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But the word hybrid is kind of overloaded. It's used a lot. But in this context, it means that you've got different versions of the allele for that gene. So let's think a little bit about what's actually happening when my mom and my dad reproduced. So let's think of a couple of different scenarios. Let's say that they'... | Introduction to Heredity.mp3 |
So let's think a little bit about what's actually happening when my mom and my dad reproduced. So let's think of a couple of different scenarios. Let's say that they're both hybrids. My dad has the brown-eyed dominant allele, and he also has the blue-eyed recessive allele. And let's say my mom has the same thing. So br... | Introduction to Heredity.mp3 |
My dad has the brown-eyed dominant allele, and he also has the blue-eyed recessive allele. And let's say my mom has the same thing. So brown-eyed dominant, and she also has the blue-eyed recessive allele. Now let's think about if these two people, before you see what my eye color is, if you said, look, I'm giving you w... | Introduction to Heredity.mp3 |
Now let's think about if these two people, before you see what my eye color is, if you said, look, I'm giving you what these two people's genotypes are. And let me label them. This is the mom. I think this is the standard convention. And let's make this right here. This is the dad. What are the different genotypes that... | Introduction to Heredity.mp3 |
I think this is the standard convention. And let's make this right here. This is the dad. What are the different genotypes that their children could have? So let's say they reproduce. I'm going to draw a little grid here. So let me draw a grid. | Introduction to Heredity.mp3 |
What are the different genotypes that their children could have? So let's say they reproduce. I'm going to draw a little grid here. So let me draw a grid. All right. So we know from our study of meiosis that, look, my mom has this gene on, let me draw the genes again. So there's a homologous pair. | Introduction to Heredity.mp3 |
So let me draw a grid. All right. So we know from our study of meiosis that, look, my mom has this gene on, let me draw the genes again. So there's a homologous pair. This is one chromosome right here. That's another chromosome right there. On this chromosome in the homologous pair, there might be, at the eye color loc... | Introduction to Heredity.mp3 |
So there's a homologous pair. This is one chromosome right here. That's another chromosome right there. On this chromosome in the homologous pair, there might be, at the eye color locus, there's the brown eye gene. And at this one, at the eye color locus, there's a blue eye gene. And similarly for my dad, when you look... | Introduction to Heredity.mp3 |
On this chromosome in the homologous pair, there might be, at the eye color locus, there's the brown eye gene. And at this one, at the eye color locus, there's a blue eye gene. And similarly for my dad, when you look at that same chromosome in his cells, let me do them like this. So this is one chromosome there, and th... | Introduction to Heredity.mp3 |
So this is one chromosome there, and this is the other chromosome here. When you look at that locus on this chromosome or that location, it has the brown-eyed allele for that gene, and on this one, it has the blue-eyed allele on this gene. And we learn from meiosis when the chromosomes, well, they replicate first, and ... | Introduction to Heredity.mp3 |
And we don't know which way they line up. For example, my dad might give me this chromosome or might give me that chromosome, or my mom might give me that chromosome or might give me that chromosome. So I could have any of these combinations. So for example, if I get this chromosome from my mom and this chromosome from... | Introduction to Heredity.mp3 |
So for example, if I get this chromosome from my mom and this chromosome from my dad, what is the genotype going to be for eye color? Well, it's going to be capital B and capital B. If I get this chromosome from my mom and this chromosome from my dad, what's it going to be? Well, I'm going to get the big B from my dad,... | Introduction to Heredity.mp3 |
Well, I'm going to get the big B from my dad, and then I'm going to get the lowercase b from my mom. So this is another possibility. Now, this is another possibility here where I get the brown-eyed allele from my mom, and I get the blue-eyed allele from my dad. And then there is a possibility that I get this chromosome... | Introduction to Heredity.mp3 |
And then there is a possibility that I get this chromosome from my dad and this chromosome from my mom. So it's this situation. Now, what are the phenotypes going to be? Well, we've already seen that this one right here is going to be brown, that one's going to be brown, this one's going to be brown, but this one is go... | Introduction to Heredity.mp3 |
Well, we've already seen that this one right here is going to be brown, that one's going to be brown, this one's going to be brown, but this one is going to be blue. I already showed you this. But if I were to tell you ahead of time that, look, I have two people, they're both hybrids or they're both heterozygotes for e... | Introduction to Heredity.mp3 |
