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# Ada Programming/Attributes
subprograms are declared, certain properties thereof normally are left
to the compiler to specify (like the size or the address of a variable,
the calling convention of a subprogram). Properties which may be queried
are called *Attributes*; those which may be specified are called
Aspects. ... |
# Ada Programming/Aspects
subprograms are declared, certain properties thereof normally are left
to the compiler to specify (like the size or the address of a variable,
the calling convention of a subprogram). Properties which may be queried
are called Attributes; those
which may be specified are called *Aspects*. Som... |
# Ada Programming/Pragmas
## Description
Pragmas control the compiler, i.e.
they are compiler directives. They
have the standard form of
` `*`Name`*` (`*`Parameter_List`*`);`
where the parameter list is optional.
## List of language defined pragmas
Some pragmas are specially marked:
Ada 2005 : This is a new Ada... |
# Ada Programming/Libraries
## Predefined Language Libraries
Ada\'s built-in library is provided by three root library units: Ada,
Interfaces, and System; other library units are children of these. The
library is quite extensive and well-structured. These chapters too are
more reference like. Most specifications inc... |
# Ada Programming/Portals
## Forges of open-source projects
SourceForge : Currently, there are more than 200 Ada projects hosted at SourceForge --- including the example programs for Ada Programming wikibook.
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GitHub : A source code repository based on Git with many recent developments.\
Cod... |
# Ada Programming/Tutorials
This page contains a list of other Ada tutorials on the Net.
1. Ada Programming, available on
Wikibooks, is based on the Ada
2005 standard and currently
being updated to Ada 2012.
2. Introduction to Ada at
learn.adacore.com
is an interactive web tutorial based on Ada... |
# Ada Programming/Web 2.0
\_\_TOC\_\_
Here is a list of Web 2.0 resources
about Ada:
## News & Blogs
- reddit.com --- Ada
\`<small>`{=html}[RSS`</small>`{=html}\],
social news website on which users can post links to content on the
web
- Stack Overflow --- Ada
questions
- Ada Gems, programming... |
# Engineering Acoustics/Simple Oscillation
## The Position Equation
This section shows how to form the equation describing the position of a
mass on a spring.
For a simple oscillator consisting of a mass *m* attached to one end of
a spring with a spring constant *s*, the restoring force, *f*, can be
expressed by the... |
# Engineering Acoustics/Mechanical Resistance
## Mechanical Resistance
For most systems, a simple oscillator is not a very accurate model.
While a simple oscillator involves a continuous transfer of energy
between kinetic and potential form, with the sum of the two remaining
constant, real systems involve a loss, or ... |
# Engineering Acoustics/Characterizing Damped Mechanical Systems
## Characterizing Damped Mechanical Systems
Characterizing the response of Damped Mechanical Oscillating system can
be easily quantified using two parameters. The system parameters are the
resonance frequency ($'''w resonance'''$ and the damping of the... |
# Engineering Acoustics/Electro-Mechanical Analogies
## Why Circuit Analogs?
Acoustic devices are often combinations of mechanical and electrical
elements. A common example of this would be a loudspeaker connected to a
power source. It is useful in engineering applications to model the
entire system with one method. ... |
# Engineering Acoustics/Solution Methods: Electro-Mechanical Analogies
After drawing the electro-mechanical analogy of a mechanical system, it
is always safe to check the circuit. There are two methods to accomplish
this:
## Review of Circuit Solving Methods
**Kirchkoff\'s Voltage law**
\"The sum of the potential d... |
# Engineering Acoustics/Primary variables of interest
## Basic Assumptions
Consider a piston moving in a tube. The piston starts moving at time t=0
with a velocity u=$u_p$. The piston fits inside the tube smoothly
without any friction or gap. The motion of the piston creates a planar
sound wave or acoustic disturbanc... |
# Engineering Acoustics/Electro-acoustic analogies
## Electro-acoustical Analogies
### Acoustical Mass
Consider a rigid tube-piston system as following figure.
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Piston is moving back and forth sinusoidally with frequency o... |
# Engineering Acoustics/Transducers - Loudspeaker
# Acoustic transducer
The purpose of an acoustic transducer is to convert electrical energy
into acoustic energy. Many variations of acoustic transducers exist,
such as electrostatic, balanced armature and moving-coil loudspeakers.
