominent signature of Sir John Bradbury, Permanent Secretary to the Treasury displayed on the notes.[2] Britain returned to the gold standard in 1925, although the Bank of England was only obliged to exchange notes for gold in multiples of 400 troy ounces (12,000 g) (the typical size of a \"Good Delivery bar\") or more. The responsibility for the printing of one pound notes was transferred to the Bank of England in 1928, and the ability to redeem banknotes for gold ceased in 1931 when Britain stopped using the gold standard.[1]","Bank of England note issues On 29 April 1992, a new £10 note in Series E, with orange rather than brown as the dominant colour, was issued. The reverse featured Charles Dickens and a scene from The Pickwick Papers. This note was withdrawn from circulation on 31 July 2003. A second Series E note was issued on 7 November 2000 featuring Charles Darwin, HMS Beagle, a hummingbird, and flowers under a magnifying glass, illustrating the Origin of Species. The hummingbird's inclusion was criticised, since Darwin's ideas were spurred by finches and mockingbirds, not hummingbirds.[29]","Bank of England £1 note One pound notes were introduced by the Bank of England for the first time in 1797, following gold shortages caused by the French Revolutionary Wars. The earliest notes were handwritten, and were issued as needed to individuals. These notes were written on one side only and bore the name of the payee, the date, and the signature of the issuing cashier. Between 1797 and 1821 the lack of bullion meant that banks would not exchange banknotes for gold, but after the end of the Napoleonic Wars the shortage was alleviated such that notes could be exchanged for an equivalent amount of gold when presented at the bank. One pound notes ceased to be issued in 1821 and were replaced by gold sovereigns.[1]","Legal tender Banknotes and coins may be withdrawn from circulation, but remain legal tender. United States banknotes issued at any date remain legal tender even after they are withdrawn from circulation. Canadian 1- and 2-dollar bills remain legal tender even if they have been withdrawn and replaced by coins, but Canadian $1,000 bills remain legal tender even if they are removed from circulation as they arrive at a bank. However, Bank of England notes that are withdrawn from circulation generally cease to be legal tender but remain redeemable for current currency at the Bank of England itself or by post. All paper and polymer issues of New Zealand banknotes issued from 1967 onwards (and 1- and 2-dollar notes until 1993) are still legal tender; however, 1- and 2-cent coins are no longer used in Australia and New Zealand.","Florin (British coin) In 1911, following the accession of George V, the florin regained the shields and sceptres design it had in the late Victorian Era, and kept that motif until 1937, when the national emblems were placed on it. The florin retained such a theme for the remainder of its run, though a new design was used from 1953, following the accession of Elizabeth II. In 1968, prior to decimalisation, the Royal Mint began striking the ten pence piece. The old two shilling piece remained in circulation until the ten pence piece was made smaller, and earlier coins, including the florin, were demonetised.","Bank of England note issues Notes were originally hand-written; although they were partially printed from 1725 onwards, cashiers still had to sign each note and make them payable to someone. Notes were fully printed from 1855, no doubt to the relief of the bank's workers. Until 1928 all notes were \"White Notes\", printed in black and with a blank reverse. During the 20th century White Notes were issued in denominations between £5 and £1000, but in the 18th and 19th centuries there were White Notes for £1 and £2.","Banknotes of the pound sterling The Series D £1 note, featuring Sir Isaac Newton, was discontinued in 1984, having been replaced by a pound coin the year before, and was officially withdrawn from circulation in 1988. Nonetheless, all banknotes, regardless of when they were withdrawn from circulation, may be presented at the Bank of England where they will be exchanged for current banknotes. Other banks may also decide to exchange old banknotes, but they are under no obligation to do so.","Pound sterling During the First World War, production of the sovereign and half-sovereign was suspended, and although the gold standard was later restored, the coins saw little circulation thereafter. In 1920, the silver standard, maintained at .925 since 1552, was reduced to .500. In 1937, a nickel-brass 3d coin was introduced; the last silver 3d coins were issued seven years later. In 1947, the remaining silver coins were replaced with cupro-nickel, with the exception of Maundy coinage which was then restored to .925. Inflation caused the farthing to cease production in 1956 and be demonetised in 1960. In the run-up to decimalisation, the halfpenny and half-crown were demonetised in 1969.","Shilling After 1966, shillings continued to circulate, as they were replaced by 10-cent coins of the same size and weight.","Bank of England note issues The first Bank of England £5 note was issued in 1793[24] in response to the need for smaller denomination banknotes to replace gold coin during the French Revolutionary Wars. (Previously the smallest note issued had been £10.) The 1793 design, latterly known as the \"White Fiver\" (black printing on white paper), remained in circulation essentially unchanged until 21 February 1957 when the multicoloured (although predominantly dark blue) \"Series B\" note, depicting the helmeted Britannia, was introduced. The old \"White Fiver\" was withdrawn on 13 March 1961.[24]","10 euro note The changeover period during which the former currencies' notes and coins were exchanged for those of the euro lasted about two months, going from 1 January 2002 until 28 February 2002. The official date on which the national currencies ceased to be legal tender varied from member state to member state.[3] The earliest date was in Germany, where the mark officially ceased to be legal tender on 31 December 2001, though the exchange period lasted for two months more. Even after the old currencies ceased to be legal tender, they continued to be accepted by national central banks for periods ranging from ten years to forever.[3][14]","Kenyan shilling 5 shillings notes were replaced by coins in 1985, with the same happening to 10 and 20 shillings in 1994 and 1998. In 1986, 200 shillings notes were introduced, followed by 500 shillings in 1988 and 1000 shillings in 1994.","Indian 500-rupee note Starting from midnight 8 November 2016 all ₹500 and ₹1000 banknotes of the Mahatma Gandhi Series ceased to be a form of legal tender after a televised address to India by Prime Minister Narendra Modi.[12]","Banknotes of the pound sterling Until 1988, the Bank of England issued one pound notes, and these notes did have legal tender status in Scotland and Northern Ireland while they existed. The Currency and Bank Notes Act 1954 defined Bank of England notes of less than £5 in value as legal tender in Scotland.[24] Since the English £1 note was removed from circulation in 1988, this leaves a legal curiosity in Scots law whereby there is no paper legal tender in Scotland. The UK Treasury has proposed extending legal tender status to Scottish banknotes.[citation needed] The proposal has been opposed by Scottish nationalists who claim it would reduce the independence of the Scottish banking sector.[25]","Indian 1000-rupee note On 8 November 2016, Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced that \"Starting from midnight 8th November 2016 all ₹1000 banknotes of the Mahatma Gandhi Series will not be accepted as a form of legal tender\", although new ₹500 and ₹2000 banknotes of the new Mahatma Gandhi New Series were unveiled.[7]","Bank of England At the start of the First World War, the Currency and Bank Notes Act 1914 was passed, which granted temporary powers to HM Treasury for issuing banknotes to the values of £1 and 10/- (ten shillings). Treasury notes had full legal tender status and were not convertible into gold through the Bank; they replaced the gold coin in circulation to prevent a run on sterling and to enable raw material purchases for armament production. These notes featured an image of King George V (Bank of England notes did not begin to display an image of the monarch until 1960). The wording on each note was:","Banknotes of the pound sterling £1 (Not used by the Bank of England or in NI), £100 (Not used by the Bank of England)","Florin (British coin) The British florin, or two shilling coin, was issued from 1849 until 1967, with a final issue for collectors dated 1970. Valued at one tenth of a pound (24 old pence), it was the last coin circulating immediately prior to decimalisation to be demonetised, in 1993, having for a quarter of a century circulated alongside the ten pence piece, identical in specifications and value.","HM Treasury Banknotes in the UK are normally issued by the Bank of England and a number of commercial banks (see Banknotes of the pound sterling). At the start of the First World War, the Currency and Bank Notes Act 1914 was passed, giving the Treasury temporary powers to issue banknotes in two denominations, one at £1 and another at 10 shillings, in the UK. Treasury notes had full legal tender status and were not convertible for gold through the Bank of England. They replaced the gold coin in circulation to prevent a run on sterling and to enable purchases of raw materials for armaments production. These notes featured an image of King George V (Bank of England notes did not begin to display an image of the monarch until 1960). The wording on each note was UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND — Currency notes are Legal Tender for the payment of any amount — Issued by the Lords Commissioners of His Majesty's Treasury under the Authority of Act of Parliament (4 & 5 Geo. V c.14). Notes issued after the partition of Ireland from 1922 had the wording changed to read \"United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland\".","10 euro note A new series, similar to the current one, was released on 23 September 2014.[15] The European Central Bank will, in due time, announce when banknotes from the first series lose legal tender status.[15]","The High Denomination Bank Notes (Demonetisation) Act, 1978 The Act was passed by consideration in both Houses of Parliament and supreme court, and was implemented by an issue of an ordinance on 16 January 1978, [5] which was later made an Act, from 30 March 1978.[6]"],"string":"[\n \"Bank of England 10s note A new design for ten-shilling notes was introduced in 1961, with the old notes ceasing to be legal tender in 1962. These new series C notes were slightly longer and narrower, and were the first ten-shilling notes to feature a portrait of Queen Elizabeth II on the front. The reverse design incorporated the logo of the Bank of England.[1] In the late 1960s it was decided that future banknotes should feature a British historical figure on the reverse. The first such note was the series D £20 note, first issued in 1970, featuring William Shakespeare. A design for a ten-shilling note featuring Walter Raleigh on the reverse was approved in 1964 but was never issued.[3] Instead, in 1969, as part of the process of decimalisation, a new fifty pence coin was introduced as a replacement for the ten-shilling note. The principal reason for the change was economy: the notes had an average lifetime of about five months whereas coins could last at least fifty years.[4] The series C ten shilling notes ceased to be legal tender on 22 November 1970.[1]\",\n \"Bank of England note issues The Bank of England's first ten-shilling (10/-) note was issued on 22 November 1928. This note featured a vignette of Britannia, a feature of the Bank's notes since 1694. The predominant colour was red-brown. Unlike previous notes it, and the contemporaneous £1 note, were not dated but are instead identified by the signature of the Chief Cashier of the time. In 1940 a metal security thread was introduced, and the colour of the note was changed to mauve for the duration of the war. The original design of the note was replaced by the Series C design on 12 October 1961, when Queen Elizabeth II agreed to allow the use of her portrait on the notes. As part of the planned Series D, which introduced historical figures, a new 10/- note was planned that featured Sir Walter Raleigh, which would be converted to a 50p note upon decimalisation. However, given the estimated lifespan of the note, it was decided to replace the 10/- note with the 50p coin.[17] The ten-shilling note was withdrawn from circulation on 20 November 1970 following the introduction on 14 October 1969 of the fifty pence coin.[24]\",\n \"Bank of England 10s note In the 18th and 19th centuries, banknotes were handwritten or part-printed and could be exchanged, in whole or in part, for an equivalent amount of gold when presented at the bank. During the First World War the British Government wanted to maintain its stocks of bullion and so banks were ordered to stop exchanging banknotes for gold. One pound and 10 shilling notes were introduced by the Treasury in lieu of gold sovereigns. These notes were nicknamed \\\"Bradburys\\\" because of the prominent signature of Sir John Bradbury, Permanent Secretary to the Treasury displayed on the notes.[1] Britain returned to the gold standard in 1925, but the Bank of England was only obliged to exchange notes for gold in multiples of 400 ounces or more[clarification needed][\\\"or more\\\" contradicts \\\"multiples\\\". And were these troy ounces?]. The responsibility for the printing of ten-shilling notes was transferred to the Bank of England in 1928, and the right to redeem banknotes for gold ceased in 1931 when Britain stopped using the gold standard.[2]\",\n \"Bank of England 10s note The Bank of England 10s note was a banknote of the pound sterling. Ten shillings in pre-decimal money (written 10s or 10/-) was equivalent to half of one pound. The ten-shilling note was the smallest denomination note ever issued by the Bank of England. The note was issued by the Bank of England for the first time in 1928 and continued to be printed until 1969. The note ceased to be legal tender in 1970 and was removed in favour of the fifty pence coin.\",\n \"Bank of England note issues With the passing of the Bank Notes Act 1833, Bank of England notes over £5 in value were first given the status of \\\"legal tender\\\" in England and Wales, effectively guaranteeing the worth of the Bank's notes and ensuring public confidence in the notes in times of crisis or war.[23] The Currency and Bank Notes Act 1954 extended the definition of legal tender to ten shilling and £1 notes; unlike the 1833 Act, this law also applied to Scotland, meaning that English notes under £5 were classed as legal tender. The Bank of England ten-shilling note was withdrawn in 1969 and the £1 was removed from circulation in 1988,[24] leaving a legal curiosity in Scots law whereby there is now no paper legal tender in Scotland.[25] (Scottish notes were not included in the 1833 or 1954 Acts.)\",\n \"Bank of England 10s note The first Bank of England ten-shilling notes were two-sided, red, printed banknotes featuring the declaration \\\"I promise to pay the bearer on demand the sum of ten shillings\\\" on the front. This declaration remains on Bank of England banknotes to this day. In 1940, during the Second World War, ten-shilling notes were issued in a new mauve and grey colour scheme in order to deter counterfeiters, although the design remained the same. At the same time, a metallic thread running through the paper was introduced as a security feature. After the war ten-shilling notes were issued in their original red colour. The earliest post-World War II notes did not have the metallic thread security feature, but those issued from October 1948 onward did.[1]\",\n \"Bank of England £10 note The ability to redeem banknotes for gold ceased in 1931 when Britain stopped using the gold standard.[2] The £10 note ceased to be produced by the Bank of England in 1943, and it was not until 1964 with the advent of the series C notes that the denomination was re-introduced. These brown notes were the first £10 notes to feature an image of the monarch on the front, and unlike the previous 'White' notes they had a reverse; in this case featuring a lion. The C series was replaced by the D series beginning in 1975, with the new notes having a portrait of Florence Nightingale on the back. The tradition of portraying historical British figures on the reverse continued with the E series, first issued in 1992, with an image of Charles Dickens appearing. Series E notes are multicoloured, although they are predominantly orange-brown. From series E onward Bank of England £10 notes feature 'windowed' metal thread; this thread appears as a dashed line, yet forms a single line when held up to the light.[3]\",\n \"Bank of England Treasury notes were issued until 1928, when the Currency and Bank Notes Act 1928 returned note-issuing powers to the banks.[53] The Bank of England issued notes for ten shillings and one pound for the first time on 22 November 1928.\",\n \"Bank of England £1 note A new design for one pound notes was introduced in 1960, with the old notes ceasing to be legal tender in 1962. These new series C notes were slightly narrower, and were the first one-pound notes to feature a portrait of Queen Elizabeth II on the front. The reverse design incorporated the logo of the Bank of England. Series C notes were replaced by the series D notes from 1978 onward. These slightly smaller notes featured an entirely new design with Queen Elizabeth II on the front and scientist Isaac Newton on the back. The note was redesigned slightly in 1981 to feature brighter background colours.[2] Following a consultation with retailers and other groups it was announced on 31 July 1981 that the one pound note would be replaced by a one pound coin. Part of the reason for this change was that notes, on average, lasted only nine months in general circulation, while coins could last forty years or more. The government also believed that the growing vending industry would benefit from the introduction of a one-pound coin. The new cupro-nickel coin was introduced on 21 April 1983 and the one pound note ceased to be legal tender on 11 March 1988.[2][3] Bank of England £1 notes are still occasionally found in circulation in Scotland, alongside Royal Bank of Scotland £1 notes. This is because Scotland has no concept of Legal Tender, and any Sterling bank note, of any age, may be used provided the trader is content to accept it. The Bank of England will exchange old £1 notes for their face value in perpetuity.\",\n \"Pound sterling At present, the oldest circulating coins in the UK are the 1p and 2p copper coins introduced in 1971. No other coins from before 1982 are in circulation. Prior to the demonetisation of the larger 10p in 1993, the oldest circulating coins had usually dated from 1947: although older coins (shilling; florin, sixpence to 1980) were still legal tender, inflation meant that their silver content was worth more than their face value, which meant that they tended to be removed from circulation. Before decimalisation in 1971, a handful of change might have contained coins 100 or more years old, bearing any of five monarchs' heads, especially in the copper coins.\",\n \"Bank of England note issues The first Bank of England £10 note was issued in 1759,[24] when the Seven Years' War caused severe gold shortages. Following the withdrawal of the denomination after the Second World War, it was not reintroduced until 21 February 1964 when a new brown-coloured note was issued in the Series C design. The Series C note was withdrawn on 31 May 1979.\",\n \"Shilling (British coin) Beginning with Lord Wrottesley's proposals in the 1820s there were various attempts to decimalise the pound sterling over the next century and a half.[13][14] These attempts came to nothing significant until the 1960s when the need for a currency more suited to simple monetary calculations became pressing. The decision to decimalise was announced in 1966, with the pound to be redivided into 100, rather than 240, pence.[15] Decimal Day was set for 15 February 1971, and a whole range of new coins were introduced. Shillings continued to be legal tender with a value of 5 new pence until 31 December 1990.[16]\",\n \"Bank of England £10 note The Bank of England £10 note, also known as a tenner, is a banknote of the pound sterling. It is the second-lowest denomination of banknote issued by the Bank of England. The current polymer note, first issued in 2017, bears the image of Queen Elizabeth II on the obverse and the image of author Jane Austen on the reverse. The final cotton paper note featuring a portrait of naturalist Charles Darwin, first issued in 2000, was withdrawn from circulation on 1 March 2018.[1]\",\n \"Bank of England note issues The Bank's first issue of ten-shilling and £1 notes in the 20th century was on 22 November 1928 when the Bank took over responsibility for these denominations from the Treasury. The Treasury had issued notes of these denominations three days after the declaration of war in 1914 in order to supplant the sovereign and half-sovereign and remove gold coins from circulation. The notes issued by the Bank in 1928 were the first coloured banknotes and also the first notes to be printed on both sides.\",\n \"Manx pound The Isle of Man Government Notes Act revoked the banks' licences to issue banknotes as of 31 July 1961.[8] The Isle of Man Government started to issue its own notes, in denominations of 10 shillings, £1 and £5, on 3 July 1961. In 1969, the 10 s. note was replaced by a 50 pence note in the build-up to decimalisation. £20 notes were introduced in 1979. A polymer £1 note was introduced in 1983 but discontinued in 1988. A £50 note was also introduced in 1983. The 50 pence banknote was withdrawn in 1989. Legal tender status (the IOM's definition of which is akin to the UK) of the 10 shilling, 50p and £1 polymer notes continued until 31 October 2013, and these notes remained in circulation (albeit rarely seen) until this date, after which they remain exchangeable at branches of the Isle of Man Bank.[9]\",\n \"Decimal Day Shillings and florins, together with their same-sized 5p and 10p coin equivalents, co-existed in circulation as valid currency until the early 1990s. In theory this included coins dating back to 1816; in practice the oldest were dated 1947, when these coins stopped containing silver. The coins were withdrawn when smaller 5p and 10p coins were introduced in 1990 and 1992 respectively.\",\n \"Biafra In 1969 new notes were introduced: £10, £5, £1, 10/- and 5/-.[19]\",\n \"Banknotes of the pound sterling At the start of the First World War, the government issued £1 and 10-shilling Treasury notes to supplant the sovereign and half-sovereign gold coins. The first coloured banknotes were issued in 1928, and were also the first notes to be printed on both sides. The Second World War saw a reversal in the trend of warfare creating more notes: to combat forgery, higher denomination notes (some as high as £1,000) were removed from circulation.\",\n \"Florin (British coin) Florins (usually dated 1947 or later) remained in circulation after Decimal Day. In 1987, following a study of the currency, the Thatcher government announced its intent to issue a new ten pence piece, reduced in size.[39] A smaller ten pence piece was issued in 1992, after which the old florin was demonetised on 30 June 1993. The florin, the first decimal coin, was the last coin in general circulation just prior to decimalisation to be withdrawn.[40]\",\n \"Pound sterling The Bank of England reintroduced £10 notes in 1964. In 1969, the 10/- note was replaced by the 50p coin to prepare for decimalisation. £20 Bank of England notes were reintroduced in 1970, followed by £50 in 1981.[79] A £1 coin was introduced in 1983, and Bank of England £1 notes were withdrawn in 1988. Scottish and Northern Irish banks followed, with only the Royal Bank of Scotland continuing to issue this denomination.\",\n \"Bank of England £1 note The Bank of England £1 note was a banknote of the pound sterling. After the ten shilling note was withdrawn in 1970 it became the smallest denomination note issued by the Bank of England. The one pound note was issued by the Bank of England for the first time in 1797 and continued to be printed until 1984. The note was withdrawn in 1988 in favour of the one pound coin.\",\n \"Australian ten-dollar note From 1966–1974 the main title identifying the country was Commonwealth of Australia; there were 470,000,000 notes issued in this period. This was subsequently changed to Australia until the end of issue of paper currency for this denomination in 1993, with 1,265,959,091 of these notes being printed. In the 1988 polymer issue 17,500,000 banknotes were printed and was the new Australia's 10 dollar note.\",\n \"Bank of England note issues The Bank of England's first £1 note since 1845 was issued on 22 November 1928. This note featured a vignette of Britannia, a feature of the Bank's notes since 1694. The predominant colour was green. Unlike previous notes it, and the contemporaneous ten shilling note, were not dated but are instead identified by the signature of the Chief Cashier of the time. In 1940 a metal security thread was introduced, and the colour of the note was changed to blue and pink for the duration of the war, to combat German counterfeits. The original design of the note was replaced by the Series C design on 17 March 1960, when Queen Elizabeth II agreed to allow the use of her portrait on the notes. The Series C £1 note was withdrawn on 31 May 1979. On 9 February 1978 the Series D design (known as the \\\"Pictorial Series\\\") featuring Sir Isaac Newton on the reverse was issued, but following the introduction on 21 April 1983 of the £1 coin, the note was withdrawn from circulation on 11 March 1988.[24]\",\n \"Pound sterling By the 1950s, coins of Kings George III, George IV and William IV had disappeared from circulation, but coins (at least the penny) bearing the head of any British king or queen from Queen Victoria onwards could be found in circulation. Silver coins were replaced by those in cupro-nickel in 1947, and by the 1960s the silver coins were rarely seen. Silver/cupro-nickel shillings (from any period after 1816) and florins (2 shillings) remained as legal tender after decimalisation (as 5p and 10p respectively) until 1993, but are now officially demonetised.[citation needed]\",\n \"Florin (British coin) In accordance with the plan for decimalisation of the currency (120 years after this denomination was first introduced in the initial plan to introduce a decimal currency), from 1968 the ten pence coin was introduced of the same size, weight and metal composition as the florin. Thus, the florin ceased to be struck for circulation after the 1967-dated pieces. The new and the old circulated side by side as florins prior to Decimal Day (15 February 1971) and as ten pence pieces after.[39]\",\n \"Ten pence (British coin) On 30th September 1992 a reduced size version of the 10 pence coin was introduced. The older and larger version of the coin was withdrawn from circulation on 30th June 1993. The design remained unchanged.\",\n \"One pound (British coin) The original, round £1 coin replaced the Bank of England £1 note, which ceased to be issued at the end of 1984 and was removed from circulation on 11 March 1988, though still redeemable at the Bank's offices, like all English banknotes. One-pound notes continue to be issued in Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man, and by the Royal Bank of Scotland, but the pound coin is much more widely used. A new, dodecagonal (12-sided) design of coin was introduced on 28 March 2017 [4] and both new and old versions of the one pound coin circulated together until the older design was withdrawn from circulation on 15 October 2017. After that date, the older coin could only be redeemed at banks,[5] although some retailers announced they would continue to accept it for a limited time.[6] The original round pound remains legal tender on the Isle of Man.[7]\",\n \"Bank of England note issues £20 notes, in white, appeared in 1725 and continued to be issued until 1943. They ceased to be legal tender in 1945.[24]\",\n \"Decimal Day Under the new system, the pound was retained but was divided into 100 new pence, denoted by the symbol p. New coinage was issued alongside the old coins. The 5p and 10p coins were introduced in April 1968 and were the same size, composition, and value as the shilling and two shillings coins in circulation with them. In October 1969 the 50p coin was introduced, with the 10s note withdrawn on 20 November 1970. This reduced the number of new coins that had to be introduced on Decimal Day and meant that the public was already familiar with three of the six new coins. Small booklets were made available containing some or all of the new denominations.\",\n \"Pound sterling In 1914, the Treasury introduced notes for 10/- and £1 to replace gold coins. These circulated until 1928, when they were replaced by Bank of England notes. Irish independence reduced the number of Irish banks issuing sterling notes to five operating in Northern Ireland. The Second World War had a drastic effect on the note production of the Bank of England. Fearful of mass forgery by the Nazis (see Operation Bernhard), all notes for £10 and above ceased production, leaving the bank to issue only 10/-, £1 and £5 notes. Scottish and Northern Irish issues were unaffected, with issues in denominations of £1, £5, £10, £20, £50 and £100.\",\n \"Shilling (British coin) The shilling (1/-) was a coin worth one twentieth of a pound sterling, or twelve pence. It was first minted in the reign of Henry VII as the testoon, and became known as the shilling from the Old English scilling,[1] sometime in the mid-sixteenth century, circulating until 1990. The word bob was sometimes used for a monetary value of several shillings, e.g. \\\"ten bob note\\\". Following decimalisation on 15 February 1971 the coin had a value of five new pence. It was made from silver from its introduction in or around 1503 until 1947, and thereafter in cupronickel.\",\n \"Ten pence (British coin) The British decimal ten pence (10p) coin – often pronounced ten pee – is a unit of currency equalling ten one-hundredths of a pound sterling. Its obverse has featured the profile of Queen Elizabeth II since the coin's introduction in 1968, replacing the two shilling coin in preparation for decimalisation in 1971.[1] Four different portraits of the Queen have been used on the coin, with the latest design by Jody Clark being introduced in 2015. The second and current reverse, featuring a segment of the Royal Shield, was introduced in 2008.\",\n \"Banknotes of the pound sterling In the mid 1960s, shortly after the introduction of Series C, the Bank of England proposed to introduce a new banknote series featuring people from British history. In addition to enhancing the appearance of banknotes, the complexity of the new designs was intended to make counterfeiting harder. The task of designing the new Series D notes was given to the Bank's new in-house designer, Harry Eccleston, who not only designed the notes themselves, but also created three individual portraits of the Queen.[i] It was initially envisaged that all of the denominations of notes then in circulation would be issued under Series D. To that end, a Series D 10 shilling note was designed, featuring Sir Walter Raleigh, which would become the 50 pence note upon decimalisation, and intended to be the first of the new series to be issued. However, inflation meant that the lifespan of such a note would be too short - estimates by the Decimal Currency Board suggested that a 10 shilling note would last approximately five months[42] - and it was more economical to have a coin instead: the fifty pence coin was introduced in 1969.[30][43] Instead, the £20 note was the first Series D note to enter circulation in 1970, with William Shakespeare on the reverse.[44]\",\n \"Coins of the pound sterling Some of the pre-decimalisation coins with exact decimal equivalent values continued in use after 1971 alongside the new coins, albeit with new names (the shilling became equivalent to the 5p coin, with the florin equating to 10p), and the others were withdrawn almost immediately. The use of florins and shillings as legal tender in this way ended in 1991 and 1993 when the 5p and 10p coins were replaced with smaller versions. Indeed, while pre-decimalisation shillings were used as 5p coins, for a while after decimalisation many people continued to call the new 5p coin a shilling, since it remained 1⁄20 of a pound, but was now counted as 5p (five new pence) instead of 12d (twelve old pennies). The pre-decimalisation sixpence, also known as a sixpenny bit or sixpenny piece, was equivalent to 2 1⁄2p, but was demonetised in 1980.\",\n \"HM Treasury The promise (never adhered to) was that they would be removed from circulation after the war had ended. In fact, the notes were issued until 1928, when the Currency and Bank Notes Act 1928 returned note-issuing powers to the banks.[16]\",\n \"Royal Mint In 1914 as war broke out in Europe, Chancellor of the Exchequer David Lloyd George instructed for gold coins to be removed from circulation so as to help pay for the war effort. The government started to issue £1 and 10 shilling treasury notes as replacement waving the way for Britan leaving the gold standard in 1931.\",\n \"Coins of the pound sterling The decimal half penny coin was demonetised in 1984 as its value was by then too small to be useful. The pre-decimal sixpence, shilling and two shilling coins, which had continued to circulate alongside the decimal coinage with values of 2 1⁄2p, 5p and 10p respectively, were finally withdrawn in 1980, 1990 and 1993 respectively. However, the double florin and crown with values of 20p and 25p respectively have not been withdrawn.\",\n \"Shilling At decimalisation in 1971, the shilling coin was superseded by the new five-pence piece, which initially was of identical size and weight and had the same value, and inherited the shilling's slang name of a bob. Shillings remained in circulation until the five pence coin was reduced in size in 1991.\",\n \"Jamaican dollar On 8 September 1969, banknotes of 50 cents (5 shillings), $1 (10 shillings), $2 (£1), and $10 (£5) were introduced. The $5 note was introduced on 20 October 1970, followed by the $20 in June 1976, when the 50 cent note was replaced by a coin. $100 notes were added on 2 December 1986, followed by $50 notes on 27 July 1988. The $2 note was dropped in 1994, whilst the $1 note was replaced by a coin in 1990. In 1994, coins replaced the $5 notes and $500 notes were introduced. In 1999, $10 coins replaced notes, whilst, in 2000, $20 coins replaced the notes and $1000 notes were introduced.\",\n \"Bank of England note issues The Series B note was replaced in turn on 21 February 1963 by the \\\"Series C\\\" £5 note which for the first time introduced the portrait of the monarch, Queen Elizabeth II, to the £5 note (the Queen's portrait having first appeared on the Series C ten shilling and £1 notes issued in 1960). The Series C £5 note was withdrawn on 31 August 1973.\",\n \"Shilling Australian shillings, twenty of which made up one Australian pound, were first issued in 1910, with the Australian coat of arms on the reverse and King Edward VII on the face. The coat of arms design was retained through the reign of King George V until a new ram's head design was introduced for the coins of King George VI. This design continued until the last year of issue in 1963. In 1966, Australia's currency was decimalised and the shilling was replaced by a ten cent coin (Australian), where 10 shillings made up one Australian dollar.\",\n \"Bank of England £10 note Source: Bank of England[2][3]\",\n \"Bank of England £10 note Ten pound notes were introduced by the Bank of England for the first time in 1759 as a consequence of gold shortages caused by the Seven Years' War. The earliest notes were handwritten, and were issued as needed to individuals. These notes were written on one side only and bore the name of the payee, the date, and the signature of the issuing cashier. With the exception of the Restriction Period between 1797 and 1821, when the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars caused a bullion shortage, these notes could be exchanged in full, or in part, for an equivalent amount of gold when presented at the bank. If redeemed in part, the banknote would be signed to indicate the amount that had been redeemed. From 1853 printed notes replaced handwritten notes, with the declaration \\\"I promise to pay the bearer on demand the sum of ten pounds\\\" replacing the name of the payee. This declaration remains on Bank of England banknotes to this day. A printed signature of one of three cashiers appeared on the printed notes, though this was replaced by the signature of the Chief Cashier from 1870 onward.[2]\",\n \"Australian one-dollar note The Australian one-dollar note (or $1 bill) was introduced in 1966 due to decimalisation, to replace the 10-shilling note. The note was issued from its introduction in 1966 until its replacement by the one-dollar coin in 1984. Approximately 1.7 billion one-dollar notes were printed.\",\n \"Banknotes of the Australian dollar The $1 (10/-), $2 (£1), $10 (£5), and $20 (£10) had exact exchange rates with pounds and were a similar colour to the notes they replaced, but the $5 (£2/10) did not, and so was introduced after the public had become familiar with decimal currency. Notes issued between 1966 and 1973 bore the title \\\"Commonwealth of Australia\\\". Starting from 1974, the title on the new notes only read \\\"Australia\\\" and the legal tender phrase was also changed from \\\"Legal Tender throughout the Commonwealth of Australia and the territories of the Commonwealth\\\" to \\\"This Australian Note is legal tender throughout Australia and its territories\\\". The $50 note was introduced in 1973 and the $100 note in 1984, in response to inflation requiring larger denominations for transactions.[3] The one dollar note was replaced by a coin in 1984, while the two dollar note was replaced by a smaller coin in 1988.[3] These original bank notes were designed by Gordon Andrews, who rejected traditional Australian clichés in favour of interesting and familiar subjects such as Aboriginal culture, women, the environment, architecture and aeronautics.[4] Although no longer printed, all previous issues of Australian dollar banknotes are considered legal tender.[5]\",\n \"Bank of England £5 note The note was introduced on 13 September 2016,[20] with an initial print run of 440 million notes (worth £2.2 billion), over the period of co-circulation.[21] It was announced that there would be a co-circulatory period with the old series E notes, and then on 5 May 2017, the series E would cease to be legal tender. However, as with all Bank of England notes, they can be exchanged at face value at any time in the future.[22]\",\n \"Shilling (British coin) The Royal Mint debased the silver coinage in 1920 from 92.5% silver to 50% silver. Shillings of both alloys were minted that year.[10] This debasement was done because of the rising price of silver around the world, and followed the global trend of the elimination, or the reducing in purity, of the silver in coinage.[11] The minting of silver coinage of the pound sterling ceased completely in 1946 for similar reasons, exacerbated by the costs of the Second World War. New \\\"silver\\\" coinage was instead minted in cupronickel, an alloy of copper and nickel containing no silver at all.[12]\",\n \"Gibraltar pound At the outbreak of World War I, Gibraltar was forced to issue banknotes to prevent paying out sterling or gold. These notes were issued under emergency wartime legislation, Ordinance 10 of 1914. At first the typeset notes were signed by hand by Treasurer Greenwood, though he later used stamps. The notes bore the embossed stamp of the Anglo-Egyptian Bank Ltd. and circulated alongside British Territory notes.[7] The 1914 notes were issued in denominations of 2 and 10 shillings, 1, 5 and 50 pounds. The 2 shilling and 50 pound notes were not continued when a new series of notes was introduced in 1927. The 10 shilling note was replaced by the 50 pence coin during the process of decimalization. In 1975, 10 and 20 pound notes were introduced, followed by 50 pounds in 1986. The 1 pound note was discontinued in 1988. In 1995, a new series of notes was introduced which, for the first time, bore the words \\\"pounds sterling\\\" rather than just \\\"pounds\\\". The government of Gibraltar introduced a new series of banknotes beginning with the 10 and 50 pound sterling notes issued on July 8, 2010. On May 11, 2011, the 5, 20 and 100 pound sterling notes were issued.[8]\",\n \"Decimal Day The old halfpenny was withdrawn from circulation on 31 July 1969, and the half-crown (2s 6d) followed on 31 December to ease the transition.[8] (The farthing had last been minted in 1956 and had ceased to be legal tender in 1960.)\",\n \"Bank of England note issues £50 notes, in white, appeared in 1725 and continued to be issued until 1943. They ceased to be legal tender in 1945.[24]\",\n \"Banknotes of the pound sterling In the E revision series the £50 note was never issued, £100 notes were last used by the Bank of England in 1945.\",\n \"Bank of England 10s note Information taken from Bank of England website.[1][2]\",\n \"Decimal Day The new halfpenny, penny, and twopence coins were introduced on 15 February 1971. Within two weeks of Decimal Day, the old penny (1d) and old threepenny (3d) coins had left circulation, and old sixpences were becoming rare.[12] On 31 August 1971, the penny and threepence were officially withdrawn from circulation, ending the transition period.[13]\",\n \"Indian 100-rupee note As of 2012, the new ₹ sign has been incorporated into banknote of ₹100.[5] In January 2014 RBI announced that it would be withdrawing from circulation all banknotes printed prior to 2005 by 31 March 2014. The deadline was later extended to 1 January 2015. Now further dead line was extended to 30 June 2016.[6]\",\n \"Shilling New Zealand shillings, twenty of which made up one New Zealand pound, were first issued in 1933 and featured the image of a Maori warrior carrying a taiaha \\\"in a warlike attitude\\\" on the reverse.[4] In 1967, New Zealand's currency was decimalised and the shilling was replaced by a ten cent coin of the same size and weight. Smaller 10-cent coins were introduced in 2006.\",\n \"Banknotes of the pound sterling As of October 2017, the Bank of England banknotes in circulation are from three distinct series. The two largest denominations are from Series F (£20 first issued in 2007, £50 first issued in 2011). The £5 and £10 notes are from Series G (first issued in 2016 & 2017), with the £10 note from the revised Series E (first issued in 2000) still in circulation.\",\n \"Bank of England £20 note The right to redeem banknotes for gold ceased in 1931 when Britain stopped using the gold standard.[1] The twenty pound note ceased to be produced by the Bank of England in 1943, and it was not until 1970 with the introduction of the series D notes that the denomination reappeared. The predominantly purple series D notes were two-sided, with an image of Queen Elizabeth II appearing on one side, accompanied by an image of Saint George and the Dragon (all subsequent Bank of England notes also feature an image of the Queen) and an image of William Shakespeare appearing on the other. This note also had a security feature in the form of a 'windowed' metal thread. The thread is woven into the paper so that it forms a dashed line, yet appears as a single line when held up to the light. Series D notes were phased out in favour of the newer series E notes beginning in 1991. These notes were multicoloured (predominantly mauve-purple) and featured an image of scientist Michael Faraday on the back. Series E notes were replaced by a variant design from 1999 onwards. These are broadly similar to the earlier series E notes but feature Edward Elgar on the reverse.[2]\",\n \"Bank of England note issues World War II saw a reversal in the trend of warfare creating more notes when, in order to combat forgery, higher denomination notes (at the time as high as £1,000) were removed from circulation.\",\n \"Banknotes of the pound sterling In December 2013, the Bank confirmed that plastic or polymer notes would be brought into circulation in 2016 with the introduction of the £5 note featuring Sir Winston Churchill.[61][62] The Jane Austen polymer £10 note went into circulation in September 2017.[45][63]\",\n \"Decimal Day In Ireland, all pre-decimal coins, except the 1s, 2s and 10s coins, were called in during the initial process between 1969 and 1972; the ten shilling coin, which, as recently issued and in any event equivalent to 50p, was permitted to remain outstanding (though due to silver content, the coin did not circulate). The 1s and 2s were recalled in 1993 and 1994 respectively. Pre-decimal Irish coins may still be redeemed at their face value equivalent in euro at the Central Bank in Dublin.\",\n \"New Zealand ten-cent coin The old 10-cent coins were demonetised on 1 November 2006.\",\n \"Withdrawn Canadian banknotes Printing of the $1,000 note ceased in 2000. The denomination was withdrawn on the advice of the Solicitor General and the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP), as it was often used for money laundering and organized crime.[4] The Bank of Canada has requested that financial institutions return $1,000 notes for destruction.[5] The most recent issue of this denomination was in 1992 as part of the Birds of Canada series. It was pink in colour, featuring Queen Elizabeth II on the face, and two pine grosbeaks on the back.\",\n \"Bank of England £10 note The revised Series E £10 note was introduced in 2000. It features a portrait of Charles Darwin on the back as well as an illustration of HMS Beagle and images of various flora and fauna.[4] The note features a number of security features in addition to the metallic thread, including raised print, a watermark, microlettering, a hologram, and a number ten which only appears under ultraviolet light.[5]\",\n \"Manx pound The Royal Mint issued a total of £1,000 in copper coins. Following an Act[Parliament or Tynwald?] in 1840, these were valued at 12 pence to the shilling. All coins issued before 1839 were declared by this law to be no longer current, and were recalled by the Board of Customs and exchanged by the Royal Mint at their original nominal value for the new coinage. After 1839, no further Manx coins were issued, and they gradually became scarce and were replaced in general circulation on the island by the coinage of the United Kingdom. They did not cease to be legal coinage on Mann until decimalisation in 1971. Banknotes had been privately issued for the island since 1865.\",\n \"Pound sterling The £5 polymer banknote, issued by Northern Bank (now Danske Bank) in 2000, was the only polymer note in circulation until 2016, although Danske Bank also produces paper-based £10, £20 and £50 notes. The Bank of England introduced £5 polymer banknotes in September 2016, and the paper £5 notes were withdrawn on 5 May 2017. This date was picked due to its short format, 5/5.[citation needed] A polymer £10 banknote was introduced on 14 September 2017, and the paper note was withdrawn on 1 March 2018. A polymer £20 banknote will be introduced in 2020.[83]\",\n \"Coins of the pound sterling In the years just before decimalisation, the circulating British coins were the half crown (2/6, withdrawn 1 January 1970), two shillings or florin (2/-), shilling (1/-), sixpence (6d), threepence (3d), penny (1d) and halfpenny (1⁄2d). The farthing (1⁄4d) had been withdrawn in 1960. There was also the Crown (5/-), which was (and still is) legal tender but only minted on special occasions and not normally circulated.\",\n \"Bank of England £10 note In December 2013 the Bank of England announced that the next £10 note would be printed on polymer, rather than cotton paper.[6] This followed the announcement in July 2013 that Charles Darwin would be replaced by 19th Century author Jane Austen on the next £10 note, which would enter circulation in 2017. The decision to replace Darwin with Austen followed a campaign to have a woman on the back of a Bank of England banknote when it was announced that the only woman to feature on the back of a note — prison reformer Elizabeth Fry on the £5 note — was to be replaced by Winston Churchill.[7][8] Images on the reverse of the Jane Austen note include a portrait of Austen commissioned by her nephew, an illustration of Elizabeth Bennet from Pride and Prejudice by Isabel Bishop, an image of Godmersham Park (the home of Austen's brother), and a design based on Austen's 12-sided writing table as used by her at Chawton Cottage.[9] The note also includes the quote “I declare after all there is no enjoyment like reading!” which is said by Austen's character Caroline Bingley, who in fact has no interest in reading and is attempting to impress Mr Darcy.[10]\",\n \"Bank of England note issues On 11 November 1971, the \\\"Series D\\\" pictorial £5 note was issued, showing a slightly older portrait of the Queen and a battle scene featuring the Duke of Wellington on the reverse. It was withdrawn on 29 November 1991.\",\n \"Indian 1000-rupee note As of 2011, the new ₹ sign has been incorporated into banknotes of ₹1000.[4] In January 2014, RBI announced that it would be withdrawing from circulation all banknotes printed prior to 2005 by 31 March 2014. The deadline was later extended to 1 January 2015, and then again to 30 June 2016.[5]\",\n \"Banknotes of the Canadian dollar This was also the last series that the $2 and $1,000 notes were issued. The $2 note was withdrawn in 1996 and replaced by the $2 coin known as the toonie. The $1,000 note was withdrawn by the Bank of Canada on 12 May 2000 at the request of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) as part of a program to reduce organized crime.[12] At the time, 2,827,702 of the $1000 bills were in circulation; by 2011, fewer than 1 million were in circulation, most held by organized crime.[12]\",\n \"United States Note Soon after private ownership of gold was banned during 1933, all of the remaining types of circulating currency, National Bank Notes, silver certificates, Federal Reserve Notes, and United States Notes, were redeemable by individuals only for silver. Eventually, even silver redemption stopped during June 1968, during a time in which all U.S. currency (both coins and paper currency) was changed to fiat currency. For the general public there was then little to distinguish United States Notes from Federal Reserve Notes. As a result, the public circulation of United States Notes, then mainly in the form of $2 and $5 bills, was replaced with $5 Federal Reserve Notes and, eventually, $2 Federal Reserve Notes as well. United States Notes became rare in hand-to-hand commerce and the Treasury converted most of the outstanding balance into $100 bills which spent most of their time in bank vaults. No more United States Notes were distributed into public circulation after January 21, 1971.[21] In September 1994 the Riegle Improvement Act[22] released the Treasury from its long-standing obligation to keep the notes in circulation and finally, during 1996, the Treasury announced that its stock of $100 United States Notes had been destroyed.[23]\",\n \"Withdrawal of low-denomination coins This withdrawal may be due to the high cost of production, since the coin may be worth less than its cost of production. For example, when Canada phased out its penny in 2012, its production cost was 1.6 cents per penny.[1] Other reasons include low purchasing power and low utility. Often coins are withdrawn after their purchasing power has been eroded after decades of inflation. In Switzerland, the 1 Rappen coin had fallen into disuse by the early 1980s, but was still produced until 2006, albeit in ever decreasing quantities. Conversely, the British Treasury department initially argued for the retention of the halfpenny, on the grounds that its withdrawal would drive up inflation.[2]\",\n \"Banknotes of the United States dollar They were first issued in 1914, different from the Federal Reserve Bank Notes in that they were liabilities of the whole Federal Reserve System. They were redeemable in gold until 1933. After that date they stopped to be redeemable in anything, much like United States Notes (which later led to the halting of the production of United States Notes). They switched to small size in 1929 and are the only type of currency in circulation today in the United States. They were originally printed in denominations of $5, $10, $20, $50, $100, $500, $1,000, $5,000 and $10,000. The $500, $1,000, $5,000 and $10,000 denominations were last printed in 1945 and discontinued in 1969, making the $100 bill the largest denomination banknote in circulation. A $1 note was added in 1963 to replace the $1 Silver Certificate after that type of currency had been discontinued. Since United States Notes were discontinued in 1971, Federal Reserve Notes are the only type of currency circulating in the US. In 1976, a $2 note was added, 10 years after the $2 denomination of United States Note was officially discontinued. The denomination proved to be unpopular and is now treated as a curiosity, although it is still being printed. Starting 1996, all notes except $1 and $2 were redesigned to have a larger portrait of the people depicted on them. Since 2004, all notes (except $1 and $2) were progressively changed to have different colors to make them more easily distinguishable from each other, until the last such note was introduced in 2013 (the $100).\",\n \"Banknotes of the United States dollar United States Notes, also known as Legal Tender Notes, succeeded Demand Notes as the main currency form of the United States. They were not redeemable but were receivable for all taxes and debts, which is what persuaded people to circulate them. They had a red seal and were originally issued in denominations of $1, $2, $5, $10, $20, $50, $100, $500 and $1,000. $5,000 and $10,000 notes were issued in 1878 and have not been issued anytime after. United States Notes switched to small size in 1928 and were introduced in denominations of only $1, $2 and $5. In 1934, when Federal Reserve Notes stopped being redeemable in gold, the only difference between them and Legal Tender Notes was that the first were liabilities of the Federal Reserve while the latter were direct liabilities of the United States Treasury Department. The $2 and $5 were issued through 1966, and the $2 note was only available as a United States Note. In 1966 the $5 United States Note was discontinued and the $2 denomination was discontinued altogether. In 1966 a $100 US note was issued to meet legal requirements about the amount of notes in circulation. In 1971 the production of US notes was halted and they were officially discontinued in 1994.\",\n \"£sd As countries of the British Empire became independent, some (like the United States) abandoned the £sd system quickly, while others retained it almost as long as the UK itself. Australia for example, only changed to using a decimal currency on 14 February 1966. Still others, notably Ireland, decimalised only when the UK did. The UK abandoned the old penny on Decimal Day, 15 February 1971, when one pound sterling became divided into 100 new pence. This was a change from the system used in the earlier wave of decimalisations, in Australia, New Zealand, Rhodesia and South Africa, in which the pound was divided into two of a new major currency called the \\\"dollar\\\" or \\\"rand.\\\" The British shilling was replaced by a 5 new pence coin worth one-twentieth of a pound.\",\n \"Banknotes of the pound sterling Elizabeth II was not the first British monarch to have her face on UK banknotes. George II, George III and George IV appeared on early Royal Bank of Scotland notes and George V appeared on 10 shilling and 1 pound notes issued by the British Treasury between 1914 and 1928. However, prior to the issue of its Series C banknotes in 1960, Bank of England banknotes generally did not depict the monarch. Today, notes issued by Scottish and Northern Irish banks do not depict the monarch.\",\n \"Large denominations of United States currency The Federal Reserve began taking high-denomination currency out of circulation (destroying large bills received by banks) in 1969. As of May 30, 2009[update], only 336 $10,000 bills were known to exist; 342 remaining $5,000 bills; and 165,372 remaining $1,000 bills.[10] Due to their rarity, collectors often pay considerably more than the face value of the bills to acquire them. Some are in museums in other parts of the world.\",\n \"Bank of England note issues On 24 June 2013, Governor of the Bank of England Mark Carney announced that a newly designed £10 banknote, featuring novelist Jane Austen, would be issued in 2017.[32] The campaign for a woman to appear celebrated the choice as \\\"a brilliant day\\\".[31] The date of issue was subsequently confirmed as 14 September 2017.[4]\",\n \"Large denominations of United States currency Although they are still legal tender in the United States, high-denomination bills were last printed on December 27, 1945, and officially discontinued on July 14, 1969, by the Federal Reserve System,[9] due to 'lack of use'. The $5,000 and $10,000 effectively disappeared well before then.[nb 1]\",\n \"Bank of England £1 note During the First World War the British Government wanted to maintain its stocks of gold and so banks were ordered to again stop exchanging any and all denominations of banknotes for gold. Gold sovereigns were replaced by one pound notes issued by the Treasury. These notes were nicknamed \\\"Bradburys\\\" because of the prominent signature of Sir John Bradbury, Permanent Secretary to the Treasury displayed on the notes.[2] Britain returned to the gold standard in 1925, although the Bank of England was only obliged to exchange notes for gold in multiples of 400 troy ounces (12,000 g) (the typical size of a \\\"Good Delivery bar\\\") or more. The responsibility for the printing of one pound notes was transferred to the Bank of England in 1928, and the ability to redeem banknotes for gold ceased in 1931 when Britain stopped using the gold standard.[1]\",\n \"Bank of England note issues On 29 April 1992, a new £10 note in Series E, with orange rather than brown as the dominant colour, was issued. The reverse featured Charles Dickens and a scene from The Pickwick Papers. This note was withdrawn from circulation on 31 July 2003. A second Series E note was issued on 7 November 2000 featuring Charles Darwin, HMS Beagle, a hummingbird, and flowers under a magnifying glass, illustrating the Origin of Species. The hummingbird's inclusion was criticised, since Darwin's ideas were spurred by finches and mockingbirds, not hummingbirds.[29]\",\n \"Bank of England £1 note One pound notes were introduced by the Bank of England for the first time in 1797, following gold shortages caused by the French Revolutionary Wars. The earliest notes were handwritten, and were issued as needed to individuals. These notes were written on one side only and bore the name of the payee, the date, and the signature of the issuing cashier. Between 1797 and 1821 the lack of bullion meant that banks would not exchange banknotes for gold, but after the end of the Napoleonic Wars the shortage was alleviated such that notes could be exchanged for an equivalent amount of gold when presented at the bank. One pound notes ceased to be issued in 1821 and were replaced by gold sovereigns.[1]\",\n \"Legal tender Banknotes and coins may be withdrawn from circulation, but remain legal tender. United States banknotes issued at any date remain legal tender even after they are withdrawn from circulation. Canadian 1- and 2-dollar bills remain legal tender even if they have been withdrawn and replaced by coins, but Canadian $1,000 bills remain legal tender even if they are removed from circulation as they arrive at a bank. However, Bank of England notes that are withdrawn from circulation generally cease to be legal tender but remain redeemable for current currency at the Bank of England itself or by post. All paper and polymer issues of New Zealand banknotes issued from 1967 onwards (and 1- and 2-dollar notes until 1993) are still legal tender; however, 1- and 2-cent coins are no longer used in Australia and New Zealand.\",\n \"Florin (British coin) In 1911, following the accession of George V, the florin regained the shields and sceptres design it had in the late Victorian Era, and kept that motif until 1937, when the national emblems were placed on it. The florin retained such a theme for the remainder of its run, though a new design was used from 1953, following the accession of Elizabeth II. In 1968, prior to decimalisation, the Royal Mint began striking the ten pence piece. The old two shilling piece remained in circulation until the ten pence piece was made smaller, and earlier coins, including the florin, were demonetised.\",\n \"Bank of England note issues Notes were originally hand-written; although they were partially printed from 1725 onwards, cashiers still had to sign each note and make them payable to someone. Notes were fully printed from 1855, no doubt to the relief of the bank's workers. Until 1928 all notes were \\\"White Notes\\\", printed in black and with a blank reverse. During the 20th century White Notes were issued in denominations between £5 and £1000, but in the 18th and 19th centuries there were White Notes for £1 and £2.\",\n \"Banknotes of the pound sterling The Series D £1 note, featuring Sir Isaac Newton, was discontinued in 1984, having been replaced by a pound coin the year before, and was officially withdrawn from circulation in 1988. Nonetheless, all banknotes, regardless of when they were withdrawn from circulation, may be presented at the Bank of England where they will be exchanged for current banknotes. Other banks may also decide to exchange old banknotes, but they are under no obligation to do so.\",\n \"Pound sterling During the First World War, production of the sovereign and half-sovereign was suspended, and although the gold standard was later restored, the coins saw little circulation thereafter. In 1920, the silver standard, maintained at .925 since 1552, was reduced to .500. In 1937, a nickel-brass 3d coin was introduced; the last silver 3d coins were issued seven years later. In 1947, the remaining silver coins were replaced with cupro-nickel, with the exception of Maundy coinage which was then restored to .925. Inflation caused the farthing to cease production in 1956 and be demonetised in 1960. In the run-up to decimalisation, the halfpenny and half-crown were demonetised in 1969.\",\n \"Shilling After 1966, shillings continued to circulate, as they were replaced by 10-cent coins of the same size and weight.\",\n \"Bank of England note issues The first Bank of England £5 note was issued in 1793[24] in response to the need for smaller denomination banknotes to replace gold coin during the French Revolutionary Wars. (Previously the smallest note issued had been £10.) The 1793 design, latterly known as the \\\"White Fiver\\\" (black printing on white paper), remained in circulation essentially unchanged until 21 February 1957 when the multicoloured (although predominantly dark blue) \\\"Series B\\\" note, depicting the helmeted Britannia, was introduced. The old \\\"White Fiver\\\" was withdrawn on 13 March 1961.[24]\",\n \"10 euro note The changeover period during which the former currencies' notes and coins were exchanged for those of the euro lasted about two months, going from 1 January 2002 until 28 February 2002. The official date on which the national currencies ceased to be legal tender varied from member state to member state.[3] The earliest date was in Germany, where the mark officially ceased to be legal tender on 31 December 2001, though the exchange period lasted for two months more. Even after the old currencies ceased to be legal tender, they continued to be accepted by national central banks for periods ranging from ten years to forever.[3][14]\",\n \"Kenyan shilling 5 shillings notes were replaced by coins in 1985, with the same happening to 10 and 20 shillings in 1994 and 1998. In 1986, 200 shillings notes were introduced, followed by 500 shillings in 1988 and 1000 shillings in 1994.\",\n \"Indian 500-rupee note Starting from midnight 8 November 2016 all ₹500 and ₹1000 banknotes of the Mahatma Gandhi Series ceased to be a form of legal tender after a televised address to India by Prime Minister Narendra Modi.[12]\",\n \"Banknotes of the pound sterling Until 1988, the Bank of England issued one pound notes, and these notes did have legal tender status in Scotland and Northern Ireland while they existed. The Currency and Bank Notes Act 1954 defined Bank of England notes of less than £5 in value as legal tender in Scotland.[24] Since the English £1 note was removed from circulation in 1988, this leaves a legal curiosity in Scots law whereby there is no paper legal tender in Scotland. The UK Treasury has proposed extending legal tender status to Scottish banknotes.[citation needed] The proposal has been opposed by Scottish nationalists who claim it would reduce the independence of the Scottish banking sector.[25]\",\n \"Indian 1000-rupee note On 8 November 2016, Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced that \\\"Starting from midnight 8th November 2016 all ₹1000 banknotes of the Mahatma Gandhi Series will not be accepted as a form of legal tender\\\", although new ₹500 and ₹2000 banknotes of the new Mahatma Gandhi New Series were unveiled.[7]\",\n \"Bank of England At the start of the First World War, the Currency and Bank Notes Act 1914 was passed, which granted temporary powers to HM Treasury for issuing banknotes to the values of £1 and 10/- (ten shillings). Treasury notes had full legal tender status and were not convertible into gold through the Bank; they replaced the gold coin in circulation to prevent a run on sterling and to enable raw material purchases for armament production. These notes featured an image of King George V (Bank of England notes did not begin to display an image of the monarch until 1960). The wording on each note was:\",\n \"Banknotes of the pound sterling £1 (Not used by the Bank of England or in NI), £100 (Not used by the Bank of England)\",\n \"Florin (British coin) The British florin, or two shilling coin, was issued from 1849 until 1967, with a final issue for collectors dated 1970. Valued at one tenth of a pound (24 old pence), it was the last coin circulating immediately prior to decimalisation to be demonetised, in 1993, having for a quarter of a century circulated alongside the ten pence piece, identical in specifications and value.\",\n \"HM Treasury Banknotes in the UK are normally issued by the Bank of England and a number of commercial banks (see Banknotes of the pound sterling). At the start of the First World War, the Currency and Bank Notes Act 1914 was passed, giving the Treasury temporary powers to issue banknotes in two denominations, one at £1 and another at 10 shillings, in the UK. Treasury notes had full legal tender status and were not convertible for gold through the Bank of England. They replaced the gold coin in circulation to prevent a run on sterling and to enable purchases of raw materials for armaments production. These notes featured an image of King George V (Bank of England notes did not begin to display an image of the monarch until 1960). The wording on each note was UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND — Currency notes are Legal Tender for the payment of any amount — Issued by the Lords Commissioners of His Majesty's Treasury under the Authority of Act of Parliament (4 & 5 Geo. V c.14). Notes issued after the partition of Ireland from 1922 had the wording changed to read \\\"United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland\\\".\",\n \"10 euro note A new series, similar to the current one, was released on 23 September 2014.[15] The European Central Bank will, in due time, announce when banknotes from the first series lose legal tender status.[15]\",\n \"The High Denomination Bank Notes (Demonetisation) Act, 1978 The Act was passed by consideration in both Houses of Parliament and supreme court, and was implemented by an issue of an ordinance on 16 January 1978, [5] which was later made an Act, from 30 March 1978.[6]\"\n]","isConversational":false},"gt_docs":{"kind":"list like","value":["Bank of England 10s note The Bank of England 10s note was a banknote of the pound sterling. Ten shillings in pre-decimal money (written 10s or 10/-) was equivalent to half of one pound. The ten-shilling note was the smallest denomination note ever issued by the Bank of England. The note was issued by the Bank of England for the first time in 1928 and continued to be printed until 1969. The note ceased to be legal tender in 1970 and was removed in favour of the fifty pence coin.","Bank of England 10s note A new design for ten-shilling notes was introduced in 1961, with the old notes ceasing to be legal tender in 1962. These new series C notes were slightly longer and narrower, and were the first ten-shilling notes to feature a portrait of Queen Elizabeth II on the front. The reverse design incorporated the logo of the Bank of England.[1] In the late 1960s it was decided that future banknotes should feature a British historical figure on the reverse. The first such note was the series D £20 note, first issued in 1970, featuring William Shakespeare. A design for a ten-shilling note featuring Walter Raleigh on the reverse was approved in 1964 but was never issued.[3] Instead, in 1969, as part of the process of decimalisation, a new fifty pence coin was introduced as a replacement for the ten-shilling note. The principal reason for the change was economy: the notes had an average lifetime of about five months whereas coins could last at least fifty years.[4] The series C ten shilling notes ceased to be legal tender on 22 November 1970.[1]"],"string":"[\n \"Bank of England 10s note The Bank of England 10s note was a banknote of the pound sterling. Ten shillings in pre-decimal money (written 10s or 10/-) was equivalent to half of one pound. The ten-shilling note was the smallest denomination note ever issued by the Bank of England. The note was issued by the Bank of England for the first time in 1928 and continued to be printed until 1969. The note ceased to be legal tender in 1970 and was removed in favour of the fifty pence coin.\",\n \"Bank of England 10s note A new design for ten-shilling notes was introduced in 1961, with the old notes ceasing to be legal tender in 1962. These new series C notes were slightly longer and narrower, and were the first ten-shilling notes to feature a portrait of Queen Elizabeth II on the front. The reverse design incorporated the logo of the Bank of England.[1] In the late 1960s it was decided that future banknotes should feature a British historical figure on the reverse. The first such note was the series D £20 note, first issued in 1970, featuring William Shakespeare. A design for a ten-shilling note featuring Walter Raleigh on the reverse was approved in 1964 but was never issued.[3] Instead, in 1969, as part of the process of decimalisation, a new fifty pence coin was introduced as a replacement for the ten-shilling note. The principal reason for the change was economy: the notes had an average lifetime of about five months whereas coins could last at least fifty years.[4] The series C ten shilling notes ceased to be legal tender on 22 November 1970.[1]\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":295,"cells":{"_id":{"kind":"string","value":"test3159"},"query":{"kind":"string","value":"who plays the dad in malcom in the middle"},"gt_ids":{"kind":"list like","value":["doc107870","doc107873"],"string":"[\n \"doc107870\",\n \"doc107873\"\n]","isConversational":false},"gt_qrels":{"kind":"list like","value":[1,1],"string":"[\n 1,\n 1\n]","isConversational":false},"candidate_ids":{"kind":"list like","value":["doc107870","doc107873","doc964384","doc1588129","doc496710","doc531036","doc107869","doc496702","doc1588134","doc1448470","doc107892","doc496704","doc1588130","doc1588127","doc107877","doc1588128","doc2667930","doc1588131","doc531038","doc1816265","doc531031","doc531039","doc1197893","doc107874","doc2054275","doc1294867","doc2620370","doc1588124","doc531040","doc2054271","doc531035","doc1816268","doc1227768","doc531037","doc840067","doc437561","doc1588126","doc1197897","doc1588133","doc107876","doc1654033","doc531032","doc2287173","doc1069572","doc1777938","doc1300089","doc385462","doc1280262","doc496705","doc1588135","doc1588123","doc1588125","doc1069577","doc2634358","doc2144543","doc2667942","doc804982","doc1052544","doc964393","doc600920","doc1370283","doc638942","doc2249577","doc107882","doc531034","doc840066","doc1584507","doc1588132","doc2281866","doc1654039","doc1197912","doc964383","doc2282728","doc964401","doc531033","doc2155993","doc964398","doc1227769","doc33610","doc2133810","doc957863","doc1777936","doc284907","doc902015","doc107878","doc1989918","doc2667937","doc295816","doc1197898","doc741751","doc964386","doc208614","doc107879","doc531042","doc871973","doc1851218","doc971392","doc964403","doc840068","doc107880"],"string":"[\n \"doc107870\",\n \"doc107873\",\n \"doc964384\",\n \"doc1588129\",\n \"doc496710\",\n \"doc531036\",\n \"doc107869\",\n \"doc496702\",\n \"doc1588134\",\n \"doc1448470\",\n \"doc107892\",\n \"doc496704\",\n \"doc1588130\",\n \"doc1588127\",\n \"doc107877\",\n \"doc1588128\",\n \"doc2667930\",\n \"doc1588131\",\n \"doc531038\",\n \"doc1816265\",\n \"doc531031\",\n \"doc531039\",\n \"doc1197893\",\n \"doc107874\",\n \"doc2054275\",\n \"doc1294867\",\n \"doc2620370\",\n \"doc1588124\",\n \"doc531040\",\n \"doc2054271\",\n \"doc531035\",\n \"doc1816268\",\n \"doc1227768\",\n \"doc531037\",\n \"doc840067\",\n \"doc437561\",\n \"doc1588126\",\n \"doc1197897\",\n \"doc1588133\",\n \"doc107876\",\n \"doc1654033\",\n \"doc531032\",\n \"doc2287173\",\n \"doc1069572\",\n \"doc1777938\",\n \"doc1300089\",\n \"doc385462\",\n \"doc1280262\",\n \"doc496705\",\n \"doc1588135\",\n \"doc1588123\",\n \"doc1588125\",\n \"doc1069577\",\n \"doc2634358\",\n \"doc2144543\",\n \"doc2667942\",\n \"doc804982\",\n \"doc1052544\",\n \"doc964393\",\n \"doc600920\",\n \"doc1370283\",\n \"doc638942\",\n \"doc2249577\",\n \"doc107882\",\n \"doc531034\",\n \"doc840066\",\n \"doc1584507\",\n \"doc1588132\",\n \"doc2281866\",\n \"doc1654039\",\n \"doc1197912\",\n \"doc964383\",\n \"doc2282728\",\n \"doc964401\",\n \"doc531033\",\n \"doc2155993\",\n \"doc964398\",\n \"doc1227769\",\n \"doc33610\",\n \"doc2133810\",\n \"doc957863\",\n \"doc1777936\",\n \"doc284907\",\n \"doc902015\",\n \"doc107878\",\n \"doc1989918\",\n \"doc2667937\",\n \"doc295816\",\n \"doc1197898\",\n \"doc741751\",\n \"doc964386\",\n \"doc208614\",\n \"doc107879\",\n \"doc531042\",\n \"doc871973\",\n \"doc1851218\",\n \"doc971392\",\n \"doc964403\",\n \"doc840068\",\n \"doc107880\"\n]","isConversational":false},"candidate_docs":{"kind":"list like","value":["Malcolm in the Middle The series follows a family of six, and later seven, and stars Frankie Muniz in the lead role of Malcolm, a somewhat normal boy who tests at genius level. While he enjoys his intelligence, he despises having to take classes for gifted children, who are mocked by the other students who call them \"Krelboynes\". Jane Kaczmarek is Malcolm's overbearing, authoritarian mother, Lois, and Bryan Cranston plays his immature but loving father, Hal. Christopher Kennedy Masterson plays eldest brother Francis, a former rebel who, in earlier episodes, was in military school, but eventually marries and settles into a steady job. Justin Berfield is Malcolm's dimwitted older brother Reese, a cruel bully who tortures Malcolm at home, even while he defends him at school. Younger brother Dewey, bitter about his ruined childhood, smart, and musically talented, is portrayed by Erik Per Sullivan. At first, the show's focus was on Malcolm, but as the series progressed, it began to explore all six members of the family. A fifth son, Jamie, was introduced as a baby at the end of Season 4.","Malcolm in the Middle The series is about a boy named Malcolm and his dysfunctional family.[3][4] The show stars Frankie Muniz as Malcolm, the third of four and later five boys, his brothers, and their parents, Lois (Jane Kaczmarek) and Hal (Bryan Cranston). Their first child, Francis (Christopher Masterson), was sent away to military school, leaving his three younger brothers at home, Reese (Justin Berfield), Malcolm, and Dewey (Erik Per Sullivan) with Malcolm being the middle child still living at home. In season four, the character Jamie (James and Lukas Rodriguez) was added to the show as the fifth son of Hal & Lois. The show's early seasons centered on Malcolm dealing with the rigors of being an adolescent and enduring the eccentricities of his life. Later seasons gradually explored the other members of the family and their friends in more depth, including others such as Craig Feldspar, Lois' coworker at the Lucky Aide drugstore, Malcolm's friend Stevie Kenarban, and Stevie's dad Abe.","List of Malcolm in the Middle episodes 11-year-old Malcolm (Frankie Muniz) lives with his dysfunctional family: neurotic father, Hal (Bryan Cranston), control-freak mother Lois (Jane Kaczmarek), dim-witted bully 13-year-old Reese (Justin Berfield), and odd 6-year-old Dewey (Erik Per Sullivan). His favorite elder brother, 16-year-old Francis (Christopher Masterson), has been packed off to military school for chronic misbehavior. At school Malcolm tries to keep his head down and avoid the school bully Spath, but his teachers spot his intelligence and testing reveals his I.Q. to be 165. When Lois forces him to join the school's gifted class, Malcolm objects because he doesn't want to be bullied for being a \"Krelboyne\". Frustrated at being ostracized by the regular kids, Malcolm lashes out at Spath, and with some help from his new friend Stevie, fortuitously humiliates Spath and becomes the nerds' hero.","List of Malcolm in the Middle characters Hal, played by Bryan Cranston (all 151 episodes), is the father of the family. Though relaxed in his parenting when compared to Lois, Hal has shown that he can slide into a disciplinarian when confronted by the boys' bad behavior. He used to be like his sons, especially Francis, until he married Lois and she nurtured him. He comes from a wealthy family who resent his choice to marry Lois over Susan (an action also shared by Victor and Ida). Hal has a hard time making good decisions, which he often deferred to Lois. Despite the fact many of the neighbors hate his family and especially Lois, Hal blends in well with them. He loves Lois more than she loves him, never even thinking about other women. He is also very scared of her, even more than the boys are, which is why he often bribes their sons to take the fall for his wrongdoings. He is very devoted to Lois and willing to give the children punishment they deserve that Lois gives them. Lois is usually head of the household and Hal is second-in-command. He is very neurotic and has a slight obsessive-compulsive disorder, and also enjoys unusual hobbies. Hal is also a sex addict, as revealed in the episode \"Forbidden Girlfriend\" when Lois is taking medication and is unable to have sex for an entire week. It is mentioned again in the episode \"Poker 2\" when Hal tells his friends he has sex 14 times per week. It was also revealed that Hal was a chain smoker before quitting the habit. Hal's best friend is Abe Kenarban. Hal works in a lower management job in a corporation that he always hated. He used to be an executive and got demoted when he mouths off to his boss in the season 2 finale.","Bryan Cranston In 1998, he appeared in Steven Spielberg's Saving Private Ryan, as War Department Colonel I.W. Bryce, who insisted that Private Ryan be rescued. His theatrical credits include starring roles in The God of Hell, Chapter Two, The Taming of the Shrew, A Doll's House, Barefoot in the Park, Eastern Standard, Wrestlers and The Steven Weed Show, for which he won a Drama-Logue Award.[25] In 2000, Cranston landed a leading role as Hal on the comedy series Malcolm in the Middle. He would remain with the show until its end in 2006. Cranston ended up directing several episodes of the show and received three Primetime Emmy Award nominations for his performance.[26] Cranston reprised his role in a cutaway gag during the Family Guy episode \"I Take Thee Quagmire\", killing Lois (his wife on Malcolm in the Middle) with a refrigerator door, and in a leaked alternate ending of Breaking Bad with Jane Kaczmarek reprising her role as Lois.[27]","Characters of Malcolm in the Middle Hal, played by Bryan Cranston (all 151 episodes), is the father of the family. Though relaxed in his parenting when compared to Lois, Hal has shown that he can slide into a disciplinarian when confronted by the boys' bad behavior. He comes from a wealthy family who resent his choice to marry Lois over Susan (an action also shared by Victor and Ida). Hal has a hard time making good decisions, which he often deferred to Lois. Despite the fact many of the neighbors hate his family, Hal blends in well with them. He loves Lois more than she loves him, never even thinking about other women. He is also very scared of her, even more than the boys are, which is why he often bribes their sons to take the fall for his wrongdoings. He is very neurotic and has a slight obsessive-compulsive disorder, and also enjoys unusual hobbies. Hal is also a sex addict, this was revealed in the episode \"Forbidden Girlfriend\" when Lois is taking medication and is unable to have sex for an entire week, it is mentioned again in the episode \"Poker 2\" when Hal tells his friends he has sex 14 times per week. It was also revealed that Hal was a chain smoker before quitting the habit. Hal's best friend is Abe Kenarban.","Malcolm in the Middle Malcolm in the Middle is an American television sitcom created by Linwood Boomer for the Fox Broadcasting Company. The series was first broadcast on January 9, 2000, and ended its six-year run on May 14, 2006, after seven seasons and 151 episodes. The series received critical acclaim and won a Peabody Award, seven Emmy Awards, one Grammy Award, and seven Golden Globe nominations.","Bryan Cranston Bryan Lee Cranston (born March 7, 1956) is an American actor, voice actor, producer, director and screenwriter. He is best known for portraying Walter White on the AMC crime drama series Breaking Bad, Hal on the Fox comedy series Malcolm in the Middle, and Dr. Tim Whatley on the NBC comedy series Seinfeld.","List of Malcolm in the Middle characters Malcolm, portrayed by Frankie Muniz (150 episodes), is the protagonist of the series. He is six years younger than his oldest brother Francis, two years younger than his older brother Reese, four years older than his younger brother Dewey, and about 15 years older than his youngest brother Jamie. In the first episode of the series, he is discovered to be a child prodigy and immediately moved from his regular class into the 'Krelboynes', a class for gifted students. Despite his high intelligence, he still gets into mischief either alongside or working against his brothers (in particular, Reese), although he becomes more self-absorbed and egotistical in the later seasons as he goes through puberty. Malcolm, like Reese, is not very popular. However, he has had a number of girlfriends during the series run. Even though he is very intelligent, Malcolm has a short temper, can be easily manipulated and also has problems containing his opinion about himself. Malcolm also occasionally serves as the voice of reason, and does have a conscience, for instance, despite emotionally manipulating a grieving Hal to buy him a car in the episode \"Hal Grieves,\" when the time comes to make the purchase he finds he can't go through with it. In the series finale, it is revealed that Lois intended him to have a hard life, knowing that he is destined to assume the role of President of the United States; she wants him to remember where he came from to get there and try to help families like his own when he assumes the office. Malcolm eventually comes to terms with his future, after being unable to tell Lois he cannot do it. In the series finale, Malcolm begins taking classes at Harvard University. It is unknown if he will become President of the United States in the future. Throughout the series, Malcolm frequently breaks the fourth wall and talks to the viewer about either the current situation or giving exposition about past events.","Gary Anthony Williams Williams' past roles include Abraham Kenarban (Stevie's dad) in the Fox TV sitcom Malcolm in the Middle[8] and as Judge Trudy's Bailiff on Nickelodeon's The Amanda Show.[9] Williams was a series regular on the WB Television Network sketch comedy series, Blue Collar TV.[10]","Malcolm in the Middle Jane Kaczmarek and Cloris Leachman gained the highest honors in the cast for being nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award every year they appeared on Malcolm in the Middle.[76][77] Leachman succeeded in winning 2002 and 2006.[77] The show won a total of 7 Emmys during its six-year run[78] and a Peabody Award.[79]","Bryan Cranston Cranston was also nominated three times for the Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series for his role in Malcolm in the Middle. His role in Breaking Bad also earned him five Golden Globe nominations and one win in 2014, nine Screen Actors Guild Awards nominations with four wins, and six Satellite Awards nominations with four wins. In June 2014, he won a Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play for his portrayal of Lyndon B. Johnson in the play All the Way on Broadway. He reprised his role in the television film of the same name, which debuted on HBO in May 2016. For the film Trumbo (2015), he received widespread acclaim and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor.","List of Malcolm in the Middle characters Francis, played by Christopher Kennedy Masterson (118 episodes), is the oldest of the brothers, whom Malcolm often looks up to. It is revealed in the episodes \"Sleepover\" and \"The Bots and the Bees\" in season one that Francis was a breech birth, and in \"Flashback\" in season 2, that Lois was in labor with him during her and Hal's wedding. A rebel from birth, showing signs of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and conduct disorder, he was exiled to the Marlin Academy military school by Lois for his behavior. He eventually emancipated himself to run away from the academy to work in Alaska, incurring his mother's wrath. Upon moving to Alaska, he marries a local woman named Piama, who is about one year older than him, and had previously been married briefly, and whom Lois does not like. During the fourth and fifth season, Francis works at a dude ranch owned by Otto Mannkusser and his wife Gretchen. In the series finale, Hal discovers that Francis has taken a job with Amerysis Industries, a large corporation where Francis works in a cubicle and inputs numbers into a computer. Although Francis enjoys the job, he has no intention of telling Lois about it, as he also enjoys torturing her by telling her that he is still unemployed.","List of Malcolm in the Middle characters Out of the show's six leads, Cranston, Berfield and Sullivan were the only ones to appear in all 151 episodes.","Malcolm in the Middle Studio filming for Malcolm in the Middle took place on Stage 21 at CBS Studio Center in Studio City.[33]","List of Malcolm in the Middle characters Lois, played by Jane Kaczmarek (146 episodes), is Francis, Reese, Malcolm, Dewey, and Jamie's angry and temperamental mother. She is an overbearing control freak despised by the neighbors to the point that they refuse to invite her to their gatherings, revealed in \"Mono\". Unlike Malcolm, Lois is not bothered by it and tries her best to blend in with it. She was revealed to be a charming and a nurturing mother while Francis was little, but toughened up. When she became overbearing and a tough bully, it did not help Francis or the other children to behave, but she made it worse. She is also always stubbornly right, to the point of being unable to say that she was wrong. It was also shown that she is overbearing and mad as a result of her children's bad behavior, and not her pure hate. Her unfairness and behavior also come from her miserable childhood, living with tough mother Ida and uncaring father Victor, both of whom favored her younger sister, Susan. She is a pushy academic mother and in the series finale, it is revealed that she is trying to groom Malcolm to become President of the United States. The finale also reveals that she is pregnant again.","Craig T. Nelson Craig Theodore Nelson[1] (born April 4, 1944) is an American actor. He is known for his roles as Hayden Fox in the television series Coach (for which he won an Emmy), Deputy Ward Wilson in the 1980 film Stir Crazy, Steven Freeling in the 1982 film Poltergeist, the warden in My Name is Earl, and Mr. Incredible in the 2004 film The Incredibles and its 2018 sequel. He also starred as Zeek Braverman in the television series Parenthood.","List of Malcolm in the Middle characters Reese, played by Justin Berfield (all 151 episodes), is the second oldest of the sons. He is four years younger than his older brother Francis, two years older than his younger brother Malcolm, six years older than his younger brother Dewey, and about 16 years older than his youngest brother Jamie. It was revealed in the episode \"Flashback\", in season 2, that Reese has been vicious from the womb, so vicious in fact that when he kept kicking Lois during labor, she pushed him out by force. A complete moron from birth, Reese is the worst-behaved of the brothers. Reese is inclined to beat up the Krelboynes. He is intimidated by certain students, including Ira, a dumb jock at school. Despite his violent, idiotic nature, Reese is a culinary prodigy, after finding that he has a talent and genuine love for cooking and baking. He is also the favorite grandson of his grandmother Ida, who taught him the importance of having patsies. In the series finale, Reese moves in with Craig Feldspar and is a janitor at his alma mater North High.","Characters of Malcolm in the Middle Malcolm, portrayed by Frankie Muniz (150 episodes), is the protagonist of the series. He is Five years younger than his oldest brother Francis, one year younger than his older brother Reese, Four years older than his younger brother Dewey, and about 15 years older than his youngest brother Jamie. In the first episode of the series, he is discovered to be a child prodigy and immediately moved from his regular class into the 'Krelboynes', a class for gifted students. Despite his high intelligence, he still gets into mischief either alongside or working against his brothers (in particular, Reese), although he becomes more self-absorbed and egotistical in the later seasons as he goes through puberty. Malcolm, like Reese, is not very popular. However, he has had a number of girlfriends during the series run. Even though he is very intelligent, Malcolm has a short temper, can be easily manipulated and also has problems containing his opinion about himself. Malcolm also occasionally serves as the voice of reason, and does have a conscience, (for instance, despite emotionally manipulating a grieving Hal to buy him a car in the episode \"Hal Grieves,\" when the time comes to make the purchase he finds he can't go through with it). In the series finale, it is revealed that Lois intended him to have a hard life, knowing that he is destined to assume the role of President of the United States; she wants him to remember where he came from to get there and try to help families like his own when he assumes the office. Malcolm eventually comes to terms with his future, after being unable to tell Lois he can't do it. In the series finale, Malcolm begins taking classes at Harvard University. Throughout the series, Malcolm frequently breaks the fourth wall and talks to the viewer about either the current situation or giving exposition about past events.","Justin Berfield Justin Tyler Berfield (born February 25, 1986) is an American actor, writer and producer, best known for his portrayal of Malcolm's second-oldest brother, Reese, in the Fox sitcom Malcolm in the Middle. He also starred on The WB sitcom Unhappily Ever After as Ross Malloy. As of 2010, Berfield is Chief Creative Officer of Virgin Produced, a film and television development, packaging, and production company announced in 2010 by the Virgin Group. Virgin Produced is based in Los Angeles, California.[1]","Characters of Malcolm in the Middle The following characters had significant roles in the American television comedy series Malcolm in the Middle, which was originally televised from 2000 to 2006 on the Fox Network.","Characters of Malcolm in the Middle Lois, played by Jane Kaczmarek (146 episodes), is Francis, Reese, Malcolm, Dewey, and Jamie's angry and temperamental mother. She is an overbearing control freak despised by the neighbors to the point that they refuse to invite her to their gatherings, revealed in \"Mono\". Unlike Malcolm, Lois isn't bothered by it and tries her best to blend in with it. She was revealed to be a charming and a nurturing mother while Francis was little, but toughened up. She is also always stubbornly right, to the point of being unable to say that she was wrong. It was also shown that she is overbearing and mad as a result of her children's bad behavior, and not her pure hate. At the series finale, Lois is revealed to be pregnant with a sixth child (actually twins). Her unfairness and behavior also come from her miserable childhood, living with a tough mother and an uncaring father (both of whom favored her younger sister, Susan).","Jane Kaczmarek Jane Frances Kaczmarek (born December 21, 1955) is an American actress. She is best known for playing the character of Lois on the television series Malcolm in the Middle (2000–06). Kaczmarek is a three-time Golden Globe and seven-time Emmy Award nominee.","Malcolm in the Middle The series was different from many others in that Malcolm broke the fourth wall by talking directly to the viewer,[5][6] all scenes were shot using a single-camera setup,[7] and the show employed neither a laugh track nor a live studio audience.[8][7][9] Emulating the style of hour-long dramas, this half-hour show was shot on film instead of on video.[10] Another distinctive aspect of the show is that the cold open of every episode is unrelated to the main story. Exceptions were episodes which were the conclusions of \"two-parters\"; each part two episode opened with a recap of its part one episode. The family's surname was never mentioned directly on the series. Linwood Boomer's script for the pilot episode originally included the surname Wilkerson, but it was later removed because he did not want to put \"any specific ethnic label on the characters\". The surname appeared in early drafts of promotional material and also on Francis' uniform in the pilot. In the last episode of the series, Francis drops his ID badge from work, which lists his name as \"Francis Nolastname\". Also in the last episode, the principal announces Malcolm as the speaker, clearly mouthing \"Nolastname\" as his voice is drowned out by microphone feedback. A publicist for Fox said that, \"officially the family's last name should be considered a mystery\".[11]","Erik Per Sullivan From January 9, 2000 to May 14, 2006, he played the role of Dewey in the American sitcom Malcolm in the Middle. In 2005, he joined Malcolm co-star Jane Kaczmarek in writing the afterword to a children's book called Together, which shows the importance of livestock in the world and was inspired by the mission of the nonprofit charitable organization Heifer International. Toward the end of June 2006, he was seen in a specially made advertisement for the airing of the last episode of Malcolm in the Middle on Sky One in the UK.","Jon Cryer Jonathan Niven Cryer (born April 16, 1965)[1] is an American actor, screenwriter, television director, and film producer. Born into a show business family, Cryer made his motion picture debut as a teenaged photographer in the 1984 romantic comedy No Small Affair; his breakout role came in 1986, playing \"Duckie\" Dale in the John Hughes-written film Pretty in Pink. In 1998, he wrote and produced the independent film Went to Coney Island on a Mission from God... Be Back by Five.","Ed O'Neill Edward Leonard \"Ed\" O'Neill[1] (born April 12, 1946) is an American actor and comedian. He is best known for playing Al Bundy on the Fox Network sitcom Married... with Children, for which he was nominated for two Golden Globes; and playing patriarch Jay Pritchett on the award-winning ABC sitcom Modern Family, a role for which he has been nominated for three Primetime Emmy Awards and won four Screen Actors Guild Awards.[2]","List of Malcolm in the Middle characters Originally, the series featured four brothers, although Malcolm's oldest brother attended a military school away from home, so Malcolm was still the middle sibling left at home. A fifth son named Jamie was introduced in the show's fourth season. The boys are, from eldest to youngest: Francis, Reese, Malcolm, Dewey, and Jamie. In the final episode, Lois discovered she was pregnant with a sixth child. In the third season, Francis travels home (to celebrate his father's birthday) with an Alaskan girl named Piama, and reveals that they are married.","Characters of Malcolm in the Middle Reese, played by Justin Berfield (all 151 episodes), is the second oldest of the sons. He is two years younger than his older brother Francis, one year older than his younger brother Malcolm, six years older than his younger brother Dewey, and about 16 years older than his youngest brother Jamie. It was revealed in the episode \"Flashback\", in season 2, that Reese has been vicious from the womb, so vicious in fact that when he kept kicking Lois during labor, she pushed him out by force. A complete moron from birth, Reese is the worst-behaved of the brothers. Reese is inclined to beat up the Krelboynes. He is intimidated by certain students, including Ira, a dumb jock at school. Despite his violent, idiotic nature, Reese is a culinary prodigy, after finding that he has a talent and genuine love for cooking and baking. He is also the favorite grandson of his grandmother Ida, who taught him the importance of having patsies. In the series finale, Reese moves in with Craig Feldspar and is a janitor at his alma mater North High.","Erik Per Sullivan Erik Per Sullivan (born July 12, 1991) is an American actor. He is best known for his role as Dewey, the younger brother to middle child Malcolm, on the Fox series Malcolm in the Middle, which was on air for seven years.","Characters of Malcolm in the Middle Out of the show's six leads, Cranston, Berfield and Sullivan were the only ones to appear in all 151 .","Justin Berfield His first long-running TV role was as Ross Malloy in Unhappily Ever After (1995–1999), in which he notched up 100 episode appearances. Beginning in 2000 he gained international prominence with his role as Malcolm's trouble-making older brother Reese in Malcolm in the Middle. He appeared in all 151 episodes of that series, and with the recording of the 100th episode became the youngest actor in screen history to have appeared in 100 episodes of two different TV series. Since the conclusion of Malcolm in the Middle in 2006, Berfield has concentrated on production work, although he made a one-off appearance in the series Sons of Tucson in 2010.[3]","Christopher Masterson Christopher Kennedy Masterson (born January 22, 1980) is an American actor and disc jockey known best for his role as Francis on Malcolm in the Middle. He is the younger brother of Danny Masterson, and the older half-brother of Alanna Masterson, and Jordan Masterson.","Characters of Malcolm in the Middle Francis, played by Christopher Masterson (119 episodes), is the oldest of the brothers, whom Malcolm often looks up to. It is revealed in the episodes \"Sleepover\" and \"The Bots and the Bees\" in season one that Francis was a breech birth, and in \"Flashback\" in season 2, that Lois was in labor with him during her and Hal's wedding. A rebel from birth, showing signs of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Conduct Disorder, he was exiled to Marlin Academy by Lois for his behavior before eventually emancipating himself to run away from the Academy to work in Alaska, incurring his mother's wrath. Upon moving to Alaska, he marries a local woman named Piama, who is about one year older than him, and had previously been married briefly, and whom Lois doesn't like. In the series finale, Hal discovers that Francis has taken a job with Amerysis, and Francis admits he likes sitting at a desk sorting computer data. However, he also admits that he has no intentions of telling Lois about the job and enjoys torturing her by telling her that he's still unemployed.","Malibu's Most Wanted Bradley \"B-Rad\" Gluckman (Jamie Kennedy) is a young privileged white man from Malibu, with aspirations of being \"the biggest rapper that ever was\". B-Rad dresses and speaks like a gangster and essentially thinks and acts like he is black. His father, Bill Gluckman (Ryan O'Neal), is running for governor of California.","Newhart The final scene with Newhart and Pleshette was later parodied in an alternate ending to the television series Breaking Bad where actor Bryan Cranston wakes from a dream next to his Malcolm in the Middle co-star Jane Kaczmarek where they assume their respective roles of Hal and Lois. Hal recounts the events of Breaking Bad in humorous fashion as though he is horrified that he could do those things albeit as Walter White. Lois reassures him that everything is all right and the final shot is of Walter's hat.[13]","List of Malcolm in the Middle characters In the pilot episode, the name Wilkerson can be seen on the name badge of the uniform Francis is wearing at Marlin Academy. In the sleeve notes for the season 5 DVD released in Europe, the family is referred to as the Wilkersons in the description for the episode \"Block Party\". British television advertisements and some Fox promotional material also occasionally referred to the family as the Wilkersons, although this name was never spoken aloud in the series. In an early version of the pilot, Malcolm had an exchange of dialogue with a classmate, who claims to have overheard his parents talking about Malcolm's family and asks him what his last name is. When Malcolm responds, \"Wilkerson, why?\" the friend replied with the punchline, \"Oh...who are the 'Pariahs'?\"","Jane Kaczmarek In 2000, Kaczmarek was cast to play Lois Wilkerson in the sitcom Malcolm in the Middle.[6] TV Guide dubbed her role in the series as a \"true breakout; a female Homer Simpson\", and critics hailed her for her comic talents.[7] Later, Kaczmarek would credit the show for bringing out her comedic side, claiming, \"[Before Malcolm] I couldn't even get auditions for comedies. I played very unfunny people.\"[8] For her performance as Lois, Kaczmarek was nominated for seven Emmy Awards for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series, holding the record of receiving the most Emmy nominations in this category without ever winning. She also earned three Golden Globe Award nominations, two Screen Actors Guild Award nominations, and garnered two Television Critics' Association Awards and the American Comedy Award and Family Television Award in 2001.","List of Malcolm in the Middle characters Caroline Miller, played by Catherine Lloyd Burns (15 episodes), is the primary teacher of Malcolm's \"Krelboyne\" class in the first two seasons. She is shown to be overly-earnest as well as to adore Malcolm. In season 1, she is included as part of the main cast, but in season 2, is a recurring character. In season 2, she is shown to be pregnant until she gives birth to her baby in the parking lot. After her baby was born, she quit teaching. She was never seen or mentioned again after season 2.","Malcolm in the Middle Much of the filming for Malcolm in the Middle was done on location[29] in various parts of the Thirty Mile Zone around Los Angeles. A privately owned home, located at 12334 Cantura Street in Toluca Lake, California, was rented for upwards of $3,000 a day to film as Malcolm's house.[30] Rebuilt in 2011, the property is no longer recognizable due to its modern two-floor design.[31] However, the house directly to the left of it is nearly identical to what it looked like during filming, still making it a frequent stop for fans of the show. School scenes were filmed at Walter Reed Middle School,[32] in North Hollywood, and the Lucky Aide was represented by a Drug Emporium at 6020 Lankershim Boulevard in North Hollywood. In \"Stock Car Races,\" when Hal and the boys are entering a race track, the billboard behind the entrance displays the place as Irwindale Speedway, a real race track in Southern California. The last episode in the first season (\"Waterpark\") was filmed at a water park called Wild Rivers located in Irvine, California. It is never revealed which state the show is set in (except for Francis' whereabouts in early seasons, such as his military school in Alabama and his job in Alaska).","Legendaddy John Lithgow (Jerry Whittaker)\nMarieve Herington (Betty)\nMichael Rupnow (Scott)\nNancy Travis (Cheryl Whittaker)\nWill Shadley (J.J. Whittaker)","Characters of Malcolm in the Middle Originally there were four brothers (although Malcolm's oldest brother attended a military school away from home, so Malcolm was still the middle sibling left at home). A fifth son was introduced in the show's fourth season, a boy named Jamie. The boys are, from eldest to youngest: Francis, Reese, Malcolm, Dewey, and Jamie. In the final episode, Lois discovered she was pregnant with a sixth child. In the third season, Francis travels home (to celebrate his father's birthday) with an Alaskan girl named Piama, and reveals that they are married.","Neil Flynn Neil Richard Flynn (born November 13, 1960) is an American actor, voice actor, and comedian, known for his role as Janitor on the NBC/ABC medical comedy-drama Scrubs. Since 2009, Flynn has portrayed Mike Heck on the ABC sitcom The Middle.","Linwood Boomer Linwood Boomer (born October 9, 1955) is a Canadian-American television producer, writer, and former actor. He is known for playing the role of Adam Kendall on the drama Little House on the Prairie, and for creating the Fox sitcom Malcolm in the Middle.","Malcolm McDowell McDowell has had a string of roles on numerous television series such as Entourage (2006–2007; 2009–2011), Heroes (2007–2008), Franklin & Bash (2011–2014) and Mozart in the Jungle (2014–2018). He narrated the documentary The Compleat Beatles (1982), and in recent years has become a prolific voice actor in films, television series and video games such as Metalocalypse (2007–2012), Bolt (2008), Fallout 3 (2008), God of War III (2010), Call of Duty: Black Ops III (2015) and The Elder Scrolls Online (2015). He received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 2012.