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insects_attracted_to_light/Light_7_6.txt	article: Corpuscular theory of light Pierre Gassendi Pierre Gassendi (1592–1655), an atomist, proposed a particle theory of light which was published posthumously in the 1660s. Isaac Newton studied Gassendi's work at an early age and preferred his view to Descartes's theory of the plenum. He stated in his Hypothesis ...
insects_attracted_to_light/Insect_10_9.txt	io). Insect species including the black soldier fly or the housefly in their maggot forms, and beetle larvae such as mealworms, can be processed and used as feed for farmed animals including chicken, fish and pigs. Many species of insects are sold and kept as pets. In religion and folklore Further information: Insects...
insects_attracted_to_light/Phototaxis_1_19.txt	. Either has the effect of repelling cells from a patch of unfavorable light. Photophobic responses have been observed in prokaryotes as diverse as Escherichia coli, purple photosynthetic bacteria and haloarchaea. The scotophobic (fear of darkness) response is the converse of the photophobic response described above: a...
insects_attracted_to_light/Entomology_6_0.txt	Research collection[edit] Here is a list of selected very large insect collections, housed in museums, universities, or research institutes. Asia[edit] Zoological Survey of India Insect Museum, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India National Pusa Collection, Division of Entomology, Indian Agr...
insects_attracted_to_light/Light_6_3.txt	of matter. He wrote, "radiation will exert pressure on both sides of the plate. The forces of pressure exerted on the two sides are equal if the plate is at rest. However, if it is in motion, more radiation will be reflected on the surface that is ahead during the motion (front surface) than on the back surface. The b...
insects_attracted_to_light/Light_7_4.txt	about reality being composed of atomic entities that are momentary flashes of light or energy. They viewed light as being an atomic entity equivalent to energy. Descartes René Descartes (1596–1650) held that light was a mechanical property of the luminous body, rejecting the "forms" of Ibn al-Haytham and Witelo as wel...
insects_attracted_to_light/Insect_0_5.txt	, especially those that damage crops, and attempt to control them using insecticides and other techniques. Others are parasitic, and may act as vectors of diseases. Insect pollinators are essential to the reproduction of many flowering plants and so to their ecosystems. Many insects are ecologically beneficial as preda...
insects_attracted_to_light/Light_7_0.txt	Historical theories about light, in chronological order Classical Greece and Hellenism In the fifth century BC, Empedocles postulated that everything was composed of four elements; fire, air, earth and water. He believed that Aphrodite made the human eye out of the four elements and that she lit the fire in the eye whi...
insects_attracted_to_light/Insect_10_5.txt	166 long-term surveys, suggested that populations of terrestrial insects are indeed decreasing rapidly, by about 9% per decade. In research The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is a widely used model organism. Insects play important roles in biological research. For example, because of its small size, short generatio...
insects_attracted_to_light/Phototaxis_2_8.txt	. 2003). Individual RNAi depletion of both CSRA and CSRB modified the light-induced currents and revealed that CSRA mediates a fast, high-saturating current while CSRB a slow, low-saturating one. Both currents are able to trigger photophobic responses and can have a role in phototaxis, although the exact contribution o...
insects_attracted_to_light/Insect_6_3.txt	tymbals and associated musculature. The African cicada Brevisana brevis has been measured at 106.7 decibels at a distance of 50 cm (20 in). Some insects, such as the Helicoverpa zea moths, hawk moths and Hedylid butterflies, can hear ultrasound and take evasive action when they sense that they have been detected by ba...
insects_attracted_to_light/Insect_4_3.txt	parts. The thorax is composed of three sections named (from front to back) the prothorax, mesothorax and metathorax. The prothorax carries the first pair of legs. The mesothorax carries the second pair of legs and the front wings. The metathorax carries the third pair of legs and the hind wings. The abdomen is the larg...