What's the probability? Well, each of these scenarios are equally likely. There's four equal scenarios. So let's put that in the denominator. Four equal scenarios. And how many of those scenarios end up with brown eyes? Well, it's 1, 2, 3. | Introduction to Heredity.mp3 |
So let's put that in the denominator. Four equal scenarios. And how many of those scenarios end up with brown eyes? Well, it's 1, 2, 3. So the probability is 3 4ths, or it's a 75% probability. Same logic. What's the probability that these parents produce an offspring with blue eyes? | Introduction to Heredity.mp3 |
Well, it's 1, 2, 3. So the probability is 3 4ths, or it's a 75% probability. Same logic. What's the probability that these parents produce an offspring with blue eyes? Well, that's only one of the four equally likely possibilities. So blue eyes is only 25%. Now, what is the probability that they produce a heterozygote? | Introduction to Heredity.mp3 |
What's the probability that these parents produce an offspring with blue eyes? Well, that's only one of the four equally likely possibilities. So blue eyes is only 25%. Now, what is the probability that they produce a heterozygote? So what is the probability that they produce a heterozygous offspring? So now we're not ... | Introduction to Heredity.mp3 |
Now, what is the probability that they produce a heterozygote? So what is the probability that they produce a heterozygous offspring? So now we're not looking at the phenotype anymore. We're looking at the genotype. So of these combinations, which are heterozygous? Well, this one is, because it's a hybrid. It has a mix... | Introduction to Heredity.mp3 |
We're looking at the genotype. So of these combinations, which are heterozygous? Well, this one is, because it's a hybrid. It has a mix of the two alleles. And so is this one. So what's the probability? Well, there's four different combinations. | Introduction to Heredity.mp3 |
It has a mix of the two alleles. And so is this one. So what's the probability? Well, there's four different combinations. All of those are equally likely, and two of them result in a heterozygote. So it's 2 4ths, or 1 half, or 50%. So using this Punnett square, and of course we had to make a lot of assumptions about t... | Introduction to Heredity.mp3 |
Well, there's four different combinations. All of those are equally likely, and two of them result in a heterozygote. So it's 2 4ths, or 1 half, or 50%. So using this Punnett square, and of course we had to make a lot of assumptions about the genes and whether one's dominant or one's recessive, we can start to make pre... | Introduction to Heredity.mp3 |
So let's just think about a cell, and not just any cell, but a eukaryotic cell. So that's the cellular membrane. And when people say a eukaryote or a eukaryotic cell, they most typically say, oh, that must have its nuclear DNA and a membrane-bound nucleus. And that would be true. So let's draw our membrane-bound nucleu... | Mitochondria Structure of a cell Biology Khan Academy.mp3 |
And that would be true. So let's draw our membrane-bound nucleus. That's our nuclear membrane. You have your DNA in here. So let's draw some DNA. But when we talk about eukaryotic cells, we're not just talking about a membrane-bound nucleus. We're also talking about other membrane-bound organelles. | Mitochondria Structure of a cell Biology Khan Academy.mp3 |
You have your DNA in here. So let's draw some DNA. But when we talk about eukaryotic cells, we're not just talking about a membrane-bound nucleus. We're also talking about other membrane-bound organelles. And a close second place for a membrane-bound structure that is very important to the cell would be the mitochondri... | Mitochondria Structure of a cell Biology Khan Academy.mp3 |
We're also talking about other membrane-bound organelles. And a close second place for a membrane-bound structure that is very important to the cell would be the mitochondria. So let's draw some mitochondria right over here. So I'll talk a little bit more about what these little squiggly lines that I'm drawing inside o... | Mitochondria Structure of a cell Biology Khan Academy.mp3 |
So I'll talk a little bit more about what these little squiggly lines that I'm drawing inside of the mitochondria are. This is actually a little bit more of a textbook visualization, as we'll learn in a few minutes or seconds that we now have more sophisticated visualizations of what's actually going on inside of a mit... | Mitochondria Structure of a cell Biology Khan Academy.mp3 |
But you might have already learned that my, so let me make it clear. These are mitochondria. That's the plural. If we're just talking about one of them, we're talking about a mitochondrion. That's the singular of mitochondria. But you might have already learned sometime in your past or in another Khan Academy video tha... | Mitochondria Structure of a cell Biology Khan Academy.mp3 |
If we're just talking about one of them, we're talking about a mitochondrion. That's the singular of mitochondria. But you might have already learned sometime in your past or in another Khan Academy video that these are viewed as the ATP factories for cells. So let me write it this way. So ATP factories. And if you wat... | Mitochondria Structure of a cell Biology Khan Academy.mp3 |