[1]","Ross Malinger Malinger was born in Redwood City, California, the son of Laura, a producer, and Brian Malinger, a producer and sales representative.[1]","Sam Malone —John Ratzenberger, actor","Red Forman Reginald Albert \"Red\" Forman[1] is a fictional character on the Fox sitcom That '70s Show, portrayed by Kurtwood Smith.","Bryan Cranston Cranston has directed episodes of various television series, including seven episodes of Malcolm in the Middle, three episodes of Breaking Bad, two episodes of Modern Family, one episode of The Office, and one episode of Sneaky Pete. He has also appeared in several acclaimed films such as Saving Private Ryan (1998), Little Miss Sunshine (2006), Drive (2011), Argo (2012) and Godzilla (2014). In 2015, Cranston, together with David Shore, executive produced and wrote the story for the Amazon Studios original crime drama Sneaky Pete, the pilot episode of which aired on August 7, 2015.[3]","List of Malcolm in the Middle characters Jamie was played by identical twin brothers James and Lukas Rodriguez (35 episodes). The youngest brother born who is the only brother to have beaten Lois in her own game, bordering to attacking her (though Reese was mostly responsible for feeding him soda). Like Malcolm and Dewey, Jamie is revealed to be intelligent, evident when he tricked Reese into taking a marker after he colored part of the wall.","List of Malcolm in the Middle characters The following characters had significant roles in the American television comedy series Malcolm in the Middle, which was originally televised from 2000 to 2006 on the Fox Network.","List of Malcolm in the Middle characters During the first season, the writers decided to keep the family's last name a mystery. In the fifth season episode \"Reese Joins the Army (1)\", Reese uses a fake ID by the name of \"Jetson\" to lie about his age. In the series finale, \"Graduation\", Francis' employee ID reads \"Nolastname\" (or \"No Last Name\", a joke referring to the fact that the family name was never spoken aloud). In the same episode when Malcolm was introduced to give the graduation speech, the speaker announces Malcolm's name, but microphone feedback makes his surname inaudible, even though he does appear to mouth the phrase \"No last name\".[1]","Linwood Boomer Although Boomer has created, produced and acted in many television series, he is best known for creating the Fox sitcom Malcolm in the Middle. The debut episode of the series was watched by 22.5 million viewers, and the second episode was watched by 26 million viewers. The series ran for seven seasons from 2000 to 2006 and in total had 151 episodes. Boomer wrote two episodes, starting with \"Pilot\" and then \"Francis Escapes\" and directed five episodes, \"Opera\", \"Stilts\", \"Reese vs. Stevie\", \"Bride of Ida\", and the series finale, \"Graduation\". Boomer received a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series for the pilot episode.","John Heard (actor) John Heard Jr.[1] (March 7, 1945 – July 21, 2017) was an American film and television actor. He had lead roles in several films, including Chilly Scenes of Winter, Heart Beat, Cutter's Way, Cat People, and C.H.U.D., as well as supporting roles in After Hours, Big, Beaches, Awakenings, Rambling Rose, The Pelican Brief, My Fellow Americans, Snake Eyes, and Animal Factory. He also played Peter McCallister in Home Alone and Home Alone 2: Lost in New York, as well as appeared in Sharknado. Heard was nominated for an Emmy Award in 1999 for guest starring on The Sopranos.","Wendie Malick In 2003, Malick joined the cast of Cheers spin-off Frasier, portraying Ronee Lawrence, a Seattle lounge singer (and Frasier's (Kelsey Grammer) childhood babysitter) who develops a relationship with Frasier's father, Martin Crane (John Mahoney). Eventually, her character married Martin in the series finale of the critically acclaimed program.[11][12] Malick and Mahoney also both appeared in 1995 film The American President. In 2002, she starred opposite Shirley Jones and Cloris Leachman in the comedy film Manna from Heaven.[13] She provided the voice of Principal Folsom for the Disney animated series Fillmore! until its end in 2004. In 2005, she co-starred in the Nickelodeon animated series The X's as Miss X. Malick.","Craig T. Nelson His most recent films include 2009's The Proposal as Ryan Reynolds' skeptical father and 2010's The Company Men as a greedy CEO. From 2010 to 2015, he starred in the television show Parenthood as Ezekiel \"Zeek\" Braverman, the family patriarch.","Bill Fagerbakke William Mark Fagerbakke (/ˈfeɪɡərbɑːki/; born October 4, 1957)[1] is an American actor and voice actor. He is best known for his long-running roles as Patrick Star in the animated series SpongeBob SquarePants and Michael \"Dauber\" Dybinski on the sitcom Coach. He also appeared in 12 episodes of the sitcom How I Met Your Mother as Marshall Eriksen's father Marvin.","Brad Garrett Brad Garrett (born Brad H. Gerstenfeld;[1] April 14, 1960) is an American stand-up comedian, actor, voice actor and professional poker player. He has appeared in numerous television and film roles.","List of Malcolm in the Middle episodes Dewey finds a dog and uses him to gain the upper hand over Malcolm and Reese, such as making them wear dresses and makeup. When Craig comes by to return some dry-cleaning, Dewey holds him hostage. Craig manages to run away but the dog chases him. Because the dog is gone, Malcolm and Reese torture Dewey as revenge for the dog (making him eat dog food, forcing him to defecate out in the front yard, etc). Meanwhile, Hal and Lois go on a date, and neither will admit that they caught Craig's flu. In Alaska, Francis comes face-to-face with his former, albeit drunk commandant, Edwin Spangler, who blames him for not only losing his job at Marlin Academy, but also his desertion. Francis feels sympathy for Spangler and gets him a job at a retirement home that gives him free rein to bully the elderly.","Breaking Bad Breaking Bad creator Vince Gilligan cast Bryan Cranston for the role of Walter White based on having worked with him in an episode of the science fiction television series The X-Files, on which Gilligan worked as a writer. Cranston played an anti-Semite with a terminal illness who took series co-protagonist Fox Mulder (David Duchovny) hostage. Gilligan said the character had to be simultaneously loathsome and sympathetic, and that \"Bryan alone was the only actor who could do that, who could pull off that trick. And it is a trick. I have no idea how he does it.\"[14][26] AMC officials, who were initially reluctant with the casting choice, having known Cranston only as the over-the-top character Hal on the comedy series Malcolm in the Middle approached actors John Cusack and Matthew Broderick about the role.[27] When both actors declined, the executives were persuaded to cast Cranston after seeing his X-Files episode.[28]","Peter Boyle Peter Lawrence Boyle (October 18, 1935 – December 12, 2006) was an American actor. Known as a character actor, he played Frank Barone on the sitcom Everybody Loves Raymond and the comical monster in Mel Brooks' film spoof Young Frankenstein (1974). Boyle, who won an Emmy Award in 1996 for a guest-starring role on the science-fiction drama The X-Files, won praise in both comedic and dramatic parts following his breakthrough performance in the 1970 film Joe.[1]","John Ritter Jonathan Southworth Ritter[1] (September 17, 1948 – September 11, 2003) was an American actor and comedian. He was a son of the singing cowboy star Tex Ritter and the father of actors Jason Ritter and Tyler Ritter. Ritter was known for playing Jack Tripper on the ABC sitcom Three's Company (1977–1984), for which he received a Primetime Emmy Award and a Golden Globe Award in 1984. He briefly reprised the role on the spin-off Three's a Crowd, which aired for one season.","Craig Lamar Traylor Craig Lamar Traylor (born March 19, 1989 in San Bernardino County, California) is an American actor. He made his debut in an episode of ER in 1996. He is best known for his role as Stevie Kenarban, the asthmatic boy in a wheelchair and the title character's friend in the Fox sitcom Malcolm in the Middle. Traylor has also had small roles in the films Matilda and Get a Clue.","Malcolm in the Middle The show entered barter syndication one month before the sixth season premiered on Fox and was later aired on FX in the fall of 2007 until the fall of 2010.[38]","Characters of Malcolm in the Middle In the pilot episode, the name Wilkerson can be seen on the name badge of the uniform Francis is wearing at Marlin Academy. In the sleeve notes for the season 5 DVD released in Europe, the family is referred to as the Wilkersons in the description for the episode \"Block Party\". British television advertisements and some Fox promotional material also occasionally referred to the family as the Wilkersons, although this name was never spoken aloud in the series. In an early version of the pilot, Malcolm had an exchange of dialogue with a classmate, who claims to have overheard his parents talking about Malcolm's family and asks him what his last name is. When Malcolm responds, \"Wilkerson, why?\" the friend replied with the punchline, \"Oh...who are the 'Pariahs'?\"","Malibu's Most Wanted Malibu's Most Wanted is a 2003 American comedy film written by and starring Jamie Kennedy and co-starring Taye Diggs, Anthony Anderson, Blair Underwood, Regina Hall, Damien Dante Wayans, Ryan O'Neal, and Snoop Dogg. The film is written by the creators of MADtv, Fax Bahr and Adam Small, who also serve as producers. The character of \"B-Rad\" (a spoof of Eminem's character \"B-Rabbit\" in the film 8 Mile) originally appeared in Jamie Kennedy's hidden-camera show The Jamie Kennedy Experiment, but started in his stand-up routine when he was starting out.","John Lithgow On the stage, he has appeared in many Broadway productions including the musical adaptation of Sweet Smell of Success and Dirty Rotten Scoundrels. In 2007, he made his Royal Shakespeare Company debut as Malvolio in Neil Bartlett's production of Twelfth Night. He has also recorded music, such as the 1999 album of children's music, Singin' in the Bathtub, and has written poetry and short stories, such as Marsupial Sue, for children. His work for children has earned him Grammy Award nominations and two Parents' Choice Silver Honor Awards.","List of Malcolm in the Middle characters Dewey, played by Erik Per Sullivan (all 151 episodes), is portrayed as being quieter and more inclined to the arts than his brothers. He soon finds he is a musical prodigy, and as the series goes on he becomes more caring and thoughtful especially in regards to his younger brother Jamie, whom he decides not to bully like he was by Malcolm and Reese. Lois remarks at one point that unlike Malcolm, who would have to work hard to achieve success, Dewey would have success handed to him. Dewey joins the Buseys, a class for the emotionally disturbed, by mistake and ends up becoming their unofficial teacher. He ended up caring for his fellow students so much that, when the mistake was uncovered, he feigned severe emotional problems so he could remain. In the final few seasons, Dewey becomes increasingly bitter towards his parents due to them overlooking him throughout his childhood and neglecting his interests. Because of this, he forces them to give Jamie the childhood he never had. In the last episode, he and Jamie (the only other remaining brother living at home) continued the tradition of causing havoc all over the house.","Darren McGavin Darren McGavin (born William Lyle Richardson; May 7, 1922 – February 25, 2006)[1] was an American film, stage, and television actor best known for his portrayal of the grumpy but loving father in the film A Christmas Story, and for the title role in the television comedic- horror series Kolchak: The Night Stalker.","Legendaddy Co-executive producer Craig Thomas said the issue about the identity of Barney's real father was already a plot point in the initial conceptualization of the series. John Lithgow was the first choice to play Jerome Whittaker and the producers gave him a collection of specific episodes detailing Barney's father issues (including \"Showdown\") to help him get acquainted with the role. Thomas said Lithgow will still appear in future episodes, as the role would complicate Barney's connection with Nora.[1]","Jane Kaczmarek In 2006, Kaczmarek and Malcolm in the Middle co-star Erik Per Sullivan contributed the afterword for the children's book Together that shows the importance of domestic animals to impoverished people in the world, inspired by the mission of the nonprofit charitable organization Heifer International.","List of Malcolm in the Middle episodes Malcolm in the Middle is a Fox sitcom that ran for seven seasons from January 9, 2000 to May 14, 2006 with 151 episodes produced.","Fred Willard Frederick Charles \"Fred\" Willard (born September 18, 1939)[1] is an American actor, comedian, voice actor and writer, best known for his improvisational comedy. He is known for his roles in the Rob Reiner mockumentary film This Is Spinal Tap, the Christopher Guest mockumentary films Waiting for Guffman, Best in Show, A Mighty Wind, For Your Consideration, and Mascots, and the Anchorman films. He is an alumnus of The Second City. He received three Emmy nominations for his recurring role on the TV series Everybody Loves Raymond as Robert Barone's father-in-law, Hank MacDougall. In 2010 he received an Emmy nomination for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series for his role on the ABC TV series Modern Family as Phil Dunphy's father, Frank Dunphy.","List of Malcolm in the Middle episodes A frantic Hal crashes the car while trying to get home to Lois, who has gone into labor. Meanwhile Reese, Malcolm, and Dewey take a parenting class to be better brothers to their new sibling, but realize everything they were taught in the class is the opposite of what their parents did for them (or didn't do since Hal and Lois were usually too busy having sex). Piama and Lois trick Susan and Ida into clearing up the misunderstanding between them to get Ida to leave. Francis is forced to help Lois give birth when the paramedics don't arrive in time. They manage to deliver the baby, who is named Jamie (although the gender is deliberately not revealed).","Characters of Malcolm in the Middle During the first season, the writers decided to keep the family's last name a mystery. In the fifth season episode \"Reese Joins the Army (1)\", Reese uses a fake ID by the name of \"Jetson\" to lie about his age. In the series finale, \"Graduation\", Francis' employee ID reads \"Nolastname\" (or \"No Last Name\", a joke referring to the fact that the family name was never spoken aloud). In the same episode when Malcolm was introduced to give the graduation speech, the speaker announces Malcolm's name, but microphone feedback makes his surname inaudible, even though he does appear to mouth the phrase \"No last name\".[1]","William H. Macy William Hall Macy Jr. (born March 13, 1950) is an American actor, screenwriter, teacher and theatre director. His film career has been built mostly on his appearances in small, independent films, though he has also appeared in summer action films.[4] Macy has described himself as \"sort of a Middle American, WASPy, Lutheran kind of guy... Everyman\".[5]","List of Malcolm in the Middle episodes Hal meets with an old high-school friend, Larry (Joel Murray), who hasn't changed in all the time since they've seen each other. Meanwhile, Malcolm tries to make Dabney stand up for himself when his overprotective and control-freak mom won't let him use his new paintball gun because it's \"violent\", as they celebrate Dabney's birthday with the rest of the crowd. However, Dabney takes this to heart and finally stands up for himself at a Paintball facility by pretending his bullies are his overbearing mother and fires at them with paintballs. When the mother confronts Malcolm and Stevie, Dabney shows up more assertive than before and lets his mother know there will be changes from now on.","Christopher Masterson Masterson played Geoff in the direct-to-video movie Dragonheart: A New Beginning, the sequel to Dragonheart. Masterson is best known for playing the character of trouble-making Francis in the sitcom Malcolm in the Middle. He took on the role for seven years, from 2000–2006. In 2003 he played Edward Linton in MTV's Wuthering Heights. Masterson portrayed a lead character in the films Scary Movie 2, Waterborne, Made for Each Other and Intellectual Property.[1] He guest starred in two episodes of That '70s Show, alongside his brother, Danny. In the USA Network television series White Collar, he played Josh Roland in the episode \"Where There's a Will\". He also played Scotty O'Neal in the movie My Best Friend's Wedding. In 2012, Masterson had a guest role on the TBS series Men at Work as a concierge named Archie. His brother, Danny Masterson, plays Milo, on the show, although the two did not share any scenes together.","Ray Wise Wise appeared in Season 4 of Chuck and in the FX television show Wilfred as a popular TV personality. He was cast in the part of Robin Scherbatsky's father on How I Met Your Mother in December 2010 (after Eric Braeden declined to reprise his role in a cameo appearance), and ultimately appeared in 6 episodes of the series in total. Ray made a cameo appearance as a modeling agent in episode four of season 2 of Workaholics.","Walter White (Breaking Bad) Breaking Bad creator Vince Gilligan cast Bryan Cranston for the role of Walter White based on having worked with him in a sixth season episode of the science fiction television series The X-Files, where Gilligan worked as a writer. Cranston played an anti-Semite with a terminal illness who took Fox Mulder (David Duchovny) hostage. Gilligan said the character had to be simultaneously loathsome and sympathetic, and that \"Bryan alone was the only actor who could do that, who could pull off that trick. And it is a trick. I have no idea how he does it.\"[2][15] AMC officials were initially reluctant with the casting choice, having known Cranston only as the over-the-top character Hal on the comedy series Malcolm in the Middle and approached actors John Cusack and Matthew Broderick about the role.[16] When both actors declined, the executives were persuaded to cast Cranston after seeing the X-Files episode.[17]","Dave Allen (actor) Allen is a member of comedy group 2 Headed Dog with comedians Jim Turner, Mark Fite, and Craig Anton. He also made an appearance as a minor character, Mr. Woodward, one of Reese's teachers on the television show Malcolm in the Middle. In addition, Allen frequently plays the character \"Todd Carlin\", a hippie and fictional relative of George Carlin. This character is usually involved in comedy shows at Largo. Allen has guest starred on Gilmore Girls, where he played a town troubadour, organic farmer, and a de facto minister officiating a wedding. He has been credited in many movies and television roles as Dave Gruber Allen and David Gruber Allen.","Malcolm McDowell Malcolm McDowell (born Malcolm John Taylor; 13 June 1943) is an English actor, known for his boisterous and sometimes villainous roles. He trained as an actor at the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art.","Boss of Me The \"Boss of Me\" music video was directed by Ted Crittenden. It is based on Malcolm in the Middle, and contains the characters and set from the show. It begins with Dewey going through a dumpster that says \"TMBG Toys\". He climbs out of the dumpster and rides his bike home while dragging the box full of toys. The box goes into Dewey's backyard where Malcolm is raking leaves, their father, Hal, is cooking on a barbecue, and Reese is using hedge clippers on a tree. Dewey opens the box, revealing toy versions of TMBG. But whenever there's a close-up in the box, it is the real band in miniature. A Hawaiian hula dancer toy joins TMBG as Dewey sways back and forth with her. Malcolm and Reese begin shooting the toys with paintball guns until one of them accidentally shoots Hal. Though not shown, it's presumed to have been Reese who shot him as he is later seen using a weed whacker. The John Flansburgh toy is lying in the grass with his arm detached. Reese spots him and, while using the weed whacker, launches him onto the grill where Hal accidentally eats him, much to Dewey's shock. Later, the John Linnell toy is placed in a model airplane that is launched across the street before curving back and landing on the driveway. As Hal drives up, he picks up the airplane to examine it. The plane explodes because it still had a lit fuse. Hal then angrily gathers the TMBG toys into the box and drives back to the dumpster where he promptly tosses it back in.","Kenneth Mars Mars appeared in two seasons of Malcolm in the Middle as Otto, Francis's well-meaning but dimwitted boss. He voiced King Triton, Ariel's father, in the 1989 Disney animated film The Little Mermaid and its sequel, the television series and the Kingdom Hearts series. He also did several other animated voice over film roles such as Littlefoot's grandfather in the Land Before Time series and that of Professor Screweyes in We're Back! A Dinosaur's Story (1993), and King Colbert (Prince Cornelius's father) in Thumbelina (1994).","Malcolm in the Middle Chris Masterson would take a diminished role starting with Season 6 of the show in favor of getting behind the camera, directing and writing some episodes in Seasons 6 and 7.","Judd Hirsch Judd Seymore Hirsch (born March 15, 1935) is an American actor known for playing Alex Rieger on the television comedy series Taxi (1978–1983), John Lacey on the NBC series Dear John (1988–1992), and Alan Eppes on the CBS series NUMB3RS (2005–2010). He is also well known for his career in theatre and for his roles in films such as Ordinary People (1980), Running on Empty (1988), Independence Day (1996), and A Beautiful Mind (2001).","Craig T. Nelson He has appeared in many other motion pictures (most notably the Poltergeist series) and had featured roles in five television shows (Coach, Call to Glory, The District, My Name Is Earl, and Parenthood). Coach ran from 1989 to 1997, with Nelson starring as college football coach Hayden Fox.","John Ross Bowie John Ross Bowie (born May 30, 1971) is an American actor and comedian best known for playing Barry Kripke on The Big Bang Theory and, beginning in 2016, Jimmy DiMeo on Speechless.","Jane Kaczmarek Following the end of Malcolm in the Middle, Kaczmarek went on to star in the short-lived series Help Me Help You co-starring Ted Danson. She starred in the short-lived TNT series Raising the Bar as Judge Trudy Kessler. She also continues to voice Judge Constance Harm on several Simpsons episodes.","Pilot (Breaking Bad) Gilligan cast Bryan Cranston for the role of Walter White based on having worked with him in a sixth season episode of the science fiction television series The X-Files, where Gilligan worked as a writer. Cranston played an anti-Semite with a terminal illness who took series co-protagonist Fox Mulder (David Duchovny) hostage. Gilligan said the character had to be simultaneously loathsome and sympathetic, and that \"Bryan alone was the only actor who could do that, who could pull off that trick. And it is a trick. I have no idea how he does it.\"[8][9] AMC officials were wary of casting Cranston, due to his being mostly known his comedic role as Hal on the series Malcolm in the Middle. The executives offered the role to John Cusack and Matthew Broderick who both turned it down.[10] After seeing Cranston in the X-Files episode, the executives were convinced to cast him.[11] Cranston gained ten pounds for the pilot to reflect the character's personal decline, and had his hair dyed brown to mask his natural red highlights. Cranston collaborated with costume designer Kathleen Detoro and makeup artist Frieda Valenzuela to make the character of Walt both bland and unremarkable and impotent.[12]","List of Malcolm in the Middle episodes Francis deserts from military school to spend more time with his girlfriend, who breaks up with him as soon as he gets home (finding him boring and over attached). Lois finds out Francis has left school, but does not know where he went. Malcolm discovers Francis hiding in the woods near their house and brings him food, though keeping the secret from his brothers and parents gets more and more complicated by the time. After Hal finds him, he decides to drive him across the country back to the military school so Lois won't find him.","Anthony LaPaglia He played the role of Joe in the coming-of-age comedy Empire Records and John in the film Autumn In New York, as well as FBI agent Jack Malone on the American television series Without a Trace, for which he won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Television Series Drama.[2]\nHe also appeared in eight episodes of Frasier as Daphne Moon's alcoholic brother Simon.","Malcolm in the Middle The show's theme song, \"Boss of Me\", was written and recorded by the alternative rock group They Might Be Giants.[34] The song won the \"Best Song Written for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media\" award at the 2002 Grammy Awards.[35] The band also performed nearly all of the incidental music for the show in its first two seasons.[36]","Characters of Malcolm in the Middle Jamie was played by identical twin brothers James and Lukas Rodriguez (35 episodes). The youngest brother born who is the only brother to have beaten Lois in her own game, bordering to attacking her (though Reese was mostly responsible for feeding him soda). Like Malcolm and Dewey, Jamie is revealed to be intelligent, evident when he tricked Reese into taking a marker after he colored part of the wall.","Pilot (Modern Family) Casting for Modern Family was very difficult (except for Jesse Tyler Ferguson). Initially Ed O'Neill had lost the part to Craig T. Nelson (who would later go on to play Zeek Braverman on Parenthood on NBC) although he was eventually cast after Nelson turned down the part due to money problems.[11] Eric Stonestreet who was unknown at the time had to fight for the role of Cameron. It was also difficult for Julie Bowen as she was pregnant with twins during filming and had to cover her pregnant belly with clothes, pillows, laundry baskets etc. while Ty Burrell had to test for the role of Phil Dunphy three times. Initially Jesse Tyler Ferguson had auditioned for the role of Cameron before Christopher Lloyd and Steven Levitan thought he would be better suited for the role of Mitchell.[12]","The Losing Edge Diedrich Bader as Batdad","Casey Sander Clinton O. \"Casey\" Sander (born July 6, 1956) is an American actor known as the character \"Captain\" Jimmy Wennick on the short-lived TV series Tucker. His television credits also include Criminal Minds, The Golden Girls,[1]Grace Under Fire, Home Improvement,[1] Malcolm in the Middle, Rules of Engagement, Sons of Anarchy, Mad Men, Silicon Valley, The Newsroom, Buffy the Vampire Slayer (on which he portrayed the father of Xander Harris),[2] Hunter, and Marvin Marvin, among other shows. He has a recurring role on the TV sitcom The Big Bang Theory as Bernadette's father, Mike.[3]","List of Malcolm in the Middle episodes Returning early from vacation, the family discovers that their neighbors have been celebrating their yearly absence with a block party (since Lois and the boys are not liked by the neighbors). Reese and Dewey scheme to make quick cash by letting kids beat up Reese, Hal and Lois join the kielbasa-eating contest, and Malcolm inadvertently aids a burglar. Meanwhile, Francis finds himself assigned to breeding cows, the most disgusting job at the ranch.","Malibu's Most Wanted After Bill's campaign manager Tom Gibbons (Blair Underwood) gets irritated with B-Rad's constant interruptions with the election, Bill decides that B-Rad must see a psychiatrist, Dr. Feldman (Jeffrey Tambor). Dr. Feldman tells B-Rad's parents Bill and Bess (Bo Derek) that B-Rad has the most serious case of \"gangstaphrienia\" that he has ever seen. Tom then has an idea to hire two actors, PJ (Anthony Anderson) and Sean James (Taye Diggs) to try to scare B-Rad back to normal. Although Bill thinks it could get dangerous, he reluctantly agrees. With the help of PJ's cousin Shondra (Regina Hall), they kidnap B-Rad and take him to the ghetto.","Malcolm in the Middle Mood setting music is sprinkled throughout the series, in lieu of audience laughter, in a way that resembles feature film more than other TV sitcoms. Some examples of this highly varied music include ABBA, Basement Jaxx, Sum 41, Kenny Rogers, Lemon Jelly, Lords of Acid, The Getaway People, En Vogue, Electric Light Orchestra, Fatboy Slim, Phil Collins, Tears for Fears, Quiet Riot, Queen, and Citizen King whose song \"Better Days\" is played at the end of both the pilot episode and the series finale. The Southern California pop-punk band Lit have many of their songs featured in several episodes. Lit songs that were never released as singles were also used."],"string":"[\n \"Malcolm in the Middle The series follows a family of six, and later seven, and stars Frankie Muniz in the lead role of Malcolm, a somewhat normal boy who tests at genius level. While he enjoys his intelligence, he despises having to take classes for gifted children, who are mocked by the other students who call them \\\"Krelboynes\\\". Jane Kaczmarek is Malcolm's overbearing, authoritarian mother, Lois, and Bryan Cranston plays his immature but loving father, Hal. Christopher Kennedy Masterson plays eldest brother Francis, a former rebel who, in earlier episodes, was in military school, but eventually marries and settles into a steady job. Justin Berfield is Malcolm's dimwitted older brother Reese, a cruel bully who tortures Malcolm at home, even while he defends him at school. Younger brother Dewey, bitter about his ruined childhood, smart, and musically talented, is portrayed by Erik Per Sullivan. At first, the show's focus was on Malcolm, but as the series progressed, it began to explore all six members of the family. A fifth son, Jamie, was introduced as a baby at the end of Season 4.\",\n \"Malcolm in the Middle The series is about a boy named Malcolm and his dysfunctional family.[3][4] The show stars Frankie Muniz as Malcolm, the third of four and later five boys, his brothers, and their parents, Lois (Jane Kaczmarek) and Hal (Bryan Cranston). Their first child, Francis (Christopher Masterson), was sent away to military school, leaving his three younger brothers at home, Reese (Justin Berfield), Malcolm, and Dewey (Erik Per Sullivan) with Malcolm being the middle child still living at home. In season four, the character Jamie (James and Lukas Rodriguez) was added to the show as the fifth son of Hal & Lois. The show's early seasons centered on Malcolm dealing with the rigors of being an adolescent and enduring the eccentricities of his life. Later seasons gradually explored the other members of the family and their friends in more depth, including others such as Craig Feldspar, Lois' coworker at the Lucky Aide drugstore, Malcolm's friend Stevie Kenarban, and Stevie's dad Abe.\",\n \"List of Malcolm in the Middle episodes 11-year-old Malcolm (Frankie Muniz) lives with his dysfunctional family: neurotic father, Hal (Bryan Cranston), control-freak mother Lois (Jane Kaczmarek), dim-witted bully 13-year-old Reese (Justin Berfield), and odd 6-year-old Dewey (Erik Per Sullivan). His favorite elder brother, 16-year-old Francis (Christopher Masterson), has been packed off to military school for chronic misbehavior. At school Malcolm tries to keep his head down and avoid the school bully Spath, but his teachers spot his intelligence and testing reveals his I.Q. to be 165. When Lois forces him to join the school's gifted class, Malcolm objects because he doesn't want to be bullied for being a \\\"Krelboyne\\\". Frustrated at being ostracized by the regular kids, Malcolm lashes out at Spath, and with some help from his new friend Stevie, fortuitously humiliates Spath and becomes the nerds' hero.\",\n \"List of Malcolm in the Middle characters Hal, played by Bryan Cranston (all 151 episodes), is the father of the family. Though relaxed in his parenting when compared to Lois, Hal has shown that he can slide into a disciplinarian when confronted by the boys' bad behavior. He used to be like his sons, especially Francis, until he married Lois and she nurtured him. He comes from a wealthy family who resent his choice to marry Lois over Susan (an action also shared by Victor and Ida). Hal has a hard time making good decisions, which he often deferred to Lois. Despite the fact many of the neighbors hate his family and especially Lois, Hal blends in well with them. He loves Lois more than she loves him, never even thinking about other women. He is also very scared of her, even more than the boys are, which is why he often bribes their sons to take the fall for his wrongdoings. He is very devoted to Lois and willing to give the children punishment they deserve that Lois gives them. Lois is usually head of the household and Hal is second-in-command. He is very neurotic and has a slight obsessive-compulsive disorder, and also enjoys unusual hobbies. Hal is also a sex addict, as revealed in the episode \\\"Forbidden Girlfriend\\\" when Lois is taking medication and is unable to have sex for an entire week. It is mentioned again in the episode \\\"Poker 2\\\" when Hal tells his friends he has sex 14 times per week. It was also revealed that Hal was a chain smoker before quitting the habit. Hal's best friend is Abe Kenarban. Hal works in a lower management job in a corporation that he always hated. He used to be an executive and got demoted when he mouths off to his boss in the season 2 finale.\",\n \"Bryan Cranston In 1998, he appeared in Steven Spielberg's Saving Private Ryan, as War Department Colonel I.W. Bryce, who insisted that Private Ryan be rescued. His theatrical credits include starring roles in The God of Hell, Chapter Two, The Taming of the Shrew, A Doll's House, Barefoot in the Park, Eastern Standard, Wrestlers and The Steven Weed Show, for which he won a Drama-Logue Award.[25] In 2000, Cranston landed a leading role as Hal on the comedy series Malcolm in the Middle. He would remain with the show until its end in 2006. Cranston ended up directing several episodes of the show and received three Primetime Emmy Award nominations for his performance.[26] Cranston reprised his role in a cutaway gag during the Family Guy episode \\\"I Take Thee Quagmire\\\", killing Lois (his wife on Malcolm in the Middle) with a refrigerator door, and in a leaked alternate ending of Breaking Bad with Jane Kaczmarek reprising her role as Lois.[27]\",\n \"Characters of Malcolm in the Middle Hal, played by Bryan Cranston (all 151 episodes), is the father of the family. Though relaxed in his parenting when compared to Lois, Hal has shown that he can slide into a disciplinarian when confronted by the boys' bad behavior. He comes from a wealthy family who resent his choice to marry Lois over Susan (an action also shared by Victor and Ida). Hal has a hard time making good decisions, which he often deferred to Lois. Despite the fact many of the neighbors hate his family, Hal blends in well with them. He loves Lois more than she loves him, never even thinking about other women. He is also very scared of her, even more than the boys are, which is why he often bribes their sons to take the fall for his wrongdoings. He is very neurotic and has a slight obsessive-compulsive disorder, and also enjoys unusual hobbies. Hal is also a sex addict, this was revealed in the episode \\\"Forbidden Girlfriend\\\" when Lois is taking medication and is unable to have sex for an entire week, it is mentioned again in the episode \\\"Poker 2\\\" when Hal tells his friends he has sex 14 times per week. It was also revealed that Hal was a chain smoker before quitting the habit. Hal's best friend is Abe Kenarban.\",\n \"Malcolm in the Middle Malcolm in the Middle is an American television sitcom created by Linwood Boomer for the Fox Broadcasting Company. The series was first broadcast on January 9, 2000, and ended its six-year run on May 14, 2006, after seven seasons and 151 episodes. The series received critical acclaim and won a Peabody Award, seven Emmy Awards, one Grammy Award, and seven Golden Globe nominations.\",\n \"Bryan Cranston Bryan Lee Cranston (born March 7, 1956) is an American actor, voice actor, producer, director and screenwriter. He is best known for portraying Walter White on the AMC crime drama series Breaking Bad, Hal on the Fox comedy series Malcolm in the Middle, and Dr. Tim Whatley on the NBC comedy series Seinfeld.\",\n \"List of Malcolm in the Middle characters Malcolm, portrayed by Frankie Muniz (150 episodes), is the protagonist of the series. He is six years younger than his oldest brother Francis, two years younger than his older brother Reese, four years older than his younger brother Dewey, and about 15 years older than his youngest brother Jamie. In the first episode of the series, he is discovered to be a child prodigy and immediately moved from his regular class into the 'Krelboynes', a class for gifted students. Despite his high intelligence, he still gets into mischief either alongside or working against his brothers (in particular, Reese), although he becomes more self-absorbed and egotistical in the later seasons as he goes through puberty. Malcolm, like Reese, is not very popular. However, he has had a number of girlfriends during the series run. Even though he is very intelligent, Malcolm has a short temper, can be easily manipulated and also has problems containing his opinion about himself. Malcolm also occasionally serves as the voice of reason, and does have a conscience, for instance, despite emotionally manipulating a grieving Hal to buy him a car in the episode \\\"Hal Grieves,\\\" when the time comes to make the purchase he finds he can't go through with it. In the series finale, it is revealed that Lois intended him to have a hard life, knowing that he is destined to assume the role of President of the United States; she wants him to remember where he came from to get there and try to help families like his own when he assumes the office. Malcolm eventually comes to terms with his future, after being unable to tell Lois he cannot do it. In the series finale, Malcolm begins taking classes at Harvard University. It is unknown if he will become President of the United States in the future. Throughout the series, Malcolm frequently breaks the fourth wall and talks to the viewer about either the current situation or giving exposition about past events.\",\n \"Gary Anthony Williams Williams' past roles include Abraham Kenarban (Stevie's dad) in the Fox TV sitcom Malcolm in the Middle[8] and as Judge Trudy's Bailiff on Nickelodeon's The Amanda Show.[9] Williams was a series regular on the WB Television Network sketch comedy series, Blue Collar TV.[10]\",\n \"Malcolm in the Middle Jane Kaczmarek and Cloris Leachman gained the highest honors in the cast for being nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award every year they appeared on Malcolm in the Middle.[76][77] Leachman succeeded in winning 2002 and 2006.[77] The show won a total of 7 Emmys during its six-year run[78] and a Peabody Award.[79]\",\n \"Bryan Cranston Cranston was also nominated three times for the Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series for his role in Malcolm in the Middle. His role in Breaking Bad also earned him five Golden Globe nominations and one win in 2014, nine Screen Actors Guild Awards nominations with four wins, and six Satellite Awards nominations with four wins. In June 2014, he won a Tony Award for Best Actor in a Play for his portrayal of Lyndon B. Johnson in the play All the Way on Broadway. He reprised his role in the television film of the same name, which debuted on HBO in May 2016. For the film Trumbo (2015), he received widespread acclaim and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor.\",\n \"List of Malcolm in the Middle characters Francis, played by Christopher Kennedy Masterson (118 episodes), is the oldest of the brothers, whom Malcolm often looks up to. It is revealed in the episodes \\\"Sleepover\\\" and \\\"The Bots and the Bees\\\" in season one that Francis was a breech birth, and in \\\"Flashback\\\" in season 2, that Lois was in labor with him during her and Hal's wedding. A rebel from birth, showing signs of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and conduct disorder, he was exiled to the Marlin Academy military school by Lois for his behavior. He eventually emancipated himself to run away from the academy to work in Alaska, incurring his mother's wrath. Upon moving to Alaska, he marries a local woman named Piama, who is about one year older than him, and had previously been married briefly, and whom Lois does not like. During the fourth and fifth season, Francis works at a dude ranch owned by Otto Mannkusser and his wife Gretchen. In the series finale, Hal discovers that Francis has taken a job with Amerysis Industries, a large corporation where Francis works in a cubicle and inputs numbers into a computer. Although Francis enjoys the job, he has no intention of telling Lois about it, as he also enjoys torturing her by telling her that he is still unemployed.\",\n \"List of Malcolm in the Middle characters Out of the show's six leads, Cranston, Berfield and Sullivan were the only ones to appear in all 151 episodes.\",\n \"Malcolm in the Middle Studio filming for Malcolm in the Middle took place on Stage 21 at CBS Studio Center in Studio City.[33]\",\n \"List of Malcolm in the Middle characters Lois, played by Jane Kaczmarek (146 episodes), is Francis, Reese, Malcolm, Dewey, and Jamie's angry and temperamental mother. She is an overbearing control freak despised by the neighbors to the point that they refuse to invite her to their gatherings, revealed in \\\"Mono\\\". Unlike Malcolm, Lois is not bothered by it and tries her best to blend in with it. She was revealed to be a charming and a nurturing mother while Francis was little, but toughened up. When she became overbearing and a tough bully, it did not help Francis or the other children to behave, but she made it worse. She is also always stubbornly right, to the point of being unable to say that she was wrong. It was also shown that she is overbearing and mad as a result of her children's bad behavior, and not her pure hate. Her unfairness and behavior also come from her miserable childhood, living with tough mother Ida and uncaring father Victor, both of whom favored her younger sister, Susan. She is a pushy academic mother and in the series finale, it is revealed that she is trying to groom Malcolm to become President of the United States. The finale also reveals that she is pregnant again.\",\n \"Craig T. Nelson Craig Theodore Nelson[1] (born April 4, 1944) is an American actor. He is known for his roles as Hayden Fox in the television series Coach (for which he won an Emmy), Deputy Ward Wilson in the 1980 film Stir Crazy, Steven Freeling in the 1982 film Poltergeist, the warden in My Name is Earl, and Mr. Incredible in the 2004 film The Incredibles and its 2018 sequel. He also starred as Zeek Braverman in the television series Parenthood.\",\n \"List of Malcolm in the Middle characters Reese, played by Justin Berfield (all 151 episodes), is the second oldest of the sons. He is four years younger than his older brother Francis, two years older than his younger brother Malcolm, six years older than his younger brother Dewey, and about 16 years older than his youngest brother Jamie. It was revealed in the episode \\\"Flashback\\\", in season 2, that Reese has been vicious from the womb, so vicious in fact that when he kept kicking Lois during labor, she pushed him out by force. A complete moron from birth, Reese is the worst-behaved of the brothers. Reese is inclined to beat up the Krelboynes. He is intimidated by certain students, including Ira, a dumb jock at school. Despite his violent, idiotic nature, Reese is a culinary prodigy, after finding that he has a talent and genuine love for cooking and baking. He is also the favorite grandson of his grandmother Ida, who taught him the importance of having patsies. In the series finale, Reese moves in with Craig Feldspar and is a janitor at his alma mater North High.\",\n \"Characters of Malcolm in the Middle Malcolm, portrayed by Frankie Muniz (150 episodes), is the protagonist of the series. He is Five years younger than his oldest brother Francis, one year younger than his older brother Reese, Four years older than his younger brother Dewey, and about 15 years older than his youngest brother Jamie. In the first episode of the series, he is discovered to be a child prodigy and immediately moved from his regular class into the 'Krelboynes', a class for gifted students. Despite his high intelligence, he still gets into mischief either alongside or working against his brothers (in particular, Reese), although he becomes more self-absorbed and egotistical in the later seasons as he goes through puberty. Malcolm, like Reese, is not very popular. However, he has had a number of girlfriends during the series run. Even though he is very intelligent, Malcolm has a short temper, can be easily manipulated and also has problems containing his opinion about himself. Malcolm also occasionally serves as the voice of reason, and does have a conscience, (for instance, despite emotionally manipulating a grieving Hal to buy him a car in the episode \\\"Hal Grieves,\\\" when the time comes to make the purchase he finds he can't go through with it). In the series finale, it is revealed that Lois intended him to have a hard life, knowing that he is destined to assume the role of President of the United States; she wants him to remember where he came from to get there and try to help families like his own when he assumes the office. Malcolm eventually comes to terms with his future, after being unable to tell Lois he can't do it. In the series finale, Malcolm begins taking classes at Harvard University. Throughout the series, Malcolm frequently breaks the fourth wall and talks to the viewer about either the current situation or giving exposition about past events.\",\n \"Justin Berfield Justin Tyler Berfield (born February 25, 1986) is an American actor, writer and producer, best known for his portrayal of Malcolm's second-oldest brother, Reese, in the Fox sitcom Malcolm in the Middle. He also starred on The WB sitcom Unhappily Ever After as Ross Malloy. As of 2010, Berfield is Chief Creative Officer of Virgin Produced, a film and television development, packaging, and production company announced in 2010 by the Virgin Group. Virgin Produced is based in Los Angeles, California.[1]\",\n \"Characters of Malcolm in the Middle The following characters had significant roles in the American television comedy series Malcolm in the Middle, which was originally televised from 2000 to 2006 on the Fox Network.\",\n \"Characters of Malcolm in the Middle Lois, played by Jane Kaczmarek (146 episodes), is Francis, Reese, Malcolm, Dewey, and Jamie's angry and temperamental mother. She is an overbearing control freak despised by the neighbors to the point that they refuse to invite her to their gatherings, revealed in \\\"Mono\\\". Unlike Malcolm, Lois isn't bothered by it and tries her best to blend in with it. She was revealed to be a charming and a nurturing mother while Francis was little, but toughened up. She is also always stubbornly right, to the point of being unable to say that she was wrong. It was also shown that she is overbearing and mad as a result of her children's bad behavior, and not her pure hate. At the series finale, Lois is revealed to be pregnant with a sixth child (actually twins). Her unfairness and behavior also come from her miserable childhood, living with a tough mother and an uncaring father (both of whom favored her younger sister, Susan).\",\n \"Jane Kaczmarek Jane Frances Kaczmarek (born December 21, 1955) is an American actress. She is best known for playing the character of Lois on the television series Malcolm in the Middle (2000–06). Kaczmarek is a three-time Golden Globe and seven-time Emmy Award nominee.\",\n \"Malcolm in the Middle The series was different from many others in that Malcolm broke the fourth wall by talking directly to the viewer,[5][6] all scenes were shot using a single-camera setup,[7] and the show employed neither a laugh track nor a live studio audience.[8][7][9] Emulating the style of hour-long dramas, this half-hour show was shot on film instead of on video.[10] Another distinctive aspect of the show is that the cold open of every episode is unrelated to the main story. Exceptions were episodes which were the conclusions of \\\"two-parters\\\"; each part two episode opened with a recap of its part one episode. The family's surname was never mentioned directly on the series. Linwood Boomer's script for the pilot episode originally included the surname Wilkerson, but it was later removed because he did not want to put \\\"any specific ethnic label on the characters\\\". The surname appeared in early drafts of promotional material and also on Francis' uniform in the pilot. In the last episode of the series, Francis drops his ID badge from work, which lists his name as \\\"Francis Nolastname\\\". Also in the last episode, the principal announces Malcolm as the speaker, clearly mouthing \\\"Nolastname\\\" as his voice is drowned out by microphone feedback. A publicist for Fox said that, \\\"officially the family's last name should be considered a mystery\\\".[11]\",\n \"Erik Per Sullivan From January 9, 2000 to May 14, 2006, he played the role of Dewey in the American sitcom Malcolm in the Middle. In 2005, he joined Malcolm co-star Jane Kaczmarek in writing the afterword to a children's book called Together, which shows the importance of livestock in the world and was inspired by the mission of the nonprofit charitable organization Heifer International. Toward the end of June 2006, he was seen in a specially made advertisement for the airing of the last episode of Malcolm in the Middle on Sky One in the UK.\",\n \"Jon Cryer Jonathan Niven Cryer (born April 16, 1965)[1] is an American actor, screenwriter, television director, and film producer. Born into a show business family, Cryer made his motion picture debut as a teenaged photographer in the 1984 romantic comedy No Small Affair; his breakout role came in 1986, playing \\\"Duckie\\\" Dale in the John Hughes-written film Pretty in Pink. In 1998, he wrote and produced the independent film Went to Coney Island on a Mission from God... Be Back by Five.\",\n \"Ed O'Neill Edward Leonard \\\"Ed\\\" O'Neill[1] (born April 12, 1946) is an American actor and comedian. He is best known for playing Al Bundy on the Fox Network sitcom Married... with Children, for which he was nominated for two Golden Globes; and playing patriarch Jay Pritchett on the award-winning ABC sitcom Modern Family, a role for which he has been nominated for three Primetime Emmy Awards and won four Screen Actors Guild Awards.[2]\",\n \"List of Malcolm in the Middle characters Originally, the series featured four brothers, although Malcolm's oldest brother attended a military school away from home, so Malcolm was still the middle sibling left at home. A fifth son named Jamie was introduced in the show's fourth season. The boys are, from eldest to youngest: Francis, Reese, Malcolm, Dewey, and Jamie. In the final episode, Lois discovered she was pregnant with a sixth child. In the third season, Francis travels home (to celebrate his father's birthday) with an Alaskan girl named Piama, and reveals that they are married.\",\n \"Characters of Malcolm in the Middle Reese, played by Justin Berfield (all 151 episodes), is the second oldest of the sons. He is two years younger than his older brother Francis, one year older than his younger brother Malcolm, six years older than his younger brother Dewey, and about 16 years older than his youngest brother Jamie. It was revealed in the episode \\\"Flashback\\\", in season 2, that Reese has been vicious from the womb, so vicious in fact that when he kept kicking Lois during labor, she pushed him out by force. A complete moron from birth, Reese is the worst-behaved of the brothers. Reese is inclined to beat up the Krelboynes. He is intimidated by certain students, including Ira, a dumb jock at school. Despite his violent, idiotic nature, Reese is a culinary prodigy, after finding that he has a talent and genuine love for cooking and baking. He is also the favorite grandson of his grandmother Ida, who taught him the importance of having patsies. In the series finale, Reese moves in with Craig Feldspar and is a janitor at his alma mater North High.\",\n \"Erik Per Sullivan Erik Per Sullivan (born July 12, 1991) is an American actor. He is best known for his role as Dewey, the younger brother to middle child Malcolm, on the Fox series Malcolm in the Middle, which was on air for seven years.\",\n \"Characters of Malcolm in the Middle Out of the show's six leads, Cranston, Berfield and Sullivan were the only ones to appear in all 151 .\",\n \"Justin Berfield His first long-running TV role was as Ross Malloy in Unhappily Ever After (1995–1999), in which he notched up 100 episode appearances. Beginning in 2000 he gained international prominence with his role as Malcolm's trouble-making older brother Reese in Malcolm in the Middle. He appeared in all 151 episodes of that series, and with the recording of the 100th episode became the youngest actor in screen history to have appeared in 100 episodes of two different TV series. Since the conclusion of Malcolm in the Middle in 2006, Berfield has concentrated on production work, although he made a one-off appearance in the series Sons of Tucson in 2010.[3]\",\n \"Christopher Masterson Christopher Kennedy Masterson (born January 22, 1980) is an American actor and disc jockey known best for his role as Francis on Malcolm in the Middle. He is the younger brother of Danny Masterson, and the older half-brother of Alanna Masterson, and Jordan Masterson.\",\n \"Characters of Malcolm in the Middle Francis, played by Christopher Masterson (119 episodes), is the oldest of the brothers, whom Malcolm often looks up to. It is revealed in the episodes \\\"Sleepover\\\" and \\\"The Bots and the Bees\\\" in season one that Francis was a breech birth, and in \\\"Flashback\\\" in season 2, that Lois was in labor with him during her and Hal's wedding. A rebel from birth, showing signs of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Conduct Disorder, he was exiled to Marlin Academy by Lois for his behavior before eventually emancipating himself to run away from the Academy to work in Alaska, incurring his mother's wrath. Upon moving to Alaska, he marries a local woman named Piama, who is about one year older than him, and had previously been married briefly, and whom Lois doesn't like. In the series finale, Hal discovers that Francis has taken a job with Amerysis, and Francis admits he likes sitting at a desk sorting computer data. However, he also admits that he has no intentions of telling Lois about the job and enjoys torturing her by telling her that he's still unemployed.\",\n \"Malibu's Most Wanted Bradley \\\"B-Rad\\\" Gluckman (Jamie Kennedy) is a young privileged white man from Malibu, with aspirations of being \\\"the biggest rapper that ever was\\\". B-Rad dresses and speaks like a gangster and essentially thinks and acts like he is black. His father, Bill Gluckman (Ryan O'Neal), is running for governor of California.\",\n \"Newhart The final scene with Newhart and Pleshette was later parodied in an alternate ending to the television series Breaking Bad where actor Bryan Cranston wakes from a dream next to his Malcolm in the Middle co-star Jane Kaczmarek where they assume their respective roles of Hal and Lois. Hal recounts the events of Breaking Bad in humorous fashion as though he is horrified that he could do those things albeit as Walter White. Lois reassures him that everything is all right and the final shot is of Walter's hat.[13]\",\n \"List of Malcolm in the Middle characters In the pilot episode, the name Wilkerson can be seen on the name badge of the uniform Francis is wearing at Marlin Academy. In the sleeve notes for the season 5 DVD released in Europe, the family is referred to as the Wilkersons in the description for the episode \\\"Block Party\\\". British television advertisements and some Fox promotional material also occasionally referred to the family as the Wilkersons, although this name was never spoken aloud in the series. In an early version of the pilot, Malcolm had an exchange of dialogue with a classmate, who claims to have overheard his parents talking about Malcolm's family and asks him what his last name is. When Malcolm responds, \\\"Wilkerson, why?\\\" the friend replied with the punchline, \\\"Oh...who are the 'Pariahs'?\\\"\",\n \"Jane Kaczmarek In 2000, Kaczmarek was cast to play Lois Wilkerson in the sitcom Malcolm in the Middle.[6] TV Guide dubbed her role in the series as a \\\"true breakout; a female Homer Simpson\\\", and critics hailed her for her comic talents.[7] Later, Kaczmarek would credit the show for bringing out her comedic side, claiming, \\\"[Before Malcolm] I couldn't even get auditions for comedies. I played very unfunny people.\\\"[8] For her performance as Lois, Kaczmarek was nominated for seven Emmy Awards for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series, holding the record of receiving the most Emmy nominations in this category without ever winning. She also earned three Golden Globe Award nominations, two Screen Actors Guild Award nominations, and garnered two Television Critics' Association Awards and the American Comedy Award and Family Television Award in 2001.\",\n \"List of Malcolm in the Middle characters Caroline Miller, played by Catherine Lloyd Burns (15 episodes), is the primary teacher of Malcolm's \\\"Krelboyne\\\" class in the first two seasons. She is shown to be overly-earnest as well as to adore Malcolm. In season 1, she is included as part of the main cast, but in season 2, is a recurring character. In season 2, she is shown to be pregnant until she gives birth to her baby in the parking lot. After her baby was born, she quit teaching. She was never seen or mentioned again after season 2.\",\n \"Malcolm in the Middle Much of the filming for Malcolm in the Middle was done on location[29] in various parts of the Thirty Mile Zone around Los Angeles. A privately owned home, located at 12334 Cantura Street in Toluca Lake, California, was rented for upwards of $3,000 a day to film as Malcolm's house.[30] Rebuilt in 2011, the property is no longer recognizable due to its modern two-floor design.[31] However, the house directly to the left of it is nearly identical to what it looked like during filming, still making it a frequent stop for fans of the show. School scenes were filmed at Walter Reed Middle School,[32] in North Hollywood, and the Lucky Aide was represented by a Drug Emporium at 6020 Lankershim Boulevard in North Hollywood. In \\\"Stock Car Races,\\\" when Hal and the boys are entering a race track, the billboard behind the entrance displays the place as Irwindale Speedway, a real race track in Southern California. The last episode in the first season (\\\"Waterpark\\\") was filmed at a water park called Wild Rivers located in Irvine, California. It is never revealed which state the show is set in (except for Francis' whereabouts in early seasons, such as his military school in Alabama and his job in Alaska).\",\n \"Legendaddy John Lithgow (Jerry Whittaker)\\nMarieve Herington (Betty)\\nMichael Rupnow (Scott)\\nNancy Travis (Cheryl Whittaker)\\nWill Shadley (J.J. Whittaker)\",\n \"Characters of Malcolm in the Middle Originally there were four brothers (although Malcolm's oldest brother attended a military school away from home, so Malcolm was still the middle sibling left at home). A fifth son was introduced in the show's fourth season, a boy named Jamie. The boys are, from eldest to youngest: Francis, Reese, Malcolm, Dewey, and Jamie. In the final episode, Lois discovered she was pregnant with a sixth child. In the third season, Francis travels home (to celebrate his father's birthday) with an Alaskan girl named Piama, and reveals that they are married.\",\n \"Neil Flynn Neil Richard Flynn (born November 13, 1960) is an American actor, voice actor, and comedian, known for his role as Janitor on the NBC/ABC medical comedy-drama Scrubs. Since 2009, Flynn has portrayed Mike Heck on the ABC sitcom The Middle.\",\n \"Linwood Boomer Linwood Boomer (born October 9, 1955) is a Canadian-American television producer, writer, and former actor. He is known for playing the role of Adam Kendall on the drama Little House on the Prairie, and for creating the Fox sitcom Malcolm in the Middle.\",\n \"Malcolm McDowell McDowell has had a string of roles on numerous television series such as Entourage (2006–2007; 2009–2011), Heroes (2007–2008), Franklin & Bash (2011–2014) and Mozart in the Jungle (2014–2018). He narrated the documentary The Compleat Beatles (1982), and in recent years has become a prolific voice actor in films, television series and video games such as Metalocalypse (2007–2012), Bolt (2008), Fallout 3 (2008), God of War III (2010), Call of Duty: Black Ops III (2015) and The Elder Scrolls Online (2015). He received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 2012.[1]\",\n \"Ross Malinger Malinger was born in Redwood City, California, the son of Laura, a producer, and Brian Malinger, a producer and sales representative.[1]\",\n \"Sam Malone —John Ratzenberger, actor\",\n \"Red Forman Reginald Albert \\\"Red\\\" Forman[1] is a fictional character on the Fox sitcom That '70s Show, portrayed by Kurtwood Smith.\",\n \"Bryan Cranston Cranston has directed episodes of various television series, including seven episodes of Malcolm in the Middle, three episodes of Breaking Bad, two episodes of Modern Family, one episode of The Office, and one episode of Sneaky Pete. He has also appeared in several acclaimed films such as Saving Private Ryan (1998), Little Miss Sunshine (2006), Drive (2011), Argo (2012) and Godzilla (2014). In 2015, Cranston, together with David Shore, executive produced and wrote the story for the Amazon Studios original crime drama Sneaky Pete, the pilot episode of which aired on August 7, 2015.[3]\",\n \"List of Malcolm in the Middle characters Jamie was played by identical twin brothers James and Lukas Rodriguez (35 episodes). The youngest brother born who is the only brother to have beaten Lois in her own game, bordering to attacking her (though Reese was mostly responsible for feeding him soda). Like Malcolm and Dewey, Jamie is revealed to be intelligent, evident when he tricked Reese into taking a marker after he colored part of the wall.\",\n \"List of Malcolm in the Middle characters The following characters had significant roles in the American television comedy series Malcolm in the Middle, which was originally televised from 2000 to 2006 on the Fox Network.\",\n \"List of Malcolm in the Middle characters During the first season, the writers decided to keep the family's last name a mystery. In the fifth season episode \\\"Reese Joins the Army (1)\\\", Reese uses a fake ID by the name of \\\"Jetson\\\" to lie about his age. In the series finale, \\\"Graduation\\\", Francis' employee ID reads \\\"Nolastname\\\" (or \\\"No Last Name\\\", a joke referring to the fact that the family name was never spoken aloud). In the same episode when Malcolm was introduced to give the graduation speech, the speaker announces Malcolm's name, but microphone feedback makes his surname inaudible, even though he does appear to mouth the phrase \\\"No last name\\\".[1]\",\n \"Linwood Boomer Although Boomer has created, produced and acted in many television series, he is best known for creating the Fox sitcom Malcolm in the Middle. The debut episode of the series was watched by 22.5 million viewers, and the second episode was watched by 26 million viewers. The series ran for seven seasons from 2000 to 2006 and in total had 151 episodes. Boomer wrote two episodes, starting with \\\"Pilot\\\" and then \\\"Francis Escapes\\\" and directed five episodes, \\\"Opera\\\", \\\"Stilts\\\", \\\"Reese vs. Stevie\\\", \\\"Bride of Ida\\\", and the series finale, \\\"Graduation\\\". Boomer received a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series for the pilot episode.\",\n \"John Heard (actor) John Heard Jr.[1] (March 7, 1945 – July 21, 2017) was an American film and television actor. He had lead roles in several films, including Chilly Scenes of Winter, Heart Beat, Cutter's Way, Cat People, and C.H.U.D., as well as supporting roles in After Hours, Big, Beaches, Awakenings, Rambling Rose, The Pelican Brief, My Fellow Americans, Snake Eyes, and Animal Factory. He also played Peter McCallister in Home Alone and Home Alone 2: Lost in New York, as well as appeared in Sharknado. Heard was nominated for an Emmy Award in 1999 for guest starring on The Sopranos.\",\n \"Wendie Malick In 2003, Malick joined the cast of Cheers spin-off Frasier, portraying Ronee Lawrence, a Seattle lounge singer (and Frasier's (Kelsey Grammer) childhood babysitter) who develops a relationship with Frasier's father, Martin Crane (John Mahoney). Eventually, her character married Martin in the series finale of the critically acclaimed program.[11][12] Malick and Mahoney also both appeared in 1995 film The American President. In 2002, she starred opposite Shirley Jones and Cloris Leachman in the comedy film Manna from Heaven.[13] She provided the voice of Principal Folsom for the Disney animated series Fillmore! until its end in 2004. In 2005, she co-starred in the Nickelodeon animated series The X's as Miss X. Malick.\",\n \"Craig T. Nelson His most recent films include 2009's The Proposal as Ryan Reynolds' skeptical father and 2010's The Company Men as a greedy CEO. From 2010 to 2015, he starred in the television show Parenthood as Ezekiel \\\"Zeek\\\" Braverman, the family patriarch.\",\n \"Bill Fagerbakke William Mark Fagerbakke (/ˈfeɪɡərbɑːki/; born October 4, 1957)[1] is an American actor and voice actor. He is best known for his long-running roles as Patrick Star in the animated series SpongeBob SquarePants and Michael \\\"Dauber\\\" Dybinski on the sitcom Coach. He also appeared in 12 episodes of the sitcom How I Met Your Mother as Marshall Eriksen's father Marvin.\",\n \"Brad Garrett Brad Garrett (born Brad H. Gerstenfeld;[1] April 14, 1960) is an American stand-up comedian, actor, voice actor and professional poker player. He has appeared in numerous television and film roles.\",\n \"List of Malcolm in the Middle episodes Dewey finds a dog and uses him to gain the upper hand over Malcolm and Reese, such as making them wear dresses and makeup. When Craig comes by to return some dry-cleaning, Dewey holds him hostage. Craig manages to run away but the dog chases him. Because the dog is gone, Malcolm and Reese torture Dewey as revenge for the dog (making him eat dog food, forcing him to defecate out in the front yard, etc). Meanwhile, Hal and Lois go on a date, and neither will admit that they caught Craig's flu. In Alaska, Francis comes face-to-face with his former, albeit drunk commandant, Edwin Spangler, who blames him for not only losing his job at Marlin Academy, but also his desertion. Francis feels sympathy for Spangler and gets him a job at a retirement home that gives him free rein to bully the elderly.\",\n \"Breaking Bad Breaking Bad creator Vince Gilligan cast Bryan Cranston for the role of Walter White based on having worked with him in an episode of the science fiction television series The X-Files, on which Gilligan worked as a writer. Cranston played an anti-Semite with a terminal illness who took series co-protagonist Fox Mulder (David Duchovny) hostage. Gilligan said the character had to be simultaneously loathsome and sympathetic, and that \\\"Bryan alone was the only actor who could do that, who could pull off that trick. And it is a trick. I have no idea how he does it.\\\"[14][26] AMC officials, who were initially reluctant with the casting choice, having known Cranston only as the over-the-top character Hal on the comedy series Malcolm in the Middle approached actors John Cusack and Matthew Broderick about the role.[27] When both actors declined, the executives were persuaded to cast Cranston after seeing his X-Files episode.[28]\",\n \"Peter Boyle Peter Lawrence Boyle (October 18, 1935 – December 12, 2006) was an American actor. Known as a character actor, he played Frank Barone on the sitcom Everybody Loves Raymond and the comical monster in Mel Brooks' film spoof Young Frankenstein (1974). Boyle, who won an Emmy Award in 1996 for a guest-starring role on the science-fiction drama The X-Files, won praise in both comedic and dramatic parts following his breakthrough performance in the 1970 film Joe.[1]\",\n \"John Ritter Jonathan Southworth Ritter[1] (September 17, 1948 – September 11, 2003) was an American actor and comedian. He was a son of the singing cowboy star Tex Ritter and the father of actors Jason Ritter and Tyler Ritter. Ritter was known for playing Jack Tripper on the ABC sitcom Three's Company (1977–1984), for which he received a Primetime Emmy Award and a Golden Globe Award in 1984. He briefly reprised the role on the spin-off Three's a Crowd, which aired for one season.\",\n \"Craig Lamar Traylor Craig Lamar Traylor (born March 19, 1989 in San Bernardino County, California) is an American actor. He made his debut in an episode of ER in 1996. He is best known for his role as Stevie Kenarban, the asthmatic boy in a wheelchair and the title character's friend in the Fox sitcom Malcolm in the Middle. Traylor has also had small roles in the films Matilda and Get a Clue.\",\n \"Malcolm in the Middle The show entered barter syndication one month before the sixth season premiered on Fox and was later aired on FX in the fall of 2007 until the fall of 2010.[38]\",\n \"Characters of Malcolm in the Middle In the pilot episode, the name Wilkerson can be seen on the name badge of the uniform Francis is wearing at Marlin Academy. In the sleeve notes for the season 5 DVD released in Europe, the family is referred to as the Wilkersons in the description for the episode \\\"Block Party\\\". British television advertisements and some Fox promotional material also occasionally referred to the family as the Wilkersons, although this name was never spoken aloud in the series. In an early version of the pilot, Malcolm had an exchange of dialogue with a classmate, who claims to have overheard his parents talking about Malcolm's family and asks him what his last name is. When Malcolm responds, \\\"Wilkerson, why?\\\" the friend replied with the punchline, \\\"Oh...who are the 'Pariahs'?\\\"\",\n \"Malibu's Most Wanted Malibu's Most Wanted is a 2003 American comedy film written by and starring Jamie Kennedy and co-starring Taye Diggs, Anthony Anderson, Blair Underwood, Regina Hall, Damien Dante Wayans, Ryan O'Neal, and Snoop Dogg. The film is written by the creators of MADtv, Fax Bahr and Adam Small, who also serve as producers. The character of \\\"B-Rad\\\" (a spoof of Eminem's character \\\"B-Rabbit\\\" in the film 8 Mile) originally appeared in Jamie Kennedy's hidden-camera show The Jamie Kennedy Experiment, but started in his stand-up routine when he was starting out.\",\n \"John Lithgow On the stage, he has appeared in many Broadway productions including the musical adaptation of Sweet Smell of Success and Dirty Rotten Scoundrels. In 2007, he made his Royal Shakespeare Company debut as Malvolio in Neil Bartlett's production of Twelfth Night. He has also recorded music, such as the 1999 album of children's music, Singin' in the Bathtub, and has written poetry and short stories, such as Marsupial Sue, for children. His work for children has earned him Grammy Award nominations and two Parents' Choice Silver Honor Awards.\",\n \"List of Malcolm in the Middle characters Dewey, played by Erik Per Sullivan (all 151 episodes), is portrayed as being quieter and more inclined to the arts than his brothers. He soon finds he is a musical prodigy, and as the series goes on he becomes more caring and thoughtful especially in regards to his younger brother Jamie, whom he decides not to bully like he was by Malcolm and Reese. Lois remarks at one point that unlike Malcolm, who would have to work hard to achieve success, Dewey would have success handed to him. Dewey joins the Buseys, a class for the emotionally disturbed, by mistake and ends up becoming their unofficial teacher. He ended up caring for his fellow students so much that, when the mistake was uncovered, he feigned severe emotional problems so he could remain. In the final few seasons, Dewey becomes increasingly bitter towards his parents due to them overlooking him throughout his childhood and neglecting his interests. Because of this, he forces them to give Jamie the childhood he never had. In the last episode, he and Jamie (the only other remaining brother living at home) continued the tradition of causing havoc all over the house.\",\n \"Darren McGavin Darren McGavin (born William Lyle Richardson; May 7, 1922 – February 25, 2006)[1] was an American film, stage, and television actor best known for his portrayal of the grumpy but loving father in the film A Christmas Story, and for the title role in the television comedic- horror series Kolchak: The Night Stalker.\",\n \"Legendaddy Co-executive producer Craig Thomas said the issue about the identity of Barney's real father was already a plot point in the initial conceptualization of the series. John Lithgow was the first choice to play Jerome Whittaker and the producers gave him a collection of specific episodes detailing Barney's father issues (including \\\"Showdown\\\") to help him get acquainted with the role. Thomas said Lithgow will still appear in future episodes, as the role would complicate Barney's connection with Nora.[1]\",\n \"Jane Kaczmarek In 2006, Kaczmarek and Malcolm in the Middle co-star Erik Per Sullivan contributed the afterword for the children's book Together that shows the importance of domestic animals to impoverished people in the world, inspired by the mission of the nonprofit charitable organization Heifer International.\",\n \"List of Malcolm in the Middle episodes Malcolm in the Middle is a Fox sitcom that ran for seven seasons from January 9, 2000 to May 14, 2006 with 151 episodes produced.\",\n \"Fred Willard Frederick Charles \\\"Fred\\\" Willard (born September 18, 1939)[1] is an American actor, comedian, voice actor and writer, best known for his improvisational comedy. He is known for his roles in the Rob Reiner mockumentary film This Is Spinal Tap, the Christopher Guest mockumentary films Waiting for Guffman, Best in Show, A Mighty Wind, For Your Consideration, and Mascots, and the Anchorman films. He is an alumnus of The Second City. He received three Emmy nominations for his recurring role on the TV series Everybody Loves Raymond as Robert Barone's father-in-law, Hank MacDougall. In 2010 he received an Emmy nomination for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series for his role on the ABC TV series Modern Family as Phil Dunphy's father, Frank Dunphy.\",\n \"List of Malcolm in the Middle episodes A frantic Hal crashes the car while trying to get home to Lois, who has gone into labor. Meanwhile Reese, Malcolm, and Dewey take a parenting class to be better brothers to their new sibling, but realize everything they were taught in the class is the opposite of what their parents did for them (or didn't do since Hal and Lois were usually too busy having sex). Piama and Lois trick Susan and Ida into clearing up the misunderstanding between them to get Ida to leave. Francis is forced to help Lois give birth when the paramedics don't arrive in time. They manage to deliver the baby, who is named Jamie (although the gender is deliberately not revealed).\",\n \"Characters of Malcolm in the Middle During the first season, the writers decided to keep the family's last name a mystery. In the fifth season episode \\\"Reese Joins the Army (1)\\\", Reese uses a fake ID by the name of \\\"Jetson\\\" to lie about his age. In the series finale, \\\"Graduation\\\", Francis' employee ID reads \\\"Nolastname\\\" (or \\\"No Last Name\\\", a joke referring to the fact that the family name was never spoken aloud). In the same episode when Malcolm was introduced to give the graduation speech, the speaker announces Malcolm's name, but microphone feedback makes his surname inaudible, even though he does appear to mouth the phrase \\\"No last name\\\".[1]\",\n \"William H. Macy William Hall Macy Jr. (born March 13, 1950) is an American actor, screenwriter, teacher and theatre director. His film career has been built mostly on his appearances in small, independent films, though he has also appeared in summer action films.[4] Macy has described himself as \\\"sort of a Middle American, WASPy, Lutheran kind of guy... Everyman\\\".[5]\",\n \"List of Malcolm in the Middle episodes Hal meets with an old high-school friend, Larry (Joel Murray), who hasn't changed in all the time since they've seen each other. Meanwhile, Malcolm tries to make Dabney stand up for himself when his overprotective and control-freak mom won't let him use his new paintball gun because it's \\\"violent\\\", as they celebrate Dabney's birthday with the rest of the crowd. However, Dabney takes this to heart and finally stands up for himself at a Paintball facility by pretending his bullies are his overbearing mother and fires at them with paintballs. When the mother confronts Malcolm and Stevie, Dabney shows up more assertive than before and lets his mother know there will be changes from now on.\",\n \"Christopher Masterson Masterson played Geoff in the direct-to-video movie Dragonheart: A New Beginning, the sequel to Dragonheart. Masterson is best known for playing the character of trouble-making Francis in the sitcom Malcolm in the Middle. He took on the role for seven years, from 2000–2006. In 2003 he played Edward Linton in MTV's Wuthering Heights. Masterson portrayed a lead character in the films Scary Movie 2, Waterborne, Made for Each Other and Intellectual Property.[1] He guest starred in two episodes of That '70s Show, alongside his brother, Danny. In the USA Network television series White Collar, he played Josh Roland in the episode \\\"Where There's a Will\\\". He also played Scotty O'Neal in the movie My Best Friend's Wedding. In 2012, Masterson had a guest role on the TBS series Men at Work as a concierge named Archie. His brother, Danny Masterson, plays Milo, on the show, although the two did not share any scenes together.\",\n \"Ray Wise Wise appeared in Season 4 of Chuck and in the FX television show Wilfred as a popular TV personality. He was cast in the part of Robin Scherbatsky's father on How I Met Your Mother in December 2010 (after Eric Braeden declined to reprise his role in a cameo appearance), and ultimately appeared in 6 episodes of the series in total. Ray made a cameo appearance as a modeling agent in episode four of season 2 of Workaholics.\",\n \"Walter White (Breaking Bad) Breaking Bad creator Vince Gilligan cast Bryan Cranston for the role of Walter White based on having worked with him in a sixth season episode of the science fiction television series The X-Files, where Gilligan worked as a writer. Cranston played an anti-Semite with a terminal illness who took Fox Mulder (David Duchovny) hostage. Gilligan said the character had to be simultaneously loathsome and sympathetic, and that \\\"Bryan alone was the only actor who could do that, who could pull off that trick. And it is a trick. I have no idea how he does it.\\\"[2][15] AMC officials were initially reluctant with the casting choice, having known Cranston only as the over-the-top character Hal on the comedy series Malcolm in the Middle and approached actors John Cusack and Matthew Broderick about the role.[16] When both actors declined, the executives were persuaded to cast Cranston after seeing the X-Files episode.[17]\",\n \"Dave Allen (actor) Allen is a member of comedy group 2 Headed Dog with comedians Jim Turner, Mark Fite, and Craig Anton. He also made an appearance as a minor character, Mr. Woodward, one of Reese's teachers on the television show Malcolm in the Middle. In addition, Allen frequently plays the character \\\"Todd Carlin\\\", a hippie and fictional relative of George Carlin. This character is usually involved in comedy shows at Largo. Allen has guest starred on Gilmore Girls, where he played a town troubadour, organic farmer, and a de facto minister officiating a wedding. He has been credited in many movies and television roles as Dave Gruber Allen and David Gruber Allen.\",\n \"Malcolm McDowell Malcolm McDowell (born Malcolm John Taylor; 13 June 1943) is an English actor, known for his boisterous and sometimes villainous roles. He trained as an actor at the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art.\",\n \"Boss of Me The \\\"Boss of Me\\\" music video was directed by Ted Crittenden. It is based on Malcolm in the Middle, and contains the characters and set from the show. It begins with Dewey going through a dumpster that says \\\"TMBG Toys\\\". He climbs out of the dumpster and rides his bike home while dragging the box full of toys. The box goes into Dewey's backyard where Malcolm is raking leaves, their father, Hal, is cooking on a barbecue, and Reese is using hedge clippers on a tree. Dewey opens the box, revealing toy versions of TMBG. But whenever there's a close-up in the box, it is the real band in miniature. A Hawaiian hula dancer toy joins TMBG as Dewey sways back and forth with her. Malcolm and Reese begin shooting the toys with paintball guns until one of them accidentally shoots Hal. Though not shown, it's presumed to have been Reese who shot him as he is later seen using a weed whacker. The John Flansburgh toy is lying in the grass with his arm detached. Reese spots him and, while using the weed whacker, launches him onto the grill where Hal accidentally eats him, much to Dewey's shock. Later, the John Linnell toy is placed in a model airplane that is launched across the street before curving back and landing on the driveway. As Hal drives up, he picks up the airplane to examine it. The plane explodes because it still had a lit fuse. Hal then angrily gathers the TMBG toys into the box and drives back to the dumpster where he promptly tosses it back in.\",\n \"Kenneth Mars Mars appeared in two seasons of Malcolm in the Middle as Otto, Francis's well-meaning but dimwitted boss. He voiced King Triton, Ariel's father, in the 1989 Disney animated film The Little Mermaid and its sequel, the television series and the Kingdom Hearts series. He also did several other animated voice over film roles such as Littlefoot's grandfather in the Land Before Time series and that of Professor Screweyes in We're Back! A Dinosaur's Story (1993), and King Colbert (Prince Cornelius's father) in Thumbelina (1994).\",\n \"Malcolm in the Middle Chris Masterson would take a diminished role starting with Season 6 of the show in favor of getting behind the camera, directing and writing some episodes in Seasons 6 and 7.\",\n \"Judd Hirsch Judd Seymore Hirsch (born March 15, 1935) is an American actor known for playing Alex Rieger on the television comedy series Taxi (1978–1983), John Lacey on the NBC series Dear John (1988–1992), and Alan Eppes on the CBS series NUMB3RS (2005–2010). He is also well known for his career in theatre and for his roles in films such as Ordinary People (1980), Running on Empty (1988), Independence Day (1996), and A Beautiful Mind (2001).\",\n \"Craig T. Nelson He has appeared in many other motion pictures (most notably the Poltergeist series) and had featured roles in five television shows (Coach, Call to Glory, The District, My Name Is Earl, and Parenthood). Coach ran from 1989 to 1997, with Nelson starring as college football coach Hayden Fox.\",\n \"John Ross Bowie John Ross Bowie (born May 30, 1971) is an American actor and comedian best known for playing Barry Kripke on The Big Bang Theory and, beginning in 2016, Jimmy DiMeo on Speechless.\",\n \"Jane Kaczmarek Following the end of Malcolm in the Middle, Kaczmarek went on to star in the short-lived series Help Me Help You co-starring Ted Danson. She starred in the short-lived TNT series Raising the Bar as Judge Trudy Kessler. She also continues to voice Judge Constance Harm on several Simpsons episodes.\",\n \"Pilot (Breaking Bad) Gilligan cast Bryan Cranston for the role of Walter White based on having worked with him in a sixth season episode of the science fiction television series The X-Files, where Gilligan worked as a writer. Cranston played an anti-Semite with a terminal illness who took series co-protagonist Fox Mulder (David Duchovny) hostage. Gilligan said the character had to be simultaneously loathsome and sympathetic, and that \\\"Bryan alone was the only actor who could do that, who could pull off that trick. And it is a trick. I have no idea how he does it.\\\"[8][9] AMC officials were wary of casting Cranston, due to his being mostly known his comedic role as Hal on the series Malcolm in the Middle. The executives offered the role to John Cusack and Matthew Broderick who both turned it down.[10] After seeing Cranston in the X-Files episode, the executives were convinced to cast him.[11] Cranston gained ten pounds for the pilot to reflect the character's personal decline, and had his hair dyed brown to mask his natural red highlights. Cranston collaborated with costume designer Kathleen Detoro and makeup artist Frieda Valenzuela to make the character of Walt both bland and unremarkable and impotent.[12]\",\n \"List of Malcolm in the Middle episodes Francis deserts from military school to spend more time with his girlfriend, who breaks up with him as soon as he gets home (finding him boring and over attached). Lois finds out Francis has left school, but does not know where he went. Malcolm discovers Francis hiding in the woods near their house and brings him food, though keeping the secret from his brothers and parents gets more and more complicated by the time. After Hal finds him, he decides to drive him across the country back to the military school so Lois won't find him.\",\n \"Anthony LaPaglia He played the role of Joe in the coming-of-age comedy Empire Records and John in the film Autumn In New York, as well as FBI agent Jack Malone on the American television series Without a Trace, for which he won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Television Series Drama.[2]\\nHe also appeared in eight episodes of Frasier as Daphne Moon's alcoholic brother Simon.\",\n \"Malcolm in the Middle The show's theme song, \\\"Boss of Me\\\", was written and recorded by the alternative rock group They Might Be Giants.[34] The song won the \\\"Best Song Written for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media\\\" award at the 2002 Grammy Awards.[35] The band also performed nearly all of the incidental music for the show in its first two seasons.[36]\",\n \"Characters of Malcolm in the Middle Jamie was played by identical twin brothers James and Lukas Rodriguez (35 episodes). The youngest brother born who is the only brother to have beaten Lois in her own game, bordering to attacking her (though Reese was mostly responsible for feeding him soda). Like Malcolm and Dewey, Jamie is revealed to be intelligent, evident when he tricked Reese into taking a marker after he colored part of the wall.\",\n \"Pilot (Modern Family) Casting for Modern Family was very difficult (except for Jesse Tyler Ferguson). Initially Ed O'Neill had lost the part to Craig T. Nelson (who would later go on to play Zeek Braverman on Parenthood on NBC) although he was eventually cast after Nelson turned down the part due to money problems.[11] Eric Stonestreet who was unknown at the time had to fight for the role of Cameron. It was also difficult for Julie Bowen as she was pregnant with twins during filming and had to cover her pregnant belly with clothes, pillows, laundry baskets etc. while Ty Burrell had to test for the role of Phil Dunphy three times. Initially Jesse Tyler Ferguson had auditioned for the role of Cameron before Christopher Lloyd and Steven Levitan thought he would be better suited for the role of Mitchell.[12]\",\n \"The Losing Edge Diedrich Bader as Batdad\",\n \"Casey Sander Clinton O. \\\"Casey\\\" Sander (born July 6, 1956) is an American actor known as the character \\\"Captain\\\" Jimmy Wennick on the short-lived TV series Tucker. His television credits also include Criminal Minds, The Golden Girls,[1]Grace Under Fire, Home Improvement,[1] Malcolm in the Middle, Rules of Engagement, Sons of Anarchy, Mad Men, Silicon Valley, The Newsroom, Buffy the Vampire Slayer (on which he portrayed the father of Xander Harris),[2] Hunter, and Marvin Marvin, among other shows. He has a recurring role on the TV sitcom The Big Bang Theory as Bernadette's father, Mike.[3]\",\n \"List of Malcolm in the Middle episodes Returning early from vacation, the family discovers that their neighbors have been celebrating their yearly absence with a block party (since Lois and the boys are not liked by the neighbors). Reese and Dewey scheme to make quick cash by letting kids beat up Reese, Hal and Lois join the kielbasa-eating contest, and Malcolm inadvertently aids a burglar. Meanwhile, Francis finds himself assigned to breeding cows, the most disgusting job at the ranch.\",\n \"Malibu's Most Wanted After Bill's campaign manager Tom Gibbons (Blair Underwood) gets irritated with B-Rad's constant interruptions with the election, Bill decides that B-Rad must see a psychiatrist, Dr. Feldman (Jeffrey Tambor). Dr. Feldman tells B-Rad's parents Bill and Bess (Bo Derek) that B-Rad has the most serious case of \\\"gangstaphrienia\\\" that he has ever seen. Tom then has an idea to hire two actors, PJ (Anthony Anderson) and Sean James (Taye Diggs) to try to scare B-Rad back to normal. Although Bill thinks it could get dangerous, he reluctantly agrees. With the help of PJ's cousin Shondra (Regina Hall), they kidnap B-Rad and take him to the ghetto.\",\n \"Malcolm in the Middle Mood setting music is sprinkled throughout the series, in lieu of audience laughter, in a way that resembles feature film more than other TV sitcoms. Some examples of this highly varied music include ABBA, Basement Jaxx, Sum 41, Kenny Rogers, Lemon Jelly, Lords of Acid, The Getaway People, En Vogue, Electric Light Orchestra, Fatboy Slim, Phil Collins, Tears for Fears, Quiet Riot, Queen, and Citizen King whose song \\\"Better Days\\\" is played at the end of both the pilot episode and the series finale. The Southern California pop-punk band Lit have many of their songs featured in several episodes. Lit songs that were never released as singles were also used.\"\n]","isConversational":false},"gt_docs":{"kind":"list like","value":["Malcolm in the Middle The series follows a family of six, and later seven, and stars Frankie Muniz in the lead role of Malcolm, a somewhat normal boy who tests at genius level. While he enjoys his intelligence, he despises having to take classes for gifted children, who are mocked by the other students who call them \"Krelboynes\". Jane Kaczmarek is Malcolm's overbearing, authoritarian mother, Lois, and Bryan Cranston plays his immature but loving father, Hal. Christopher Kennedy Masterson plays eldest brother Francis, a former rebel who, in earlier episodes, was in military school, but eventually marries and settles into a steady job. Justin Berfield is Malcolm's dimwitted older brother Reese, a cruel bully who tortures Malcolm at home, even while he defends him at school. Younger brother Dewey, bitter about his ruined childhood, smart, and musically talented, is portrayed by Erik Per Sullivan. At first, the show's focus was on Malcolm, but as the series progressed, it began to explore all six members of the family. A fifth son, Jamie, was introduced as a baby at the end of Season 4.","Malcolm in the Middle The series is about a boy named Malcolm and his dysfunctional family.[3][4] The show stars Frankie Muniz as Malcolm, the third of four and later five boys, his brothers, and their parents, Lois (Jane Kaczmarek) and Hal (Bryan Cranston). Their first child, Francis (Christopher Masterson), was sent away to military school, leaving his three younger brothers at home, Reese (Justin Berfield), Malcolm, and Dewey (Erik Per Sullivan) with Malcolm being the middle child still living at home. In season four, the character Jamie (James and Lukas Rodriguez) was added to the show as the fifth son of Hal & Lois. The show's early seasons centered on Malcolm dealing with the rigors of being an adolescent and enduring the eccentricities of his life. Later seasons gradually explored the other members of the family and their friends in more depth, including others such as Craig Feldspar, Lois' coworker at the Lucky Aide drugstore, Malcolm's friend Stevie Kenarban, and Stevie's dad Abe."],"string":"[\n \"Malcolm in the Middle The series follows a family of six, and later seven, and stars Frankie Muniz in the lead role of Malcolm, a somewhat normal boy who tests at genius level. While he enjoys his intelligence, he despises having to take classes for gifted children, who are mocked by the other students who call them \\\"Krelboynes\\\". Jane Kaczmarek is Malcolm's overbearing, authoritarian mother, Lois, and Bryan Cranston plays his immature but loving father, Hal. Christopher Kennedy Masterson plays eldest brother Francis, a former rebel who, in earlier episodes, was in military school, but eventually marries and settles into a steady job. Justin Berfield is Malcolm's dimwitted older brother Reese, a cruel bully who tortures Malcolm at home, even while he defends him at school. Younger brother Dewey, bitter about his ruined childhood, smart, and musically talented, is portrayed by Erik Per Sullivan. At first, the show's focus was on Malcolm, but as the series progressed, it began to explore all six members of the family. A fifth son, Jamie, was introduced as a baby at the end of Season 4.\",\n \"Malcolm in the Middle The series is about a boy named Malcolm and his dysfunctional family.[3][4] The show stars Frankie Muniz as Malcolm, the third of four and later five boys, his brothers, and their parents, Lois (Jane Kaczmarek) and Hal (Bryan Cranston). Their first child, Francis (Christopher Masterson), was sent away to military school, leaving his three younger brothers at home, Reese (Justin Berfield), Malcolm, and Dewey (Erik Per Sullivan) with Malcolm being the middle child still living at home. In season four, the character Jamie (James and Lukas Rodriguez) was added to the show as the fifth son of Hal & Lois. The show's early seasons centered on Malcolm dealing with the rigors of being an adolescent and enduring the eccentricities of his life. Later seasons gradually explored the other members of the family and their friends in more depth, including others such as Craig Feldspar, Lois' coworker at the Lucky Aide drugstore, Malcolm's friend Stevie Kenarban, and Stevie's dad Abe.\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":296,"cells":{"_id":{"kind":"string","value":"test2847"},"query":{"kind":"string","value":"difference in function between rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum"},"gt_ids":{"kind":"list like","value":["doc97459"],"string":"[\n \"doc97459\"\n]","isConversational":false},"gt_qrels":{"kind":"list like","value":[1],"string":"[\n 1\n]","isConversational":false},"candidate_ids":{"kind":"list like","value":["doc97465","doc278712","doc97459","doc97464","doc97462","doc97461","doc278713","doc97463","doc97466","doc97467","doc278714","doc352827","doc278718","doc278715","doc278720","doc278710","doc97469","doc278717","doc1540274","doc352817","doc278716","doc278709","doc1501627","doc97468","doc609991","doc698514","doc97471","doc278706","doc396784","doc396782","doc278711","doc352795","doc1351007","doc420492","doc352824","doc1260128","doc278701","doc1217264","doc609992","doc278722","doc270576","doc278719","doc4905","doc1725186","doc97470","doc222338","doc97460","doc1922528","doc278729","doc807799","doc352792","doc396783","doc1540271","doc278721","doc278727","doc750604","doc468004","doc278704","doc1494520","doc1260094","doc1260131","doc396778","doc753195","doc870396","doc609059","doc660870","doc222341","doc609996","doc1540277","doc1995600","doc474746","doc1922529","doc609993","doc278700","doc330523","doc352801","doc1260110","doc796382","doc1662614","doc796379","doc827083","doc278735","doc1338790","doc1260113","doc352810","doc1029895","doc1338788","doc609072","doc1364313","doc468007","doc222320","doc694491","doc198672","doc609997","doc2127909","doc2420409","doc1260120","doc1090319","doc396775","doc698520"],"string":"[\n \"doc97465\",\n \"doc278712\",\n \"doc97459\",\n \"doc97464\",\n \"doc97462\",\n \"doc97461\",\n \"doc278713\",\n \"doc97463\",\n \"doc97466\",\n \"doc97467\",\n \"doc278714\",\n \"doc352827\",\n \"doc278718\",\n \"doc278715\",\n \"doc278720\",\n \"doc278710\",\n \"doc97469\",\n \"doc278717\",\n \"doc1540274\",\n \"doc352817\",\n \"doc278716\",\n \"doc278709\",\n \"doc1501627\",\n \"doc97468\",\n \"doc609991\",\n \"doc698514\",\n \"doc97471\",\n \"doc278706\",\n \"doc396784\",\n \"doc396782\",\n \"doc278711\",\n \"doc352795\",\n \"doc1351007\",\n \"doc420492\",\n \"doc352824\",\n \"doc1260128\",\n \"doc278701\",\n \"doc1217264\",\n \"doc609992\",\n \"doc278722\",\n \"doc270576\",\n \"doc278719\",\n \"doc4905\",\n \"doc1725186\",\n \"doc97470\",\n \"doc222338\",\n \"doc97460\",\n \"doc1922528\",\n \"doc278729\",\n \"doc807799\",\n \"doc352792\",\n \"doc396783\",\n \"doc1540271\",\n \"doc278721\",\n \"doc278727\",\n \"doc750604\",\n \"doc468004\",\n \"doc278704\",\n \"doc1494520\",\n \"doc1260094\",\n \"doc1260131\",\n \"doc396778\",\n \"doc753195\",\n \"doc870396\",\n \"doc609059\",\n \"doc660870\",\n \"doc222341\",\n \"doc609996\",\n \"doc1540277\",\n \"doc1995600\",\n \"doc474746\",\n \"doc1922529\",\n \"doc609993\",\n \"doc278700\",\n \"doc330523\",\n \"doc352801\",\n \"doc1260110\",\n \"doc796382\",\n \"doc1662614\",\n \"doc796379\",\n \"doc827083\",\n \"doc278735\",\n \"doc1338790\",\n \"doc1260113\",\n \"doc352810\",\n \"doc1029895\",\n \"doc1338788\",\n \"doc609072\",\n \"doc1364313\",\n \"doc468007\",\n \"doc222320\",\n \"doc694491\",\n \"doc198672\",\n \"doc609997\",\n \"doc2127909\",\n \"doc2420409\",\n \"doc1260120\",\n \"doc1090319\",\n \"doc396775\",\n \"doc698520\"\n]","isConversational":false},"candidate_docs":{"kind":"list like","value":["Endoplasmic reticulum In most cells the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (abbreviated SER) is scarce. Instead there are areas where the ER is partly smooth and partly rough, this area is called the transitional ER. The transitional ER gets its name because it contains ER exit sites. These are areas where the transport vesicles that contain lipids and proteins made in the ER, detach from the ER and start moving to the Golgi apparatus. Specialized cells can have a lot of smooth endoplasmic reticulum and in these cells the smooth ER has many functions.[15] It synthesizes lipids, phospholipids, and steroids. Cells which secrete these products, such as those in the testes, ovaries, and sebaceous glands have an abundance of smooth endoplasmic reticulum.[16] It also carries out the metabolism of carbohydrates, detoxification of natural metabolism products and of alcohol and drugs, attachment of receptors on cell membrane proteins, and steroid metabolism.[17] In muscle cells, it regulates calcium ion concentration. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum is found in a variety of cell types (both animal and plant), and it serves different functions in each. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum also contains the enzyme glucose-6-phosphatase, which converts glucose-6-phosphate to glucose, a step in gluconeogenesis. It is connected to the nuclear envelope and consists of tubules that are located near the cell periphery. These tubes sometimes branch forming a network that is reticular in appearance.[9] In some cells, there are dilated areas like the sacs of rough endoplasmic reticulum. The network of smooth endoplasmic reticulum allows for an increased surface area to be devoted to the action or storage of key enzymes and the products of these enzymes.","Endomembrane system There are two distinct, though connected, regions of ER that differ in structure and function: smooth ER and rough ER. The rough endoplasmic reticulum is so named because the cytoplasmic surface is covered with ribosomes, giving it a bumpy appearance when viewed through an electron microscope. The smooth ER appears smooth since its cytoplasmic surface lacks ribosomes.[26]","Endoplasmic reticulum The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a type of organelle found in eukaryotic cells that forms an interconnected network of flattened, membrane-enclosed sacs or tube-like structures known as cisternae. The membranes of the ER are continuous with the outer nuclear membrane. The endoplasmic reticulum occurs in most types of eukaryotic cells, but is absent from red blood cells and spermatozoa. There are two types of endoplasmic reticulum: rough and smooth. The outer (cytosolic) face of the rough endoplasmic reticulum is studded with ribosomes that are the sites of protein synthesis. The rough endoplasmic reticulum is especially prominent in cells such as hepatocytes. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum lacks ribosomes and functions in lipid manufacture and metabolism, the production of steroid hormones, and detoxification.[1] The smooth ER is especially abundant in mammalian liver and gonad cells. The lacy membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum were first seen in 1945 using electron microscopy.","Endoplasmic reticulum The rough endoplasmic reticulum is key in multiple functions:","Endoplasmic reticulum The surface of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (often abbreviated RER or Rough ER) (also called granular endoplasmic reticulum) is studded with protein-manufacturing ribosomes giving it a \"rough\" appearance (hence its name).[5] The binding site of the ribosome on the rough endoplasmic reticulum is the translocon.[6] However, the ribosomes are not a stable part of this organelle's structure as they are constantly being bound and released from the membrane. A ribosome only binds to the RER once a specific protein-nucleic acid complex forms in the cytosol. This special complex forms when a free ribosome begins translating the mRNA of a protein destined for the secretory pathway.[7] The first 5–30 amino acids polymerized encode a signal peptide, a molecular message that is recognized and bound by a signal recognition particle (SRP). Translation pauses and the ribosome complex binds to the RER translocon where translation continues with the nascent (new) protein forming into the RER lumen and/or membrane. The protein is processed in the ER lumen by an enzyme (a signal peptidase), which removes the signal peptide. Ribosomes at this point may be released back into the cytosol; however, non-translating ribosomes are also known to stay associated with translocons.[8]","Endoplasmic reticulum The general structure of the endoplasmic reticulum is a network of membranes called cisternae. These sac-like structures are held together by the cytoskeleton. The phospholipid membrane encloses the cisternal space (or lumen), which is continuous with the perinuclear space but separate from the cytosol. The functions of the endoplasmic reticulum can be summarized as the synthesis and export of proteins and membrane lipids, but varies between ER and cell type and cell function. The quantity of both rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum in a cell can slowly interchange from one type to the other, depending on the changing metabolic activities of the cell. Transformation can include embedding of new proteins in membrane as well as structural changes. Changes in protein content may occur without noticeable structural changes.[3][4][citation needed]","Endomembrane system In the great majority of cells, smooth ER regions are scarce and are often partly smooth and partly rough. They are sometimes called transitional ER because they contain ER exit sites from which transport vesicles carrying newly synthesized proteins and lipids bud off for transport to the Golgi apparatus. In certain specialized cells, however, the smooth ER is abundant and has additional functions. The smooth ER of these specialized cells functions in diverse metabolic processes, including synthesis of lipids, metabolism of carbohydrates, and detoxification of drugs and poisons.[23][26]","Endoplasmic reticulum The membrane of the rough endoplasmic reticulum forms large double membrane sheets that are located near, and continuous with, the outer layer of the nuclear envelope.[9] The double membrane sheets are stacked and connected through several right or left-handed helical ramps, the so-called Terasaki ramps, giving rise to a structure resembling a multi-storey car park.[10][11] Although there is no continuous membrane between the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus, membrane-bound transport vesicles shuttle proteins between these two compartments.