insects_attracted_to_light/Light_1_4.txt	at least 1,050 nm; children and young adults may perceive ultraviolet wavelengths down to about 310–313 nm. Plant growth is also affected by the colour spectrum of light, a process known as photomorphogenesis.
insects_attracted_to_light/Insect_12_0.txt	Notes ^ The Museum of New Zealand notes that "in everyday conversation", bug "refers to land arthropods with at least six legs, such as insects, spiders, and centipedes". In a chapter on "Bugs That Are Not Insects", entomologist Gilbert Walbauer specifies centipedes, millipedes, arachnids (spiders, daddy longlegs, scor...
insects_attracted_to_light/Insect_5_1.txt	ids and tsetse flies, are ovoviviparous: their eggs develop entirely inside the female, and then hatch immediately upon being laid. Some other species, such as in the cockroach genus Diploptera, are viviparous, gestating inside the mother and born alive. Some insects, like parasitoid wasps, are polyembryonic, meaning t...
insects_attracted_to_light/Insect_10_6.txt	systems are well conserved among eukaryotes, understanding basic cellular processes like DNA replication or transcription in fruit flies can help to understand those processes in other eukaryotes, including humans. The genome of D. melanogaster was sequenced in 2000, reflecting the organism's important role in biologi...
insects_attracted_to_light/Insect_5_7.txt	), campodeiform (elongated, flattened and active), elateriform (wireworm-like) or vermiform (maggot-like). The larva grows and eventually becomes a pupa, a stage marked by reduced movement. There are three types of pupae: obtect, exarate or coarctate. Obtect pupae are compact, with the legs and other appendages enclose...
insects_attracted_to_light/Entomology_1_4.txt	in the field of biology. Entomology developed rapidly in the 19th and 20th centuries and was studied by large numbers of people, including such notable figures as Charles Darwin, Jean-Henri Fabre, Vladimir Nabokov, Karl von Frisch (winner of the 1973 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine), and twice Pulitzer Prize win...
insects_attracted_to_light/Phototaxis_1_11.txt	biliverdin chromophore, and a C-terminal domain typical for bacterial taxis receptors (MCP signal domain). TaxD1 also has two N-terminal transmembrane segments that anchor the protein to the membrane. The photoreceptor and signalling domains are cytoplasmic and signal via a CheA/CheY-type signal transduction system to...
insects_attracted_to_light/Insect_5_6.txt	. Complete Main article: Holometabolism Life-cycle of butterfly, undergoing complete metamorphosis from egg through caterpillar larvae to pupa and adult Holometabolism, or complete metamorphosis, is where the insect changes in four stages, an egg or embryo, a larva, a pupa and the adult or imago. In these species, an ...
insects_attracted_to_light/Phototaxis_1_3.txt	olecular sensor molecular shuttle Molecular tweezers Related Brownian motor Biochip Endocytosis Axophilic migration Cytoskeleton prokaryotic eukaryotic cytoplasmic streaming Gray goo Mucilage Molecular biophysics Molecular machine Nanoengineering Non-motile bacteria Virophysics Categoryvte Phototaxis can be adva...
insects_attracted_to_light/Light_7_14.txt	medium, while the wave theory of Huygens and others implied the opposite. At that time, the speed of light could not be measured accurately enough to decide which theory was correct. The first to make a sufficiently accurate measurement was Léon Foucault, in 1850. His result supported the wave theory and the classical...
insects_attracted_to_light/Phototaxis_2_4.txt	the direction of the helical swimming trajectory. Three-dimensional phototaxis can be found in five out of the six eukaryotic major groups (opisthokonts, Amoebozoa, plants, chromalveolates, excavates, rhizaria). Pelagic phototaxis is present in green algae – it is not present in glaucophyte algae or red algae. Green a...