So let me write it this way. So ATP factories. And if you watch the videos on ATP or cellular respiration or other videos, I repeatedly talk about how ATP is really the currency for energy in the cell, that when it's in its ATP form, you have adenosine triphosphate. If you pop one of the phosphate groups off, you pop o... | Mitochondria Structure of a cell Biology Khan Academy.mp3 |
If you pop one of the phosphate groups off, you pop one of the P's off, it releases energy. And that's what your body uses to do all sorts of things, from movement to thinking to all sorts of things that actually go on your body. So you can imagine mitochondria are really important for energy for when the cell has to d... | Mitochondria Structure of a cell Biology Khan Academy.mp3 |
And that's why you'll find more mitochondria in things like muscle cells, things that have to use a lot of energy. Now before I get into the structure of mitochondria, I want to talk a little bit about its fascinating past. Because we think of cells as the most basic unit of life, and that is true. That comes straight ... | Mitochondria Structure of a cell Biology Khan Academy.mp3 |
That comes straight out of cell theory. But it turns out the most prevalent theory of how mitochondria got into our cells is that at one time, the predecessors, the ancestors to our mitochondria were free, independent organisms, microorganisms. So they're descendant from bacteria-like microorganisms that might have bee... | Mitochondria Structure of a cell Biology Khan Academy.mp3 |
And they were maybe really good at processing energy, or maybe they were even good at other things. But at some point in the evolutionary past, they got ingested by the ancestors of our cells. And instead of just being engulfed and being torn to shreds and kind of being digested and eaten, it was like, hey, wait, if th... | Mitochondria Structure of a cell Biology Khan Academy.mp3 |
Because they're able to help process glucose or help generate more energy out of things. And so the cells that were able to kind of live in symbiosis have them kind of give a place for the mitochondria to live, or the pre-mitochondria, the ancestor mitochondria. Those survived. And then through kind of the processes of... | Mitochondria Structure of a cell Biology Khan Academy.mp3 |
And then through kind of the processes of natural selection, this is what we now associate eukaryotic cells as having mitochondria in it. So I find this whole idea of one organism being inside of another organism in symbiosis, even at the cellular level, that's kind of mind-boggling. But anyway, I'll stop talking about... | Mitochondria Structure of a cell Biology Khan Academy.mp3 |
And now let's just talk about the present. Let's talk about what the actual structure of mitochondria are. And I'll first draw kind of a simplified drawing of a mitochondrion. And I'm going to draw a cross-section. So I'm going to draw a cross-section. So if we were to kind of cut it in half. So what I've drawn right o... | Mitochondria Structure of a cell Biology Khan Academy.mp3 |
And I'm going to draw a cross-section. So I'm going to draw a cross-section. So if we were to kind of cut it in half. So what I've drawn right over here, this would be its outer membrane. This is the outer membrane right over here. Let me label that. Outer membrane. | Mitochondria Structure of a cell Biology Khan Academy.mp3 |
So what I've drawn right over here, this would be its outer membrane. This is the outer membrane right over here. Let me label that. Outer membrane. And all of these membranes that I'm going to draw, they're all going to be phospholipid bilayers. So if I were to zoom in right over here, we would see a bilayer of phosph... | Mitochondria Structure of a cell Biology Khan Academy.mp3 |
Outer membrane. And all of these membranes that I'm going to draw, they're all going to be phospholipid bilayers. So if I were to zoom in right over here, we would see a bilayer of phospholipids. So you have your hydrophilic heads facing outwards. And your hydrophobic tails facing inwards. So you see something just lik... | Mitochondria Structure of a cell Biology Khan Academy.mp3 |
So you have your hydrophilic heads facing outwards. And your hydrophobic tails facing inwards. So you see something just like that. So they're all phospholipid bilayers. But they aren't just phospholipids. All of these membranes, they have all sorts of proteins embedded. I mean, the cells are incredibly complex structu... | Mitochondria Structure of a cell Biology Khan Academy.mp3 |
So they're all phospholipid bilayers. But they aren't just phospholipids. All of these membranes, they have all sorts of proteins embedded. I mean, the cells are incredibly complex structures. But even organelles like mitochondria have a fascinating, I guess you'd say, substructure to them. They themselves have all sor... | Mitochondria Structure of a cell Biology Khan Academy.mp3 |
I mean, the cells are incredibly complex structures. But even organelles like mitochondria have a fascinating, I guess you'd say, substructure to them. They themselves have all sorts of interesting proteins, enzymes embedded in their membranes that are able to help regulate what's going on inside and outside of these o... | Mitochondria Structure of a cell Biology Khan Academy.mp3 |