[12] Vesicles are surrounded by coating proteins called COPI and COPII. COPII targets vesicles to the Golgi apparatus and COPI marks them to be brought back to the rough endoplasmic reticulum. The rough endoplasmic reticulum works in concert with the Golgi complex to target new proteins to their proper destinations. A second method of transport out of the endoplasmic reticulum involves areas called membrane contact sites, where the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum and other organelles are held closely together, allowing the transfer of lipids and other small molecules.[13][14]","Endoplasmic reticulum The sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), from the Greek σάρξ sarx (\"flesh\"), is smooth ER found in myocytes. The only structural difference between this organelle and the smooth endoplasmic reticulum is the medley of proteins they have, both bound to their membranes and drifting within the confines of their lumens. This fundamental difference is indicative of their functions: The endoplasmic reticulum synthesizes molecules, while the sarcoplasmic reticulum stores calcium ions and pumps them out into the sarcoplasm when the muscle fiber is stimulated.[18][19] After their release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, calcium ions interact with contractile proteins that utilize ATP to shorten the muscle fiber. The sarcoplasmic reticulum plays a major role in excitation-contraction coupling.[20]","Endoplasmic reticulum The endoplasmic reticulum serves many general functions, including the folding of protein molecules in sacs called cisternae and the transport of synthesized proteins in vesicles to the Golgi apparatus. Correct folding of newly made proteins is made possible by several endoplasmic reticulum chaperone proteins, including protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), ERp29, the Hsp70 family member BiP/Grp78, calnexin, calreticulin, and the peptidylpropyl isomerase family. Only properly folded proteins are transported from the rough ER to the Golgi apparatus – unfolded proteins cause an unfolded protein response as a stress response in the ER. Disturbances in redox regulation, calcium regulation, glucose deprivation, and viral infection[21] or the over-expression of proteins[22] can lead to endoplasmic reticulum stress response (ER stress), a state in which the folding of proteins slows, leading to an increase in unfolded proteins. This stress is emerging as a potential cause of damage in hypoxia/ischemia, insulin resistance, and other disorders.[23]","Endomembrane system Enzymes of the smooth ER are vital to the synthesis of lipids, including oils, phospholipids, and steroids. Sex hormones of vertebrates and the steroid hormones secreted by the adrenal glands are among the steroids produced by the smooth ER in animal cells. The cells that synthesize these hormones are rich in smooth ER.[23][26]","Ribosome When a ribosome begins to synthesize proteins that are needed in some organelles, the ribosome making this protein can become \"membrane-bound\". In eukaryotic cells this happens in a region of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) called the \"rough ER\". The newly produced polypeptide chains are inserted directly into the ER by the ribosome undertaking vectorial synthesis and are then transported to their destinations, through the secretory pathway. Bound ribosomes usually produce proteins that are used within the plasma membrane or are expelled from the cell via exocytosis.[46]","Endomembrane system Many types of cells export proteins produced by ribosomes attached to the rough ER. The ribosomes assemble amino acids into protein units, which are carried into the rough ER for further adjustments. These proteins may be either transmembrane proteins, which become embedded in the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum, or water-soluble proteins, which are able to pass through the membrane into the lumen. Those that reach the inside of the endoplasmic reticulum are folded into the correct three-dimensional conformation. Chemicals, such as carbohydrates or sugars, are added, then the endoplasmic reticulum either transports the completed proteins, called secretory proteins, to areas of the cell where they are needed, or they are sent to the Golgi apparatus for further processing and modification.[23][26]","Endomembrane system Liver cells are another example of specialized cells that contain an abundance of smooth ER. These cells provide an example of the role of smooth ER in carbohydrate metabolism. Liver cells store carbohydrates in the form of glycogen. The breakdown of glycogen eventually leads to the release of glucose from the liver cells, which is important in the regulation of sugar concentration in the blood. However, the primary product of glycogen breakdown is glucose-1-phosphate. This is converted to glucose-6-phosphate and then an enzyme of the liver cell's smooth ER removes the phosphate from the glucose, so that it can then leave the cell.[23][26]","Endomembrane system In addition to making secretory proteins, the rough ER makes membranes that grows in place from the addition of proteins and phospholipids. As polypeptides intended to be membrane proteins grow from the ribosomes, they are inserted into the ER membrane itself and are kept there by their hydrophobic portions. The rough ER also produces its own membrane phospholipids; enzymes built into the ER membrane assemble phospholipids. The ER membrane expands and can be transferred by transport vesicles to other components of the endomembrane system.[23][26]","Endomembrane system The ER has a central role in producing, processing, and transporting biochemical compounds for use inside and outside of the cell. Its membrane is the site of production of all the transmembrane proteins and lipids for most of the cell's organelles, including the ER itself, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, endosomes, mitochondria, peroxisomes, secretory vesicles, and the plasma membrane. Furthermore, almost all of the proteins that will exit the cell, plus those destined for the lumen of the ER, Golgi apparatus, or lysosomes, are originally delivered to the ER lumen. Consequently, many of the proteins found in the cisternal space of the endoplasmic reticulum lumen are there only temporarily as they pass on their way to other locations. Other proteins, however, constantly remain in the lumen and are known as endoplasmic reticulum resident proteins. These special proteins contain a specialized retention signal made up of a specific sequence of amino acids that enables them to be retained by the organelle. An example of an important endoplasmic reticulum resident protein is the chaperon protein known as BiP which identifies other proteins that have been improperly built or processed and keeps them from being sent to their final destinations.[24]","Endoplasmic reticulum The endoplasmic reticulum is also part of a protein sorting pathway. It is, in essence, the transportation system of the eukaryotic cell. The majority of its resident proteins are retained within it through a retention motif. This motif is composed of four amino acids at the end of the protein sequence. The most common retention sequences are KDEL for lumen located proteins and KKXX for transmembrane protein.[25] However, variations of KDEL and KKXX do occur, and other sequences can also give rise to endoplasmic reticulum retention. It is not known whether such variation can lead to sub-ER localizations. There are three KDEL (1, 2 and 3) receptors in mammalian cells, and they have a very high degree of sequence identity. The functional differences between these receptors remain to be established.[26]","Endomembrane system Muscle cells have another specialized function of smooth ER. The ER membrane pumps calcium ions from the cytosol into the cisternal space. When a muscle cell becomes stimulated by a nerve impulse, calcium goes back across the ER membrane into the cytosol and generates the contraction of the muscle cell.[23][26]","Gene expression Enzymes called chaperones assist the newly formed protein to attain (fold into) the 3-dimensional structure it needs to function.[19] Similarly, RNA chaperones help RNAs attain their functional shapes.[20] Assisting protein folding is one of the main roles of the endoplasmic reticulum in eukaryotes.","Ribosome Ribosomes are organelles that synthesize proteins. Proteins are needed for many cellular functions such as repairing damage or directing chemical processes. Ribosomes can be found floating within the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum.","Endomembrane system Enzymes of the smooth ER can also help detoxify drugs and poisons. Detoxification usually involves the addition of a hydroxyl group to a drug, making the drug more soluble and thus easier to purge from the body. One extensively studied detoxification reaction is carried out by the cytochrome P450 family of enzymes, which catalyze water-insoluble drugs or metabolites that would otherwise accumulate to toxic levels in cell membrane.[23][26]","Endomembrane system The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a membranous synthesis and transport organelle that is an extension of the nuclear envelope. More than half the total membrane in eukaryotic cells is accounted for by the ER. The ER is made up of flattened sacs and branching tubules that are thought to interconnect, so that the ER membrane forms a continuous sheet enclosing a single internal space. This highly convoluted space is called the ER lumen and is also referred to as the ER cisternal space. The lumen takes up about ten percent of the entire cell volume. The endoplasmic reticulum membrane allows molecules to be selectively transferred between the lumen and the cytoplasm, and since it is connected to the nuclear envelope, it provides a channel between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.[23]","Eukaryote The nucleus is surrounded by a double membrane (commonly referred to as a nuclear membrane or nuclear envelope), with pores that allow material to move in and out.[15] Various tube- and sheet-like extensions of the nuclear membrane form the endoplasmic reticulum, which is involved in protein transport and maturation. It includes the rough endoplasmic reticulum where ribosomes are attached to synthesize proteins, which enter the interior space or lumen. Subsequently, they generally enter vesicles, which bud off from the smooth endoplasmic reticulum.[16] In most eukaryotes, these protein-carrying vesicles are released and further modified in stacks of flattened vesicles (cisternae), the Golgi apparatus.[17]","Endoplasmic reticulum Secretory proteins, mostly glycoproteins, are moved across the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Proteins that are transported by the endoplasmic reticulum throughout the cell are marked with an address tag called a signal sequence. The N-terminus (one end) of a polypeptide chain (i.e., a protein) contains a few amino acids that work as an address tag, which are removed when the polypeptide reaches its destination. Nascent peptides reach the ER via the translocon, a membrane-embedded multiprotein complex. Proteins that are destined for places outside the endoplasmic reticulum are packed into transport vesicles and moved along the cytoskeleton toward their destination. In human fibroblasts, the ER is always co-distributed with microtubules and the depolymerisation of the latter cause its co-aggregation with mitochondria, which are also associated with the ER.[24]","Sarcoplasmic reticulum The sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) is a membrane-bound structure found within muscle cells that is similar to the endoplasmic reticulum in other cells. The main function of the SR is to store calcium ions (Ca2+). Calcium ion levels are kept relatively constant, with the concentration of calcium ions within a cell being 100,000 times smaller than the concentration of calcium ions outside the cell.[1] This means that small increases in calcium ions within the cell are easily detected and can bring about important cellular changes (the calcium is said to be a second messenger; see calcium in biology for more details). Calcium is used to make calcium carbonate (found in chalk) and calcium phosphate, two compounds that the body uses to make teeth and bones. This means that too much calcium within the cells can lead to hardening (calcification) of certain intracellular structures, including the mitochondria,[2] leading to cell death. Therefore, it is vital that calcium ion levels are controlled tightly, and can be released into the cell when necessary and then remove from the cell.","Secretion Eukaryotic cells, including human cells, have a highly evolved process of secretion. Proteins targeted for the outside are synthesized by ribosomes docked to the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER). As they are synthesized, these proteins translocate into the ER lumen, where they are glycosylated and where molecular chaperones aid protein folding. Misfolded proteins are usually identified here and retrotranslocated by ER-associated degradation to the cytosol, where they are degraded by a proteasome. The vesicles containing the properly folded proteins then enter the Golgi apparatus.","Endoplasmic reticulum The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a cellular stress response related to the endoplasmic reticulum.[29] The UPR is activated in response to an accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. The UPR functions to restore normal function of the cell by halting protein translation, degrading misfolded proteins, and activating the signaling pathways that lead to increasing the production of molecular chaperones involved in protein folding. Sustained overactivation of the UPR has been implicated in prion diseases as well as several other neurodegenerative diseases and the inhibition of the UPR could become a treatment for those diseases.[30]","Endomembrane system The nuclear envelope surrounds the nucleus, separating its contents from the cytoplasm. It has two membranes, each a lipid bilayer with associated proteins.[20] The outer nuclear membrane is continuous with the rough endoplasmic reticulum membrane, and like that structure, features ribosomes attached to the surface. The outer membrane is also continuous with the inner nuclear membrane since the two layers are fused together at numerous tiny holes called nuclear pores that perforate the nuclear envelope. These pores are about 120 nm in diameter and regulate the passage of molecules between the nucleus and cytoplasm, permitting some to pass through the membrane, but not others.[21] Since the nuclear pores are located in an area of high traffic, they play an important role in the physiology of cells. The space between the outer and inner membranes is called the perinuclear space and is joined with the lumen of the rough ER.","Golgi apparatus The vesicles that leave the rough endoplasmic reticulum are transported to the cis face of the Golgi apparatus, where they fuse with the Golgi membrane and empty their contents into the lumen. Once inside the lumen, the molecules are modified, then sorted for transport to their next destinations.","Golgi apparatus The Golgi apparatus is a major collection and dispatch station of protein products received from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Proteins synthesized in the ER are packaged into vesicles, which then fuse with the Golgi apparatus. These cargo proteins are modified and destined for secretion via exocytosis or for use in the cell. In this respect, the Golgi can be thought of as similar to a post office: it packages and labels items which it then sends to different parts of the cell or to the extracellular space. The Golgi apparatus is also involved in lipid transport and lysosome formation.[10]","Endomembrane system The ER is involved in cotranslational sorting of proteins. A polypeptide which contains an ER signal sequence is recognised by a signal recognition protein which halts the production of the protein. the SRP transports the polypeptide to the ER membrane where its released in through a membrane pore and translation resumes.[25]","Ribosome When a ribosome finishes reading an mRNA molecule, these two subunits split apart. Ribosomes are ribozymes, because the catalytic peptidyl transferase activity that links amino acids together is performed by the ribosomal RNA. Ribosomes are often associated with the intracellular membranes that make up the rough endoplasmic reticulum.","Neuron There are different internal structural characteristics between axons and dendrites. Typical axons almost never contain ribosomes, except some in the initial segment. Dendrites contain granular endoplasmic reticulum or ribosomes, in diminishing amounts as the distance from the cell body increases.","Nucleolus In higher eukaryotes and plants, the situation is more complex, for the 5S DNA sequence lies outside the Nucleolus Organiser Region (NOR) and is transcribed by RNA pol III in the nucleoplasm, after which it finds its way into the nucleolus to participate in the ribosome assembly. This assembly not only involves the rRNA, but ribosomal proteins as well. The genes encoding these r-proteins are transcribed by pol II in the nucleoplasm by a \"conventional\" pathway of protein synthesis (transcription, pre-mRNA processing, nuclear export of mature mRNA and translation on cytoplasmic ribosomes). The mature r-proteins are then \"imported\" back into the nucleus and finally the nucleolus. Association and maturation of rRNA and r-proteins result in the formation of the 40S (small) and 60S (large) subunits of the complete ribosome. These are exported through the nuclear pore complexes to the cytoplasm, where they remain free or become associated with the endoplasmic reticulum, forming rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER).[16][17]","Ribosome Free and membrane-bound ribosomes differ only in their spatial distribution; they are identical in structure. Whether the ribosome exists in a free or membrane-bound state depends on the presence of an ER-targeting signal sequence on the protein being synthesized, so an individual ribosome might be membrane-bound when it is making one protein, but free in the cytosol when it makes another protein.","Smooth muscle Although the structure and function is basically the same in smooth muscle cells in different organs, their specific effects or end-functions differ.","Endomembrane system The nuclear membrane contains a lipid bilayer that encompass the contents of the nucleus.[2] The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a synthesis and transport organelle that branches into the cytoplasm in plant and animal cells.[3] The Golgi apparatus is a series of multiple compartments where molecules are packaged for delivery to other cell components or for secretion from the cell.[4] Vacuoles, which are found in both plant and animal cells (though much bigger in plant cells), are responsible for maintaining the shape and structure of the cell as well as storing waste products.[5] A vesicle is a relatively small, membrane-enclosed sac that stores or transports substances.[6] The cell membrane is a protective barrier that regulates what enters and leaves the cell.[7] There is also an organelle known as the Spitzenkörper that is only found in fungi, and is connected with hyphal tip growth.[8]","Translation (biology) In prokaryotes (bacteria), translation occurs in the cytoplasm, where the large and small subunits of the ribosome bind to the mRNA. In eukaryotes, translation occurs in the cytosol or across the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum in process called co-tanslational translocation. In co-translational translocation, the entire ribosome/mRNA complex binds to the outer membrane of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the new protein is synthesized and released into the ER; the newly created polypeptide can be stored inside the ER for future vesicle transport and secretion outside the cell, or immediately secreted.","Sarcoplasmic reticulum The sarcoplasmic reticulum is a network of tubules that extend throughout muscle cells, wrapping around (but not in direct contact with) the myofibrils (contractile units of the cell). Cardiac and skeletal muscle cells contain structures called transverse tubules (T-tubules), which are extensions of the cell membrane that travel into the centre of the cell. T-tubules are closely associated with a specific region of the SR, known as the terminal cisternae in skeletal muscle, with a distance of roughly 12 nanometers, separating them. This is the primary site of calcium release.[3] The longitudinal SR are thinner projects, that run between the terminal cisternae/junctional SR, and are the location where ion channels necessary for calcium ion absorption are most abundant.[4] These processes are explained in more detail below and are fundamental for the process of excitation-contraction coupling in skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle.","Endomembrane system Vesicles sent off by the ER containing proteins are further altered at the Golgi apparatus and then prepared for secretion from the cell or transport to other parts of the cell. Various things can happen to the proteins on their journey through the enzyme covered space of the Golgi apparatus. The modification and synthesis of the carbohydrate portions of glycoproteins is common in protein processing. The Golgi apparatus removes and substitutes sugar monomers, producing a large variety of oligosaccharides. In addition to modifying proteins, the Golgi also manufactures macromolecules itself. In plant cells, the Golgi produces pectins and other polysaccharides needed by the plant structure.[29]","Signal transduction The release of calcium ions from the endoplasmic reticulum into the cytosol results in its binding to signaling proteins that are then activated; it is then sequestered in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum[47] and the mitochondria. Two combined receptor/ion channel proteins control the transport of calcium: the InsP3-receptor that transports calcium upon interaction with inositol triphosphate on its cytosolic side; and the ryanodine receptor named after the alkaloid ryanodine, similar to the InsP3 receptor but having a feedback mechanism that releases more calcium upon binding with it. The nature of calcium in the cytosol means that it is active for only a very short time, meaning its free state concentration is very low and is mostly bound to organelle molecules like calreticulin when inactive.","Endomembrane system Once secretory proteins are formed, the ER membrane separates them from the proteins that will remain in the cytosol. Secretory proteins depart from the ER enfolded in the membranes of vesicles that bud like bubbles from the transitional ER. These vesicles in transit to another part of the cell are called transport vesicles.[23][26] An alternative mechanism for transport of lipids and proteins out of the ER are through lipid transfer proteins at regions called membrane contact sites where the ER becomes closely and stably associated with the membranes of other organelles, such as the plasma membrane, Golgi or lysosomes.[27]","Cell nucleus The nuclear envelope, otherwise known as nuclear membrane, consists of two cellular membranes, an inner and an outer membrane, arranged parallel to one another and separated by 10 to 50 nanometres (nm). The nuclear envelope completely encloses the nucleus and separates the cell's genetic material from the surrounding cytoplasm, serving as a barrier to prevent macromolecules from diffusing freely between the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm.[8] The outer nuclear membrane is continuous with the membrane of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), and is similarly studded with ribosomes.[8] The space between the membranes is called the perinuclear space and is continuous with the RER lumen.","Drug metabolism Quantitatively, the smooth endoplasmic reticulum of the liver cell is the principal organ of drug metabolism, although every biological tissue has some ability to metabolize drugs. Factors responsible for the liver's contribution to drug metabolism include that it is a large organ, that it is the first organ perfused by chemicals absorbed in the gut, and that there are very high concentrations of most drug-metabolizing enzyme systems relative to other organs. If a drug is taken into the GI tract, where it enters hepatic circulation through the portal vein, it becomes well-metabolized and is said to show the first pass effect.","Endoplasmic reticulum Abnormalities in XBP1 lead to a heightened endoplasmic reticulum stress response and subsequently causes a higher susceptibility for inflammatory processes that may even contribute to Alzheimer's disease.[27] In the colon, XBP1 anomalies have been linked to the inflammatory bowel diseases including Crohn's disease.[28]","Smooth muscle tissue Although the structure and function is basically the same in smooth muscle cells in different organs, their specific effects or end-functions differ.","Endoplasmic reticulum The lacy membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum were first seen in 1945 by Keith R. Porter, Albert Claude, Brody Meskers and Ernest F. Fullam, using electron microscopy.[2] The word reticulum, which means \"network\", was applied to describe this fabric of membranes.","Mannose 6-phosphate receptor Lysosomal enzymes are synthesised in the rough endoplasmic reticulum along with a range of other secretory proteins. A specific recognition tag has evolved to prevent these harmful lysosomal enzymes from being secreted and to ensure they are targeted to the lysosome.[7] This tag is a mannose 6-phosphate residue.","Endomembrane system There are three well known types of vesicles. They are clathrin-coated, COPI-coated, and COPII-coated vesicles. Each performs different functions in the cell. For example, clathrin-coated vesicles transport substances between the Golgi apparatus and the plasma membrane. COPI- and COPII-coated vesicles are frequently used for transportation between the ER and the Golgi apparatus.[35]","N-terminus The N-terminal signal peptide is recognized by the signal recognition particle (SRP) and results in the targeting of the protein to the secretory pathway. In eukaryotic cells, these proteins are synthesized at the rough endoplasmic reticulum. In prokaryotic cells, the proteins are exported across the cell membrane. In chloroplasts, signal peptides target proteins to the thylakoids.","Ribosome The ribosome (/ˈraɪbəˌsoʊm, -boʊ-/[1]) is a complex molecular machine, found within all living cells, that serves as the site of biological protein synthesis (translation). Ribosomes link amino acids together in the order specified by messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules. Ribosomes consist of two major components: the small ribosomal subunits, which reads the RNA, and the large subunits, which joins amino acids to form a polypeptide chain. Each subunit is composed of one or more ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecules and a variety of ribosomal proteins (r-protein or rProtein[2][3][4]). The ribosomes and associated molecules are also known as the translational apparatus.","Golgi apparatus The structure and function of the Golgi apparatus are intimately linked. Individual stacks have different assortments of enzymes, allowing for progressive processing of cargo proteins as they travel from the cisternae to the trans Golgi face.[5][9] Enzymatic reactions within the Golgi stacks occur exclusively near its membrane surfaces, where enzymes are anchored. This feature is in contrast to the ER, which has soluble proteins and enzymes in its lumen. Much of the enzymatic processing is post-translational modification of proteins. For example, phosphorylation of oligosaccharides on lysosomal proteins occurs in the early CGN.[5] Cis cisterna are associated with the removal of mannose residues.[5][9] Removal of mannose residues and addition of N-acetylglucosamine occur in medial cisternae.[5] Addition of galactose and sialic acid occurs in the trans cisternae.[5] Sulfation of tyrosines and carbohydrates occurs within the TGN.[5] Other general post-translational modifications of proteins include the addition of carbohydrates (glycosylation)[11] and phosphates (phosphorylation). Protein modifications may form a signal sequence that determines the final destination of the protein. For example, the Golgi apparatus adds a mannose-6-phosphate label to proteins destined for lysosomes. Another important function of the Golgi apparatus is in the formation of proteoglycans. Enzymes in the Golgi append proteins to glycosaminoglycans, thus creating proteoglycans.[12] Glycosaminoglycans are long unbranched polysaccharide molecules present in the extracellular matrix of animals.","Gene expression In prokaryotes translation generally occurs at the point of transcription (co-transcriptionally), often using a messenger RNA that is still in the process of being created. In eukaryotes translation can occur in a variety of regions of the cell depending on where the protein being written is supposed to be. Major locations are the cytoplasm for soluble cytoplasmic proteins and the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum for proteins that are for export from the cell or insertion into a cell membrane. Proteins that are supposed to be expressed at the endoplasmic reticulum are recognised part-way through the translation process. This is governed by the signal recognition particle—a protein that binds to the ribosome and directs it to the endoplasmic reticulum when it finds a signal peptide on the growing (nascent) amino acid chain.[13] Translation is the communication of the meaning of a source-language text by means of an equivalent target-language text","Endomembrane system The Golgi apparatus (also known as the Golgi body and the Golgi complex) is composed of separate sacs called cisternae. Its shape is similar to a stack of pancakes. The number of these stacks varies with the specific function of the cell. The Golgi apparatus is used by the cell for further protein modification. The section of the Golgi apparatus that receives the vesicles from the ER is known as the cis face, and is usually near the ER. The opposite end of the Golgi apparatus is called the trans face, this is where the modified compounds leave. The trans face is usually facing the plasma membrane, which is where most of the substances the Golgi apparatus modifies are sent.[28]","Endomembrane system Vesicles are small membrane-enclosed transport units that can transfer molecules between different compartments. Most vesicles transfer the membranes assembled in the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus, and then from the Golgi apparatus to various locations.[34]","Disulfide In eukaryotic cells, in general, stable disulfide bonds are formed in the lumen of the RER (rough endoplasmic reticulum) and the mitochondrial intermembrane space but not in the cytosol. This is due to the more oxidizing environment of the aforementioned compartments and more reducing environment of the cytosol (see glutathione). Thus disulfide bonds are mostly found in secretory proteins, lysosomal proteins, and the exoplasmic domains of membrane proteins.","Mitochondrion The MAM may also be part of the secretory pathway, in addition to its role in intracellular lipid trafficking. In particular, the MAM appears to be an intermediate destination between the rough ER and the Golgi in the pathway that leads to very-low-density lipoprotein, or VLDL, assembly and secretion.[50][54] The MAM thus serves as a critical metabolic and trafficking hub in lipid metabolism.","Endomembrane system Most lipids are synthesized in yeast either in the endoplasmic reticulum, lipid particles, or the mitochondrion, with little or no lipid synthesis occurring in the plasma membrane or nuclear membrane.[12][13] Sphingolipid biosynthesis begins in the endoplasmic reticulum, but is completed in the Golgi apparatus.[14] The situation is similar in mammals, with the exception of the first few steps in ether lipid biosynthesis, which occur in peroxisomes.[15] The various membranes that enclose the other subcellular organelles must therefore be constructed by transfer of lipids from these sites of synthesis.[16] However, although it is clear that lipid transport is a central process in organelle biogenesis, the mechanisms by which lipids are transported through cells remain poorly understood.[17]","Calcium signaling In the neuron, the ER may serve in a network integrating numerous extracellular and intracellular signals in a binary membrane system with the plasma membrane. Such an association with the plasma membrane creates the relatively new perception of the ER and theme of “a neuron within a neuron.” The ER’s structural characteristics, ability to act as a Ca2+ sink, and specific Ca2+ releasing proteins, serve to create a system that may produce regenerative waves of Ca2+ release that may communicate both locally and globally in the cell. These Ca2+ signals, integrating extracellular and intracellular fluxes, have been implicated to play roles in synaptic plasticity and memory, neurotransmitter release, neuronal excitability and long term changes at the gene transcription level. ER stress is also related to Ca2+ signaling and along with the unfolded protein response, can cause ER associated degradation (ERAD) and autophagy.[16]","Smooth muscle Smooth muscle is fundamentally different from skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle in terms of structure, function, regulation of contraction, and excitation-contraction coupling.","Smooth muscle A non-contractile function is seen in specialized smooth muscle within the afferent arteriole of the juxtaglomerular apparatus, which secretes renin in response to osmotic and pressure changes, and also it is believed to secrete ATP in tubuloglomerular regulation of glomerular filtration rate. Renin in turn activates the renin–angiotensin system to regulate blood pressure.","Golgi apparatus In most eukaryotes, the Golgi apparatus is made up of a series of compartments consisting of two main networks: the cis Golgi network (CGN) and the trans Golgi network (TGN). The CGN is a collection of fused, flattened membrane-enclosed disks known as cisternae (singular: cisterna, also called \"dictyosomes\"), originating from vesicular clusters that bud off the endoplasmic reticulum. A mammalian cell typically contains 40 to 100 stacks.[8] Between four and eight cisternae are usually present in a stack; however, in some protists as many as sixty cisternae have been observed.[4] This collection of cisternae is broken down into cis, medial, and trans compartments. The TGN is the final cisternal structure, from which proteins are packaged into vesicles destined to lysosomes, secretory vesicles, or the cell surface. The TGN is usually positioned adjacent to the stacks of the Golgi apparatus, but can also be separate from the stacks. The TGN may act as an early endosome in yeast and plants.[6]","Intracellular transport Small membrane bound vesicles responsible for transporting proteins from one organelle to another are commonly found in endocytic and secretory pathways. Vesicles bud from their donor organelle and release the contents of their vesicle by a fusion event in a particular target organelle.[1] The net movement of proteins from the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) to the Golgi Apparatus represents one form of intracellular transport through this mode of vesicle budding. Since the ER is the site of protein synthesis it would serve as the parent organelle and the cis face of the golgi, where proteins and signals are received, would be the acceptor. In order for the transport vesicle to accurately undergo a fusion event it must first recognize the correct target membrane then fuse with that membrane.","Actin All non-spherical prokaryotes appear to possess genes such as MreB, which encode homologues of actin; these genes are required for the cell's shape to be maintained. The plasmid-derived gene ParM encodes an actin-like protein whose polymerized form is dynamically unstable, and appears to partition the plasmid DNA into its daughter cells during cell division by a mechanism analogous to that employed by microtubules in eukaryotic mitosis.[46] Actin is found in both smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulums.","Lysosome Lysosomes are known to contain more than 60 different enzymes.[4][5] Enzymes of the lysosomes are synthesised in the rough endoplasmic reticulum. The enzymes are imported from the Golgi apparatus in small vesicles, which fuse with larger acidic vesicles. Enzymes destined for a lysosome are specifically tagged with the molecule mannose 6-phosphate, so that they are properly sorted into acidified vesicles.[6][7]","RNA Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is the catalytic component of the ribosomes. Eukaryotic ribosomes contain four different rRNA molecules: 18S, 5.8S, 28S and 5S rRNA. Three of the rRNA molecules are synthesized in the nucleolus, and one is synthesized elsewhere. In the cytoplasm, ribosomal RNA and protein combine to form a nucleoprotein called a ribosome. The ribosome binds mRNA and carries out protein synthesis. Several ribosomes may be attached to a single mRNA at any time.[27] Nearly all the RNA found in a typical eukaryotic cell is rRNA.","Smooth muscle tissue A non-contractile function is seen in specialized smooth muscle within the afferent arteriole of the juxtaglomerular apparatus, which secretes renin in response to osmotic and pressure changes, and also it is believed to secrete ATP in tubuloglomerular regulation of glomerular filtration rate. Renin in turn activates the renin–angiotensin system to regulate blood pressure.","Sarcoplasmic reticulum Located within the SR is a protein called calsequestrin. This protein can bind to around 50 Ca2+, which decreases the amount of free Ca2+ within the SR (as more is bound to calsequestrin).[8] Therefore, more calcium can be stored (the calsequestrin is said to be a buffer). It is primarily located within the junctional SR/terminal cisternae, in close association with the calcium release channel (described below).[9]","Gene expression Not all proteins remain within the cell and many are exported, for example, digestive enzymes, hormones and extracellular matrix proteins. In eukaryotes the export pathway is well developed and the main mechanism for the export of these proteins is translocation to the endoplasmic reticulum, followed by transport via the Golgi apparatus.[22][23]","Positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus Positive-sense ssRNA viruses have genetic material that can function both as a genome and as messenger RNA; it can be directly translated into protein in the host cell by host ribosomes.[5] The first proteins to be expressed after infection serve genome replication functions; they recruit the positive-strand viral genome to viral replication complexes (VRCs) formed in association with intracellular membranes. VRCs contain proteins of both viral and host cell origin, and may be associated with the membranes of a variety of organelles, often the rough endoplasmic reticulum, but also including membranes derived from mitochondria, vacuoles, the Golgi apparatus, chloroplasts, peroxisomes, plasma membranes, autophagosomal membranes, and novel cytoplasmic compartments.[2] The replication of the positive-sense ssRNA genome proceeds through double-stranded RNA intermediates, and the purpose of replication in these membranous invaginations may be the avoidance of cellular response to the presence of dsRNA. In many cases subgenomic RNAs are also created during replication.[5] After infection, the entirety of the host cell's translation machinery may be diverted to the production of viral proteins as a result of the very high affinity for ribosomes of the viral genome's internal ribosome entry site (IRES) elements; in some viruses, such as poliovirus and rhinoviruses, normal protein synthesis is further disrupted by viral proteases degrading components required to initiate translation of cellular mRNA.[4]","Phloem Sieve elements are the type of cell that are responsible for transporting sugars throughout the plant.[5] At maturity they lack a nucleus and have very few organelles, so they rely on companion cells or albuminous cells for most of their metabolic needs. Sieve tube cells do contain vacuoles and other organelles, such as ribosomes, before they mature, but these generally migrate to the cell wall and dissolve at maturity; this ensures there is little to impede the movement of fluids. One of the few organelles they do contain at maturity is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum, which can be found at the plasma membrane, often nearby the plasmodesmata that connect them to their companion or albuminous cells. All sieve cells have groups of pores at their ends that grow from modified and enlarged plasmodesmata, called sieve areas. The pores are reinforced by platelets of a polysaccharide called callose.[5]","Mannose 6-phosphate receptor Once the lysosomal enzyme has been translocated into the rough endoplasmic reticulum an oligosaccharide composed of Glc3Man9GlcNAc2 is transferred en bloc to the protein.[1] The oligosaccharide present on lysosomal enzymes is processed in the same manner as other secretory proteins whilst it is translocated from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cis-Golgi.","Sarcoplasmic reticulum The SR contains ion channel pumps, within its membrane that are responsible for pumping Ca2+ into the SR. As the calcium ion concentration within the SR is higher than in the rest of the cell, the calcium ions won't freely flow into the SR, and therefore pumps are required, that use energy, which they gain from a molecule called adenosine triphosphate (ATP). These calcium pumps are called Sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum ATPases (SERCA). There are a variety of different forms of SERCA, with SERCA 2a being found primarily in cardiac and skeletal muscle.[5]","Endomembrane system The endomembrane system is composed of the different membranes that are suspended in the cytoplasm within a eukaryotic cell. These membranes divide the cell into functional and structural compartments, or organelles. In eukaryotes the organelles of the endomembrane system include: the nuclear membrane, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles, endosomes and the cell membrane, among others. The system is defined more accurately as the set of membranes that form a single functional and developmental unit, either being connected directly, or exchanging material through vesicle transport.[1] Importantly, the endomembrane system does not include the membranes of chloroplasts or mitochondria, but might have evolved from the latter (see below: Evolution).","Gene product Proteins have many different functions in a cell and the function may vary based on the polypeptides they interact with and their cellular environment. Chaperone proteins work to stabilize newly synthesized proteins. They ensure the new protein folds into its correct functional conformation in addition to making sure products do not aggregate in areas where they should not.[8] Proteins can also function as enzymes, increasing the rate of various biochemical reactions and turning substrates into products.[7][9] Products can be modified by attaching groups such as phosphate via an enzyme to specific amino acids in the primary sequence.[9] Proteins can also be used to move molecules in the cell to where they are needed, these are called motor proteins.[9] The shape of the cell is supported by proteins. Proteins such as actin, microtubules and intermediate filaments provide structure to the cell.[7] Another class of proteins are found in plasma membranes. Membrane proteins can be associated with the plasma membrane in different ways, depending on their structure.[9] These proteins allow the cell to import or export cell products, nutrients or signals to and from the extracellular space.[7][9] Other proteins help the cell to perform regulatory functions. For example, transcription factors bind to DNA to help transcription of RNA.[10]","Ribosome The ribosome is a highly complex cellular machine. It is largely made up of specialized RNA known as ribosomal RNA (rRNA) as well as dozens of distinct proteins (the exact number varies slightly between species). The ribosomal proteins and rRNAs are arranged into two distinct ribosomal pieces of different size, known generally as the large and small subunit of the ribosome. Ribosomes consist of two subunits that fit together (Figure 2) and work as one to translate the mRNA into a polypeptide chain during protein synthesis (Figure 1). Because they are formed from two subunits of non-equal size, they are slightly longer in the axis than in diameter.","Smooth muscle The sarcolemma also contains caveolae, which are microdomains of lipid rafts specialized to cell signaling events and ion channels. These invaginations in the sarcoplasma contain a host of receptors (prostacyclin, endothelin, serotonin, muscarinic receptors, adrenergic receptors), second messenger generators (adenylate cyclase, phospholipase C), G proteins (RhoA, G alpha), kinases (rho kinase-ROCK, protein kinase C, protein Kinase A), ion channels (L type calcium channels, ATP sensitive potassium channels, calcium sensitive potassium channels) in close proximity. The caveolae are often close to sarcoplasmic reticulum or mitochondria, and have been proposed to organize signaling molecules in the membrane.","Nissl body The functions of Nissl bodies is thought to be the same as that of the rest of the ER and the golgi apparatus: the manufacture and release of proteins and amino acids [2]","Signal peptide In vertebrates, the region of the mRNA that codes for the signal peptide (i.e. the signal sequence coding region, or SSCR) can function as an RNA element with specific activities. SSCRs promote nuclear mRNA export and the proper localization to the surface of the endoplasmic reticulum. In addition SSCRs have specific sequence features: they have low adenine-content, are enriched in certain motifs, and tend to be present in the first exon at a frequency that is higher than expected.[12][13]","Nissl body A Nissl body, also known as Nissl substance and Nissl material, is a large granular body found in neurons. These granules are of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) with rosettes of free ribosomes, and are the site of protein synthesis.[1] It was named after Franz Nissl, a German neuropathologist who invented the Nissl staining method.[2]","Skeletal muscle While the muscle fiber does not have a smooth endoplasmic cisternae , it contains a sarcoplasmic reticulum. The sarcoplasmic reticulum surrounds the myofibrils and holds a reserve of the calcium ions needed to cause a muscle contraction. Periodically, it has dilated end sacs known as terminal cisternae. These cross the muscle fiber from one side to the other. In between two terminal cisternae is a tubular infolding called a transverse tubule (T tubule). T tubules are the pathways for action potentials to signal the sarcoplasmic reticulum to release calcium, causing a muscle contraction. Together, two terminal cisternae and a transverse tubule form a triad.[3]","Endomembrane system In addition to these universal functions, the plasma membrane has a more specific role in multicellular organisms. Glycoproteins on the membrane assist the cell in recognizing other cells, in order to exchange metabolites and form tissues. Other proteins on the plasma membrane allow attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix; a function that maintains cell shape and fixes the location of membrane proteins. Enzymes that catalyze reactions are also found on the plasma membrane. Receptor proteins on the membrane have a shape that matches with a chemical messenger, resulting in various cellular responses.[39]","Ribosome biogenesis Ribosomes are the macromolecular machines that are responsible for mRNA translation into proteins. The eukaryotic ribosome, also called the 80S ribosome, is made up of two subunits – the large 60S subunit (which contains the 25S (in plants) or 28S (in mammals), 5.8S, and 5S rRNA) and a small 40S subunit (which contains the 18S rRNA and 33 R proteins) as well as 46 ribosomal proteins. The ribosomal proteins are encoded by ribosomal genes or rDNA.","Smooth muscle Smooth muscle in various regions of the vascular tree, the airway and lungs, kidneys and vagina is different in their expression of ionic channels, hormone receptors, cell-signaling pathways, and other proteins that determine function.","Ribosome The various ribosomes share a core structure, which is quite similar despite the large differences in size. Much of the RNA is highly organized into various tertiary structural motifs, for example pseudoknots that exhibit coaxial stacking. The extra RNA in the larger ribosomes is in several long continuous insertions, such that they form loops out of the core structure without disrupting or changing it.[15] All of the catalytic activity of the ribosome is carried out by the RNA; the proteins reside on the surface and seem to stabilize the structure.[15]","Oogonium The cytoplasm of oogonia appears similar to that of the surrounding somatic cells and similarly contains large round mitochondria with lateral cristae. The Endoplasmic Reticulum (E.R.) of oogonia, however, is very underdeveloped and is made up of several small vesicles. Some of these small vesicles contain cisternae with ribosomes and are found located near the golgi apparatus.[1]","Ribosome biogenesis Ribosome biogenesis is the process of making ribosomes. In prokaryotic cells, it takes place in the cytoplasm with the transcription of many ribosome gene operons. In eukaryotes, it takes place both in the cytoplasm and in the nucleolus. It involves the coordinated function of over 200 proteins in the synthesis and processing of the three prokaryotic or four eukaryotic rRNAs, as well as assembly of those rRNAs with the ribosomal proteins. Most of the ribosomal proteins fall into various energy-consuming enzyme families including ATP-dependent RNA helicases, AAA-ATPases, GTPases, and kinases.[1] Ribosome biogenesis is a very tightly regulated process, and it is closely linked to other cellular activities like growth and division.[2]","Lysosome The production of lysosomal proteins suggests one method of lysosome sustainment. Lysosomal protein genes are transcribed in the nucleus. mRNA transcripts exit the nucleus into the cytosol, where they are translated by ribosomes. The nascent peptide chains are translocated into the rough endoplasmic reticulum, where they are modified. Upon exiting the endoplasmic reticulum and entering the Golgi apparatus via vesicular transport, a specific lysosomal tag, mannose 6-phosphate, is added to the peptides. The presence of these tags allow for binding to mannose 6-phosphate receptors in the Golgi apparatus, a phenomenon that is crucial for proper packaging into vesicles destined for the lysosomal system.[21]","Eukaryotic ribosome (80S) The ribosome is a large and complex molecular machine that catalyzes the synthesis of proteins, referred to as translation. The ribosome selects aminoacylated transfer RNAs (tRNAs) based on the sequence of a protein-encoding messenger RNA (mRNA) and covalently links the amino acids into a polypeptide chain. Ribosomes from all organisms share a highly conserved catalytic center. However, the ribosomes of eukaryotes (animals, plants, fungi, and many unicellular organisms with a nucleus) are much larger than prokaryotic (bacterial and archaeal) ribosomes and subject to more complex regulation and biogenesis pathways.[1][2] Eukaryotic ribosomes are also known as 80S ribosomes, referring to their sedimentation coefficients in Svedberg units, because they sediment faster than the prokaryotic (70S) ribosomes. Eukaryotic ribosomes have two unequal subunits, designated small subunit (40S) and large subunit (60S) according to their sedimentation coefficients. Both subunits contain dozens of ribosomal proteins arranged on a scaffold composed of ribosomal RNA (rRNA). The small subunit monitors the complementarity between tRNA anticodon and mRNA, while the large subunit catalyzes peptide bond formation.","Mitochondrion But transmission of Ca2+ is not unidirectional; rather, it is a two-way street.[55] The properties of the Ca2+ pump SERCA and the channel IP3R present on the ER membrane facilitate feedback regulation coordinated by MAM function. In particular, the clearance of Ca2+ by the MAM allows for spatio-temporal patterning of Ca2+ signaling because Ca2+ alters IP3R activity in a biphasic manner.[46] SERCA is likewise affected by mitochondrial feedback: uptake of Ca2+ by the MAM stimulates ATP production, thus providing energy that enables SERCA to reload the ER with Ca2+ for continued Ca2+ efflux at the MAM.[56][58] Thus, the MAM is not a passive buffer for Ca2+ puffs; rather it helps modulate further Ca2+ signaling through feedback loops that affect ER dynamics.","Smooth muscle tissue The sarcolemma also contains caveolae, which are microdomains of lipid rafts specialized to cell signaling events and ion channels. These invaginations in the sarcoplasma contain a host of receptors (prostacyclin, endothelin, serotonin, muscarinic receptors, adrenergic receptors), second messenger generators (adenylate cyclase, phospholipase C), G proteins (RhoA, G alpha), kinases (rho kinase-ROCK, protein kinase C, protein Kinase A), ion channels (L type calcium channels, ATP sensitive potassium channels, calcium sensitive potassium channels) in close proximity. The caveolae are often close to sarcoplasmic reticulum or mitochondria, and have been proposed to organize signaling molecules in the membrane.","Messenger RNA Eukaryotic mRNA that has been processed and transported to the cytoplasm (i.e., mature mRNA) can then be translated by the ribosome. Translation may occur at ribosomes free-floating in the cytoplasm, or directed to the endoplasmic reticulum by the signal recognition particle. Therefore, unlike in prokaryotes, eukaryotic translation is not directly coupled to transcription.[12]","Muscle tissue Smooth muscle is found within the walls of blood vessels (such smooth muscle specifically being termed vascular smooth muscle) such as in the tunica media layer of large (aorta) and small arteries, arterioles and veins. Smooth muscle is also found in lymphatic vessels, the urinary bladder, uterus (termed uterine smooth muscle), male and female reproductive tracts, gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, arrector pili of skin, the ciliary muscle, and iris of the eye. The structure and function is basically the same in smooth muscle cells in different organs, but the inducing stimuli differ substantially, in order to perform individual effects in the body at individual times. In addition, the glomeruli of the kidneys contain smooth muscle-like cells called mesangial cells.","Sarcoplasmic reticulum Calcium ion release from the SR, occurs in the junctional SR/terminal cisternae through a ryanodine receptor (RyR) and is known as a calcium spark.[10] There are three types of ryanodine receptor, RyR1 (in skeletal muscle), RyR2 (in cardiac muscle) and RyR3 (in the brain).[11] Calcium release through ryanodine receptors in the SR is triggered differently in different muscles. In cardiac and smooth muscle an electrical impulse (action potential) triggers calcium ions to enter the cell through an L-type calcium channel located in the cell membrane (smooth muscle) or T-tubule membrane (cardiac muscle). These calcium ions bind to and activate the RyR, producing a larger increase in intracellular calcium. In skeletal muscle, however, the L-type calcium channel is bound to the RyR. Therefore activation of the L-type calcium channel, via an action potential, activates the RyR directly, causing calcium release (see calcium sparks for more details).[12] Also, caffeine (found in coffee) can bind to and stimulate RyR. Caffeine works by making the RyR more sensitive to either the action potential (skeletal muscle) or calcium (cardiac or smooth muscle) therefore producing calcium sparks more often (this can result in increased heart rate, which is why we feel more awake after coffee).[13]","Receptor-mediated endocytosis The function of receptor-mediated endocytosis is diverse. It is widely used for the specific uptake of certain substances required by the cell (examples include LDL via the LDL receptor or iron via transferrin). The role of receptor-mediated endocytosis is well recognized in the downregulation of transmembrane signal transduction but can also promote sustained signal transduction.[2] The activated receptor becomes internalised and is transported to late endosomes and lysosomes for degradation. However, receptor-mediated endocytosis is also actively implicated in transducing signals from the cell periphery to the nucleus. This became apparent when it was found that the association and formation of specific signaling complexes is required for the effective signaling of hormones (e.g. EGF). Additionally it has been proposed that the directed transport of active signaling complexes to the nucleus might be required to enable signaling as random diffusion is too slow[3] and mechanisms permanently downregulating incoming signals are strong enough to shut down signaling completely without additional signal-transducing mechanisms.[4]","SR protein SR proteins have been shown to have roles in alternative and constitutive splicing resulting in differential gene expression and also play a part in mRNA export, genome stabilization, non-sense mediated decay, and translation.[1][2]","Smooth muscle Smooth muscle may contract phasically with rapid contraction and relaxation, or tonically with slow and sustained contraction. The reproductive, digestive, respiratory, and urinary tracts, skin, eye, and vasculature all contain this tonic muscle type. This type of smooth muscle can maintain force for prolonged time with only little energy utilization. There are differences in the myosin heavy and light chains that also correlate with these differences in contractile patterns and kinetics of contraction between tonic and phasic smooth muscle.","Glycoprotein In proteins that have segments extending extracellularly, the extracellular segments are also often glycosylated. Glycoproteins are also often important integral membrane proteins, where they play a role in cell–cell interactions. It is important[according to whom?] to distinguish endoplasmic reticulum-based glycosylation of the secretory system from reversible cytosolic-nuclear glycosylation. Glycoproteins of the cytosol and nucleus can be modified through the reversible addition of a single GlcNAc residue that is considered reciprocal to phosphorylation and the functions of these are likely to be additional regulatory mechanism that controls phosphorylation-based signalling.[2] In contrast, classical secretory glycosylation can be structurally essential. For example, inhibition of asparagine-linked, i.e. N-linked, glycosylation can prevent proper glycoprotein folding and full inhibition can be toxic to an individual cell. In contrast, perturbation of glycan processing (enzymatic removal/addition of carbohydrate residues to the glycan), which occurs in both the endoplastic reticulum and Golgi apparatus, is dispensable for isolated cells (as evidence by survival with glycosides inhibitors) but can lead to human disease (congenital disorders of glycosylation) and can be lethal in animal models. It is therefore likely that the fine processing of glycans is important for endogenous functionality, such as cell trafficking, but that this is likely to have been secondary to its role in host-pathogen interactions. A famous example of this latter effect is the ABO blood group system.[citation needed]","Golgi apparatus Part of the endomembrane system in the cytoplasm, the Golgi apparatus packages proteins into membrane-bound vesicles inside the cell before the vesicles are sent to their destination. The Golgi apparatus resides at the intersection of the secretory, lysosomal, and endocytic pathways. It is of particular importance in processing proteins for secretion, containing a set of glycosylation enzymes that attach various sugar monomers to proteins as the proteins move through the apparatus.","Secretion Many human cell types have the ability to be secretory cells. They have a well-developed endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus to fulfill their function. Tissues in humans that produce secretions include the gastrointestinal tract which secretes digestive enzymes and gastric acid, the lung which secretes surfactants, and sebaceous glands which secrete sebum to lubricate the skin and hair. Meibomian glands in the eyelid secrete sebum to lubricate and protect the eye."],"string":"[\n \"Endoplasmic reticulum In most cells the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (abbreviated SER) is scarce. Instead there are areas where the ER is partly smooth and partly rough, this area is called the transitional ER. The transitional ER gets its name because it contains ER exit sites. These are areas where the transport vesicles that contain lipids and proteins made in the ER, detach from the ER and start moving to the Golgi apparatus. Specialized cells can have a lot of smooth endoplasmic reticulum and in these cells the smooth ER has many functions.[15] It synthesizes lipids, phospholipids, and steroids. Cells which secrete these products, such as those in the testes, ovaries, and sebaceous glands have an abundance of smooth endoplasmic reticulum.[16] It also carries out the metabolism of carbohydrates, detoxification of natural metabolism products and of alcohol and drugs, attachment of receptors on cell membrane proteins, and steroid metabolism.[17] In muscle cells, it regulates calcium ion concentration. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum is found in a variety of cell types (both animal and plant), and it serves different functions in each. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum also contains the enzyme glucose-6-phosphatase, which converts glucose-6-phosphate to glucose, a step in gluconeogenesis. It is connected to the nuclear envelope and consists of tubules that are located near the cell periphery. These tubes sometimes branch forming a network that is reticular in appearance.[9] In some cells, there are dilated areas like the sacs of rough endoplasmic reticulum. The network of smooth endoplasmic reticulum allows for an increased surface area to be devoted to the action or storage of key enzymes and the products of these enzymes.\",\n \"Endomembrane system There are two distinct, though connected, regions of ER that differ in structure and function: smooth ER and rough ER. The rough endoplasmic reticulum is so named because the cytoplasmic surface is covered with ribosomes, giving it a bumpy appearance when viewed through an electron microscope. The smooth ER appears smooth since its cytoplasmic surface lacks ribosomes.[26]\",\n \"Endoplasmic reticulum The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a type of organelle found in eukaryotic cells that forms an interconnected network of flattened, membrane-enclosed sacs or tube-like structures known as cisternae. The membranes of the ER are continuous with the outer nuclear membrane. The endoplasmic reticulum occurs in most types of eukaryotic cells, but is absent from red blood cells and spermatozoa. There are two types of endoplasmic reticulum: rough and smooth. The outer (cytosolic) face of the rough endoplasmic reticulum is studded with ribosomes that are the sites of protein synthesis. The rough endoplasmic reticulum is especially prominent in cells such as hepatocytes. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum lacks ribosomes and functions in lipid manufacture and metabolism, the production of steroid hormones, and detoxification.[1] The smooth ER is especially abundant in mammalian liver and gonad cells. The lacy membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum were first seen in 1945 using electron microscopy.\",\n \"Endoplasmic reticulum The rough endoplasmic reticulum is key in multiple functions:\",\n \"Endoplasmic reticulum The surface of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (often abbreviated RER or Rough ER) (also called granular endoplasmic reticulum) is studded with protein-manufacturing ribosomes giving it a \\\"rough\\\" appearance (hence its name).[5] The binding site of the ribosome on the rough endoplasmic reticulum is the translocon.[6] However, the ribosomes are not a stable part of this organelle's structure as they are constantly being bound and released from the membrane. A ribosome only binds to the RER once a specific protein-nucleic acid complex forms in the cytosol. This special complex forms when a free ribosome begins translating the mRNA of a protein destined for the secretory pathway.[7] The first 5–30 amino acids polymerized encode a signal peptide, a molecular message that is recognized and bound by a signal recognition particle (SRP). Translation pauses and the ribosome complex binds to the RER translocon where translation continues with the nascent (new) protein forming into the RER lumen and/or membrane. The protein is processed in the ER lumen by an enzyme (a signal peptidase), which removes the signal peptide. Ribosomes at this point may be released back into the cytosol; however, non-translating ribosomes are also known to stay associated with translocons.[8]\",\n \"Endoplasmic reticulum The general structure of the endoplasmic reticulum is a network of membranes called cisternae. These sac-like structures are held together by the cytoskeleton. The phospholipid membrane encloses the cisternal space (or lumen), which is continuous with the perinuclear space but separate from the cytosol. The functions of the endoplasmic reticulum can be summarized as the synthesis and export of proteins and membrane lipids, but varies between ER and cell type and cell function. The quantity of both rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum in a cell can slowly interchange from one type to the other, depending on the changing metabolic activities of the cell. Transformation can include embedding of new proteins in membrane as well as structural changes. Changes in protein content may occur without noticeable structural changes.[3][4][citation needed]\",\n \"Endomembrane system In the great majority of cells, smooth ER regions are scarce and are often partly smooth and partly rough. They are sometimes called transitional ER because they contain ER exit sites from which transport vesicles carrying newly synthesized proteins and lipids bud off for transport to the Golgi apparatus. In certain specialized cells, however, the smooth ER is abundant and has additional functions. The smooth ER of these specialized cells functions in diverse metabolic processes, including synthesis of lipids, metabolism of carbohydrates, and detoxification of drugs and poisons.[23][26]\",\n \"Endoplasmic reticulum The membrane of the rough endoplasmic reticulum forms large double membrane sheets that are located near, and continuous with, the outer layer of the nuclear envelope.[9] The double membrane sheets are stacked and connected through several right or left-handed helical ramps, the so-called Terasaki ramps, giving rise to a structure resembling a multi-storey car park.[10][11] Although there is no continuous membrane between the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus, membrane-bound transport vesicles shuttle proteins between these two compartments.[12] Vesicles are surrounded by coating proteins called COPI and COPII. COPII targets vesicles to the Golgi apparatus and COPI marks them to be brought back to the rough endoplasmic reticulum. The rough endoplasmic reticulum works in concert with the Golgi complex to target new proteins to their proper destinations. A second method of transport out of the endoplasmic reticulum involves areas called membrane contact sites, where the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum and other organelles are held closely together, allowing the transfer of lipids and other small molecules.[13][14]\",\n \"Endoplasmic reticulum The sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), from the Greek σάρξ sarx (\\\"flesh\\\"), is smooth ER found in myocytes. The only structural difference between this organelle and the smooth endoplasmic reticulum is the medley of proteins they have, both bound to their membranes and drifting within the confines of their lumens. This fundamental difference is indicative of their functions: The endoplasmic reticulum synthesizes molecules, while the sarcoplasmic reticulum stores calcium ions and pumps them out into the sarcoplasm when the muscle fiber is stimulated.[18][19] After their release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum, calcium ions interact with contractile proteins that utilize ATP to shorten the muscle fiber. The sarcoplasmic reticulum plays a major role in excitation-contraction coupling.[20]\",\n \"Endoplasmic reticulum The endoplasmic reticulum serves many general functions, including the folding of protein molecules in sacs called cisternae and the transport of synthesized proteins in vesicles to the Golgi apparatus. Correct folding of newly made proteins is made possible by several endoplasmic reticulum chaperone proteins, including protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), ERp29, the Hsp70 family member BiP/Grp78, calnexin, calreticulin, and the peptidylpropyl isomerase family. Only properly folded proteins are transported from the rough ER to the Golgi apparatus – unfolded proteins cause an unfolded protein response as a stress response in the ER. Disturbances in redox regulation, calcium regulation, glucose deprivation, and viral infection[21] or the over-expression of proteins[22] can lead to endoplasmic reticulum stress response (ER stress), a state in which the folding of proteins slows, leading to an increase in unfolded proteins. This stress is emerging as a potential cause of damage in hypoxia/ischemia, insulin resistance, and other disorders.[23]\",\n \"Endomembrane system Enzymes of the smooth ER are vital to the synthesis of lipids, including oils, phospholipids, and steroids. Sex hormones of vertebrates and the steroid hormones secreted by the adrenal glands are among the steroids produced by the smooth ER in animal cells. The cells that synthesize these hormones are rich in smooth ER.[23][26]\",\n \"Ribosome When a ribosome begins to synthesize proteins that are needed in some organelles, the ribosome making this protein can become \\\"membrane-bound\\\". In eukaryotic cells this happens in a region of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) called the \\\"rough ER\\\". The newly produced polypeptide chains are inserted directly into the ER by the ribosome undertaking vectorial synthesis and are then transported to their destinations, through the secretory pathway. Bound ribosomes usually produce proteins that are used within the plasma membrane or are expelled from the cell via exocytosis.[46]\",\n \"Endomembrane system Many types of cells export proteins produced by ribosomes attached to the rough ER. The ribosomes assemble amino acids into protein units, which are carried into the rough ER for further adjustments. These proteins may be either transmembrane proteins, which become embedded in the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum, or water-soluble proteins, which are able to pass through the membrane into the lumen. Those that reach the inside of the endoplasmic reticulum are folded into the correct three-dimensional conformation. Chemicals, such as carbohydrates or sugars, are added, then the endoplasmic reticulum either transports the completed proteins, called secretory proteins, to areas of the cell where they are needed, or they are sent to the Golgi apparatus for further processing and modification.[23][26]\",\n \"Endomembrane system Liver cells are another example of specialized cells that contain an abundance of smooth ER. These cells provide an example of the role of smooth ER in carbohydrate metabolism. Liver cells store carbohydrates in the form of glycogen. The breakdown of glycogen eventually leads to the release of glucose from the liver cells, which is important in the regulation of sugar concentration in the blood. However, the primary product of glycogen breakdown is glucose-1-phosphate. This is converted to glucose-6-phosphate and then an enzyme of the liver cell's smooth ER removes the phosphate from the glucose, so that it can then leave the cell.[23][26]\",\n \"Endomembrane system In addition to making secretory proteins, the rough ER makes membranes that grows in place from the addition of proteins and phospholipids. As polypeptides intended to be membrane proteins grow from the ribosomes, they are inserted into the ER membrane itself and are kept there by their hydrophobic portions. The rough ER also produces its own membrane phospholipids; enzymes built into the ER membrane assemble phospholipids. The ER membrane expands and can be transferred by transport vesicles to other components of the endomembrane system.[23][26]\",\n \"Endomembrane system The ER has a central role in producing, processing, and transporting biochemical compounds for use inside and outside of the cell. Its membrane is the site of production of all the transmembrane proteins and lipids for most of the cell's organelles, including the ER itself, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, endosomes, mitochondria, peroxisomes, secretory vesicles, and the plasma membrane. Furthermore, almost all of the proteins that will exit the cell, plus those destined for the lumen of the ER, Golgi apparatus, or lysosomes, are originally delivered to the ER lumen. Consequently, many of the proteins found in the cisternal space of the endoplasmic reticulum lumen are there only temporarily as they pass on their way to other locations. Other proteins, however, constantly remain in the lumen and are known as endoplasmic reticulum resident proteins. These special proteins contain a specialized retention signal made up of a specific sequence of amino acids that enables them to be retained by the organelle. An example of an important endoplasmic reticulum resident protein is the chaperon protein known as BiP which identifies other proteins that have been improperly built or processed and keeps them from being sent to their final destinations.[24]\",\n \"Endoplasmic reticulum The endoplasmic reticulum is also part of a protein sorting pathway. It is, in essence, the transportation system of the eukaryotic cell. The majority of its resident proteins are retained within it through a retention motif. This motif is composed of four amino acids at the end of the protein sequence. The most common retention sequences are KDEL for lumen located proteins and KKXX for transmembrane protein.[25] However, variations of KDEL and KKXX do occur, and other sequences can also give rise to endoplasmic reticulum retention. It is not known whether such variation can lead to sub-ER localizations. There are three KDEL (1, 2 and 3) receptors in mammalian cells, and they have a very high degree of sequence identity. The functional differences between these receptors remain to be established.[26]\",\n \"Endomembrane system Muscle cells have another specialized function of smooth ER. The ER membrane pumps calcium ions from the cytosol into the cisternal space. When a muscle cell becomes stimulated by a nerve impulse, calcium goes back across the ER membrane into the cytosol and generates the contraction of the muscle cell.[23][26]\",\n \"Gene expression Enzymes called chaperones assist the newly formed protein to attain (fold into) the 3-dimensional structure it needs to function.[19] Similarly, RNA chaperones help RNAs attain their functional shapes.[20] Assisting protein folding is one of the main roles of the endoplasmic reticulum in eukaryotes.\",\n \"Ribosome Ribosomes are organelles that synthesize proteins. Proteins are needed for many cellular functions such as repairing damage or directing chemical processes. Ribosomes can be found floating within the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum.\",\n \"Endomembrane system Enzymes of the smooth ER can also help detoxify drugs and poisons. Detoxification usually involves the addition of a hydroxyl group to a drug, making the drug more soluble and thus easier to purge from the body. One extensively studied detoxification reaction is carried out by the cytochrome P450 family of enzymes, which catalyze water-insoluble drugs or metabolites that would otherwise accumulate to toxic levels in cell membrane.[23][26]\",\n \"Endomembrane system The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a membranous synthesis and transport organelle that is an extension of the nuclear envelope. More than half the total membrane in eukaryotic cells is accounted for by the ER. The ER is made up of flattened sacs and branching tubules that are thought to interconnect, so that the ER membrane forms a continuous sheet enclosing a single internal space. This highly convoluted space is called the ER lumen and is also referred to as the ER cisternal space. The lumen takes up about ten percent of the entire cell volume. The endoplasmic reticulum membrane allows molecules to be selectively transferred between the lumen and the cytoplasm, and since it is connected to the nuclear envelope, it provides a channel between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.[23]\",\n \"Eukaryote The nucleus is surrounded by a double membrane (commonly referred to as a nuclear membrane or nuclear envelope), with pores that allow material to move in and out.[15] Various tube- and sheet-like extensions of the nuclear membrane form the endoplasmic reticulum, which is involved in protein transport and maturation. It includes the rough endoplasmic reticulum where ribosomes are attached to synthesize proteins, which enter the interior space or lumen. Subsequently, they generally enter vesicles, which bud off from the smooth endoplasmic reticulum.[16] In most eukaryotes, these protein-carrying vesicles are released and further modified in stacks of flattened vesicles (cisternae), the Golgi apparatus.[17]\",\n \"Endoplasmic reticulum Secretory proteins, mostly glycoproteins, are moved across the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Proteins that are transported by the endoplasmic reticulum throughout the cell are marked with an address tag called a signal sequence. The N-terminus (one end) of a polypeptide chain (i.e., a protein) contains a few amino acids that work as an address tag, which are removed when the polypeptide reaches its destination. Nascent peptides reach the ER via the translocon, a membrane-embedded multiprotein complex. Proteins that are destined for places outside the endoplasmic reticulum are packed into transport vesicles and moved along the cytoskeleton toward their destination. In human fibroblasts, the ER is always co-distributed with microtubules and the depolymerisation of the latter cause its co-aggregation with mitochondria, which are also associated with the ER.[24]\",\n \"Sarcoplasmic reticulum The sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) is a membrane-bound structure found within muscle cells that is similar to the endoplasmic reticulum in other cells. The main function of the SR is to store calcium ions (Ca2+). Calcium ion levels are kept relatively constant, with the concentration of calcium ions within a cell being 100,000 times smaller than the concentration of calcium ions outside the cell.[1] This means that small increases in calcium ions within the cell are easily detected and can bring about important cellular changes (the calcium is said to be a second messenger; see calcium in biology for more details). Calcium is used to make calcium carbonate (found in chalk) and calcium phosphate, two compounds that the body uses to make teeth and bones. This means that too much calcium within the cells can lead to hardening (calcification) of certain intracellular structures, including the mitochondria,[2] leading to cell death. Therefore, it is vital that calcium ion levels are controlled tightly, and can be released into the cell when necessary and then remove from the cell.\",\n \"Secretion Eukaryotic cells, including human cells, have a highly evolved process of secretion. Proteins targeted for the outside are synthesized by ribosomes docked to the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER). As they are synthesized, these proteins translocate into the ER lumen, where they are glycosylated and where molecular chaperones aid protein folding. Misfolded proteins are usually identified here and retrotranslocated by ER-associated degradation to the cytosol, where they are degraded by a proteasome. The vesicles containing the properly folded proteins then enter the Golgi apparatus.\",\n \"Endoplasmic reticulum The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a cellular stress response related to the endoplasmic reticulum.[29] The UPR is activated in response to an accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. The UPR functions to restore normal function of the cell by halting protein translation, degrading misfolded proteins, and activating the signaling pathways that lead to increasing the production of molecular chaperones involved in protein folding. Sustained overactivation of the UPR has been implicated in prion diseases as well as several other neurodegenerative diseases and the inhibition of the UPR could become a treatment for those diseases.[30]\",\n \"Endomembrane system The nuclear envelope surrounds the nucleus, separating its contents from the cytoplasm. It has two membranes, each a lipid bilayer with associated proteins.[20] The outer nuclear membrane is continuous with the rough endoplasmic reticulum membrane, and like that structure, features ribosomes attached to the surface. The outer membrane is also continuous with the inner nuclear membrane since the two layers are fused together at numerous tiny holes called nuclear pores that perforate the nuclear envelope. These pores are about 120 nm in diameter and regulate the passage of molecules between the nucleus and cytoplasm, permitting some to pass through the membrane, but not others.[21] Since the nuclear pores are located in an area of high traffic, they play an important role in the physiology of cells. The space between the outer and inner membranes is called the perinuclear space and is joined with the lumen of the rough ER.\",\n \"Golgi apparatus The vesicles that leave the rough endoplasmic reticulum are transported to the cis face of the Golgi apparatus, where they fuse with the Golgi membrane and empty their contents into the lumen. Once inside the lumen, the molecules are modified, then sorted for transport to their next destinations.\",\n \"Golgi apparatus The Golgi apparatus is a major collection and dispatch station of protein products received from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Proteins synthesized in the ER are packaged into vesicles, which then fuse with the Golgi apparatus. These cargo proteins are modified and destined for secretion via exocytosis or for use in the cell. In this respect, the Golgi can be thought of as similar to a post office: it packages and labels items which it then sends to different parts of the cell or to the extracellular space. The Golgi apparatus is also involved in lipid transport and lysosome formation.[10]\",\n \"Endomembrane system The ER is involved in cotranslational sorting of proteins. A polypeptide which contains an ER signal sequence is recognised by a signal recognition protein which halts the production of the protein. the SRP transports the polypeptide to the ER membrane where its released in through a membrane pore and translation resumes.[25]\",\n \"Ribosome When a ribosome finishes reading an mRNA molecule, these two subunits split apart. Ribosomes are ribozymes, because the catalytic peptidyl transferase activity that links amino acids together is performed by the ribosomal RNA. Ribosomes are often associated with the intracellular membranes that make up the rough endoplasmic reticulum.\",\n \"Neuron There are different internal structural characteristics between axons and dendrites. Typical axons almost never contain ribosomes, except some in the initial segment. Dendrites contain granular endoplasmic reticulum or ribosomes, in diminishing amounts as the distance from the cell body increases.\",\n \"Nucleolus In higher eukaryotes and plants, the situation is more complex, for the 5S DNA sequence lies outside the Nucleolus Organiser Region (NOR) and is transcribed by RNA pol III in the nucleoplasm, after which it finds its way into the nucleolus to participate in the ribosome assembly. This assembly not only involves the rRNA, but ribosomal proteins as well. The genes encoding these r-proteins are transcribed by pol II in the nucleoplasm by a \\\"conventional\\\" pathway of protein synthesis (transcription, pre-mRNA processing, nuclear export of mature mRNA and translation on cytoplasmic ribosomes). The mature r-proteins are then \\\"imported\\\" back into the nucleus and finally the nucleolus. Association and maturation of rRNA and r-proteins result in the formation of the 40S (small) and 60S (large) subunits of the complete ribosome. These are exported through the nuclear pore complexes to the cytoplasm, where they remain free or become associated with the endoplasmic reticulum, forming rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER).[16][17]\",\n \"Ribosome Free and membrane-bound ribosomes differ only in their spatial distribution; they are identical in structure. Whether the ribosome exists in a free or membrane-bound state depends on the presence of an ER-targeting signal sequence on the protein being synthesized, so an individual ribosome might be membrane-bound when it is making one protein, but free in the cytosol when it makes another protein.\",\n \"Smooth muscle Although the structure and function is basically the same in smooth muscle cells in different organs, their specific effects or end-functions differ.\",\n \"Endomembrane system The nuclear membrane contains a lipid bilayer that encompass the contents of the nucleus.[2] The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a synthesis and transport organelle that branches into the cytoplasm in plant and animal cells.[3] The Golgi apparatus is a series of multiple compartments where molecules are packaged for delivery to other cell components or for secretion from the cell.[4] Vacuoles, which are found in both plant and animal cells (though much bigger in plant cells), are responsible for maintaining the shape and structure of the cell as well as storing waste products.[5] A vesicle is a relatively small, membrane-enclosed sac that stores or transports substances.[6] The cell membrane is a protective barrier that regulates what enters and leaves the cell.[7] There is also an organelle known as the Spitzenkörper that is only found in fungi, and is connected with hyphal tip growth.[8]\",\n \"Translation (biology) In prokaryotes (bacteria), translation occurs in the cytoplasm, where the large and small subunits of the ribosome bind to the mRNA. In eukaryotes, translation occurs in the cytosol or across the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum in process called co-tanslational translocation. In co-translational translocation, the entire ribosome/mRNA complex binds to the outer membrane of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the new protein is synthesized and released into the ER; the newly created polypeptide can be stored inside the ER for future vesicle transport and secretion outside the cell, or immediately secreted.\",\n \"Sarcoplasmic reticulum The sarcoplasmic reticulum is a network of tubules that extend throughout muscle cells, wrapping around (but not in direct contact with) the myofibrils (contractile units of the cell). Cardiac and skeletal muscle cells contain structures called transverse tubules (T-tubules), which are extensions of the cell membrane that travel into the centre of the cell. T-tubules are closely associated with a specific region of the SR, known as the terminal cisternae in skeletal muscle, with a distance of roughly 12 nanometers, separating them. This is the primary site of calcium release.[3] The longitudinal SR are thinner projects, that run between the terminal cisternae/junctional SR, and are the location where ion channels necessary for calcium ion absorption are most abundant.[4] These processes are explained in more detail below and are fundamental for the process of excitation-contraction coupling in skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle.\",\n \"Endomembrane system Vesicles sent off by the ER containing proteins are further altered at the Golgi apparatus and then prepared for secretion from the cell or transport to other parts of the cell. Various things can happen to the proteins on their journey through the enzyme covered space of the Golgi apparatus. The modification and synthesis of the carbohydrate portions of glycoproteins is common in protein processing. The Golgi apparatus removes and substitutes sugar monomers, producing a large variety of oligosaccharides. In addition to modifying proteins, the Golgi also manufactures macromolecules itself. In plant cells, the Golgi produces pectins and other polysaccharides needed by the plant structure.[29]\",\n \"Signal transduction The release of calcium ions from the endoplasmic reticulum into the cytosol results in its binding to signaling proteins that are then activated; it is then sequestered in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum[47] and the mitochondria. Two combined receptor/ion channel proteins control the transport of calcium: the InsP3-receptor that transports calcium upon interaction with inositol triphosphate on its cytosolic side; and the ryanodine receptor named after the alkaloid ryanodine, similar to the InsP3 receptor but having a feedback mechanism that releases more calcium upon binding with it. The nature of calcium in the cytosol means that it is active for only a very short time, meaning its free state concentration is very low and is mostly bound to organelle molecules like calreticulin when inactive.\",\n \"Endomembrane system Once secretory proteins are formed, the ER membrane separates them from the proteins that will remain in the cytosol. Secretory proteins depart from the ER enfolded in the membranes of vesicles that bud like bubbles from the transitional ER. These vesicles in transit to another part of the cell are called transport vesicles.[23][26] An alternative mechanism for transport of lipids and proteins out of the ER are through lipid transfer proteins at regions called membrane contact sites where the ER becomes closely and stably associated with the membranes of other organelles, such as the plasma membrane, Golgi or lysosomes.[27]\",\n \"Cell nucleus The nuclear envelope, otherwise known as nuclear membrane, consists of two cellular membranes, an inner and an outer membrane, arranged parallel to one another and separated by 10 to 50 nanometres (nm). The nuclear envelope completely encloses the nucleus and separates the cell's genetic material from the surrounding cytoplasm, serving as a barrier to prevent macromolecules from diffusing freely between the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm.[8] The outer nuclear membrane is continuous with the membrane of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), and is similarly studded with ribosomes.[8] The space between the membranes is called the perinuclear space and is continuous with the RER lumen.\",\n \"Drug metabolism Quantitatively, the smooth endoplasmic reticulum of the liver cell is the principal organ of drug metabolism, although every biological tissue has some ability to metabolize drugs. Factors responsible for the liver's contribution to drug metabolism include that it is a large organ, that it is the first organ perfused by chemicals absorbed in the gut, and that there are very high concentrations of most drug-metabolizing enzyme systems relative to other organs. If a drug is taken into the GI tract, where it enters hepatic circulation through the portal vein, it becomes well-metabolized and is said to show the first pass effect.\",\n \"Endoplasmic reticulum Abnormalities in XBP1 lead to a heightened endoplasmic reticulum stress response and subsequently causes a higher susceptibility for inflammatory processes that may even contribute to Alzheimer's disease.[27] In the colon, XBP1 anomalies have been linked to the inflammatory bowel diseases including Crohn's disease.[28]\",\n \"Smooth muscle tissue Although the structure and function is basically the same in smooth muscle cells in different organs, their specific effects or end-functions differ.\",\n \"Endoplasmic reticulum The lacy membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum were first seen in 1945 by Keith R. Porter, Albert Claude, Brody Meskers and Ernest F. Fullam, using electron microscopy.[2] The word reticulum, which means \\\"network\\\", was applied to describe this fabric of membranes.\",\n \"Mannose 6-phosphate receptor Lysosomal enzymes are synthesised in the rough endoplasmic reticulum along with a range of other secretory proteins. A specific recognition tag has evolved to prevent these harmful lysosomal enzymes from being secreted and to ensure they are targeted to the lysosome.[7] This tag is a mannose 6-phosphate residue.\",\n \"Endomembrane system There are three well known types of vesicles. They are clathrin-coated, COPI-coated, and COPII-coated vesicles. Each performs different functions in the cell. For example, clathrin-coated vesicles transport substances between the Golgi apparatus and the plasma membrane. COPI- and COPII-coated vesicles are frequently used for transportation between the ER and the Golgi apparatus.[35]\",\n \"N-terminus The N-terminal signal peptide is recognized by the signal recognition particle (SRP) and results in the targeting of the protein to the secretory pathway. In eukaryotic cells, these proteins are synthesized at the rough endoplasmic reticulum. In prokaryotic cells, the proteins are exported across the cell membrane. In chloroplasts, signal peptides target proteins to the thylakoids.\",\n \"Ribosome The ribosome (/ˈraɪbəˌsoʊm, -boʊ-/[1]) is a complex molecular machine, found within all living cells, that serves as the site of biological protein synthesis (translation). Ribosomes link amino acids together in the order specified by messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules. Ribosomes consist of two major components: the small ribosomal subunits, which reads the RNA, and the large subunits, which joins amino acids to form a polypeptide chain. Each subunit is composed of one or more ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecules and a variety of ribosomal proteins (r-protein or rProtein[2][3][4]). The ribosomes and associated molecules are also known as the translational apparatus.\",\n \"Golgi apparatus The structure and function of the Golgi apparatus are intimately linked. Individual stacks have different assortments of enzymes, allowing for progressive processing of cargo proteins as they travel from the cisternae to the trans Golgi face.[5][9] Enzymatic reactions within the Golgi stacks occur exclusively near its membrane surfaces, where enzymes are anchored. This feature is in contrast to the ER, which has soluble proteins and enzymes in its lumen. Much of the enzymatic processing is post-translational modification of proteins. For example, phosphorylation of oligosaccharides on lysosomal proteins occurs in the early CGN.[5] Cis cisterna are associated with the removal of mannose residues.[5][9] Removal of mannose residues and addition of N-acetylglucosamine occur in medial cisternae.[5] Addition of galactose and sialic acid occurs in the trans cisternae.[5] Sulfation of tyrosines and carbohydrates occurs within the TGN.[5] Other general post-translational modifications of proteins include the addition of carbohydrates (glycosylation)[11] and phosphates (phosphorylation). Protein modifications may form a signal sequence that determines the final destination of the protein. For example, the Golgi apparatus adds a mannose-6-phosphate label to proteins destined for lysosomes. Another important function of the Golgi apparatus is in the formation of proteoglycans. Enzymes in the Golgi append proteins to glycosaminoglycans, thus creating proteoglycans.[12] Glycosaminoglycans are long unbranched polysaccharide molecules present in the extracellular matrix of animals.\",\n \"Gene expression In prokaryotes translation generally occurs at the point of transcription (co-transcriptionally), often using a messenger RNA that is still in the process of being created. In eukaryotes translation can occur in a variety of regions of the cell depending on where the protein being written is supposed to be. Major locations are the cytoplasm for soluble cytoplasmic proteins and the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum for proteins that are for export from the cell or insertion into a cell membrane. Proteins that are supposed to be expressed at the endoplasmic reticulum are recognised part-way through the translation process. This is governed by the signal recognition particle—a protein that binds to the ribosome and directs it to the endoplasmic reticulum when it finds a signal peptide on the growing (nascent) amino acid chain.[13] Translation is the communication of the meaning of a source-language text by means of an equivalent target-language text\",\n \"Endomembrane system The Golgi apparatus (also known as the Golgi body and the Golgi complex) is composed of separate sacs called cisternae. Its shape is similar to a stack of pancakes. The number of these stacks varies with the specific function of the cell. The Golgi apparatus is used by the cell for further protein modification. The section of the Golgi apparatus that receives the vesicles from the ER is known as the cis face, and is usually near the ER. The opposite end of the Golgi apparatus is called the trans face, this is where the modified compounds leave. The trans face is usually facing the plasma membrane, which is where most of the substances the Golgi apparatus modifies are sent.[28]\",\n \"Endomembrane system Vesicles are small membrane-enclosed transport units that can transfer molecules between different compartments. Most vesicles transfer the membranes assembled in the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus, and then from the Golgi apparatus to various locations.[34]\",\n \"Disulfide In eukaryotic cells, in general, stable disulfide bonds are formed in the lumen of the RER (rough endoplasmic reticulum) and the mitochondrial intermembrane space but not in the cytosol. This is due to the more oxidizing environment of the aforementioned compartments and more reducing environment of the cytosol (see glutathione). Thus disulfide bonds are mostly found in secretory proteins, lysosomal proteins, and the exoplasmic domains of membrane proteins.\",\n \"Mitochondrion The MAM may also be part of the secretory pathway, in addition to its role in intracellular lipid trafficking. In particular, the MAM appears to be an intermediate destination between the rough ER and the Golgi in the pathway that leads to very-low-density lipoprotein, or VLDL, assembly and secretion.[50][54] The MAM thus serves as a critical metabolic and trafficking hub in lipid metabolism.\",\n \"Endomembrane system Most lipids are synthesized in yeast either in the endoplasmic reticulum, lipid particles, or the mitochondrion, with little or no lipid synthesis occurring in the plasma membrane or nuclear membrane.[12][13] Sphingolipid biosynthesis begins in the endoplasmic reticulum, but is completed in the Golgi apparatus.[14] The situation is similar in mammals, with the exception of the first few steps in ether lipid biosynthesis, which occur in peroxisomes.[15] The various membranes that enclose the other subcellular organelles must therefore be constructed by transfer of lipids from these sites of synthesis.[16] However, although it is clear that lipid transport is a central process in organelle biogenesis, the mechanisms by which lipids are transported through cells remain poorly understood.[17]\",\n \"Calcium signaling In the neuron, the ER may serve in a network integrating numerous extracellular and intracellular signals in a binary membrane system with the plasma membrane. Such an association with the plasma membrane creates the relatively new perception of the ER and theme of “a neuron within a neuron.” The ER’s structural characteristics, ability to act as a Ca2+ sink, and specific Ca2+ releasing proteins, serve to create a system that may produce regenerative waves of Ca2+ release that may communicate both locally and globally in the cell. These Ca2+ signals, integrating extracellular and intracellular fluxes, have been implicated to play roles in synaptic plasticity and memory, neurotransmitter release, neuronal excitability and long term changes at the gene transcription level. ER stress is also related to Ca2+ signaling and along with the unfolded protein response, can cause ER associated degradation (ERAD) and autophagy.[16]\",\n \"Smooth muscle Smooth muscle is fundamentally different from skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle in terms of structure, function, regulation of contraction, and excitation-contraction coupling.\",\n \"Smooth muscle A non-contractile function is seen in specialized smooth muscle within the afferent arteriole of the juxtaglomerular apparatus, which secretes renin in response to osmotic and pressure changes, and also it is believed to secrete ATP in tubuloglomerular regulation of glomerular filtration rate. Renin in turn activates the renin–angiotensin system to regulate blood pressure.\",\n \"Golgi apparatus In most eukaryotes, the Golgi apparatus is made up of a series of compartments consisting of two main networks: the cis Golgi network (CGN) and the trans Golgi network (TGN). The CGN is a collection of fused, flattened membrane-enclosed disks known as cisternae (singular: cisterna, also called \\\"dictyosomes\\\"), originating from vesicular clusters that bud off the endoplasmic reticulum. A mammalian cell typically contains 40 to 100 stacks.[8] Between four and eight cisternae are usually present in a stack; however, in some protists as many as sixty cisternae have been observed.[4] This collection of cisternae is broken down into cis, medial, and trans compartments. The TGN is the final cisternal structure, from which proteins are packaged into vesicles destined to lysosomes, secretory vesicles, or the cell surface. The TGN is usually positioned adjacent to the stacks of the Golgi apparatus, but can also be separate from the stacks. The TGN may act as an early endosome in yeast and plants.[6]\",\n \"Intracellular transport Small membrane bound vesicles responsible for transporting proteins from one organelle to another are commonly found in endocytic and secretory pathways. Vesicles bud from their donor organelle and release the contents of their vesicle by a fusion event in a particular target organelle.[1] The net movement of proteins from the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) to the Golgi Apparatus represents one form of intracellular transport through this mode of vesicle budding. Since the ER is the site of protein synthesis it would serve as the parent organelle and the cis face of the golgi, where proteins and signals are received, would be the acceptor. In order for the transport vesicle to accurately undergo a fusion event it must first recognize the correct target membrane then fuse with that membrane.\",\n \"Actin All non-spherical prokaryotes appear to possess genes such as MreB, which encode homologues of actin; these genes are required for the cell's shape to be maintained. The plasmid-derived gene ParM encodes an actin-like protein whose polymerized form is dynamically unstable, and appears to partition the plasmid DNA into its daughter cells during cell division by a mechanism analogous to that employed by microtubules in eukaryotic mitosis.[46] Actin is found in both smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulums.\",\n \"Lysosome Lysosomes are known to contain more than 60 different enzymes.[4][5] Enzymes of the lysosomes are synthesised in the rough endoplasmic reticulum. The enzymes are imported from the Golgi apparatus in small vesicles, which fuse with larger acidic vesicles. Enzymes destined for a lysosome are specifically tagged with the molecule mannose 6-phosphate, so that they are properly sorted into acidified vesicles.[6][7]\",\n \"RNA Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is the catalytic component of the ribosomes. Eukaryotic ribosomes contain four different rRNA molecules: 18S, 5.8S, 28S and 5S rRNA. Three of the rRNA molecules are synthesized in the nucleolus, and one is synthesized elsewhere. In the cytoplasm, ribosomal RNA and protein combine to form a nucleoprotein called a ribosome. The ribosome binds mRNA and carries out protein synthesis. Several ribosomes may be attached to a single mRNA at any time.[27] Nearly all the RNA found in a typical eukaryotic cell is rRNA.\",\n \"Smooth muscle tissue A non-contractile function is seen in specialized smooth muscle within the afferent arteriole of the juxtaglomerular apparatus, which secretes renin in response to osmotic and pressure changes, and also it is believed to secrete ATP in tubuloglomerular regulation of glomerular filtration rate. Renin in turn activates the renin–angiotensin system to regulate blood pressure.\",\n \"Sarcoplasmic reticulum Located within the SR is a protein called calsequestrin. This protein can bind to around 50 Ca2+, which decreases the amount of free Ca2+ within the SR (as more is bound to calsequestrin).[8] Therefore, more calcium can be stored (the calsequestrin is said to be a buffer). It is primarily located within the junctional SR/terminal cisternae, in close association with the calcium release channel (described below).[9]\",\n \"Gene expression Not all proteins remain within the cell and many are exported, for example, digestive enzymes, hormones and extracellular matrix proteins. In eukaryotes the export pathway is well developed and the main mechanism for the export of these proteins is translocation to the endoplasmic reticulum, followed by transport via the Golgi apparatus.