insects_attracted_to_light/Insect_3_3.txt	,240 spp) Neoptera Polyneoptera Zoraptera (angel insects, 37 spp) Dermaptera (earwigs, 1,978 spp) Plecoptera (stoneflies, 3,743 spp) Orthoptera (grasshoppers, crickets, katydids, 23
insects_attracted_to_light/Phototaxis_1_2.txt	protist biohybrids robotic sperm Collective motion Active matter Bacteria collective motion Collective cell migration Quorum sensing Swarming motility Molecular motors Biological motors Flagellum archaellum cilium axoneme motor switch intraflagellar evolution Motor proteins myosin kinesin dynein Synthetic moto...
insects_attracted_to_light/Insect_3_11.txt	ed winged Insecta Aristotle was the first to describe the insects as a distinct group. He placed them as the second-lowest level of animals on his scala naturae, above the spontaneously generating sponges and worms, but below the hard-shelled marine snails. His classification remained in use for many centuries. I...
insects_attracted_to_light/Light_10_0.txt	Notes
insects_attracted_to_light/Light_1_3.txt	the internal lens below 400 nm. Furthermore, the rods and cones located in the retina of the human eye cannot detect the very short (below 360 nm) ultraviolet wavelengths and are in fact damaged by ultraviolet. Many animals with eyes that do not require lenses (such as insects and shrimp) are able to detect ultraviole...
insects_attracted_to_light/Insect_4_17.txt	were the earliest organisms to produce and sense sounds. Hearing has evolved independently at least 19 times in different insect groups. Most insects, except some cave crickets, are able to perceive light and dark. Many have acute vision capable of detecting small and rapid movements. The eyes may include simple eyes ...
insects_attracted_to_light/Insect_5_0.txt	Reproduction and development Life-cycles Butterflies mating The majority of insects hatch from eggs. The fertilization and development takes place inside the egg, enclosed by a shell (chorion) that consists of maternal tissue. In contrast to eggs of other arthropods, most insect eggs are drought resistant. This is beca...
insects_attracted_to_light/Light_7_5.txt	less dense medium. Descartes arrived at this conclusion by analogy with the behaviour of sound waves. Although Descartes was incorrect about the relative speeds, he was correct in assuming that light behaved like a wave and in concluding that refraction could be explained by the speed of light in different media. Desc...
insects_attracted_to_light/Insect_8_5.txt	When they touch the ground to form a new stable triangle, the other legs can be lifted and brought forward in turn. The purest form of the tripedal gait is seen in insects moving at high speeds. However, this type of locomotion is not rigid and insects can adapt a variety of gaits. For example, when moving slowly, tur...
insects_attracted_to_light/Entomology_0_0.txt	Entomology (from Ancient Greek ἔντομον (entomon) 'insect', and -λογία (-logia) 'study') is the scientific study of insects, a branch of zoology. In the past the term insect was less specific, and historically the definition of entomology would also include the study of animals in other arthropod groups, such as arach...
insects_attracted_to_light/Entomology_2_1.txt	credential requirements. These other programs, are known as Public Health Entomology (PHE), Certified IPM Technicians (CITs), and Board Certified Entomologists (BCEs) (ESA Certification Corporation). To be qualified in Public Health Entomology (PHE), one must succeed in passing an exam, that refers to the types of art...
insects_attracted_to_light/Light_7_18.txt	theory In 1900 Max Planck, attempting to explain black-body radiation, suggested that although light was a wave, these waves could gain or lose energy only in finite amounts related to their frequency. Planck called these "lumps" of light energy "quanta" (from a Latin word for "how much"). In 1905, Albert Einstein use...
insects_attracted_to_light/Entomology_6_1.txt	ermaritzburg, South Africa Australasia[edit] The Entomology Research Collection at Lincoln University, New Zealand, with curator John Marris Lincoln University Entomology Research Collection, Lincoln, New Zealand Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, Wellington, New Zealand New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Landcare...
insects_attracted_to_light/Entomology_1_0.txt	History[edit] For a chronological guide, see Timeline of entomology. Plate from Transactions of the Entomological Society, 1848 These 100 Trigonopterus species were described simultaneously using DNA barcoding. Entomology is rooted in nearly all human cultures from prehistoric times, primarily in the context of agricu...