This article focuses on moving-coil ... |
# Engineering Acoustics/Moving Resonators
## Moving Resonators
Consider the situation shown in the figure below. We have a typical
Helmholtz resonator driven by a massless piston which generates a
sinusoidal pressure $P_G$, however the cavity is not fixed in this case.
Rather, it is supported above the ground by a sp... |
# Engineering Acoustics/Speed of sound
When sound waves propagate in a medium, they cause fluctuations in the
pressure, density, temperature and particle velocity in the medium. The
total pressure, $P$, in the medium can be expressed as:
$P=P_o+p'$
where $P_o$ is the hydrostatic or ambient pressure and $p'$ is the
a... |
# Engineering Acoustics/Acoustic wave equation
To derive the wave equation, three relations are combined: the equation
of state, ideal gas law; continuity equation, conservation of mass; and
Newton\'s law, conservation of momentum. From the speed of sound, a
relation between the acoustic pressure and the bulk modulus ... |
# Engineering Acoustics/Reflection and transmission of planar waves
## Specific acoustic impedance
Before discussing the reflection and transmission of planar waves, the
relation between particle velocity and acoustic pressure is
investigated.
$\frac{\partial u}{\partial t}= \frac{-1}{\rho_o}\frac{\partial p}{\parti... |
# Engineering Acoustics/Transverse vibrations of strings
## Introduction
This section deals with the wave nature of vibrations constrained to one
dimension. Examples of this type of wave motion are found in objects
such a pipes and tubes with a small diameter (no transverse motion of
fluid) or in a string stretched o... |
# Engineering Acoustics/Time-Domain Solutions
## d\'Alembert Solutions
In 1747, Jean Le Rond
d\'Alembert
published a solution to the one-dimensional wave equation.
The general solution, now known as the d\'Alembert method, can be found
by introducing two new variables:
$\xi=ct-x\,$ and $\eta=ct+x\,$
and then apply... |
# Engineering Acoustics/Boundary Conditions and Forced Vibrations
## Boundary Conditions
The functions representing the solutions to the wave equation previously
discussed,
i.e. $y(x,t)= f(\xi)+g(\eta)\,$ with $\xi=ct-x\,$ and $\eta=ct+x\,$
are dependent upon the boundary and initial conditions. If it is assumed
th... |
# Engineering Acoustics/Boundary Conditions and Wave Properties
## Boundary Conditions
The functions representing the solutions to the wave equation previously
discussed,
i.e. $y(x,t)= f(\xi)+g(\eta)\,$ with $\xi=ct-x\,$ and $\eta=ct+x\,$
are dependent upon the boundary and initial conditions. If it is assumed
that... |
# Engineering Acoustics/Attenuation of Sound Waves
Back to main page
## Introduction
When sound travels through a medium, its intensity diminishes with
distance. This weakening in the energy of the wave results from two
basic causes, scattering and absorption. The combined effect of
scattering and absorption is call... |
# Engineering Acoustics/Sound Propagation in a Cylindrical Duct With Compliant Wall
There have been many applications that deals with sound propagation in a
compliant wall duct. These range from hydraulic applications(i.e. water
hammer) to biomechanical
applications (i.e. pressure pulse in an
artery). In working with ... |
# Engineering Acoustics/Reflection, transmission and refraction of planar waves
## Two-dimensional planar waves
Two-dimensional planar pressure waves can be described in Cartesian
coordinates by decomposing the wave number into x and y components,
$\mathbf{p}(x,y,t)=\mathbf{P}e^{j(\omega t -K_x x-K_y y)}.$
Substit... |
# Engineering Acoustics/Wave Motion in Elastic Solids
## Wave types
In an infinite medium, two different basic wave types, dilatational and
distortional, can propagate in different propagation velocities.