And one of the proteins that you have in the outer membrane of mitochondria, they're called porins. And porins aren't found only in mitochondria, but they're kind of tunnel proteins. They're structured. They kind of form a hole. They form a hole in the outer membrane. So I'm trying the best. I'm drawing them the best t... | Mitochondria Structure of a cell Biology Khan Academy.mp3 |
They kind of form a hole. They form a hole in the outer membrane. So I'm trying the best. I'm drawing them the best that I can. These are porins. And what's interesting about porins is they don't allow large molecules to pass through passively. But small molecules, like sugars or ions, can pass passively through the po... | Mitochondria Structure of a cell Biology Khan Academy.mp3 |
I'm drawing them the best that I can. These are porins. And what's interesting about porins is they don't allow large molecules to pass through passively. But small molecules, like sugars or ions, can pass passively through the porins. And so because of that, your ion concentration and your small molecule concentration... | Mitochondria Structure of a cell Biology Khan Academy.mp3 |
But small molecules, like sugars or ions, can pass passively through the porins. And so because of that, your ion concentration and your small molecule concentrations tend to be similar on either side of this membrane, on either side of this outer membrane. But that's not the only membrane involved in a mitochondrion. ... | Mitochondria Structure of a cell Biology Khan Academy.mp3 |
We also have an inner membrane. I'll do that in yellow. We also have an inner membrane. And I'm going to draw it with a textbook model first. And then we'll talk a little bit about what, since we now think this model is not quite right. So we have this inner membrane. And this inner membrane has these folds in it to in... | Mitochondria Structure of a cell Biology Khan Academy.mp3 |
And I'm going to draw it with a textbook model first. And then we'll talk a little bit about what, since we now think this model is not quite right. So we have this inner membrane. And this inner membrane has these folds in it to increase their surface area. And the surface area is really important for the inner membra... | Mitochondria Structure of a cell Biology Khan Academy.mp3 |
And this inner membrane has these folds in it to increase their surface area. And the surface area is really important for the inner membrane because that's where the processes of the electron transport chain occur across, essentially, these membranes. So you want this extra surface area so you can essentially have mor... | Mitochondria Structure of a cell Biology Khan Academy.mp3 |
And these folds have a name. So if you're talking about one of them, if you're talking about one of these folds, you're talking about a crista. You are talking about a crista. But if you're talking about more than one of them, you would call that a cristae. Sometimes I've seen the pronunciation of this is cristae. Cris... | Mitochondria Structure of a cell Biology Khan Academy.mp3 |
But if you're talking about more than one of them, you would call that a cristae. Sometimes I've seen the pronunciation of this is cristae. Cristae or cristae, that's plural for cristae. And these are just folds in the inner membrane. And once again, the inner membrane is also a phospholipid bilayer. Now, inside of the... | Mitochondria Structure of a cell Biology Khan Academy.mp3 |
And these are just folds in the inner membrane. And once again, the inner membrane is also a phospholipid bilayer. Now, inside of the inner membrane, so between the outer membrane and the inner membrane, you could imagine what this is going to be called. That space is called the intermembrane space. Not too creative of... | Mitochondria Structure of a cell Biology Khan Academy.mp3 |
That space is called the intermembrane space. Not too creative of a name. And because of the porins, the small molecule concentration in the intermembrane space and outside of the mitochondria out in the cytosol, those concentrations are gonna be similar. But then the inner membrane does not have the porins in it. And ... | Mitochondria Structure of a cell Biology Khan Academy.mp3 |
But then the inner membrane does not have the porins in it. And so you can actually have a different concentration on either side. And that is essential for the electron transport chain. The electron transport chain really culminates with a hydrogen ion gradient being built between the two sides. And then they flow dow... | Mitochondria Structure of a cell Biology Khan Academy.mp3 |
The electron transport chain really culminates with a hydrogen ion gradient being built between the two sides. And then they flow down that gradient through a protein called ATP synthase, which helps us synthesize ATB. But we'll talk more about that maybe in this video or in a future video. But let's finish talking abo... | Mitochondria Structure of a cell Biology Khan Academy.mp3 |
But let's finish talking about the different parts of a mitochondrion. So inside the inner membrane, you have this area right over here is called the matrix. It's called, let me use this in a different color. This right, this is the matrix. And it's called the matrix because it actually has a much higher protein concen... | Mitochondria Structure of a cell Biology Khan Academy.mp3 |