insects_attracted_to_light/Entomology_6_5.txt	North Carolina State University Insect Museum, Raleigh, North Carolina Peabody Museum of Natural History, New Haven, Connecticut San Diego Natural History Museum, San Diego, California The National Museum of Play, Rochester, New York Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas University of Minnesota, St. Paul campus...
insects_attracted_to_light/Insect_8_3.txt	(20 in) wide wingspan. The appearance of gigantic insects is consistent with high atmospheric oxygen at that time, as the respiratory system of insects constrains their size. The largest flying insects today are much smaller, with the largest wingspan belonging to the white witch moth (Thysania agrippina), at approxim...
insects_attracted_to_light/Phototaxis_2_3.txt	in a spiral and use cilia for swimming and phototactic steering. Signalling can happen via direct light-triggered ion currents, adenylyl cyclases or trimeric G-proteins. The photoreceptors used can also be very different (see below). However, signalling in all cases eventually modifies the beating activity of cilia. T...
insects_attracted_to_light/Light_7_13.txt	the year 1821, Fresnel was able to show via mathematical methods that polarization could be explained by the wave theory of light if and only if light was entirely transverse, with no longitudinal vibration whatsoever. The weakness of the wave theory was that light waves, like sound waves, would need a medium for tran...
insects_attracted_to_light/Phototaxis_1_16.txt	example, plant or animal pathogens could use light information to control their location and interaction with their hosts, and in fact light signals are known to regulate development and virulence in several non-phototrophic prokaryotes. Phototrophs could also benefit from sophisticated information processing, since t...
insects_attracted_to_light/Phototaxis_1_13.txt	patchy light environments, positive photokinesis results in accumulation in low light areas (and vice versa for negative photokinesis).Bottom: true phototaxis results in movement towards or away from a light source, but is not a response to a light gradient. Direction of parallel illumination is indicated by the yello...
insects_attracted_to_light/Insect_5_3.txt	meaning that the female can reproduce and give birth without having the eggs fertilized by a male. Many aphids undergo a cyclical form of parthenogenesis in which they alternate between one or many generations of asexual and sexual reproduction. In summer, aphids are generally female and parthenogenetic; in the autumn...
insects_attracted_to_light/Light_4_3.txt	nm and is not seen in stars or pure thermal radiation). Atoms emit and absorb light at characteristic energies. This produces "emission lines" in the spectrum of each atom. Emission can be spontaneous, as in light-emitting diodes, gas discharge lamps (such as neon lamps and neon signs, mercury-vapor lamps, etc.) and fl...
insects_attracted_to_light/Entomology_6_7.txt	elph, Ontario Victoria Bug Zoo, Victoria, British Columbia J. B. Wallis / R. E. Roughley Museum of Entomology, Winnipeg, Manitoba
insects_attracted_to_light/Light_2_3.txt	Knowing the distance to the mirror, the number of teeth on the wheel and the rate of rotation, Fizeau was able to calculate the speed of light as 313000000 m/s. Léon Foucault carried out an experiment which used rotating mirrors to obtain a value of 298 000 000 m/s in 1862. Albert A. Michelson conducted experiments on...
insects_attracted_to_light/Proximate_and_ultimate_causation_0.txt	A proximate cause is an event which is closest to, or immediately responsible for causing, some observed result. This exists in contrast to a higher-level ultimate cause (or distal cause) which is usually thought of as the "real" reason something occurred. The concept is used in many fields of research and analysis, in...
insects_attracted_to_light/Insect_6_2.txt	species to attract males of that species, which are then captured and devoured. The colors of emitted light vary from dull blue (Orfelia fultoni, Mycetophilidae) to the familiar greens and the rare reds (Phrixothrix tiemanni, Phengodidae). Sound production Insects make sounds mostly by mechanical action of appendages....