Dilatational waves cause a change in the volume of the medium in which
it is propagating but no rotation; while d... |
# Engineering Acoustics/Qualitative Description of Shocks
## Defining a Shock-Wave
In the general case of mechanical wave propagation it is assumed that
the intensive properties of the medium can be described by continuous
functions of space and time. In the limit where pressure amplitudes
become very large, the wave... |
# Engineering Acoustics/The Rankine-Hugoniot Jump Equations
## Conservation Equations and Derivation
For the purpose of performing engineering calculations, equations
linking the pre- and post- shock states are required. One of the most
fundamental expressions relating states is the $(P,\rho)$ Hugoniot which
relates ... |
# Engineering Acoustics/Detonation
## Detonation
A detonation wave is a combustion wave propagating at supersonic speeds.
It is composed of a leading shock which adiabatically compresses the
reactants, followed by a reaction zone which converts the reactants into
products. During this process, a significant amount of... |
# Engineering Acoustics/The Acoustic Parameter of Nonlinearity
## The Acoustic Parameter of Nonlinearity
For many applications of nonlinear acoustic phenomena the magnitude of
an acoustic medium\'s nonlinearity can be quantified using a single
value known as the parameter of nonlinearity. This convention is often
att... |
# Engineering Acoustics/Harmonic Generation
## Nonlinear Generation of Harmonics
As described in the entry for the qualitative description of
shocks,
finite amplitude waves in any medium will undergo a steepening phenomena
cumulating in the formation of shock wave. For strong flows and wave
conditions where fluid vel... |
# Engineering Acoustics/Thunder acoustics
**Thunder** is defined as the sound signature associated to the shock
wave produced after a lightning discharge. Thunder has intrigued and
frightened humans for millennia. Early explanations of this phenomenon
included fights between Zeus and his subordinates in Greek mytholog... |
# Engineering Acoustics/Basic Concepts of Underwater Acoustics
The study of Underwater Acoustics was always of great importance, when
it comes to navigation instruments, for those who depend on the sea.
Methods to find the position on earth according to the stars were
available since long ago, but the first apparatus ... |
# Engineering Acoustics/Analogies in aeroacoustics
## Acoustic Analogies
!Test facility and testing of supersonic jet engine to assess noise
emissions at NASA Langley Research
Center
A direct way to predict Aerodynamic noise would be to solve the
Navier-Stokes Equations in a general three-dimensional unsteady
compres... |
# Engineering Acoustics/Noise in Hydraulic Systems
## Noise in Hydraulic Systems
Hydraulic systems are the most preferred source of power transmission in
most of the industrial and mobile equipments due to their advantages in
power density, compactness, flexibility, fast response and efficiency.
The field hydraulics ... |
# Engineering Acoustics/Specific application-automobile muffler
------------------------------------------------------------------------
**General information about Automobile muffler**
------------------------------------------------------------------------
## Introduction
A muffler is a part of the exhaust syst... |
# Engineering Acoustics/Flow-induced oscillations of a Helmholtz resonator and applications
## Introduction
The importance of flow excited acoustic resonance lies in the large
number of applications in which it occurs. Sound production in organ
pipes, compressors, transonic wind tunnels, and open sunroofs are only a
... |
# Engineering Acoustics/Car Mufflers
## Introduction
A car muffler is a component of the exhaust system of a car. The exhaust
system has mainly 3 functions:
1\) Getting the hot and noxious gas from the engine away from the
vehicle
2\) Reduce exhaust emission
3\) Attenuating the noise output from the engine
The la... |
# Engineering Acoustics/Sound Absorbing Structures and Materials
## Introduction
Noise can be defined as unwanted sound. There are many cases and
applications that reducing noise level is of great importance. Loss of
hearing is only one of the effects of continuous exposure to excessive
noise levels. Noise can interf... |
# Engineering Acoustics/Noise from cooling fans
## Proposal
As electric/electronic devices get smaller and functional, the noise of
cooling device becomes important. This page will explain the origins of