[22][23]\",\n \"Positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus Positive-sense ssRNA viruses have genetic material that can function both as a genome and as messenger RNA; it can be directly translated into protein in the host cell by host ribosomes.[5] The first proteins to be expressed after infection serve genome replication functions; they recruit the positive-strand viral genome to viral replication complexes (VRCs) formed in association with intracellular membranes. VRCs contain proteins of both viral and host cell origin, and may be associated with the membranes of a variety of organelles, often the rough endoplasmic reticulum, but also including membranes derived from mitochondria, vacuoles, the Golgi apparatus, chloroplasts, peroxisomes, plasma membranes, autophagosomal membranes, and novel cytoplasmic compartments.[2] The replication of the positive-sense ssRNA genome proceeds through double-stranded RNA intermediates, and the purpose of replication in these membranous invaginations may be the avoidance of cellular response to the presence of dsRNA. In many cases subgenomic RNAs are also created during replication.[5] After infection, the entirety of the host cell's translation machinery may be diverted to the production of viral proteins as a result of the very high affinity for ribosomes of the viral genome's internal ribosome entry site (IRES) elements; in some viruses, such as poliovirus and rhinoviruses, normal protein synthesis is further disrupted by viral proteases degrading components required to initiate translation of cellular mRNA.[4]\",\n \"Phloem Sieve elements are the type of cell that are responsible for transporting sugars throughout the plant.[5] At maturity they lack a nucleus and have very few organelles, so they rely on companion cells or albuminous cells for most of their metabolic needs. Sieve tube cells do contain vacuoles and other organelles, such as ribosomes, before they mature, but these generally migrate to the cell wall and dissolve at maturity; this ensures there is little to impede the movement of fluids. One of the few organelles they do contain at maturity is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum, which can be found at the plasma membrane, often nearby the plasmodesmata that connect them to their companion or albuminous cells. All sieve cells have groups of pores at their ends that grow from modified and enlarged plasmodesmata, called sieve areas. The pores are reinforced by platelets of a polysaccharide called callose.[5]\",\n \"Mannose 6-phosphate receptor Once the lysosomal enzyme has been translocated into the rough endoplasmic reticulum an oligosaccharide composed of Glc3Man9GlcNAc2 is transferred en bloc to the protein.[1] The oligosaccharide present on lysosomal enzymes is processed in the same manner as other secretory proteins whilst it is translocated from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cis-Golgi.\",\n \"Sarcoplasmic reticulum The SR contains ion channel pumps, within its membrane that are responsible for pumping Ca2+ into the SR. As the calcium ion concentration within the SR is higher than in the rest of the cell, the calcium ions won't freely flow into the SR, and therefore pumps are required, that use energy, which they gain from a molecule called adenosine triphosphate (ATP). These calcium pumps are called Sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum ATPases (SERCA). There are a variety of different forms of SERCA, with SERCA 2a being found primarily in cardiac and skeletal muscle.[5]\",\n \"Endomembrane system The endomembrane system is composed of the different membranes that are suspended in the cytoplasm within a eukaryotic cell. These membranes divide the cell into functional and structural compartments, or organelles. In eukaryotes the organelles of the endomembrane system include: the nuclear membrane, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles, endosomes and the cell membrane, among others. The system is defined more accurately as the set of membranes that form a single functional and developmental unit, either being connected directly, or exchanging material through vesicle transport.[1] Importantly, the endomembrane system does not include the membranes of chloroplasts or mitochondria, but might have evolved from the latter (see below: Evolution).\",\n \"Gene product Proteins have many different functions in a cell and the function may vary based on the polypeptides they interact with and their cellular environment. Chaperone proteins work to stabilize newly synthesized proteins. They ensure the new protein folds into its correct functional conformation in addition to making sure products do not aggregate in areas where they should not.[8] Proteins can also function as enzymes, increasing the rate of various biochemical reactions and turning substrates into products.[7][9] Products can be modified by attaching groups such as phosphate via an enzyme to specific amino acids in the primary sequence.[9] Proteins can also be used to move molecules in the cell to where they are needed, these are called motor proteins.[9] The shape of the cell is supported by proteins. Proteins such as actin, microtubules and intermediate filaments provide structure to the cell.[7] Another class of proteins are found in plasma membranes. Membrane proteins can be associated with the plasma membrane in different ways, depending on their structure.[9] These proteins allow the cell to import or export cell products, nutrients or signals to and from the extracellular space.[7][9] Other proteins help the cell to perform regulatory functions. For example, transcription factors bind to DNA to help transcription of RNA.[10]\",\n \"Ribosome The ribosome is a highly complex cellular machine. It is largely made up of specialized RNA known as ribosomal RNA (rRNA) as well as dozens of distinct proteins (the exact number varies slightly between species). The ribosomal proteins and rRNAs are arranged into two distinct ribosomal pieces of different size, known generally as the large and small subunit of the ribosome. Ribosomes consist of two subunits that fit together (Figure 2) and work as one to translate the mRNA into a polypeptide chain during protein synthesis (Figure 1). Because they are formed from two subunits of non-equal size, they are slightly longer in the axis than in diameter.\",\n \"Smooth muscle The sarcolemma also contains caveolae, which are microdomains of lipid rafts specialized to cell signaling events and ion channels. These invaginations in the sarcoplasma contain a host of receptors (prostacyclin, endothelin, serotonin, muscarinic receptors, adrenergic receptors), second messenger generators (adenylate cyclase, phospholipase C), G proteins (RhoA, G alpha), kinases (rho kinase-ROCK, protein kinase C, protein Kinase A), ion channels (L type calcium channels, ATP sensitive potassium channels, calcium sensitive potassium channels) in close proximity. The caveolae are often close to sarcoplasmic reticulum or mitochondria, and have been proposed to organize signaling molecules in the membrane.\",\n \"Nissl body The functions of Nissl bodies is thought to be the same as that of the rest of the ER and the golgi apparatus: the manufacture and release of proteins and amino acids [2]\",\n \"Signal peptide In vertebrates, the region of the mRNA that codes for the signal peptide (i.e. the signal sequence coding region, or SSCR) can function as an RNA element with specific activities. SSCRs promote nuclear mRNA export and the proper localization to the surface of the endoplasmic reticulum. In addition SSCRs have specific sequence features: they have low adenine-content, are enriched in certain motifs, and tend to be present in the first exon at a frequency that is higher than expected.[12][13]\",\n \"Nissl body A Nissl body, also known as Nissl substance and Nissl material, is a large granular body found in neurons. These granules are of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) with rosettes of free ribosomes, and are the site of protein synthesis.[1] It was named after Franz Nissl, a German neuropathologist who invented the Nissl staining method.[2]\",\n \"Skeletal muscle While the muscle fiber does not have a smooth endoplasmic cisternae , it contains a sarcoplasmic reticulum. The sarcoplasmic reticulum surrounds the myofibrils and holds a reserve of the calcium ions needed to cause a muscle contraction. Periodically, it has dilated end sacs known as terminal cisternae. These cross the muscle fiber from one side to the other. In between two terminal cisternae is a tubular infolding called a transverse tubule (T tubule). T tubules are the pathways for action potentials to signal the sarcoplasmic reticulum to release calcium, causing a muscle contraction. Together, two terminal cisternae and a transverse tubule form a triad.[3]\",\n \"Endomembrane system In addition to these universal functions, the plasma membrane has a more specific role in multicellular organisms. Glycoproteins on the membrane assist the cell in recognizing other cells, in order to exchange metabolites and form tissues. Other proteins on the plasma membrane allow attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix; a function that maintains cell shape and fixes the location of membrane proteins. Enzymes that catalyze reactions are also found on the plasma membrane. Receptor proteins on the membrane have a shape that matches with a chemical messenger, resulting in various cellular responses.[39]\",\n \"Ribosome biogenesis Ribosomes are the macromolecular machines that are responsible for mRNA translation into proteins. The eukaryotic ribosome, also called the 80S ribosome, is made up of two subunits – the large 60S subunit (which contains the 25S (in plants) or 28S (in mammals), 5.8S, and 5S rRNA) and a small 40S subunit (which contains the 18S rRNA and 33 R proteins) as well as 46 ribosomal proteins. The ribosomal proteins are encoded by ribosomal genes or rDNA.\",\n \"Smooth muscle Smooth muscle in various regions of the vascular tree, the airway and lungs, kidneys and vagina is different in their expression of ionic channels, hormone receptors, cell-signaling pathways, and other proteins that determine function.\",\n \"Ribosome The various ribosomes share a core structure, which is quite similar despite the large differences in size. Much of the RNA is highly organized into various tertiary structural motifs, for example pseudoknots that exhibit coaxial stacking. The extra RNA in the larger ribosomes is in several long continuous insertions, such that they form loops out of the core structure without disrupting or changing it.[15] All of the catalytic activity of the ribosome is carried out by the RNA; the proteins reside on the surface and seem to stabilize the structure.[15]\",\n \"Oogonium The cytoplasm of oogonia appears similar to that of the surrounding somatic cells and similarly contains large round mitochondria with lateral cristae. The Endoplasmic Reticulum (E.R.) of oogonia, however, is very underdeveloped and is made up of several small vesicles. Some of these small vesicles contain cisternae with ribosomes and are found located near the golgi apparatus.[1]\",\n \"Ribosome biogenesis Ribosome biogenesis is the process of making ribosomes. In prokaryotic cells, it takes place in the cytoplasm with the transcription of many ribosome gene operons. In eukaryotes, it takes place both in the cytoplasm and in the nucleolus. It involves the coordinated function of over 200 proteins in the synthesis and processing of the three prokaryotic or four eukaryotic rRNAs, as well as assembly of those rRNAs with the ribosomal proteins. Most of the ribosomal proteins fall into various energy-consuming enzyme families including ATP-dependent RNA helicases, AAA-ATPases, GTPases, and kinases.[1] Ribosome biogenesis is a very tightly regulated process, and it is closely linked to other cellular activities like growth and division.[2]\",\n \"Lysosome The production of lysosomal proteins suggests one method of lysosome sustainment. Lysosomal protein genes are transcribed in the nucleus. mRNA transcripts exit the nucleus into the cytosol, where they are translated by ribosomes. The nascent peptide chains are translocated into the rough endoplasmic reticulum, where they are modified. Upon exiting the endoplasmic reticulum and entering the Golgi apparatus via vesicular transport, a specific lysosomal tag, mannose 6-phosphate, is added to the peptides. The presence of these tags allow for binding to mannose 6-phosphate receptors in the Golgi apparatus, a phenomenon that is crucial for proper packaging into vesicles destined for the lysosomal system.[21]\",\n \"Eukaryotic ribosome (80S) The ribosome is a large and complex molecular machine that catalyzes the synthesis of proteins, referred to as translation. The ribosome selects aminoacylated transfer RNAs (tRNAs) based on the sequence of a protein-encoding messenger RNA (mRNA) and covalently links the amino acids into a polypeptide chain. Ribosomes from all organisms share a highly conserved catalytic center. However, the ribosomes of eukaryotes (animals, plants, fungi, and many unicellular organisms with a nucleus) are much larger than prokaryotic (bacterial and archaeal) ribosomes and subject to more complex regulation and biogenesis pathways.[1][2] Eukaryotic ribosomes are also known as 80S ribosomes, referring to their sedimentation coefficients in Svedberg units, because they sediment faster than the prokaryotic (70S) ribosomes. Eukaryotic ribosomes have two unequal subunits, designated small subunit (40S) and large subunit (60S) according to their sedimentation coefficients. Both subunits contain dozens of ribosomal proteins arranged on a scaffold composed of ribosomal RNA (rRNA). The small subunit monitors the complementarity between tRNA anticodon and mRNA, while the large subunit catalyzes peptide bond formation.\",\n \"Mitochondrion But transmission of Ca2+ is not unidirectional; rather, it is a two-way street.[55] The properties of the Ca2+ pump SERCA and the channel IP3R present on the ER membrane facilitate feedback regulation coordinated by MAM function. In particular, the clearance of Ca2+ by the MAM allows for spatio-temporal patterning of Ca2+ signaling because Ca2+ alters IP3R activity in a biphasic manner.[46] SERCA is likewise affected by mitochondrial feedback: uptake of Ca2+ by the MAM stimulates ATP production, thus providing energy that enables SERCA to reload the ER with Ca2+ for continued Ca2+ efflux at the MAM.[56][58] Thus, the MAM is not a passive buffer for Ca2+ puffs; rather it helps modulate further Ca2+ signaling through feedback loops that affect ER dynamics.\",\n \"Smooth muscle tissue The sarcolemma also contains caveolae, which are microdomains of lipid rafts specialized to cell signaling events and ion channels. These invaginations in the sarcoplasma contain a host of receptors (prostacyclin, endothelin, serotonin, muscarinic receptors, adrenergic receptors), second messenger generators (adenylate cyclase, phospholipase C), G proteins (RhoA, G alpha), kinases (rho kinase-ROCK, protein kinase C, protein Kinase A), ion channels (L type calcium channels, ATP sensitive potassium channels, calcium sensitive potassium channels) in close proximity. The caveolae are often close to sarcoplasmic reticulum or mitochondria, and have been proposed to organize signaling molecules in the membrane.\",\n \"Messenger RNA Eukaryotic mRNA that has been processed and transported to the cytoplasm (i.e., mature mRNA) can then be translated by the ribosome. Translation may occur at ribosomes free-floating in the cytoplasm, or directed to the endoplasmic reticulum by the signal recognition particle. Therefore, unlike in prokaryotes, eukaryotic translation is not directly coupled to transcription.[12]\",\n \"Muscle tissue Smooth muscle is found within the walls of blood vessels (such smooth muscle specifically being termed vascular smooth muscle) such as in the tunica media layer of large (aorta) and small arteries, arterioles and veins. Smooth muscle is also found in lymphatic vessels, the urinary bladder, uterus (termed uterine smooth muscle), male and female reproductive tracts, gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, arrector pili of skin, the ciliary muscle, and iris of the eye. The structure and function is basically the same in smooth muscle cells in different organs, but the inducing stimuli differ substantially, in order to perform individual effects in the body at individual times. In addition, the glomeruli of the kidneys contain smooth muscle-like cells called mesangial cells.\",\n \"Sarcoplasmic reticulum Calcium ion release from the SR, occurs in the junctional SR/terminal cisternae through a ryanodine receptor (RyR) and is known as a calcium spark.[10] There are three types of ryanodine receptor, RyR1 (in skeletal muscle), RyR2 (in cardiac muscle) and RyR3 (in the brain).[11] Calcium release through ryanodine receptors in the SR is triggered differently in different muscles. In cardiac and smooth muscle an electrical impulse (action potential) triggers calcium ions to enter the cell through an L-type calcium channel located in the cell membrane (smooth muscle) or T-tubule membrane (cardiac muscle). These calcium ions bind to and activate the RyR, producing a larger increase in intracellular calcium. In skeletal muscle, however, the L-type calcium channel is bound to the RyR. Therefore activation of the L-type calcium channel, via an action potential, activates the RyR directly, causing calcium release (see calcium sparks for more details).[12] Also, caffeine (found in coffee) can bind to and stimulate RyR. Caffeine works by making the RyR more sensitive to either the action potential (skeletal muscle) or calcium (cardiac or smooth muscle) therefore producing calcium sparks more often (this can result in increased heart rate, which is why we feel more awake after coffee).[13]\",\n \"Receptor-mediated endocytosis The function of receptor-mediated endocytosis is diverse. It is widely used for the specific uptake of certain substances required by the cell (examples include LDL via the LDL receptor or iron via transferrin). The role of receptor-mediated endocytosis is well recognized in the downregulation of transmembrane signal transduction but can also promote sustained signal transduction.[2] The activated receptor becomes internalised and is transported to late endosomes and lysosomes for degradation. However, receptor-mediated endocytosis is also actively implicated in transducing signals from the cell periphery to the nucleus. This became apparent when it was found that the association and formation of specific signaling complexes is required for the effective signaling of hormones (e.g. EGF). Additionally it has been proposed that the directed transport of active signaling complexes to the nucleus might be required to enable signaling as random diffusion is too slow[3] and mechanisms permanently downregulating incoming signals are strong enough to shut down signaling completely without additional signal-transducing mechanisms.[4]\",\n \"SR protein SR proteins have been shown to have roles in alternative and constitutive splicing resulting in differential gene expression and also play a part in mRNA export, genome stabilization, non-sense mediated decay, and translation.[1][2]\",\n \"Smooth muscle Smooth muscle may contract phasically with rapid contraction and relaxation, or tonically with slow and sustained contraction. The reproductive, digestive, respiratory, and urinary tracts, skin, eye, and vasculature all contain this tonic muscle type. This type of smooth muscle can maintain force for prolonged time with only little energy utilization. There are differences in the myosin heavy and light chains that also correlate with these differences in contractile patterns and kinetics of contraction between tonic and phasic smooth muscle.\",\n \"Glycoprotein In proteins that have segments extending extracellularly, the extracellular segments are also often glycosylated. Glycoproteins are also often important integral membrane proteins, where they play a role in cell–cell interactions. It is important[according to whom?] to distinguish endoplasmic reticulum-based glycosylation of the secretory system from reversible cytosolic-nuclear glycosylation. Glycoproteins of the cytosol and nucleus can be modified through the reversible addition of a single GlcNAc residue that is considered reciprocal to phosphorylation and the functions of these are likely to be additional regulatory mechanism that controls phosphorylation-based signalling.[2] In contrast, classical secretory glycosylation can be structurally essential. For example, inhibition of asparagine-linked, i.e. N-linked, glycosylation can prevent proper glycoprotein folding and full inhibition can be toxic to an individual cell. In contrast, perturbation of glycan processing (enzymatic removal/addition of carbohydrate residues to the glycan), which occurs in both the endoplastic reticulum and Golgi apparatus, is dispensable for isolated cells (as evidence by survival with glycosides inhibitors) but can lead to human disease (congenital disorders of glycosylation) and can be lethal in animal models. It is therefore likely that the fine processing of glycans is important for endogenous functionality, such as cell trafficking, but that this is likely to have been secondary to its role in host-pathogen interactions. A famous example of this latter effect is the ABO blood group system.[citation needed]\",\n \"Golgi apparatus Part of the endomembrane system in the cytoplasm, the Golgi apparatus packages proteins into membrane-bound vesicles inside the cell before the vesicles are sent to their destination. The Golgi apparatus resides at the intersection of the secretory, lysosomal, and endocytic pathways. It is of particular importance in processing proteins for secretion, containing a set of glycosylation enzymes that attach various sugar monomers to proteins as the proteins move through the apparatus.\",\n \"Secretion Many human cell types have the ability to be secretory cells. They have a well-developed endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus to fulfill their function. Tissues in humans that produce secretions include the gastrointestinal tract which secretes digestive enzymes and gastric acid, the lung which secretes surfactants, and sebaceous glands which secrete sebum to lubricate the skin and hair. Meibomian glands in the eyelid secrete sebum to lubricate and protect the eye.\"\n]","isConversational":false},"gt_docs":{"kind":"list like","value":["Endoplasmic reticulum The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a type of organelle found in eukaryotic cells that forms an interconnected network of flattened, membrane-enclosed sacs or tube-like structures known as cisternae. The membranes of the ER are continuous with the outer nuclear membrane. The endoplasmic reticulum occurs in most types of eukaryotic cells, but is absent from red blood cells and spermatozoa. There are two types of endoplasmic reticulum: rough and smooth. The outer (cytosolic) face of the rough endoplasmic reticulum is studded with ribosomes that are the sites of protein synthesis. The rough endoplasmic reticulum is especially prominent in cells such as hepatocytes. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum lacks ribosomes and functions in lipid manufacture and metabolism, the production of steroid hormones, and detoxification.[1] The smooth ER is especially abundant in mammalian liver and gonad cells. The lacy membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum were first seen in 1945 using electron microscopy."],"string":"[\n \"Endoplasmic reticulum The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a type of organelle found in eukaryotic cells that forms an interconnected network of flattened, membrane-enclosed sacs or tube-like structures known as cisternae. The membranes of the ER are continuous with the outer nuclear membrane. The endoplasmic reticulum occurs in most types of eukaryotic cells, but is absent from red blood cells and spermatozoa. There are two types of endoplasmic reticulum: rough and smooth. The outer (cytosolic) face of the rough endoplasmic reticulum is studded with ribosomes that are the sites of protein synthesis. The rough endoplasmic reticulum is especially prominent in cells such as hepatocytes. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum lacks ribosomes and functions in lipid manufacture and metabolism, the production of steroid hormones, and detoxification.[1] The smooth ER is especially abundant in mammalian liver and gonad cells. The lacy membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum were first seen in 1945 using electron microscopy.\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":297,"cells":{"_id":{"kind":"string","value":"test2382"},"query":{"kind":"string","value":"what channel is nbc sports northwest on directv"},"gt_ids":{"kind":"list like","value":["doc82262"],"string":"[\n \"doc82262\"\n]","isConversational":false},"gt_qrels":{"kind":"list like","value":[1],"string":"[\n 1\n]","isConversational":false},"candidate_ids":{"kind":"list like","value":["doc82262","doc82263","doc82249","doc82247","doc82252","doc82261","doc82267","doc1866709","doc1866715","doc82265","doc82260","doc82253","doc82257","doc1866712","doc1866713","doc2264686","doc1418980","doc82266","doc82264","doc82248","doc82256","doc82250","doc1866708","doc82254","doc2264685","doc1866711","doc2294838","doc1866714","doc2264681","doc1418946","doc82258","doc557653","doc1932282","doc2294840","doc1866710","doc82259","doc1889660","doc2096074","doc1964933","doc1932241","doc2264682","doc2264684","doc2264679","doc2294819","doc1866719","doc1889662","doc1494563","doc648602","doc1932243","doc1932244","doc1494558","doc2599200","doc1964932","doc1253477","doc1866716","doc186644","doc1866717","doc557651","doc2096058","doc1418974","doc2303045","doc2273469","doc2303043","doc429927","doc82251","doc2294528","doc2632737","doc648600","doc1253471","doc1866720","doc1949935","doc505736","doc2437115","doc1932254","doc2294820","doc1253478","doc2294841","doc2264683","doc1964929","doc1629129","doc1418927","doc648598","doc966212","doc2264698","doc82255","doc1734184","doc206342","doc2542955","doc869891","doc2241325","doc2273465","doc966210","doc1964930","doc1932242","doc1464619","doc186651","doc173518","doc648586","doc360393","doc150724"],"string":"[\n \"doc82262\",\n \"doc82263\",\n \"doc82249\",\n \"doc82247\",\n \"doc82252\",\n \"doc82261\",\n \"doc82267\",\n \"doc1866709\",\n \"doc1866715\",\n \"doc82265\",\n \"doc82260\",\n \"doc82253\",\n \"doc82257\",\n \"doc1866712\",\n \"doc1866713\",\n \"doc2264686\",\n \"doc1418980\",\n \"doc82266\",\n \"doc82264\",\n \"doc82248\",\n \"doc82256\",\n \"doc82250\",\n \"doc1866708\",\n \"doc82254\",\n \"doc2264685\",\n \"doc1866711\",\n \"doc2294838\",\n \"doc1866714\",\n \"doc2264681\",\n \"doc1418946\",\n \"doc82258\",\n \"doc557653\",\n \"doc1932282\",\n \"doc2294840\",\n \"doc1866710\",\n \"doc82259\",\n \"doc1889660\",\n \"doc2096074\",\n \"doc1964933\",\n \"doc1932241\",\n \"doc2264682\",\n \"doc2264684\",\n \"doc2264679\",\n \"doc2294819\",\n \"doc1866719\",\n \"doc1889662\",\n \"doc1494563\",\n \"doc648602\",\n \"doc1932243\",\n \"doc1932244\",\n \"doc1494558\",\n \"doc2599200\",\n \"doc1964932\",\n \"doc1253477\",\n \"doc1866716\",\n \"doc186644\",\n \"doc1866717\",\n \"doc557651\",\n \"doc2096058\",\n \"doc1418974\",\n \"doc2303045\",\n \"doc2273469\",\n \"doc2303043\",\n \"doc429927\",\n \"doc82251\",\n \"doc2294528\",\n \"doc2632737\",\n \"doc648600\",\n \"doc1253471\",\n \"doc1866720\",\n \"doc1949935\",\n \"doc505736\",\n \"doc2437115\",\n \"doc1932254\",\n \"doc2294820\",\n \"doc1253478\",\n \"doc2294841\",\n \"doc2264683\",\n \"doc1964929\",\n \"doc1629129\",\n \"doc1418927\",\n \"doc648598\",\n \"doc966212\",\n \"doc2264698\",\n \"doc82255\",\n \"doc1734184\",\n \"doc206342\",\n \"doc2542955\",\n \"doc869891\",\n \"doc2241325\",\n \"doc2273465\",\n \"doc966210\",\n \"doc1964930\",\n \"doc1932242\",\n \"doc1464619\",\n \"doc186651\",\n \"doc173518\",\n \"doc648586\",\n \"doc360393\",\n \"doc150724\"\n]","isConversational":false},"candidate_docs":{"kind":"list like","value":["NBC Sports Northwest As of August 2013, the network is not available on satellite providers DirecTV and Dish Network, which both maintain that Comcast has negotiated in bad faith during carriage discussions engaged between the parties. Particularly, Comcast demands the network be carried on more widely subscribed basic programming tiers,[15] while contradictorily arguing that sports networks not owned by the company be carried only on a dedicated sports tier.[16] The Trail Blazers are said to be frustrated and disappointed with Comcast's conduct over their contract with CSN Northwest in this regard.[17]","NBC Sports Northwest The Consumer Protection Committee of the Oregon House of Representatives held a hearing on February 24, 2010 to attempt to arbitrate a carriage deal between the network, DirecTV, Dish Network and Charter Communications. No representatives for DirecTV, Dish Network or the Trail Blazers attended the hearing.[18] On June 21, the Trail Blazers asked the Federal Communications Commission to require Comcast to make the team's games available to competing multichannel video programming distributors such as DirecTV and Dish Network.[19]","NBC Sports Northwest Comcast rebranded CSN Northwest as NBC Sports Northwest on October 2, 2017.[2]","NBC Sports Northwest NBC Sports Northwest (originally Comcast SportsNet Northwest) is an American regional sports network that is owned by the NBC Sports Group unit of NBCUniversal, and operates as an affiliate of NBC Sports Regional Networks. The network broadcasts regional coverage of professional sports events throughout the Pacific Northwest, focusing primarily on the NBA's Portland Trail Blazers and college sports events involving the Oregon Ducks; the network also covers other sports events involving teams within the northwestern United States, including those featuring college and high school teams.[1]","NBC Sports Northwest Comcast SportsNet Northwest became CSN Northwest in 2016.[4] On October 2, 2017, CSN Northwest was renamed as NBC Sports Northwest, as part of a larger rebranding of the Comcast SportsNet networks under the NBC Sports brand.[5]","NBC Sports Northwest As of September 2013[update], Comcast SportsNet Northwest is available on Comcast (in Oregon and Washington), Ashland TV, Beaver Creek Telcom, BendBroadband,[10] Canby Telcom,[11] Charter Communications (in Oregon and Washington), Country Cablevision, Frontier Communications (in Oregon and Washington), MINET (in Monmouth, Oregon),[12] Monroe Telephone, Reliance Connects, Scio Cablevision, Verizon FiOS (in the Portland and Seattle markets) and Wave Broadband.[13][14]","NBC Sports Northwest NBC Sports Northwest HD is available on Comcast throughout Oregon and southwestern Washington; Comcast did not carry the high-definition feed in most of the remainder of Washington State (specifically its systems in the Seattle-Tacoma and Spokane markets) until early 2013, when it began to be carried on Channel 617. CSN Northwest HD is only available on Comcast's digital preferred package in western and eastern Washington.","Root Sports Northwest Root Sports Northwest is available on cable providers throughout Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Montana, and Alaska and nationwide on satellite via DirecTV and Dish Network.","Root Sports Northwest DirecTV was subsequently acquired by AT&T;[9] on July 14, 2017, its sister networks were re-branded as AT&T SportsNet. Root Sports Northwest did not adopt the AT&T SportsNet brand, likely because AT&T is not the majority owner of the service.[10][11] Nonetheless, Root Sports Northwest still debuted the new on-air graphics used by its sister networks.[12]","NBC Sports Northwest Comcast sent some of its senior staff members to Oregon after a member of the Sports Fan Coalition testified before the Oregon State Legislature on the provider's denial of access to the network on DirecTV, Dish and other cable providers. Brian Frederick, executive director of the advocacy group, stated that \"Comcast clearly sees the public perception of its treatment of sports fans as a potential Achilles heel in efforts to acquire NBCU\".[21] In a November 7, 2010 article in The Oregonian, Blazers chief executive officer Larry Miller continued to express frustration about the lack of availability for the team's CSN-televised games.[22]","NBC Sports Northwest NBC Sports Northwest also airs video simulcasts of three weekday sports radio programs: it carries the Chuck Powell Show KJR (950 AM) talk program from Seattle live each weekday from 10:00 a.m. to 1:00 p.m., and The FAN from KFXX (1080 AM) in Portland from 3:00 to 6:00 p.m.[6]","NBC Sports Northwest NBC Sports Northwest holds the exclusive regional television rights to the Portland Trail Blazers, carrying the majority of the NBA franchise's regular season, pre-season and early-round playoff games; the network also produces expanded pre-game and post-game analysis (under the Rip City Live and Talking Ball banners), and carries select NBA Summer League games and season team previews.[6] During the network's inaugural season in 2007–08, Comcast SportsNet Northwest carried at least 55 Trail Blazers regular season games. Combined with the Trail Blazers' over-the-air coverage, 81 of the team's regular season games that year were shown on television, the largest number of telecasts in the team's history. The new network aired 28 of the team's 36 home game telecasts in high definition.[3] All Trail Blazers telecasts are produced in-house by the team, and some were previously syndicated to over-the-air stations in the team's designated market region.[7]","NBC Sports Northwest NBC Sports Northwest also provides coverage of a variety of other regional sports events. The network broadcasts NHL games involving the Vancouver Canucks, carrying 25 games per season that are simulcast from Sportsnet Pacific. Through its relationships with other Comcast-owned channels, NBC Sports Northwest also broadcasts 35 regular-season games from various other NHL teams. In 2011, Comcast SportsNet Northwest announced that it would provide a reduced schedule of NHL coverage focusing solely on the Vancouver Canucks and San Jose Sharks; the network announced later that year that it would no longer carry any Sharks telecasts. Additionally, the network also carries select home games from the Portland Winterhawks Western Hockey League franchise.[6]","Root Sports Northwest On December 22, 2006, News Corporation sold its interest in FSN Northwest and sister networks FSN Utah, FSN Pittsburgh and FSN Rocky Mountain to Liberty Media, in an asset trade in which News Corporation also 16.3% traded its 38.5% ownership stake in satellite provider DirecTV for $550 million in cash and stock, in exchange for Liberty Media's stake in the company.[3] On May 4, 2009, DirecTV Group Inc. announced it would become a part of Liberty's entertainment unit, part of which would then be spun off into the separate company under the DirecTV name, in a deal in which Liberty would increase its share in DirecTV from 48% to 54%, with Liberty owner John Malone and his family owning a 24% interest. DirecTV would operate its newly acquired FSN-affiliated networks through DirecTV Sports Networks,[4][5] a new division formed when the split off from Liberty Media was completed on November 19, 2009.[6]","Root Sports Northwest On December 17, 2010, DirecTV Sports Networks announced that its four Fox Sports Networks-affiliated regional outlets would be relaunched under the \"Root Sports\" brand.[7] The network officially rebranded as Root Sports Northwest' on April 1, 2011, with The Dan Patrick Show as the first program under the new Root Sports branding. For nominal purposes, the Root Sports networks continued to carry programming distributed mainly to the Fox Sports regional networks to provide supplementary sports and entertainment programming.","AT&T SportsNet On April 8, 2016, DirecTV Sports Networks rebranded under the AT&T name as AT&T Sports Networks.[15] Three of the channels were re-branded as AT&T SportsNet on July 14, 2017, introducing new logos and on-air graphics. Root Sports Northwest adopted the new AT&T SportsNet graphics,[16] but remains under the Root Sports brand; it is the only network in the group that is not majority-owned by AT&T.[17][18]","DirecTV DirecTV owns regional sports networks Root Sports Pittsburgh, Root Sports Northwest, Root Sports Southwest, Root Sports Rocky Mountain, and Root Sports Utah (all under the umbrella of AT&T Sports Networks). It also owns minority shares of Game Show Network and MLB Network. DirecTV is also the exclusive U.S. rights holder to the NFL Sunday Ticket sports package. It also exclusively carries the \"DirecTV Experience\", which includes bonus coverage of men's major golf tournaments and Grand Slam tennis tournaments, including live feeds not available on other networks such as CBS, NBC, ESPN, Golf Channel and Tennis Channel that cover the events. DirecTV was also the exclusive provider of defunct sports packages NASCAR Hot Pass and Mega March Madness.","NBC Sports Northwest NBC Sports Northwest HD is a 1080i high-definition simulcast feed of NBC Sports Northwest. CSN Northwest broadcast 28 Portland Trail Blazers home games in HD in the 2007–08 season;[3] that number of high-definition game telecasts shown on the network increased to 32 for the 2008–09 season. Former Blazers broadcaster Mike Barrett announced during the network's game telecast against the Los Angeles Clippers on April 13, 2009, that CSN Northwest would broadcast all Trail Blazers games in HD from then onward.","NBC Sports Northwest Oregon-based cable provider Canby Telcom objected to a non-negotiable subscribe fee increase that would have increased the network's annual subscriber rate to over $32 in 2012; as a result, Canby announced plans to stop carrying Comcast SportsNet Northwest.[20] Keith Galitz, president of Canby Telcom, stated \"That's just too steep an increase for us, and it's not in line with inflation or normal escalation of prices in the industry.\"[20] Canby Telcom has accused Comcast of raising rates way beyond the rate of inflation and industry-wide increases.[20] Clear Creek Television, which carried the Trail Blazers for 15 years, was rebuffed in its attempts to negotiate the above-market rate Comcast was pushing for.[20]","NBC Sports Northwest The network is available on cable providers throughout Oregon and Washington. The network maintains business offices, master control operations and studio facilities located in Portland, Oregon; NBC Sports Northwest maintains a secondary studio in the Moda Center that is used for Trail Blazers game coverage.","NBC Sports Northwest The Oregon Sports Network (OSN) – a sports syndication service operated by the University of Oregon to broadcast Oregon Ducks events – was seeking to expand its coverage and availability, and negotiated a contract with Comcast SportsNet Northwest around the time of its launch to air many of the university's football and basketball games that were not scheduled to broadcast on a national network or on FSN. In 2008, Comcast SportsNet Northwest became the primary broadcaster of OSN-produced telecasts, with the games being simulcast on Fox affiliate KLSR-TV (channel 34) in Eugene. Comcast SportsNet Northwest did not carry any Ducks football games during the 2012 season. In 2015, it ran the weekly Talking Ducks program.[6]","NBC Sports Northwest After the Trail Blazers dismantled their pay-per-view network BlazerVision in 2001, the team reached a broadcast deal with FSN Northwest, where the team's game telecasts aired until the 2006–07 season. Fox Sports Networks did not renew its contract with the Blazers at the conclusion of the 2006–07 season; as a result, Comcast formed a new regional sports network, Comcast SportsNet Northwest, to assume the broadcast rights to the team.[3] The network launched on November 1, 2007, coinciding with the start of the 2007–08 Trail Blazers regular season.","Root Sports Northwest Root Sports Northwest is an American regional sports network that is owned as a joint venture between the Seattle Mariners and the AT&T Sports Networks subsidiary of AT&T Inc., the latter of which operates it as part of the AT&T SportsNet chain of regional networks and as an affiliate of Fox Sports Networks. Headquartered near Seattle in the city of Bellevue, Washington, the channel broadcasts regional coverage of sports events throughout the Pacific Northwest, with a focus on professional sports teams based in Seattle and Portland.","NBC Sports Northwest On July 6, 2016, the team extended its contract through the 2020–2021 season and made NBC Sports Northwest the exclusive broadcaster of all regional Trail Blazers games beginning in the 2017–18 season.[7]","AT&T SportsNet On August 6, 2014, DirecTV and AT&T (who was in the process of acquiring DirecTV) acquired Comcast SportsNet Houston – which had earlier been granted a Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection placement through an involuntary petition filed by Comcast and NBCUniversal in September 2013[10] – as a 60/40 joint venture (with DirecTV as majority owner). The network was subsequently rebranded as Root Sports Southwest on November 17, 2014,[11][12][13][14] becoming the first Root Sports network to not be a rebranded Fox Sports Networks affiliate.","Root Sports Northwest In 1996, News Corporation, which formed a sports division for the Fox network two years earlier after it obtained the broadcast rights to the National Football Conference and sought to create a group of regional sports networks, acquired a 50% interest in the Prime Network from Liberty.[1] Later that year on November 1, News Corporation and Liberty Media relaunched the Prime Network affiliates as part of the new Fox Sports Net group, with the Seattle-based network officially rebranding as Fox Sports Northwest.[2] The channel was rebranded as Fox Sports Net Northwest in 2000, as part of a collective brand modification of the FSN networks under the \"Fox Sports Net\" banner. Subsequently, in 2004, the channel shortened its name to FSN Northwest, through the networks' de-emphasis of the \"Fox Sports Net\" brand.","CBS Sports Network CBS Sports Network is available nationally on satellite providers DirecTV and Dish Network, and regionally on fiber optic television provider Verizon FiOS, and cable providers such as Comcast, Time Warner Cable, Cox Communications, Cablevision, Charter Communications, Insight Communications, Bright House Networks, Blue Ridge Communications, Mediacom, RCN Corporation, Advanced Cable Communications and Bresnan.","Root Sports Northwest In April 2013, the Seattle Mariners announced that they would acquire controlling interest in Root Sports Northwest, as part of a long-term extension of its contract with the team through the 2030 season. DirecTV remained a minority stakeholder and controlling partner, and the network continued to operate under the Root Sports brand.[8]","AT&T SportsNet While previously operating under the FSN name, these four networks relaunched under the brand Root Sports on April 1, 2011, coinciding with the start of the Major League Baseball regular season. On July 14, 2017, following the acquisition of DirecTV by AT&T, the networks (besides Root Sports Northwest because it is majority-owned by the Seattle Mariners and not by AT&T) were re-branded under the name AT&T SportsNet, coinciding with the second half of the 2017 Major League Baseball season. Collectively, the networks serve 13 million cable and satellite subscribers in 22 states.[1] AT&T SportsNet master control operations are based in Atlanta, Georgia.","DirecTV On February 9, 2010, DirecTV dropped Sirius XM Radio and replaced the channel lineup with Sonic Tap audio stations.[43] On April 1, 2011, DirecTV announced it would be renaming its three FSN channels as Root Sports, though the channels are still affiliated with FSN.[44]","NBC Sports Northwest In April 2009, Comcast SportsNet Northwest began carrying select regular season games from the Tacoma Rainiers of the Pacific Coast League. The telecasts audio simulcasts of play-by-play commentary called by Rainiers radio announcer Mike Curto. On March 12, 2014, the network announced that it would carry all but one home game from the Portland Thunder during the Arena Football League team's inaugural season.[8]","Portland Trail Blazers On July 6, 2016, the team renewed its contract with CSN Northwest through the 2020–2021 season. Under the new deal, CSN Northwest will have exclusive rights to all Trail Blazers games beginning in the 2017–18 season. The team had originally considered an arrangement with KPTV, under which games would be broadcast over-the-air and simulcast via an internet service, but deals with potential streaming partners fell through. Root Sports Northwest made a higher-value, long-term offer. However, the offer was rejected for its potential impact on reach; although DirecTV, which serves 33% of the Portland market, carries the network by virtue of its co-ownership by AT&T, Root Sports could not guarantee whether its carriage deal with Comcast Cable, which serves 55% of the Portland market, would be renewed. Team president Chris McGowan also praised the recent leadership changes at the CSN networks, noting that their new president David Preschlack (formerly of ESPN) had a background in television distribution.[184]","NBCSN At the beginning of September 2009, DirecTV pulled Versus from its lineup, as it was unable to reach terms on a rate increase demanded by Comcast. In public statements (including a message shown on the channel which formerly carried Versus), DirecTV scolded Comcast for its \"unfair and outrageous demands\", and considered the company to be \"simply piggish\" in its demands for higher rates, as it described Versus as \"a paid programming and infomercial channel with occasional sporting events.\"[70] On March 15, 2010, an agreement was reached between the two sides and Versus returned to DirecTV's lineup. The channel was returned to its original package on the service, Choice Xtra.[71] The network has since drastically reduced its paid programming blocks to only three hours deep in late night under NBC management, and that remaining paid programming itself is now often subject to pre-emption with live sports from Asia or Australia and doesn't air at all during Olympic coverage.","CBS Sports Network In late February 2009, CBS Sports Network reached a new carriage agreement with DirecTV, which allowed the satellite provider to move the channel from its add on \"Sports Pack\" to its \"Choice Xtra\" base package; the move became effective on February 25, 2009, expanding the channel's distribution to 30 million subscribers.[31]","Root Sports Northwest Root Sports Northwest was launched in 1989 as Northwest Cable Sports, a network owned by King Broadcasting Company. In 1991, King Broadcasting sold Northwest Cable Sports and its other media properties to The Providence Journal Company, which sold the network to Liberty Media in 1992. Liberty integrated Northwest Cable Sports into its Prime Network group of regional sports networks, subsequently rebranding it as Prime Sports Northwest.","NBC Sports Northwest The network produces SportsNet Central, a daily morning news program providing game highlights and sports headlines. The network will provide fans with multimedia sports content online and through video on demand.[9] Along with the network's Trail Blazers game coverage, the network also airs a number of other NBA-related specials focused on the NBA Draft, NBA All-Star Game and the NBA Playoffs.","List of United States cable and satellite television channels Formerly Root Sports.","The Dan Patrick Show As of October 25, 2010, the show began simulcasting on Fox Sports Net and Comcast Sports Net.[5][6] The Comcast and Fox Sports Net broadcasts ended in July and on October 17, 2012, respectively, though DirecTV continued carrying the show on their Root Sports regional sports networks which formerly affiliated with FSN. After a short delay, the program began airing on NBC Sports Network on November 5, 2012.","Pac-12 Network As of 2015, the Pac-12 Networks were \"available in\" 90 million homes, but about 12 million actually subscribed to the network, according to SNL Kagan.[25] On February 10, 2016, the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission on behalf of Jessop & Proulx LLP, added Pac-12 Network to its list of foreign broadcasters that are allowed to be carried by Canadian pay television providers.[26] By the end of 2016, Pac-12 Network had carriage deals with Charter Communications in Los Angeles and Dallas,[27] Frontier FiOS,[28] and streaming service Sling TV,[29] but still had not come to terms with DirecTV.[30] In August 2017, the Pac-12 Networks were added to FuboTV.[31]","NBCSN NBCSN is an American digital cable and satellite television channel that is owned by the NBC Sports Group division of NBCUniversal. It originally launched on July 1, 1995, as the Outdoor Life Network (OLN), which was dedicated to programming primarily involving fishing, hunting, outdoor adventure programs, and outdoor sports. By the turn of the 21st century, OLN became better known for its extensive coverage of the Tour de France, but eventually began covering more \"mainstream\" sporting events – resulting in its relaunch as Versus in September 2006.","AT&T SportsNet On December 22, 2006, Liberty Media acquired four Fox Sports regional networks – FSN Utah, FSN Pittsburgh, FSN Northwest and FSN Rocky Mountain – as part of a deal with News Corporation, which exchanged the networks and its controlling 38.5% ownership interest in satellite provider DirecTV for US$550 million in cash and stock, in exchange for the 16.3% stake in News Corporation that had been owned by Liberty.[2][3] These three FSN affiliates became part of the Liberty Entertainment division, which also owned a stake in the Game Show Network.","AT&T SportsNet In December 2010, DirecTV announced that it would rebrand its FSN affiliates collectively under the \"Root Sports\" brand. The new brand was created to emphasize connections between the network and fans who passionately support (or \"root\" for) their local teams. The networks would, according to Mark Shuken, president and chief executive officer of DirecTV Sports Networks at the time, have a \"mindset\" that \"enables us to go from simply covering teams and games to providing an immersive experience as a fan and for the fan.\"[7] The introduction of Root Sports was also intended to signify a form of independence from FSN; however, the Root Sports networks will maintain their current affiliations with the group through a programming agreement.[8][9] The Root Sports brand was phased in on the networks during the first quarter of 2011, and officially replaced the channels' FSN branding (FSN Pittsburgh, FSN Northwest, FSN Rocky Mountain and FSN Utah) on April 1, 2011. The launch of Root Sports coincided with the opening weekend of the 2011 Major League Baseball season, as Root Sports holds broadcast rights for all of the MLB teams in their respective regions.[7]","AT&T SportsNet AT&T SportsNet (referred to as AT&TSN) is the collective name for a group of regional sports networks in the United States that are primarily owned and operated by AT&T Sports Networks, LLC (formerly Liberty Sports Holdings and DirecTV Sports Networks), a division of AT&T Inc. Each of the networks carry regional broadcasts of sporting events from various professional, collegiate and high school sports teams (with broadcasts typically exclusive to each individual network, although some are shown on more than one AT&T-branded network within a particular team's designated market area).","CBS Sports Network {{Infobox TV channel | name = CBS Sports Network | logofile = CBS Sports Network 2016.png | logosize = 250px | logocaption = | logo2 = | launch = June 2002; 15 years ago (June 2002) | closed date = | picture format = 1080i (HDTV)\n(HD feed downgraded to letterboxed 480i for SDTV sets) | owner = CBS Corporation | slogan = The 24-Hour Home of CBS Sports | country = United States | language = English | broadcast area = United States\nCanada | headquarters = New York City, New York | former names = National College Sports Network (2002–2003)\nCollege Sports Television (2003–2008)\nCBS College Sports Network (2008–2011) | replaced names = | replaced by names = | sister names = CBS\nCBSN | timeshift names = | web = CBSSportsNetwork.com | sat serv 1 = DirecTV | sat chan 1 = 221 (HD/SD) | sat serv 2 = Dish Network | sat chan 2 = 158 (HD/SD) | sat serv 3 = | sat chan 3 = | cable serv 1 = Verizon FiOS | cable chan 1 = 94 (SD)\n594 (HD) | cable serv 2 = Available on most other U.S. cable systems | cable chan 2 = Consult your local cable provider for channel availability | iptv serv 1 = Sky Angel | iptv chan 1 = 323 (SD) | iptv serv 2 = AT&T U-verse | iptv chan 2 = 643 (SD)\n1643 (HD) | iptv serv 3 = Bell Fibe TV (Canada) | iptv chan 3 = 417 (SD)\n1417 (HD) | online serv 1 = PlayStation Vue | online chan 1 = Internet Protocol television | online serv 2 = YouTube TV | online chan 2 = Internet Protocol television | online serv 3 = DirecTV Now | online chan 3 = Internet Protocol television","Root Sports Northwest Root Sports Northwest is the official regional cable home for Big Sky Conference football, airing between 10 and 15 games each season. Typically, the network will air one weekly Saturday afternoon match-up every week during conference play, until the final week of the regular season, when it features two rivalry match-ups in one weekend - Montana/Montana State (Brawl of the Wild) and Eastern Washington/Portland State. In the winter, the network home to West Coast Conference and Great Northwest Athletic Conference basketball. Local WCC coverage is primarily focused on the Gonzaga Bulldogs and Portland Pilots. The network also features various athletic events from the Mountain West, Atlantic Coast, Big East, and Big 12 Conferences throughout the year.","List of United States cable and satellite television channels Formerly Comcast SportsNet (CSN)English and Spanish audio feed","MountainWest Sports Network The Mtn. was available nationally on DirecTV and regionally on several small cable providers.","Spectrum SportsNet LA In 2014, Time Warner Cable reportedly asked other distributors for an estimated $4.90 monthly fee per household, with carriage fees increasing over the length of the contract.[38][39] In March 2016, TWC attempted to break the stalemate by reducing the fee for the upcoming season by about 30 percent: about $3.50 per household, according to an estimate by the analyst firm SNL Kagan. A follow-up offer extended the period to six years, with fees comparable to DirecTV's own Seattle-based regional sports channel, Root Sports Northwest, estimated at $3.84 per household. Both pre-season offers were rejected before opening day.[26][40][41]","NBCSN As of February 2015, NBCSN is available to approximately 81,578,000 pay television households (70.1% of households with television) in the United States.[1]","NBCSN The channel originally launched as the Outdoor Life Network (or OLN) on July 1, 1995; the name was licensed from Outdoor Life magazine. Its programming consisted of hunting, fishing, and outdoor adventure shows. In its early days, the channel reached around one million homes and found most of its carriage via the then-infant platforms of direct broadcast satellite services and digital cable.[2]","MountainWest Sports Network On April 5, 2012 it was announced that the Mtn. would cease operations on June 1, 2012.[2] With the Mtn.'s closure, the Mountain West had not announced formal broadcast plans for 2012–2013, though a Colorado Springs Gazette report suggested that some MWC games might be picked up by CBS Sports Network and/or NBC Sports Network, or offered to a third party such as ESPN.[3] Eventually all three networks picked up some MWC games while Root Sports Rocky Mountain picked up a cable package of games. Additional games were shown on Comcast, Time Warner, and Charter Cable Networks or on third tier local stations.","Fox Sports Indiana The channel is available on cable providers throughout Central Indiana, and is also available nationwide on DirecTV.","Pac-12 Network On September 8, 2012, Dish Network announced that it would carry the Pac-12 National Network starting on September 8. To date, it is the only satellite carrier to have struck a carriage agreement with the Pac-12 Networks, and was the largest pay television provider to reach a carriage deal during 2012, bringing the Pac-12 Networks' national coverage to approximately 60 million households.[21] On February 1, 2016, however, Pac-12 restricted access to the regional channels for DISH subscribers.[22] On October 10, 2012, the conference came to an agreement with Consolidated Communications for its SureWest Communications system in Northern California to carry the Pac-12 Networks Bay Area regional service.[23] On September 6, 2013, Pac-12 Networks entered into a deal with AT&T U-verse to carry the main feed on channel 759 (as well as on channel 760 in the San Francisco Bay Area, and on channel 761 in Los Angeles).[24]","AT&T SportsNet Pittsburgh On December 22, 2006, News Corporation sold its interest in FSN Pittsburgh and sister networks FSN Utah, FSN Northwest and FSN Rocky Mountain to Liberty Media, in an asset trade in which News Corporation also traded its 38.5% ownership stake in satellite provider DirecTV for $550 million in cash and stock, in exchange for Liberty Media's 16.3% stake in the company.[6] On May 4, 2009, DirecTV Group Inc. announced it would become a part of Liberty's entertainment unit, part of which would then be spun off into the separate company under the DirecTV name, in a deal in which Liberty would increase its share in DirecTV from 48% to 54%, with Liberty owner John Malone and his family owning a 24% interest. DirecTV would operate its newly acquired FSN-affiliated networks through DirecTV Sports Networks,[7] a new division formed when the split off from Liberty Media was completed on November 19, 2009.[8]","Root Sports Northwest Root Sports Northwest holds the regional cable television rights to the Seattle Mariners of Major League Baseball, producing and televising over 150 live regular season games (out of 162 total), along with 30+ minute pregame and post-game shows that air before and after all telecasts produced by the network. Other Mariners programming on the network includes live Spring Training games, Mariners All Access, which includes both weekly editions during the regular season and several other in-season and off-season specials each year, and Mariners Mondays, a 3-hour weekly program that airs during the winter months that highlights memorable games and moments from the past season.","Fox Sports West and Prime Ticket Both Fox Sports West and Prime Ticket are available on cable providers throughout Southern California, the Las Vegas Valley and Hawaii; it is also available nationwide on satellite via DirecTV, Dish Network, and via IPTV providers Sling TV and PlayStation Vue.","Root Sports Northwest Root Sports Northwest also holds the regional cable television rights to two Major League Soccer franchises - the Seattle Sounders FC and the Portland Timbers. The network airs a 30 minute live post-match show after every Timbers game , as well as weekly magazine shows for both teams - Sounders FC All Access and Timbers in 30. Many matches are shown in tape-delay due to overlapping with Seattle Mariners games.","Portland Trail Blazers Trail Blazers broadcasts have been criticized on several fronts. The broadcast personalities, all of whom are Trail Blazers employees, have been criticized in the media for being \"homers\"; further it has been alleged that the 2005 departure of Steve Jones was due in part to team displeasure with Jones' sometimes frank analysis of the team's on-court performance and off-court decisions.[180] Furthermore, the team's television contract with CSN Northwest has been criticized due to the channel's lack of carriage on satellite television providers DirecTV and Dish Network, both of which compete with Comcast's cable television operations.[173][181][182]","The Dan Patrick Show The show is currently televised on three networks: on DirecTV's Audience Network (formerly the 101 Network) since August 3, 2009; on three AT&T SportsNet affiliates since October 25, 2010; and on NBCSN as of November 5, 2012. It can also be heard on Sirius channel 214 and XM channel 203 and is distributed as a podcast by PodcastOne[1][2]","DirecTV DirecTV also offers local channels like CBS, ABC, NBC, Fox, PBS, The CW, Telemundo, Azteca, Univision, ION Television (in markets that carry that network), and some independent stations in markets covering over 99.2% of U.S. TV households.[97] In markets that lack an OTA CW affiliate, DirecTV offers WKBD-TV from Detroit or KTLA from Los Angeles. Because DirecTV does not carry local digital subchannels, however, broadcast networks such as MeTV and Antenna TV are not available on DirecTV in most markets.","MAVTV DirecTV added MAVTV on June 10, 2013. The channel is being carried in standard definition.[7]","Spectrum SportsNet (Los Angeles) As part of the agreement with Time Warner, the team stated that it would work with the cable provider to ensure that other providers within the Lakers' designated broadcast territory (parts of southern California, including the San Diego, Palm Springs and Santa Barbara markets, as well as southern Nevada and Hawaii) would have access to the two networks. As of 2016, the only television providers that does not carry either channel is satellite provider Dish Network, cable company Comcast serving northern Santa Barbara County, and IPTV's CenturyLink Prism TV serving Las Vegas Valley. Time Warner offers the channel for $3.95 a subscriber, comparable to other regional sports networks, but other providers were concerned that this cost could increase substantially should the Los Angeles Dodgers begin carrying their games on Time Warner Cable SportsNet;[7] while Time Warner Cable did later reach a 25-year agreement with the Dodgers, the provider created a separate channel, SportsNet LA, to carry that team's games and other Dodgers-related programming.","MAVTV MAVTV can be found in the US on Cablevision, Spectrum, GCI in Alaska, select cable systems within the Caribbean Co-op, Xfinity, RCN Corporation, AT&T U-verse and DirecTV.","Fox Sports Ohio Fox Sports Ohio is available on cable providers throughout Ohio, as well as parts of Indiana, Kentucky, northwestern Pennsylvania, border communities of West Virginia, and extreme southwestern New York; it is also available nationwide on satellite via DirecTV and Dish Network.","NBC Sports Northwest With Comcast's acquisition of NBCUniversal in 2011, Comcast SportsNet was also integrated into the new NBC Sports Group unit, culminating with the addition of the peacock logo and an updated graphics package to mirror that of its parent network. The updated graphics were implemented on CSN's live game coverage and all studio shows; SportsNet Central was an exception to this initially, but would ultimately implement a new on-air look of its own and on April 14, 2014, in conjunction with that change, the program switched to the updated graphics package introduced three years earlier.","Longhorn Network Longhorn Network launched on DirecTV on January 21, 2015 along with Fusion. It became available on regional sports network on the Choice package in the Southwestern United States and on the Sports Pack everywhere else. [13]","Fox Sports Sun Fox Sports Sun is available on cable providers throughout Florida; it is also available nationwide on satellite via DirecTV and Dish Network.","Spectrum SportsNet LA Early on, DirecTV offered to carry the channel on an \"a la carte\" basis, rather than part of a package, at whatever monthly fee TWC set. That scheme would avoid passing the cost to DirectTV's entire base of subscribers, including those not interested in the channel. TWC responded by noting that bundled regional sports channels have been an industry standard, one that DirecTV itself adheres to in other markets.[29][30][31][32]","AT&T SportsNet Pittsburgh As of August 2013[update], AT&T SportsNet Pittsburgh is available on cable providers throughout nearly all of Pennsylvania (outside of the Philadelphia market), almost all of West Virginia (except the Eastern Panhandle), western Maryland, eastern Ohio, southwestern border areas of New York and Ashland, Kentucky, reaching more than 2.4 million homes. It is also available nationwide on satellite via DirecTV and Dish Network.","Root Sports Northwest In addition to a wide array of collegiate programming, Root Sports televises Washington Interscholastic Activities Association high school football games on Thursday and Friday nights during the regular season, as well as playoff and championship games. Root's coverage is usually limited to games featuring teams from the 3A and 4A classification levels. In 2016, the network aired a 2-part program covering the Northwest 9 training camp event for top high school quarterbacks from the Pacific Northwest. High school events broadcast by the network in recent years have also included Oregon School Activities Association high school football championship games and WIAA high school basketball.","MLB Network MLB Network is an American television sports channel dedicated to baseball. It is primarily owned by Major League Baseball,[2] with television providers AT&T, Comcast (through its NBC Sports Group), Charter Communications and Cox Communications having minority ownership.[3]","Pittsburgh Penguins Dish Network, Verizon FiOS and Direct TV all carry the Penguins games on their AT&T SportsNet Pittsburgh channel in HD nationally.","Fox Sports Southeast Fox Sports Southeast is available on cable providers throughout Georgia, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, South Carolina and parts of North Carolina (roughly from Asheville to Charlotte); it is also available nationwide on satellite via DirecTV and Dish Network. The channel's programming reaches an estimated 8.9 million cable and satellite subscribers.","NBCSN In addition, Versus also added a package of college football games to its lineup, with games from the Mountain West Conference, Pac-10 (now Pac-12) and Big 12 conferences.[13][14][15] totaling 19 scheduled college football games on the channel during 2007.","CBS Sports Network CBS Sports Network is an American digital cable and satellite television network that is owned by the CBS Corporation. When it launched in 2002 as the National College Sports Network (later College Sports Television also known as CSTV), it operated as a multi-platform media brand which also included its primary website, collegesports.com, and a network of websites operated for the athletic departments of 215 colleges and universities.","AT&T SportsNet Pittsburgh On December 17, 2010, DirecTV Sports Networks announced that its four Fox Sports Networks-affiliated regional outlets would be relaunched under the \"Root Sports\" brand.[9] The network officially rebranded as Root Sports Pittsburgh on April 1, 2011, coinciding with the start of the 2011 Major League Baseball season. For nominal purposes, the Root Sports networks continued to carry programming distributed mainly to the Fox Sports regional networks to provide supplementary sports and entertainment programming. On April 8, 2016, DirecTV Sports Networks rebranded under the AT&T name as AT&T Sports Networks.[10]","CBS Sports Network On July 7, 2009, Cox Communications announced that it would add the channel to its systems in Orange County, California and Arizona on August 1, 2009.[32] AT&T U-verse added the network on February 17, 2010.[33] On August 1, 2011, Cable One added the network in select markets.[34]","AT&T SportsNet On May 4, 2009, DirecTV Group Inc. announced it would become a part of Liberty Entertainment, and spin off certain properties into a separate company under the DirecTV name, in a deal in which Liberty would increase its share in DirecTV from a minority 48% to a controlling 54%, while Liberty owner John Malone and his family would own a 24% interest. DirecTV would then operate the four acquired FSN-affiliated networks through DirecTV Sports Networks,[4] a new division formed on November 19, 2009, upon the spin-off's completion.[5][6]","Pac-12 Network The original announcement of the Pac-12 Networks' launch on July 27, 2011 included the announcement of carriage agreements with four major cable providers, Comcast, Time Warner Cable, Cox Communications and Bright House Networks to carry the Pac-12 Network and Pac-12 Digital Network at launch. The agreements did not guarantee that the Pac-12 Networks would be available in all areas within the territory of a Pac-12 university, and a minimum of 40 million homes nationally at launch date.[10] The agreements complimented a 12-year deal that the Pac-12 Conference had struck with Fox Sports and ESPN that began in 2012. In addition, the network entered into extended negotiations with satellite providers. Pac-12 commissioner Larry Scott stated in a May 8, 2012 interview with sports radio station KJR in Seattle that he is \"quietly optimistic\" that deals with providers would be made in time for the channel's planned fall 2012 launch. As of September 7, 2013, the Pac-12 Network has not yet signed carriage deals with DirecTV, Charter Communications and Verizon FiOS.","RFD-TV As of February 2015, RFD-TV is available to approximately 47.3 million pay television households (40.7% of households with television) in the United States.[2] It is currently carried by satellite providers Dish Network and DirecTV, as well as through cable providers such as Mediacom, Charter Communications, Cox Communications and Armstrong.[3][4] It is not available in most Comcast markets; Comcast controversially dropped the channel in many of its Western markets in favor of Al Jazeera America in 2013.[5] In addition to its cable and satellite coverage, RFD-TV is offered as an Internet television feed; the feed is currently paywalled and requires a paying subscription, with a TV Everywhere said to be coming soon. It was added to Sling TV on April 4, 2017 as part of the \"Heartland Extra\" add-on service.[6] RFD TV is also available as part of the 'Live A Little' package offered by DirecTV Now. With an average of 136,000 viewers in 2016, RFD-TV has some of the highest viewership relative to availability compared to other \"ultra-niche\" networks with similar or wider distribution owned by major corporations.[7]","DirecTV DirecTV (stylized as DIRECTV or simply DTV) is an American direct broadcast satellite service provider based in El Segundo, California and is a subsidiary of AT&T. Its satellite service, launched on June 17, 1994, transmits digital satellite television and audio to households in the United States, Latin America and the Caribbean.[3][4] Its primary competitors are Dish Network and cable television providers. On July 24, 2015, after receiving approval from the United States Federal Communications Commission and United States Department of Justice, AT&T acquired DirecTV in a transaction valued at $48.5 billion.[5][6]","Spectrum SportsNet LA SportsNet LA has never been available to the majority of households in its service area.[24] Carriage was most limited in the channel's inaugural 2014 season, when it was carried by Time Warner Cable systems in Los Angeles, Bright House Networks' system in Bakersfield, and Champion Broadband serving a small portion of the San Gabriel Valley. Together, these distributors covered only 30% of the market, leaving the remaining 70% without the channel. Coverage rose when Charter Communications added SportsNet LA in June 2015, but remains under 50 percent: about 1.8 million homes. DirecTV is the largest unsigned distributor.[13][25][26] Since Charter's acquisition of TWC on September 20, 2016, SportsNet LA is only carried by Charter and its subsidiary, Bright House Networks.[27]","The Weather Channel On April 8, 2014, The Weather Channel and DirecTV both settled on a new agreement (TWC decided to alter its programming lineup by trimming the amount of reality programming on weekdays in half, restricting them to its nighttime schedule, in response to complaints from DirecTV subscribers), with the provider restoring the channel on channel 362 the following day. Access to local weather content using the red button feature did not return until May 2, 2014.[45]","AT&T SportsNet AT&T SportsNet HD is a high definition simulcast feed of select programs from AT&T SportsNet including live sports events, studio shows and Fox Sports Networks-distributed national programming. Each regional channel (and in some cases, their alternate feed) has its own separate high-definition feed, with their own set schedules of programming that are made available in HD.","NBC Sports Northwest Since the 2008–09 season, due to the Seattle SuperSonics' relocation to Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, in 2008 to become the Oklahoma City Thunder, Trail Blazers games are also available in the Seattle region.","Outdoor Channel Outdoor Channel HD formally known as Outdoor Channel 2 HD is a 1080i high definition simulcast of Outdoor Channel that launched in early 2004. Service Electric Cablevision, Inc. was the first provider to carry it.[4] AT&T U-verse added it in October 2008.[5] In early April 2009, it was announced that it had reached carriage agreement deals with Comcast, RCN, US Cable, and Time Warner Cable for the HD version.[6][7] In June 2010, Outdoor Channel became the first and only full-time cable network in the outdoor category to broadcast every episode of every show in 100% native HD.[8]","FXX Although the channel is intended by Fox to be part of the basic cable lineup, on many providers (including Suddenlink Communications, Comcast, DirecTV, Verizon FiOS, and Charter Communications) the channel was previously placed in a specialty sports package, a holdover from the channel's previous iteration as Fox Soccer,[13] although most providers have since moved FXX into more basic slots on the lineup.","Fox Sports Wisconsin Fox Sports Wisconsin is available on cable providers throughout Wisconsin, the western Upper Peninsula of Michigan, northwestern Illinois, and Iowa; it is also available nationwide on satellite via DirecTV. Prior to 2017, Fox Sports Wisconsin was available to Minnesota residents near the Wisconsin border, however that is no longer the case.","Fox Sports South Fox Sports South is available on cable providers throughout Alabama, Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina and Tennessee; it is also available nationwide on satellite via DirecTV and Dish Network.","Olympic Channel (United States) Olympic Channel (branded as Olympic Channel: Home of Team USA) is an American digital cable and satellite sports channel owned by the NBC Olympics division of NBC Sports and the United States Olympic Committee. It is dedicated to Olympic sports, and is a franchise of the International Olympic Committee's (IOC) Olympic Channel operation. It is exclusively broadcast in 1080i high definition; providers who intend to provide a standard definition simulcast of the network must downscale the HD feed at their headend level.[1]","Spectrum SportsNet (Los Angeles) Spectrum SportsNet – which broadcasts in English – and Spectrum Deportes – which is the first U.S. regional sports network with a 24-hour Spanish feed[2] – launched at 7:00 p.m. Pacific Time on October 1, 2012.[3] Spectrum SportsNet and Spectrum Deportes serve the Los Angeles and San Diego metropolitan areas, the Coachella Valley, the Central Coast of California, Las Vegas, and Hawaii.","The Weather Channel DirecTV removed The Weather Channel from its lineup at 12:00 a.m. Eastern Time on January 14, 2014, after the two parties were unable to come to terms on a new carriage agreement;[40] as a result, DirecTV became the first major pay television provider to drop the channel in its history.[41] Two weeks before the channel's carriage agreement was set to expire on December 31 (after which the deadline for a new carriage deal was extended by two weeks), the satellite provider began carrying WeatherNation TV (the successor to The Weather Cast and owned by WeatherNation, LLC) on channel 361 on December 16, 2013 – placing the channel next to The Weather Channel's slot on channel 362;[42] WeatherNation replaced The Weather Channel on channel 362 – while still being carried on channel 361 – when TWC was pulled.[41][43]","Pac-12 Network On July 20, 2012, the Pac-12 Conference announced a long-term agreement with the National Cable Television Cooperative (NCTC), a cooperative of 900 mostly smaller and rural cable providers, allowing any member of the NCTC access to carry one or more of the Pac-12 Network as well as providing access to the Pac-12 Digital Network through the NCTC WTVE TV Everywhere platform.[11] In an August 10, 2012 conference, the conference announced that NCTC members Strata Networks and All West Communications in Utah, San Bruno Cable in the San Francisco Bay Area, GCI in Alaska, LocalTel Communications in Wenatchee, WA and Ashland Communications in Oregon had agreed to carry the Pac-12 Network.[12] On July 28, 2012, Frontier Communications announced on one of its official Facebook accounts that the company would carry the channel on Frontier FiOS TV.[13] The deal was officially announced on August 1, 2012.","NBCSN Comcast, the original owner of Versus, acquired a majority stake in NBC Universal in 2011. As a result, Comcast merged the operations of its cable channels with those of NBC. In particular, it aligned the operation of its sports channels with NBC's sports division, NBC Sports. On January 2, 2012, Versus was rebranded as the NBC Sports Network (with the on-air branding later shortened to NBCSN) to reflect these changes. As of September 15, 2014, the entirety of NBC Sports' operations, including NBCSN, is based in facilities in Stamford, Connecticut.","Big Ten Network The network has agreements with more than 300 providers.[4] It is carried nationally on DirecTV, Dish Network and AT&T U-verse; and regionally on nearly every cable system in the Big Ten's 14-state footprint, including AT&T U-Verse, Verizon FiOS, Charter Communications, Comcast, Cox Communications, Insight Communications, Mediacom Communications, Time Warner Cable, Cable One, Cablevision and several others. In Canada, it is available on Shaw Direct, Shaw Cable, Rogers Cable, Cogeco Cable and EastLink. The network is available on cable in 19 of the 20 largest U.S. media markets.[5] The Big Ten Network is also carried on PlayStation Vue and Hulu Live TV.[6]","Fox Sports West and Prime Ticket On November 1, 1996, the Fox/Liberty joint venture relaunched the Prime Network affiliates as part of the new Fox Sports Net; as a result, the channel was officially rebranded as Fox Sports West.[5] The following year, Fox Sports Net expanded to other regions with the purchase of a 40% interest in the SportsChannel networks through an asset trade with Cablevision Systems Corporation, forming the venture National Sports Partners to run the owned-and-operated regional networks.","Fox Sports Southwest Fox Sports Southwest is available on cable providers throughout much of Texas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, eastern New Mexico and Arkansas; it is also available nationwide on satellite via DirecTV and Dish Network.","Spectrum SportsNet LA The channel, which launched on February 25, 2014, was the result of a 25-year deal with Time Warner Cable reached in January 2013, valued at $8.35 billion, succeeding Fox Sports West as the regional rights holder for the team. The channel is one of three regional sports networks owned by Charter Communications serving the Los Angeles region.","Sky Sports In July 2006, Sky Sports HD2 launched on Sky Digital channel 409, at the same time Sky Sports HD1 moved to channel 408, with Sky Sports News switching to channel 405. There was also a HD version of PremPlus, called PremPlus HD, which broadcast on Sky channel 483 until the football season ended. It was briefly branded Sky Sports HDX and used to broadcast other Sky Sports content in HD, before it ceased broadcasting.","Fox Sports 1 Carriage deals were made by the launch date with all major cable and satellite providers, including cable/telco providers Comcast, Charter Communications, Cox Communications, Verizon FiOS, AT&T U-verse, Cablevision, Bright House Networks, Mediacom, Suddenlink Communications, Cable One and Time Warner Cable, as well as satellite providers DirecTV and Dish Network.[21] The deals with Time Warner, Dish and DirecTV – which were announced just days before FS1's launch – were seen as crucial to the network, as those three providers had a combined reach of over 40 million households, nearly half the goal of 90 million homes that FS1 set for its launch.[17]"],"string":"[\n \"NBC Sports Northwest As of August 2013, the network is not available on satellite providers DirecTV and Dish Network, which both maintain that Comcast has negotiated in bad faith during carriage discussions engaged between the parties. Particularly, Comcast demands the network be carried on more widely subscribed basic programming tiers,[15] while contradictorily arguing that sports networks not owned by the company be carried only on a dedicated sports tier.[16] The Trail Blazers are said to be frustrated and disappointed with Comcast's conduct over their contract with CSN Northwest in this regard.[17]\",\n \"NBC Sports Northwest The Consumer Protection Committee of the Oregon House of Representatives held a hearing on February 24, 2010 to attempt to arbitrate a carriage deal between the network, DirecTV, Dish Network and Charter Communications. No representatives for DirecTV, Dish Network or the Trail Blazers attended the hearing.[18] On June 21, the Trail Blazers asked the Federal Communications Commission to require Comcast to make the team's games available to competing multichannel video programming distributors such as DirecTV and Dish Network.[19]\",\n \"NBC Sports Northwest Comcast rebranded CSN Northwest as NBC Sports Northwest on October 2, 2017.[2]\",\n \"NBC Sports Northwest NBC Sports Northwest (originally Comcast SportsNet Northwest) is an American regional sports network that is owned by the NBC Sports Group unit of NBCUniversal, and operates as an affiliate of NBC Sports Regional Networks. The network broadcasts regional coverage of professional sports events throughout the Pacific Northwest, focusing primarily on the NBA's Portland Trail Blazers and college sports events involving the Oregon Ducks; the network also covers other sports events involving teams within the northwestern United States, including those featuring college and high school teams.[1]\",\n \"NBC Sports Northwest Comcast SportsNet Northwest became CSN Northwest in 2016.[4] On October 2, 2017, CSN Northwest was renamed as NBC Sports Northwest, as part of a larger rebranding of the Comcast SportsNet networks under the NBC Sports brand.[5]\",\n \"NBC Sports Northwest As of September 2013[update], Comcast SportsNet Northwest is available on Comcast (in Oregon and Washington), Ashland TV, Beaver Creek Telcom, BendBroadband,[10] Canby Telcom,[11] Charter Communications (in Oregon and Washington), Country Cablevision, Frontier Communications (in Oregon and Washington), MINET (in Monmouth, Oregon),[12] Monroe Telephone, Reliance Connects, Scio Cablevision, Verizon FiOS (in the Portland and Seattle markets) and Wave Broadband.[13][14]\",\n \"NBC Sports Northwest NBC Sports Northwest HD is available on Comcast throughout Oregon and southwestern Washington; Comcast did not carry the high-definition feed in most of the remainder of Washington State (specifically its systems in the Seattle-Tacoma and Spokane markets) until early 2013, when it began to be carried on Channel 617. CSN Northwest HD is only available on Comcast's digital preferred package in western and eastern Washington.\",\n \"Root Sports Northwest Root Sports Northwest is available on cable providers throughout Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Montana, and Alaska and nationwide on satellite via DirecTV and Dish Network.\",\n \"Root Sports Northwest DirecTV was subsequently acquired by AT&T;[9] on July 14, 2017, its sister networks were re-branded as AT&T SportsNet. Root Sports Northwest did not adopt the AT&T SportsNet brand, likely because AT&T is not the majority owner of the service.[10][11] Nonetheless, Root Sports Northwest still debuted the new on-air graphics used by its sister networks.[12]\",\n \"NBC Sports Northwest Comcast sent some of its senior staff members to Oregon after a member of the Sports Fan Coalition testified before the Oregon State Legislature on the provider's denial of access to the network on DirecTV, Dish and other cable providers. Brian Frederick, executive director of the advocacy group, stated that \\\"Comcast clearly sees the public perception of its treatment of sports fans as a potential Achilles heel in efforts to acquire NBCU\\\".[21] In a November 7, 2010 article in The Oregonian, Blazers chief executive officer Larry Miller continued to express frustration about the lack of availability for the team's CSN-televised games.[22]\",\n \"NBC Sports Northwest NBC Sports Northwest also airs video simulcasts of three weekday sports radio programs: it carries the Chuck Powell Show KJR (950 AM) talk program from Seattle live each weekday from 10:00 a.m. to 1:00 p.m., and The FAN from KFXX (1080 AM) in Portland from 3:00 to 6:00 p.m.[6]\",\n \"NBC Sports Northwest NBC Sports Northwest holds the exclusive regional television rights to the Portland Trail Blazers, carrying the majority of the NBA franchise's regular season, pre-season and early-round playoff games; the network also produces expanded pre-game and post-game analysis (under the Rip City Live and Talking Ball banners), and carries select NBA Summer League games and season team previews.[6] During the network's inaugural season in 2007–08, Comcast SportsNet Northwest carried at least 55 Trail Blazers regular season games. Combined with the Trail Blazers' over-the-air coverage, 81 of the team's regular season games that year were shown on television, the largest number of telecasts in the team's history. The new network aired 28 of the team's 36 home game telecasts in high definition.[3] All Trail Blazers telecasts are produced in-house by the team, and some were previously syndicated to over-the-air stations in the team's designated market region.[7]\",\n \"NBC Sports Northwest NBC Sports Northwest also provides coverage of a variety of other regional sports events. The network broadcasts NHL games involving the Vancouver Canucks, carrying 25 games per season that are simulcast from Sportsnet Pacific. Through its relationships with other Comcast-owned channels, NBC Sports Northwest also broadcasts 35 regular-season games from various other NHL teams. In 2011, Comcast SportsNet Northwest announced that it would provide a reduced schedule of NHL coverage focusing solely on the Vancouver Canucks and San Jose Sharks; the network announced later that year that it would no longer carry any Sharks telecasts. Additionally, the network also carries select home games from the Portland Winterhawks Western Hockey League franchise.[6]\",\n \"Root Sports Northwest On December 22, 2006, News Corporation sold its interest in FSN Northwest and sister networks FSN Utah, FSN Pittsburgh and FSN Rocky Mountain to Liberty Media, in an asset trade in which News Corporation also 16.3% traded its 38.5% ownership stake in satellite provider DirecTV for $550 million in cash and stock, in exchange for Liberty Media's stake in the company.[3] On May 4, 2009, DirecTV Group Inc. announced it would become a part of Liberty's entertainment unit, part of which would then be spun off into the separate company under the DirecTV name, in a deal in which Liberty would increase its share in DirecTV from 48% to 54%, with Liberty owner John Malone and his family owning a 24% interest. DirecTV would operate its newly acquired FSN-affiliated networks through DirecTV Sports Networks,[4][5] a new division formed when the split off from Liberty Media was completed on November 19, 2009.[6]\",\n \"Root Sports Northwest On December 17, 2010, DirecTV Sports Networks announced that its four Fox Sports Networks-affiliated regional outlets would be relaunched under the \\\"Root Sports\\\" brand.[7] The network officially rebranded as Root Sports Northwest' on April 1, 2011, with The Dan Patrick Show as the first program under the new Root Sports branding. For nominal purposes, the Root Sports networks continued to carry programming distributed mainly to the Fox Sports regional networks to provide supplementary sports and entertainment programming.\",\n \"AT&T SportsNet On April 8, 2016, DirecTV Sports Networks rebranded under the AT&T name as AT&T Sports Networks.[15] Three of the channels were re-branded as AT&T SportsNet on July 14, 2017, introducing new logos and on-air graphics. Root Sports Northwest adopted the new AT&T SportsNet graphics,[16] but remains under the Root Sports brand; it is the only network in the group that is not majority-owned by AT&T.[17][18]\",\n \"DirecTV DirecTV owns regional sports networks Root Sports Pittsburgh, Root Sports Northwest, Root Sports Southwest, Root Sports Rocky Mountain, and Root Sports Utah (all under the umbrella of AT&T Sports Networks). It also owns minority shares of Game Show Network and MLB Network. DirecTV is also the exclusive U.S. rights holder to the NFL Sunday Ticket sports package. It also exclusively carries the \\\"DirecTV Experience\\\", which includes bonus coverage of men's major golf tournaments and Grand Slam tennis tournaments, including live feeds not available on other networks such as CBS, NBC, ESPN, Golf Channel and Tennis Channel that cover the events. DirecTV was also the exclusive provider of defunct sports packages NASCAR Hot Pass and Mega March Madness.\",\n \"NBC Sports Northwest NBC Sports Northwest HD is a 1080i high-definition simulcast feed of NBC Sports Northwest. CSN Northwest broadcast 28 Portland Trail Blazers home games in HD in the 2007–08 season;[3] that number of high-definition game telecasts shown on the network increased to 32 for the 2008–09 season. Former Blazers broadcaster Mike Barrett announced during the network's game telecast against the Los Angeles Clippers on April 13, 2009, that CSN Northwest would broadcast all Trail Blazers games in HD from then onward.\",\n \"NBC Sports Northwest Oregon-based cable provider Canby Telcom objected to a non-negotiable subscribe fee increase that would have increased the network's annual subscriber rate to over $32 in 2012; as a result, Canby announced plans to stop carrying Comcast SportsNet Northwest.[20] Keith Galitz, president of Canby Telcom, stated \\\"That's just too steep an increase for us, and it's not in line with inflation or normal escalation of prices in the industry.\\\"[20] Canby Telcom has accused Comcast of raising rates way beyond the rate of inflation and industry-wide increases.[20] Clear Creek Television, which carried the Trail Blazers for 15 years, was rebuffed in its attempts to negotiate the above-market rate Comcast was pushing for.[20]\",\n \"NBC Sports Northwest The network is available on cable providers throughout Oregon and Washington. The network maintains business offices, master control operations and studio facilities located in Portland, Oregon; NBC Sports Northwest maintains a secondary studio in the Moda Center that is used for Trail Blazers game coverage.\",\n \"NBC Sports Northwest The Oregon Sports Network (OSN) – a sports syndication service operated by the University of Oregon to broadcast Oregon Ducks events – was seeking to expand its coverage and availability, and negotiated a contract with Comcast SportsNet Northwest around the time of its launch to air many of the university's football and basketball games that were not scheduled to broadcast on a national network or on FSN. In 2008, Comcast SportsNet Northwest became the primary broadcaster of OSN-produced telecasts, with the games being simulcast on Fox affiliate KLSR-TV (channel 34) in Eugene. Comcast SportsNet Northwest did not carry any Ducks football games during the 2012 season. In 2015, it ran the weekly Talking Ducks program.[6]\",\n \"NBC Sports Northwest After the Trail Blazers dismantled their pay-per-view network BlazerVision in 2001, the team reached a broadcast deal with FSN Northwest, where the team's game telecasts aired until the 2006–07 season. Fox Sports Networks did not renew its contract with the Blazers at the conclusion of the 2006–07 season; as a result, Comcast formed a new regional sports network, Comcast SportsNet Northwest, to assume the broadcast rights to the team.[3] The network launched on November 1, 2007, coinciding with the start of the 2007–08 Trail Blazers regular season.\",\n \"Root Sports Northwest Root Sports Northwest is an American regional sports network that is owned as a joint venture between the Seattle Mariners and the AT&T Sports Networks subsidiary of AT&T Inc., the latter of which operates it as part of the AT&T SportsNet chain of regional networks and as an affiliate of Fox Sports Networks. Headquartered near Seattle in the city of Bellevue, Washington, the channel broadcasts regional coverage of sports events throughout the Pacific Northwest, with a focus on professional sports teams based in Seattle and Portland.\",\n \"NBC Sports Northwest On July 6, 2016, the team extended its contract through the 2020–2021 season and made NBC Sports Northwest the exclusive broadcaster of all regional Trail Blazers games beginning in the 2017–18 season.[7]\",\n \"AT&T SportsNet On August 6, 2014, DirecTV and AT&T (who was in the process of acquiring DirecTV) acquired Comcast SportsNet Houston – which had earlier been granted a Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection placement through an involuntary petition filed by Comcast and NBCUniversal in September 2013[10] – as a 60/40 joint venture (with DirecTV as majority owner). The network was subsequently rebranded as Root Sports Southwest on November 17, 2014,[11][12][13][14] becoming the first Root Sports network to not be a rebranded Fox Sports Networks affiliate.\",\n \"Root Sports Northwest In 1996, News Corporation, which formed a sports division for the Fox network two years earlier after it obtained the broadcast rights to the National Football Conference and sought to create a group of regional sports networks, acquired a 50% interest in the Prime Network from Liberty.[1] Later that year on November 1, News Corporation and Liberty Media relaunched the Prime Network affiliates as part of the new Fox Sports Net group, with the Seattle-based network officially rebranding as Fox Sports Northwest.[2] The channel was rebranded as Fox Sports Net Northwest in 2000, as part of a collective brand modification of the FSN networks under the \\\"Fox Sports Net\\\" banner. Subsequently, in 2004, the channel shortened its name to FSN Northwest, through the networks' de-emphasis of the \\\"Fox Sports Net\\\" brand.\",\n \"CBS Sports Network CBS Sports Network is available nationally on satellite providers DirecTV and Dish Network, and regionally on fiber optic television provider Verizon FiOS, and cable providers such as Comcast, Time Warner Cable, Cox Communications, Cablevision, Charter Communications, Insight Communications, Bright House Networks, Blue Ridge Communications, Mediacom, RCN Corporation, Advanced Cable Communications and Bresnan.\",\n \"Root Sports Northwest In April 2013, the Seattle Mariners announced that they would acquire controlling interest in Root Sports Northwest, as part of a long-term extension of its contract with the team through the 2030 season. DirecTV remained a minority stakeholder and controlling partner, and the network continued to operate under the Root Sports brand.[8]\",\n \"AT&T SportsNet While previously operating under the FSN name, these four networks relaunched under the brand Root Sports on April 1, 2011, coinciding with the start of the Major League Baseball regular season. On July 14, 2017, following the acquisition of DirecTV by AT&T, the networks (besides Root Sports Northwest because it is majority-owned by the Seattle Mariners and not by AT&T) were re-branded under the name AT&T SportsNet, coinciding with the second half of the 2017 Major League Baseball season. Collectively, the networks serve 13 million cable and satellite subscribers in 22 states.[1] AT&T SportsNet master control operations are based in Atlanta, Georgia.\",\n \"DirecTV On February 9, 2010, DirecTV dropped Sirius XM Radio and replaced the channel lineup with Sonic Tap audio stations.[43] On April 1, 2011, DirecTV announced it would be renaming its three FSN channels as Root Sports, though the channels are still affiliated with FSN.[44]\",\n \"NBC Sports Northwest In April 2009, Comcast SportsNet Northwest began carrying select regular season games from the Tacoma Rainiers of the Pacific Coast League. The telecasts audio simulcasts of play-by-play commentary called by Rainiers radio announcer Mike Curto. On March 12, 2014, the network announced that it would carry all but one home game from the Portland Thunder during the Arena Football League team's inaugural season.[8]\",\n \"Portland Trail Blazers On July 6, 2016, the team renewed its contract with CSN Northwest through the 2020–2021 season. Under the new deal, CSN Northwest will have exclusive rights to all Trail Blazers games beginning in the 2017–18 season. The team had originally considered an arrangement with KPTV, under which games would be broadcast over-the-air and simulcast via an internet service, but deals with potential streaming partners fell through. Root Sports Northwest made a higher-value, long-term offer. However, the offer was rejected for its potential impact on reach; although DirecTV, which serves 33% of the Portland market, carries the network by virtue of its co-ownership by AT&T, Root Sports could not guarantee whether its carriage deal with Comcast Cable, which serves 55% of the Portland market, would be renewed. Team president Chris McGowan also praised the recent leadership changes at the CSN networks, noting that their new president David Preschlack (formerly of ESPN) had a background in television distribution.[184]\",\n \"NBCSN At the beginning of September 2009, DirecTV pulled Versus from its lineup, as it was unable to reach terms on a rate increase demanded by Comcast. In public statements (including a message shown on the channel which formerly carried Versus), DirecTV scolded Comcast for its \\\"unfair and outrageous demands\\\", and considered the company to be \\\"simply piggish\\\" in its demands for higher rates, as it described Versus as \\\"a paid programming and infomercial channel with occasional sporting events.\\\"[70] On March 15, 2010, an agreement was reached between the two sides and Versus returned to DirecTV's lineup. The channel was returned to its original package on the service, Choice Xtra.[71] The network has since drastically reduced its paid programming blocks to only three hours deep in late night under NBC management, and that remaining paid programming itself is now often subject to pre-emption with live sports from Asia or Australia and doesn't air at all during Olympic coverage.\",\n \"CBS Sports Network In late February 2009, CBS Sports Network reached a new carriage agreement with DirecTV, which allowed the satellite provider to move the channel from its add on \\\"Sports Pack\\\" to its \\\"Choice Xtra\\\" base package; the move became effective on February 25, 2009, expanding the channel's distribution to 30 million subscribers.[31]\",\n \"Root Sports Northwest Root Sports Northwest was launched in 1989 as Northwest Cable Sports, a network owned by King Broadcasting Company. In 1991, King Broadcasting sold Northwest Cable Sports and its other media properties to The Providence Journal Company, which sold the network to Liberty Media in 1992. Liberty integrated Northwest Cable Sports into its Prime Network group of regional sports networks, subsequently rebranding it as Prime Sports Northwest.\",\n \"NBC Sports Northwest The network produces SportsNet Central, a daily morning news program providing game highlights and sports headlines. The network will provide fans with multimedia sports content online and through video on demand.[9] Along with the network's Trail Blazers game coverage, the network also airs a number of other NBA-related specials focused on the NBA Draft, NBA All-Star Game and the NBA Playoffs.\",\n \"List of United States cable and satellite television channels Formerly Root Sports.\",\n \"The Dan Patrick Show As of October 25, 2010, the show began simulcasting on Fox Sports Net and Comcast Sports Net.[5][6] The Comcast and Fox Sports Net broadcasts ended in July and on October 17, 2012, respectively, though DirecTV continued carrying the show on their Root Sports regional sports networks which formerly affiliated with FSN. After a short delay, the program began airing on NBC Sports Network on November 5, 2012.\",\n \"Pac-12 Network As of 2015, the Pac-12 Networks were \\\"available in\\\" 90 million homes, but about 12 million actually subscribed to the network, according to SNL Kagan.[25] On February 10, 2016, the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission on behalf of Jessop & Proulx LLP, added Pac-12 Network to its list of foreign broadcasters that are allowed to be carried by Canadian pay television providers.[26] By the end of 2016, Pac-12 Network had carriage deals with Charter Communications in Los Angeles and Dallas,[27] Frontier FiOS,[28] and streaming service Sling TV,[29] but still had not come to terms with DirecTV.[30] In August 2017, the Pac-12 Networks were added to FuboTV.[31]\",\n \"NBCSN NBCSN is an American digital cable and satellite television channel that is owned by the NBC Sports Group division of NBCUniversal. It originally launched on July 1, 1995, as the Outdoor Life Network (OLN), which was dedicated to programming primarily involving fishing, hunting, outdoor adventure programs, and outdoor sports. By the turn of the 21st century, OLN became better known for its extensive coverage of the Tour de France, but eventually began covering more \\\"mainstream\\\" sporting events – resulting in its relaunch as Versus in September 2006.\",\n \"AT&T SportsNet On December 22, 2006, Liberty Media acquired four Fox Sports regional networks – FSN Utah, FSN Pittsburgh, FSN Northwest and FSN Rocky Mountain – as part of a deal with News Corporation, which exchanged the networks and its controlling 38.5% ownership interest in satellite provider DirecTV for US$550 million in cash and stock, in exchange for the 16.3% stake in News Corporation that had been owned by Liberty.[2][3] These three FSN affiliates became part of the Liberty Entertainment division, which also owned a stake in the Game Show Network.\",\n \"AT&T SportsNet In December 2010, DirecTV announced that it would rebrand its FSN affiliates collectively under the \\\"Root Sports\\\" brand. The new brand was created to emphasize connections between the network and fans who passionately support (or \\\"root\\\" for) their local teams. The networks would, according to Mark Shuken, president and chief executive officer of DirecTV Sports Networks at the time, have a \\\"mindset\\\" that \\\"enables us to go from simply covering teams and games to providing an immersive experience as a fan and for the fan.\\\"[7] The introduction of Root Sports was also intended to signify a form of independence from FSN; however, the Root Sports networks will maintain their current affiliations with the group through a programming agreement.[8][9] The Root Sports brand was phased in on the networks during the first quarter of 2011, and officially replaced the channels' FSN branding (FSN Pittsburgh, FSN Northwest, FSN Rocky Mountain and FSN Utah) on April 1, 2011. The launch of Root Sports coincided with the opening weekend of the 2011 Major League Baseball season, as Root Sports holds broadcast rights for all of the MLB teams in their respective regions.[7]\",\n \"AT&T SportsNet AT&T SportsNet (referred to as AT&TSN) is the collective name for a group of regional sports networks in the United States that are primarily owned and operated by AT&T Sports Networks, LLC (formerly Liberty Sports Holdings and DirecTV Sports Networks), a division of AT&T Inc. Each of the networks carry regional broadcasts of sporting events from various professional, collegiate and high school sports teams (with broadcasts typically exclusive to each individual network, although some are shown on more than one AT&T-branded network within a particular team's designated market area).\",\n \"CBS Sports Network {{Infobox TV channel | name = CBS Sports Network | logofile = CBS Sports Network 2016.png | logosize = 250px | logocaption = | logo2 = | launch = June 2002; 15 years ago (June 2002) | closed date = | picture format = 1080i (HDTV)\\n(HD feed downgraded to letterboxed 480i for SDTV sets) | owner = CBS Corporation | slogan = The 24-Hour Home of CBS Sports | country = United States | language = English | broadcast area = United States\\nCanada | headquarters = New York City, New York | former names = National College Sports Network (2002–2003)\\nCollege Sports Television (2003–2008)\\nCBS College Sports Network (2008–2011) | replaced names = | replaced by names = | sister names = CBS\\nCBSN | timeshift names = | web = CBSSportsNetwork.com | sat serv 1 = DirecTV | sat chan 1 = 221 (HD/SD) | sat serv 2 = Dish Network | sat chan 2 = 158 (HD/SD) | sat serv 3 = | sat chan 3 = | cable serv 1 = Verizon FiOS | cable chan 1 = 94 (SD)\\n594 (HD) | cable serv 2 = Available on most other U.S. cable systems | cable chan 2 = Consult your local cable provider for channel availability | iptv serv 1 = Sky Angel | iptv chan 1 = 323 (SD) | iptv serv 2 = AT&T U-verse | iptv chan 2 = 643 (SD)\\n1643 (HD) | iptv serv 3 = Bell Fibe TV (Canada) | iptv chan 3 = 417 (SD)\\n1417 (HD) | online serv 1 = PlayStation Vue | online chan 1 = Internet Protocol television | online serv 2 = YouTube TV | online chan 2 = Internet Protocol television | online serv 3 = DirecTV Now | online chan 3 = Internet Protocol television\",\n \"Root Sports Northwest Root Sports Northwest is the official regional cable home for Big Sky Conference football, airing between 10 and 15 games each season. Typically, the network will air one weekly Saturday afternoon match-up every week during conference play, until the final week of the regular season, when it features two rivalry match-ups in one weekend - Montana/Montana State (Brawl of the Wild) and Eastern Washington/Portland State. In the winter, the network home to West Coast Conference and Great Northwest Athletic Conference basketball. Local WCC coverage is primarily focused on the Gonzaga Bulldogs and Portland Pilots. The network also features various athletic events from the Mountain West, Atlantic Coast, Big East, and Big 12 Conferences throughout the year.