insects_attracted_to_light/Phototaxis_1_10.txt	i.e. not in open water). Some cyanobacteria (e.g. Anabaena, Synechocystis) can slowly orient along a light vector. This orientation occurs in filaments or colonies, but only on surfaces and not in suspension. The filamentous cyanobacterium Synechocystis is capable of both positive and negative two-dimensional phototact...
insects_attracted_to_light/Insect_9_3.txt	idoptera, usually being advertised by bright warning colors (aposematism), as in the monarch butterfly. As larvae, they obtain their toxicity by sequestering chemicals from the plants they eat into their own tissues. Some manufacture their own toxins. Predators that eat poisonous butterflies and moths may vomit violent...
insects_attracted_to_light/Insect_5_4.txt	is the process of development that converts young to adults. There are two forms of metamorphosis: incomplete and complete. Incomplete Main article: Hemimetabolism Incomplete metamorphosis in a locust with multiple instars. Egg is not shown. The largest specimen is adult. Hemimetabolous insects, those with incomplete...
insects_attracted_to_light/Entomology_6_3.txt	Oxford University Museum of Natural History, Oxford Royal Museum for Central Africa, Brussels, Belgium Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden World Museum Liverpool, the Bug House United States[edit] Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia American Museum of Natural History, New York City Auburn Unive...
insects_attracted_to_light/Insect_4_19.txt	action to locate mating partners, food, and places to lay eggs, and to avoid predators. It is thus an extremely important sense, enabling insects to discriminate between thousands of volatile compounds. Some insects are capable of magnetoreception; ants and bees navigate using it both locally (near their nests) and whe...
insects_attracted_to_light/Light_5_0.txt	Measurement Main articles: Photometry (optics) and Radiometry Light is measured with two main alternative sets of units: radiometry consists of measurements of light power at all wavelengths, while photometry measures light with wavelength weighted with respect to a standardized model of human brightness perception. ...
insects_attracted_to_light/Proximate_and_ultimate_causation_4_0.txt	See also[edit] Abductive reasoning Causality Causal model Cause/Manner of death Five whys Four causes Occam's razor Pathology Teleology
insects_attracted_to_light/Insect_1_0.txt	Etymology The word insect comes from the Latin word inseco, from in, "to cut up", as insects appear to be cut into three parts. The Latin word was introduced by Pliny the Elder who calqued the Ancient Greek word ἔντομον éntomon "insect" (as in entomology) from ἔντομος éntomos "cut in pieces"; this was Aristotle's term ...
insects_attracted_to_light/Phototaxis_1_1.txt	Magnetotaxis (magnetic field) Phototaxis (light) Rheotaxis (fluid flow) Thermotaxis (temperature) Kinesis Kinesis chemokinesis photokinesis Microbots and particles Microbotics Nanorobotics Nanomotors DNA machine Microparticle Nanoparticle Janus particles Self-propelled particles Swarm robotics Biohybrids Biohybri...
insects_attracted_to_light/Entomology_4_0.txt	Entomologists[edit] Main article: List of entomologists "The butterfly catcher", painting by Carl Spitzweg
insects_attracted_to_light/Insect_0_2.txt	. Nearly all insects hatch from eggs. Insect growth is constrained by the inelastic exoskeleton, so development involves a series of molts. The immature stages often differ from the adults in structure, habit and habitat. Groups that undergo four-stage metamorphosis often have a nearly immobile pupa. Insects that under...
insects_attracted_to_light/Phototaxis_1_21.txt	Photokinesis is a light-induced change in the speed (but not direction) of movement. Photokinesis may be negative (light-induced reduction of motility) or positive (light-induced stimulation of motility). Photokinesis can cause cells to accumulate in regions of favorable illumination: they linger in such regions or acc...
insects_attracted_to_light/Proximate_and_ultimate_causation_3_1.txt	5). Distal causation: explanation of human social behaviour by considering the larger context in which individuals carry out their actions. Proponents of the distal view of power argue that power operates at a more abstract level in the society as a whole (e.g. between economic classes) and that "all of us are affecte...