noise generation from small axial cooling fans used in electronic goods
like desktop/laptop computers. The source ... |
# Engineering Acoustics/Noise from turbine blades
## Introduction
Sound prediction in fluid flows is hard to predict because of the
non-linearity of governing equations. The sound production occurs at
high Reynolds number, where the nonlinear inertial terms are much higher
than the viscous terms. The sound production... |
# Engineering Acoustics/International Space Station Acoustics Challenges
The International Space Station
(ISS) is a
research facility laboratory made up of several different modules in a
Low Earth Orbit. This facility represents a union of several different
space station projects from various different nations. The lo... |
# Engineering Acoustics/Rotor Stator Interactions
An important issue for the aeronautical industry is the reduction of
aircraft noise. The characteristics of the turbomachinery noise are to
be studied. The rotor/stator interaction is a predominant part of the
noise emission. We will present an introduction to these in... |
# Engineering Acoustics/Noise control with self-tuning Helmholtz resonators
## Introduction
Many engineering systems create unwanted acoustic noise. Noise may be
reduced using engineering noise control methods. One noise control
method popular in mufflers is the Helmholtz resonator, see
here. It is comprised
of a cav... |
# Engineering Acoustics/Outdoor Sound Propagation
Back to main page
## Introduction
Outdoor sound propagation or atmospheric sound propagation is of special
interest in environmental acoustics which is concerned with the control
of sound and vibrations in an outdoor environment. Outdoor sound
propagation is affected... |
# Engineering Acoustics/Anechoic Tiling
## Introduction
! HMS Triumph (S93))
anechoic
tiling. anechoic tiling."){width="325"}
One important application of acoustics research is the testing, design,
and construction of anechoic tiles for underwater acoustic stealth.
Anechoic tiling, first used in the Second World War... |
# Engineering Acoustics/Phonograph Sound Reproduction
## Phonograph Sound Reproduction
The content of this article is intended as an electro-mechanical
analysis of phonograph sound reproduction. For a general history and
overview of phonograph technology refer to Wikipedia entries on
Phonograph and Magnetic
Cartridge... |
# Engineering Acoustics/Bass Reflex Enclosure Design
## Introduction
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Bass-reflex enclosures improve the low-frequency response of loudspeaker
systems. Bass-r... |
# Engineering Acoustics/source-filter theory
The source-filter theory (Fant 1960) hypothesizes that an acoustic
speech signal can be seen as a source signal, filtered with the
resonances in the cavities of the vocal tract downstream from the
glottis or the constriction. This simple model for speech synthesis is
based ... |
# Engineering Acoustics/Moving Coil Loudspeaker
# Moving Coil Transducer
The purpose of the acoustic transducer is to convert electrical energy
into acoustic energy. Many variations of acoustic transducers exist,
although the most common is the moving coil-permanent magnet transducer.
The classic loudspeaker is of th... |
# Engineering Acoustics/Microphone Design and Operation
## Introduction
Microphones are devices which convert pressure fluctuations into
electrical signals. Two main methods of achieving this are used in the
mainstream entertainment industry today - **dynamic microphones** and
**co... |
# Engineering Acoustics/Piezoelectric Transducers
# Introduction
Piezoelectricity from the Greek word \"piezo\" means pressure
electricity. Certain crystalline substances generate electric charges
under mechanical stress and conversely experience a mechanical strain in
the presence of an electric field. The piezoelec... |
# Engineering Acoustics/Piezoelectric Acoustic Sensor
## Introduction
Piezoelectric Acoustic Wave technologies have been used for over 60
years. They have many applications for pressure, chemical concentration,
temperature or mass sensors. Their detection mechanism is based on
acoustic wave propagation. An acoustic w... |
# Engineering Acoustics/Microphone Technique
## General Technique
1. A microphone should be used whose frequency response will suit the
frequency range of the voice or instrument being recorded.
2. Vary microphone positions and distances until you achieve the
monitored sound that you desire.