\",\n \"List of United States cable and satellite television channels Formerly Comcast SportsNet (CSN)English and Spanish audio feed\",\n \"MountainWest Sports Network The Mtn. was available nationally on DirecTV and regionally on several small cable providers.\",\n \"Spectrum SportsNet LA In 2014, Time Warner Cable reportedly asked other distributors for an estimated $4.90 monthly fee per household, with carriage fees increasing over the length of the contract.[38][39] In March 2016, TWC attempted to break the stalemate by reducing the fee for the upcoming season by about 30 percent: about $3.50 per household, according to an estimate by the analyst firm SNL Kagan. A follow-up offer extended the period to six years, with fees comparable to DirecTV's own Seattle-based regional sports channel, Root Sports Northwest, estimated at $3.84 per household. Both pre-season offers were rejected before opening day.[26][40][41]\",\n \"NBCSN As of February 2015, NBCSN is available to approximately 81,578,000 pay television households (70.1% of households with television) in the United States.[1]\",\n \"NBCSN The channel originally launched as the Outdoor Life Network (or OLN) on July 1, 1995; the name was licensed from Outdoor Life magazine. Its programming consisted of hunting, fishing, and outdoor adventure shows. In its early days, the channel reached around one million homes and found most of its carriage via the then-infant platforms of direct broadcast satellite services and digital cable.[2]\",\n \"MountainWest Sports Network On April 5, 2012 it was announced that the Mtn. would cease operations on June 1, 2012.[2] With the Mtn.'s closure, the Mountain West had not announced formal broadcast plans for 2012–2013, though a Colorado Springs Gazette report suggested that some MWC games might be picked up by CBS Sports Network and/or NBC Sports Network, or offered to a third party such as ESPN.[3] Eventually all three networks picked up some MWC games while Root Sports Rocky Mountain picked up a cable package of games. Additional games were shown on Comcast, Time Warner, and Charter Cable Networks or on third tier local stations.\",\n \"Fox Sports Indiana The channel is available on cable providers throughout Central Indiana, and is also available nationwide on DirecTV.\",\n \"Pac-12 Network On September 8, 2012, Dish Network announced that it would carry the Pac-12 National Network starting on September 8. To date, it is the only satellite carrier to have struck a carriage agreement with the Pac-12 Networks, and was the largest pay television provider to reach a carriage deal during 2012, bringing the Pac-12 Networks' national coverage to approximately 60 million households.[21] On February 1, 2016, however, Pac-12 restricted access to the regional channels for DISH subscribers.[22] On October 10, 2012, the conference came to an agreement with Consolidated Communications for its SureWest Communications system in Northern California to carry the Pac-12 Networks Bay Area regional service.[23] On September 6, 2013, Pac-12 Networks entered into a deal with AT&T U-verse to carry the main feed on channel 759 (as well as on channel 760 in the San Francisco Bay Area, and on channel 761 in Los Angeles).[24]\",\n \"AT&T SportsNet Pittsburgh On December 22, 2006, News Corporation sold its interest in FSN Pittsburgh and sister networks FSN Utah, FSN Northwest and FSN Rocky Mountain to Liberty Media, in an asset trade in which News Corporation also traded its 38.5% ownership stake in satellite provider DirecTV for $550 million in cash and stock, in exchange for Liberty Media's 16.3% stake in the company.[6] On May 4, 2009, DirecTV Group Inc. announced it would become a part of Liberty's entertainment unit, part of which would then be spun off into the separate company under the DirecTV name, in a deal in which Liberty would increase its share in DirecTV from 48% to 54%, with Liberty owner John Malone and his family owning a 24% interest. DirecTV would operate its newly acquired FSN-affiliated networks through DirecTV Sports Networks,[7] a new division formed when the split off from Liberty Media was completed on November 19, 2009.[8]\",\n \"Root Sports Northwest Root Sports Northwest holds the regional cable television rights to the Seattle Mariners of Major League Baseball, producing and televising over 150 live regular season games (out of 162 total), along with 30+ minute pregame and post-game shows that air before and after all telecasts produced by the network. Other Mariners programming on the network includes live Spring Training games, Mariners All Access, which includes both weekly editions during the regular season and several other in-season and off-season specials each year, and Mariners Mondays, a 3-hour weekly program that airs during the winter months that highlights memorable games and moments from the past season.\",\n \"Fox Sports West and Prime Ticket Both Fox Sports West and Prime Ticket are available on cable providers throughout Southern California, the Las Vegas Valley and Hawaii; it is also available nationwide on satellite via DirecTV, Dish Network, and via IPTV providers Sling TV and PlayStation Vue.\",\n \"Root Sports Northwest Root Sports Northwest also holds the regional cable television rights to two Major League Soccer franchises - the Seattle Sounders FC and the Portland Timbers. The network airs a 30 minute live post-match show after every Timbers game , as well as weekly magazine shows for both teams - Sounders FC All Access and Timbers in 30. Many matches are shown in tape-delay due to overlapping with Seattle Mariners games.\",\n \"Portland Trail Blazers Trail Blazers broadcasts have been criticized on several fronts. The broadcast personalities, all of whom are Trail Blazers employees, have been criticized in the media for being \\\"homers\\\"; further it has been alleged that the 2005 departure of Steve Jones was due in part to team displeasure with Jones' sometimes frank analysis of the team's on-court performance and off-court decisions.[180] Furthermore, the team's television contract with CSN Northwest has been criticized due to the channel's lack of carriage on satellite television providers DirecTV and Dish Network, both of which compete with Comcast's cable television operations.[173][181][182]\",\n \"The Dan Patrick Show The show is currently televised on three networks: on DirecTV's Audience Network (formerly the 101 Network) since August 3, 2009; on three AT&T SportsNet affiliates since October 25, 2010; and on NBCSN as of November 5, 2012. It can also be heard on Sirius channel 214 and XM channel 203 and is distributed as a podcast by PodcastOne[1][2]\",\n \"DirecTV DirecTV also offers local channels like CBS, ABC, NBC, Fox, PBS, The CW, Telemundo, Azteca, Univision, ION Television (in markets that carry that network), and some independent stations in markets covering over 99.2% of U.S. TV households.[97] In markets that lack an OTA CW affiliate, DirecTV offers WKBD-TV from Detroit or KTLA from Los Angeles. Because DirecTV does not carry local digital subchannels, however, broadcast networks such as MeTV and Antenna TV are not available on DirecTV in most markets.\",\n \"MAVTV DirecTV added MAVTV on June 10, 2013. The channel is being carried in standard definition.[7]\",\n \"Spectrum SportsNet (Los Angeles) As part of the agreement with Time Warner, the team stated that it would work with the cable provider to ensure that other providers within the Lakers' designated broadcast territory (parts of southern California, including the San Diego, Palm Springs and Santa Barbara markets, as well as southern Nevada and Hawaii) would have access to the two networks. As of 2016, the only television providers that does not carry either channel is satellite provider Dish Network, cable company Comcast serving northern Santa Barbara County, and IPTV's CenturyLink Prism TV serving Las Vegas Valley. Time Warner offers the channel for $3.95 a subscriber, comparable to other regional sports networks, but other providers were concerned that this cost could increase substantially should the Los Angeles Dodgers begin carrying their games on Time Warner Cable SportsNet;[7] while Time Warner Cable did later reach a 25-year agreement with the Dodgers, the provider created a separate channel, SportsNet LA, to carry that team's games and other Dodgers-related programming.\",\n \"MAVTV MAVTV can be found in the US on Cablevision, Spectrum, GCI in Alaska, select cable systems within the Caribbean Co-op, Xfinity, RCN Corporation, AT&T U-verse and DirecTV.\",\n \"Fox Sports Ohio Fox Sports Ohio is available on cable providers throughout Ohio, as well as parts of Indiana, Kentucky, northwestern Pennsylvania, border communities of West Virginia, and extreme southwestern New York; it is also available nationwide on satellite via DirecTV and Dish Network.\",\n \"NBC Sports Northwest With Comcast's acquisition of NBCUniversal in 2011, Comcast SportsNet was also integrated into the new NBC Sports Group unit, culminating with the addition of the peacock logo and an updated graphics package to mirror that of its parent network. The updated graphics were implemented on CSN's live game coverage and all studio shows; SportsNet Central was an exception to this initially, but would ultimately implement a new on-air look of its own and on April 14, 2014, in conjunction with that change, the program switched to the updated graphics package introduced three years earlier.\",\n \"Longhorn Network Longhorn Network launched on DirecTV on January 21, 2015 along with Fusion. It became available on regional sports network on the Choice package in the Southwestern United States and on the Sports Pack everywhere else. [13]\",\n \"Fox Sports Sun Fox Sports Sun is available on cable providers throughout Florida; it is also available nationwide on satellite via DirecTV and Dish Network.\",\n \"Spectrum SportsNet LA Early on, DirecTV offered to carry the channel on an \\\"a la carte\\\" basis, rather than part of a package, at whatever monthly fee TWC set. That scheme would avoid passing the cost to DirectTV's entire base of subscribers, including those not interested in the channel. TWC responded by noting that bundled regional sports channels have been an industry standard, one that DirecTV itself adheres to in other markets.[29][30][31][32]\",\n \"AT&T SportsNet Pittsburgh As of August 2013[update], AT&T SportsNet Pittsburgh is available on cable providers throughout nearly all of Pennsylvania (outside of the Philadelphia market), almost all of West Virginia (except the Eastern Panhandle), western Maryland, eastern Ohio, southwestern border areas of New York and Ashland, Kentucky, reaching more than 2.4 million homes. It is also available nationwide on satellite via DirecTV and Dish Network.\",\n \"Root Sports Northwest In addition to a wide array of collegiate programming, Root Sports televises Washington Interscholastic Activities Association high school football games on Thursday and Friday nights during the regular season, as well as playoff and championship games. Root's coverage is usually limited to games featuring teams from the 3A and 4A classification levels. In 2016, the network aired a 2-part program covering the Northwest 9 training camp event for top high school quarterbacks from the Pacific Northwest. High school events broadcast by the network in recent years have also included Oregon School Activities Association high school football championship games and WIAA high school basketball.\",\n \"MLB Network MLB Network is an American television sports channel dedicated to baseball. It is primarily owned by Major League Baseball,[2] with television providers AT&T, Comcast (through its NBC Sports Group), Charter Communications and Cox Communications having minority ownership.[3]\",\n \"Pittsburgh Penguins Dish Network, Verizon FiOS and Direct TV all carry the Penguins games on their AT&T SportsNet Pittsburgh channel in HD nationally.\",\n \"Fox Sports Southeast Fox Sports Southeast is available on cable providers throughout Georgia, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, South Carolina and parts of North Carolina (roughly from Asheville to Charlotte); it is also available nationwide on satellite via DirecTV and Dish Network. The channel's programming reaches an estimated 8.9 million cable and satellite subscribers.\",\n \"NBCSN In addition, Versus also added a package of college football games to its lineup, with games from the Mountain West Conference, Pac-10 (now Pac-12) and Big 12 conferences.[13][14][15] totaling 19 scheduled college football games on the channel during 2007.\",\n \"CBS Sports Network CBS Sports Network is an American digital cable and satellite television network that is owned by the CBS Corporation. When it launched in 2002 as the National College Sports Network (later College Sports Television also known as CSTV), it operated as a multi-platform media brand which also included its primary website, collegesports.com, and a network of websites operated for the athletic departments of 215 colleges and universities.\",\n \"AT&T SportsNet Pittsburgh On December 17, 2010, DirecTV Sports Networks announced that its four Fox Sports Networks-affiliated regional outlets would be relaunched under the \\\"Root Sports\\\" brand.[9] The network officially rebranded as Root Sports Pittsburgh on April 1, 2011, coinciding with the start of the 2011 Major League Baseball season. For nominal purposes, the Root Sports networks continued to carry programming distributed mainly to the Fox Sports regional networks to provide supplementary sports and entertainment programming. On April 8, 2016, DirecTV Sports Networks rebranded under the AT&T name as AT&T Sports Networks.[10]\",\n \"CBS Sports Network On July 7, 2009, Cox Communications announced that it would add the channel to its systems in Orange County, California and Arizona on August 1, 2009.[32] AT&T U-verse added the network on February 17, 2010.[33] On August 1, 2011, Cable One added the network in select markets.[34]\",\n \"AT&T SportsNet On May 4, 2009, DirecTV Group Inc. announced it would become a part of Liberty Entertainment, and spin off certain properties into a separate company under the DirecTV name, in a deal in which Liberty would increase its share in DirecTV from a minority 48% to a controlling 54%, while Liberty owner John Malone and his family would own a 24% interest. DirecTV would then operate the four acquired FSN-affiliated networks through DirecTV Sports Networks,[4] a new division formed on November 19, 2009, upon the spin-off's completion.[5][6]\",\n \"Pac-12 Network The original announcement of the Pac-12 Networks' launch on July 27, 2011 included the announcement of carriage agreements with four major cable providers, Comcast, Time Warner Cable, Cox Communications and Bright House Networks to carry the Pac-12 Network and Pac-12 Digital Network at launch. The agreements did not guarantee that the Pac-12 Networks would be available in all areas within the territory of a Pac-12 university, and a minimum of 40 million homes nationally at launch date.[10] The agreements complimented a 12-year deal that the Pac-12 Conference had struck with Fox Sports and ESPN that began in 2012. In addition, the network entered into extended negotiations with satellite providers. Pac-12 commissioner Larry Scott stated in a May 8, 2012 interview with sports radio station KJR in Seattle that he is \\\"quietly optimistic\\\" that deals with providers would be made in time for the channel's planned fall 2012 launch. As of September 7, 2013, the Pac-12 Network has not yet signed carriage deals with DirecTV, Charter Communications and Verizon FiOS.\",\n \"RFD-TV As of February 2015, RFD-TV is available to approximately 47.3 million pay television households (40.7% of households with television) in the United States.[2] It is currently carried by satellite providers Dish Network and DirecTV, as well as through cable providers such as Mediacom, Charter Communications, Cox Communications and Armstrong.[3][4] It is not available in most Comcast markets; Comcast controversially dropped the channel in many of its Western markets in favor of Al Jazeera America in 2013.[5] In addition to its cable and satellite coverage, RFD-TV is offered as an Internet television feed; the feed is currently paywalled and requires a paying subscription, with a TV Everywhere said to be coming soon. It was added to Sling TV on April 4, 2017 as part of the \\\"Heartland Extra\\\" add-on service.[6] RFD TV is also available as part of the 'Live A Little' package offered by DirecTV Now. With an average of 136,000 viewers in 2016, RFD-TV has some of the highest viewership relative to availability compared to other \\\"ultra-niche\\\" networks with similar or wider distribution owned by major corporations.[7]\",\n \"DirecTV DirecTV (stylized as DIRECTV or simply DTV) is an American direct broadcast satellite service provider based in El Segundo, California and is a subsidiary of AT&T. Its satellite service, launched on June 17, 1994, transmits digital satellite television and audio to households in the United States, Latin America and the Caribbean.[3][4] Its primary competitors are Dish Network and cable television providers. On July 24, 2015, after receiving approval from the United States Federal Communications Commission and United States Department of Justice, AT&T acquired DirecTV in a transaction valued at $48.5 billion.[5][6]\",\n \"Spectrum SportsNet LA SportsNet LA has never been available to the majority of households in its service area.[24] Carriage was most limited in the channel's inaugural 2014 season, when it was carried by Time Warner Cable systems in Los Angeles, Bright House Networks' system in Bakersfield, and Champion Broadband serving a small portion of the San Gabriel Valley. Together, these distributors covered only 30% of the market, leaving the remaining 70% without the channel. Coverage rose when Charter Communications added SportsNet LA in June 2015, but remains under 50 percent: about 1.8 million homes. DirecTV is the largest unsigned distributor.[13][25][26] Since Charter's acquisition of TWC on September 20, 2016, SportsNet LA is only carried by Charter and its subsidiary, Bright House Networks.[27]\",\n \"The Weather Channel On April 8, 2014, The Weather Channel and DirecTV both settled on a new agreement (TWC decided to alter its programming lineup by trimming the amount of reality programming on weekdays in half, restricting them to its nighttime schedule, in response to complaints from DirecTV subscribers), with the provider restoring the channel on channel 362 the following day. Access to local weather content using the red button feature did not return until May 2, 2014.[45]\",\n \"AT&T SportsNet AT&T SportsNet HD is a high definition simulcast feed of select programs from AT&T SportsNet including live sports events, studio shows and Fox Sports Networks-distributed national programming. Each regional channel (and in some cases, their alternate feed) has its own separate high-definition feed, with their own set schedules of programming that are made available in HD.\",\n \"NBC Sports Northwest Since the 2008–09 season, due to the Seattle SuperSonics' relocation to Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, in 2008 to become the Oklahoma City Thunder, Trail Blazers games are also available in the Seattle region.\",\n \"Outdoor Channel Outdoor Channel HD formally known as Outdoor Channel 2 HD is a 1080i high definition simulcast of Outdoor Channel that launched in early 2004. Service Electric Cablevision, Inc. was the first provider to carry it.[4] AT&T U-verse added it in October 2008.[5] In early April 2009, it was announced that it had reached carriage agreement deals with Comcast, RCN, US Cable, and Time Warner Cable for the HD version.[6][7] In June 2010, Outdoor Channel became the first and only full-time cable network in the outdoor category to broadcast every episode of every show in 100% native HD.[8]\",\n \"FXX Although the channel is intended by Fox to be part of the basic cable lineup, on many providers (including Suddenlink Communications, Comcast, DirecTV, Verizon FiOS, and Charter Communications) the channel was previously placed in a specialty sports package, a holdover from the channel's previous iteration as Fox Soccer,[13] although most providers have since moved FXX into more basic slots on the lineup.\",\n \"Fox Sports Wisconsin Fox Sports Wisconsin is available on cable providers throughout Wisconsin, the western Upper Peninsula of Michigan, northwestern Illinois, and Iowa; it is also available nationwide on satellite via DirecTV. Prior to 2017, Fox Sports Wisconsin was available to Minnesota residents near the Wisconsin border, however that is no longer the case.\",\n \"Fox Sports South Fox Sports South is available on cable providers throughout Alabama, Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina and Tennessee; it is also available nationwide on satellite via DirecTV and Dish Network.\",\n \"Olympic Channel (United States) Olympic Channel (branded as Olympic Channel: Home of Team USA) is an American digital cable and satellite sports channel owned by the NBC Olympics division of NBC Sports and the United States Olympic Committee. It is dedicated to Olympic sports, and is a franchise of the International Olympic Committee's (IOC) Olympic Channel operation. It is exclusively broadcast in 1080i high definition; providers who intend to provide a standard definition simulcast of the network must downscale the HD feed at their headend level.[1]\",\n \"Spectrum SportsNet (Los Angeles) Spectrum SportsNet – which broadcasts in English – and Spectrum Deportes – which is the first U.S. regional sports network with a 24-hour Spanish feed[2] – launched at 7:00 p.m. Pacific Time on October 1, 2012.[3] Spectrum SportsNet and Spectrum Deportes serve the Los Angeles and San Diego metropolitan areas, the Coachella Valley, the Central Coast of California, Las Vegas, and Hawaii.\",\n \"The Weather Channel DirecTV removed The Weather Channel from its lineup at 12:00 a.m. Eastern Time on January 14, 2014, after the two parties were unable to come to terms on a new carriage agreement;[40] as a result, DirecTV became the first major pay television provider to drop the channel in its history.[41] Two weeks before the channel's carriage agreement was set to expire on December 31 (after which the deadline for a new carriage deal was extended by two weeks), the satellite provider began carrying WeatherNation TV (the successor to The Weather Cast and owned by WeatherNation, LLC) on channel 361 on December 16, 2013 – placing the channel next to The Weather Channel's slot on channel 362;[42] WeatherNation replaced The Weather Channel on channel 362 – while still being carried on channel 361 – when TWC was pulled.[41][43]\",\n \"Pac-12 Network On July 20, 2012, the Pac-12 Conference announced a long-term agreement with the National Cable Television Cooperative (NCTC), a cooperative of 900 mostly smaller and rural cable providers, allowing any member of the NCTC access to carry one or more of the Pac-12 Network as well as providing access to the Pac-12 Digital Network through the NCTC WTVE TV Everywhere platform.[11] In an August 10, 2012 conference, the conference announced that NCTC members Strata Networks and All West Communications in Utah, San Bruno Cable in the San Francisco Bay Area, GCI in Alaska, LocalTel Communications in Wenatchee, WA and Ashland Communications in Oregon had agreed to carry the Pac-12 Network.[12] On July 28, 2012, Frontier Communications announced on one of its official Facebook accounts that the company would carry the channel on Frontier FiOS TV.[13] The deal was officially announced on August 1, 2012.\",\n \"NBCSN Comcast, the original owner of Versus, acquired a majority stake in NBC Universal in 2011. As a result, Comcast merged the operations of its cable channels with those of NBC. In particular, it aligned the operation of its sports channels with NBC's sports division, NBC Sports. On January 2, 2012, Versus was rebranded as the NBC Sports Network (with the on-air branding later shortened to NBCSN) to reflect these changes. As of September 15, 2014, the entirety of NBC Sports' operations, including NBCSN, is based in facilities in Stamford, Connecticut.\",\n \"Big Ten Network The network has agreements with more than 300 providers.[4] It is carried nationally on DirecTV, Dish Network and AT&T U-verse; and regionally on nearly every cable system in the Big Ten's 14-state footprint, including AT&T U-Verse, Verizon FiOS, Charter Communications, Comcast, Cox Communications, Insight Communications, Mediacom Communications, Time Warner Cable, Cable One, Cablevision and several others. In Canada, it is available on Shaw Direct, Shaw Cable, Rogers Cable, Cogeco Cable and EastLink. The network is available on cable in 19 of the 20 largest U.S. media markets.[5] The Big Ten Network is also carried on PlayStation Vue and Hulu Live TV.[6]\",\n \"Fox Sports West and Prime Ticket On November 1, 1996, the Fox/Liberty joint venture relaunched the Prime Network affiliates as part of the new Fox Sports Net; as a result, the channel was officially rebranded as Fox Sports West.[5] The following year, Fox Sports Net expanded to other regions with the purchase of a 40% interest in the SportsChannel networks through an asset trade with Cablevision Systems Corporation, forming the venture National Sports Partners to run the owned-and-operated regional networks.\",\n \"Fox Sports Southwest Fox Sports Southwest is available on cable providers throughout much of Texas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, eastern New Mexico and Arkansas; it is also available nationwide on satellite via DirecTV and Dish Network.\",\n \"Spectrum SportsNet LA The channel, which launched on February 25, 2014, was the result of a 25-year deal with Time Warner Cable reached in January 2013, valued at $8.35 billion, succeeding Fox Sports West as the regional rights holder for the team. The channel is one of three regional sports networks owned by Charter Communications serving the Los Angeles region.\",\n \"Sky Sports In July 2006, Sky Sports HD2 launched on Sky Digital channel 409, at the same time Sky Sports HD1 moved to channel 408, with Sky Sports News switching to channel 405. There was also a HD version of PremPlus, called PremPlus HD, which broadcast on Sky channel 483 until the football season ended. It was briefly branded Sky Sports HDX and used to broadcast other Sky Sports content in HD, before it ceased broadcasting.\",\n \"Fox Sports 1 Carriage deals were made by the launch date with all major cable and satellite providers, including cable/telco providers Comcast, Charter Communications, Cox Communications, Verizon FiOS, AT&T U-verse, Cablevision, Bright House Networks, Mediacom, Suddenlink Communications, Cable One and Time Warner Cable, as well as satellite providers DirecTV and Dish Network.[21] The deals with Time Warner, Dish and DirecTV – which were announced just days before FS1's launch – were seen as crucial to the network, as those three providers had a combined reach of over 40 million households, nearly half the goal of 90 million homes that FS1 set for its launch.[17]\"\n]","isConversational":false},"gt_docs":{"kind":"list like","value":["NBC Sports Northwest As of August 2013, the network is not available on satellite providers DirecTV and Dish Network, which both maintain that Comcast has negotiated in bad faith during carriage discussions engaged between the parties. Particularly, Comcast demands the network be carried on more widely subscribed basic programming tiers,[15] while contradictorily arguing that sports networks not owned by the company be carried only on a dedicated sports tier.[16] The Trail Blazers are said to be frustrated and disappointed with Comcast's conduct over their contract with CSN Northwest in this regard.[17]"],"string":"[\n \"NBC Sports Northwest As of August 2013, the network is not available on satellite providers DirecTV and Dish Network, which both maintain that Comcast has negotiated in bad faith during carriage discussions engaged between the parties. Particularly, Comcast demands the network be carried on more widely subscribed basic programming tiers,[15] while contradictorily arguing that sports networks not owned by the company be carried only on a dedicated sports tier.[16] The Trail Blazers are said to be frustrated and disappointed with Comcast's conduct over their contract with CSN Northwest in this regard.[17]\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":298,"cells":{"_id":{"kind":"string","value":"test1775"},"query":{"kind":"string","value":"who is allowed to be apart of the european union"},"gt_ids":{"kind":"list like","value":["doc62600"],"string":"[\n \"doc62600\"\n]","isConversational":false},"gt_qrels":{"kind":"list like","value":[1],"string":"[\n 1\n]","isConversational":false},"candidate_ids":{"kind":"list like","value":["doc316428","doc316426","doc1164625","doc1308068","doc1308104","doc325742","doc2649568","doc546588","doc1308064","doc27682","doc316453","doc1164686","doc2139593","doc2139572","doc2139579","doc2139594","doc546584","doc1164627","doc325794","doc2139595","doc1308065","doc1722195","doc2139573","doc325795","doc2562601","doc325797","doc1164743","doc2351748","doc325743","doc316431","doc316425","doc316437","doc1308100","doc1308097","doc546581","doc1645221","doc546585","doc1164731","doc178223","doc2139597","doc27667","doc991607","doc1882242","doc546622","doc2351783","doc2475887","doc1164631","doc1164624","doc282585","doc2351747","doc316438","doc2139576","doc1624914","doc1164760","doc1164626","doc2064400","doc1645222","doc2351781","doc325840","doc514237","doc360081","doc1308066","doc239896","doc2649602","doc540223","doc325865","doc1242705","doc1164634","doc1722196","doc1164642","doc2139596","doc316429","doc2649567","doc2416715","doc1348744","doc2416714","doc1164629","doc316464","doc325896","doc546594","doc2139599","doc325834","doc1541714","doc193381","doc2377738","doc2649559","doc1308082","doc1308103","doc2139643","doc2139661","doc1164687","doc2351786","doc1308098","doc1789248","doc2649605","doc1624920","doc2253330","doc787255","doc364823","doc2139575"],"string":"[\n \"doc316428\",\n \"doc316426\",\n \"doc1164625\",\n \"doc1308068\",\n \"doc1308104\",\n \"doc325742\",\n \"doc2649568\",\n \"doc546588\",\n \"doc1308064\",\n \"doc27682\",\n \"doc316453\",\n \"doc1164686\",\n \"doc2139593\",\n \"doc2139572\",\n \"doc2139579\",\n \"doc2139594\",\n \"doc546584\",\n \"doc1164627\",\n \"doc325794\",\n \"doc2139595\",\n \"doc1308065\",\n \"doc1722195\",\n \"doc2139573\",\n \"doc325795\",\n \"doc2562601\",\n \"doc325797\",\n \"doc1164743\",\n \"doc2351748\",\n \"doc325743\",\n \"doc316431\",\n \"doc316425\",\n \"doc316437\",\n \"doc1308100\",\n \"doc1308097\",\n \"doc546581\",\n \"doc1645221\",\n \"doc546585\",\n \"doc1164731\",\n \"doc178223\",\n \"doc2139597\",\n \"doc27667\",\n \"doc991607\",\n \"doc1882242\",\n \"doc546622\",\n \"doc2351783\",\n \"doc2475887\",\n \"doc1164631\",\n \"doc1164624\",\n \"doc282585\",\n \"doc2351747\",\n \"doc316438\",\n \"doc2139576\",\n \"doc1624914\",\n \"doc1164760\",\n \"doc1164626\",\n \"doc2064400\",\n \"doc1645222\",\n \"doc2351781\",\n \"doc325840\",\n \"doc514237\",\n \"doc360081\",\n \"doc1308066\",\n \"doc239896\",\n \"doc2649602\",\n \"doc540223\",\n \"doc325865\",\n \"doc1242705\",\n \"doc1164634\",\n \"doc1722196\",\n \"doc1164642\",\n \"doc2139596\",\n \"doc316429\",\n \"doc2649567\",\n \"doc2416715\",\n \"doc1348744\",\n \"doc2416714\",\n \"doc1164629\",\n \"doc316464\",\n \"doc325896\",\n \"doc546594\",\n \"doc2139599\",\n \"doc325834\",\n \"doc1541714\",\n \"doc193381\",\n \"doc2377738\",\n \"doc2649559\",\n \"doc1308082\",\n \"doc1308103\",\n \"doc2139643\",\n \"doc2139661\",\n \"doc1164687\",\n \"doc2351786\",\n \"doc1308098\",\n \"doc1789248\",\n \"doc2649605\",\n \"doc1624920\",\n \"doc2253330\",\n \"doc787255\",\n \"doc364823\",\n \"doc2139575\"\n]","isConversational":false},"candidate_docs":{"kind":"list like","value":["Member state of the European Union According to the Copenhagen criteria, membership of the European Union is open to any European country that is a stable, free market liberal democracy that respects the rule of law and human rights. Furthermore, it has to be willing to accept all the obligations of membership, such as adopting all previously agreed law (the 170,000 pages of acquis communautaire) and switching to the euro.[13] In order to join the European Union, it is required for all member states to agree; if a single member state disagrees, the applying country is declined acceptance to the European Union. In addition to enlargement by adding new countries, the EU can also expand by having territories of member states, which are outside the EU, integrate more closely (for example in respect to the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles) or by a territory of a member state which had previously seceded and then rejoined (see withdrawal below).","Member state of the European Union In 1957, six core states founded the EU's predecessor, the European Economic Community (Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and West Germany). The remaining states have acceded in subsequent enlargements. On 1 July 2013, Croatia became the newest member state of the EU. In order to accede, a state must fulfill the economic and political requirements known as the Copenhagen criteria, which require a candidate to have a democratic, free market government together with the corresponding freedoms and institutions, and respect for the rule of law. Enlargement of the Union is also contingent upon the consent of all existing members and the candidate's adoption of the existing body of EU law, known as the acquis communautaire.","Future enlargement of the European Union The accession criteria are included in the Copenhagen criteria, agreed in 1993, and the Treaty of Maastricht (Article 49). Article 49 of the Maastricht Treaty (as amended) says that any \"European state\" that respects the \"principles of liberty, democracy, respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, and the rule of law\", may apply to join the EU. Whether a country is European or not is subject to political assessment by the EU institutions.[7]","Enlargement of the European Union According to the EU treaties, membership of the European Union is open to \"any European State which respects the values referred to in Article 2 and is committed to promoting them\" (TEU Article 49). Those Article 2 values are \"respect for human dignity, freedom, democracy, equality, the rule of law and respect for human rights, including the rights of persons belonging to minorities.\" This is based on the 1993 \"Copenhagen criteria\" agreed as it became clear many former Eastern Bloc countries would apply to join;","Enlargement of the European Union Article 49 of the Maastricht Treaty (as amended) says that any European state that respects the \"principles of liberty, democracy, respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, and the rule of law\", may apply to join the Union. The Copenhagen European Council set out the conditions for EU membership in June 1993 in the so-called Copenhagen criteria (see Criteria and process above for details). The Western Balkan states had to sign Stabilisation and Association Agreements (SAAs) before applying for membership.","European Union The European Union (EU) is a political and economic union of 28 member states that are located primarily in Europe.[13] It has an area of 4,475,757 km2 (1,728,099 sq mi) and an estimated population of over 510 million. The EU has developed an internal single market through a standardised system of laws that apply in all member states in those matters (only) where members have agreed to act as one. EU policies aim to ensure the free movement of people, goods, services and capital within the internal market,[14] enact legislation in justice and home affairs and maintain common policies on trade,[15] agriculture,[16] fisheries and regional development.[17] For travel within the Schengen Area, passport controls have been abolished.[18] A monetary union was established in 1999 and came into full force in 2002 and is composed of 19 EU member states which use the euro currency.","European integration Thus, 12 states are founding members, namely, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, and the United Kingdom. In 1995, Austria, Finland and Sweden entered the EU. Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia joined in 2004. Bulgaria and Romania joined in 2007. Croatia acceded in 2013. Official candidate states include Albania, Macedonia,[16] Montenegro, Serbia and Turkey. Morocco's application was rejected by the EEC, Iceland's application is withdrawn by government and Switzerland's is frozen. Norway rejected membership in two referendums.","European Union law As the European Union has grown from 6 to 28 member states, a clear procedure for accession of members is set out in TEU article 49. The European Union is only open to a \"European\" state which respects the principles of \"human dignity, freedom, democracy, equality, the rule of law and respect for human rights, including the rights of persons belonging to minorities\". Countries whose territory is wholly outside the European continent cannot therefore apply.[33] Nor can any country without fully democratic political institutions which ensure standards of \"pluralism, non-discrimination, tolerance, justice, solidarity and equality between women and men prevail\".[34] Article 50 says any member state can withdraw in accord \"with its own constitutional requirements\", by negotiated \"arrangements for its withdrawal, taking account of the framework for its future relationship with the Union\". This indicates that the EU is not entitled to demand a withdrawal, and that member states should follow constitutional procedures, for example, through Parliament or a codified constitutional document.[5] Once article 50 is triggered, there is a two-year time limit to complete negotiations, a procedure which would leave a seceding member without any bargaining power in negotiations, because the costs of having no trade treaty would be proportionally greater to the individual state than the remaining EU bloc.[35] Article 7 allows member states to be suspended for a \"clear risk of a serious breach\" of values in article 2 (for example, democracy, equality, human rights) with a four-fifths vote of the Council of the European Union, and the consent of the Parliament.[36] Within the treaties' framework, sub-groups of member states may make further rules that only apply to those member states who want them. For example, the Schengen Agreements of 1985 and 1990 allow people to move without any passport or ID checks anywhere in the EU, but did not apply to the UK or Ireland. More recently, during the Eurozone crisis, the Treaty Establishing the European Stability Mechanism 2012 and the Treaty on Stability, Co-ordination and Governance 2012 (the \"Fiscal Compact\") were adopted only for member states who had the Euro (i.e. not Denmark, Sweden, the UK, Poland, Czech Republic, Hungary, Croatia, Romania or Bulgaria). This required, among other things, a pledge to balance the government budget and limit structural deficits to 0.5 per cent of GDP, with fines for non-compliance. The jurisdiction for these rules remains with the Court of Justice.[37]","Enlargement of the European Union The European Union (EU) has expanded a number of times throughout its history by way of the accession of new member states to the Union. To join the EU, a state needs to fulfil economic and political conditions called the Copenhagen criteria (after the Copenhagen summit in June 1993), which require a stable democratic government that respects the rule of law, and its corresponding freedoms and institutions. According to the Maastricht Treaty, each current member state and the European Parliament must agree to any enlargement. The process of enlargement is sometimes referred to as European integration. This term is also used to refer to the intensification of co-operation between EU member states as national governments allow for the gradual harmonisation of national laws.","Western world European Union and its member candidate countries.","Member state of the European Union Entry to the EU is limited to liberal democracies and Freedom House ranks all EU states as being totally free electoral democracies. All but 4 are ranked at the top 1.0 rating.[52] However, the exact political system of a state is not limited, with each state having its own system based on its historical evolution.","Future enlargement of the European Union The Maastricht Treaty states that any European country that is committed to democracy may apply for membership in the European Union.[154] In addition to European states, other countries have also been speculated or proposed as future members of the EU.","Citizenship of the European Union New member states may undergo transitional regimes for Freedom of movement for workers, during which their nationals only enjoy restricted access to labour markets in other member states. EU member states are permitted to keep restrictions on citizens of the newly acceded countries for a maximum of seven years after accession. For the EFTA states (Iceland, Lichtenstein, Norway and Switzerland), the maximum is nine years.","Citizenship of the European Union Citizenship of the European Union (EU) is afforded to qualifying citizens of European Union member states. It was given to the citizens of member states by the 1992 Maastricht Treaty, at the same time as the European Community was gaining its own legal identity. The treaty established a direct legal relationship between that new legal identity and its citizens by establishing a directly elected European Parliament and the ability for citizens to bring cases directly to the ECJ, and has been in force since 1993. European Union citizenship is additional to national citizenship.[2] EU citizenship affords rights, freedoms and legal protections to all of its citizens.","Citizenship of the European Union Historically, the main benefit of being a citizen of an EU country has been that of free movement. The free movement also applies to the citizens of European Economic Area countries[23] and Switzerland.[24] However, with the creation of EU citizenship, certain political rights came into being. The Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union[25] provides for citizens to be \"directly represented at Union level in the European Parliament\" and \"to participate in the democratic life of the Union\" (Treaty on the European Union, Title II, Article 10). Specifically, the following rights are afforded:","Citizenship of the European Union Following the 2004 enlargement, three \"old\" member states—Ireland, Sweden and the United Kingdom—decided to allow unrestricted access to their labour markets. By December 2009, all but two member states—Austria and Germany—had completely dropped controls. These restrictions too expired on 1 May 2011.[36]","European Union law In the West, the decision was made through Treaty of Rome 1957 to launch the first European Economic Community. It shared the Assembly and Court with the Coal and Steel Community, but set up parallel bodies for the Council and Commission. Based on the Spaak Report of 1956, it sought to break down all barriers to trade in a common market for goods, services, labour and capital, and prevent distortion of competition and regulate areas of common interest like agriculture, energy and transport.[20] A separate treaty was signed for a European Atomic Energy Community to manage nuclear production. In 1961 the United Kingdom, Denmark, Ireland and Norway applied for membership only to be vetoed in 1963 by France's Charles de Gaulle. Spain also applied and was rejected as it was still led by the Franco dictatorship. The same year, the Court of Justice proclaimed that the Community constituted a \"new legal order of international law\".[4] The Merger Treaty 1965 finally placed the ECSC and Euratom within the EEC. Shortly after, de Gaulle boycotted the Commission, which he believed was pressing supranationalism too far. The Luxembourg compromise in 1966 agreed that France (or other countries) could veto issues of \"very important national interest\", particularly relating to the Common Agricultural Policy, instead of making decisions by \"qualified majority\". But after the May 1968 events in France and de Gaulle's resignation, the way was free for the United Kingdom, Ireland and Denmark to join in 1973. Norway had rejected joining in a 1972 referendum, while the UK confirmed its membership in a 1975 referendum.[21] Aside from the European Economic Community itself, the European continent underwent a profound transition towards democracy. The dictators of Greece and Portugal were deposed in 1974, and Spain's dictator died in 1975, enabling their accession in 1981 and 1986. In 1979, the European Parliament had its first direct elections, reflecting a growing consensus that the EEC should be less a union of member states, and more a union of peoples. The Single European Act 1986 increased the number of treaty issues in which qualified majority voting (rather than consensus) would be used to legislate, as a way to accelerate trade integration. The Schengen Agreement of 1985 (not initially signed by Italy, the UK, Ireland, Denmark or Greece) allowed movement of people without any border checks. Meanwhile, in 1987, the Soviet Union's Mikhail Gorbachev announced policies of \"transparency\" and \"restructuring\" (glasnost and perestroika). This revealed the depths of corruption and waste. In April 1989, the People's Republic of Poland legalised the Solidarity organisation, which captured 99% of available parliamentary seats in June elections. These elections, in which anti-communist candidates won a striking victory, inaugurated a series of peaceful anti-communist revolutions in Central and Eastern Europe that eventually culminated in the fall of communism. In November 1989, protestors in Berlin began taking down the Berlin Wall, which became a symbol of the collapse of the Iron Curtain, with most of Eastern Europe declaring independence and moving to hold democratic elections by 1991.","Future enlargement of the European Union The three major western European countries that are not EU members, Iceland, Norway and Switzerland, have all submitted membership applications in the past, but subsequently froze them. They do however, along with Liechtenstein, participate in the EU Single Market as well as the Schengen Area, which makes them closely aligned with the EU. According to an Eastern Partnership strategy, the EU is unlikely to invite any more of its post-Soviet neighbours to join the bloc before 2020.[9] However, in 2014 the EU signed Association Agreements with Georgia, Moldova, and Ukraine,[10] and the European Parliament passed a resolution recognising the \"European perspective\" of all three countries.[2]","European Union Through successive enlargements, the European Union has grown from the six founding states (Belgium, France, West Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands) to the current 28. Countries accede to the union by becoming party to the founding treaties, thereby subjecting themselves to the privileges and obligations of EU membership. This entails a partial delegation of sovereignty to the institutions in return for representation within those institutions, a practice often referred to as \"pooling of sovereignty\".[130][131]","Citizenship of the European Union Following the 2007 enlargement, all pre-2004 member states except Finland and Sweden imposed restrictions on Bulgarian and Romanian citizens, as did two member states that joined in 2004: Malta and Hungary. As of November 2012, all but 8 EU countries have dropped restrictions entirely. These restrictions too expired on 1 January 2014. Norway opened its labour market in June 2012, while Switzerland kept restrictions in place until 2016.[36]","Enlargement of the European Union The EU's predecessor, the European Economic Community,[1] was founded with the Inner Six member states in 1958, when the Treaty of Rome came into force. Since then, the EU's membership has grown to twenty-eight, with the latest member state being Croatia, which joined in July 2013. The most recent territorial enlargement of the EU was the incorporation of Mayotte in 2014. The most notable territorial reductions of the EU, and its predecessors, were the exit of Algeria upon independence in 1962 and the exit of Greenland in 1985.","2013 enlargement of the European Union On 1 July 2013, Croatian nationals became European Union citizens and acquired the right to move and reside freely in other EU member states, as well as in Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland. On the same day, 14 EU member states (Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Hungary, Ireland, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia and Sweden) allowed Croatian nationals to work without restrictions in their country. However, 13 other EU member states imposed transitional restrictions on Croatian nationals wishing to access their labour markets.[63] Annex V of the Treaty concerning the accession of the Republic of Croatia to the European Union allows member states to apply national measures regulating Croatian nationals’ access to their labour markets for a period of up to five years, and in case of serious disturbance to their labour markets or the threat thereof, and after notifying the Commission, for a further two years (i.e. up to a maximum of seven years in total).","Citizenship of the European Union European Union citizens have the right to free movement, settlement and employment across the EU. EU citizens are also free to trade and transport goods, services and capital through EU borders, as in a national market, with no restrictions on capital movements or fees.[3] Citizens also have the right to vote in and run as a candidate in local elections in the country where they live, European elections and European Citizens' Initiative.","European Union To become a member, a country must meet the Copenhagen criteria, defined at the 1993 meeting of the European Council in Copenhagen. These require a stable democracy that respects human rights and the rule of law; a functioning market economy; and the acceptance of the obligations of membership, including EU law. Evaluation of a country's fulfilment of the criteria is the responsibility of the European Council.[132] No member state has yet left the Union, although Greenland (an autonomous province of Denmark) withdrew in 1985.[133] The Lisbon Treaty now contains a clause under Article 50, providing for a member to leave the EU.[134]","List of European Union member states by political system This is a list of European Union member states, their forms of government and their parliaments. The European Union (EU) is a sui generis supranational union of democratic states. At a European Council Summit held in Copenhagen, Denmark, on 21 June and 22 June 1993,[2] the European Union defined the Copenhagen criteria regarding the conditions a candidate country has to fulfill to be considered eligible for accession to the European Union:","European Union The four countries forming the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) are not EU members, but have partly committed to the EU's economy and regulations: Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway, which are a part of the single market through the European Economic Area, and Switzerland, which has similar ties through bilateral treaties.[137][138] The relationships of the European microstates, Andorra, Monaco, San Marino, and the Vatican include the use of the euro and other areas of co-operation.[139] The following 28 sovereign states (of which the map only shows territories situated in and around Europe) constitute the European Union:[140]","Future enlargement of the European Union In the Treaty of Maastricht (Article 49), it is stated that any European country (as defined by the EU political assessment) that respects the principles of the European Union may apply to join. No mention is made of enlarging the EU to include non-European countries, though an exception has been made for Cyprus and has been envisioned by some for states such as Armenia, and the precedents of turning down Morocco's application and defining Israel's closest integration as \"just short of full membership\" suggest that currently states outside geographic Europe are unlikely to obtain full EU membership.[citation needed]","Visa requirements for European Union citizens Member states' citizens enjoy freedom of movement in each other's territories. European Union citizens and European Free Trade Association (EFTA) nationals are not only visa-exempt but are legally entitled to enter and reside in each other's countries. British citizens who are not nationals of the United Kingdom[1][2] for the purposes of EU law, however, are exempted.","European Union The EU and European citizenship were established when the Maastricht Treaty was enacted in 1993.[19] The EU traces its origins to the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) and the European Economic Community (EEC), established, respectively, by the 1951 Treaty of Paris and 1957 Treaty of Rome. The original members of what came to be known as the European Communities were the Inner Six: Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and West Germany. The Communities and its successors have grown in size by the accession of new member states and in power by the addition of policy areas to its remit. The latest major amendment to the constitutional basis of the EU, the Treaty of Lisbon, came into force in 2009. While no member state has left the EU or its predecessors, the United Kingdom signified an intention to leave after a membership referendum in June 2016 and is negotiating its withdrawal.","Member state of the European Union The year 1990 saw the Cold War drawing to a close, and East Germany was welcomed into the Community as part of a reunited Germany. Shortly after, the previously neutral countries of Austria, Finland and Sweden acceded to the new European Union,[20] though Switzerland, which applied in 1992, froze its application due to opposition from voters[23] while Norway, which had applied once more, had its voters reject membership again.[24] Meanwhile, the members of the former Eastern Bloc and Yugoslavia were all starting to move towards EU membership. Ten of these joined in a major enlargement on 1 May 2004 symbolising the unification of East and Western Europe in the EU.[25] Bulgaria and Romania joined in 2007.","Member state of the European Union The European Union (EU) consists of 28 member states. Each member state is party to the founding treaties of the union and thereby subject to the privileges and obligations of membership. Unlike members of most international organisations, the member states of the EU are subjected to binding laws in exchange for representation within the common legislative and judicial institutions. Member states must agree unanimously for the EU to adopt policies concerning defence and foreign affairs.[4] Subsidiarity is a founding principle of the EU.","Member state of the European Union The year 2013 saw the latest member, Croatia, accede to the Union, and the EU has prioritised membership for the rest of the Balkans – namely Western Balkans. Albania, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, and Turkey are all formally acknowledged as candidates.[26] Turkish membership, pending since the 1980s, is a more contentious issue but it entered negotiations in 2005.[27] Relations between the EU and Turkey are strained after several incidents, mostly concerning the 2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt and the Turkish referendum, both of which resulting in the 2016–17 purges in Turkey[28], resulting in the European Parliament asking for suspending membership talks.[29] The still ongoing Cyprus dispute is the other major hurdle concerning Turkish membership.[30][31]","Enlargement of the European Union In the end, eight Central and Eastern European countries (the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia), plus two Mediterranean countries (Malta and Cyprus) were able to join on 1 May 2004. This was the largest single enlargement in terms of people, and number of countries, though not in terms of GDP.[43] The less developed nature of these countries was of concern to some of the older member states. Some countries, such as the UK, immediately opened their job market to the accession states, whereas most others placed temporary restrictions on the rights of work of the citizens of these states to their countries. The movement westward of some of the labour force of the newly acceded countries that occurred in the aftermath of the enlargement initially spawned clichés among the public opinion and media of some western countries (such as the \"Polish plumber\"), despite the generally conceded benefit to the economies concerned.[44] The official EU media (the speeches of the European Commission) frequently referred to the enlargement to the CEE region as \"an historical opportunity\" and \"morally imperative\", which reflected the desire of the EU to admit these countries as members, even though they were less developed than the Western European countries.[45] Following this Romania and Bulgaria, though were deemed initially as not fully ready by the Commission to join in 2004, acceded nevertheless on 1 January 2007. These, like the countries joining in 2004, faced a series of restrictions as to their citizens not fully enjoying working rights on the territory of some of the older EU members. Bulgaria and Romania are not yet members of the Schengen area, however their citizens can travel visa-free to the other EU countries.","Enlargement of the European Union The Community later became the European Union in 1993 by virtue of the Maastricht Treaty, and established standards for new entrants so their suitability could be judged. These Copenhagen criteria stated in 1993 that a country must be a democracy, operate a free market, and be willing to adopt the entire body of EU law already agreed upon. Also in 1993 the European Economic Area was established with the EFTA states except Switzerland. Most of the new EEA states pursued full EU membership as the EEA did not sufficiently satisfy the needs of their export based corporations. The EU has also preferred these states to integrate via the EEA rather than full membership as the EEC wished to pursue monetary integration and did not wish for another round of enlargement to occupy their attention. However, with the EEA's credibility dented following rejection by businesses and Switzerland, the EU agreed with full membership. This was more readily accepted with the prospect of poorer countries wishing to join; contributions from richer countries would help balance the EU budget.[41] On 1 January 1995 Austria, Finland, and Sweden acceded to the EU marking its fourth enlargement. The Norwegian government lost a second national referendum on membership.","European Union law European Union law is a system of rules operating within the member states of the European Union. Since the founding of the Coal and Steel Community after World War II, the EU has developed the aim to \"promote peace, its values and the well-being of its peoples\".[2] The EU has political institutions, social and economic policies, which transcend nation-states for the purpose of cooperation and human development.[3] According to its Court of Justice the EU represents \"a new legal order of international law\".[4] The EU's legal foundations are the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, unanimously agreed by the governments of 28 member states. New members may join, if they agree to play by the rules of the organisation, and existing members may leave according to their \"own constitutional requirements\".[5] People are entitled to participate through the Parliament, and their national governments in shaping the legislation the EU makes. The Commission has the initiative for legislation, the Council of the European Union represents member state governments, the Parliament is elected by European citizens, while the Court of Justice is meant to uphold the rule of law and human rights.[6] As the Court of Justice has said, the EU is \"not merely an economic union\" but is intended to \"ensure social progress and seek the constant improvement of the living and working conditions of their peoples\".[7]","Politics of the European Union There are twenty-eight member states who have conferred powers upon the EU institutions (other countries are tied to the EU in other ways). In exchange for conferring competencies, EU states are assigned votes in the Council, seats in Parliament and a European Commissioner among other things. The internal government of member states vary between presidential systems, monarchies, federations and microstates however all members must respect the Copenhagen criteria of being democratic, respecting human rights and having a free market economy. Members joined over time, starting with the original six in 1958 and more members joining in the near future.","European Union law The Treaty of Maastricht 1992 renamed the EEC as the \"European Union\", and expanded its powers to include a social chapter, set up a European Exchange Rate Mechanism, and limit government spending. The UK initially opted out of the social provisions, and then monetary union after the Black Wednesday crisis where speculators bet against the pound. Sweden, Finland and Austria joined in 1995, but Norway again chose not to after a 1994 referendum, instead remaining part of the European Economic Area, abiding by most EU law, but without any voting rights. At the Treaty of Amsterdam 1997, with a new Labour government, the UK joined the social chapter. A newly confident EU then sought to expand. First, the Treaty of Nice 2001 made voting weight more proportionate to population (two Irish referenda rejected, but then accepted this). Second, the Euro currency went into circulation in 2002. Third came the accession of Malta, Cyprus, Slovenia, Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Latvia, Estonia, and Lithuania. Fourth, in 2005 a Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe was proposed. This \"Constitution\" was largely symbolic, but was rejected by referenda in France and the Netherlands. Most of its technical provisions were inserted into the Treaty of Lisbon 2007, without the emotive symbols of federalism or the word \"constitution\". Also in 2007, Bulgaria and Romania joined. Over 2007 to 2008, because of the subprime mortgage crisis in the United States, and the developing global financial crisis European banks that had invested in derivatives were put under severe pressure. British, French, German and other governments were forced to nationalise or guarantee their banks' debts. In turn, the Eurozone crisis developed when international investment withdrew and Greece, Spain, Portugal, and Ireland saw international bond markets charge unsustainably high interest rates on government debt. Eurozone governments and staff of the European Central Bank believed that it was necessary to save their banks by taking over Greek debt, and impose \"austerity\" and \"structural adjustment\" measures on debtor countries. This exacerbated further contraction in the economies. In 2011 two new treaties, the European Fiscal Compact and European Stability Mechanism were signed among Eurozone countries. In 2013, Croatia entered the EU. However a further crisis was triggered after the UK's Conservative government chose to hold a referendum in 2016, and campaigners for \"leave\" won 51.89 per cent of votes on a 72.2 per cent turnout.[22]","Future enlargement of the European Union The European Parliament passed a resolution in 2014 stating that \"in accordance with Article 49 of the Treaty on European Union, Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine, as well as any other European country, have a European perspective and can apply for EU membership in compliance with the principles of democracy, respect for fundamental freedoms and human rights, minority rights and ensuring the rule of rights.\"[237]","Europe 28 European states are members of the politico-economic European Union, 26 of the border-free Schengen Area and 19 of the monetary union Eurozone. Among the smaller European organizations are the Nordic Council, the Benelux, the Baltic Assembly and the Visegrád Group.","Citizenship of the European Union There is no common EU policy on the acquisition of European citizenship as it is supplementary to national citizenship. (EC citizenship was initially granted to all citizens of European Community member states in 1994 by the Maastricht treaty concluded between the member states of the European community under international law, this changed into citizenship of the European Union in 2007 when the European Community changed its legal identity to be the European Union. Many more people became EU citizens when each new EU member state was added and, at each point, all the existing member states ratified the adjustments to the treaties to allow the creation of those extra citizenship rights for the individual. European citizenship is also generally granted at the same time as national citizenship is granted; likewise it is removed at the point of removal of national citizenship). Article 20 (1) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union[25] states that:","Western world Countries of the Western world are generally considered to share certain fundamental political ideologies, including those of liberal democracy, the rule of law, human rights and gender equality. All of these are prerequisites, for example, for a state to become a full member of the European Union and therefore from a modern political point of view all European Union member states from Western, Central and Eastern Europe are considered part of the Western world.","Special member state territories and the European Union The overseas countries and territories (OCT) have been explicitly invited by the EU treaty to join the EU-OCT Association (OCTA).[3] They were listed in the Article 198 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, which aside from inviting them to join OCTA, also provided them the opportunity to opt into EU provisions on the freedom of movement for workers[16] and freedom of establishment.[17] Yet, the freedom of establishment is limited by Article 203 TFEU and the respective Council Decision on OCTs. Its Article 51(1)(a) prescribes only that \"the Union shall accord to natural and legal persons of the OCTs a treatment no less favourable than the most favourable treatment applicable to like natural and legal persons of any third country with whom the Union concludes or has concluded an economic integration agreement.\" Again this can be, according to Article 51(2)(b) limited. The obligations provided for in paragraph 1 of this Article shall not apply to treatment granted under measures providing for recognition of qualifications, licences or prudential measures in accordance with Article VII of the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) or the GATS Annex on Financial Services.","Immigration to Europe Beginning in 2004, the European Union has granted EU citizens a freedom of movement and residence within the EU, and the term \"immigrant\" has since been used to refer to non EU citizens, meaning that EU citizens are not to be defined as immigrants within the EU territory. The European commission defines \"immigration\" as the action by which a person from a non-EU country establishes his or her usual residence in the territory of an EU country for a period that is, or is expected to be, at least twelve months. Between 2010 and 2013, around 1.4 million non-EU nationals, excluding asylum seekers and refugees, immigrated into the EU each year using regular means, with a slight decrease since 2010.[2]","European Union law First, the Citizens Rights Directive 2004 article 4 says every citizen has the right to depart a member state with a valid passport. This has historical importance for central and eastern Europe, when the Soviet Union and the Berlin Wall denied its citizens the freedom to leave.[239] Article 5 gives every citizen a right of entry, subject to national border controls. Schengen Area countries (not the UK and Ireland) abolished the need to show documents, and police searches at borders, altogether. These reflect the general principle of free movement in TFEU article 21. Second, article 6 allows every citizen to stay three months in another member state, whether economically active or not. Article 7 allows stays over three months with evidence of \"sufficient resources... not to become a burden on the social assistance system\". Articles 16 and 17 give a right to permanent residence after 5 years without conditions. Third, TEU article 10(3) requires the right to vote in the local constituencies for the European Parliament wherever a citizen lives.","Visa requirements for European Union citizens Directive 2004/38/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 recognises the right of citizens of the Union and their family members to move and reside freely within the territory of the Member States[303][304][305] defines the right of free movement for citizens of the European Economic Area (EEA), which includes the European Union (EU) and the three European Free Trade Association (EFTA) members Iceland, Norway and Liechtenstein. Switzerland, which is a member of EFTA but not of the EEA, is not bound by the Directive but rather has a separate bilateral agreement on the free movement with the EU.","Passports of the European Union Each EU member state can make its own citizenship laws, so some countries allow dual or multiple citizenship without any restrictions (e.g. France, Ireland, Italy, Sweden, the United Kingdom), some regulate/restrict it (e.g. Austria, Germany, the Netherlands, Spain), and others allow it only in exceptional cases (e.g. Lithuania) or only for citizens by descent (e.g. Croatia, Estonia).","Future enlargement of the European Union There are at present five \"candidate countries\", who have applied to the EU and been accepted in principle.[18] These states have begun, or will begin shortly, the accession process by adopting EU law to bring the states in line with the rest of the Union. While most of these countries have applied only recently, Turkey is a long-standing candidate, having applied in 1987 and gaining candidate status in 1999.[19] This is due to the political issues surrounding the accession of the country.[20]","Future enlargement of the European Union There are five recognised candidates for future membership of the European Union:[1] Turkey (applied in 14 April 1987), Macedonia (applied in 22 March 2004), Montenegro (applied in 2008), Albania (applied in 2009) and Serbia (applied in 2009). All except Albania and Macedonia have started accession negotiations.[3][4] Kosovo, whose independence is not recognised by five EU member states,[5] and Bosnia and Herzegovina are recognised as potential candidates for membership by the EU.[1] Bosnia and Herzegovina has formally submitted an application for membership, while Kosovo has a Stabilisation and Association Agreement (SAA) with the EU, which generally precedes the lodging of membership application. In July 2014, Jean-Claude Juncker announced that the EU has no plans to expand in the next five years.[6]","Multiple citizenship The EU and EFTA countries have various policies regarding dual citizenship, because each country can make its own laws. The only real rule is that a citizen of an EU country can live and work indefinitely in other EU countries and in the four EFTA countries (and citizens of the EFTA countries can live and work indefinitely in the EU). However, the right to vote and work in certain sensitive fields (such as government, police, military) might in some cases be restricted to the local citizens only.[citation needed]","Visa requirements for European Union citizens Current member states of the European Union are Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom.","Member state of the European Union Additionally, Bosnia and Kosovo are recognized as potential candidates for membership.","Citizenship of the European Union EU citizenship was first introduced by the Maastricht Treaty, and was extended by the Treaty of Amsterdam.[11] Prior to the 1992 Maastricht Treaty, the European Communities treaties provided guarantees for the free movement of economically active persons, but not, generally, for others. The 1951 Treaty of Paris[12] establishing the European Coal and Steel Community established a right to free movement for workers in these industries and the 1957 Treaty of Rome[13] provided for the free movement of workers and services.","European Economic Area The EEA Agreement specifies that membership is open to member states of either the European Union (EU) or European Free Trade Association (EFTA). EFTA states which are party to the EEA Agreement participate in the EU's internal market without being members of the EU or the European Union Customs Union. They adopt most EU legislation concerning the single market, with notable exclusions including laws regarding agriculture and fisheries.[5] The EEA's \"decision-shaping\" processes enable EEA EFTA member states to influence and contribute to new EEA policy and legislation from an early stage.[6] Third country goods are excluded for these states on rules of origin.","Future enlargement of the European Union The only country with the status of British Overseas Territory that is part of the EU is Gibraltar, which joined the EEC together with the United Kingdom in 1973. The other overseas territories are defined as Overseas Countries and Territories of the EU. All of them are associated with the EU (meaning they apply some parts of EU law) and their nationals are in principle EU citizens.[300]","Future enlargement of the European Union Past enlargement has brought membership to twenty-eight members since the foundation of the European Union (EU) as the European Economic Community[8] by the Inner Six states in 1958.","European Single Market First, article 4 of the Citizens Rights Directive 2004 says every citizen has the right to depart a member state with a valid passport. This has historical importance for central and eastern Europe, when the Soviet Union and the Berlin Wall denied its citizens the freedom to leave.[126] Article 5 gives every citizen a right of entry, subject to national border controls. Schengen Area countries (not the UK and Ireland) abolished the need to show documents, and police searches at borders, altogether. These reflect the general principle of free movement in TFEU article 21. Second, article 6 allows every citizen to stay three months in another member state, whether economically active or not. Article 7 allows stays over three months with evidence of \"sufficient resources... not to become a burden on the social assistance system\". Articles 16 and 17 give a right to permanent residence after 5 years without conditions. Third, TEU article 10(3) requires the right to vote in the local constituencies for the European Parliament wherever a citizen lives.","Politics of the European Union Some member states are outside certain areas of the EU, for example the eurozone is composed of only 19 of the 28 members and the Schengen Agreement currently includes only 22 of the EU members. However the majority of these are in the process of joining these blocs. A number of countries outside the EU are involved in certain EU activities such as the euro, Schengen, single market or defence.[4][5][6]","Visa requirements for European Union citizens Passport rankings by the number of countries and territories their holders could visit without a visa or by obtaining visa on arrival in 2016 were as follows: German — 177 countries and territories (ranked[299] 1st); Swedish — 176 (2nd); British, Finnish, French, Italian, Spanish — 175 (3rd); Belgian, Danish, Dutch — 174 (4th); Austrian — 173 (5th); Irish, Luxembourgian, Portuguese — 172 (6th); Greek — 171 (7th); Maltese — 168 (9th); Czech, Hungarian — 167 (10th); Slovak — 165 (11th); Slovenian — 164 (12th); Latvian — 163 (13th); Estonian, Lithuanian — 162 (14th); Polish — 161 (15th); Cypriot — 159 (17th), Bulgarian, Romanian — 153 (21st) and Croatian — 149 (24th). All EU passports are ranked within the top 25 positions. Passports of the European Free Trade Association countries rank similarly, Norwegian, Swiss — 172 (6th); Icelandic — 167 (10th), and Liechtenstein — 164 (12th), while the passports of the candidate states rank lower Serbian — 115 (43rd); Macedonian — 111 (45th); Montenegrin — 107 (47th); Turkish — 102 (51st) and Albanian — 98 (53rd). European microstates rank high:Monaco — 160 (16th), San Marino — 156 (18th), Andorra — 152 (22nd), and Vatican City — 134 (30th).[300]","European Union Although signing the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) is a condition for EU membership,[u] previously, the EU itself could not accede to the Convention as it is neither a state[v] nor had the competence to accede.[w] The Lisbon Treaty and Protocol 14 to the ECHR have changed this: the former binds the EU to accede to the Convention while the latter formally permits it.","Schengen Area Twenty-two of the twenty-eight European Union (EU) member states participate in the Schengen Area. Of the six EU members that are not part of the Schengen Area, four—Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, and Romania—are legally obliged to join the area, while the other two—the Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom—maintain opt-outs. The four European Free Trade Association (EFTA) member states, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, and Switzerland, are not members of the EU, but have signed agreements in association with the Schengen Agreement. Three European microstates—Monaco, San Marino, and the Vatican City—are de facto part of the Schengen Area.","Border In much of Europe, controls on persons were abolished by the 1985 Schengen Agreement and subsequent European Union legislation. Since the Treaty of Amsterdam, the competence to pass laws on crossing internal and external borders within the European Union and the associated Schengen Area states (Iceland, Norway, Switzerland, and Liechtenstein) lies exclusively within the jurisdiction of the European Union, except where states have used a specific right to opt out (United Kingdom and Ireland, which maintain the Common Travel Area amongst themselves).","Enlargement of the European Union As of 2018, accession negotiations are under way with Serbia (since 2014), Montenegro (since 2012) and Turkey (since 2005). Serbia and Montenegro have been described by President of the European Commission Jean-Claude Juncker and Enlargement commissioner Johannes Hahn as the front-runner candidates, and projected that they would join by 2025, during the next mandate of the European Commission.[2][3][4] Negotiations with Turkey have also been ongoing at a slower pace, particularly since the 2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt due to objections from the EU to the Turkish government's response.[5] Additionally, the United Kingdom is negotiating its withdrawal from the EU, following a referendum in which a majority voted in favor of leaving the EU.","Member states of the United Nations A European Union institution, the European Commission, was granted observer status at the UNGA through Resolution 3208 in 1974. The Treaty of Lisbon in 2009 resulted in the delegates being accredited directly to the EU.[70] It was accorded full rights in the General Assembly, bar the right to vote and put forward candidates, via UNGA Resolution A/RES/65/276 on 10 May 2011.[71] It is the only non-state party to over 50 multilateral conventions, and has participated as a full member in every way except for having a vote in a number of UN conferences.[72]","European integration European Union has visa-free regime agreements with some European countries outside EU and discussing such agreements with others; Russia,[23][24] Ukraine,[25] and Moldova.[26] Matters concerning Turkey have also been debated.[27][28] Ireland and the United Kingdom maintain independent visa policies in the EU.","Freedom of movement Within the European Union, residents are guaranteed the right to freely move within the EU's internal borders by the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union and the European Parliament and Council Directive 2004/38/EC of 29 April 2004.[58] Union residents are given the right to enter any member state for up to three months with a valid passport or identity card. If the citizen does not have a travel document, the member state must afford them every facility in obtaining the documents. Under no circumstances can an entry or exit visa be required. There are some security limitations[59] and public policy restrictions on extended stays by EU residents. For instance, a member state may require that persons register their presence in the country \"within a reasonable and non-discriminatory period of time\". In general, however, the burden of notification and justification lies with the state. EU citizens also earn a right to permanent residence in member states they have maintained an uninterrupted five-year period of legal residence. This residency cannot be subject to any conditions, and is lost only by two successive years absence from the host nation. Family members of EU residents, in general, also acquire the same freedom of travel rights as the resident they accompany, though they may be subject to a short-stay visa requirement.[58] Furthermore, no EU citizen may be declared permanently persona non grata within the European Union, or permanently excluded from entry by any member state.","European Union Two of the original core objectives of the European Economic Community were the development of a common market, subsequently becoming a single market, and a customs union between its member states. The single market involves the free circulation of goods, capital, people, and services within the EU,[234] and the customs union involves the application of a common external tariff on all goods entering the market. Once goods have been admitted into the market they cannot be subjected to customs duties, discriminatory taxes or import quotas, as they travel internally. The non-EU member states of Iceland, Norway, Liechtenstein and Switzerland participate in the single market but not in the customs union.[137] Half the trade in the EU is covered by legislation harmonised by the EU.[246]","European migrant crisis In the Schengen Agreement of 14 June 1985, 26 European countries (22 of the 28 European Union member states, plus four European Free Trade Association states) joined together to form an area where border checks on internal Schengen borders (i.e. between member states) are abolished and instead checks are restricted to the external Schengen borders and countries with external borders are obligated to enforce border control regulations. Countries may reinstate internal border controls for a maximum of two months for \"public policy or national security\" reasons.[28]","Future enlargement of the European Union After the Albanian Government applied for EU membership, on 16 November 2009 the Council of the European Union asked the European Commission (EC) to prepare an assessment concerning the readiness of the Republic of Albania to start accession negotiations, a process lasting about a year usually.[22] On 16 December 2009 the EC submitted the questionnaire on accessing preparation to the Albanian Government. Albania returned the questionnaire's answers to the EC on 14 April 2010.[23] Candidacy status was not recognised by the EU along with Montenegro in December 2010, due to the long-lasting political row in the country.[24][25][26] In December 2010, Albanian citizens were given the right by the European Union to travel without visas to the Schengen area.[27]","2013 enlargement of the European Union Croatian nationals who on 1 July 2013 had already resided in an EU member state for a continuous period of at least 5 years acquired the right of permanent residence (meaning that they could work without any restrictions in their host EU member state), as long as during their continuous residence of 5 years they were a worker, self-employed person, self-sufficient person, student or family member accompanying or joining an EU/EEA/Swiss citizen.[64]","Future enlargement of the European Union On 17 December 2005, the European Council welcomed and congratulated the country's achievements in implementing multiple reforms and agreements (Copenhagen criteria, Stabilisation and Association process, Ohrid Agreement).[39]","Citizenship of the European Union Following the 2013 enlargement, some countries implemented restrictions on Croatian nationals following the country's EU accession on 1 July 2013. As of July 2013, all but 13 EU countries have dropped restrictions entirely.[37] The UK Home Office has announced a bill to this effect.[38]","Member state of the European Union Enlargement is, and has been, a principal feature of the Union's political landscape.[14] The EU's predecessors were founded by the \"Inner Six\", those countries willing to forge ahead with the Community while others remained skeptical. It was only a decade before the first countries changed their policy and attempted to join the Union, which led to the first skepticism of enlargement. French President Charles de Gaulle feared British membership would be an American Trojan horse and vetoed its application. It was only after de Gaulle left office and a 12-hour talk by British Prime Minister Edward Heath and French President Georges Pompidou took place that the United Kingdom's third application succeeded in 1970.[15][16][17]","European integration The European Union (EU) is an association of twenty-eight sovereign member states, that by treaty have delegated certain of their competences to common institutions, in order to coordinate their policies in a number of areas, without however constituting a new state on top of the member states. Officially established by the Treaty of Maastricht in 1993 upon the foundations of the pre-existing European Economic Community.","Freedom of movement for workers in the European Union The citizens of the member states of the European Economic Area (which includes the EU) have the same right of freedom of movement in the EEA as do EU citizens do within the Union. Additionally, the European Union and Switzerland have concluded a bilateral agreement with the same meaning. The EEA member states outside the EU (Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein) and Switzerland are treated as \"old member states\" in regard to the Treaty of Accession of the new EU members, so they can impose such 2+3+2 transitional periods.","Economy of Europe The European Union or EU is a supranational union of 28 European states, the most recent acceding member being Croatia, which became full member on 1 July 2013. It has many functions, the most important being the establishment and maintenance of a common single market, consisting of a customs union, a single currency (adopted by 18 of the 28 member states[15]), a Common Agricultural Policy and a Common Fisheries Policy. The European Union also undertakes various initiatives to co-ordinate activities of the member states.","Freedom of movement for workers in the European Union According to the principle of reciprocity, new member states have the right to impose restrictions for all the countries that introduced restrictions and transitional periods to their citizens. Croatia has decided to apply this rule.[24]","Future enlargement of the European Union The present enlargement agenda of the European Union regards Turkey and the Western Balkans. Turkey has a long-standing application with the EU, but their negotiations are expected to take until at least 2023.[13] As for the Western Balkan states, the EU had pledged to include them after their civil wars: in fact, two states have entered, four are candidates and the others have pre-accession agreements.","Member state of the European Union There are a number of countries with strong links with the EU, similar to elements of membership. Following Norway's decision not to join the EU, it remained one of the members of the European Economic Area which also includes Iceland and Liechtenstein (all former members have joined the EU, and Switzerland rejected membership). The EEA links these countries into the EU's market, extending the four freedoms to these states. In return, they pay a membership fee and have to adopt most areas of EU law (which they do not have direct impact in shaping). The democratic repercussions of this have been described as \"fax democracy\" (waiting for new laws to be faxed in from Brussels rather than being involved in drafting them).[61]","European Union Media freedom is a fundamental right that applies to all member states of the European Union and its citizens, as defined in the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights as well as the European Convention on Human Rights.[292]:1 Within the EU enlargement process, guaranteeing media freedom is named a \"key indicator of a country's readiness to become part of the EU\".[293]","European Union law While the Commission has a monopoly on initiating legislation, the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union have powers of amendment and veto during the legislative process.[52] According to the Treaty on European Union articles 9 and 10, the EU observes \"the principle of equality of its citizens\" and is meant to be founded on \"representative democracy\". In practice, equality and democracy are still in development because the elected representatives in the Parliament cannot initiate legislation against the Commission's wishes,[53] citizens of smallest countries have greater voting weight in Parliament than citizens of the largest countries,[54] and \"qualified majorities\" or consensus of the Council are required to legislate.[55] This \"democratic deficit\" has encouraged numerous proposals for reform, and is usually perceived as a hangover from earlier days of integration led by member states. Over time, the Parliament gradually assumed more voice: from being an unelected assembly, to its first direct elections in 1979, to having increasingly more rights in the legislative process.[56] Citizens' rights are therefore limited compared to the democratic polities within all European member states: under TEU article 11 citizens and associations have the rights such as publicising their views and submit an initiative that must be considered by the Commission with one million signatures. TFEU article 227 contains a further right for citizens to petition the Parliament on issues which affect them.[57] Parliament elections, take place every five years, and votes for Members of the European Parliament in member states must be organised by proportional representation or a single transferable vote.[58] There are 750 MEPs and their numbers are \"degressively proportional\" according to member state size.[59] This means – although the Council is meant to be the body representing member states – in the Parliament citizens of smaller member states have more voice than citizens in larger member states.[60] MEPs divide, as they do in national Parliaments, along political party lines: the conservative European People's Party is currently the largest, and the Party of European Socialists leads the opposition. Parties do not receive public funds from the EU, as the Court of Justice held in Parti écologiste \"Les Verts\" v Parliament that this was entirely an issue to be regulated by the member states.[61] The Parliament's powers include calling inquiries into maladministration or appoint an Ombudsman pending any court proceedings.[62] It can require the Commission respond to questions and by a two-thirds majority can censure the whole Commission (as happened to the Santer Commission in 1999).[63] In some cases, the Parliament has explicit consultation rights, which the Commission must genuinely follow.[64] However its participation in the legislative process still remains limited because no member can actually or pass legislation without the Commission and Council, meaning power (\"kratia\") is not in the hands of directly elected representatives of the people (\"demos\"): in the EU it is not yet true that \"the administration is in the hands of the many and not of the few\".[65]","Citizenship of the European Union While nationals of Member States are citizens of the union, \"It is for each Member State, having due regard to Union law, to lay down the conditions for the acquisition and loss of nationality.\"[39] As a result, there is a great variety in rules and practices with regard to the acquisition and loss of citizenship in EU member states.[40]","European Union The EU is based on a series of treaties. These first established the European Community and the EU, and then made amendments to those founding treaties.[176] These are power-giving treaties which set broad policy goals and establish institutions with the necessary legal powers to implement those goals. These legal powers include the ability to enact legislation[r] which can directly affect all member states and their inhabitants.[s] The EU has legal personality, with the right to sign agreements and international treaties.[177]","2004 enlargement of the European Union As a result of diplomatic interventions by the central European states of the Visegrád group, the European Council decided at its Copenhagen summit in June 1993 that: \"the associate member states from Central and Eastern Europe, if they so wish, will become members of the EU. To achieve this, however, they must fulfil the appropriate conditions.\" Those conditions (known as the Copenhagen criteria, or simply, membership criteria) were:","Treaties of the European Union The second part begins with article 18 which outlaws, within the limitations of the treaties, discrimination on the basis of nationality. Article 19 states the EU will \"combat discrimination based on sex, racial or ethnic origin, religion or belief, disability, age or sexual orientation\". Articles 20 to 24 establishes EU citizenship and accords rights to it;[3] to free movement, consular protection from other states, vote and stand in local and European elections, right to petition Parliament and the European Ombudsman and to contact and receive a reply from EU institutions in their own language. Article 25 requires the Commission to report on the implementation of these rights every three years.[2]","Visa policy of the Schengen Area Countries applying to join the European Union are obliged to adopt the EU's visa policy no later than three months before they formally join the Union.[217] Schengen countries give visa-free access to nationals of all European Union candidate and applicant states except Turkey.[218] Candidate states Albania, Macedonia, Montenegro and Serbia maintain similar visa policies to the Schengen Area with some notable exceptions regarding countries that were added to the Annex II more recently and additional nationalities not listed in Schengen Annex II, while Turkey still requires visas even from nationals of some of the Schengen member states. Bosnia and Herzegovina as an applicant country also has its visa policy mostly aligned with the Schengen Area.","European integration The European Broadcasting Union (EBU) is an alliance of public service media entities, established on 12 February 1950. As of 2015[update], the organisation comprises 73 active members in 56 countries,[12] and 34 associate members from a further 20 countries.[13] Most EU states are part of this organisation and therefore EBU has been subject to supranational legislation and regulation.[14] It also hosted debates between candidates for the European Commission presidency for the 2014 parliamentary elections but is unrelated to the institution itself.[15]","Enlargement of the European Union The reasons for the first member states to apply, and for them to be accepted, were primarily economic while the second enlargement was more political. The southern Mediterranean countries had just emerged from dictatorships and wanted to secure their democratic systems through the EEC, while the EEC wanted to ensure the same thing and that their southern neighbours were stable and aligned to NATO.[12] These two principal forces, economic gain and political security, have been behind enlargements since. However, with the recent large enlargements in 2004, public opinion in Europe has turned against further expansion.[11]","Enlargement of the European Union Croatia joined on 1 July 2013, following ratification of the 2011 Accession Treaty by all other EU countries. Albania and the several successor states of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia have all adopted EU integration as an aim of foreign policy.","Citizenship of the European Union No, unless:[55][56]","Citizenship of the European Union Persons born in United Kingdom who are \"British by birth\" (see separate article)","Future enlargement of the European Union Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland are members of a free trade area (EFTA) developed in parallel to the EU. Most prior members of EFTA left to join the EU and the remaining countries, except Switzerland, formed the European Economic Area with the EU. None has current aspirations to join the EU, although they (except Liechtenstein) have applied for membership but withdrawn them. All four EFTA members participate in the EU Single Market with exceptions as well as the Schengen Area, which makes them closely aligned with the EU.","Visa requirements for European Union citizens However, EU, EEA member states and Switzerland can refuse entry to an EU/EEA/Swiss national on public policy, public security or public health grounds where the person presents a \"genuine, present and sufficiently serious threat affecting one of the fundamental interests of society\".[308] If the person has obtained permanent residence in the country where he/she seeks entry (a status which is normally attained after 5 years of residence), the member state can only expel him/her on serious grounds of public policy or public security. Where the person has resided for 10 years or is a minor, the member state can only expel him/her on imperative grounds of public security (and, in the case of minors, if expulsion is necessary in the best interests of the child, as provided for in the Convention on the Rights of the Child).[309] Expulsion on public health grounds must relate to diseases with 'epidemic potential' which have occurred less than 3 months from the person's the date of arrival in the Member State where he/she seeks entry.[310]","Enlargement of the European Union As with the Mediterranean countries in the 1980s, the countries in Central and Eastern Europe had emerged from dictatorships and wanted to consolidate their democracies. They also wanted to join the project of European integration and ensure they did not fall back into the Russian sphere of influence. The EU and NATO offered a guarantee of this, and the EU was also seen as vital to ensuring the economic success of those countries. However, the EU's desire to accept these countries' membership applications was less than rapid. The collapse of communism came quickly and was not anticipated. The EU struggled to deal with the sudden reunification of Germany with the addition of its poorer 17 million people and, while keeping its monetary union project on track, it was still at that early stage pointing the EFTA countries in the direction of the EEA rather than full membership.[42]","Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union Nineteen EU member states, including most recently Lithuania, have entered the third stage and have adopted the euro as their currency. All new EU member states must commit to participate in the third stage in their treaties of accession. Only Denmark and the United Kingdom, whose EU membership predates the introduction of the euro, have legal opt outs from the EU Treaties granting them an exemption from this obligation. The remaining seven non-euro member states are obliged to enter the third stage once they comply with all convergence criteria.","European integration In fact, many EU member states are among the 28 NATO members. The Treaty of Brussels is considered the precursor to NATO. The North Atlantic Treaty was signed in Washington, D.C. in 1949. It included the five Treaty of Brussels states, as well as the United States, Canada, Portugal, Italy, Norway, Denmark and Iceland. Greece and Turkey joined the alliance in 1952, and West Germany did the same in 1955. Spain entered in 1982. In 1999, Hungary, the Czech Republic, and Poland became NATO members. Finally, Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovenia, and Slovakia joined in 2004. In 2009, Croatia and Albania joined. In 2008, Ukraine and Georgia were told that they will also eventually become members. The Republic of Macedonia's application process is finished, but it is blocked by Greece. Thus, 22 out of 28 NATO states are among the 28 EU members, another two are members of the EEA, and one more is an EU candidate and also a member of the European Union Customs Union.","European Economic Area As of 2014[update] the contracting parties to the EEA are 3 of the 4 EFTA member states and 27 of the 28 EU member states. The 28th and newest EU member, Croatia, finished negotiating their accession to the EEA in November 2013,[13] and since 12 April 2014 is provisionally applying the agreement pending its ratification by all EEA member states.[2][7]","History of the European Union In 1987 Turkey formally applied to join the Community and began the longest application process for any country. In Central Europe, after 1988 Polish strikes and Polish Round Table Agreement in 1989, the Berlin Wall fell, along with the Iron Curtain. Germany reunified and the door to enlargement to the former Eastern Bloc was opened (See also: Copenhagen Criteria).[23]","Confederation Due to its unique nature, and the political sensitivities surrounding it, there is no common or legal classification for the European Union (EU). However, it does bear some resemblance to both a confederation[15] (or a \"new\" type of confederation) and a federation.[16] The EU operates common economic policies with hundreds of common laws, which enable a single economic market, open internal borders, a common currency among most member-states and allow for numerous other areas where powers have been transferred and directly applicable laws are made. However, unlike a federation, the EU does not have exclusive powers over foreign affairs, defence and taxation. Furthermore, laws sometimes must be transposed into national law by national parliaments; decisions by member states are taken by special majorities with blocking minorities accounted for; and treaty amendment requires ratification by every member state before it can come into force.","European Convention on Human Rights Article 16 allows states to restrict the political activity of foreigners. The Court has ruled that European Union member states cannot consider the nationals of other member states to be aliens.[38]","Citizenship of the European Union EU citizens also enjoy the legal protections of EU law,[7] including the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union[8] and acts and directives regarding, for example, protection of personal data, rights of victims of crime, preventing and combating trafficking in human beings, equal pay, protection from discrimination in employment on grounds of religion or belief, sexual orientation and age.[9][8] The EU also has an office of European Ombudsman whom EU citizens can approach directly.[10]"],"string":"[\n \"Member state of the European Union According to the Copenhagen criteria, membership of the European Union is open to any European country that is a stable, free market liberal democracy that respects the rule of law and human rights. Furthermore, it has to be willing to accept all the obligations of membership, such as adopting all previously agreed law (the 170,000 pages of acquis communautaire) and switching to the euro.[13] In order to join the European Union, it is required for all member states to agree; if a single member state disagrees, the applying country is declined acceptance to the European Union. In addition to enlargement by adding new countries, the EU can also expand by having territories of member states, which are outside the EU, integrate more closely (for example in respect to the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles) or by a territory of a member state which had previously seceded and then rejoined (see withdrawal below).\",\n \"Member state of the European Union In 1957, six core states founded the EU's predecessor, the European Economic Community (Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and West Germany). The remaining states have acceded in subsequent enlargements. On 1 July 2013, Croatia became the newest member state of the EU. In order to accede, a state must fulfill the economic and political requirements known as the Copenhagen criteria, which require a candidate to have a democratic, free market government together with the corresponding freedoms and institutions, and respect for the rule of law. Enlargement of the Union is also contingent upon the consent of all existing members and the candidate's adoption of the existing body of EU law, known as the acquis communautaire.