insects_attracted_to_light/Insect_10_7.txt	are consumed as food in 80% of the world's nations, by people in roughly 3000 ethnic groups. In Africa, locally abundant species of locusts and termites are a common traditional human food source. Some, especially deep-fried cicadas, are considered to be delicacies. Insects have a high protein content for their mass, ...
insects_attracted_to_light/Entomology_5_1.txt	Entomological Society Senckenberg Deutsches Entomologisches Institut Société entomologique de France Australian Entomological Society Entomological Society of New Zealand
insects_attracted_to_light/Insect_6_0.txt	Communication Insects that produce sound can generally hear it. Most insects can hear only a narrow range of frequencies related to the frequency of the sounds they can produce. Mosquitoes can hear up to 2 kilohertz. Certain predatory and parasitic insects can detect the characteristic sounds made by their prey or host...
insects_attracted_to_light/Insect_2_5.txt	Sea skater Halobates on a Hawaii beach Insects are distributed over every continent and almost every terrestrial habitat. There are many more species in the tropics, especially in rainforests, than in temperate zones. The world's regions have received widely differing amounts of attention from entomologists. The Britis...
insects_attracted_to_light/Phototaxis_2_7.txt	type rhodopsins, channelrhodopsin-1 and -2, were identified as phototaxis receptors in Chlamydomonas. Both proteins have an N-terminal 7-transmembrane portion, similar to archaebacterial rhodopsins, followed by an approximately 400 residue C-terminal membrane-associated portion. CSRA and CSRB act as light-gated cation ...
insects_attracted_to_light/Phototaxis_2_5.txt	tens to several hundreds of lipid globules, which often form hexagonal arrays and can be arranged in one or more rows. The lipid globules contain a complex mixture of carotenoid pigments, which provide the screening function and the orange-red colour, as well as proteins that stabilize the globules. The stigma is loca...
insects_attracted_to_light/Insect_2_2.txt	plus head and tail) Centipede: many legs,one pair per segment Millipede: many legs,two pairs per segment Diversity Main article: Insect biodiversity About half of all eukaryotes are insects (left side of diagram). Estimates of the total number of insect species vary considerably, suggesting that there are perhap...
insects_attracted_to_light/Entomology_0_2.txt	Some insect species date back to around 400 million years ago. They have many kinds of interactions with humans and other forms of life on Earth.
insects_attracted_to_light/Insect_8_7.txt	, showing its paddle-like hindleg adaptation A large number of insects live either part or the whole of their lives underwater. In many of the more primitive orders of insect, the immature stages are aquatic. In some groups, such as water beetles, the adults too are aquatic. Many of these species are adapted for under-...
insects_attracted_to_light/Insect_8_4.txt	Spatial and temporal stepping pattern of walking desert ants performing an alternating tripod gait. Recording rate: 500 fps, Playback rate: 10 fps. Many adult insects use six legs for walking, with an alternating tripod gait. This allows for rapid walking with a stable stance; it has been studied extensively in cockro...
insects_attracted_to_light/Light_3_1.txt	surface roughness of the reflecting surfaces, and internal scatterance is caused by the difference of refractive index between the particles and medium inside the object. Like transparent objects, translucent objects allow light to transmit through, but translucent objects also scatter certain wavelength of light via ...
insects_attracted_to_light/Light_4_1.txt	Solar radiation peaks in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum when plotted in wavelength units, and roughly 44% of the radiation that reaches the ground is visible. Another example is incandescent light bulbs, which emit only around 10% of their energy as visible light and the remainder as infrared. A co...
insects_attracted_to_light/Insect_5_8.txt	in form during the pupal stage, and emerge as adults. Butterflies are well-known for undergoing complete metamorphosis; most insects use this life cycle. Some insects have evolved this system to hypermetamorphosis. Complete metamorphosis is a trait of the most diverse insect group, the Endopterygota.