3. In the case... |
# Engineering Acoustics/Sealed Box Subwoofer Design
## Introduction
A sealed or closed box baffle is the most basic but often the cleanest
sounding subwoofer box design. The subwoofer box in its most simple
form, serves to isolate the back of the speaker from the front, much
like the theoretical infinite baffle. The ... |
# Engineering Acoustics/New Acoustic Filter For Ultrasonics Media
## Introduction
Acoustic filters are used in many devices such as mufflers, noise
control materials (absorptive and reactive), and loudspeaker systems to
name a few. Although the waves in simple (single-medium) acoustic
filters usually travel in gases ... |
# Engineering Acoustics/Acoustic Micro Pumps
## Application to Micro Scale Pipes
Acoustic Streaming is ideal for microfluidic systems because it arises
from viscous forces which are the dominant forces in low Reynolds flows
and which usually hamper microfluidic systems. Also, streaming force
scales favorably as the s... |
# Engineering Acoustics/Sonic Supercharging of 2 Stroke Engines
## Sonic Supercharging of 2 Stroke Engines
This page of the Engineering Acoustics Wikibook discusses the merits and
design of Tuned Pipes for 2 Stroke Engines. For introductory material on
2 Stroke Engines please see the following links:
Wikipedia 2 Str... |
# Engineering Acoustics/Thermoacoustics
One ordinarily thinks of a sound wave as consisting only of coupled
pressure and position oscillations. In fact, temperature oscillations
accompany the pressure oscillations and when there are spatial gradients
in the temperature oscillations, oscillating heat flow occurs. The
c... |
# Engineering Acoustics/Acoustic streaming
## Definition
Streaming is a term to describe a steady time-averaged mass-flux density
or velocity induced by oscillating acoustic waves in a fluid.[^1] Large
amplitude sound propagation in a fluid may result in a steady motion of
the fluid. This nonlinear phenomenon is know... |
# Engineering Acoustics/Acoustic Levitation
## Definition
Acoustic levitation employs sound radiation to lift objects. It mostly
deals with non-linear phenomenon (since the resulting force on the
object is due to non linear properties of wave motion).
## Motivation behind developing an acoustic reactor
The force ge... |
# Engineering Acoustics/Biomedical Ultrasound
## Biomedical Ultrasound
This chapter of the Engineering Acoustics Wikibook provides a brief
overview of biomedical ultrasound applications along with some
introductory acoustical analysis for ultrasound beams. As a whole, the
field of Biomedical Ultrasound is one that pr... |
# Engineering Acoustics/Human Voice Production
## Physiology of Vocal Fold
Human vocal fold is a set of lip-like tissues located inside the
larynx, and is the source of
sound for a human and many animals. The Larynx is located at the top of
trachea. It is mainly composed of cartilages and muscles, and the
largest car... |
# Engineering Acoustics/Vocal Folds
## Introduction
The mechanism of sound production in speech and singing would be the
results of airflow in the human lung system, and is also connected to
the digestive system. The diaphragm action from the lungs pushes air
through the vocal folds, and produces a periodic train of ... |
# Engineering Acoustics/Resonating feathers of Manakins
# Introduction
During lekking), Male
Club-winged Manakins, *Machaeropterus deliciosus* (Aves: Pipridae) alter
their secondary feathers by
hypertrophy. The oscillation
of the secondary feathers caused by the cause them to collide and
vibrate in order to produce s... |
# Engineering Acoustics/Echolocation in Bats and Dolphins
Echolocation is a form of acoustics that uses active sonar to locate
objects. Many animals, such as bats and dolphins, use this method to
hunt, to avoid predators, and to navigate by emitting sounds and then
analyzing the reflected waves. Animals with the abili... |
# Engineering Acoustics/The Human Ear and Sound Perception
**Summary:** This page will briefly overview the human auditory system,
transducer analogies, and some non linear effects pertaining to specific
characteristics of the auditory system. Results from the discipline of
Psycho-Acoustics will be
presented.
## Intr... |
# Engineering Acoustics/Conductive Mechanisms of Hearing
!Thumb\|right\|border\|400px\|Anatomy of the Human
Ear
In this section we will discuss the pathways for conduction of acoustic
sound waves to the inner ear. Two methods of conduction will be covered;
first we will cover conduction to the inner ear through the o... |
# Engineering Acoustics/Hearing Protection
## Introduction
The human ear is in constantly exposed to noise. In some situations, the
intensity of this noise can be infuriating, like on a subway, a train,
or a plane. One may want to put on headphones, and crank up the music
volume to overcome the maddening turbojet eng... |
# Engineering Acoustics/Basic Acoustics of the Marimba
## Introduction
!Marimba Band \"La Gloria Antigueña\", Antigua Guatemala,
1979
Like a xylophone, a marimba has octaves of wooden bars that are struck
with mallets to produce tones. Unlike the harsh sound of a xylophone, a
marimba produces a deep, rich tone. Mari... |
# Engineering Acoustics/How an Acoustic Guitar works
## Introduction
There are three main parts of the guitar that contribute to sound
production.