\",\n \"Future enlargement of the European Union The accession criteria are included in the Copenhagen criteria, agreed in 1993, and the Treaty of Maastricht (Article 49). Article 49 of the Maastricht Treaty (as amended) says that any \\\"European state\\\" that respects the \\\"principles of liberty, democracy, respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, and the rule of law\\\", may apply to join the EU. Whether a country is European or not is subject to political assessment by the EU institutions.[7]\",\n \"Enlargement of the European Union According to the EU treaties, membership of the European Union is open to \\\"any European State which respects the values referred to in Article 2 and is committed to promoting them\\\" (TEU Article 49). Those Article 2 values are \\\"respect for human dignity, freedom, democracy, equality, the rule of law and respect for human rights, including the rights of persons belonging to minorities.\\\" This is based on the 1993 \\\"Copenhagen criteria\\\" agreed as it became clear many former Eastern Bloc countries would apply to join;\",\n \"Enlargement of the European Union Article 49 of the Maastricht Treaty (as amended) says that any European state that respects the \\\"principles of liberty, democracy, respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, and the rule of law\\\", may apply to join the Union. The Copenhagen European Council set out the conditions for EU membership in June 1993 in the so-called Copenhagen criteria (see Criteria and process above for details). The Western Balkan states had to sign Stabilisation and Association Agreements (SAAs) before applying for membership.\",\n \"European Union The European Union (EU) is a political and economic union of 28 member states that are located primarily in Europe.[13] It has an area of 4,475,757 km2 (1,728,099 sq mi) and an estimated population of over 510 million. The EU has developed an internal single market through a standardised system of laws that apply in all member states in those matters (only) where members have agreed to act as one. EU policies aim to ensure the free movement of people, goods, services and capital within the internal market,[14] enact legislation in justice and home affairs and maintain common policies on trade,[15] agriculture,[16] fisheries and regional development.[17] For travel within the Schengen Area, passport controls have been abolished.[18] A monetary union was established in 1999 and came into full force in 2002 and is composed of 19 EU member states which use the euro currency.\",\n \"European integration Thus, 12 states are founding members, namely, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, and the United Kingdom. In 1995, Austria, Finland and Sweden entered the EU. Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia joined in 2004. Bulgaria and Romania joined in 2007. Croatia acceded in 2013. Official candidate states include Albania, Macedonia,[16] Montenegro, Serbia and Turkey. Morocco's application was rejected by the EEC, Iceland's application is withdrawn by government and Switzerland's is frozen. Norway rejected membership in two referendums.\",\n \"European Union law As the European Union has grown from 6 to 28 member states, a clear procedure for accession of members is set out in TEU article 49. The European Union is only open to a \\\"European\\\" state which respects the principles of \\\"human dignity, freedom, democracy, equality, the rule of law and respect for human rights, including the rights of persons belonging to minorities\\\". Countries whose territory is wholly outside the European continent cannot therefore apply.[33] Nor can any country without fully democratic political institutions which ensure standards of \\\"pluralism, non-discrimination, tolerance, justice, solidarity and equality between women and men prevail\\\".[34] Article 50 says any member state can withdraw in accord \\\"with its own constitutional requirements\\\", by negotiated \\\"arrangements for its withdrawal, taking account of the framework for its future relationship with the Union\\\". This indicates that the EU is not entitled to demand a withdrawal, and that member states should follow constitutional procedures, for example, through Parliament or a codified constitutional document.[5] Once article 50 is triggered, there is a two-year time limit to complete negotiations, a procedure which would leave a seceding member without any bargaining power in negotiations, because the costs of having no trade treaty would be proportionally greater to the individual state than the remaining EU bloc.[35] Article 7 allows member states to be suspended for a \\\"clear risk of a serious breach\\\" of values in article 2 (for example, democracy, equality, human rights) with a four-fifths vote of the Council of the European Union, and the consent of the Parliament.[36] Within the treaties' framework, sub-groups of member states may make further rules that only apply to those member states who want them. For example, the Schengen Agreements of 1985 and 1990 allow people to move without any passport or ID checks anywhere in the EU, but did not apply to the UK or Ireland. More recently, during the Eurozone crisis, the Treaty Establishing the European Stability Mechanism 2012 and the Treaty on Stability, Co-ordination and Governance 2012 (the \\\"Fiscal Compact\\\") were adopted only for member states who had the Euro (i.e. not Denmark, Sweden, the UK, Poland, Czech Republic, Hungary, Croatia, Romania or Bulgaria). This required, among other things, a pledge to balance the government budget and limit structural deficits to 0.5 per cent of GDP, with fines for non-compliance. The jurisdiction for these rules remains with the Court of Justice.[37]\",\n \"Enlargement of the European Union The European Union (EU) has expanded a number of times throughout its history by way of the accession of new member states to the Union. To join the EU, a state needs to fulfil economic and political conditions called the Copenhagen criteria (after the Copenhagen summit in June 1993), which require a stable democratic government that respects the rule of law, and its corresponding freedoms and institutions. According to the Maastricht Treaty, each current member state and the European Parliament must agree to any enlargement. The process of enlargement is sometimes referred to as European integration. This term is also used to refer to the intensification of co-operation between EU member states as national governments allow for the gradual harmonisation of national laws.\",\n \"Western world European Union and its member candidate countries.\",\n \"Member state of the European Union Entry to the EU is limited to liberal democracies and Freedom House ranks all EU states as being totally free electoral democracies. All but 4 are ranked at the top 1.0 rating.[52] However, the exact political system of a state is not limited, with each state having its own system based on its historical evolution.\",\n \"Future enlargement of the European Union The Maastricht Treaty states that any European country that is committed to democracy may apply for membership in the European Union.[154] In addition to European states, other countries have also been speculated or proposed as future members of the EU.\",\n \"Citizenship of the European Union New member states may undergo transitional regimes for Freedom of movement for workers, during which their nationals only enjoy restricted access to labour markets in other member states. EU member states are permitted to keep restrictions on citizens of the newly acceded countries for a maximum of seven years after accession. For the EFTA states (Iceland, Lichtenstein, Norway and Switzerland), the maximum is nine years.\",\n \"Citizenship of the European Union Citizenship of the European Union (EU) is afforded to qualifying citizens of European Union member states. It was given to the citizens of member states by the 1992 Maastricht Treaty, at the same time as the European Community was gaining its own legal identity. The treaty established a direct legal relationship between that new legal identity and its citizens by establishing a directly elected European Parliament and the ability for citizens to bring cases directly to the ECJ, and has been in force since 1993. European Union citizenship is additional to national citizenship.[2] EU citizenship affords rights, freedoms and legal protections to all of its citizens.\",\n \"Citizenship of the European Union Historically, the main benefit of being a citizen of an EU country has been that of free movement. The free movement also applies to the citizens of European Economic Area countries[23] and Switzerland.[24] However, with the creation of EU citizenship, certain political rights came into being. The Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union[25] provides for citizens to be \\\"directly represented at Union level in the European Parliament\\\" and \\\"to participate in the democratic life of the Union\\\" (Treaty on the European Union, Title II, Article 10). Specifically, the following rights are afforded:\",\n \"Citizenship of the European Union Following the 2004 enlargement, three \\\"old\\\" member states—Ireland, Sweden and the United Kingdom—decided to allow unrestricted access to their labour markets. By December 2009, all but two member states—Austria and Germany—had completely dropped controls. These restrictions too expired on 1 May 2011.[36]\",\n \"European Union law In the West, the decision was made through Treaty of Rome 1957 to launch the first European Economic Community. It shared the Assembly and Court with the Coal and Steel Community, but set up parallel bodies for the Council and Commission. Based on the Spaak Report of 1956, it sought to break down all barriers to trade in a common market for goods, services, labour and capital, and prevent distortion of competition and regulate areas of common interest like agriculture, energy and transport.[20] A separate treaty was signed for a European Atomic Energy Community to manage nuclear production. In 1961 the United Kingdom, Denmark, Ireland and Norway applied for membership only to be vetoed in 1963 by France's Charles de Gaulle. Spain also applied and was rejected as it was still led by the Franco dictatorship. The same year, the Court of Justice proclaimed that the Community constituted a \\\"new legal order of international law\\\".[4] The Merger Treaty 1965 finally placed the ECSC and Euratom within the EEC. Shortly after, de Gaulle boycotted the Commission, which he believed was pressing supranationalism too far. The Luxembourg compromise in 1966 agreed that France (or other countries) could veto issues of \\\"very important national interest\\\", particularly relating to the Common Agricultural Policy, instead of making decisions by \\\"qualified majority\\\". But after the May 1968 events in France and de Gaulle's resignation, the way was free for the United Kingdom, Ireland and Denmark to join in 1973. Norway had rejected joining in a 1972 referendum, while the UK confirmed its membership in a 1975 referendum.[21] Aside from the European Economic Community itself, the European continent underwent a profound transition towards democracy. The dictators of Greece and Portugal were deposed in 1974, and Spain's dictator died in 1975, enabling their accession in 1981 and 1986. In 1979, the European Parliament had its first direct elections, reflecting a growing consensus that the EEC should be less a union of member states, and more a union of peoples. The Single European Act 1986 increased the number of treaty issues in which qualified majority voting (rather than consensus) would be used to legislate, as a way to accelerate trade integration. The Schengen Agreement of 1985 (not initially signed by Italy, the UK, Ireland, Denmark or Greece) allowed movement of people without any border checks. Meanwhile, in 1987, the Soviet Union's Mikhail Gorbachev announced policies of \\\"transparency\\\" and \\\"restructuring\\\" (glasnost and perestroika). This revealed the depths of corruption and waste. In April 1989, the People's Republic of Poland legalised the Solidarity organisation, which captured 99% of available parliamentary seats in June elections. These elections, in which anti-communist candidates won a striking victory, inaugurated a series of peaceful anti-communist revolutions in Central and Eastern Europe that eventually culminated in the fall of communism. In November 1989, protestors in Berlin began taking down the Berlin Wall, which became a symbol of the collapse of the Iron Curtain, with most of Eastern Europe declaring independence and moving to hold democratic elections by 1991.\",\n \"Future enlargement of the European Union The three major western European countries that are not EU members, Iceland, Norway and Switzerland, have all submitted membership applications in the past, but subsequently froze them. They do however, along with Liechtenstein, participate in the EU Single Market as well as the Schengen Area, which makes them closely aligned with the EU. According to an Eastern Partnership strategy, the EU is unlikely to invite any more of its post-Soviet neighbours to join the bloc before 2020.[9] However, in 2014 the EU signed Association Agreements with Georgia, Moldova, and Ukraine,[10] and the European Parliament passed a resolution recognising the \\\"European perspective\\\" of all three countries.[2]\",\n \"European Union Through successive enlargements, the European Union has grown from the six founding states (Belgium, France, West Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands) to the current 28. Countries accede to the union by becoming party to the founding treaties, thereby subjecting themselves to the privileges and obligations of EU membership. This entails a partial delegation of sovereignty to the institutions in return for representation within those institutions, a practice often referred to as \\\"pooling of sovereignty\\\".[130][131]\",\n \"Citizenship of the European Union Following the 2007 enlargement, all pre-2004 member states except Finland and Sweden imposed restrictions on Bulgarian and Romanian citizens, as did two member states that joined in 2004: Malta and Hungary. As of November 2012, all but 8 EU countries have dropped restrictions entirely. These restrictions too expired on 1 January 2014. Norway opened its labour market in June 2012, while Switzerland kept restrictions in place until 2016.[36]\",\n \"Enlargement of the European Union The EU's predecessor, the European Economic Community,[1] was founded with the Inner Six member states in 1958, when the Treaty of Rome came into force. Since then, the EU's membership has grown to twenty-eight, with the latest member state being Croatia, which joined in July 2013. The most recent territorial enlargement of the EU was the incorporation of Mayotte in 2014. The most notable territorial reductions of the EU, and its predecessors, were the exit of Algeria upon independence in 1962 and the exit of Greenland in 1985.\",\n \"2013 enlargement of the European Union On 1 July 2013, Croatian nationals became European Union citizens and acquired the right to move and reside freely in other EU member states, as well as in Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland. On the same day, 14 EU member states (Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Hungary, Ireland, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia and Sweden) allowed Croatian nationals to work without restrictions in their country. However, 13 other EU member states imposed transitional restrictions on Croatian nationals wishing to access their labour markets.[63] Annex V of the Treaty concerning the accession of the Republic of Croatia to the European Union allows member states to apply national measures regulating Croatian nationals’ access to their labour markets for a period of up to five years, and in case of serious disturbance to their labour markets or the threat thereof, and after notifying the Commission, for a further two years (i.e. up to a maximum of seven years in total).\",\n \"Citizenship of the European Union European Union citizens have the right to free movement, settlement and employment across the EU. EU citizens are also free to trade and transport goods, services and capital through EU borders, as in a national market, with no restrictions on capital movements or fees.[3] Citizens also have the right to vote in and run as a candidate in local elections in the country where they live, European elections and European Citizens' Initiative.\",\n \"European Union To become a member, a country must meet the Copenhagen criteria, defined at the 1993 meeting of the European Council in Copenhagen. These require a stable democracy that respects human rights and the rule of law; a functioning market economy; and the acceptance of the obligations of membership, including EU law. Evaluation of a country's fulfilment of the criteria is the responsibility of the European Council.[132] No member state has yet left the Union, although Greenland (an autonomous province of Denmark) withdrew in 1985.[133] The Lisbon Treaty now contains a clause under Article 50, providing for a member to leave the EU.[134]\",\n \"List of European Union member states by political system This is a list of European Union member states, their forms of government and their parliaments. The European Union (EU) is a sui generis supranational union of democratic states. At a European Council Summit held in Copenhagen, Denmark, on 21 June and 22 June 1993,[2] the European Union defined the Copenhagen criteria regarding the conditions a candidate country has to fulfill to be considered eligible for accession to the European Union:\",\n \"European Union The four countries forming the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) are not EU members, but have partly committed to the EU's economy and regulations: Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway, which are a part of the single market through the European Economic Area, and Switzerland, which has similar ties through bilateral treaties.[137][138] The relationships of the European microstates, Andorra, Monaco, San Marino, and the Vatican include the use of the euro and other areas of co-operation.[139] The following 28 sovereign states (of which the map only shows territories situated in and around Europe) constitute the European Union:[140]\",\n \"Future enlargement of the European Union In the Treaty of Maastricht (Article 49), it is stated that any European country (as defined by the EU political assessment) that respects the principles of the European Union may apply to join. No mention is made of enlarging the EU to include non-European countries, though an exception has been made for Cyprus and has been envisioned by some for states such as Armenia, and the precedents of turning down Morocco's application and defining Israel's closest integration as \\\"just short of full membership\\\" suggest that currently states outside geographic Europe are unlikely to obtain full EU membership.[citation needed]\",\n \"Visa requirements for European Union citizens Member states' citizens enjoy freedom of movement in each other's territories. European Union citizens and European Free Trade Association (EFTA) nationals are not only visa-exempt but are legally entitled to enter and reside in each other's countries. British citizens who are not nationals of the United Kingdom[1][2] for the purposes of EU law, however, are exempted.\",\n \"European Union The EU and European citizenship were established when the Maastricht Treaty was enacted in 1993.[19] The EU traces its origins to the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) and the European Economic Community (EEC), established, respectively, by the 1951 Treaty of Paris and 1957 Treaty of Rome. The original members of what came to be known as the European Communities were the Inner Six: Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and West Germany. The Communities and its successors have grown in size by the accession of new member states and in power by the addition of policy areas to its remit. The latest major amendment to the constitutional basis of the EU, the Treaty of Lisbon, came into force in 2009. While no member state has left the EU or its predecessors, the United Kingdom signified an intention to leave after a membership referendum in June 2016 and is negotiating its withdrawal.\",\n \"Member state of the European Union The year 1990 saw the Cold War drawing to a close, and East Germany was welcomed into the Community as part of a reunited Germany. Shortly after, the previously neutral countries of Austria, Finland and Sweden acceded to the new European Union,[20] though Switzerland, which applied in 1992, froze its application due to opposition from voters[23] while Norway, which had applied once more, had its voters reject membership again.[24] Meanwhile, the members of the former Eastern Bloc and Yugoslavia were all starting to move towards EU membership. Ten of these joined in a major enlargement on 1 May 2004 symbolising the unification of East and Western Europe in the EU.[25] Bulgaria and Romania joined in 2007.\",\n \"Member state of the European Union The European Union (EU) consists of 28 member states. Each member state is party to the founding treaties of the union and thereby subject to the privileges and obligations of membership. Unlike members of most international organisations, the member states of the EU are subjected to binding laws in exchange for representation within the common legislative and judicial institutions. Member states must agree unanimously for the EU to adopt policies concerning defence and foreign affairs.[4] Subsidiarity is a founding principle of the EU.\",\n \"Member state of the European Union The year 2013 saw the latest member, Croatia, accede to the Union, and the EU has prioritised membership for the rest of the Balkans – namely Western Balkans. Albania, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, and Turkey are all formally acknowledged as candidates.[26] Turkish membership, pending since the 1980s, is a more contentious issue but it entered negotiations in 2005.[27] Relations between the EU and Turkey are strained after several incidents, mostly concerning the 2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt and the Turkish referendum, both of which resulting in the 2016–17 purges in Turkey[28], resulting in the European Parliament asking for suspending membership talks.[29] The still ongoing Cyprus dispute is the other major hurdle concerning Turkish membership.[30][31]\",\n \"Enlargement of the European Union In the end, eight Central and Eastern European countries (the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia), plus two Mediterranean countries (Malta and Cyprus) were able to join on 1 May 2004. This was the largest single enlargement in terms of people, and number of countries, though not in terms of GDP.[43] The less developed nature of these countries was of concern to some of the older member states. Some countries, such as the UK, immediately opened their job market to the accession states, whereas most others placed temporary restrictions on the rights of work of the citizens of these states to their countries. The movement westward of some of the labour force of the newly acceded countries that occurred in the aftermath of the enlargement initially spawned clichés among the public opinion and media of some western countries (such as the \\\"Polish plumber\\\"), despite the generally conceded benefit to the economies concerned.[44] The official EU media (the speeches of the European Commission) frequently referred to the enlargement to the CEE region as \\\"an historical opportunity\\\" and \\\"morally imperative\\\", which reflected the desire of the EU to admit these countries as members, even though they were less developed than the Western European countries.[45] Following this Romania and Bulgaria, though were deemed initially as not fully ready by the Commission to join in 2004, acceded nevertheless on 1 January 2007. These, like the countries joining in 2004, faced a series of restrictions as to their citizens not fully enjoying working rights on the territory of some of the older EU members. Bulgaria and Romania are not yet members of the Schengen area, however their citizens can travel visa-free to the other EU countries.\",\n \"Enlargement of the European Union The Community later became the European Union in 1993 by virtue of the Maastricht Treaty, and established standards for new entrants so their suitability could be judged. These Copenhagen criteria stated in 1993 that a country must be a democracy, operate a free market, and be willing to adopt the entire body of EU law already agreed upon. Also in 1993 the European Economic Area was established with the EFTA states except Switzerland. Most of the new EEA states pursued full EU membership as the EEA did not sufficiently satisfy the needs of their export based corporations. The EU has also preferred these states to integrate via the EEA rather than full membership as the EEC wished to pursue monetary integration and did not wish for another round of enlargement to occupy their attention. However, with the EEA's credibility dented following rejection by businesses and Switzerland, the EU agreed with full membership. This was more readily accepted with the prospect of poorer countries wishing to join; contributions from richer countries would help balance the EU budget.[41] On 1 January 1995 Austria, Finland, and Sweden acceded to the EU marking its fourth enlargement. The Norwegian government lost a second national referendum on membership.\",\n \"European Union law European Union law is a system of rules operating within the member states of the European Union. Since the founding of the Coal and Steel Community after World War II, the EU has developed the aim to \\\"promote peace, its values and the well-being of its peoples\\\".[2] The EU has political institutions, social and economic policies, which transcend nation-states for the purpose of cooperation and human development.[3] According to its Court of Justice the EU represents \\\"a new legal order of international law\\\".[4] The EU's legal foundations are the Treaty on European Union and the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, unanimously agreed by the governments of 28 member states. New members may join, if they agree to play by the rules of the organisation, and existing members may leave according to their \\\"own constitutional requirements\\\".[5] People are entitled to participate through the Parliament, and their national governments in shaping the legislation the EU makes. The Commission has the initiative for legislation, the Council of the European Union represents member state governments, the Parliament is elected by European citizens, while the Court of Justice is meant to uphold the rule of law and human rights.[6] As the Court of Justice has said, the EU is \\\"not merely an economic union\\\" but is intended to \\\"ensure social progress and seek the constant improvement of the living and working conditions of their peoples\\\".[7]\",\n \"Politics of the European Union There are twenty-eight member states who have conferred powers upon the EU institutions (other countries are tied to the EU in other ways). In exchange for conferring competencies, EU states are assigned votes in the Council, seats in Parliament and a European Commissioner among other things. The internal government of member states vary between presidential systems, monarchies, federations and microstates however all members must respect the Copenhagen criteria of being democratic, respecting human rights and having a free market economy. Members joined over time, starting with the original six in 1958 and more members joining in the near future.\",\n \"European Union law The Treaty of Maastricht 1992 renamed the EEC as the \\\"European Union\\\", and expanded its powers to include a social chapter, set up a European Exchange Rate Mechanism, and limit government spending. The UK initially opted out of the social provisions, and then monetary union after the Black Wednesday crisis where speculators bet against the pound. Sweden, Finland and Austria joined in 1995, but Norway again chose not to after a 1994 referendum, instead remaining part of the European Economic Area, abiding by most EU law, but without any voting rights. At the Treaty of Amsterdam 1997, with a new Labour government, the UK joined the social chapter. A newly confident EU then sought to expand. First, the Treaty of Nice 2001 made voting weight more proportionate to population (two Irish referenda rejected, but then accepted this). Second, the Euro currency went into circulation in 2002. Third came the accession of Malta, Cyprus, Slovenia, Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Latvia, Estonia, and Lithuania. Fourth, in 2005 a Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe was proposed. This \\\"Constitution\\\" was largely symbolic, but was rejected by referenda in France and the Netherlands. Most of its technical provisions were inserted into the Treaty of Lisbon 2007, without the emotive symbols of federalism or the word \\\"constitution\\\". Also in 2007, Bulgaria and Romania joined. Over 2007 to 2008, because of the subprime mortgage crisis in the United States, and the developing global financial crisis European banks that had invested in derivatives were put under severe pressure. British, French, German and other governments were forced to nationalise or guarantee their banks' debts. In turn, the Eurozone crisis developed when international investment withdrew and Greece, Spain, Portugal, and Ireland saw international bond markets charge unsustainably high interest rates on government debt. Eurozone governments and staff of the European Central Bank believed that it was necessary to save their banks by taking over Greek debt, and impose \\\"austerity\\\" and \\\"structural adjustment\\\" measures on debtor countries. This exacerbated further contraction in the economies. In 2011 two new treaties, the European Fiscal Compact and European Stability Mechanism were signed among Eurozone countries. In 2013, Croatia entered the EU. However a further crisis was triggered after the UK's Conservative government chose to hold a referendum in 2016, and campaigners for \\\"leave\\\" won 51.89 per cent of votes on a 72.2 per cent turnout.[22]\",\n \"Future enlargement of the European Union The European Parliament passed a resolution in 2014 stating that \\\"in accordance with Article 49 of the Treaty on European Union, Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine, as well as any other European country, have a European perspective and can apply for EU membership in compliance with the principles of democracy, respect for fundamental freedoms and human rights, minority rights and ensuring the rule of rights.\\\"[237]\",\n \"Europe 28 European states are members of the politico-economic European Union, 26 of the border-free Schengen Area and 19 of the monetary union Eurozone. Among the smaller European organizations are the Nordic Council, the Benelux, the Baltic Assembly and the Visegrád Group.\",\n \"Citizenship of the European Union There is no common EU policy on the acquisition of European citizenship as it is supplementary to national citizenship. (EC citizenship was initially granted to all citizens of European Community member states in 1994 by the Maastricht treaty concluded between the member states of the European community under international law, this changed into citizenship of the European Union in 2007 when the European Community changed its legal identity to be the European Union. Many more people became EU citizens when each new EU member state was added and, at each point, all the existing member states ratified the adjustments to the treaties to allow the creation of those extra citizenship rights for the individual. European citizenship is also generally granted at the same time as national citizenship is granted; likewise it is removed at the point of removal of national citizenship). Article 20 (1) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union[25] states that:\",\n \"Western world Countries of the Western world are generally considered to share certain fundamental political ideologies, including those of liberal democracy, the rule of law, human rights and gender equality. All of these are prerequisites, for example, for a state to become a full member of the European Union and therefore from a modern political point of view all European Union member states from Western, Central and Eastern Europe are considered part of the Western world.\",\n \"Special member state territories and the European Union The overseas countries and territories (OCT) have been explicitly invited by the EU treaty to join the EU-OCT Association (OCTA).[3] They were listed in the Article 198 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, which aside from inviting them to join OCTA, also provided them the opportunity to opt into EU provisions on the freedom of movement for workers[16] and freedom of establishment.[17] Yet, the freedom of establishment is limited by Article 203 TFEU and the respective Council Decision on OCTs. Its Article 51(1)(a) prescribes only that \\\"the Union shall accord to natural and legal persons of the OCTs a treatment no less favourable than the most favourable treatment applicable to like natural and legal persons of any third country with whom the Union concludes or has concluded an economic integration agreement.\\\" Again this can be, according to Article 51(2)(b) limited. The obligations provided for in paragraph 1 of this Article shall not apply to treatment granted under measures providing for recognition of qualifications, licences or prudential measures in accordance with Article VII of the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) or the GATS Annex on Financial Services.\",\n \"Immigration to Europe Beginning in 2004, the European Union has granted EU citizens a freedom of movement and residence within the EU, and the term \\\"immigrant\\\" has since been used to refer to non EU citizens, meaning that EU citizens are not to be defined as immigrants within the EU territory. The European commission defines \\\"immigration\\\" as the action by which a person from a non-EU country establishes his or her usual residence in the territory of an EU country for a period that is, or is expected to be, at least twelve months. Between 2010 and 2013, around 1.4 million non-EU nationals, excluding asylum seekers and refugees, immigrated into the EU each year using regular means, with a slight decrease since 2010.[2]\",\n \"European Union law First, the Citizens Rights Directive 2004 article 4 says every citizen has the right to depart a member state with a valid passport. This has historical importance for central and eastern Europe, when the Soviet Union and the Berlin Wall denied its citizens the freedom to leave.[239] Article 5 gives every citizen a right of entry, subject to national border controls. Schengen Area countries (not the UK and Ireland) abolished the need to show documents, and police searches at borders, altogether. These reflect the general principle of free movement in TFEU article 21. Second, article 6 allows every citizen to stay three months in another member state, whether economically active or not. Article 7 allows stays over three months with evidence of \\\"sufficient resources... not to become a burden on the social assistance system\\\". Articles 16 and 17 give a right to permanent residence after 5 years without conditions. Third, TEU article 10(3) requires the right to vote in the local constituencies for the European Parliament wherever a citizen lives.\",\n \"Visa requirements for European Union citizens Directive 2004/38/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 recognises the right of citizens of the Union and their family members to move and reside freely within the territory of the Member States[303][304][305] defines the right of free movement for citizens of the European Economic Area (EEA), which includes the European Union (EU) and the three European Free Trade Association (EFTA) members Iceland, Norway and Liechtenstein. Switzerland, which is a member of EFTA but not of the EEA, is not bound by the Directive but rather has a separate bilateral agreement on the free movement with the EU.\",\n \"Passports of the European Union Each EU member state can make its own citizenship laws, so some countries allow dual or multiple citizenship without any restrictions (e.g. France, Ireland, Italy, Sweden, the United Kingdom), some regulate/restrict it (e.g. Austria, Germany, the Netherlands, Spain), and others allow it only in exceptional cases (e.g. Lithuania) or only for citizens by descent (e.g. Croatia, Estonia).\",\n \"Future enlargement of the European Union There are at present five \\\"candidate countries\\\", who have applied to the EU and been accepted in principle.[18] These states have begun, or will begin shortly, the accession process by adopting EU law to bring the states in line with the rest of the Union. While most of these countries have applied only recently, Turkey is a long-standing candidate, having applied in 1987 and gaining candidate status in 1999.[19] This is due to the political issues surrounding the accession of the country.[20]\",\n \"Future enlargement of the European Union There are five recognised candidates for future membership of the European Union:[1] Turkey (applied in 14 April 1987), Macedonia (applied in 22 March 2004), Montenegro (applied in 2008), Albania (applied in 2009) and Serbia (applied in 2009). All except Albania and Macedonia have started accession negotiations.[3][4] Kosovo, whose independence is not recognised by five EU member states,[5] and Bosnia and Herzegovina are recognised as potential candidates for membership by the EU.[1] Bosnia and Herzegovina has formally submitted an application for membership, while Kosovo has a Stabilisation and Association Agreement (SAA) with the EU, which generally precedes the lodging of membership application. In July 2014, Jean-Claude Juncker announced that the EU has no plans to expand in the next five years.[6]\",\n \"Multiple citizenship The EU and EFTA countries have various policies regarding dual citizenship, because each country can make its own laws. The only real rule is that a citizen of an EU country can live and work indefinitely in other EU countries and in the four EFTA countries (and citizens of the EFTA countries can live and work indefinitely in the EU). However, the right to vote and work in certain sensitive fields (such as government, police, military) might in some cases be restricted to the local citizens only.[citation needed]\",\n \"Visa requirements for European Union citizens Current member states of the European Union are Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom.\",\n \"Member state of the European Union Additionally, Bosnia and Kosovo are recognized as potential candidates for membership.\",\n \"Citizenship of the European Union EU citizenship was first introduced by the Maastricht Treaty, and was extended by the Treaty of Amsterdam.[11] Prior to the 1992 Maastricht Treaty, the European Communities treaties provided guarantees for the free movement of economically active persons, but not, generally, for others. The 1951 Treaty of Paris[12] establishing the European Coal and Steel Community established a right to free movement for workers in these industries and the 1957 Treaty of Rome[13] provided for the free movement of workers and services.\",\n \"European Economic Area The EEA Agreement specifies that membership is open to member states of either the European Union (EU) or European Free Trade Association (EFTA). EFTA states which are party to the EEA Agreement participate in the EU's internal market without being members of the EU or the European Union Customs Union. They adopt most EU legislation concerning the single market, with notable exclusions including laws regarding agriculture and fisheries.[5] The EEA's \\\"decision-shaping\\\" processes enable EEA EFTA member states to influence and contribute to new EEA policy and legislation from an early stage.[6] Third country goods are excluded for these states on rules of origin.\",\n \"Future enlargement of the European Union The only country with the status of British Overseas Territory that is part of the EU is Gibraltar, which joined the EEC together with the United Kingdom in 1973. The other overseas territories are defined as Overseas Countries and Territories of the EU. All of them are associated with the EU (meaning they apply some parts of EU law) and their nationals are in principle EU citizens.[300]\",\n \"Future enlargement of the European Union Past enlargement has brought membership to twenty-eight members since the foundation of the European Union (EU) as the European Economic Community[8] by the Inner Six states in 1958.\",\n \"European Single Market First, article 4 of the Citizens Rights Directive 2004 says every citizen has the right to depart a member state with a valid passport. This has historical importance for central and eastern Europe, when the Soviet Union and the Berlin Wall denied its citizens the freedom to leave.[126] Article 5 gives every citizen a right of entry, subject to national border controls. Schengen Area countries (not the UK and Ireland) abolished the need to show documents, and police searches at borders, altogether. These reflect the general principle of free movement in TFEU article 21. Second, article 6 allows every citizen to stay three months in another member state, whether economically active or not. Article 7 allows stays over three months with evidence of \\\"sufficient resources... not to become a burden on the social assistance system\\\". Articles 16 and 17 give a right to permanent residence after 5 years without conditions. Third, TEU article 10(3) requires the right to vote in the local constituencies for the European Parliament wherever a citizen lives.\",\n \"Politics of the European Union Some member states are outside certain areas of the EU, for example the eurozone is composed of only 19 of the 28 members and the Schengen Agreement currently includes only 22 of the EU members. However the majority of these are in the process of joining these blocs. A number of countries outside the EU are involved in certain EU activities such as the euro, Schengen, single market or defence.[4][5][6]\",\n \"Visa requirements for European Union citizens Passport rankings by the number of countries and territories their holders could visit without a visa or by obtaining visa on arrival in 2016 were as follows: German — 177 countries and territories (ranked[299] 1st); Swedish — 176 (2nd); British, Finnish, French, Italian, Spanish — 175 (3rd); Belgian, Danish, Dutch — 174 (4th); Austrian — 173 (5th); Irish, Luxembourgian, Portuguese — 172 (6th); Greek — 171 (7th); Maltese — 168 (9th); Czech, Hungarian — 167 (10th); Slovak — 165 (11th); Slovenian — 164 (12th); Latvian — 163 (13th); Estonian, Lithuanian — 162 (14th); Polish — 161 (15th); Cypriot — 159 (17th), Bulgarian, Romanian — 153 (21st) and Croatian — 149 (24th). All EU passports are ranked within the top 25 positions. Passports of the European Free Trade Association countries rank similarly, Norwegian, Swiss — 172 (6th); Icelandic — 167 (10th), and Liechtenstein — 164 (12th), while the passports of the candidate states rank lower Serbian — 115 (43rd); Macedonian — 111 (45th); Montenegrin — 107 (47th); Turkish — 102 (51st) and Albanian — 98 (53rd). European microstates rank high:Monaco — 160 (16th), San Marino — 156 (18th), Andorra — 152 (22nd), and Vatican City — 134 (30th).[300]\",\n \"European Union Although signing the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) is a condition for EU membership,[u] previously, the EU itself could not accede to the Convention as it is neither a state[v] nor had the competence to accede.[w] The Lisbon Treaty and Protocol 14 to the ECHR have changed this: the former binds the EU to accede to the Convention while the latter formally permits it.\",\n \"Schengen Area Twenty-two of the twenty-eight European Union (EU) member states participate in the Schengen Area. Of the six EU members that are not part of the Schengen Area, four—Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, and Romania—are legally obliged to join the area, while the other two—the Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom—maintain opt-outs. The four European Free Trade Association (EFTA) member states, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, and Switzerland, are not members of the EU, but have signed agreements in association with the Schengen Agreement. Three European microstates—Monaco, San Marino, and the Vatican City—are de facto part of the Schengen Area.\",\n \"Border In much of Europe, controls on persons were abolished by the 1985 Schengen Agreement and subsequent European Union legislation. Since the Treaty of Amsterdam, the competence to pass laws on crossing internal and external borders within the European Union and the associated Schengen Area states (Iceland, Norway, Switzerland, and Liechtenstein) lies exclusively within the jurisdiction of the European Union, except where states have used a specific right to opt out (United Kingdom and Ireland, which maintain the Common Travel Area amongst themselves).\",\n \"Enlargement of the European Union As of 2018, accession negotiations are under way with Serbia (since 2014), Montenegro (since 2012) and Turkey (since 2005). Serbia and Montenegro have been described by President of the European Commission Jean-Claude Juncker and Enlargement commissioner Johannes Hahn as the front-runner candidates, and projected that they would join by 2025, during the next mandate of the European Commission.[2][3][4] Negotiations with Turkey have also been ongoing at a slower pace, particularly since the 2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt due to objections from the EU to the Turkish government's response.[5] Additionally, the United Kingdom is negotiating its withdrawal from the EU, following a referendum in which a majority voted in favor of leaving the EU.\",\n \"Member states of the United Nations A European Union institution, the European Commission, was granted observer status at the UNGA through Resolution 3208 in 1974. The Treaty of Lisbon in 2009 resulted in the delegates being accredited directly to the EU.[70] It was accorded full rights in the General Assembly, bar the right to vote and put forward candidates, via UNGA Resolution A/RES/65/276 on 10 May 2011.[71] It is the only non-state party to over 50 multilateral conventions, and has participated as a full member in every way except for having a vote in a number of UN conferences.[72]\",\n \"European integration European Union has visa-free regime agreements with some European countries outside EU and discussing such agreements with others; Russia,[23][24] Ukraine,[25] and Moldova.[26] Matters concerning Turkey have also been debated.[27][28] Ireland and the United Kingdom maintain independent visa policies in the EU.\",\n \"Freedom of movement Within the European Union, residents are guaranteed the right to freely move within the EU's internal borders by the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union and the European Parliament and Council Directive 2004/38/EC of 29 April 2004.[58] Union residents are given the right to enter any member state for up to three months with a valid passport or identity card. If the citizen does not have a travel document, the member state must afford them every facility in obtaining the documents. Under no circumstances can an entry or exit visa be required. There are some security limitations[59] and public policy restrictions on extended stays by EU residents. For instance, a member state may require that persons register their presence in the country \\\"within a reasonable and non-discriminatory period of time\\\". In general, however, the burden of notification and justification lies with the state. EU citizens also earn a right to permanent residence in member states they have maintained an uninterrupted five-year period of legal residence. This residency cannot be subject to any conditions, and is lost only by two successive years absence from the host nation. Family members of EU residents, in general, also acquire the same freedom of travel rights as the resident they accompany, though they may be subject to a short-stay visa requirement.[58] Furthermore, no EU citizen may be declared permanently persona non grata within the European Union, or permanently excluded from entry by any member state.\",\n \"European Union Two of the original core objectives of the European Economic Community were the development of a common market, subsequently becoming a single market, and a customs union between its member states. The single market involves the free circulation of goods, capital, people, and services within the EU,[234] and the customs union involves the application of a common external tariff on all goods entering the market. Once goods have been admitted into the market they cannot be subjected to customs duties, discriminatory taxes or import quotas, as they travel internally. The non-EU member states of Iceland, Norway, Liechtenstein and Switzerland participate in the single market but not in the customs union.[137] Half the trade in the EU is covered by legislation harmonised by the EU.[246]\",\n \"European migrant crisis In the Schengen Agreement of 14 June 1985, 26 European countries (22 of the 28 European Union member states, plus four European Free Trade Association states) joined together to form an area where border checks on internal Schengen borders (i.e. between member states) are abolished and instead checks are restricted to the external Schengen borders and countries with external borders are obligated to enforce border control regulations. Countries may reinstate internal border controls for a maximum of two months for \\\"public policy or national security\\\" reasons.[28]\",\n \"Future enlargement of the European Union After the Albanian Government applied for EU membership, on 16 November 2009 the Council of the European Union asked the European Commission (EC) to prepare an assessment concerning the readiness of the Republic of Albania to start accession negotiations, a process lasting about a year usually.[22] On 16 December 2009 the EC submitted the questionnaire on accessing preparation to the Albanian Government. Albania returned the questionnaire's answers to the EC on 14 April 2010.[23] Candidacy status was not recognised by the EU along with Montenegro in December 2010, due to the long-lasting political row in the country.[24][25][26] In December 2010, Albanian citizens were given the right by the European Union to travel without visas to the Schengen area.[27]\",\n \"2013 enlargement of the European Union Croatian nationals who on 1 July 2013 had already resided in an EU member state for a continuous period of at least 5 years acquired the right of permanent residence (meaning that they could work without any restrictions in their host EU member state), as long as during their continuous residence of 5 years they were a worker, self-employed person, self-sufficient person, student or family member accompanying or joining an EU/EEA/Swiss citizen.[64]\",\n \"Future enlargement of the European Union On 17 December 2005, the European Council welcomed and congratulated the country's achievements in implementing multiple reforms and agreements (Copenhagen criteria, Stabilisation and Association process, Ohrid Agreement).[39]\",\n \"Citizenship of the European Union Following the 2013 enlargement, some countries implemented restrictions on Croatian nationals following the country's EU accession on 1 July 2013. As of July 2013, all but 13 EU countries have dropped restrictions entirely.[37] The UK Home Office has announced a bill to this effect.[38]\",\n \"Member state of the European Union Enlargement is, and has been, a principal feature of the Union's political landscape.[14] The EU's predecessors were founded by the \\\"Inner Six\\\", those countries willing to forge ahead with the Community while others remained skeptical. It was only a decade before the first countries changed their policy and attempted to join the Union, which led to the first skepticism of enlargement. French President Charles de Gaulle feared British membership would be an American Trojan horse and vetoed its application. It was only after de Gaulle left office and a 12-hour talk by British Prime Minister Edward Heath and French President Georges Pompidou took place that the United Kingdom's third application succeeded in 1970.[15][16][17]\",\n \"European integration The European Union (EU) is an association of twenty-eight sovereign member states, that by treaty have delegated certain of their competences to common institutions, in order to coordinate their policies in a number of areas, without however constituting a new state on top of the member states. Officially established by the Treaty of Maastricht in 1993 upon the foundations of the pre-existing European Economic Community.\",\n \"Freedom of movement for workers in the European Union The citizens of the member states of the European Economic Area (which includes the EU) have the same right of freedom of movement in the EEA as do EU citizens do within the Union. Additionally, the European Union and Switzerland have concluded a bilateral agreement with the same meaning. The EEA member states outside the EU (Norway, Iceland and Liechtenstein) and Switzerland are treated as \\\"old member states\\\" in regard to the Treaty of Accession of the new EU members, so they can impose such 2+3+2 transitional periods.\",\n \"Economy of Europe The European Union or EU is a supranational union of 28 European states, the most recent acceding member being Croatia, which became full member on 1 July 2013. It has many functions, the most important being the establishment and maintenance of a common single market, consisting of a customs union, a single currency (adopted by 18 of the 28 member states[15]), a Common Agricultural Policy and a Common Fisheries Policy. The European Union also undertakes various initiatives to co-ordinate activities of the member states.\",\n \"Freedom of movement for workers in the European Union According to the principle of reciprocity, new member states have the right to impose restrictions for all the countries that introduced restrictions and transitional periods to their citizens. Croatia has decided to apply this rule.[24]\",\n \"Future enlargement of the European Union The present enlargement agenda of the European Union regards Turkey and the Western Balkans. Turkey has a long-standing application with the EU, but their negotiations are expected to take until at least 2023.[13] As for the Western Balkan states, the EU had pledged to include them after their civil wars: in fact, two states have entered, four are candidates and the others have pre-accession agreements.\",\n \"Member state of the European Union There are a number of countries with strong links with the EU, similar to elements of membership. Following Norway's decision not to join the EU, it remained one of the members of the European Economic Area which also includes Iceland and Liechtenstein (all former members have joined the EU, and Switzerland rejected membership). The EEA links these countries into the EU's market, extending the four freedoms to these states. In return, they pay a membership fee and have to adopt most areas of EU law (which they do not have direct impact in shaping). The democratic repercussions of this have been described as \\\"fax democracy\\\" (waiting for new laws to be faxed in from Brussels rather than being involved in drafting them).[61]\",\n \"European Union Media freedom is a fundamental right that applies to all member states of the European Union and its citizens, as defined in the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights as well as the European Convention on Human Rights.[292]:1 Within the EU enlargement process, guaranteeing media freedom is named a \\\"key indicator of a country's readiness to become part of the EU\\\".[293]\",\n \"European Union law While the Commission has a monopoly on initiating legislation, the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union have powers of amendment and veto during the legislative process.[52] According to the Treaty on European Union articles 9 and 10, the EU observes \\\"the principle of equality of its citizens\\\" and is meant to be founded on \\\"representative democracy\\\". In practice, equality and democracy are still in development because the elected representatives in the Parliament cannot initiate legislation against the Commission's wishes,[53] citizens of smallest countries have greater voting weight in Parliament than citizens of the largest countries,[54] and \\\"qualified majorities\\\" or consensus of the Council are required to legislate.[55] This \\\"democratic deficit\\\" has encouraged numerous proposals for reform, and is usually perceived as a hangover from earlier days of integration led by member states. Over time, the Parliament gradually assumed more voice: from being an unelected assembly, to its first direct elections in 1979, to having increasingly more rights in the legislative process.[56] Citizens' rights are therefore limited compared to the democratic polities within all European member states: under TEU article 11 citizens and associations have the rights such as publicising their views and submit an initiative that must be considered by the Commission with one million signatures. TFEU article 227 contains a further right for citizens to petition the Parliament on issues which affect them.[57] Parliament elections, take place every five years, and votes for Members of the European Parliament in member states must be organised by proportional representation or a single transferable vote.[58] There are 750 MEPs and their numbers are \\\"degressively proportional\\\" according to member state size.[59] This means – although the Council is meant to be the body representing member states – in the Parliament citizens of smaller member states have more voice than citizens in larger member states.[60] MEPs divide, as they do in national Parliaments, along political party lines: the conservative European People's Party is currently the largest, and the Party of European Socialists leads the opposition. Parties do not receive public funds from the EU, as the Court of Justice held in Parti écologiste \\\"Les Verts\\\" v Parliament that this was entirely an issue to be regulated by the member states.[61] The Parliament's powers include calling inquiries into maladministration or appoint an Ombudsman pending any court proceedings.[62] It can require the Commission respond to questions and by a two-thirds majority can censure the whole Commission (as happened to the Santer Commission in 1999).[63] In some cases, the Parliament has explicit consultation rights, which the Commission must genuinely follow.[64] However its participation in the legislative process still remains limited because no member can actually or pass legislation without the Commission and Council, meaning power (\\\"kratia\\\") is not in the hands of directly elected representatives of the people (\\\"demos\\\"): in the EU it is not yet true that \\\"the administration is in the hands of the many and not of the few\\\".[65]\",\n \"Citizenship of the European Union While nationals of Member States are citizens of the union, \\\"It is for each Member State, having due regard to Union law, to lay down the conditions for the acquisition and loss of nationality.\\\"[39] As a result, there is a great variety in rules and practices with regard to the acquisition and loss of citizenship in EU member states.[40]\",\n \"European Union The EU is based on a series of treaties. These first established the European Community and the EU, and then made amendments to those founding treaties.[176] These are power-giving treaties which set broad policy goals and establish institutions with the necessary legal powers to implement those goals. These legal powers include the ability to enact legislation[r] which can directly affect all member states and their inhabitants.[s] The EU has legal personality, with the right to sign agreements and international treaties.[177]\",\n \"2004 enlargement of the European Union As a result of diplomatic interventions by the central European states of the Visegrád group, the European Council decided at its Copenhagen summit in June 1993 that: \\\"the associate member states from Central and Eastern Europe, if they so wish, will become members of the EU. To achieve this, however, they must fulfil the appropriate conditions.\\\" Those conditions (known as the Copenhagen criteria, or simply, membership criteria) were:\",\n \"Treaties of the European Union The second part begins with article 18 which outlaws, within the limitations of the treaties, discrimination on the basis of nationality. Article 19 states the EU will \\\"combat discrimination based on sex, racial or ethnic origin, religion or belief, disability, age or sexual orientation\\\". Articles 20 to 24 establishes EU citizenship and accords rights to it;[3] to free movement, consular protection from other states, vote and stand in local and European elections, right to petition Parliament and the European Ombudsman and to contact and receive a reply from EU institutions in their own language. Article 25 requires the Commission to report on the implementation of these rights every three years.[2]\",\n \"Visa policy of the Schengen Area Countries applying to join the European Union are obliged to adopt the EU's visa policy no later than three months before they formally join the Union.[217] Schengen countries give visa-free access to nationals of all European Union candidate and applicant states except Turkey.[218] Candidate states Albania, Macedonia, Montenegro and Serbia maintain similar visa policies to the Schengen Area with some notable exceptions regarding countries that were added to the Annex II more recently and additional nationalities not listed in Schengen Annex II, while Turkey still requires visas even from nationals of some of the Schengen member states. Bosnia and Herzegovina as an applicant country also has its visa policy mostly aligned with the Schengen Area.\",\n \"European integration The European Broadcasting Union (EBU) is an alliance of public service media entities, established on 12 February 1950. As of 2015[update], the organisation comprises 73 active members in 56 countries,[12] and 34 associate members from a further 20 countries.[13] Most EU states are part of this organisation and therefore EBU has been subject to supranational legislation and regulation.[14] It also hosted debates between candidates for the European Commission presidency for the 2014 parliamentary elections but is unrelated to the institution itself.[15]\",\n \"Enlargement of the European Union The reasons for the first member states to apply, and for them to be accepted, were primarily economic while the second enlargement was more political. The southern Mediterranean countries had just emerged from dictatorships and wanted to secure their democratic systems through the EEC, while the EEC wanted to ensure the same thing and that their southern neighbours were stable and aligned to NATO.[12] These two principal forces, economic gain and political security, have been behind enlargements since. However, with the recent large enlargements in 2004, public opinion in Europe has turned against further expansion.[11]\",\n \"Enlargement of the European Union Croatia joined on 1 July 2013, following ratification of the 2011 Accession Treaty by all other EU countries. Albania and the several successor states of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia have all adopted EU integration as an aim of foreign policy.\",\n \"Citizenship of the European Union No, unless:[55][56]\",\n \"Citizenship of the European Union Persons born in United Kingdom who are \\\"British by birth\\\" (see separate article)\",\n \"Future enlargement of the European Union Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland are members of a free trade area (EFTA) developed in parallel to the EU. Most prior members of EFTA left to join the EU and the remaining countries, except Switzerland, formed the European Economic Area with the EU. None has current aspirations to join the EU, although they (except Liechtenstein) have applied for membership but withdrawn them. All four EFTA members participate in the EU Single Market with exceptions as well as the Schengen Area, which makes them closely aligned with the EU.\",\n \"Visa requirements for European Union citizens However, EU, EEA member states and Switzerland can refuse entry to an EU/EEA/Swiss national on public policy, public security or public health grounds where the person presents a \\\"genuine, present and sufficiently serious threat affecting one of the fundamental interests of society\\\".[308] If the person has obtained permanent residence in the country where he/she seeks entry (a status which is normally attained after 5 years of residence), the member state can only expel him/her on serious grounds of public policy or public security. Where the person has resided for 10 years or is a minor, the member state can only expel him/her on imperative grounds of public security (and, in the case of minors, if expulsion is necessary in the best interests of the child, as provided for in the Convention on the Rights of the Child).[309] Expulsion on public health grounds must relate to diseases with 'epidemic potential' which have occurred less than 3 months from the person's the date of arrival in the Member State where he/she seeks entry.[310]\",\n \"Enlargement of the European Union As with the Mediterranean countries in the 1980s, the countries in Central and Eastern Europe had emerged from dictatorships and wanted to consolidate their democracies. They also wanted to join the project of European integration and ensure they did not fall back into the Russian sphere of influence. The EU and NATO offered a guarantee of this, and the EU was also seen as vital to ensuring the economic success of those countries. However, the EU's desire to accept these countries' membership applications was less than rapid. The collapse of communism came quickly and was not anticipated. The EU struggled to deal with the sudden reunification of Germany with the addition of its poorer 17 million people and, while keeping its monetary union project on track, it was still at that early stage pointing the EFTA countries in the direction of the EEA rather than full membership.[42]\",\n \"Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union Nineteen EU member states, including most recently Lithuania, have entered the third stage and have adopted the euro as their currency. All new EU member states must commit to participate in the third stage in their treaties of accession. Only Denmark and the United Kingdom, whose EU membership predates the introduction of the euro, have legal opt outs from the EU Treaties granting them an exemption from this obligation. The remaining seven non-euro member states are obliged to enter the third stage once they comply with all convergence criteria.\",\n \"European integration In fact, many EU member states are among the 28 NATO members. The Treaty of Brussels is considered the precursor to NATO. The North Atlantic Treaty was signed in Washington, D.C. in 1949. It included the five Treaty of Brussels states, as well as the United States, Canada, Portugal, Italy, Norway, Denmark and Iceland. Greece and Turkey joined the alliance in 1952, and West Germany did the same in 1955. Spain entered in 1982. In 1999, Hungary, the Czech Republic, and Poland became NATO members. Finally, Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovenia, and Slovakia joined in 2004. In 2009, Croatia and Albania joined. In 2008, Ukraine and Georgia were told that they will also eventually become members. The Republic of Macedonia's application process is finished, but it is blocked by Greece. Thus, 22 out of 28 NATO states are among the 28 EU members, another two are members of the EEA, and one more is an EU candidate and also a member of the European Union Customs Union.\",\n \"European Economic Area As of 2014[update] the contracting parties to the EEA are 3 of the 4 EFTA member states and 27 of the 28 EU member states. The 28th and newest EU member, Croatia, finished negotiating their accession to the EEA in November 2013,[13] and since 12 April 2014 is provisionally applying the agreement pending its ratification by all EEA member states.[2][7]\",\n \"History of the European Union In 1987 Turkey formally applied to join the Community and began the longest application process for any country. In Central Europe, after 1988 Polish strikes and Polish Round Table Agreement in 1989, the Berlin Wall fell, along with the Iron Curtain. Germany reunified and the door to enlargement to the former Eastern Bloc was opened (See also: Copenhagen Criteria).[23]\",\n \"Confederation Due to its unique nature, and the political sensitivities surrounding it, there is no common or legal classification for the European Union (EU). However, it does bear some resemblance to both a confederation[15] (or a \\\"new\\\" type of confederation) and a federation.[16] The EU operates common economic policies with hundreds of common laws, which enable a single economic market, open internal borders, a common currency among most member-states and allow for numerous other areas where powers have been transferred and directly applicable laws are made. However, unlike a federation, the EU does not have exclusive powers over foreign affairs, defence and taxation. Furthermore, laws sometimes must be transposed into national law by national parliaments; decisions by member states are taken by special majorities with blocking minorities accounted for; and treaty amendment requires ratification by every member state before it can come into force.\",\n \"European Convention on Human Rights Article 16 allows states to restrict the political activity of foreigners. The Court has ruled that European Union member states cannot consider the nationals of other member states to be aliens.[38]\",\n \"Citizenship of the European Union EU citizens also enjoy the legal protections of EU law,[7] including the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union[8] and acts and directives regarding, for example, protection of personal data, rights of victims of crime, preventing and combating trafficking in human beings, equal pay, protection from discrimination in employment on grounds of religion or belief, sexual orientation and age.[9][8] The EU also has an office of European Ombudsman whom EU citizens can approach directly.[10]\"\n]","isConversational":false},"gt_docs":{"kind":"list like","value":["Holy See–European Union relations According to the EU's Copenhagen criteria which define what states are eligible to join the EU, a candidate state must be a free market democracy. Given that the Holy See is a theocracy it does not meet the criteria. However, as it is so small, and surrounded by an EU state (Italy), it is intrinsically linked to the EU. Vatican City has an open border with the EU and intends to join the Schengen Information System. It also uses the euro as its sole currency and has an agreement with the EU allowing them to mint their own coins.[2] The EU gave Italy authority to negotiate a deal with the Holy See in 2000 which allowed the Holy See to mint a maximum of €670,000. After a review of the arrangements, a new agreement came into force in 2010 which allowed the Holy See to mint €1 million a year (plus up to an additional €300,000 on special occasions).[3]"],"string":"[\n \"Holy See–European Union relations According to the EU's Copenhagen criteria which define what states are eligible to join the EU, a candidate state must be a free market democracy. Given that the Holy See is a theocracy it does not meet the criteria. However, as it is so small, and surrounded by an EU state (Italy), it is intrinsically linked to the EU. Vatican City has an open border with the EU and intends to join the Schengen Information System. It also uses the euro as its sole currency and has an agreement with the EU allowing them to mint their own coins.[2] The EU gave Italy authority to negotiate a deal with the Holy See in 2000 which allowed the Holy See to mint a maximum of €670,000. After a review of the arrangements, a new agreement came into force in 2010 which allowed the Holy See to mint €1 million a year (plus up to an additional €300,000 on special occasions).[3]\"\n]","isConversational":false}}},{"rowIdx":299,"cells":{"_id":{"kind":"string","value":"test186"},"query":{"kind":"string","value":"why do american historians call the 1920s the second industrial revolution"},"gt_ids":{"kind":"list like","value":["doc6791"],"string":"[\n \"doc6791\"\n]","isConversational":false},"gt_qrels":{"kind":"list like","value":[1],"string":"[\n 1\n]","isConversational":false},"candidate_ids":{"kind":"list like","value":["doc6791","doc6793","doc6795","doc6794","doc6792","doc446714","doc62146","doc320596","doc704940","doc6796","doc6883","doc172002","doc954303","doc6797","doc872231","doc6862","doc1221123","doc828197","doc6861","doc6869","doc6811","doc954299","doc171853","doc954298","doc286678","doc6832","doc6860","doc6805","doc6878","doc6850","doc6815","doc828239","doc6873","doc6863","doc884395","doc6874","doc6866","doc6855","doc2061674","doc109072","doc171993","doc320597","doc171852","doc6870","doc439627","doc6872","doc172007","doc828236","doc2190664","doc2381231","doc171856","doc6876","doc6814","doc6807","doc439651","doc145391","doc6871","doc6820","doc6838","doc1221122","doc6843","doc171995","doc171988","doc320624","doc1563586","doc286703","doc6821","doc954301","doc6854","doc145321","doc6877","doc6884","doc104367","doc6798","doc171992","doc186237","doc897175","doc320654","doc294711","doc6851","doc26234","doc6857","doc6879","doc6875","doc6880","doc2297940","doc286704","doc145306","doc6813","doc929095","doc6824","doc6839","doc320649","doc6812","doc172001","doc171847","doc171855","doc62153","doc6800","doc446716"],"string":"[\n \"doc6791\",\n \"doc6793\",\n \"doc6795\",\n \"doc6794\",\n \"doc6792\",\n \"doc446714\",\n \"doc62146\",\n \"doc320596\",\n \"doc704940\",\n \"doc6796\",\n \"doc6883\",\n \"doc172002\",\n \"doc954303\",\n \"doc6797\",\n \"doc872231\",\n \"doc6862\",\n \"doc1221123\",\n \"doc828197\",\n \"doc6861\",\n \"doc6869\",\n \"doc6811\",\n \"doc954299\",\n \"doc171853\",\n \"doc954298\",\n \"doc286678\",\n \"doc6832\",\n \"doc6860\",\n \"doc6805\",\n \"doc6878\",\n \"doc6850\",\n \"doc6815\",\n \"doc828239\",\n \"doc6873\",\n \"doc6863\",\n \"doc884395\",\n \"doc6874\",\n \"doc6866\",\n \"doc6855\",\n \"doc2061674\",\n \"doc109072\",\n \"doc171993\",\n \"doc320597\",\n \"doc171852\",\n \"doc6870\",\n \"doc439627\",\n \"doc6872\",\n \"doc172007\",\n \"doc828236\",\n \"doc2190664\",\n \"doc2381231\",\n \"doc171856\",\n \"doc6876\",\n \"doc6814\",\n \"doc6807\",\n \"doc439651\",\n \"doc145391\",\n \"doc6871\",\n \"doc6820\",\n \"doc6838\",\n \"doc1221122\",\n \"doc6843\",\n \"doc171995\",\n \"doc171988\",\n \"doc320624\",\n \"doc1563586\",\n \"doc286703\",\n \"doc6821\",\n \"doc954301\",\n \"doc6854\",\n \"doc145321\",\n \"doc6877\",\n \"doc6884\",\n \"doc104367\",\n \"doc6798\",\n \"doc171992\",\n \"doc186237\",\n \"doc897175\",\n \"doc320654\",\n \"doc294711\",\n \"doc6851\",\n \"doc26234\",\n \"doc6857\",\n \"doc6879\",\n \"doc6875\",\n \"doc6880\",\n \"doc2297940\",\n \"doc286704\",\n \"doc145306\",\n \"doc6813\",\n \"doc929095\",\n \"doc6824\",\n \"doc6839\",\n \"doc320649\",\n \"doc6812\",\n \"doc172001\",\n \"doc171847\",\n \"doc171855\",\n \"doc62153\",\n \"doc6800\",\n \"doc446716\"\n]","isConversational":false},"candidate_docs":{"kind":"list like","value":["Second Industrial Revolution The Second Industrial Revolution, also known as the Technological Revolution,[1] was a phase of rapid industrialization in the final third of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th. The First Industrial Revolution, which ended in the early to mid 1800s, was punctuated by a slowdown in macroinventions[clarification needed] before the Second Industrial Revolution in 1870. Though a number of its characteristic events can be traced to earlier innovations in manufacturing, such as the establishment of a machine tool industry, the development of methods for manufacturing interchangeable parts and the invention of the Bessemer Process to produce steel, the Second Industrial Revolution is generally dated between 1870 and 1914 up to the start of World War I.[2]","Second Industrial Revolution The Second Industrial Revolution was a period of rapid industrial development, primarily in Britain, Germany and the United States, but also in France, the Low Countries, Italy and Japan. It followed on from the First Industrial Revolution that began in Britain in the late 18th century that then spread throughout Western Europe and North America. It was characterized by the build out of railroads, large-scale iron and steel production, widespread use of machinery in manufacturing, greatly increased use of steam power, widespread use of the telegraph, use of petroleum and the beginning of electrification. It also was the period during which modern organizational methods for operating large scale businesses over vast areas came into use.","Second Industrial Revolution Landes (2003) stresses the importance of new technologies, especially, the internal combustion engine and petroleum, new materials and substances, including alloys and chemicals, electricity and communication technologies (such as the telegraph, telephone and radio).","Second Industrial Revolution The concept was introduced by Patrick Geddes, Cities in Evolution (1910), but David Landes' use of the term in a 1966 essay and in The Unbound Prometheus (1972) standardized scholarly definitions of the term, which was most intensely promoted by Alfred Chandler (1918–2007). However, some continue to express reservations about its use.[3]","Second Industrial Revolution Advancements in manufacturing and production technology enabled the widespread adoption of preexisting technological systems such as telegraph and railroad networks, gas and water supply, and sewage systems, which had earlier been concentrated to a few select cities. The enormous expansion of rail and telegraph lines after 1870 allowed unprecedented movement of people and ideas, which culminated in a new wave of globalization. In the same time period, new technological systems were introduced, most significantly electrical power and telephones. The Second Industrial Revolution continued into the 20th century with early factory electrification and the production line, and ended at the start of World War I.","Economic growth During the Second Industrial Revolution, a major factor of productivity growth was the substitution of inanimate power for human and animal labor. Also there was a great increase in power as steam powered electricity generation and internal combustion supplanted limited wind and water power.[20] Since that replacement, the great expansion of total power was driven by continuous improvements in energy conversion efficiency.[22] Other major historical sources of productivity were automation, transportation infrastructures (canals, railroads, and highways),[23][24] new materials (steel) and power, which includes steam and internal combustion engines and electricity. Other productivity improvements included mechanized agriculture and scientific agriculture including chemical fertilizers and livestock and poultry management, and the Green Revolution. Interchangeable parts made with machine tools powered by electric motors evolved into mass production, which is universally used today.[21]","Modern history The first Industrial Revolution merged into the Second Industrial Revolution around 1850, when technological and economic progress gained momentum with the development of steam-powered ships and railways, and later in the 19th century with the internal combustion engine and electric power generation. The Second Industrial Revolution was a phase of the Industrial Revolution; labeled as the separate Technical Revolution. From a technological and a social point of view there is no clean break between the two. Major innovations during the period occurred in the chemical, electrical, petroleum, and steel industries. Specific advancements included the introduction of oil fired steam turbine and internal combustion driven steel ships, the development of the airplane, the practical commercialization of the automobile, mass production of consumer goods, the perfection of canning, mechanical refrigeration and other food preservation techniques, and the invention of the telephone.","Technological and industrial history of the United States Modern productivity researchers have shown that the period in which the greatest economic and technological progress occurred was between the last half of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th.[2][3][4] During this period the nation was transformed from an agricultural economy to the foremost industrial power in the world, with more than a third of the global industrial output. This can be illustrated by the index of total industrial production, which increased from 4.29 in 1790 to 1,975.00 in 1913, an increase of 460 times (base year 1850 – 100).[5]","Fourth Industrial Revolution The Second Industrial Revolution took place between 1870 and 1914, just before World War I.[7] It was a period of growth for pre-existing industries and expansion of new ones, such as steel, oil and electricity, and used electric power to create mass production. Major technological advances during this period included the telephone, light bulb, phonograph and the internal combustion engine.[8]","Second Industrial Revolution Vaclav Smil called the period 1867–1914 \"The Age of Synergy\" during which most of the great innovations were developed. Unlike the First Industrial Revolution, the inventions and innovations were engineering and science-based.[4]","Second Industrial Revolution There have been other times that have been called \"second industrial revolution\". Industrial revolutions may be renumbered by taking earlier developments, such as the rise of medieval technology in the 12th century, or of ancient Chinese technology during the Tang Dynasty, or of ancient Roman technology, as first. \"Second industrial revolution\" has been used in the popular press and by technologists or industrialists to refer to the changes following the spread of new technology after World War I.","Industrial Revolution This Second Industrial Revolution gradually grew to include chemicals, mainly the chemical industries, petroleum (refining and distribution), and, in the 20th century, the automotive industry, and was marked by a transition of technological leadership from Britain to the United States and Germany.","Industrial Revolution in the United States The Industrial Revolution permanently altered the U.S. economy and set the stage for the United States to dominate technological change and growth in the Second Industrial Revolution[8] in its Gilded Age. The American System (economic plan) gave way to new economic thought such as the classical school of economics which assisted in the growth of trade and commerce, but this time with the U.S. as a much larger exporter than importer, which would continue until the late Cold War era with the drastic increase in imports from China. The Industrial Revolution also saw a decrease in the rampancy of labor shortages which characterized the U.S. economy in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.[9] This was because there was a \"transportation revolution\" that happened in the same period, which was massively important due to the sheer size and low population density of the U.S. at the time, connecting population centers such as through the Wilderness Road and the Erie Canal, coupled with the development of Steamboats and Rail transport, allowing for the phenomenon of urbanization to begin which increased the labor force available around larger cities such as New York City and Chicago, ameliorating the classic American labor shortages of the time. This also allowed for the quicker movement of resources and goods around the country, drastically increasing trade efficiency and output, while allowing for an extensive transport base for the U.S. to grow from in the Second Industrial Revolution.[10]","Second Industrial Revolution A synergy between iron and steel, railroads and coal developed at the beginning of the Second Industrial Revolution. Railroads allowed cheap transportation of materials and products, which in turn led to cheap rails to build more roads. Railroads also benefited from cheap coal for their steam locomotives. This synergy led to the laying of 75,000 miles of track in the U.S. in the 1880s, the largest amount anywhere in world history.[5]","History of technology The period from the last third of the 19th century until World War I is sometimes referred to as the Second Industrial Revolution.","Second Industrial Revolution The period from 1870 to 1890 saw the greatest increase in economic growth in such a short period as ever in previous history. Living standards improved significantly in the newly industrialized countries as the prices of goods fell dramatically due to the increases in productivity. This caused unemployment and great upheavals in commerce and industry, with many laborers being displaced by machines and many factories, ships and other forms of fixed capital becoming obsolete in a very short time span.[50]","Industrialisation The \"Second Industrial Revolution\" labels the later changes that came about in the mid-19th century after the refinement of the steam engine, the invention of the internal combustion engine, the harnessing of electricity and the construction of canals, railways and electric-power lines. The invention of the assembly line gave this phase a boost. Coal mines, steelworks, and textile factories replaced homes as the place of work. [6][7][8]","Economic history of the United States An explosion of new discoveries and inventions took place, a process called the Second Industrial Revolution. The electric light, telephone, steam turbine, internal combustion engine, automobile, phonograph, typewriter and tabulating machine were some of the many inventions of the period. New processes for making steel and chemicals such as dyes and explosives were invented. The pneumatic tire, improved ball bearings, machine tools and newly developed metal stamping techniques enabled the large scale production of bicycles in the 1890s. Another significant development was the widespread introduction of electric street railways (trams, trolleys or streetcars) in the 1890s.","Second Industrial Revolution Taylor's core principles included:[citation needed]","Second Industrial Revolution The tremendous growth in productivity, transportation networks, industrial production and agricultural output lowered the prices of almost all goods. This led to many business failures and periods that were called depressions that occurred as the world economy actually grew.[50] See also: Long depression","Second Industrial Revolution Electrification was called \"the most important engineering achievement of the 20th century\" by the National Academy of Engineering.[28] Electric lighting in factories greatly improved working conditions, eliminating the heat and pollution caused by gas lighting, and reducing the fire hazard to the extent that the cost of electricity for lighting was often offset by the reduction in fire insurance premiums. Frank J. Sprague developed the first successful DC motor in 1886. By 1889 110 electric street railways were either using his equipment or in planning. The electric street railway became a major infrastructure before 1920. The AC (Induction motor) was developed in the 1890s and soon began to be used in the electrification of industry.[29] Household electrification did not become common until the 1920s, and then only in cities. Fluorescent lighting was commercially introduced at the 1939 World's Fair.","Industrial Revolution in the United States As Western Europe began industrializing in the late 1700s and early 1800s, the United States remained agrarian in nature with resource processing, such as gristmills and sawmills being its major semi-industrial pursuit,[3] however, as demand for U.S. resources increased, canals and railroads became extremely important to economic growth due to sparse population[4] particularly in areas where resources were rich such as in the Western frontier. This made it necessary for the U.S. to expand its technological capabilities, which led to an Industrial Revolution reaching American shores as entrepreneurs competed and learned from each other to develop better technology, fundamentally and permanently altering the U.S. economy, thrusting it into the new age of industrialization.","Industrial Revolution An economic recession occurred from the late 1830s to the early 1840s when the adoption of the original innovations of the Industrial Revolution, such as mechanized spinning and weaving, slowed and their markets matured. Innovations developed late in the period, such as the increasing adoption of locomotives, steamboats and steamships, hot blast iron smelting and new technologies, such as the electrical telegraph, widely introduced in the 1840s and 1850s, were not powerful enough to drive high rates of growth. Rapid economic growth began to occur after 1870, springing from a new group of innovations in what has been called the Second Industrial Revolution. These new innovations included new steel making processes, the large-scale manufacture of machine tools and the use of increasingly advanced machinery in steam-powered factories.[1][16][17][18]","Industrial Revolution in the United States The Industrial Revolution involved a shift in the United States from manual labor-based industry to more technical and machine-based manufacturing which greatly increased the overall production and economic growth of the United States, signifying a shift from an agrarian to an industrial economy widely accepted to have been a result of Samuel Slater's introduction of British Industrial methods in textile manufacturing to the United States,[1] and necessitated by the War of 1812.[2]","History of the United States (1865–1918) By the late nineteenth century, the United States had become a leading global industrial power, building on new technologies (such as the telegraph and steel), an expanding railroad network, and abundant natural resources such as coal, timber, oil, and farmland, to usher in the Second Industrial Revolution.","Second Industrial Revolution The vulcanization of rubber, by American Charles Goodyear and Englishman Thomas Hancock in the 1840s paved the way for a growing rubber industry, especially the manufacture of rubber tyres[52]","Second Industrial Revolution Later in the Second Industrial Revolution, Frederick Winslow Taylor and others in America developed the concept of scientific management or Taylorism. Scientific management initially concentrated on reducing the steps taken in performing work (such as bricklaying or shoveling) by using analysis such as time-and-motion studies, but the concepts evolved into fields such as industrial engineering, manufacturing engineering, and business management that helped to completely restructure[citation needed] the operations of factories, and later entire segments of the economy.","Second Industrial Revolution The availability of cheap steel allowed building larger bridges, railroads, skyscrapers, and ships.[13] Other important steel products—also made using the open hearth process—were steel cable, steel rod and sheet steel which enabled large, high-pressure boilers and high-tensile strength steel for machinery which enabled much more powerful engines, gears and axles than were previously possible. With large amounts of steel it became possible to build much more powerful guns and carriages, tanks, armored fighting vehicles and naval ships.","Second Industrial Revolution Increased mechanization of industry and improvements to worker efficiency, increased the productivity of factories while undercutting the need for skilled labor. Mechanical innovations such as batch and continuous processing began to become much more prominent in factories. This mechanization made some factories an assemblage of unskilled laborers performing simple and repetitive tasks under the direction of skilled foremen and engineers. In some cases, the advancement of such mechanization substituted for low-skilled workers altogether. Both the number of unskilled and skilled workers increased, as their wage rates grew[98] Engineering colleges were established to feed the enormous demand for expertise. Together with rapid growth of small business, a new middle class was rapidly growing, especially in northern cities.[99]","Second Industrial Revolution The first widely used internal combustion engine was the Otto type of 1876. From the 1880s until electrification it was successful in small shops because small steam engines were inefficient and required too much operator attention.[4] The Otto engine soon began being used to power automobiles, and remains as today's common gasoline engine.","Second Industrial Revolution The importance of machine tools to mass production is shown by the fact that production of the Ford Model T used 32,000 machine tools, most of which were powered by electricity.[32] Henry Ford is quoted as saying that mass production would not have been possible without electricity because it allowed placement of machine tools and other equipment in the order of the work flow.[33]","Economic history of the United States Electrification was one of the most important drivers of economic growth in the early 20th century. The revolutionary design of electric powered factories caused the period of the highest productivity growth in manufacturing. There was large growth in the electric utility industry and the productivity growth of electric utilities was high as well.[205]","Second Industrial Revolution The great inventions and innovations of the Second Industrial Revolution are part of our modern life. They continued to be drivers of the economy until after WWII. Only a few major innovations occurred in the post-war era, some of which are: computers, semiconductors, the fiber optic network and the Internet, cellular telephones, combustion turbines (jet engines) and the Green Revolution.[93] Although commercial aviation existed before WWII, it became a major industry after the war.","Second Industrial Revolution \"The economic changes that have occurred during the last quarter of a century -or during the present generation of living men- have unquestionably been more important and more varied than during any period of the world's history\".[50]","Western culture The First Industrial Revolution evolved into the Second Industrial Revolution in the transition years between 1840 and 1870, when technological and economic progress continued with the increasing adoption of steam transport (steam-powered railways, boats, and ships), the large-scale manufacture of machine tools and the increasing use of machinery in steam-powered factories.[79][80][81]","Second Industrial Revolution New products and services were introduced which greatly increased international trade. Improvements in steam engine design and the wide availability of cheap steel meant that slow, sailing ships were replaced with faster steamship, which could handle more trade with smaller crews. The chemical industries also moved to the forefront. Britain invested less in technological research than the U.S. and Germany, which caught up.","Second Industrial Revolution By 1870 the work done by steam engines exceeded that done by animal and human power. Horses and mules remained important in agriculture until the development of the internal combustion tractor near the end of the Second Industrial Revolution.[88]","Second Industrial Revolution As mentioned above, one of the most important scientific advancements in all of history was the unification of light, electricity and magnetism through Maxwell's electromagnetic theory. A scientific understanding of electricity was necessary for the development of efficient electric generators, motors and transformers. David Edward Hughes and Heinrich Hertz both demonstrated and confirmed the phenomenon of electromagnetic waves that had been predicted by Maxwell.[4]","Historiography of the British Empire constituted a fundamental reordering of the Empire which make it appropriate to talk about a first British Empire giving way to a second one....Historians have long identified certain developments in the late eighteenth century that undermined the fundamentals of the old Empire and were to bring about a new one. These were the American Revolution and the industrial revolution.[60]","United States Rapid economic development during the late 19th and early 20th centuries fostered the rise of many prominent industrialists. Tycoons like Cornelius Vanderbilt, John D. Rockefeller, and Andrew Carnegie led the nation's progress in railroad, petroleum, and steel industries. Banking became a major part of the economy, with J. P. Morgan playing a notable role. Edison and Tesla undertook the widespread distribution of electricity to industry, homes, and for street lighting. Henry Ford revolutionized the automotive industry. The American economy boomed, becoming the world's largest, and the United States achieved great power status.[151] These dramatic changes were accompanied by social unrest and the rise of populist, socialist, and anarchist movements.[152] This period eventually ended with the advent of the Progressive Era, which saw significant reforms in many societal areas, including women's suffrage, alcohol prohibition, regulation of consumer goods, greater antitrust measures to ensure competition and attention to worker conditions.[153][154][155]","Industrial Revolution Important American technological contributions during the period of the Industrial Revolution were the cotton gin and the development of a system for making interchangeable parts, the latter aided by the development of the milling machine in the US. The development of machine tools and the system of interchangeable parts were the basis for the rise of the US as the world's leading industrial nation in the late 19th century.","Technological and industrial history of the United States American colonies gained independence in 1783 just as profound changes in industrial production and coordination were beginning to shift production from artisans to factories. Growth of the nation's transportation infrastructure with internal improvements and a confluence of technological innovations before the Civil War facilitated an expansion in organization, coordination, and scale of industrial production. Around the turn of the 20th century, American industry had superseded its European counterparts economically and the nation began to assert its military power. Although the Great Depression challenged its technological momentum, America emerged from it and World War II as one of two global superpowers. In the second half of the 20th century, as the United States was drawn into competition with the Soviet Union for political, economic, and military primacy, the government invested heavily in scientific research and technological development which spawned advances in spaceflight, computing, and biotechnology.","Industrial Revolution The precise start and end of the Industrial Revolution is still debated among historians, as is the pace of economic and social changes.[11][12][13][14] Eric Hobsbawm held that the Industrial Revolution began in Britain in the 1780s and was not fully felt until the 1830s or 1840s,[11] while T. S. Ashton held that it occurred roughly between 1760 and 1830.[12] Rapid industrialization first began in Britain, starting with mechanized spinning in the 1780s,[15] with high rates of growth in steam power and iron production occurring after 1800. Mechanized textile production spread from Great Britain to continental Europe and the United States in the early 19th century, with important centres of textiles, iron and coal emerging in Belgium and the United States and later textiles in France.[1]","Second Industrial Revolution The factory system centralized production in separate buildings funded and directed by specialists (as opposed to work at home). The division of labor made both unskilled and skilled labor more productive, and led to a rapid growth of population in industrial centers. The shift away from agriculture toward industry had occurred in Britain by the 1730s, when the percentage of the working population engaged in agriculture fell below 50%, a development that would only happen elsewhere (the Low Countries) in the 1830s and '40s. By 1890, the figure had fallen to under 10% percent and the vast majority of the British population was urbanized. This milestone was reached by the Low Countries and the US in the 1950s.[90]","Technology The term \"technology\" rose to prominence in the 20th century in connection with the Second Industrial Revolution. The term's meanings changed in the early 20th century when American social scientists, beginning with Thorstein Veblen, translated ideas from the German concept of Technik into \"technology.\" In German and other European languages, a distinction exists between technik and technologie that is absent in English, which usually translates both terms as \"technology.\" By the 1930s, \"technology\" referred not only to the study of the industrial arts but to the industrial arts themselves.[5]","Second Industrial Revolution By 1900, the leaders in industrial production was Britain with 24% of the world total, followed by the US (19%), Germany (13%), Russia (9%) and France (7%). Europe together accounted for 62%.[92]","Industrial Revolution Until the 1980s, it was universally believed by academic historians that technological innovation was the heart of the Industrial Revolution and the key enabling technology was the invention and improvement of the steam engine.[160] However, recent research into the Marketing Era has challenged the traditional, supply-oriented interpretation of the Industrial Revolution.[161]","Economic history of the United States Two of the most transformative technologies of the century were widely introduced during the early decades: electrification, powered by high pressure boilers and steam turbines and automobiles and trucks powered by the internal combustion engine.[223][224] [225]","History of the United States (1918–1945) Energy was a key to the economy, especially electricity and oil. As electrification reached all the cities and towns, consumers demanded new products such as light bulbs, refrigerators and toasters.[12] Factories installed electric motors and saw productivity surge.[13] With the oil booms in Texas, Oklahoma, and California, the United States dominated world petroleum production, now even more important in an age of automobiles and trucks.[14]","History of the United States (1918–45) Energy was a key to the economy, especially electricity and oil. As electrification reached all the cities and towns, consumers demanded new products such as light bulbs, refrigerators and toasters.[12] Factories installed electric motors and saw productivity surge.[13] With the oil booms in Texas, Oklahoma, and California, the United States dominated world petroleum production, now even more important in an age of automobiles and trucks.[14]","Industrial Revolution The commencement of the Industrial Revolution is closely linked to a small number of innovations,[22] beginning in the second half of the 18th century. By the 1830s the following gains had been made in important technologies:","Second Industrial Revolution The U.S. had its highest economic growth rate in the last two decades of the Second Industrial Revolution;[95] however, population growth slowed while productivity growth peaked around the mid 20th century. The Gilded Age in America was based on heavy industry such as factories, railroads and coal mining. The iconic event was the opening of the First Transcontinental Railroad in 1869, providing six-day service between the East Coast and San Francisco.[96]","Second Industrial Revolution In 1841, Joseph Whitworth created a design that, through its adoption by many British railroad companies, became the world's first national machine tool standard called British Standard Whitworth.[31] During the 1840s through 1860s, this standard was often used in the United States and Canada as well, in addition to myriad intra- and inter-company standards.","Second Industrial Revolution The first of his steel rails was sent to Derby Midland railway station. They were laid at part of the station approach where the iron rails had to be renewed at least every six months, and occasionally every three. Six years later, in 1863, the rail seemed as perfect as ever, although some 700 trains had passed over it daily.[14] This provided the basis for the accelerated construction of rail transportation throughout the world in the late nineteenth century. Steel rails lasted over ten times longer than did iron,[15] and with the falling cost of steel, heavier weight rails were used. This allowed the use of more powerful locomotives, which could pull longer trains, and longer rail cars, all of which greatly increased the productivity of railroads.[16] Rail became the dominant form of transport infrastructure throughout the industrialized world,[17] producing a steady decrease in the cost of shipping seen for the rest of the century.