insects_attracted_to_light/Insect_10_1.txt	. Farmers have often attempted to control insects with chemical insecticides, but increasingly rely on biological pest control. This uses one organism to reduce the population density of a pest organism; it is a key element of integrated pest management. Biological control is favored because insecticides can cause harm...
insects_attracted_to_light/Phototaxis_1_4.txt	receive light for photosynthesis. Phototaxis is called positive if the movement is in the direction of increasing light intensity and negative if the direction is opposite. Two types of positive phototaxis are observed in prokaryotes (bacteria and archea). The first is called "scotophobotaxis" (from the word "scotopho...
insects_attracted_to_light/Phototaxis_2_6.txt	the photoreceptor. The stigma only provides directional shading for the adjacent membrane-inserted photoreceptors (the term "eyespot" is therefore misleading). Stigmata can also reflect and focus light like a concave mirror, thereby enhancing sensitivity. In the best-studied green alga, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, phot...
insects_attracted_to_light/Insect_3_19.txt	and ants) appeared some 200 million years ago in the Triassic period, but achieved their wide diversity more recently in the Cenozoic era, which began 66 million years ago. Some highly successful insect groups evolved in conjunction with flowering plants, a powerful illustration of coevolution. Insects were among the ...
insects_attracted_to_light/Insect_4_9.txt	villi, increase the surface area of the wall to absorb nutrients. In the hindgut, undigested food particles are joined by uric acid to form fecal pellets; most of the water is absorbed, leaving a dry pellet to be eliminated. Insects may have one to hundreds of Malpighian tubules. These remove nitrogenous wastes from th...
insects_attracted_to_light/Light_0_1.txt	propagation direction, frequency or wavelength spectrum, and polarization. Its speed in vacuum, 299792458 m/s, is one of the fundamental constants of nature. Like all types of electromagnetic radiation, visible light propagates by massless elementary particles called photons that represents the quanta of electromagnet...
insects_attracted_to_light/Insect_4_1.txt	nerve cord (abdominal ganglia)Malpighian tubulestarsal padsclawstarsustibiafemurtrochanterforegut (crop, gizzard)thoracic ganglioncoxasalivary glandsubesophageal ganglionmouthparts Three-part body Insects have a segmented body supported by an exoskeleton, the hard outer covering made mostly of chitin. The body is organ...
insects_attracted_to_light/Insect_6_6.txt	low-frequency sounds, and high-frequency sounds tend to disperse more in a dense environment (such as foliage), so insects living in such environments communicate primarily using substrate-borne vibrations. Some species use vibrations for communicating, such as to attract mates as in the songs of the shield bug Nezara...
insects_attracted_to_light/Insect_4_12.txt	interlinked with the diamond-shaped wing muscles (also green) and surrounded by pericardial cells (red). Blue depicts cell nuclei. Insect respiration is accomplished without lungs. Instead, insects have a system of internal tubes and sacs through which gases either diffuse or are actively pumped, delivering oxygen dir...
insects_attracted_to_light/Insect_7_2.txt	see a conspecific foraging on the same species. Only insects that live in nests or colonies possess fine-scale spatial orientation. Some can navigate unerringly to a single hole a few millimeters in diameter among thousands of similar holes, after a trip of several kilometers. In philopatry, insects that hibernate are...
insects_attracted_to_light/Entomology_1_2.txt	Surinamensium about the tropical insects of Dutch Surinam. Early entomological works associated with the naming and classification of species followed the practice of maintaining cabinets of curiosity, predominantly in Europe. This collecting fashion led to the formation of natural history societies, exhibitions of pr...
insects_attracted_to_light/Insect_0_6.txt	having serious effects on insect biodiversity.
insects_attracted_to_light/Insect_3_15.txt	be divided into two groups historically treated as subclasses: wingless insects or Apterygota, and winged insects or Pterygota. The Apterygota traditionally consisted of the primitively wingless orders Archaeognatha (jumping bristletails) and Zygentoma (silverfish). However, Apterygota is not monophyletic, as Archaeog...