First of all, there are strings. Any string that is under tension will
vibrate at a certain frequency. The tension and gauge in the string
determine the frequency at whic... |
# Engineering Acoustics/Bessel Functions and the Kettledrum
# Abstract
In class, we have begun to discuss the solutions of multidimensional
wave equations. A particularly interesting aspect of these
multidimensional solutions are those of Bessel functions for circular
boundary conditions. The practical application of... |
# Engineering Acoustics/Acoustics in Violins
# Acoustics of the Violin
For detail anatomy of violin, please refer to Atelierla
Bussiere.
## How Does A Violin Make Sound?
### General Concept
When a violinist bows a string, which can... |
# Engineering Acoustics/Clarinet Acoustics
The clarinet is a member of the woodwind instruments family that is
widely played in orchestra bands or jazz bands. There are different
types of clarinets that differ in sizes and pitches: B flat, E flat,
bass, contrabass, etc. A clarinet typically provides a flow of air of
a... |
# Engineering Acoustics/Acoustic Guitars
I plan to discuss the workings of an acoustic guitar, and how the topics
that we have studied apply. This will largely be vibrations of strings
and vibrations of cavities.
## Introduction
The acoustic guitar is one of the most well known musical instruments.
Although precise ... |
# Engineering Acoustics/Room Acoustics and Concert Halls
# Room Acoustics and Concert Halls
## Introduction
From performing on many different rooms and stages all over the United
States, I thought it would be nice to have a better understanding and
source about the room acoustics. This Wikibook page is intended to h... |
# Engineering Acoustics/Basic Room Acoustic Treatments
## Introduction
Many people use one or two rooms in their living space as \"theatrical\"
rooms where theater or music room activities commence. It is a common
misconseption that adding speakers to the room will enhance the quality
of the room acoustics. There are... |
# Engineering Acoustics/Electro Acoustic Installations in Room
As the development of new and sophisticated technology is advancing at
an exponential rate, it has become quite evident that the study of room
acoustics would be rather incomplete without the analysis of the effect
of electroacoustic devices. Whether the C... |
# Elements of Political Communication/References
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## Academic articles and conference proceedings
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# Communication Theory/Nonverbal Communication
Scholars in this field usually use a strict sense of the term
\"verbal\", meaning \"of or concerned with words,\" and do not use
\"verbal communication\" as a synonym for oral or spoken communication.