[18]","Technology Starting in the United Kingdom in the 18th century, the Industrial Revolution was a period of great technological discovery, particularly in the areas of agriculture, manufacturing, mining, metallurgy, and transport, driven by the discovery of steam power. Technology took another step in a second industrial revolution with the harnessing of electricity to create such innovations as the electric motor, light bulb, and countless others. Scientific advancement and the discovery of new concepts later allowed for powered flight and advancements in medicine, chemistry, physics, and engineering. The rise in technology has led to skyscrapers and broad urban areas whose inhabitants rely on motors to transport them and their food supply. Communication was also greatly improved with the invention of the telegraph, telephone, radio and television. The late 19th and early 20th centuries saw a revolution in transportation with the invention of the airplane and automobile.","Roaring Twenties What historians have identified as \"business progressivism\", with its emphasis on efficiency and typified by Henry Ford and Herbert Hoover[128] reached an apogee in the 1920s. Wik, for example, argues that Ford's \"views on technology and the mechanization of rural America were generally enlightened, progressive, and often far ahead of his times.\"[129]","Second Industrial Revolution Like the first industrial revolution, the second supported population growth and saw most governments protect their national economies with tariffs. Britain retained its belief in free trade throughout this period. The wide-ranging social impact of both revolutions included the remaking of the working class as new technologies appeared. The changes resulted in the creation of a larger, increasingly professional, middle class, the decline of child labor and the dramatic growth of a consumer-based, material culture.[91]","Second Industrial Revolution Although there were many efforts in the mid-19th century to drill for oil Edwin Drake's 1859 well near Titusville, Pennsylvania, is considered the first \"modern oil well\".[40] Drake's well touched off a major boom in oil production in the United States.[41] Drake learned of cable tool drilling from Chinese laborers in the U. S.[42] The first primary product was kerosene for lamps and heaters.[30][43] Similar developments around Baku fed the European market.","Second Industrial Revolution Henry Ford built his first car in 1896 and worked as a pioneer in the industry, with others who would eventually form their own companies, until the founding of Ford Motor Company in 1903.[27] Ford and others at the company struggled with ways to scale up production in keeping with Henry Ford's vision of a car designed and manufactured on a scale so as to be affordable by the average worker.[27] The solution that Ford Motor developed was a completely redesigned factory with machine tools and special purpose machines that were systematically positioned in the work sequence. All unnecessary human motions were eliminated by placing all work and tools within easy reach, and where practical on conveyors, forming the assembly line, the complete process being called mass production. This was the first time in history when a large, complex product consisting of 5000 parts had been produced on a scale of hundreds of thousands per year.[27][32] The savings from mass production methods allowed the price of the Model T to decline from $780 in 1910 to $360 in 1916. In 1924 2 million T-Fords were produced and retailed $290 each.[59]","Industrialisation The first transformation to an industrial economy from an agricultural one, known as the Industrial Revolution, took place from the mid-18th to early 19th century in certain areas in Europe and North America; starting in Great Britain, followed by Belgium, Germany, and France.[3] Characteristics of this early industrialisation were technological progress, a shift from rural work to industrial labor, financial investments in new industrial structure, and early developments in class consciousness and theories related to this.[4] Later commentators have called this the First Industrial Revolution.[5]","Second Industrial Revolution The science of thermodynamics was developed into its modern form by Sadi Carnot, William Rankine, Rudolf Clausius, William Thomson, James Clerk Maxwell, Ludwig Boltzmann and J. Willard Gibbs. These scientific principles were applied to a variety of industrial concerns, including improving the efficiency of boilers and steam turbines. The work of Michael Faraday and others was pivotal in laying the foundations of the modern scientific understanding of electricity.","Industrial Revolution The United States originally used horse-powered machinery for small scale applications such as grain milling, but eventually switched to water power after textile factories began being built in the 1790s. As a result, industrialisation was concentrated in New England and the Northeastern United States, which has fast-moving rivers. The newer water-powered production lines proved more economical than horse-drawn production. In the late 19th century steam-powered manufacturing overtook water-powered manufacturing, allowing the industry to spread to the Midwest.","Industrial Revolution During 1890–1930, Sweden experienced the second industrial revolution. New industries developed with their focus on the domestic market: mechanical engineering, power utilities, papermaking and textile.","Technological and industrial history of the United States The period after the Civil War was marked by increasing intense and pervasive industrialization and successive technological advances like the railroad, telegraph & telephone, and internal combustion engine. This facilitated America's westward expansion and economic development by connecting the frontier with the industrial, financial, and political centers of the East. Americans increasingly relied upon technological infrastructures like the railroad, electric, and telecommunications systems for economic and social activities.","Technological revolution Sometimes the notion of \"technological revolution\" is used for the Second Industrial Revolution in the period about 1900, but in this case the designation \"technical revolution\" would be more proper. When the notion of technical revolution is used in more general meaning it is almost identical with technological revolution, but technological revolution requires material changes in used tools, machines, energy sources, production processes. Technical revolution can be restricted to changes in management, organisation and so called non-material technologies (e.g. a progress in mathematics or accounting).","History of the United States (1865–1918) From 1865 to about 1913, the U.S. grew to become the world's leading industrial nation. Land and labor, the diversity of climate, the ample presence of railroads (as well as navigable rivers), and the natural resources all fostered the cheap extraction of energy, fast transport, and the availability of capital that powered this Second Industrial Revolution.[32] The average annual income (after inflation) of non-farm workers grew by 75% from 1865 to 1900, and then grew another 33% by 1918.[33]","Second Industrial Revolution Kerosene lighting was much more efficient and less expensive than vegetable oils, tallow and whale oil. Although town gas lighting was available in some cities, kerosene produced a brighter light until the invention of the gas mantle. Both were replaced by electricity for street lighting following the 1890s and for households during the 1920s. Gasoline was an unwanted byproduct of oil refining until automobiles were mass-produced after 1914, and gasoline shortages appeared during World War I. The invention of the Burton process for thermal cracking doubled the yield of gasoline, which helped alleviate the shortages.[43]","Industrial Revolution in the United States Famed Merchant Francis Cabot Lowell memorized the designs of British textile machines in 1810 and realized that, during the War of 1812, demand for domestic finished cloth increased as imports were drastically cut through embargoes. When he returned to the United States, he set up the Boston Manufacturing Company, which employed the famed Lowell system as a response to poor working conditions in England, initially employing many women. His company was massively successful and extremely productive, especially because his competitors continued to use labor-intensive methods while he employed the mechanized spinning jenny and the water frame. The systems developed by the Boston Manufacturing Company and Lowell himself, such as vertical integration and mass production, found replicas across the country as the United States began to recognize the need for economic independence and industrial development in the wake of the Embargo Act of 1807, which highlighted the country's long-term reliance on the British Empire for trade in important refined resources.[2] Since it became clear the U.S. had relied too heavily on foreign refinement of resources,[3] entrepreneurs such as Oliver Evans, Robert Fulton, and Matthias W. Baldwin capitalized on this mostly new industry and mechanized refinement and transportation, thereby drastically increasing the economic independence of the United States for resource refinement and fueling the war effort against Britain.","Second Industrial Revolution The telephone was patented in 1876 by Alexander Graham Bell, and like the early telegraph, it was used mainly to speed business transactions.[80]","Roaring Twenties Electrification, having slowed during the war, progressed greatly as more of the U.S. and Canada was added to the electric grid. Most industries switched from coal power to electricity. At the same time, new power plants were constructed. In America, electricity production almost quadrupled.[45]","Second Industrial Revolution During the Gilded Age, American railroad mileage tripled between 1860 and 1880, and tripled again by 1920, opening new areas to commercial farming, creating a truly national marketplace and inspiring a boom in coal mining and steel production. The voracious appetite for capital of the great trunk railroads facilitated the consolidation of the nation's financial market in Wall Street. By 1900, the process of economic concentration had extended into most branches of industry—a few large corporations, some organized as \"trusts\" (e.g. Standard Oil), dominated in steel, oil, sugar, meatpacking, and the manufacture of agriculture machinery. Other major components of this infrastructure were the new methods for manufacturing steel, especially the Bessemer process. The first billion-dollar corporation was United States Steel, formed by financier J. P. Morgan in 1901, who purchased and consolidated steel firms built by Andrew Carnegie and others.[97]","Second Industrial Revolution Excitement and debate over the dangers and benefits of the Atomic Age were more intense and lasting than those over the Space age but both were predicted to lead to another industrial revolution. At the start of the 21st century[105] the term \"second industrial revolution\" has been used to describe the anticipated effects of hypothetical molecular nanotechnology systems upon society. In this more recent scenario, they would render the majority of today's modern manufacturing processes obsolete, transforming all facets of the modern economy.","Digital Revolution The motor of this incessant force of creative destruction is technological change.[5][6] While the key carrier technology of the first Industrial Revolution (1770–1850) was based on water-powered mechanization, the second Kondratiev wave (1850–1900) was enabled by steam-powered technology, the third (1900–1940) was characterized by the electrification of social and productive organization, the fourth by motorization and the automated mobilization of society (1940–1970), and the most recent one by the digitization of social systems.[2] Each one of those so-called long waves has been characterized by a sustained period of social modernization, most notably by sustained periods of increasing economic productivity. According to Carlota Perez: \"this quantum jump in productivity can be seen as a technological revolution, which is made possible by the appearance in the general cost structure of a particular input that we could call the 'key factor', fulfilling the following conditions: (1) clearly perceived low-and descending-relative cost; (2) unlimited supply for all practical purposes; (3) potential all-pervasiveness; (4) a capacity to reduce the costs of capital, labour and products as well as to change them qualitatively\".[6] Digital Information and Communication Technologies fulfill those requirements and therefore represent a general purpose technology that can transform an entire economy, leading to a modern, and more developed form of socio-economic and political organization often referred to as the post-industrial society, the fifth Kondratiev, Information society, digital age, and network society, among others.[7]","Second Industrial Revolution The hot blast technique, in which the hot flue gas from a blast furnace is used to preheat combustion air blown into a blast furnace, was invented and patented by James Beaumont Neilson in 1828 at Wilsontown Ironworks in Scotland. Hot blast was the single most important advance in fuel efficiency of the blast furnace as it greatly reduced the fuel consumption for making pig iron, and was one of the most important technologies developed during the Industrial Revolution.[6] Falling costs for producing wrought iron coincided with the emergence of the railway in the 1830s.","Industrial Revolution During the late 18th an early 19th centuries when the UK and parts of Western Europe began to industrialise, the US was primarily an agricultural and natural resource producing and processing economy.[149] The building of roads and canals, the introduction of steamboats and the building of railroads were important for handling agricultural and natural resource products in the large and sparsely populated country of the period.[150][151]","Age of Revolution The Industrial Revolution was the transition to new manufacturing processes in the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840. It marked a major turning point in history and almost every aspect of daily life was influenced in some way. In particular, average income and population began to exhibit unprecedented sustained growth. This led to the expansion of cities that was so rapid, it resulted in social strains and disturbances.[2] For instance, economic grievances associated with this industrialization fed later revolutions such as those that transpired from 1848.[3] New social classes emerged including those that began to reject orthodox politics.[4] This is demonstrated by the rise of the urban middle class, which became a powerful force so that they had to be integrated into the political system.[5] The upheavals also led to new political ideas that were directed against the social arrangements of the preindustrial regime.[3]","History of the United States (1789–1849) Howe (2007) argues that the transformation America underwent was not so much political democratization but rather the explosive growth of technologies and networks of infrastructure and communication—the telegraph, railroads, the post office, and an expanding print industry. They made possible the religious revivals of the Second Great Awakening, the expansion of education and social reform. They modernized party politics and sped up business by enabling the fast, efficient movement of goods, money, and people across an expanding nation. They transformed a loose-knit collection of parochial agricultural communities into a powerful cosmopolitan nation.[2] Economic modernization proceeded rapidly, thanks to highly profitable cotton crops in the South, new textile and machine-making industries in the Northeast, and a fast developing transportation infrastructure.","Technological and industrial history of the United States In the 20th century, the pace of technological developments increasingly became tied into a complex set of interactions between Congress, the industrial manufacturers, university research, and the military establishment. This set of relations, known more popularly as the \"military-industrial complex,\" emerged because the military's unique technological demands, concentration of funding, large-scale application, and highly centralized control played a dominant role in driving technological innovation. Fundamental advances in medicine, physics, chemistry, computing, aviation, material science, naval architecture, and meteorology, among other fields, can be traced back to basic and applied research for military applications. Smokestack America became a nickname applied to traditional manufacturing core of U.S. industry, used to represent particular industries,[68] regions, or towns.[69][70][71][72][73][74][75]","Gilded Age Europe, especially Britain, remained the financial center of the world until 1914, yet the United States' growth caused foreigners to ask, as British author W. T. Stead wrote in 1901, \"What is the secret of American success?\"[46] The businessmen of the Second Industrial Revolution created industrial towns and cities in the Northeast with new factories, and hired an ethnically diverse industrial working class, many of them new immigrants from Europe.","Second Industrial Revolution The diesel engine was independently designed by Rudolf Diesel and Herbert Akroyd Stuart in the 1890s using thermodynamic principles with the specific intention of being highly efficient. It took several years to perfect and become popular, but found application in shipping before powering locomotives. It remains the world's most efficient prime mover.[4]","Progressive Era What historians have identified as \"business progressivism\", with its emphasis on efficiency and typified by Henry Ford and Herbert Hoover[117] reached an apogee in the 1920s. Wik, for example, argues that Ford's \"views on technology and the mechanization of rural America were generally enlightened, progressive, and often far ahead of his times.\"[118]","Second Industrial Revolution The key development of the vacuum tube by Sir John Ambrose Fleming in 1904 underpinned the development of modern electronics and radio broadcasting. Lee De Forest's subsequent invention of the triode allowed the amplification of electronic signals, which paved the way for radio broadcasting in the 1920s.","Second Industrial Revolution In the early 1900s there was a disparity between the levels of employment seen in the northern and southern United States. On average, states in the North had both a higher population, and a higher rate of employment than states in the South. The higher rate of employment is easily seen by considering the 1909 rates of employment compared to the populations of each state in the 1910 census. This difference was most notable in the states with the largest populations, such as New York and Pennsylvania. Each of these states had roughly 5 percent more of the total US workforce than would be expected given their populations. Conversely, the states in the South with the best actual rates of employment, North Carolina and Georgia, had roughly 2 percent less of the workforce than one would expect from their population. When the averages of all southern states and all northern states are taken, the trend holds with the North over-performing by about 2 percent, and the South under-performing by about 1 percent.[100]","Second Industrial Revolution The development of more intricate and efficient machines along with mass production techniques (after 1910) greatly expanded output and lowered production costs. As a result, production often exceeded domestic demand. Among the new conditions, more markedly evident in Britain, the forerunner of Europe's industrial states, were the long-term effects of the severe Long Depression of 1873–1896, which had followed fifteen years of great economic instability. Businesses in practically every industry suffered from lengthy periods of low — and falling — profit rates and price deflation after 1873.","Second Industrial Revolution The German Empire came to rival Britain as Europe's primary industrial nation during this period. Since Germany industrialized later, it was able to model its factories after those of Britain, thus making more efficient use of its capital and avoiding legacy methods in its leap to the envelope of technology. Germany invested more heavily than the British in research, especially in chemistry, motors and electricity. The German concern system (known as Konzerne), being significantly concentrated, was able to make more efficient use of capital. Germany was not weighted down with an expensive worldwide empire that needed defense. Following Germany's annexation of Alsace-Lorraine in 1871, it absorbed parts of what had been France's industrial base.[101]","Industry The Industrial Revolution led to the development of factories for large-scale production, with consequent changes in society.[4] Originally the factories were steam-powered, but later transitioned to electricity once an electrical grid was developed. The mechanized assembly line was introduced to assemble parts in a repeatable fashion, with individual workers performing specific steps during the process. This led to significant increases in efficiency, lowering the cost of the end process. Later automation was increasingly used to replace human operators. This process has accelerated with the development of the computer and the robot.","History of the United States (1865–1918) Where the First Industrial Revolution shifted production from artisans to factories, the Second Industrial Revolution pioneered an expansion in organization, coordination, and the scale of industry, spurred on by technology and transportation advancements. Railroads opened the West, creating farms, towns, and markets where none had existed. The First Transcontinental Railroad, built by nationally oriented entrepreneurs with British money and Irish and Chinese labor, provided access to previously remote expanses of land. Railway construction boosted opportunities for capital, credit, and would-be farmers.[34]","Roaring Twenties The automotive industry, the film industry, the radio industry, and the chemical industry skyrocketed during the 1920s. Of chief importance was the automotive industry. Before the war, cars were a luxury good. In the 1920s, mass-produced vehicles became common throughout the United States and Canada. By 1927, the Ford Motor Company discontinued the Ford Model T, after selling 15 million units of that model. The model had been in continued production from October 1908 to May, 1927.[17][18] The company planned to replace the old model with a new one, Ford Model A.[19] The decision was a reaction to competition. Due to the commercial success of the Model T, Ford had dominated the automotive market from the mid-1910s to the early 1920s. In the mid-1920s, Ford's dominance eroded, as its competitors had caught up with Ford's mass production system. They began to surpass Ford in some areas, offering models with more powerful engines, new convenience features, or cosmetic customization.[20][21][22]","Second Industrial Revolution The use of machine tools began with the onset of the First Industrial Revolution. The increase in mechanization required more metal parts, which were usually made of cast iron or wrought iron—and hand working lacked precision and was a slow and expensive process. One of the first machine tools was John Wilkinson's boring machine, that bored a precise hole in James Watt's first steam engine in 1774. Advances in the accuracy of machine tools can be traced to Henry Maudslay and refined by Joseph Whitworth. Standardization of screw threads began with Henry Maudslay around 1800, when the modern screw-cutting lathe made interchangeable V-thread machine screws a practical commodity.","Economy The Industrial Revolution was a period from the 18th to the 19th century where major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, and transport had a profound effect on the socioeconomic and cultural conditions starting in the United Kingdom, then subsequently spreading throughout Europe, North America, and eventually the world. The onset of the Industrial Revolution marked a major turning point in human history; almost every aspect of daily life was eventually influenced in some way. In Europe wild capitalism started to replace the system of mercantilism (today: protectionism) and led to economic growth. The period today is called industrial revolution because the system of Production, production and division of labor enabled the mass production of goods.","Second Industrial Revolution This era saw the birth of the modern ship as disparate technological advances came together.","Second Industrial Revolution Applied science opened many opportunities. By the middle of the 19th century there was a scientific understanding of chemistry and a fundamental understanding of thermodynamics and by the last quarter of the century both of these sciences were near their present-day basic form. Thermodynamic principles were used in the development of physical chemistry. Understanding chemistry greatly aided the development of basic inorganic chemical manufacturing and the aniline dye industries.","Technological and industrial history of the United States As the nation deepened its technological base, old-fashioned artisans and craftsmen became \"deskilled\" and replaced by specialized workers and engineers who used machines to replicate in minutes or hours work that would require a journeyman hours or days to complete. Frederick W. Taylor, recognizing the inefficiencies introduced by some production lines, proposed that by studying the motions and processes necessary to manufacture each component of a product, reorganizing the factory and manufacturing processes around workers, and paying workers piece rates would allow great gains in process efficiency. Scientific management, or \"Taylorism\" as it came to be known, was soon being applied by progressive city governments to make their urban areas more efficient and by suffragettes to home economics.[67]","Second Industrial Revolution Electrification also allowed the inexpensive production of electro-chemicals, such as aluminium, chlorine, sodium hydroxide, and magnesium.[30]","Industrial Revolution Steel is often cited as the first of several new areas for industrial mass-production, which are said to characterise a \"Second Industrial Revolution\", beginning around 1850, although a method for mass manufacture of steel was not invented until the 1860s, when Sir Henry Bessemer invented a new furnace which could convert molten pig iron into steel in large quantities. However, it only became widely available in the 1870s after the process was modified to produce more uniform quality.[34][156] Bessemer steel was being displaced by the open hearth furnace near the end of the 19th century.","Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution was the transition to new manufacturing processes in the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840. This transition included going from hand production methods to machines, new chemical manufacturing and iron production processes, the increasing use of steam power, the development of machine tools and the rise of the factory system.","Industrial Revolution Some historians, such as John Clapham and Nicholas Crafts, have argued that the economic and social changes occurred gradually and the term revolution is a misnomer. This is still a subject of debate among some historians.","Modern history The Industrial Revolutions were major technological, socioeconomic, and cultural changes in late 18th and early 19th centuries that began in Britain and spread throughout the world. The effects spread throughout Western Europe and North America during the 19th century, eventually affecting the majority of the world. The impact of this change on society was enormous and is often compared to the Neolithic revolution, when mankind developed agriculture and gave up its nomadic lifestyle.[58]","Second Industrial Revolution With the greatly reduced cost of producing pig iron with coke using hot blast, demand grew dramatically and so did the size of blast furnaces.[8][9]","Economic growth Mass production of the 1920s created overproduction, which was arguably one of several causes of the Great Depression of the 1930s.[27] Following the Great Depression, economic growth resumed, aided in part by increased demand for existing goods and services, such as automobiles, telephones, radios, electricity and household appliances. New goods and services included television, air conditioning and commercial aviation (after 1950), creating enough new demand to stabilize the work week.[28] The building of highway infrastructures also contributed to post World War II growth, as did capital investments in manufacturing and chemical industries.[29] The post World War II economy also benefited from the discovery of vast amounts of oil around the world, particularly in the Middle East. By John W. Kendrick’s estimate, three-quarters of increase in U.S. per capita GDP from 1889 to 1957 was due to increased productivity.[11]"],"string":"[\n \"Second Industrial Revolution The Second Industrial Revolution, also known as the Technological Revolution,[1] was a phase of rapid industrialization in the final third of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th. The First Industrial Revolution, which ended in the early to mid 1800s, was punctuated by a slowdown in macroinventions[clarification needed] before the Second Industrial Revolution in 1870. Though a number of its characteristic events can be traced to earlier innovations in manufacturing, such as the establishment of a machine tool industry, the development of methods for manufacturing interchangeable parts and the invention of the Bessemer Process to produce steel, the Second Industrial Revolution is generally dated between 1870 and 1914 up to the start of World War I.[2]\",\n \"Second Industrial Revolution The Second Industrial Revolution was a period of rapid industrial development, primarily in Britain, Germany and the United States, but also in France, the Low Countries, Italy and Japan. It followed on from the First Industrial Revolution that began in Britain in the late 18th century that then spread throughout Western Europe and North America. It was characterized by the build out of railroads, large-scale iron and steel production, widespread use of machinery in manufacturing, greatly increased use of steam power, widespread use of the telegraph, use of petroleum and the beginning of electrification. It also was the period during which modern organizational methods for operating large scale businesses over vast areas came into use.\",\n \"Second Industrial Revolution Landes (2003) stresses the importance of new technologies, especially, the internal combustion engine and petroleum, new materials and substances, including alloys and chemicals, electricity and communication technologies (such as the telegraph, telephone and radio).\",\n \"Second Industrial Revolution The concept was introduced by Patrick Geddes, Cities in Evolution (1910), but David Landes' use of the term in a 1966 essay and in The Unbound Prometheus (1972) standardized scholarly definitions of the term, which was most intensely promoted by Alfred Chandler (1918–2007). However, some continue to express reservations about its use.[3]\",\n \"Second Industrial Revolution Advancements in manufacturing and production technology enabled the widespread adoption of preexisting technological systems such as telegraph and railroad networks, gas and water supply, and sewage systems, which had earlier been concentrated to a few select cities. The enormous expansion of rail and telegraph lines after 1870 allowed unprecedented movement of people and ideas, which culminated in a new wave of globalization. In the same time period, new technological systems were introduced, most significantly electrical power and telephones. The Second Industrial Revolution continued into the 20th century with early factory electrification and the production line, and ended at the start of World War I.\",\n \"Economic growth During the Second Industrial Revolution, a major factor of productivity growth was the substitution of inanimate power for human and animal labor. Also there was a great increase in power as steam powered electricity generation and internal combustion supplanted limited wind and water power.[20] Since that replacement, the great expansion of total power was driven by continuous improvements in energy conversion efficiency.[22] Other major historical sources of productivity were automation, transportation infrastructures (canals, railroads, and highways),[23][24] new materials (steel) and power, which includes steam and internal combustion engines and electricity. Other productivity improvements included mechanized agriculture and scientific agriculture including chemical fertilizers and livestock and poultry management, and the Green Revolution. Interchangeable parts made with machine tools powered by electric motors evolved into mass production, which is universally used today.[21]\",\n \"Modern history The first Industrial Revolution merged into the Second Industrial Revolution around 1850, when technological and economic progress gained momentum with the development of steam-powered ships and railways, and later in the 19th century with the internal combustion engine and electric power generation. The Second Industrial Revolution was a phase of the Industrial Revolution; labeled as the separate Technical Revolution. From a technological and a social point of view there is no clean break between the two. Major innovations during the period occurred in the chemical, electrical, petroleum, and steel industries. Specific advancements included the introduction of oil fired steam turbine and internal combustion driven steel ships, the development of the airplane, the practical commercialization of the automobile, mass production of consumer goods, the perfection of canning, mechanical refrigeration and other food preservation techniques, and the invention of the telephone.\",\n \"Technological and industrial history of the United States Modern productivity researchers have shown that the period in which the greatest economic and technological progress occurred was between the last half of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th.[2][3][4] During this period the nation was transformed from an agricultural economy to the foremost industrial power in the world, with more than a third of the global industrial output. This can be illustrated by the index of total industrial production, which increased from 4.29 in 1790 to 1,975.00 in 1913, an increase of 460 times (base year 1850 – 100).[5]\",\n \"Fourth Industrial Revolution The Second Industrial Revolution took place between 1870 and 1914, just before World War I.[7] It was a period of growth for pre-existing industries and expansion of new ones, such as steel, oil and electricity, and used electric power to create mass production. Major technological advances during this period included the telephone, light bulb, phonograph and the internal combustion engine.[8]\",\n \"Second Industrial Revolution Vaclav Smil called the period 1867–1914 \\\"The Age of Synergy\\\" during which most of the great innovations were developed. Unlike the First Industrial Revolution, the inventions and innovations were engineering and science-based.[4]\",\n \"Second Industrial Revolution There have been other times that have been called \\\"second industrial revolution\\\". Industrial revolutions may be renumbered by taking earlier developments, such as the rise of medieval technology in the 12th century, or of ancient Chinese technology during the Tang Dynasty, or of ancient Roman technology, as first. \\\"Second industrial revolution\\\" has been used in the popular press and by technologists or industrialists to refer to the changes following the spread of new technology after World War I.\",\n \"Industrial Revolution This Second Industrial Revolution gradually grew to include chemicals, mainly the chemical industries, petroleum (refining and distribution), and, in the 20th century, the automotive industry, and was marked by a transition of technological leadership from Britain to the United States and Germany.\",\n \"Industrial Revolution in the United States The Industrial Revolution permanently altered the U.S. economy and set the stage for the United States to dominate technological change and growth in the Second Industrial Revolution[8] in its Gilded Age. The American System (economic plan) gave way to new economic thought such as the classical school of economics which assisted in the growth of trade and commerce, but this time with the U.S. as a much larger exporter than importer, which would continue until the late Cold War era with the drastic increase in imports from China. The Industrial Revolution also saw a decrease in the rampancy of labor shortages which characterized the U.S. economy in the late 18th and early 19th centuries.[9] This was because there was a \\\"transportation revolution\\\" that happened in the same period, which was massively important due to the sheer size and low population density of the U.S. at the time, connecting population centers such as through the Wilderness Road and the Erie Canal, coupled with the development of Steamboats and Rail transport, allowing for the phenomenon of urbanization to begin which increased the labor force available around larger cities such as New York City and Chicago, ameliorating the classic American labor shortages of the time. This also allowed for the quicker movement of resources and goods around the country, drastically increasing trade efficiency and output, while allowing for an extensive transport base for the U.S. to grow from in the Second Industrial Revolution.[10]\",\n \"Second Industrial Revolution A synergy between iron and steel, railroads and coal developed at the beginning of the Second Industrial Revolution. Railroads allowed cheap transportation of materials and products, which in turn led to cheap rails to build more roads. Railroads also benefited from cheap coal for their steam locomotives. This synergy led to the laying of 75,000 miles of track in the U.S. in the 1880s, the largest amount anywhere in world history.[5]\",\n \"History of technology The period from the last third of the 19th century until World War I is sometimes referred to as the Second Industrial Revolution.\",\n \"Second Industrial Revolution The period from 1870 to 1890 saw the greatest increase in economic growth in such a short period as ever in previous history. Living standards improved significantly in the newly industrialized countries as the prices of goods fell dramatically due to the increases in productivity. This caused unemployment and great upheavals in commerce and industry, with many laborers being displaced by machines and many factories, ships and other forms of fixed capital becoming obsolete in a very short time span.[50]\",\n \"Industrialisation The \\\"Second Industrial Revolution\\\" labels the later changes that came about in the mid-19th century after the refinement of the steam engine, the invention of the internal combustion engine, the harnessing of electricity and the construction of canals, railways and electric-power lines. The invention of the assembly line gave this phase a boost. Coal mines, steelworks, and textile factories replaced homes as the place of work. [6][7][8]\",\n \"Economic history of the United States An explosion of new discoveries and inventions took place, a process called the Second Industrial Revolution. The electric light, telephone, steam turbine, internal combustion engine, automobile, phonograph, typewriter and tabulating machine were some of the many inventions of the period. New processes for making steel and chemicals such as dyes and explosives were invented. The pneumatic tire, improved ball bearings, machine tools and newly developed metal stamping techniques enabled the large scale production of bicycles in the 1890s. Another significant development was the widespread introduction of electric street railways (trams, trolleys or streetcars) in the 1890s.\",\n \"Second Industrial Revolution Taylor's core principles included:[citation needed]\",\n \"Second Industrial Revolution The tremendous growth in productivity, transportation networks, industrial production and agricultural output lowered the prices of almost all goods. This led to many business failures and periods that were called depressions that occurred as the world economy actually grew.[50] See also: Long depression\",\n \"Second Industrial Revolution Electrification was called \\\"the most important engineering achievement of the 20th century\\\" by the National Academy of Engineering.[28] Electric lighting in factories greatly improved working conditions, eliminating the heat and pollution caused by gas lighting, and reducing the fire hazard to the extent that the cost of electricity for lighting was often offset by the reduction in fire insurance premiums. Frank J. Sprague developed the first successful DC motor in 1886. By 1889 110 electric street railways were either using his equipment or in planning. The electric street railway became a major infrastructure before 1920. The AC (Induction motor) was developed in the 1890s and soon began to be used in the electrification of industry.[29] Household electrification did not become common until the 1920s, and then only in cities. Fluorescent lighting was commercially introduced at the 1939 World's Fair.\",\n \"Industrial Revolution in the United States As Western Europe began industrializing in the late 1700s and early 1800s, the United States remained agrarian in nature with resource processing, such as gristmills and sawmills being its major semi-industrial pursuit,[3] however, as demand for U.S. resources increased, canals and railroads became extremely important to economic growth due to sparse population[4] particularly in areas where resources were rich such as in the Western frontier. This made it necessary for the U.S. to expand its technological capabilities, which led to an Industrial Revolution reaching American shores as entrepreneurs competed and learned from each other to develop better technology, fundamentally and permanently altering the U.S. economy, thrusting it into the new age of industrialization.\",\n \"Industrial Revolution An economic recession occurred from the late 1830s to the early 1840s when the adoption of the original innovations of the Industrial Revolution, such as mechanized spinning and weaving, slowed and their markets matured. Innovations developed late in the period, such as the increasing adoption of locomotives, steamboats and steamships, hot blast iron smelting and new technologies, such as the electrical telegraph, widely introduced in the 1840s and 1850s, were not powerful enough to drive high rates of growth. Rapid economic growth began to occur after 1870, springing from a new group of innovations in what has been called the Second Industrial Revolution. These new innovations included new steel making processes, the large-scale manufacture of machine tools and the use of increasingly advanced machinery in steam-powered factories.[1][16][17][18]\",\n \"Industrial Revolution in the United States The Industrial Revolution involved a shift in the United States from manual labor-based industry to more technical and machine-based manufacturing which greatly increased the overall production and economic growth of the United States, signifying a shift from an agrarian to an industrial economy widely accepted to have been a result of Samuel Slater's introduction of British Industrial methods in textile manufacturing to the United States,[1] and necessitated by the War of 1812.[2]\",\n \"History of the United States (1865–1918) By the late nineteenth century, the United States had become a leading global industrial power, building on new technologies (such as the telegraph and steel), an expanding railroad network, and abundant natural resources such as coal, timber, oil, and farmland, to usher in the Second Industrial Revolution.\",\n \"Second Industrial Revolution The vulcanization of rubber, by American Charles Goodyear and Englishman Thomas Hancock in the 1840s paved the way for a growing rubber industry, especially the manufacture of rubber tyres[52]\",\n \"Second Industrial Revolution Later in the Second Industrial Revolution, Frederick Winslow Taylor and others in America developed the concept of scientific management or Taylorism. Scientific management initially concentrated on reducing the steps taken in performing work (such as bricklaying or shoveling) by using analysis such as time-and-motion studies, but the concepts evolved into fields such as industrial engineering, manufacturing engineering, and business management that helped to completely restructure[citation needed] the operations of factories, and later entire segments of the economy.\",\n \"Second Industrial Revolution The availability of cheap steel allowed building larger bridges, railroads, skyscrapers, and ships.[13] Other important steel products—also made using the open hearth process—were steel cable, steel rod and sheet steel which enabled large, high-pressure boilers and high-tensile strength steel for machinery which enabled much more powerful engines, gears and axles than were previously possible. With large amounts of steel it became possible to build much more powerful guns and carriages, tanks, armored fighting vehicles and naval ships.\",\n \"Second Industrial Revolution Increased mechanization of industry and improvements to worker efficiency, increased the productivity of factories while undercutting the need for skilled labor. Mechanical innovations such as batch and continuous processing began to become much more prominent in factories. This mechanization made some factories an assemblage of unskilled laborers performing simple and repetitive tasks under the direction of skilled foremen and engineers. In some cases, the advancement of such mechanization substituted for low-skilled workers altogether. Both the number of unskilled and skilled workers increased, as their wage rates grew[98] Engineering colleges were established to feed the enormous demand for expertise. Together with rapid growth of small business, a new middle class was rapidly growing, especially in northern cities.[99]\",\n \"Second Industrial Revolution The first widely used internal combustion engine was the Otto type of 1876. From the 1880s until electrification it was successful in small shops because small steam engines were inefficient and required too much operator attention.[4] The Otto engine soon began being used to power automobiles, and remains as today's common gasoline engine.\",\n \"Second Industrial Revolution The importance of machine tools to mass production is shown by the fact that production of the Ford Model T used 32,000 machine tools, most of which were powered by electricity.[32] Henry Ford is quoted as saying that mass production would not have been possible without electricity because it allowed placement of machine tools and other equipment in the order of the work flow.[33]\",\n \"Economic history of the United States Electrification was one of the most important drivers of economic growth in the early 20th century. The revolutionary design of electric powered factories caused the period of the highest productivity growth in manufacturing. There was large growth in the electric utility industry and the productivity growth of electric utilities was high as well.[205]\",\n \"Second Industrial Revolution The great inventions and innovations of the Second Industrial Revolution are part of our modern life. They continued to be drivers of the economy until after WWII. Only a few major innovations occurred in the post-war era, some of which are: computers, semiconductors, the fiber optic network and the Internet, cellular telephones, combustion turbines (jet engines) and the Green Revolution.[93] Although commercial aviation existed before WWII, it became a major industry after the war.\",\n \"Second Industrial Revolution \\\"The economic changes that have occurred during the last quarter of a century -or during the present generation of living men- have unquestionably been more important and more varied than during any period of the world's history\\\".[50]\",\n \"Western culture The First Industrial Revolution evolved into the Second Industrial Revolution in the transition years between 1840 and 1870, when technological and economic progress continued with the increasing adoption of steam transport (steam-powered railways, boats, and ships), the large-scale manufacture of machine tools and the increasing use of machinery in steam-powered factories.[79][80][81]\",\n \"Second Industrial Revolution New products and services were introduced which greatly increased international trade. Improvements in steam engine design and the wide availability of cheap steel meant that slow, sailing ships were replaced with faster steamship, which could handle more trade with smaller crews. The chemical industries also moved to the forefront. Britain invested less in technological research than the U.S. and Germany, which caught up.\",\n \"Second Industrial Revolution By 1870 the work done by steam engines exceeded that done by animal and human power. Horses and mules remained important in agriculture until the development of the internal combustion tractor near the end of the Second Industrial Revolution.[88]\",\n \"Second Industrial Revolution As mentioned above, one of the most important scientific advancements in all of history was the unification of light, electricity and magnetism through Maxwell's electromagnetic theory. A scientific understanding of electricity was necessary for the development of efficient electric generators, motors and transformers. David Edward Hughes and Heinrich Hertz both demonstrated and confirmed the phenomenon of electromagnetic waves that had been predicted by Maxwell.[4]\",\n \"Historiography of the British Empire constituted a fundamental reordering of the Empire which make it appropriate to talk about a first British Empire giving way to a second one....Historians have long identified certain developments in the late eighteenth century that undermined the fundamentals of the old Empire and were to bring about a new one. These were the American Revolution and the industrial revolution.[60]\",\n \"United States Rapid economic development during the late 19th and early 20th centuries fostered the rise of many prominent industrialists. Tycoons like Cornelius Vanderbilt, John D. Rockefeller, and Andrew Carnegie led the nation's progress in railroad, petroleum, and steel industries. Banking became a major part of the economy, with J. P. Morgan playing a notable role. Edison and Tesla undertook the widespread distribution of electricity to industry, homes, and for street lighting. Henry Ford revolutionized the automotive industry. The American economy boomed, becoming the world's largest, and the United States achieved great power status.[151] These dramatic changes were accompanied by social unrest and the rise of populist, socialist, and anarchist movements.[152] This period eventually ended with the advent of the Progressive Era, which saw significant reforms in many societal areas, including women's suffrage, alcohol prohibition, regulation of consumer goods, greater antitrust measures to ensure competition and attention to worker conditions.[153][154][155]\",\n \"Industrial Revolution Important American technological contributions during the period of the Industrial Revolution were the cotton gin and the development of a system for making interchangeable parts, the latter aided by the development of the milling machine in the US. The development of machine tools and the system of interchangeable parts were the basis for the rise of the US as the world's leading industrial nation in the late 19th century.\",\n \"Technological and industrial history of the United States American colonies gained independence in 1783 just as profound changes in industrial production and coordination were beginning to shift production from artisans to factories. Growth of the nation's transportation infrastructure with internal improvements and a confluence of technological innovations before the Civil War facilitated an expansion in organization, coordination, and scale of industrial production. Around the turn of the 20th century, American industry had superseded its European counterparts economically and the nation began to assert its military power. Although the Great Depression challenged its technological momentum, America emerged from it and World War II as one of two global superpowers. In the second half of the 20th century, as the United States was drawn into competition with the Soviet Union for political, economic, and military primacy, the government invested heavily in scientific research and technological development which spawned advances in spaceflight, computing, and biotechnology.\",\n \"Industrial Revolution The precise start and end of the Industrial Revolution is still debated among historians, as is the pace of economic and social changes.[11][12][13][14] Eric Hobsbawm held that the Industrial Revolution began in Britain in the 1780s and was not fully felt until the 1830s or 1840s,[11] while T. S. Ashton held that it occurred roughly between 1760 and 1830.[12] Rapid industrialization first began in Britain, starting with mechanized spinning in the 1780s,[15] with high rates of growth in steam power and iron production occurring after 1800. Mechanized textile production spread from Great Britain to continental Europe and the United States in the early 19th century, with important centres of textiles, iron and coal emerging in Belgium and the United States and later textiles in France.[1]\",\n \"Second Industrial Revolution The factory system centralized production in separate buildings funded and directed by specialists (as opposed to work at home). The division of labor made both unskilled and skilled labor more productive, and led to a rapid growth of population in industrial centers. The shift away from agriculture toward industry had occurred in Britain by the 1730s, when the percentage of the working population engaged in agriculture fell below 50%, a development that would only happen elsewhere (the Low Countries) in the 1830s and '40s. By 1890, the figure had fallen to under 10% percent and the vast majority of the British population was urbanized. This milestone was reached by the Low Countries and the US in the 1950s.[90]\",\n \"Technology The term \\\"technology\\\" rose to prominence in the 20th century in connection with the Second Industrial Revolution. The term's meanings changed in the early 20th century when American social scientists, beginning with Thorstein Veblen, translated ideas from the German concept of Technik into \\\"technology.\\\" In German and other European languages, a distinction exists between technik and technologie that is absent in English, which usually translates both terms as \\\"technology.\\\" By the 1930s, \\\"technology\\\" referred not only to the study of the industrial arts but to the industrial arts themselves.[5]\",\n \"Second Industrial Revolution By 1900, the leaders in industrial production was Britain with 24% of the world total, followed by the US (19%), Germany (13%), Russia (9%) and France (7%). Europe together accounted for 62%.[92]\",\n \"Industrial Revolution Until the 1980s, it was universally believed by academic historians that technological innovation was the heart of the Industrial Revolution and the key enabling technology was the invention and improvement of the steam engine.[160] However, recent research into the Marketing Era has challenged the traditional, supply-oriented interpretation of the Industrial Revolution.[161]\",\n \"Economic history of the United States Two of the most transformative technologies of the century were widely introduced during the early decades: electrification, powered by high pressure boilers and steam turbines and automobiles and trucks powered by the internal combustion engine.[223][224] [225]\",\n \"History of the United States (1918–1945) Energy was a key to the economy, especially electricity and oil. As electrification reached all the cities and towns, consumers demanded new products such as light bulbs, refrigerators and toasters.[12] Factories installed electric motors and saw productivity surge.[13] With the oil booms in Texas, Oklahoma, and California, the United States dominated world petroleum production, now even more important in an age of automobiles and trucks.[14]\",\n \"History of the United States (1918–45) Energy was a key to the economy, especially electricity and oil. As electrification reached all the cities and towns, consumers demanded new products such as light bulbs, refrigerators and toasters.[12] Factories installed electric motors and saw productivity surge.[13] With the oil booms in Texas, Oklahoma, and California, the United States dominated world petroleum production, now even more important in an age of automobiles and trucks.[14]\",\n \"Industrial Revolution The commencement of the Industrial Revolution is closely linked to a small number of innovations,[22] beginning in the second half of the 18th century. By the 1830s the following gains had been made in important technologies:\",\n \"Second Industrial Revolution The U.S. had its highest economic growth rate in the last two decades of the Second Industrial Revolution;[95] however, population growth slowed while productivity growth peaked around the mid 20th century. The Gilded Age in America was based on heavy industry such as factories, railroads and coal mining. The iconic event was the opening of the First Transcontinental Railroad in 1869, providing six-day service between the East Coast and San Francisco.[96]\",\n \"Second Industrial Revolution In 1841, Joseph Whitworth created a design that, through its adoption by many British railroad companies, became the world's first national machine tool standard called British Standard Whitworth.[31] During the 1840s through 1860s, this standard was often used in the United States and Canada as well, in addition to myriad intra- and inter-company standards.\",\n \"Second Industrial Revolution The first of his steel rails was sent to Derby Midland railway station. They were laid at part of the station approach where the iron rails had to be renewed at least every six months, and occasionally every three. Six years later, in 1863, the rail seemed as perfect as ever, although some 700 trains had passed over it daily.[14] This provided the basis for the accelerated construction of rail transportation throughout the world in the late nineteenth century. Steel rails lasted over ten times longer than did iron,[15] and with the falling cost of steel, heavier weight rails were used. This allowed the use of more powerful locomotives, which could pull longer trains, and longer rail cars, all of which greatly increased the productivity of railroads.[16] Rail became the dominant form of transport infrastructure throughout the industrialized world,[17] producing a steady decrease in the cost of shipping seen for the rest of the century.[18]\",\n \"Technology Starting in the United Kingdom in the 18th century, the Industrial Revolution was a period of great technological discovery, particularly in the areas of agriculture, manufacturing, mining, metallurgy, and transport, driven by the discovery of steam power. Technology took another step in a second industrial revolution with the harnessing of electricity to create such innovations as the electric motor, light bulb, and countless others. Scientific advancement and the discovery of new concepts later allowed for powered flight and advancements in medicine, chemistry, physics, and engineering. The rise in technology has led to skyscrapers and broad urban areas whose inhabitants rely on motors to transport them and their food supply. Communication was also greatly improved with the invention of the telegraph, telephone, radio and television. The late 19th and early 20th centuries saw a revolution in transportation with the invention of the airplane and automobile.\",\n \"Roaring Twenties What historians have identified as \\\"business progressivism\\\", with its emphasis on efficiency and typified by Henry Ford and Herbert Hoover[128] reached an apogee in the 1920s. Wik, for example, argues that Ford's \\\"views on technology and the mechanization of rural America were generally enlightened, progressive, and often far ahead of his times.\\\"[129]\",\n \"Second Industrial Revolution Like the first industrial revolution, the second supported population growth and saw most governments protect their national economies with tariffs. Britain retained its belief in free trade throughout this period. The wide-ranging social impact of both revolutions included the remaking of the working class as new technologies appeared. The changes resulted in the creation of a larger, increasingly professional, middle class, the decline of child labor and the dramatic growth of a consumer-based, material culture.[91]\",\n \"Second Industrial Revolution Although there were many efforts in the mid-19th century to drill for oil Edwin Drake's 1859 well near Titusville, Pennsylvania, is considered the first \\\"modern oil well\\\".[40] Drake's well touched off a major boom in oil production in the United States.[41] Drake learned of cable tool drilling from Chinese laborers in the U. S.[42] The first primary product was kerosene for lamps and heaters.[30][43] Similar developments around Baku fed the European market.\",\n \"Second Industrial Revolution Henry Ford built his first car in 1896 and worked as a pioneer in the industry, with others who would eventually form their own companies, until the founding of Ford Motor Company in 1903.[27] Ford and others at the company struggled with ways to scale up production in keeping with Henry Ford's vision of a car designed and manufactured on a scale so as to be affordable by the average worker.[27] The solution that Ford Motor developed was a completely redesigned factory with machine tools and special purpose machines that were systematically positioned in the work sequence. All unnecessary human motions were eliminated by placing all work and tools within easy reach, and where practical on conveyors, forming the assembly line, the complete process being called mass production. This was the first time in history when a large, complex product consisting of 5000 parts had been produced on a scale of hundreds of thousands per year.[27][32] The savings from mass production methods allowed the price of the Model T to decline from $780 in 1910 to $360 in 1916. In 1924 2 million T-Fords were produced and retailed $290 each.[59]\",\n \"Industrialisation The first transformation to an industrial economy from an agricultural one, known as the Industrial Revolution, took place from the mid-18th to early 19th century in certain areas in Europe and North America; starting in Great Britain, followed by Belgium, Germany, and France.[3] Characteristics of this early industrialisation were technological progress, a shift from rural work to industrial labor, financial investments in new industrial structure, and early developments in class consciousness and theories related to this.[4] Later commentators have called this the First Industrial Revolution.[5]\",\n \"Second Industrial Revolution The science of thermodynamics was developed into its modern form by Sadi Carnot, William Rankine, Rudolf Clausius, William Thomson, James Clerk Maxwell, Ludwig Boltzmann and J. Willard Gibbs. These scientific principles were applied to a variety of industrial concerns, including improving the efficiency of boilers and steam turbines. The work of Michael Faraday and others was pivotal in laying the foundations of the modern scientific understanding of electricity.\",\n \"Industrial Revolution The United States originally used horse-powered machinery for small scale applications such as grain milling, but eventually switched to water power after textile factories began being built in the 1790s. As a result, industrialisation was concentrated in New England and the Northeastern United States, which has fast-moving rivers. The newer water-powered production lines proved more economical than horse-drawn production. In the late 19th century steam-powered manufacturing overtook water-powered manufacturing, allowing the industry to spread to the Midwest.\",\n \"Industrial Revolution During 1890–1930, Sweden experienced the second industrial revolution. New industries developed with their focus on the domestic market: mechanical engineering, power utilities, papermaking and textile.\",\n \"Technological and industrial history of the United States The period after the Civil War was marked by increasing intense and pervasive industrialization and successive technological advances like the railroad, telegraph & telephone, and internal combustion engine. This facilitated America's westward expansion and economic development by connecting the frontier with the industrial, financial, and political centers of the East. Americans increasingly relied upon technological infrastructures like the railroad, electric, and telecommunications systems for economic and social activities.\",\n \"Technological revolution Sometimes the notion of \\\"technological revolution\\\" is used for the Second Industrial Revolution in the period about 1900, but in this case the designation \\\"technical revolution\\\" would be more proper. When the notion of technical revolution is used in more general meaning it is almost identical with technological revolution, but technological revolution requires material changes in used tools, machines, energy sources, production processes. Technical revolution can be restricted to changes in management, organisation and so called non-material technologies (e.g. a progress in mathematics or accounting).\",\n \"History of the United States (1865–1918) From 1865 to about 1913, the U.S. grew to become the world's leading industrial nation. Land and labor, the diversity of climate, the ample presence of railroads (as well as navigable rivers), and the natural resources all fostered the cheap extraction of energy, fast transport, and the availability of capital that powered this Second Industrial Revolution.[32] The average annual income (after inflation) of non-farm workers grew by 75% from 1865 to 1900, and then grew another 33% by 1918.[33]\",\n \"Second Industrial Revolution Kerosene lighting was much more efficient and less expensive than vegetable oils, tallow and whale oil. Although town gas lighting was available in some cities, kerosene produced a brighter light until the invention of the gas mantle. Both were replaced by electricity for street lighting following the 1890s and for households during the 1920s. Gasoline was an unwanted byproduct of oil refining until automobiles were mass-produced after 1914, and gasoline shortages appeared during World War I. The invention of the Burton process for thermal cracking doubled the yield of gasoline, which helped alleviate the shortages.[43]\",\n \"Industrial Revolution in the United States Famed Merchant Francis Cabot Lowell memorized the designs of British textile machines in 1810 and realized that, during the War of 1812, demand for domestic finished cloth increased as imports were drastically cut through embargoes. When he returned to the United States, he set up the Boston Manufacturing Company, which employed the famed Lowell system as a response to poor working conditions in England, initially employing many women. His company was massively successful and extremely productive, especially because his competitors continued to use labor-intensive methods while he employed the mechanized spinning jenny and the water frame. The systems developed by the Boston Manufacturing Company and Lowell himself, such as vertical integration and mass production, found replicas across the country as the United States began to recognize the need for economic independence and industrial development in the wake of the Embargo Act of 1807, which highlighted the country's long-term reliance on the British Empire for trade in important refined resources.[2] Since it became clear the U.S. had relied too heavily on foreign refinement of resources,[3] entrepreneurs such as Oliver Evans, Robert Fulton, and Matthias W. Baldwin capitalized on this mostly new industry and mechanized refinement and transportation, thereby drastically increasing the economic independence of the United States for resource refinement and fueling the war effort against Britain.\",\n \"Second Industrial Revolution The telephone was patented in 1876 by Alexander Graham Bell, and like the early telegraph, it was used mainly to speed business transactions.[80]\",\n \"Roaring Twenties Electrification, having slowed during the war, progressed greatly as more of the U.S. and Canada was added to the electric grid. Most industries switched from coal power to electricity. At the same time, new power plants were constructed. In America, electricity production almost quadrupled.[45]\",\n \"Second Industrial Revolution During the Gilded Age, American railroad mileage tripled between 1860 and 1880, and tripled again by 1920, opening new areas to commercial farming, creating a truly national marketplace and inspiring a boom in coal mining and steel production. The voracious appetite for capital of the great trunk railroads facilitated the consolidation of the nation's financial market in Wall Street. By 1900, the process of economic concentration had extended into most branches of industry—a few large corporations, some organized as \\\"trusts\\\" (e.g. Standard Oil), dominated in steel, oil, sugar, meatpacking, and the manufacture of agriculture machinery. Other major components of this infrastructure were the new methods for manufacturing steel, especially the Bessemer process. The first billion-dollar corporation was United States Steel, formed by financier J. P. Morgan in 1901, who purchased and consolidated steel firms built by Andrew Carnegie and others.[97]\",\n \"Second Industrial Revolution Excitement and debate over the dangers and benefits of the Atomic Age were more intense and lasting than those over the Space age but both were predicted to lead to another industrial revolution. At the start of the 21st century[105] the term \\\"second industrial revolution\\\" has been used to describe the anticipated effects of hypothetical molecular nanotechnology systems upon society. In this more recent scenario, they would render the majority of today's modern manufacturing processes obsolete, transforming all facets of the modern economy.\",\n \"Digital Revolution The motor of this incessant force of creative destruction is technological change.[5][6] While the key carrier technology of the first Industrial Revolution (1770–1850) was based on water-powered mechanization, the second Kondratiev wave (1850–1900) was enabled by steam-powered technology, the third (1900–1940) was characterized by the electrification of social and productive organization, the fourth by motorization and the automated mobilization of society (1940–1970), and the most recent one by the digitization of social systems.[2] Each one of those so-called long waves has been characterized by a sustained period of social modernization, most notably by sustained periods of increasing economic productivity. According to Carlota Perez: \\\"this quantum jump in productivity can be seen as a technological revolution, which is made possible by the appearance in the general cost structure of a particular input that we could call the 'key factor', fulfilling the following conditions: (1) clearly perceived low-and descending-relative cost; (2) unlimited supply for all practical purposes; (3) potential all-pervasiveness; (4) a capacity to reduce the costs of capital, labour and products as well as to change them qualitatively\\\".[6] Digital Information and Communication Technologies fulfill those requirements and therefore represent a general purpose technology that can transform an entire economy, leading to a modern, and more developed form of socio-economic and political organization often referred to as the post-industrial society, the fifth Kondratiev, Information society, digital age, and network society, among others.[7]\",\n \"Second Industrial Revolution The hot blast technique, in which the hot flue gas from a blast furnace is used to preheat combustion air blown into a blast furnace, was invented and patented by James Beaumont Neilson in 1828 at Wilsontown Ironworks in Scotland. Hot blast was the single most important advance in fuel efficiency of the blast furnace as it greatly reduced the fuel consumption for making pig iron, and was one of the most important technologies developed during the Industrial Revolution.[6] Falling costs for producing wrought iron coincided with the emergence of the railway in the 1830s.\",\n \"Industrial Revolution During the late 18th an early 19th centuries when the UK and parts of Western Europe began to industrialise, the US was primarily an agricultural and natural resource producing and processing economy.[149] The building of roads and canals, the introduction of steamboats and the building of railroads were important for handling agricultural and natural resource products in the large and sparsely populated country of the period.[150][151]\",\n \"Age of Revolution The Industrial Revolution was the transition to new manufacturing processes in the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840. It marked a major turning point in history and almost every aspect of daily life was influenced in some way. In particular, average income and population began to exhibit unprecedented sustained growth. This led to the expansion of cities that was so rapid, it resulted in social strains and disturbances.[2] For instance, economic grievances associated with this industrialization fed later revolutions such as those that transpired from 1848.[3] New social classes emerged including those that began to reject orthodox politics.[4] This is demonstrated by the rise of the urban middle class, which became a powerful force so that they had to be integrated into the political system.[5] The upheavals also led to new political ideas that were directed against the social arrangements of the preindustrial regime.[3]\",\n \"History of the United States (1789–1849) Howe (2007) argues that the transformation America underwent was not so much political democratization but rather the explosive growth of technologies and networks of infrastructure and communication—the telegraph, railroads, the post office, and an expanding print industry. They made possible the religious revivals of the Second Great Awakening, the expansion of education and social reform. They modernized party politics and sped up business by enabling the fast, efficient movement of goods, money, and people across an expanding nation. They transformed a loose-knit collection of parochial agricultural communities into a powerful cosmopolitan nation.[2] Economic modernization proceeded rapidly, thanks to highly profitable cotton crops in the South, new textile and machine-making industries in the Northeast, and a fast developing transportation infrastructure.\",\n \"Technological and industrial history of the United States In the 20th century, the pace of technological developments increasingly became tied into a complex set of interactions between Congress, the industrial manufacturers, university research, and the military establishment. This set of relations, known more popularly as the \\\"military-industrial complex,\\\" emerged because the military's unique technological demands, concentration of funding, large-scale application, and highly centralized control played a dominant role in driving technological innovation. Fundamental advances in medicine, physics, chemistry, computing, aviation, material science, naval architecture, and meteorology, among other fields, can be traced back to basic and applied research for military applications. Smokestack America became a nickname applied to traditional manufacturing core of U.S. industry, used to represent particular industries,[68] regions, or towns.[69][70][71][72][73][74][75]\",\n \"Gilded Age Europe, especially Britain, remained the financial center of the world until 1914, yet the United States' growth caused foreigners to ask, as British author W. T. Stead wrote in 1901, \\\"What is the secret of American success?\\\"[46] The businessmen of the Second Industrial Revolution created industrial towns and cities in the Northeast with new factories, and hired an ethnically diverse industrial working class, many of them new immigrants from Europe.\",\n \"Second Industrial Revolution The diesel engine was independently designed by Rudolf Diesel and Herbert Akroyd Stuart in the 1890s using thermodynamic principles with the specific intention of being highly efficient. It took several years to perfect and become popular, but found application in shipping before powering locomotives. It remains the world's most efficient prime mover.[4]\",\n \"Progressive Era What historians have identified as \\\"business progressivism\\\", with its emphasis on efficiency and typified by Henry Ford and Herbert Hoover[117] reached an apogee in the 1920s. Wik, for example, argues that Ford's \\\"views on technology and the mechanization of rural America were generally enlightened, progressive, and often far ahead of his times.\\\"[118]\",\n \"Second Industrial Revolution The key development of the vacuum tube by Sir John Ambrose Fleming in 1904 underpinned the development of modern electronics and radio broadcasting. Lee De Forest's subsequent invention of the triode allowed the amplification of electronic signals, which paved the way for radio broadcasting in the 1920s.\",\n \"Second Industrial Revolution In the early 1900s there was a disparity between the levels of employment seen in the northern and southern United States. On average, states in the North had both a higher population, and a higher rate of employment than states in the South. The higher rate of employment is easily seen by considering the 1909 rates of employment compared to the populations of each state in the 1910 census. This difference was most notable in the states with the largest populations, such as New York and Pennsylvania. Each of these states had roughly 5 percent more of the total US workforce than would be expected given their populations. Conversely, the states in the South with the best actual rates of employment, North Carolina and Georgia, had roughly 2 percent less of the workforce than one would expect from their population. When the averages of all southern states and all northern states are taken, the trend holds with the North over-performing by about 2 percent, and the South under-performing by about 1 percent.[100]\",\n \"Second Industrial Revolution The development of more intricate and efficient machines along with mass production techniques (after 1910) greatly expanded output and lowered production costs. As a result, production often exceeded domestic demand. Among the new conditions, more markedly evident in Britain, the forerunner of Europe's industrial states, were the long-term effects of the severe Long Depression of 1873–1896, which had followed fifteen years of great economic instability. Businesses in practically every industry suffered from lengthy periods of low — and falling — profit rates and price deflation after 1873.\",\n \"Second Industrial Revolution The German Empire came to rival Britain as Europe's primary industrial nation during this period. Since Germany industrialized later, it was able to model its factories after those of Britain, thus making more efficient use of its capital and avoiding legacy methods in its leap to the envelope of technology. Germany invested more heavily than the British in research, especially in chemistry, motors and electricity. The German concern system (known as Konzerne), being significantly concentrated, was able to make more efficient use of capital. Germany was not weighted down with an expensive worldwide empire that needed defense. Following Germany's annexation of Alsace-Lorraine in 1871, it absorbed parts of what had been France's industrial base.[101]\",\n \"Industry The Industrial Revolution led to the development of factories for large-scale production, with consequent changes in society.[4] Originally the factories were steam-powered, but later transitioned to electricity once an electrical grid was developed. The mechanized assembly line was introduced to assemble parts in a repeatable fashion, with individual workers performing specific steps during the process. This led to significant increases in efficiency, lowering the cost of the end process. Later automation was increasingly used to replace human operators. This process has accelerated with the development of the computer and the robot.\",\n \"History of the United States (1865–1918) Where the First Industrial Revolution shifted production from artisans to factories, the Second Industrial Revolution pioneered an expansion in organization, coordination, and the scale of industry, spurred on by technology and transportation advancements. Railroads opened the West, creating farms, towns, and markets where none had existed. The First Transcontinental Railroad, built by nationally oriented entrepreneurs with British money and Irish and Chinese labor, provided access to previously remote expanses of land. Railway construction boosted opportunities for capital, credit, and would-be farmers.[34]\",\n \"Roaring Twenties The automotive industry, the film industry, the radio industry, and the chemical industry skyrocketed during the 1920s. Of chief importance was the automotive industry. Before the war, cars were a luxury good. In the 1920s, mass-produced vehicles became common throughout the United States and Canada. By 1927, the Ford Motor Company discontinued the Ford Model T, after selling 15 million units of that model. The model had been in continued production from October 1908 to May, 1927.[17][18] The company planned to replace the old model with a new one, Ford Model A.[19] The decision was a reaction to competition. Due to the commercial success of the Model T, Ford had dominated the automotive market from the mid-1910s to the early 1920s. In the mid-1920s, Ford's dominance eroded, as its competitors had caught up with Ford's mass production system. They began to surpass Ford in some areas, offering models with more powerful engines, new convenience features, or cosmetic customization.[20][21][22]\",\n \"Second Industrial Revolution The use of machine tools began with the onset of the First Industrial Revolution. The increase in mechanization required more metal parts, which were usually made of cast iron or wrought iron—and hand working lacked precision and was a slow and expensive process. One of the first machine tools was John Wilkinson's boring machine, that bored a precise hole in James Watt's first steam engine in 1774. Advances in the accuracy of machine tools can be traced to Henry Maudslay and refined by Joseph Whitworth. Standardization of screw threads began with Henry Maudslay around 1800, when the modern screw-cutting lathe made interchangeable V-thread machine screws a practical commodity.\",\n \"Economy The Industrial Revolution was a period from the 18th to the 19th century where major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, and transport had a profound effect on the socioeconomic and cultural conditions starting in the United Kingdom, then subsequently spreading throughout Europe, North America, and eventually the world. The onset of the Industrial Revolution marked a major turning point in human history; almost every aspect of daily life was eventually influenced in some way. In Europe wild capitalism started to replace the system of mercantilism (today: protectionism) and led to economic growth. The period today is called industrial revolution because the system of Production, production and division of labor enabled the mass production of goods.\",\n \"Second Industrial Revolution This era saw the birth of the modern ship as disparate technological advances came together.\",\n \"Second Industrial Revolution Applied science opened many opportunities. By the middle of the 19th century there was a scientific understanding of chemistry and a fundamental understanding of thermodynamics and by the last quarter of the century both of these sciences were near their present-day basic form. Thermodynamic principles were used in the development of physical chemistry. Understanding chemistry greatly aided the development of basic inorganic chemical manufacturing and the aniline dye industries.\",\n \"Technological and industrial history of the United States As the nation deepened its technological base, old-fashioned artisans and craftsmen became \\\"deskilled\\\" and replaced by specialized workers and engineers who used machines to replicate in minutes or hours work that would require a journeyman hours or days to complete. Frederick W. Taylor, recognizing the inefficiencies introduced by some production lines, proposed that by studying the motions and processes necessary to manufacture each component of a product, reorganizing the factory and manufacturing processes around workers, and paying workers piece rates would allow great gains in process efficiency. Scientific management, or \\\"Taylorism\\\" as it came to be known, was soon being applied by progressive city governments to make their urban areas more efficient and by suffragettes to home economics.[67]\",\n \"Second Industrial Revolution Electrification also allowed the inexpensive production of electro-chemicals, such as aluminium, chlorine, sodium hydroxide, and magnesium.[30]\",\n \"Industrial Revolution Steel is often cited as the first of several new areas for industrial mass-production, which are said to characterise a \\\"Second Industrial Revolution\\\", beginning around 1850, although a method for mass manufacture of steel was not invented until the 1860s, when Sir Henry Bessemer invented a new furnace which could convert molten pig iron into steel in large quantities. However, it only became widely available in the 1870s after the process was modified to produce more uniform quality.[34][156] Bessemer steel was being displaced by the open hearth furnace near the end of the 19th century.\",\n \"Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution was the transition to new manufacturing processes in the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840. This transition included going from hand production methods to machines, new chemical manufacturing and iron production processes, the increasing use of steam power, the development of machine tools and the rise of the factory system.\",\n \"Industrial Revolution Some historians, such as John Clapham and Nicholas Crafts, have argued that the economic and social changes occurred gradually and the term revolution is a misnomer. This is still a subject of debate among some historians.\",\n \"Modern history The Industrial Revolutions were major technological, socioeconomic, and cultural changes in late 18th and early 19th centuries that began in Britain and spread throughout the world. The effects spread throughout Western Europe and North America during the 19th century, eventually affecting the majority of the world. The impact of this change on society was enormous and is often compared to the Neolithic revolution, when mankind developed agriculture and gave up its nomadic lifestyle.[58]\",\n \"Second Industrial Revolution With the greatly reduced cost of producing pig iron with coke using hot blast, demand grew dramatically and so did the size of blast furnaces.[8][9]\",\n \"Economic growth Mass production of the 1920s created overproduction, which was arguably one of several causes of the Great Depression of the 1930s.[27] Following the Great Depression, economic growth resumed, aided in part by increased demand for existing goods and services, such as automobiles, telephones, radios, electricity and household appliances. New goods and services included television, air conditioning and commercial aviation (after 1950), creating enough new demand to stabilize the work week.[28] The building of highway infrastructures also contributed to post World War II growth, as did capital investments in manufacturing and chemical industries.[29] The post World War II economy also benefited from the discovery of vast amounts of oil around the world, particularly in the Middle East. By John W. Kendrick’s estimate, three-quarters of increase in U.S. per capita GDP from 1889 to 1957 was due to increased productivity.[11]\"\n]","isConversational":false},"gt_docs":{"kind":"list like","value":["Second Industrial Revolution The Second Industrial Revolution, also known as the Technological Revolution,[1] was a phase of rapid industrialization in the final third of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th. The First Industrial Revolution, which ended in the early to mid 1800s, was punctuated by a slowdown in macroinventions[clarification needed] before the Second Industrial Revolution in 1870. Though a number of its characteristic events can be traced to earlier innovations in manufacturing, such as the establishment of a machine tool industry, the development of methods for manufacturing interchangeable parts and the invention of the Bessemer Process to produce steel, the Second Industrial Revolution is generally dated between 1870 and 1914 up to the start of World War I.[2]"],"string":"[\n \"Second Industrial Revolution The Second Industrial Revolution, also known as the Technological Revolution,[1] was a phase of rapid industrialization in the final third of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th. The First Industrial Revolution, which ended in the early to mid 1800s, was punctuated by a slowdown in macroinventions[clarification needed] before the Second Industrial Revolution in 1870. Though a number of its characteristic events can be traced to earlier innovations in manufacturing, such as the establishment of a machine tool industry, the development of methods for manufacturing interchangeable parts and the invention of the Bessemer Process to produce steel, the Second Industrial Revolution is generally dated between 1870 and 1914 up to the start of World War I.[2]\"\n]","isConversational":false}}}],"truncated":false,"partial":false},"paginationData":{"pageIndex":2,"numItemsPerPage":100,"numTotalItems":500,"offset":200,"length":100}},"jwt":"eyJhbGciOiJFZERTQSJ9.eyJyZWFkIjp0cnVlLCJwZXJtaXNzaW9ucyI6eyJyZXBvLmNvbnRlbnQucmVhZCI6dHJ1ZX0sImlhdCI6MTc3Mzg1NzMyNCwic3ViIjoiL2RhdGFzZXRzL0NvbnRleHR1YWxBSS9ucSIsImV4cCI6MTc3Mzg2MDkyNCwiaXNzIjoiaHR0cHM6Ly9odWdnaW5nZmFjZS5jbyJ9.1qAb1hzjsL0tepYua-oD9Hd-b2u8SAhQIGkTUa5ucWX9P_SiDY37RBPjNEGiGrqcKTKC6mycNAKqpwelXYXeCg","displayUrls":true,"splitSizeSummaries":[{"config":"default","split":"test","numRows":500,"numBytesParquet":17597066}]},"discussionsStats":{"closed":0,"open":0,"total":0},"fullWidth":true,"hasGatedAccess":true,"hasFullAccess":true,"isEmbedded":false,"savedQueries":{"community":[],"user":[]}}">
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test2850 | who votes for nba defensive player of year | [
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"NBA Defensive Player of the Year Award The NBA's Defensive Player of the Year Award is an annual National Basketball Association (NBA) award given since the 1982–83 NBA season to the best defensive player of the regular season. The winner is selected by a panel of 124 sportswriters and broadcasters throughout the ... | [
"NBA Defensive Player of the Year Award The NBA's Defensive Player of the Year Award is an annual National Basketball Association (NBA) award given since the 1982–83 NBA season to the best defensive player of the regular season. The winner is selected by a panel of 124 sportswriters and broadcasters throughout the ... |
test2244 | who does brant daugherty play in pretty little liars | [
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"Brant Daugherty Brant David Daugherty (born August 20, 1985) is an American actor,[1] known for his recurring role as Noel Kahn on the teen drama television series, Pretty Little Liars.[2] In 2013, he had a recurring role as Brian in the long-running NBC daytime drama Days of Our Lives.[3][4]",
"Brant Daugherty ... | [
"Brant Daugherty Brant David Daugherty (born August 20, 1985) is an American actor,[1] known for his recurring role as Noel Kahn on the teen drama television series, Pretty Little Liars.[2] In 2013, he had a recurring role as Brian in the long-running NBC daytime drama Days of Our Lives.[3][4]"
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test856 | when did i'm coming out come out | [
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"I'm Coming Out \"I'm Coming Out\" is a song recorded by American singer Diana Ross. It was written and produced by Chic members Bernard Edwards and Nile Rodgers, and released in August 22, 1980 as the second single from Ross' self-titled tenth album Diana (1980).",
"I'm Coming Out \"I'm Coming Out\" has been reg... | [
"I'm Coming Out \"I'm Coming Out\" is a song recorded by American singer Diana Ross. It was written and produced by Chic members Bernard Edwards and Nile Rodgers, and released in August 22, 1980 as the second single from Ross' self-titled tenth album Diana (1980)."
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test2394 | chris cornell she's going to change the world | [
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"Can't Change Me Greg Tate of Rolling Stone said this about the song \"Can't Change Me,\" is as rhapsodically gorgeous as pop gets, putting a spin on true love that any reprobate slacker can relate to: \"She's going to change the world/But she can't change me/Suddenly I can see everything that's wrong with me/But w... | [
"Can't Change Me Greg Tate of Rolling Stone said this about the song \"Can't Change Me,\" is as rhapsodically gorgeous as pop gets, putting a spin on true love that any reprobate slacker can relate to: \"She's going to change the world/But she can't change me/Suddenly I can see everything that's wrong with me/But w... |
test2209 | robin and the 7 hoods mr booze scene | [
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"Robin and the 7 Hoods Robbo's joint reopens and is an instant hit while Gisborne, whose place is now empty, is infuriated. He and the new sheriff, Potts, organize a police raid. Robbo has anticipated this and when a few switches are pulled, the entire club is disguised as a mission. The sheriff and Gisborne burst ... | [
"Robin and the 7 Hoods Robbo's joint reopens and is an instant hit while Gisborne, whose place is now empty, is infuriated. He and the new sheriff, Potts, organize a police raid. Robbo has anticipated this and when a few switches are pulled, the entire club is disguised as a mission. The sheriff and Gisborne burst ... |
test1474 | how long is a uk mobile phone number | [
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"Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom Since 28 April 2001, almost all geographic numbers and most non-geographic numbers have 9 or 10 national (significant) numbers after the \"0\" trunk code. All mobile telephone numbers have 10 national (significant) numbers after the \"0\" trunk code. The overall structure of... | [
"Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom Since 28 April 2001, almost all geographic numbers and most non-geographic numbers have 9 or 10 national (significant) numbers after the \"0\" trunk code. All mobile telephone numbers have 10 national (significant) numbers after the \"0\" trunk code. The overall structure of... |
test992 | where does the spinal cord become cauda equina | [
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"Cauda equina In humans, the spinal cord stops growing in infancy and the end of the spinal cord is about the level of the third lumbar vertebra, or L3, at birth. Because the bones of the vertebral column continue to grow, by about 12 months of age, the end of the cord reaches its permanent position at the level of... | [
"Cauda equina The cauda equina (Latin for \"horse's tail\") is a bundle of spinal nerves and spinal nerve rootlets, consisting of the second through fifth lumbar nerve pairs, the first through fifth sacral nerve pairs, and the coccygeal nerve, all of which arise from the lumbar enlargement and the conus medullaris ... |
test232 | who opens the church of the holy sepulchre | [
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"Church of the Holy Sepulchre Under the status quo, the Eastern Orthodox, Roman Catholic, and Armenian Apostolic Churches all have rights to the interior of the tomb, and all three communities celebrate the Divine Liturgy or Holy Mass there daily. It is also used for other ceremonies on special occasions, such as t... | [
"Nusaybah clan According to tradition, the Nusaybah family took its name from a female companion or Sahabah of the Islamic prophet Muhammad named Nusaybah bint Ka'ab. She was a member of the Ansar who transferred their political power over Medina to the prophet. Nusaybah fought along with Muhammed in battle and was... |
test664 | who has won the eurovision song contest the most times | [
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"Eurovision Song Contest Ireland holds the record for the highest number of wins, having won the contest seven times—including four times in five years in 1992, 1993, 1994 and 1996. Sweden is second with six wins as of 2018. France, Luxembourg and the United Kingdom are joint third with five wins. The Netherlands... | [
"List of Eurovision Song Contest winners There have been 62 contests, with one winner each year except the tied 1969 contest, which had four. Twenty-seven different countries have won the contest. Switzerland won the first contest in 1956. The country with the highest number of wins is Ireland, with seven. The only... |
test2857 | what allows chyme to enter the small intestine | [
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"Chyme Chyme or chymus (/kaɪm/; from Greek χυμός khymos, \"juice\"[1][2]) is the semi-fluid mass of partly digested food that is expelled by the stomach, through the pyloric valve, into the duodenum[3] (the beginning of the small intestine).",
"Chyme Chyme results from the mechanical and chemical breakdown of a b... | [
"Chyme Chyme or chymus (/kaɪm/; from Greek χυμός khymos, \"juice\"[1][2]) is the semi-fluid mass of partly digested food that is expelled by the stomach, through the pyloric valve, into the duodenum[3] (the beginning of the small intestine).",
"Chyme With a pH of approximately 2, chyme emerging from the stomach i... |
test2885 | what do you say when you win bingo | [
"doc98658"
] | [
1
] | [
"doc98658",
"doc1263197",
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"doc50559... | [
"Bingo (United Kingdom) As each number is called, players check to see if it appears on their tickets. If it does, they mark it off with a special marker called a \"dabber\" or \"dauber\", or simply cross it off with a pen or pencil, depending on the venue. When all the numbers required to win a prize have been mar... | [
"Bingo (United Kingdom) As each number is called, players check to see if it appears on their tickets. If it does, they mark it off with a special marker called a \"dabber\" or \"dauber\", or simply cross it off with a pen or pencil, depending on the venue. When all the numbers required to win a prize have been mar... |
test1530 | what is the corporate tax rate in great britain | [
"doc54800"
] | [
1
] | [
"doc54800",
"doc54819",
"doc54838",
"doc54815",
"doc54839",
"doc366990",
"doc1849188",
"doc367011",
"doc54818",
"doc54799",
"doc54812",
"doc54821",
"doc570334",
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"doc570336",
"doc1131636",
"doc2504207",
"doc54803",
"doc54822",
"doc570279",
"doc54804",
"doc1849187... | [
"United Kingdom corporation tax Originally introduced as a classical tax system, in which companies were subject to tax on their profits and companies' shareholders were also liable to income tax on the dividends that they received, the first major amendment to corporation tax saw it move to a dividend imputation s... | [
"United Kingdom corporation tax Originally introduced as a classical tax system, in which companies were subject to tax on their profits and companies' shareholders were also liable to income tax on the dividends that they received, the first major amendment to corporation tax saw it move to a dividend imputation s... |
test269 | what type of government did the ming dynasty have | [
"doc10019"
] | [
1
] | [
"doc49585",
"doc194012",
"doc49586",
"doc49623",
"doc574855",
"doc574856",
"doc49626",
"doc49592",
"doc49620",
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"doc574864",
"doc83227",
"doc574863",
"doc197098",
"doc49619",
"doc49589",
"doc49640",
"doc49632",
"doc574857",
"doc574862",
"doc194011",
"doc2041421"... | [
"Ming dynasty The Ming dynasty (/mɪŋ/)[2] was the ruling dynasty of China – then known as the Great Ming Empire – for 276 years (1368–1644) following the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. The Ming, described by Edwin O. Reischauer, John K. Fairbank and Albert M. Craig as \"one of the greatest eras of orderly... | [
"Economy of the Ming dynasty The economy of the Ming dynasty (1368–1644) of China was the largest in the world during that period. It is regarded as one of China's three golden ages (the other two being the Han and Song periods). The period was marked by the increasing political influence of the merchants, the gr... |
test25 | what is pumped up kicks the song about | [
"doc698",
"doc703"
] | [
1,
1
] | [
"doc698",
"doc703",
"doc705",
"doc706",
"doc719",
"doc700",
"doc715",
"doc704",
"doc699",
"doc707",
"doc710",
"doc714",
"doc701",
"doc721",
"doc716",
"doc717",
"doc713",
"doc702",
"doc709",
"doc720",
"doc718",
"doc708",
"doc712",
"doc711",
"doc1885345",
"doc2477382"... | [
"Pumped Up Kicks \"Pumped Up Kicks\" is a song by American indie pop band Foster the People. It was released as the group's debut single in September 2010, and the following year was included on their EP Foster the People and their debut album, Torches. \"Pumped Up Kicks\" became the group's breakthrough hit and wa... | [
"Pumped Up Kicks \"Pumped Up Kicks\" is a song by American indie pop band Foster the People. It was released as the group's debut single in September 2010, and the following year was included on their EP Foster the People and their debut album, Torches. \"Pumped Up Kicks\" became the group's breakthrough hit and wa... |
test2506 | who sings the rap in baby by justin bieber | [
"doc86497"
] | [
1
] | [
"doc86492",
"doc86493",
"doc86496",
"doc86499",
"doc86502",
"doc86497",
"doc86495",
"doc86494",
"doc86500",
"doc1129937",
"doc911186",
"doc1139995",
"doc718683",
"doc86509",
"doc86505",
"doc1129939",
"doc86503",
"doc911185",
"doc2368030",
"doc2368031",
"doc648710",
"doc2063... | [
"Baby (Justin Bieber song) \"Baby\" is a song by Canadian recording artist Justin Bieber. It was released as the lead single from the latter half of Bieber's debut album, My World 2.0. The track was written by Bieber with Christopher \"Tricky\" Stewart and Terius \"The-Dream\" Nash, both of whom worked with Bieber ... | [
"Baby (Justin Bieber song) The song is predominantly upbeat, featuring Bieber's R&B vocals over a backdrop containing a dance infused beat, full of keyboard and \"disco string\" synths.[7] The song is composed in the key of E♭ major with Bieber's vocal range spanning from the low-note of G3 to the high-note of C5.[... |
test2649 | why does cooling water run through the condenser | [
"doc90702"
] | [
1
] | [
"doc2116126",
"doc2116131",
"doc1311197",
"doc1311201",
"doc1367314",
"doc285935",
"doc285927",
"doc1311212",
"doc285932",
"doc1311199",
"doc461697",
"doc461696",
"doc285931",
"doc90738",
"doc285926",
"doc285934",
"doc2491698",
"doc90702",
"doc90709",
"doc210115",
"doc1367312... | [
"Condenser (heat transfer) In systems involving heat transfer, a condenser is a device or unit used to condense a substance from its gaseous to its liquid state, by cooling it. In so doing, the latent heat is given up by the substance and transferred to the surrounding environment. Condensers can be made according ... | [
"Cooling tower Cooling towers originated in the 19th century through the development of condensers for use with the steam engine.[2] Condensers use relatively cool water, via various means, to condense the steam coming out of the cylinders or turbines. This reduces the back pressure, which in turn reduces the steam... |
test2374 | who won the nobel peace prize for 2017 | [
"doc82067"
] | [
1
] | [
"doc82067",
"doc82068",
"doc2196603",
"doc2196595",
"doc82070",
"doc82087",
"doc82069",
"doc1732772",
"doc82080",
"doc1732778",
"doc82074",
"doc82085",
"doc82084",
"doc727541",
"doc82081",
"doc82071",
"doc82073",
"doc1732773",
"doc727543",
"doc2253689",
"doc82072",
"doc1732... | [
"2017 Nobel Peace Prize The 2017 Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to the International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (ICAN) \"for its work to draw attention to the catastrophic humanitarian consequences of any use of nuclear weapons and for its ground-breaking efforts to achieve a treaty-based prohibition on suc... | [
"2017 Nobel Peace Prize The 2017 Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to the International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (ICAN) \"for its work to draw attention to the catastrophic humanitarian consequences of any use of nuclear weapons and for its ground-breaking efforts to achieve a treaty-based prohibition on suc... |
test1762 | where does the modern view of history originate from | [
"doc62082"
] | [
1
] | [
"doc1209110",
"doc784337",
"doc62085",
"doc1006797",
"doc62092",
"doc62086",
"doc1766524",
"doc62081",
"doc1987482",
"doc1006795",
"doc1677753",
"doc1987483",
"doc1006793",
"doc1486046",
"doc1822203",
"doc784308",
"doc1006779",
"doc62119",
"doc1006769",
"doc807015",
"doc62101... | [
"Historian The modern academic study of history and methods of historiography were pioneered in 19th-century German universities. Leopold von Ranke was a pivotal influence in this regard, and is considered as the founder of modern source-based history.[28][29][30][31]",
"Historiography The modern academic study o... | [
"Modern history Some events, while not without precedent, show a new way of perceiving the world. The concept of modernity interprets the general meaning of these events and seeks explanations for major developments."