humans_closest_relatives_after_primates/Human_rights_10_7.txt	unusual punishment. ^ Mayer (2000), p. 110. ^ "Ex Parte Milligan, 71 U.S. 2, 119. (full text)" (PDF). December 1866. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 March 2008. Retrieved 28 December 2007. ^ Crenshaw, Kimberle (1991). "Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence against Women of Co...
humans_closest_relatives_after_primates/Primate_1_8.txt	bons and orangutan... the gorilla and chimpanzee... and humans"; thereby Benton was using apes to mean hominoids. In that case, the group heretofore called apes must now be identified as the non-human apes. As of 2021, there is no consensus as to whether to accept traditional (that is, common), but paraphyletic, names ...
humans_closest_relatives_after_primates/Primate_7_9.txt	dam construction also contribute to tropical forest destruction. In Indonesia large areas of lowland forest have been cleared to increase palm oil production, and one analysis of satellite imagery concluded that during 1998 and 1999 there was a loss of 1,000 Sumatran orangutans per year in the Leuser Ecosystem alone. ...
humans_closest_relatives_after_primates/Human_rights_10_1.txt	), p. 3. ^ Burns H. Weston, 20 March 2014, Encyclopædia Britannica, human rights Archived 18 May 2015 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 14 August 2014. ^ Gary J. Bass (book reviewer), Samuel Moyn (author of book being reviewed), 20 October 2010, The New Republic, The Old New Thing Archived 12 September 2015 a...
humans_closest_relatives_after_primates/Treeshrew_1_0.txt	Name[edit] The name Tupaia is derived from tupai, the Malay word for squirrel, and was provided by Sir Stamford Raffles.
humans_closest_relatives_after_primates/Human_rights_6_9.txt	-Khorassani, articulated the position of his country regarding the UDHR by saying that the UDHR was "a secular understanding of the Judeo-Christian tradition", which could not be implemented by Muslims without trespassing the Islamic law. The former Prime Ministers of Singapore, Lee Kuan Yew, and of Malaysia, Mahathir ...
humans_closest_relatives_after_primates/Primate_4_13.txt	prosimians, reflects the light of the photographer's flash. The evolution of color vision in primates is unique among most eutherian mammals. While the remote vertebrate ancestors of the primates possessed three color vision (trichromaticism), the nocturnal, warm-blooded, mammalian ancestors lost one of three cones in...
humans_closest_relatives_after_primates/Primate_5_12.txt	predators, prey and competitors, enhances energetic efficiency, or improves detection against low-frequency background noise. Male howler monkeys are among the loudest land mammals as their roars can be heard up to 4.8 km (3.0 mi), and relate to intergroup spacing, territorial protection and possibly mate-guarding. Ro...
humans_closest_relatives_after_primates/Primate_1_1.txt	was one of the primatologists who developed the idea of trends in primate evolution and the methodology of arranging the living members of an order into an "ascending series" leading to humans. Commonly used names for groups of primates such as prosimians, monkeys, lesser apes, and great apes reflect this methodology....
humans_closest_relatives_after_primates/Human_rights_10_38.txt	.
humans_closest_relatives_after_primates/Human_5_16.txt	combining stationary food sources (such as fruits, grains, tubers, and mushrooms, insect larvae and aquatic mollusks) with wild game, which must be hunted and captured in order to be consumed. It has been proposed that humans have used fire to prepare and cook food since the time of Homo erectus. Human domestication o...
humans_closest_relatives_after_primates/Human_5_0.txt	Biology Anatomy and physiology Main article: Human body Diagram of the human skeleton Most aspects of human physiology are closely homologous to corresponding aspects of animal physiology. The dental formula of humans is: 2.1.2.32.1.2.3. Humans have proportionately shorter palates and much smaller teeth than other pri...

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