Thus, sign languages and
writing are generally understood as forms of
v... |
# This Quantum World/Cover
## About this book
Since 1999 I have taught an introductory course of contemporary physics
to high-school students (grades 11-12) and undergraduates at the Sri
Aurobindo International Centre of
Education
(SAICE) in Pondicherry "wikilink"),
India. The SAICE is not your typical high school or... |
# This Quantum World/Atoms
# Atoms
## What does an atom look like?
### Like this?
Image:Barium\_(Elektronenbesetzung).png Image:Atom.png Image:Stylised
atom with three Bohr model orbits and stylised nucleus.png
Image:Rutherford_atom.svg
### Or like this?
Image:Orbitals1.png\|$\rho_{2p0}$ Image:Orbitals2.png\|$\rh... |
# This Quantum World/Atoms#What does an atom look like.3F
# Atoms
## What does an atom look like?
### Like this?
Image:Barium\_(Elektronenbesetzung).png Image:Atom.png Image:Stylised
atom with three Bohr model orbits and stylised nucleus.png
Image:Rutherford_atom.svg
### Or like this?
Image:Orbitals1.png\|$\rho_{... |
# This Quantum World/Atoms#Like this?
# Atoms
## What does an atom look like?
### Like this?
Image:Barium\_(Elektronenbesetzung).png Image:Atom.png Image:Stylised
atom with three Bohr model orbits and stylised nucleus.png
Image:Rutherford_atom.svg
### Or like this?
Image:Orbitals1.png\|$\rho_{2p0}$ Image:Orbitals... |
# This Quantum World/Atoms#Or like this?
# Atoms
## What does an atom look like?
### Like this?
Image:Barium\_(Elektronenbesetzung).png Image:Atom.png Image:Stylised
atom with three Bohr model orbits and stylised nucleus.png
Image:Rutherford_atom.svg
### Or like this?
Image:Orbitals1.png\|$\rho_{2p0}$ Image:Orbit... |
# This Quantum World/Atoms#Quantum states
# Atoms
## What does an atom look like?
### Like this?
Image:Barium\_(Elektronenbesetzung).png Image:Atom.png Image:Stylised
atom with three Bohr model orbits and stylised nucleus.png
Image:Rutherford_atom.svg
### Or like this?
Image:Orbitals1.png\|$\rho_{2p0}$ Image:Orbi... |
# This Quantum World/Atoms#Fuzzy observables
# Atoms
## What does an atom look like?
### Like this?
Image:Barium\_(Elektronenbesetzung).png Image:Atom.png Image:Stylised
atom with three Bohr model orbits and stylised nucleus.png
Image:Rutherford_atom.svg
### Or like this?
Image:Orbitals1.png\|$\rho_{2p0}$ Image:O... |
# This Quantum World/Serious illnesses
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## Planck
Quantum mechanics began as a desperate measure to get around some
spectacular failures of what subsequently came to be known as classical
physics.
In 1900 Max Planck discovered a law that
perf... |
# This Quantum World/Serious illnesses#Planck
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## Planck
Quantum mechanics began as a desperate measure to get around some
spectacular failures of what subsequently came to be known as classical
physics.
In 1900 Max Planck discovered a law th... |
# This Quantum World/Serious illnesses#Rutherford
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## Planck
Quantum mechanics began as a desperate measure to get around some
spectacular failures of what subsequently came to be known as classical
physics.
In 1900 Max Planck discovered a la... |
# This Quantum World/Feynman route
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# The Feynman route to Schrödinger
The probabilities of the possible outcomes of measurements performed at
a time $t_2$ are determined by the Schrödinger wave function
$\psi(\mathbf{r},t_2)$. The wave functi... |
# This Quantum World/Feynman route#Two rules
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# The Feynman route to Schrödinger
The probabilities of the possible outcomes of measurements performed at
a time $t_2$ are determined by the Schrödinger wave function
$\psi(\mathbf{r},t_2)$. The w... |
# This Quantum World/Implications and applications
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# The Schrödinger equation: implications and applications
In this chapter we take a look at some of the implications of the
Schrödinger equation
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i\\hbar\\,\\frac{\... |
# This Quantum World/Bell
## Bell\'s theorem: the simplest version
Quantum mechanics permits us to create the following scenario.
- Pairs of particles are launched in opposite directions.
- Each particle is subjected to one of three possible measurements
(**1**, **2**, or **3**).
- Each time the two measur... |
# This Quantum World/Game
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## A quantum game
Here are the rules:[^1]
- Two teams play against each other: Andy, Bob, and Charles (the
\"players\") versus the \"interrogators\".
- Each player is asked either \"What is the value of **X*... |
# This Quantum World/GHZ
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## The experiment of Greenberger, Horne, and Zeilinger
And yet there is a failsafe strategy.[^1]
Here goes:
- Andy, Bob, and Charles prepare three particles (for instance,
electrons) in a particular way. As a ... |
# Managing Groups and Teams/Introduction
## Foreword
It is often remarked that groups are everywhere, whether in our social
lives, our work lives, or even our families. In each of these
situations, sets of individuals decide to work collectively to achieve
particular goals.
However, although groups are everywhere an... |
# Managing Groups and Teams/Creating and Maintaining Team Cohesion
## Team Cohesion Defined
One definition of cohesion is "a group property with individual
manifestations of feelings of belongingness or attraction to the group"
(Lieberman et al., 1973: 337). It is generally accepted that group
cohesion and performanc... |
# Managing Groups and Teams/Which attributes are fundamental to team cohesion?
## Introduction
Much has been written about the most effective ways to form team
cohesion. The purpose of this chapter is to offer concrete ideas for
team leaders on how they can develop team cohesion amongst group member
in an organizatio... |
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