] |
test3303 | who sang it going to take a miracle | [
"doc112884"
] | [
1
] | [
"doc112887",
"doc112884",
"doc112885",
"doc255275",
"doc112886",
"doc2000561",
"doc255277",
"doc1112711",
"doc1139606",
"doc1139604",
"doc255279",
"doc1011257",
"doc255280",
"doc1571530",
"doc255283",
"doc180079",
"doc1139608",
"doc255284",
"doc2000564",
"doc1571531",
"doc192... | [
"It's Gonna Take a Miracle The most successful version of \"It's Gonna Take a Miracle\" was the 1982 remake by R&B and gospel artist Deniece Williams. Her version went to number one on the R&B chart for two weeks[8] and reached number ten on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100.[9]",
"It's Gonna Take a Miracle \"It's Gonna... | [
"It's Gonna Take a Miracle \"It's Gonna Take a Miracle\" is a popular song written by Teddy Randazzo, Bobby Weinstein, and Lou Stallman. It was first an R&B hit in 1965 for The Royalettes, who reached the Top 30 on the U.S. R&B chart[1] and peaked at number 41 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 and number 37 on Cash Box... |
test2381 | how long did it take to build the great pyramid of egypt | [
"doc82212",
"doc82214"
] | [
1,
1
] | [
"doc878686",
"doc82212",
"doc82214",
"doc1534274",
"doc82222",
"doc82215",
"doc878696",
"doc82221",
"doc82218",
"doc1534273",
"doc1534276",
"doc1797869",
"doc1534246",
"doc1534256",
"doc1309552",
"doc1797865",
"doc141486",
"doc1493518",
"doc1534264",
"doc82217",
"doc1534249",... | [
"Giza pyramid complex The work of quarrying, moving, setting, and sculpting the huge amount of stone used to build the pyramids might have been accomplished by several thousand skilled workers, unskilled laborers and supporting workers. Bakers, carpenters, water carriers, and others were also needed for the project... | [
"Great Pyramid of Giza Based on a mark in an interior chamber naming the work gang and a reference to the fourth dynasty Egyptian Pharaoh Khufu, Egyptologists believe that the pyramid was built as a tomb over a 10- to 20-year period concluding around 2560 BC. Initially at 146.5 metres (481 feet), the Great Pyramid ... |
test3449 | who does eric end up with in that 70s show | [
"doc117643",
"doc117646"
] | [
1,
1
] | [
"doc117645",
"doc117641",
"doc559013",
"doc559025",
"doc559023",
"doc301236",
"doc250836",
"doc559033",
"doc106012",
"doc559022",
"doc117652",
"doc117640",
"doc117643",
"doc315755",
"doc559028",
"doc117660",
"doc2453615",
"doc1582189",
"doc559016",
"doc559024",
"doc117646",
... | [
"Eric Forman Eric's family includes his doting mother, Kitty Forman, who has impending separation anxiety and menopause, his crabby father, Red Forman, who is a strict Korean War military veteran, and his older sister, Laurie Forman, who is a promiscuous blonde who uses her looks to get what she wants. Eric's best ... | [
"Eric Forman Regretting it instantly, Eric goes to find her to once again reconcile, and learns that she and Michael have taken off for California where they spend the remainder of the summer. Despite his parents foreboding, Eric takes off after Donna and they reconcile instantly and continue their relationship. La... |
test374 | who was tammy from basketball wives married to | [
"doc14133"
] | [
1
] | [
"doc14133",
"doc14132",
"doc2615160",
"doc14130",
"doc788476",
"doc1544044",
"doc1152198",
"doc14131",
"doc2611578",
"doc1152303",
"doc2399531",
"doc2615161",
"doc1813140",
"doc1152226",
"doc2608096",
"doc422481",
"doc788475",
"doc945266",
"doc391919",
"doc932479",
"doc178351... | [
"Tami Roman Roman was once married to NBA basketball player Kenny Anderson.[3] The marriage produced 2 children. [4]",
"Tami Roman Also, Roman was cast on the Basketball Wives spinoff Basketball Wives LA, starting with the fourth season in 2015. Roman appeared on two episodes of the CBS show, Extant. Roman can al... | [
"Tami Roman Roman was once married to NBA basketball player Kenny Anderson.[3] The marriage produced 2 children. [4]"
] |
test923 | where did the tradition of gift giving come from | [
"doc32839"
] | [
1
] | [
"doc32839",
"doc32840",
"doc82541",
"doc32841",
"doc702723",
"doc29944",
"doc82544",
"doc82457",
"doc30025",
"doc29861",
"doc32842",
"doc1093524",
"doc693637",
"doc693642",
"doc1020116",
"doc82494",
"doc82543",
"doc82486",
"doc82520",
"doc32838",
"doc693648",
"doc1901020",
... | [
"Christmas gift The tradition of gift-giving is an old one, but it became associated with Christmas more recently. It is a relic of a pagan custom, namely, the winter solstice which in Europe occurs in December. This was celebrated in ancient Rome with gift-giving during the Saturnalia holiday, which took place tha... | [
"Christmas gift The tradition of gift-giving is an old one, but it became associated with Christmas more recently. It is a relic of a pagan custom, namely, the winter solstice which in Europe occurs in December. This was celebrated in ancient Rome with gift-giving during the Saturnalia holiday, which took place tha... |
test1939 | what are the different types of non communicable disease | [
"doc67936"
] | [
1
] | [
"doc67936",
"doc2362769",
"doc67945",
"doc67941",
"doc67950",
"doc67951",
"doc67944",
"doc67937",
"doc67957",
"doc67938",
"doc67940",
"doc67939",
"doc67947",
"doc2362764",
"doc896940",
"doc67946",
"doc67948",
"doc67954",
"doc67962",
"doc171807",
"doc67955",
"doc1592499",
... | [
"Non-communicable disease A non-communicable disease (NCD) is a medical condition or disease that is not caused by infectious agents (non-infectious or non-transmissible). NCDs can refer to chronic diseases which last for long periods of time and progress slowly. Sometimes, NCDs result in rapid deaths such as seen ... | [
"Non-communicable disease A non-communicable disease (NCD) is a medical condition or disease that is not caused by infectious agents (non-infectious or non-transmissible). NCDs can refer to chronic diseases which last for long periods of time and progress slowly. Sometimes, NCDs result in rapid deaths such as seen ... |
test1457 | where did the word john doe come from | [
"doc51960",
"doc51965"
] | [
1,
1
] | [
"doc51960",
"doc51959",
"doc51965",
"doc51966",
"doc51964",
"doc51970",
"doc51973",
"doc51978",
"doc51977",
"doc51968",
"doc51967",
"doc51981",
"doc1739457",
"doc51971",
"doc51982",
"doc51975",
"doc51962",
"doc51972",
"doc51976",
"doc1739458",
"doc1475711",
"doc51974",
"d... | [
"John Doe In other English-speaking countries, unique placeholder names, numbers and/or codenames have become more often used in the context of police investigations. This has included the United Kingdom, where usage of \"John Doe\" originated during the Middle Ages. However, the legal term John Doe injunction (or... | [
"John Doe In other English-speaking countries, unique placeholder names, numbers and/or codenames have become more often used in the context of police investigations. This has included the United Kingdom, where usage of \"John Doe\" originated during the Middle Ages. However, the legal term John Doe injunction (or... |
test107 | who sang on great gig in the sky | [
"doc3859"
] | [
1
] | [
"doc3871",
"doc3859",
"doc3869",
"doc963874",
"doc3870",
"doc3863",
"doc3864",
"doc3866",
"doc3861",
"doc3881",
"doc3862",
"doc963872",
"doc3867",
"doc3860",
"doc3874",
"doc3865",
"doc3882",
"doc3876",
"doc3872",
"doc3868",
"doc3873",
"doc963879",
"doc208244",
"doc3878"... | [
"The Great Gig in the Sky Clare Torry:",
"The Great Gig in the Sky \"The Great Gig in the Sky\" is the fifth track[nb 1] on The Dark Side of the Moon, the 1973 album by the English progressive rock band Pink Floyd. The song features music by Richard Wright and non-lexical vocals by Clare Torry.",
"The Great Gig... | [
"The Great Gig in the Sky \"The Great Gig in the Sky\" is the fifth track[nb 1] on The Dark Side of the Moon, the 1973 album by the English progressive rock band Pink Floyd. The song features music by Richard Wright and non-lexical vocals by Clare Torry."
] |
test2827 | what was one reason south carolina gave for its decision to secede from the union | [
"doc96975"
] | [
1
] | [
"doc125426",
"doc125418",
"doc125417",
"doc1616839",
"doc96989",
"doc125424",
"doc125422",
"doc125419",
"doc125432",
"doc613307",
"doc125421",
"doc125427",
"doc97003",
"doc96993",
"doc96992",
"doc125431",
"doc125430",
"doc78767",
"doc96991",
"doc499701",
"doc96988",
"doc125... | [
"Declaration of the Immediate Causes Which Induce and Justify the Secession of South Carolina from the Federal Union While later claims have been made after the war's end that the South Carolinian decision to secede was prompted by other issues such as tariffs and taxes, these issues were not mentioned at all in th... | [
"South Carolina in the American Civil War Alfred P. Aldrich, a South Carolinian politician from Barnwell, stated that declaring secession would be necessary if a Republican candidate were to win the 1860 U.S. presidential election, stating that it was the only way for the state to preserve slavery and diminish the ... |
test17 | when did the us take over wake island | [
"doc449",
"doc450"
] | [
1,
1
] | [
"doc429",
"doc44826",
"doc450",
"doc503",
"doc427",
"doc460",
"doc477",
"doc449",
"doc428",
"doc469",
"doc461",
"doc497",
"doc495",
"doc476",
"doc481",
"doc453",
"doc1327254",
"doc499",
"doc452",
"doc472",
"doc445",
"doc433",
"doc1146751",
"doc459",
"doc487",
"doc45... | [
"Wake Island On December 11, 1941, Wake Island was the site of the Empire of Japan's first unsuccessful attack on American forces in the Battle of Wake Island when U.S. Marines, with some US Navy personnel and civilians on the island repelled an attempted Japanese invasion, sinking two enemy destroyers and a transp... | [
"Wake Island With the annexation of Hawaii in 1898 and the seizure of Guam and the Philippines during the Spanish–American War that same year, the United States began to consider unclaimed and uninhabited Wake Island, located approximately halfway between Honolulu and Manila, as a good location for a telegraph cabl... |
test440 | what is the system of government in japan | [
"doc16275"
] | [
1
] | [
"doc16276",
"doc16279",
"doc667106",
"doc1470270",
"doc1020144",
"doc16277",
"doc16275",
"doc1470271",
"doc94648",
"doc16282",
"doc667072",
"doc1470273",
"doc16280",
"doc16281",
"doc1020174",
"doc449842",
"doc16291",
"doc16303",
"doc16290",
"doc1470272",
"doc16278",
"doc163... | [
"Government of Japan The Government runs under the framework established by the Constitution of Japan, adopted in 1947. It is a unitary state, containing forty-seven administrative divisions, with the Emperor as its head of state.[1] His role is ceremonial and he has no powers related to Government.[2] Instead, it ... | [
"Government of Japan The government of Japan is a constitutional monarchy in which the power of the Emperor is limited and is relegated primarily to ceremonial duties. As in many other states, the Government is divided into three branches: the Executive branch, the Legislative branch and the Judicial branch."
] |
test2222 | who wrote the book my country my life | [
"doc77248"
] | [
1
] | [
"doc77248",
"doc77249",
"doc77256",
"doc77257",
"doc77252",
"doc77255",
"doc77254",
"doc77251",
"doc2597449",
"doc808409",
"doc77250",
"doc77253",
"doc1274553",
"doc541371",
"doc2651381",
"doc1020001",
"doc541373",
"doc861825",
"doc2423436",
"doc1720038",
"doc1342595",
"doc... | [
"My Country My Life My Country My Life is an autobiographical book by L. K. Advani, an Indian politician who served as the Deputy Prime Minister of India from 2002 to 2004, and was the Leader of the Opposition in the 15th Lok Sabha. The book was released on 19 March 2008 by Abdul Kalam, the eleventh President of In... | [
"My Country My Life My Country My Life is an autobiographical book by L. K. Advani, an Indian politician who served as the Deputy Prime Minister of India from 2002 to 2004, and was the Leader of the Opposition in the 15th Lok Sabha. The book was released on 19 March 2008 by Abdul Kalam, the eleventh President of In... |
test3200 | how are tyrants today different from those in ancient greece | [
"doc109340"
] | [
1
] | [
"doc109353",
"doc109340",
"doc109384",
"doc109354",
"doc109341",
"doc109351",
"doc109346",
"doc109391",
"doc109344",
"doc109371",
"doc109347",
"doc109383",
"doc616598",
"doc109373",
"doc1995237",
"doc109395",
"doc616560",
"doc109386",
"doc109352",
"doc109350",
"doc109355",
... | [
"Tyrant History has labeled a set of ancient Greek and Sicilian leaders as tyrants. History remembers the rulers, their rises, methods, and ends and the environment in which they ruled. Ancient political commentators Plato and Aristotle lived late in the period of many tyrants. They had monarchies and democracies f... | [
"Tyrant A tyrant (Greek τύραννος, tyrannos), in the modern English usage of the word, is an absolute ruler unrestrained by law or person, or one who has usurped legitimate sovereignty. Often described as a cruel character, a tyrant defends his position by oppressive means, tending to control almost everything in th... |
test15 | how many seasons of prison break are on netflix | [
"doc302"
] | [
1
] | [
"doc302",
"doc882982",
"doc882984",
"doc525435",
"doc882983",
"doc525441",
"doc301",
"doc300",
"doc14838",
"doc525452",
"doc525436",
"doc525440",
"doc883011",
"doc14837",
"doc525442",
"doc883005",
"doc525451",
"doc1440064",
"doc882990",
"doc412647",
"doc1253920",
"doc103774... | [
"List of Prison Break episodes The first five seasons of Prison Break have been released on DVD and Blu-ray in Regions 1, 2, and 4. Each DVD boxed set includes all of the broadcast episodes from that season, the associated special episode, commentary from cast and crew, and profiles of various parts of Prison Break... | [
"List of Prison Break episodes The first five seasons of Prison Break have been released on DVD and Blu-ray in Regions 1, 2, and 4. Each DVD boxed set includes all of the broadcast episodes from that season, the associated special episode, commentary from cast and crew, and profiles of various parts of Prison Break... |
test1992 | who developed the central processing unit (cpu) | [
"doc69826"
] | [
1
] | [
"doc69826",
"doc94768",
"doc69828",
"doc1157490",
"doc2520795",
"doc1157508",
"doc69822",
"doc1157509",
"doc2377062",
"doc1157510",
"doc2520794",
"doc1157495",
"doc539981",
"doc2520790",
"doc1619168",
"doc1784767",
"doc69837",
"doc69831",
"doc2520802",
"doc566753",
"doc116859... | [
"Central processing unit The idea of a stored-program computer was already present in the design of J. Presper Eckert and John William Mauchly's ENIAC, but was initially omitted so that it could be finished sooner.[6] On June 30, 1945, before ENIAC was made, mathematician John von Neumann distributed the paper enti... | [
"Central processing unit The idea of a stored-program computer was already present in the design of J. Presper Eckert and John William Mauchly's ENIAC, but was initially omitted so that it could be finished sooner.[6] On June 30, 1945, before ENIAC was made, mathematician John von Neumann distributed the paper enti... |
test2480 | who is the longest serving manager in manchester united history | [
"doc85461"
] | [
1
] | [
"doc422057",
"doc85461",
"doc422055",
"doc438326",
"doc54258",
"doc85466",
"doc85463",
"doc85470",
"doc925980",
"doc85469",
"doc85467",
"doc85460",
"doc1849018",
"doc85465",
"doc85459",
"doc85471",
"doc1441689",
"doc85462",
"doc85472",
"doc2509852",
"doc1657444",
"doc202241... | [
"Alex Ferguson Ferguson was appointed manager of Manchester United in November 1986. During his 26 years with Manchester United he won 38 trophies, including 13 Premier League titles, five FA Cups, and two UEFA Champions League titles.[9] He was knighted in the 1999 Queen's Birthday Honours list, for his services t... | [
"List of Manchester United F.C. managers The longest-serving and most successful person to manage Manchester United is Sir Alex Ferguson, who won 13 Premier League titles, five FA Cups, four League Cups, 10 Community Shields, two UEFA Champions League titles, one UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, one UEFA Super Cup, one Inter... |
test2663 | where did latin american fit in the post-world war ii world | [
"doc91292"
] | [
1
] | [
"doc475285",
"doc882718",
"doc306058",
"doc91286",
"doc475281",
"doc237616",
"doc306039",
"doc91292",
"doc882713",
"doc882719",
"doc2053132",
"doc306057",
"doc2053149",
"doc882715",
"doc475277",
"doc882717",
"doc1975369",
"doc1278825",
"doc882704",
"doc882703",
"doc237562",
... | [
"Latin America After World War II and the beginning of a Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union, US diplomats became interested in Asia, Africa, and Latin America, and frequently[vague] waged proxy wars against the Soviet Union in these countries. The US sought to stop the spread of communism. Lati... | [
"Latin American integration The experience of World War II convinced hemispheric governments that unilateral action by one nation could not ensure the territorial integrity of the American nations in the event of extra-continental aggression, in particular Soviet or communist incursions. To meet the challenges of g... |
test1755 | who invented the cornell method of note taking | [
"doc61865"
] | [
1
] | [
"doc61865",
"doc61870",
"doc61866",
"doc61871",
"doc61872",
"doc61867",
"doc61869",
"doc126717",
"doc61868",
"doc1166835",
"doc126725",
"doc126727",
"doc126729",
"doc2190392",
"doc1136973",
"doc1583065",
"doc1983872",
"doc126719",
"doc126716",
"doc1102807",
"doc126728",
"do... | [
"Cornell Notes The Cornell Notes system (also Cornell note-taking system, Cornell method, or Cornell way) is a note-taking system devised in the 1940s by Walter Pauk, an education professor at Cornell University. Pauk advocated its use in his best-selling book How to Study in College.[1]",
"Cornell Notes A study ... | [
"Cornell Notes The Cornell Notes system (also Cornell note-taking system, Cornell method, or Cornell way) is a note-taking system devised in the 1940s by Walter Pauk, an education professor at Cornell University. Pauk advocated its use in his best-selling book How to Study in College.[1]"
] |
test2852 | a town in west yorkshire on the river aire home to a rugby league team | [
"doc97666"
] | [
1
] | [
"doc97666",
"doc1101892",
"doc97694",
"doc1296496",
"doc1101871",
"doc97687",
"doc1101877",
"doc1296452",
"doc1101888",
"doc1296495",
"doc1101889",
"doc1101873",
"doc97691",
"doc345882",
"doc251190",
"doc97668",
"doc97683",
"doc1101875",
"doc487152",
"doc97693",
"doc97667",
... | [
"Castleford Castleford is a town in the metropolitan borough of Wakefield, West Yorkshire, England. It had a population of 40,210 at the 2011 Census.[1][2][3] Historically in the West Riding of Yorkshire, to the north of the town centre the River Calder joins the River Aire and the Aire and Calder Navigation.",
"... | [
"Castleford Castleford is a town in the metropolitan borough of Wakefield, West Yorkshire, England. It had a population of 40,210 at the 2011 Census.[1][2][3] Historically in the West Riding of Yorkshire, to the north of the town centre the River Calder joins the River Aire and the Aire and Calder Navigation."
] |
test2909 | what elements make up great britain's constitution | [
"doc99350"
] | [
1
] | [
"doc99350",
"doc99357",
"doc99351",
"doc2230521",
"doc99352",
"doc1655467",
"doc99354",
"doc297192",
"doc251141",
"doc379386",
"doc99409",
"doc99355",
"doc1655468",
"doc717456",
"doc99358",
"doc2230582",
"doc2230587",
"doc99401",
"doc99378",
"doc99412",
"doc99367",
"doc2230... | [
"Constitution of the United Kingdom The United Kingdom does not have one specific constitutional document named as such. Instead, the so called constitution of the United Kingdom, or British constitution, is a sum of laws and principles that make up the country's body politic. This is sometimes referred to as an \"... | [
"Constitution of the United Kingdom The United Kingdom does not have one specific constitutional document named as such. Instead, the so called constitution of the United Kingdom, or British constitution, is a sum of laws and principles that make up the country's body politic. This is sometimes referred to as an \"... |
test1649 | when do the walking dead comics come out | [
"doc58379"
] | [
1
] | [
"doc58376",
"doc58380",
"doc58417",
"doc58379",
"doc58381",
"doc58431",
"doc58377",
"doc58418",
"doc58375",
"doc58414",
"doc58440",
"doc58411",
"doc58438",
"doc58425",
"doc58399",
"doc58405",
"doc58430",
"doc58441",
"doc1648564",
"doc58415",
"doc58416",
"doc58428",
"doc58... | [
"The Walking Dead (comic book) First issued in 2003 by publisher Image Comics, the comic is written by Kirkman[3] with art by Moore (issues No. 1–6) and Charlie Adlard (issue No. 7 onward).[4] Moore continued to do the covers through issue No. 24.[5]",
"The Walking Dead (comic book) When the television series p... | [
"The Walking Dead (comic book) The Walking Dead debuted in 2003, published by Image Comics, with art by Tony Moore for the first six issues and Cliff Rathburn shading the art after issue five. Charlie Adlard took over as artist on issue #7, after he was approached by Kirkman.[4] Moore also did the cover art for the... |
test170 | who wrote the music for christmas story live | [
"doc6220",
"doc6235"
] | [
1,
1
] | [
"doc2020939",
"doc6222",
"doc2020935",
"doc6235",
"doc149037",
"doc2020942",
"doc132175",
"doc2020937",
"doc2020938",
"doc2020941",
"doc698472",
"doc2020940",
"doc433049",
"doc2495578",
"doc991741",
"doc2020944",
"doc6220",
"doc165225",
"doc160338",
"doc6224",
"doc480995",
... | [
"A Christmas Story Live! The production was based on A Christmas Story: The Musical, which in turn was based on the 1983 film. Marc Platt reprised his role as co-executive producer from the live television musical (2016) of Grease: Live, joined by Adam Siegel, and television director Alex Rudzinski and theatrical d... | [
"A Christmas Story: The Musical A Christmas Story: The Musical is a musical version of the film A Christmas Story. The musical has music and lyrics written by Pasek & Paul and the book by Joseph Robinette. The musical takes place in the 1940s in Indiana and focuses on a child named Ralphie, who wants a Red Ryder BB... |
test2824 | where do the neutrons come from in nuclear fission | [
"doc96902"
] | [
1
] | [
"doc524527",
"doc2305749",
"doc776174",
"doc126515",
"doc776116",
"doc1720896",
"doc660014",
"doc524506",
"doc524514",
"doc25809",
"doc776121",
"doc524496",
"doc776193",
"doc126502",
"doc524511",
"doc776128",
"doc776115",
"doc524542",
"doc776172",
"doc524519",
"doc524499",
... | [
"Nuclear fission All fissionable and fissile isotopes undergo a small amount of spontaneous fission which releases a few free neutrons into any sample of nuclear fuel. Such neutrons would escape rapidly from the fuel and become a free neutron, with a mean lifetime of about 15 minutes before decaying to protons and ... | [
"Startup neutron source The startup sources are typically inserted in regularly spaced positions inside the reactor core, in place of some of the fuel rods."
] |
test1270 | give two reasons neisseria gonorrhoeae is able to re-infect individuals after treatment | [
"doc45016"
] | [
1
] | [
"doc45018",
"doc833586",
"doc45025",
"doc45016",
"doc45047",
"doc45017",
"doc45026",
"doc833581",
"doc1286877",
"doc45015",
"doc45046",
"doc833579",
"doc45023",
"doc45044",
"doc45014",
"doc45045",
"doc833595",
"doc833597",
"doc1286878",
"doc833598",
"doc45030",
"doc1286879"... | [
"Neisseria gonorrhoeae Due to resistance to penicillins, standard treatment is with the third generation cephalosporin ceftriaxone.[11] Antibiotic resistance is a growing problem due to N. gonnorhoeae's recombinant abilities.[12] There is currently no vaccine available for N. gonorrhoeae although efforts are underw... | [
"Neisseria gonorrhoeae Sexual transmission is possible through vaginal, anal, or oral sex.[5] Sexual transmission may be prevented through the use of barrier protection.[6] Perinatal transmission may occur during childbirth, and may be prevented by antibiotic treatment of the mother before birth and the application... |
test2725 | the intermaxillary segment formed by the fusion of the | [
"doc93487"
] | [
1
] | [
"doc93487",
"doc93488",
"doc93491",
"doc2470552",
"doc93490",
"doc93492",
"doc1205994",
"doc93489",
"doc405466",
"doc1206008",
"doc2470550",
"doc2654336",
"doc129684",
"doc1033990",
"doc2470544",
"doc285626",
"doc1033989",
"doc1205998",
"doc1173737",
"doc560318",
"doc2554232"... | [
"Intermaxillary segment The intermaxillary segment in an embryo is a mass of tissue formed by the merging of tissues in the vicinity of the nose. It is essential for human survival. It is primordial, since in the further development of the embryo this particular mass no longer appears, but parts of it remain in \"t... | [
"Intermaxillary segment The intermaxillary segment in an embryo is a mass of tissue formed by the merging of tissues in the vicinity of the nose. It is essential for human survival. It is primordial, since in the further development of the embryo this particular mass no longer appears, but parts of it remain in \"t... |
test1059 | who hosted and won the inagural world cup | [
"doc36923"
] | [
1
] | [
"doc128501",
"doc128503",
"doc967508",
"doc967509",
"doc59701",
"doc967510",
"doc128537",
"doc240687",
"doc967502",
"doc967524",
"doc128494",
"doc240663",
"doc240675",
"doc59706",
"doc240671",
"doc36923",
"doc240674",
"doc59703",
"doc240673",
"doc338732",
"doc240685",
"doc9... | [
"FIFA World Cup Due to the success of the Olympic football tournaments, FIFA, with President Jules Rimet as the driving force, again started looking at staging its own international tournament outside of the Olympics. On 28 May 1928, the FIFA Congress in Amsterdam decided to stage a world championship itself.[12] W... | [
"1930 FIFA World Cup Argentina, Uruguay, the United States and Yugoslavia each won their respective groups to qualify for the semi-finals. In the final, hosts and pre-tournament favourites Uruguay defeated Argentina 4–2 in front of a crowd of 68,346 people, and became the first nation to win the World Cup."
] |
test2600 | who wrote the country song i can only imagine | [
"doc89031"
] | [
1
] | [
"doc89031",
"doc89033",
"doc89032",
"doc89034",
"doc89039",
"doc89049",
"doc89035",
"doc89037",
"doc91764",
"doc89036",
"doc89047",
"doc89043",
"doc2130173",
"doc89038",
"doc89048",
"doc89052",
"doc89041",
"doc89051",
"doc89045",
"doc89044",
"doc89046",
"doc89040",
"doc91... | [
"I Can Only Imagine (MercyMe song) \"I Can Only Imagine\" (sometimes shortened to \"Imagine\") is a single recorded by Christian rock band MercyMe. Written and composed by lead vocalist Bart Millard, the song, based around a main piano track, was inspired by the death of Millard's father and considers what it would... | [
"I Can Only Imagine (MercyMe song) \"I Can Only Imagine\" (sometimes shortened to \"Imagine\") is a single recorded by Christian rock band MercyMe. Written and composed by lead vocalist Bart Millard, the song, based around a main piano track, was inspired by the death of Millard's father and considers what it would... |
test1883 | in the early 1800s california society was dominated by which group | [
"doc66150"
] | [
1
] | [
"doc2430527",
"doc66184",
"doc2430529",
"doc2430513",
"doc2430515",
"doc208024",
"doc2430532",
"doc2430522",
"doc2430510",
"doc2259925",
"doc935058",
"doc934997",
"doc2430536",
"doc2430578",
"doc66172",
"doc2430538",
"doc2430517",
"doc66159",
"doc2430528",
"doc2430511",
"doc2... | [
"Californio As women played a key role in the development of Alta California and its social interactions they continued this role into its transition from a Mexican territory to an American possession. As foreign non-Spanish speaking men moved into California, who wished to insert themselves into the upper echelons... | [
"History of California before 1900 The first quarter of the 19th century showed the continuation of the slow colonization of the southern and central California coast by Spanish missionaries, ranchers and troops. By 1820 Spanish influence was marked by the chain of missions reaching from Loreto, north to San Diego,... |
test2336 | who played mr. willoughby in sense and sensibility | [
"doc80575"
] | [
1
] | [
"doc80575",
"doc1327094",
"doc1327092",
"doc1327111",
"doc1327105",
"doc1327068",
"doc1327114",
"doc1327102",
"doc2388824",
"doc2388835",
"doc80577",
"doc1327574",
"doc1327124",
"doc1327093",
"doc2674739",
"doc1327074",
"doc1502424",
"doc1327129",
"doc80578",
"doc1121124",
"d... | [
"Greg Wise Matthew Gregory Wise (born 15 May 1966) is an English actor and producer. He has appeared in many British television works, as well as several feature films (notably the role of John Willoughby in Sense and Sensibility).",
"Sense and Sensibility (film) Also appearing in the film was Alan Rickman, who p... | [
"Greg Wise Matthew Gregory Wise (born 15 May 1966) is an English actor and producer. He has appeared in many British television works, as well as several feature films (notably the role of John Willoughby in Sense and Sensibility)."
] |
test1358 | who is responsible for establishing local licensing forum | [
"doc47882"
] | [
1
] | [
"doc47886",
"doc693475",
"doc47898",
"doc47882",
"doc47910",
"doc47895",
"doc983188",
"doc693457",
"doc1378732",
"doc846287",
"doc693454",
"doc693476",
"doc1378728",
"doc47887",
"doc47888",
"doc2492800",
"doc877275",
"doc47899",
"doc82034",
"doc47904",
"doc960832",
"doc1378... | [
"Licensing Act 2003 Each local authority must set up a Licensing Committee with between ten and fifteen members. It is envisaged that most member level decisions will be made by a sub-committee of three. The Committee can and should have a scheme of delegation for different types of decision; this means that many a... | [
"Licensing Act 2003 The Licensing Act 2003 (c 17) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. The Act establishes a single integrated scheme for licensing premises in England and Wales (only) which are used for the sale or supply of alcohol, to provide regulated entertainment, or to provide late night refres... |
test2711 | what was the book wealth of nations about | [
"doc92890",
"doc92892"
] | [
1,
1
] | [
"doc92890",
"doc92893",
"doc92894",
"doc92898",
"doc1419734",
"doc92891",
"doc1419732",
"doc92896",
"doc92910",
"doc1926300",
"doc92900",
"doc1419777",
"doc1358876",
"doc92897",
"doc92895",
"doc1358988",
"doc1018324",
"doc92904",
"doc92899",
"doc1155121",
"doc1419764",
"doc... | [
"The Wealth of Nations An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, generally referred to by its shortened title The Wealth of Nations, is the magnum opus of the Scottish economist and moral philosopher Adam Smith. First published in 1776, the book offers one of the world's first collected descri... | [
"The Wealth of Nations An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, generally referred to by its shortened title The Wealth of Nations, is the magnum opus of the Scottish economist and moral philosopher Adam Smith. First published in 1776, the book offers one of the world's first collected descri... |
test1340 | how many wars held between india and pakistan | [
"doc47387"
] | [
1
] | [
"doc136123",
"doc47387",
"doc2563878",
"doc136102",
"doc47393",
"doc47392",
"doc47390",
"doc180299",
"doc768660",
"doc118695",
"doc1489612",
"doc1489621",
"doc47397",
"doc203047",
"doc136122",
"doc206775",
"doc47398",
"doc918438",
"doc136100",
"doc118499",
"doc2602306",
"do... | [
"India–Pakistan relations India and Pakistan have fought in numerous armed conflicts since their independence. There are three major wars that have taken place between the two states, namely in 1947, 1965 and the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971. In addition to this was the unofficial Kargil War and some border sk... | [
"Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts Since the partition of British India in 1947 and creation of modern states of India and Pakistan, the two South Asian countries have been involved in four wars, including one undeclared war, and many border skirmishes and military stand-offs."
] |
test2988 | the boiling point of water is 100 degrees celsius express this in si units | [
"doc102453"
] | [
1
] | [
"doc316742",
"doc102474",
"doc288568",
"doc204348",
"doc102453",
"doc1268943",
"doc204395",
"doc580155",
"doc1521557",
"doc204351",
"doc891371",
"doc891374",
"doc102455",
"doc647733",
"doc43827",
"doc891375",
"doc1042233",
"doc102475",
"doc204394",
"doc1268941",
"doc1042241",... | [
"Water The Kelvin temperature scale of the SI system is based on the triple point of water, defined as exactly 273.16 K or 0.01 °C. The scale is an absolute temperature scale with the same increment as the Celsius temperature scale, which was originally defined according to the boiling point (set to 100 °C) and mel... | [
"Celsius The Celsius scale was based on 0 °C for the freezing point of water and 100 °C for the boiling point of water at 1 atm pressure following a change introduced in 1743 by Jean-Pierre Christin to reverse the Celsius thermometer scale (from water boiling at 0 degrees and ice melting at 100 degrees). This scale... |
test3250 | how many episodes in season 2 of fargo | [
"doc111034"
] | [
1
] | [
"doc111037",
"doc111034",
"doc111036",
"doc111052",
"doc111048",
"doc104126",
"doc104120",
"doc111038",
"doc111047",
"doc111039",
"doc111051",
"doc2564118",
"doc111042",
"doc104112",
"doc111049",
"doc2102776",
"doc816706",
"doc111035",
"doc2564117",
"doc2531792",
"doc104110",... | [
"Fargo (season 2) Details of a new season first emerged in the media following a Television Critics Association (TCA) press event,[11] and by July 21, 2014, FX commissioned ten episodes for Fargo's second season.[12]",
"Fargo (season 2) The second season of Fargo, an American anthology black comedy–crime drama ... | [
"Fargo (season 2) The second season of Fargo, an American anthology black comedy–crime drama television series created by Noah Hawley, premiered on October 12, 2015, on the basic cable network FX. Its principal cast consists of Kirsten Dunst, Patrick Wilson, Jesse Plemons, Jean Smart, and Ted Danson. The season h... |
test1645 | who was the french chef given credit for developing the classic kitchen brigade | [
"doc58310"
] | [
1
] | [
"doc58310",
"doc1660176",
"doc1493040",
"doc1660080",
"doc2519817",
"doc1336418",
"doc1660082",
"doc58309",
"doc413533",
"doc1493043",
"doc1660078",
"doc2519818",
"doc58312",
"doc1660073",
"doc1660086",
"doc1660079",
"doc1660081",
"doc1493041",
"doc1493050",
"doc1660063",
"do... | [
"Brigade de cuisine The concept was developed by Georges Auguste Escoffier.[1][2] This structured team system delegates responsibilities to different individuals who specialize in certain tasks in the kitchen.",
"French cuisine Larger restaurants and hotels in France employ extensive staff and are commonly referr... | [
"Brigade de cuisine The concept was developed by Georges Auguste Escoffier.[1][2] This structured team system delegates responsibilities to different individuals who specialize in certain tasks in the kitchen."
] |
test3369 | who do you play as in dragon age origins | [
"doc115048"
] | [
1
] | [
"doc115051",
"doc115048",
"doc115058",
"doc115062",
"doc115070",
"doc115055",
"doc115059",
"doc115054",
"doc15644",
"doc115066",
"doc115063",
"doc115060",
"doc115053",
"doc115047",
"doc115052",
"doc115064",
"doc115056",
"doc115061",
"doc115076",
"doc115092",
"doc115071",
"d... | [
"Dragon Age: Origins Dragon Age: Origins is an action role-playing game. The player is a Grey Warden, part of an order of elite fighters, whose task is to defeat the Archdemon and save the world from a disastrous event called the Blight. Players create their own Grey Warden character, customizing gender and appeara... | [
"Dragon Age: Origins Set in the fictional kingdom of Ferelden during a period of civil strife, the game puts the player in the role of a warrior, mage, or rogue coming from an elven, human, or dwarven background. The player character is recruited into the Grey Wardens, an ancient order that stands against demonic f... |
test634 | when did ford change the f150 body style | [
"doc22616",
"doc22650"
] | [
1,
1
] | [
"doc22653",
"doc304459",
"doc22616",
"doc22619",
"doc22646",
"doc304462",
"doc22641",
"doc304461",
"doc22690",
"doc22650",
"doc22677",
"doc304463",
"doc591346",
"doc22627",
"doc22620",
"doc2195217",
"doc304474",
"doc22635",
"doc22642",
"doc591347",
"doc22626",
"doc22611",
... | [
"Ford F-Series For the 2015 model year, Ford Motor Company introduced the thirteenth-generation F-150. Without physically changing any dimensions from its predecessor, in the interest of fuel economy, designers reduced curb weight by nearly 750 pounds. In a radical change for a mass-market vehicle, much of the weig... | [
"Ford F-Series Introduced in 1957, the third generation F-series was a significant modernization and redesign. Front fenders became integrated into the body, and the new Styleside bed continued the smooth lines to the rear of the pickup.",
"Ford F-Series The twelfth generation F-150 was introduced for the 2009 mo... |
test2970 | when did cristiano ronaldo go to manchester united | [
"doc101768"
] | [
1
] | [
"doc101774",
"doc101768",
"doc101775",
"doc101772",
"doc101773",
"doc235154",
"doc101776",
"doc283104",
"doc101784",
"doc235155",
"doc101780",
"doc101777",
"doc54270",
"doc101770",
"doc101786",
"doc101767",
"doc101778",
"doc101785",
"doc2327731",
"doc1100638",
"doc101782",
... | [
"Cristiano Ronaldo Ronaldo came to the attention of Manchester United manager Alex Ferguson in August 2003, when Sporting defeated United 3–1 at the inauguration of the Estádio José Alvalade in Lisbon. His performance impressed the Manchester United players, who urged Ferguson to sign him.[23] Ferguson himself cons... | [
"Cristiano Ronaldo Born and raised on the Portuguese island of Madeira, Ronaldo was diagnosed with a racing heart at age 15. He underwent an operation to treat his condition, and began his senior club career playing for Sporting CP, before signing with Manchester United at age 18 in 2003. After winning his first tr... |
test2954 | what is the meaning of to have a bias | [
"doc101060"
] | [
1
] | [
"doc101060",
"doc101061",
"doc101062",
"doc101098",
"doc101063",
"doc2530621",
"doc2381107",
"doc101085",
"doc1816920",
"doc1103769",
"doc1480269",
"doc1816921",
"doc1230756",
"doc101070",
"doc2340313",
"doc101068",
"doc101079",
"doc1440075",
"doc101092",
"doc987950",
"doc253... | [
"Bias Bias is prejudice in favour of or against one thing, person, or group compared with another, usually in a way considered to be unfair.",
"Bias Biases can be learned implicitly within cultural contexts. People may develop biases toward or against an individual, an ethnic group, a sexual or gender identity, a... | [
"Bias Bias is prejudice in favour of or against one thing, person, or group compared with another, usually in a way considered to be unfair."
] |
test1261 | who are the only 2 families that have had 3 generations of oscar winners | [
"doc44541"
] | [
1
] | [
"doc44541",
"doc2052194",
"doc2052261",
"doc44542",
"doc2052338",
"doc2052343",
"doc2052221",
"doc44544",
"doc44540",
"doc2052186",
"doc2052322",
"doc2052313",
"doc44543",
"doc44556",
"doc2052192",
"doc2052176",
"doc2052177",
"doc2052208",
"doc2052252",
"doc2052342",
"doc2052... | [
"List of Academy Award-winning families The Hustons were the first three generation family of winners. The others are the Coppolas and, technically, the Farrow/Previn/Allens.",
"List of show business families Beatty-MacLaine-Bening",
"List of show business families Houghton-Hepburn-Grant",
"List of Academy Aw... | [
"List of Academy Award-winning families The Hustons were the first three generation family of winners. The others are the Coppolas and, technically, the Farrow/Previn/Allens."
] |
test3348 | south african spider with black and yellow legs | [
"doc114363"
] | [
1
] | [
"doc114363",
"doc780079",
"doc2654095",
"doc1578646",
"doc266214",
"doc2387505",
"doc1578648",
"doc1219839",
"doc1233949",
"doc2347088",
"doc114377",
"doc780096",
"doc2199441",
"doc2654069",
"doc1730168",
"doc451466",
"doc1279860",
"doc2319857",
"doc114370",
"doc1028284",
"do... | [
"Argiope aurantia The spider species Argiope aurantia is commonly known as the yellow garden spider,[1][2] black and yellow garden spider,[3] golden garden spider,[4] writing spider, corn spider, or McKinley spider.[5] It is common to the contiguous United States, Hawaii, southern Canada, Mexico, and Central Americ... | [
"Argiope aurantia The spider species Argiope aurantia is commonly known as the yellow garden spider,[1][2] black and yellow garden spider,[3] golden garden spider,[4] writing spider, corn spider, or McKinley spider.[5] It is common to the contiguous United States, Hawaii, southern Canada, Mexico, and Central Americ... |
test1207 | suffix applied to the end of the name of enzymes | [
"doc43101"
] | [
1
] | [
"doc43101",
"doc43102",
"doc746390",
"doc746387",
"doc746417",
"doc746391",
"doc1401333",
"doc746386",
"doc746392",
"doc746415",
"doc1401334",
"doc746393",
"doc1157601",
"doc746380",
"doc632891",
"doc632892",
"doc1157596",
"doc1157607",
"doc1157603",
"doc1157594",
"doc1401332... | [
"-ase The suffix -ase is used in biochemistry to form names of enzymes. The most common way to name enzymes is to add this suffix onto the end of the substrate, e.g. an enzyme that breaks down peroxides may be called peroxidase; the enzyme that produces telomeres is called telomerase. Sometimes enzymes are named fo... | [
"-ase The suffix -ase is used in biochemistry to form names of enzymes. The most common way to name enzymes is to add this suffix onto the end of the substrate, e.g. an enzyme that breaks down peroxides may be called peroxidase; the enzyme that produces telomeres is called telomerase. Sometimes enzymes are named fo... |
test345 | who was originally cast as phoebe on charmed | [
"doc13111"
] | [
1
] | [
"doc13111",
"doc1303884",
"doc1303879",
"doc1212858",
"doc1210972",
"doc13102",
"doc1210974",
"doc242072",
"doc1303885",
"doc763138",
"doc1303903",
"doc763135",
"doc1518005",
"doc1303883",
"doc631382",
"doc1303904",
"doc1303905",
"doc1599095",
"doc1303881",
"doc631379",
"doc7... | [
"Charmed Former Beverly Hills, 90210 actress Shannen Doherty was cast as the eldest sister Prue Halliwell, while her best friend and former Picket Fences actress Holly Marie Combs played the role of the middle sister Piper Halliwell.[13] Lori Rom was originally cast as the youngest sister Phoebe Halliwell in the 28... | [
"Charmed Former Beverly Hills, 90210 actress Shannen Doherty was cast as the eldest sister Prue Halliwell, while her best friend and former Picket Fences actress Holly Marie Combs played the role of the middle sister Piper Halliwell.[13] Lori Rom was originally cast as the youngest sister Phoebe Halliwell in the 28... |
test3319 | where is bruno from dancing with the stars | [
"doc113292"
] | [
1
] | [
"doc113275",
"doc113292",
"doc1743937",
"doc390949",
"doc890110",
"doc1766036",
"doc2129440",
"doc1287668",
"doc1766035",
"doc1171411",
"doc890109",
"doc113288",
"doc1743938",
"doc2129443",
"doc1299333",
"doc1287663",
"doc512404",
"doc390950",
"doc512407",
"doc1196148",
"doc1... | [
"Bruno Tonioli Bruno Tonioli (Italian pronunciation: [ˈbruno tonˈjɔli]; born 25 November 1955) is an Italian choreographer, dancer, and TV personality. He appears as a judge on the British television dance competition Strictly Come Dancing and its American adaptation Dancing with the Stars on ABC TV in the US. Toni... | [
"Bruno Tonioli Tonioli was born in Ferrara, in northeast Italy.[9] His father Werther was a bus driver and his mother Fulvia stitched car-seat upholstery.[9] The family lived with his paternal grandparents until he was 12.[9] Tonioli is fluent in five languages: Italian, English, Portuguese, Spanish, and French.[10... |
test1612 | what was the purpose of a revival meeting during the second great awakening | [
"doc57092",
"doc57095",
"doc57100"
] | [
1,
1,
1
] | [
"doc57100",
"doc57092",
"doc57095",
"doc568084",
"doc57122",
"doc1161037",
"doc1752042",
"doc897233",
"doc1752038",
"doc57108",
"doc1161018",
"doc57091",
"doc57098",
"doc57125",
"doc57127",
"doc568082",
"doc57101",
"doc117207",
"doc57097",
"doc57110",
"doc57093",
"doc167714... | [
"Second Great Awakening In the newly settled frontier regions, the revival was implemented through camp meetings. These often provided the first encounter for some settlers with organized religion, and they were important as social venues. The camp meeting was a religious service of several days' length with preach... | [
"Second Great Awakening The revivals enrolled millions of new members in existing evangelical denominations and led to the formation of new denominations. Many converts believed that the Awakening heralded a new millennial age. The Second Great Awakening stimulated the establishment of many reform movements designe... |
test471 | what did the treaty of paris do for the united states | [
"doc17236",
"doc17237"
] | [
1,
1
] | [
"doc17236",
"doc17237",
"doc17240",
"doc17245",
"doc2107779",
"doc603376",
"doc1728812",
"doc603378",
"doc17241",
"doc17242",
"doc17238",
"doc849171",
"doc17239",
"doc603387",
"doc75110",
"doc627944",
"doc17246",
"doc1471859",
"doc44800",
"doc151811",
"doc117121",
"doc17247... | [
"Treaty of Paris (1783) The Treaty of Paris, signed in Paris by representatives of King George III of Great Britain and representatives of the United States of America on September 3, 1783, ended the American Revolutionary War. The treaty set the boundaries between the British Empire in North America and the United... | [
"Treaty of Paris (1783) The Treaty of Paris, signed in Paris by representatives of King George III of Great Britain and representatives of the United States of America on September 3, 1783, ended the American Revolutionary War. The treaty set the boundaries between the British Empire in North America and the United... |
test491 | who has the most super bowls in nfl history | [
"doc18212"
] | [
1
] | [
"doc274986",
"doc64708",
"doc18212",
"doc64719",
"doc250903",
"doc18211",
"doc1193541",
"doc2746",
"doc129628",
"doc203624",
"doc1193539",
"doc203604",
"doc429708",
"doc2752",
"doc64720",
"doc2509691",
"doc2645957",
"doc736067",
"doc64715",
"doc64740",
"doc843104",
"doc4542... | [
"National Football League The team with the most NFL championships is the Green Bay Packers with thirteen (nine NFL titles before the Super Bowl era, and four Super Bowl championships afterwards); the team with the most Super Bowl championships is the Pittsburgh Steelers with six. The current NFL champions are the ... | [
"List of Super Bowl champions The Pittsburgh Steelers (6–2) have won the most Super Bowls with six championships, while the New England Patriots (5-4), the Dallas Cowboys (5–3), and the San Francisco 49ers (5–1) have five wins. New England has the most Super Bowl appearances with nine, while the Buffalo Bills (0–4)... |
test2634 | who sang what i like about you originally | [
"doc90179"
] | [
1
] | [
"doc90179",
"doc90180",
"doc90181",
"doc90184",
"doc90185",
"doc90182",
"doc834677",
"doc1028606",
"doc90183",
"doc90186",
"doc1351627",
"doc1076846",
"doc756186",
"doc384835",
"doc384832",
"doc758572",
"doc1076849",
"doc756191",
"doc1469169",
"doc441556",
"doc1649948",
"do... | [
"What I Like About You (song) \"What I Like About You\" is a song by American rock band The Romantics. The song, written by Romantics members Wally Palmar, Mike Skill and Jimmy Marinos in 1979 is included on the band's self-titled debut album (1980), and was also released as a single. Marinos, the band's drummer, i... | [
"What I Like About You (song) \"What I Like About You\" is a song by American rock band The Romantics. The song, written by Romantics members Wally Palmar, Mike Skill and Jimmy Marinos in 1979 is included on the band's self-titled debut album (1980), and was also released as a single. Marinos, the band's drummer, i... |
test1948 | where did the book small steps take place | [
"doc68321"
] | [
1
] | [
"doc68320",
"doc1442969",
"doc68321",
"doc68323",
"doc68329",
"doc68328",
"doc1442970",
"doc68326",
"doc68327",
"doc68322",
"doc1442967",
"doc68325",
"doc1281659",
"doc1064508",
"doc68324",
"doc1708984",
"doc1281638",
"doc2282709",
"doc1696738",
"doc1680596",
"doc2001070",
... | [
"Small Steps (novel) Small Steps is a 2006 novel for young adults by Louis Sachar, first published by Delacorte Books (Dell).[1] It is a spinoff and the sequel to Holes, although the main character of Holes, Stanley Yelnats, is only briefly and indirectly mentioned.",
"Small Steps: The Year I Got Polio The story ... | [
"Small Steps (novel) Two years after his release from Camp Green Lake, Theodore \"Armpit\" Johnson is living in Austin, Texas trying to build a stable lifestyle by digging deep holes and caring for his neighbor Ginny McDonald, a ten-year-old girl with cerebral palsy. While working at the mayor's home, he is approac... |
test3405 | where did the battle of marengo take place | [
"doc115976"
] | [
1
] | [
"doc115976",
"doc115984",
"doc115980",
"doc123582",
"doc115989",
"doc1794023",
"doc115977",
"doc116004",
"doc115978",
"doc115987",
"doc116005",
"doc115990",
"doc115991",
"doc116008",
"doc115996",
"doc115994",
"doc115998",
"doc115988",
"doc115981",
"doc115983",
"doc115986",
... | [
"Battle of Marengo The Battle of Marengo was fought on 14 June 1800 between French forces under Napoleon Bonaparte and Austrian forces near the city of Alessandria, in Piedmont, Italy. Near the end of the day, the French overcame Gen. Michael von Melas's surprise attack, driving the Austrians out of Italy and enhan... | [
"Battle of Marengo The Battle of Marengo was fought on 14 June 1800 between French forces under Napoleon Bonaparte and Austrian forces near the city of Alessandria, in Piedmont, Italy. Near the end of the day, the French overcame Gen. Michael von Melas's surprise attack, driving the Austrians out of Italy and enhan... |
test898 | where was the first colony in north america located | [
"doc31960"
] | [
1
] | [
"doc1586852",
"doc31960",
"doc352124",
"doc660563",
"doc39692",
"doc109049",
"doc352125",
"doc363910",
"doc1277424",
"doc352134",
"doc82190",
"doc1787479",
"doc1850350",
"doc39694",
"doc352144",
"doc1586859",
"doc872783",
"doc1979289",
"doc612953",
"doc1586860",
"doc1876229",... | [
"History of the Thirteen Colonies North America was inhabited prior to 1492, but European exploration began after Christopher Columbus's 1492 expedition across the Atlantic Ocean. English explorer Sir Walter Raleigh established Roanoke Colony in 1585, and the settlement of Jamestown on the Chesapeake Bay was establ... | [
"Jamestown, Virginia The Jamestown[1] settlement in the Colony of Virginia was the first permanent English settlement in the Americas. William Kelso writes that Jamestown \"is where the British Empire began\".[2] It was established by the Virginia Company of London as \"James Fort\" on May 4, 1607 (O.S.; May 14, 16... |
test1446 | why was it important to have illustrated manuscripts of the bible | [
"doc51539"
] | [
1
] | [
"doc51531",
"doc51539",
"doc2337592",
"doc155715",
"doc51538",
"doc51536",
"doc51513",
"doc51516",
"doc51517",
"doc51523",
"doc51514",
"doc51548",
"doc902211",
"doc645877",
"doc721140",
"doc2051323",
"doc774117",
"doc97136",
"doc902226",
"doc97123",
"doc2051322",
"doc108425... | [
"Illuminated manuscript While the use of gold is by far one of the most captivating features of illuminated manuscripts, the bold use of varying colors provided multiple layers of dimension to the illumination. From a religious perspective, \"the diverse colors wherewith the book is illustrated, not unworthily repr... | [
"Illuminated manuscript Displaying the amazing detail and richness of a text, the addition of illumination was never an afterthought. The inclusion of illumination is twofold, it added value to the work, but more importantly it provides pictures for the illiterate members of society to \""
] |
test1361 | which of the following helmiths feeds on blood | [
"doc48022"
] | [
1
] | [
"doc48009",
"doc1278480",
"doc48022",
"doc675706",
"doc48026",
"doc2434523",
"doc675705",
"doc1508625",
"doc2434507",
"doc2434544",
"doc1811362",
"doc2434525",
"doc1886632",
"doc2434528",
"doc2434537",
"doc2085955",
"doc1886631",
"doc1731468",
"doc2146172",
"doc48045",
"doc48... | [
"Helminthiasis Helminthiasis (plural helminthiases), also known as worm infection, is any macroparasitic disease of humans and other animals in which a part of the body is infected with parasitic worms, known as helminths. There are numerous species of these parasites, which are broadly classified into tapeworms, f... | [
"Helminthiasis Helminths may cause iron-deficiency anemia. This is most severe in heavy hookworm infections, as Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale feed directly on the blood of their hosts. Although the daily consumption of an individual worm (0.02–0.07 ml and 0.14–0.26 ml respectively) is small, the coll... |
test2934 | oppo is sponsor of which country's national cricket team | [
"doc100311"
] | [
1
] | [
"doc100311",
"doc51917",
"doc204168",
"doc2564649",
"doc51887",
"doc51916",
"doc2564659",
"doc1643379",
"doc2548451",
"doc100313",
"doc2564654",
"doc2564642",
"doc2564661",
"doc1696719",
"doc277239",
"doc2548447",
"doc2452925",
"doc970889",
"doc2564650",
"doc204167",
"doc2564... | [
"Oppo In 2017, Oppo successfully won the bid to sponsor the Indian national cricket team and has achieved the rights to display their logo on the team’s kits from 2017 to 2022. Between this period the Indian national cricket team will play 259 International matches consisting of 62 Tests, 152 ODIs and 45 T20 Inte... | [
"Oppo In 2017, Oppo successfully won the bid to sponsor the Indian national cricket team and has achieved the rights to display their logo on the team’s kits from 2017 to 2022. Between this period the Indian national cricket team will play 259 International matches consisting of 62 Tests, 152 ODIs and 45 T20 Inte... |
test1978 | what was the reason for federation in australia | [
"doc69342"
] | [
1
] | [
"doc69339",
"doc777846",
"doc62201",
"doc69343",
"doc69347",
"doc53292",
"doc885962",
"doc69342",
"doc2079836",
"doc69358",
"doc666075",
"doc69354",
"doc69344",
"doc666071",
"doc1356523",
"doc69353",
"doc2079837",
"doc686471",
"doc69351",
"doc418439",
"doc665955",
"doc13734... | [
"Federation of Australia The Federation of Australia was the process by which the six separate British self-governing colonies of Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania, South Australia, and Western Australia agreed to unite and form the Commonwealth of Australia, establishing a system of federalism in Aus... | [
"Federation of Australia A serious movement for Federation of the colonies arose in the late 1880s, a time when there was increasing nationalism amongst Australians, the great majority of whom were native-born. The idea of being \"Australian\" began to be celebrated in songs and poems. This was fostered by improvem... |
test1088 | can i be a medic in the marines | [
"doc37998"
] | [
1
] | [
"doc37998",
"doc563623",
"doc207414",
"doc207431",
"doc1465486",
"doc207432",
"doc207430",
"doc1093276",
"doc1957015",
"doc1465490",
"doc207412",
"doc498597",
"doc1715654",
"doc2173794",
"doc207427",
"doc207424",
"doc2332800",
"doc1929927",
"doc2324479",
"doc156740",
"doc1566... | [
"Combat medic In the U.S. Navy, enlisted medical personnel are known as Corpsmen, not medics. The colloquial form of address for a Hospital Corpsman is \"Doc.\" In the U.S. Marine Corps, this term is generally used as a sign of respect. The U.S. Navy deploys FMF Hospital Corpsman attached to U.S. Marine Corps units... | [
"Combat medic In the U.S. Navy, enlisted medical personnel are known as Corpsmen, not medics. The colloquial form of address for a Hospital Corpsman is \"Doc.\" In the U.S. Marine Corps, this term is generally used as a sign of respect. The U.S. Navy deploys FMF Hospital Corpsman attached to U.S. Marine Corps units... |
test539 | where did bless you when you sneeze come from | [
"doc19707"
] | [
1
] | [
"doc19706",
"doc19707",
"doc19704",
"doc19710",
"doc19708",
"doc1331861",
"doc19705",
"doc1331862",
"doc1331869",
"doc19709",
"doc1331874",
"doc249214",
"doc1331868",
"doc1331870",
"doc1331871",
"doc1331872",
"doc1331875",
"doc198628",
"doc435372",
"doc347012",
"doc1248409",
... | [
"God bless you National Geographic reports that during the plague of AD 590, \"Pope Gregory I ordered unceasing prayer for divine intercession. Part of his command was that anyone sneezing be blessed immediately (\"God bless you\"), since sneezing was often the first sign that someone was falling ill with the plagu... | [
"God bless you The practice of blessing someone who sneezes dates as far back as at least AD 77, although it is far older than most specific explanations can account for.[9] Some have offered an explanation suggesting that people once held the folk belief that a person's soul could be thrown from their body when th... |
test1494 | how many episodes are there in dragon ball z | [
"doc53234"
] | [
1
] | [
"doc53234",
"doc83794",
"doc212976",
"doc83785",
"doc83779",
"doc761609",
"doc53239",
"doc761610",
"doc311096",
"doc53236",
"doc83781",
"doc761604",
"doc761612",
"doc83795",
"doc522112",
"doc761596",
"doc53235",
"doc761597",
"doc53238",
"doc522113",
"doc1320887",
"doc140902... | [
"List of Dragon Ball Z episodes Dragon Ball Z (ドラゴンボールゼット, Doragon Bōru Zetto, commonly abbreviated as DBZ) is the long-running anime sequel to the Dragon Ball TV series, adapted from the final twenty-six volumes of the Dragon Ball manga written by Akira Toriyama. The manga portion of the series debuted in Weekly S... | [
"List of Dragon Ball Z episodes Dragon Ball Z (ドラゴンボールゼット, Doragon Bōru Zetto, commonly abbreviated as DBZ) is the long-running anime sequel to the Dragon Ball TV series, adapted from the final twenty-six volumes of the Dragon Ball manga written by Akira Toriyama. The manga portion of the series debuted in Weekly S... |
test506 | who plays the coach in old spice commercial | [
"doc18536"
] | [
1
] | [
"doc18536",
"doc554578",
"doc18545",
"doc18546",
"doc554596",
"doc554580",
"doc18541",
"doc1573302",
"doc18543",
"doc554577",
"doc18542",
"doc18544",
"doc18539",
"doc18538",
"doc554579",
"doc554595",
"doc18540",
"doc18537",
"doc554594",
"doc554584",
"doc18548",
"doc554597",... | [
"Isaiah Mustafa Isaiah Amir Mustafa (born February 11, 1974)[1] is an American actor and former NFL practice squad wide receiver.[2] Mustafa is widely known as the main character in the series of Old Spice television commercials, The Man Your Man Could Smell Like. He is also known for portraying Luke Garroway on Fr... | [
"Isaiah Mustafa Isaiah Amir Mustafa (born February 11, 1974)[1] is an American actor and former NFL practice squad wide receiver.[2] Mustafa is widely known as the main character in the series of Old Spice television commercials, The Man Your Man Could Smell Like. He is also known for portraying Luke Garroway on Fr... |
test2137 | who sings the pokemon theme song season 1 | [
"doc74444"
] | [
1
] | [
"doc74446",
"doc74444",
"doc382318",
"doc74452",
"doc1543686",
"doc1619446",
"doc1619439",
"doc1619449",
"doc725975",
"doc1619452",
"doc2040233",
"doc382319",
"doc1522817",
"doc1694405",
"doc382320",
"doc1552103",
"doc1619448",
"doc1699846",
"doc115497",
"doc1000954",
"doc169... | [
"Jason Paige Paige is best known for singing the first theme song for the English version of the Pokémon anime. He also sings \"Viridian City\" and sings as a background vocalist for the Pokémon 2.B.A. Master soundtrack. In an interview with the New York Post in 2016, Paige did not expect the song to become popular... | [
"Jason Paige Jason Paige (born January 6, 1969) is an American singer, writer, record producer, stage, film, and television actor. Paige is best known for singing the first theme song for the English version of the Pokémon television series."
] |
test2228 | how did early humans make use of stones during the prehistoric period | [
"doc77494"
] | [
1
] | [
"doc77496",
"doc57072",
"doc56991",
"doc77500",
"doc256157",
"doc256134",
"doc256155",
"doc56992",
"doc872186",
"doc1810157",
"doc77501",
"doc1810169",
"doc57022",
"doc77494",
"doc77497",
"doc310636",
"doc256132",
"doc439638",
"doc56996",
"doc77498",
"doc77513",
"doc1810168... | [
"Prehistoric technology The Stone Age is a broad prehistoric period during which stone was widely used in the manufacture of implements with a sharp edge, a point, or a percussion surface. The period lasted roughly 2.5 million years, from the time of early hominids to Homo sapiens in the later Pleistocene era, and ... | [
"Prehistoric technology Prehistoric technology is technology that predates recorded history. History is the study of the past using written records. Anything prior to the first written accounts of history is prehistoric, including earlier technologies. About 2.5 million years before writing was developed, technolog... |
test2187 | i only have eyes for you buffy episode | [
"doc76213"
] | [
1
] | [
"doc76213",
"doc76220",
"doc661057",
"doc76214",
"doc76222",
"doc76218",
"doc76217",
"doc76216",
"doc76215",
"doc76221",
"doc76219",
"doc661048",
"doc661052",
"doc661056",
"doc661051",
"doc661049",
"doc185462",
"doc661060",
"doc661059",
"doc661054",
"doc1677904",
"doc661050... | [
"I Only Have Eyes for You (Buffy the Vampire Slayer) \"I Only Have Eyes for You\" is episode 19 of season two of Buffy the Vampire Slayer. It was written by Marti Noxon, directed by James Whitmore, Jr., and first broadcast on April 28, 1998.",
"I Only Have Eyes for You (Buffy the Vampire Slayer) Series creator Jo... | [
"I Only Have Eyes for You (Buffy the Vampire Slayer) \"I Only Have Eyes for You\" is episode 19 of season two of Buffy the Vampire Slayer. It was written by Marti Noxon, directed by James Whitmore, Jr., and first broadcast on April 28, 1998."
] |
test476 | why do i repeat words under my breath | [
"doc17459"
] | [
1
] | [
"doc17456",
"doc17458",
"doc17460",
"doc2572933",
"doc17465",
"doc17459",
"doc2572900",
"doc1349816",
"doc2572907",
"doc1349822",
"doc1148684",
"doc1349821",
"doc1036048",
"doc1349828",
"doc1628457",
"doc2211142",
"doc797371",
"doc17457",
"doc1792790",
"doc1349823",
"doc17927... | [
"Palilalia Palilalia (from the Greek πάλιν (pálin) meaning \"again\" and λαλιά (laliá) meaning \"speech\" or \"to talk\"),[1] a complex tic, is a language disorder characterized by the involuntary repetition of syllables, words, or phrases. It has features resembling other complex tics such as echolalia or coprolal... | [
"Palilalia Palilalia may occur in conditions affecting the pre-frontal cortex or basal ganglia regions, either from physical trauma, neurodegenerative disorders, genetic disorders, or a loss of dopamine in these brain regions.[4] Palilalia occurs most commonly in Tourette syndrome and may be present in neurodegener... |
test1597 | an example of a post and lintel system is | [
"doc56700"
] | [
1
] | [
"doc56697",
"doc56696",
"doc56699",
"doc56702",
"doc56698",
"doc623520",
"doc623519",
"doc56700",
"doc623523",
"doc56701",
"doc343215",
"doc1493514",
"doc623518",
"doc343224",
"doc1309558",
"doc56703",
"doc203447",
"doc1309526",
"doc33700",
"doc2414971",
"doc791285",
"doc10... | [
"Post and lintel The trabeated system is a fundamental principle of Neolithic architecture, Ancient Indian architecture, Ancient Greek architecture and Ancient Egyptian architecture. Other trabeated styles are the Persian, Lycian, Japanese, traditional Chinese, and ancient Chinese architecture, especially in northe... | [
"Post and lintel A noteworthy example of a trabeated system is in Volubilis, from the Roman era, where one side of the Decumanus Maximus is lined with trabeated elements, while the opposite side of the roadway is designed in arched style.[4]"
] |
test1406 | who does the voice of nala in the lion king | [
"doc50245"
] | [
1
] | [
"doc1517064",
"doc50245",
"doc50252",
"doc50261",
"doc1517071",
"doc50248",
"doc1517072",
"doc50253",
"doc1517073",
"doc50254",
"doc1517079",
"doc166381",
"doc37055",
"doc1517083",
"doc50265",
"doc162357",
"doc50260",
"doc1517067",
"doc162322",
"doc1517066",
"doc1517070",
"... | [
"Nala (Disney) Nala is a fictional lioness, a character who appears in the Disney Lion King franchise. Introduced in the animated film The Lion King in 1994, Nala subsequently appears as a less prominent character in the film's sequels The Lion King II: Simba's Pride (1998) and The Lion King 1½ (2004). In the origi... | [
"Nala (The Lion King) Nala is a fictional lioness, a character who appears in the Disney Lion King franchise. Introduced in the animated film The Lion King in 1994, Nala subsequently appears as a less prominent character in the film's sequels The Lion King II: Simba's Pride (1998) and The Lion King 1½ (2004). In th... |
test542 | who wrote the theme to last of the mohicans | [
"doc19817",
"doc19820"
] | [
1,
1
] | [
"doc19820",
"doc19817",
"doc1066235",
"doc19815",
"doc19816",
"doc19821",
"doc19814",
"doc19818",
"doc1430652",
"doc925550",
"doc925558",
"doc825435",
"doc991751",
"doc1066234",
"doc447186",
"doc1015481",
"doc1015480",
"doc1059378",
"doc72472",
"doc2247305",
"doc1657353",
"... | [
"The Last of the Mohicans (soundtrack) Tracks 1–9 are composed by Trevor Jones except for the main theme which is composed by Dougie MacLean; tracks 10–15 are by Randy Edelman.",
"The Last of the Mohicans (soundtrack) The main theme of the movie is the tune \"The Gael\" by Scottish singer-songwriter Dougie MacLea... | [
"The Last of the Mohicans (soundtrack) The main theme of the movie is the tune \"The Gael\" by Scottish singer-songwriter Dougie MacLean from his 1990 album The Search.",
"The Last of the Mohicans (soundtrack) Tracks 1–9 are composed by Trevor Jones except for the main theme which is composed by Dougie MacLean; t... |
test3392 | where does the un security council get troops for military actions | [
"doc115657",
"doc115659",
"doc115678"
] | [
1,
1,
1
] | [
"doc1159014",
"doc115657",
"doc1159053",
"doc1906395",
"doc115678",
"doc1259030",
"doc464090",
"doc115656",
"doc1906377",
"doc115670",
"doc1159054",
"doc1301138",
"doc1430948",
"doc115659",
"doc115679",
"doc1159020",
"doc1159021",
"doc1906386",
"doc1159012",
"doc1563127",
"do... | [
"United Nations Security Council Security Council resolutions are typically enforced by UN peacekeepers, military forces voluntarily provided by member states and funded independently of the main UN budget. As of 2016[update], 103,510 peacekeepers and 16,471 civilians were deployed on sixteen peacekeeping operation... | [
"United Nations peacekeeping Most of these operations are established and implemented by the United Nations itself, with troops serving under UN operational control. In these cases, peacekeepers remain members of their respective armed forces, and do not constitute an independent \"UN army,\" as the UN does not hav... |
test47 | how long prime minister stay in office canada | [
"doc1215"
] | [
1
] | [
"doc361709",
"doc1215",
"doc1207",
"doc687936",
"doc729925",
"doc361710",
"doc687934",
"doc687935",
"doc1209",
"doc1118882",
"doc1210",
"doc1216",
"doc1155266",
"doc1219",
"doc687937",
"doc1211",
"doc687942",
"doc467869",
"doc361711",
"doc1118883",
"doc196576",
"doc1218",
... | [
"List of Prime Ministers of Canada by time in office Prime ministers of Canada do not have a fixed term of office; instead, they may stay in office as long as their government is supported by parliament under a system of responsible government. Both the number of terms served and the length of individual terms have... | [
"Prime Minister of Canada The Canadian prime minister serves at Her Majesty's pleasure, meaning the post does not have a fixed term. Once appointed and sworn in by the governor general, the prime minister remains in office until he or she resigns, is dismissed, or dies.[14] The lifespan of parliament was limited by... |
test1164 | what does the application of contract of adhesion mean | [
"doc41317"
] | [
1
] | [
"doc41333",
"doc41332",
"doc41317",
"doc258361",
"doc534661",
"doc258349",
"doc258330",
"doc41331",
"doc140864",
"doc41330",
"doc258324",
"doc1995657",
"doc2068639",
"doc258333",
"doc140892",
"doc258332",
"doc258328",
"doc41321",
"doc41329",
"doc140839",
"doc140841",
"doc25... | [
"Standard form contract For a contract to be treated as a contract of adhesion, it must be presented on a standard form on a \"take it or leave it\" basis, and give one party no ability to negotiate because of their unequal bargaining position. The special scrutiny given to contracts of adhesion can be performed in... | [
"Standard form contract A standard form contract (sometimes referred to as a contract of adhesion, a leonine contract, a take-it-or-leave-it contract, or a boilerplate contract) is a contract between two parties, where the terms and conditions of the contract are set by one of the parties, and the other party has l... |
test1190 | what the role of the protein encoded by the lacz gene | [
"doc42094"
] | [
1
] | [
"doc42100",
"doc42093",
"doc42094",
"doc42101",
"doc42127",
"doc42095",
"doc1779226",
"doc2032386",
"doc42125",
"doc42102",
"doc42122",
"doc2158932",
"doc42099",
"doc42103",
"doc2158928",
"doc1920795",
"doc42111",
"doc2032387",
"doc42123",
"doc1204603",
"doc2009308",
"doc42... | [
"lac operon One may distinguish between structural genes encoding enzymes, and regulatory genes encoding proteins that affect gene expression. Current usage expands the phenotypic nomenclature to apply to proteins: thus, LacZ is the protein product of the lacZ gene, β-galactosidase. Various short sequences that ar... | [
"lac operon Bacterial operons are polycistronic transcripts that are able to produce multiple proteins from one mRNA transcript. In this case, when lactose is required as a sugar source for the bacterium, the three genes of the lac operon can be expressed and their subsequent proteins translated: lacZ, lacY, and la... |
test356 | what happened to regina's mother on switched at birth | [
"doc13676"
] | [
1
] | [
"doc13622",
"doc13676",
"doc13638",
"doc590101",
"doc13627",
"doc13630",
"doc13637",
"doc13633",
"doc13667",
"doc13626",
"doc590099",
"doc13623",
"doc590114",
"doc13624",
"doc1176454",
"doc1697339",
"doc13664",
"doc13606",
"doc1697338",
"doc590106",
"doc13663",
"doc13669",
... | [
"List of Switched at Birth characters Played by Constance Marie, Regina Lourdes Vasquez is the legal mother of Daphne Vasquez and the biological mother of Bay Kennish. Before moving into the Kennishes' guest house, she, Daphne, and her mother Adriana lived in fictional working-class neighborhood East Riverside, Mis... | [
"List of Switched at Birth characters Played by Ivonne Coll, Adriana Vasquez is the mother of Regina Vasquez, the grandmother of Daphne Vasquez, and the biological grandmother of Bay Kennish. she had no idea that Regina knew about the switched but she was curious about why Daphne did not look like Regina. She had l... |
test2810 | do you have to have a gun permit to shoot at a range | [
"doc96527"
] | [
1
] | [
"doc96527",
"doc96543",
"doc96526",
"doc96531",
"doc96544",
"doc1022413",
"doc96530",
"doc1722208",
"doc187195",
"doc96529",
"doc323031",
"doc96532",
"doc555317",
"doc96540",
"doc323054",
"doc323097",
"doc323016",
"doc96546",
"doc96549",
"doc323007",
"doc96548",
"doc1022412... | [
"Shooting ranges in the United States Typically, no license or advanced training beyond just firearm familiarization (for rentals) and range rules familiarization is usually required for using a shooting range in the United States; the only common requirement is that the shooter must be at least 18 or 21 years old ... | [
"Shooting ranges in the United States Typically, no license or advanced training beyond just firearm familiarization (for rentals) and range rules familiarization is usually required for using a shooting range in the United States; the only common requirement is that the shooter must be at least 18 or 21 years old ... |
test3217 | when does the sword art online movie take place | [
"doc110107"
] | [
1
] | [
"doc110116",
"doc221875",
"doc110120",
"doc221852",
"doc110106",
"doc110118",
"doc221851",
"doc221864",
"doc110107",
"doc221881",
"doc110114",
"doc1606164",
"doc110121",
"doc110111",
"doc110119",
"doc110117",
"doc110122",
"doc221871",
"doc221874",
"doc221894",
"doc110112",
... | [
"Sword Art Online The Movie: Ordinal Scale At the Dengeki Bunko Autumn Festival 2015 on October 4, 2015, it was announced that the light novel series would be adapted into an animated film, with the main staff returning from the anime series.[5][6] The film takes place after the anime series' second season, Sword A... | [
"Sword Art Online The Movie: Ordinal Scale In the year 2026, the Augma is released to the public as an alternative system to the AmuSphere, due to its function to simulate reality while the player is conscious rather than using FullDive. The most prominent combat-based game is Ordinal Scale, in which a player's abi... |
test3382 | what is the job of a senator in the philippines | [
"doc115439"
] | [
1
] | [
"doc115439",
"doc528220",
"doc115437",
"doc115446",
"doc115448",
"doc115441",
"doc115438",
"doc1021338",
"doc304482",
"doc115450",
"doc115447",
"doc115449",
"doc115455",
"doc115460",
"doc854676",
"doc115443",
"doc1784614",
"doc115451",
"doc115457",
"doc115458",
"doc1594670",
... | [
"Senate of the Philippines Aside from having its concurrence on every bill in order to be passed for the president's signature to become a law, the Senate is the only body that can concur with treaties, and can try impeachment cases. The Senate Presidency is currently held by Aquilino Pimentel III.",
"Congress of... | [
"Senate of the Philippines Aside from having its concurrence on every bill in order to be passed for the president's signature to become a law, the Senate is the only body that can concur with treaties, and can try impeachment cases. The Senate Presidency is currently held by Aquilino Pimentel III."
] |
test528 | who should have won the election of 1824 | [
"doc19131"
] | [
1
] | [
"doc19141",
"doc19130",
"doc19138",
"doc19139",
"doc19131",
"doc19150",
"doc19143",
"doc99479",
"doc507378",
"doc19140",
"doc507386",
"doc1513012",
"doc2432835",
"doc19129",
"doc598994",
"doc19134",
"doc507375",
"doc507373",
"doc507372",
"doc897211",
"doc301261",
"doc19149"... | [
"United States presidential election, 1824 Secretary of the Treasury William H. Crawford",
"United States presidential election, 1824 John Quincy Adams\nDemocratic-Republican",
"United States presidential election, 1824 Secretary of State John Quincy Adams",
"United States presidential election, 1824 House Sp... | [
"United States presidential election, 1824 The United States presidential election of 1824 was the tenth quadrennial presidential election, held from Tuesday, October 26, to Thursday, December 2, 1824. John Quincy Adams was elected President on February 9, 1825. The election was the only one in history to be decide... |
test1661 | what is the tigers name in life of pi | [
"doc58701"
] | [
1
] | [
"doc58728",
"doc58729",
"doc58721",
"doc267628",
"doc58719",
"doc58708",
"doc58711",
"doc58701",
"doc267631",
"doc267630",
"doc520006",
"doc267645",
"doc267625",
"doc58717",
"doc267629",
"doc58712",
"doc267634",
"doc267671",
"doc267633",
"doc58727",
"doc58706",
"doc1926060"... | [
"Life of Pi Richard Parker is a royal Bengal tiger who is stranded on the lifeboat with Pi when the ship sinks. Richard Parker lives on the lifeboat with Pi and is kept alive with the food and water Pi delivers. Richard Parker develops a relationship with Pi that allows them to coexist in their struggle.",
"Life ... | [
"Life of Pi Life of Pi is a Canadian fantasy adventure novel by Yann Martel published in 2001. The protagonist is Piscine Molitor \"Pi\" Patel, an Indian boy from Pondicherry who explores issues of spirituality and practicality from an early age. He survives 227 days after a shipwreck while stranded on a lifeboat i... |
test153 | when did 10 shilling note go out of circulation | [
"doc5633",
"doc5636"
] | [
1,
1
] | [
"doc5636",
"doc835021",
"doc5634",
"doc5633",
"doc835014",
"doc5635",
"doc763183",
"doc360043",
"doc494485",
"doc158993",
"doc835029",
"doc1003687",
"doc763181",
"doc835018",
"doc1743309",
"doc977634",
"doc1794219",
"doc605668",
"doc1217169",
"doc158999",
"doc494481",
"doc1... | [
"Bank of England 10s note A new design for ten-shilling notes was introduced in 1961, with the old notes ceasing to be legal tender in 1962. These new series C notes were slightly longer and narrower, and were the first ten-shilling notes to feature a portrait of Queen Elizabeth II on the front. The reverse design ... | [
"Bank of England 10s note The Bank of England 10s note was a banknote of the pound sterling. Ten shillings in pre-decimal money (written 10s or 10/-) was equivalent to half of one pound. The ten-shilling note was the smallest denomination note ever issued by the Bank of England. The note was issued by the Bank of E... |
test3159 | who plays the dad in malcom in the middle | [
"doc107870",
"doc107873"
] | [
1,
1
] | [
"doc107870",
"doc107873",
"doc964384",
"doc1588129",
"doc496710",
"doc531036",
"doc107869",
"doc496702",
"doc1588134",
"doc1448470",
"doc107892",
"doc496704",
"doc1588130",
"doc1588127",
"doc107877",
"doc1588128",
"doc2667930",
"doc1588131",
"doc531038",
"doc1816265",
"doc531... | [
"Malcolm in the Middle The series follows a family of six, and later seven, and stars Frankie Muniz in the lead role of Malcolm, a somewhat normal boy who tests at genius level. While he enjoys his intelligence, he despises having to take classes for gifted children, who are mocked by the other students who call th... | [
"Malcolm in the Middle The series follows a family of six, and later seven, and stars Frankie Muniz in the lead role of Malcolm, a somewhat normal boy who tests at genius level. While he enjoys his intelligence, he despises having to take classes for gifted children, who are mocked by the other students who call th... |
test2847 | difference in function between rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum | [
"doc97459"
] | [
1
] | [
"doc97465",
"doc278712",
"doc97459",
"doc97464",
"doc97462",
"doc97461",
"doc278713",
"doc97463",
"doc97466",
"doc97467",
"doc278714",
"doc352827",
"doc278718",
"doc278715",
"doc278720",
"doc278710",
"doc97469",
"doc278717",
"doc1540274",
"doc352817",
"doc278716",
"doc27870... | [
"Endoplasmic reticulum In most cells the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (abbreviated SER) is scarce. Instead there are areas where the ER is partly smooth and partly rough, this area is called the transitional ER. The transitional ER gets its name because it contains ER exit sites. These are areas where the transport... | [
"Endoplasmic reticulum The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a type of organelle found in eukaryotic cells that forms an interconnected network of flattened, membrane-enclosed sacs or tube-like structures known as cisternae. The membranes of the ER are continuous with the outer nuclear membrane. The endoplasmic reticul... |
test2382 | what channel is nbc sports northwest on directv | [
"doc82262"
] | [
1
] | [
"doc82262",
"doc82263",
"doc82249",
"doc82247",
"doc82252",
"doc82261",
"doc82267",
"doc1866709",
"doc1866715",
"doc82265",
"doc82260",
"doc82253",
"doc82257",
"doc1866712",
"doc1866713",
"doc2264686",
"doc1418980",
"doc82266",
"doc82264",
"doc82248",
"doc82256",
"doc82250"... | [
"NBC Sports Northwest As of August 2013, the network is not available on satellite providers DirecTV and Dish Network, which both maintain that Comcast has negotiated in bad faith during carriage discussions engaged between the parties. Particularly, Comcast demands the network be carried on more widely subscribed ... | [
"NBC Sports Northwest As of August 2013, the network is not available on satellite providers DirecTV and Dish Network, which both maintain that Comcast has negotiated in bad faith during carriage discussions engaged between the parties. Particularly, Comcast demands the network be carried on more widely subscribed ... |
test1775 | who is allowed to be apart of the european union | [
"doc62600"
] | [
1
] | [
"doc316428",
"doc316426",
"doc1164625",
"doc1308068",
"doc1308104",
"doc325742",
"doc2649568",
"doc546588",
"doc1308064",
"doc27682",
"doc316453",
"doc1164686",
"doc2139593",
"doc2139572",
"doc2139579",
"doc2139594",
"doc546584",
"doc1164627",
"doc325794",
"doc2139595",
"doc1... | [
"Member state of the European Union According to the Copenhagen criteria, membership of the European Union is open to any European country that is a stable, free market liberal democracy that respects the rule of law and human rights. Furthermore, it has to be willing to accept all the obligations of membership, su... | [
"Holy See–European Union relations According to the EU's Copenhagen criteria which define what states are eligible to join the EU, a candidate state must be a free market democracy. Given that the Holy See is a theocracy it does not meet the criteria. However, as it is so small, and surrounded by an EU state (Italy... |
test186 | why do american historians call the 1920s the second industrial revolution | [
"doc6791"
] | [
1
] | [
"doc6791",
"doc6793",
"doc6795",
"doc6794",
"doc6792",
"doc446714",
"doc62146",
"doc320596",
"doc704940",
"doc6796",
"doc6883",
"doc172002",
"doc954303",
"doc6797",
"doc872231",
"doc6862",
"doc1221123",
"doc828197",
"doc6861",
"doc6869",
"doc6811",
"doc954299",
"doc171853... | [
"Second Industrial Revolution The Second Industrial Revolution, also known as the Technological Revolution,[1] was a phase of rapid industrialization in the final third of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th. The First Industrial Revolution, which ended in the early to mid 1800s, was punctuated by a slow... | [
"Second Industrial Revolution The Second Industrial Revolution, also known as the Technological Revolution,[1] was a phase of rapid industrialization in the final third of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th. The First Industrial Revolution, which ended in the early to mid 1800s, was punctuated by a slow... |
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