This right, this is the matrix. And it's called the matrix because it actually has a much higher protein concentration. It's actually more viscous than the cytosol that would be outside of the mitochondria. So this right over here is the matrix. And when we talk about cellular respiration, cellular respiration has many... | Mitochondria Structure of a cell Biology Khan Academy.mp3 |
So this right over here is the matrix. And when we talk about cellular respiration, cellular respiration has many phases in it. We talk about glycolysis. Glycolysis is actually occurring in the cytosol. So let me, so glycolysis can occur in the cytosol. Glycolysis. But the other major phases of cellular respiration, wh... | Mitochondria Structure of a cell Biology Khan Academy.mp3 |
Glycolysis is actually occurring in the cytosol. So let me, so glycolysis can occur in the cytosol. Glycolysis. But the other major phases of cellular respiration, when we talk about the citric acid cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle, that is occurring in the matrix. So Krebs, Krebs cycle is occurring in the matrix. ... | Mitochondria Structure of a cell Biology Khan Academy.mp3 |
But the other major phases of cellular respiration, when we talk about the citric acid cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle, that is occurring in the matrix. So Krebs, Krebs cycle is occurring in the matrix. And then I said the electron transport chain, which is really what's responsible for producing the bulk of the A... | Mitochondria Structure of a cell Biology Khan Academy.mp3 |
Now we're not just done, and probably one of the most fascinating parts about mitochondria, we said that we think that they are descendant from these ancient independent life forms. And in order to be an ancient independent life form, they would have to have some information, some way to actually transmit their genetic... | Mitochondria Structure of a cell Biology Khan Academy.mp3 |
They have mitochondrial DNA. And they often don't just even have one copy of it, they have multiple copies of it. And they're in loops, very similar, very similar to bacterial DNA. In fact, they have a lot in common with bacterial DNA, and that's why we think that the ancestor to mitochondria that lived independently w... | Mitochondria Structure of a cell Biology Khan Academy.mp3 |
In fact, they have a lot in common with bacterial DNA, and that's why we think that the ancestor to mitochondria that lived independently was probably a form of bacteria or related to bacteria in some way. So this is, this right over there, that is the loop of mitochondrial DNA. So all of the DNA that's inside of you, ... | Mitochondria Structure of a cell Biology Khan Academy.mp3 |
And what's interesting is your mitochondrial DNA, your mitochondria are inherited essentially from your mother's side. Because when an egg is fertilized, when an egg is fertilized, a human egg has tons of mitochondria in it. It has tons of mitochondria, and I'm obviously not drawing all of the things in the human egg, ... | Mitochondria Structure of a cell Biology Khan Academy.mp3 |
The sperm has some mitochondria in it. The sperm has some mitochondria in it. You can imagine it needs some energy to be able to win that very competitive fight to get to fertilize the egg. But the current theories are, well, most of that gets digested and dissolved once it gets into, once it actually gets into the egg... | Mitochondria Structure of a cell Biology Khan Academy.mp3 |
But the current theories are, well, most of that gets digested and dissolved once it gets into, once it actually gets into the egg. And anyway, the egg itself has way more mitochondria. So the mitochondria, the DNA in your mitochondria is from your mother, or is essentially from your mother's side. And that's actually ... | Mitochondria Structure of a cell Biology Khan Academy.mp3 |
And that's actually used, mitochondrial DNA, when people talk about kind of an ancient eve or tracing back to having kind of one common mother, people are looking at the mitochondrial DNA. So it is actually quite, quite fascinating. Now I said a little bit earlier, and obviously it has its own DNA, and then because it ... | Mitochondria Structure of a cell Biology Khan Academy.mp3 |
But it doesn't synthesize all of the proteins that are sitting in mitochondria. A lot of those are still synthesized by, or coded for by your nuclear DNA, and are actually synthesized outside of the mitochondria and then make their way into the mitochondria. But mitochondria are these fascinating, fascinating things. T... | Mitochondria Structure of a cell Biology Khan Academy.mp3 |
They're all, you know, they're these little creatures living in symbiosis in our cells, and they're able to replicate themselves. And I don't know, I find all of this mind-boggling. But anyway, I said that this was the textbook model, because it turns out, when you look at a, when you look at a micrograph, a picture of... | Mitochondria Structure of a cell Biology Khan Academy.mp3 |
So classifying, classifying organisms. And his real innovation, before he came about, people realized that you had species of animals, that lions had certain properties that made them all lions, that they could interbreed and things like that, that monkey or chimpanzees would all interbreed and that would be a separate... | Taxonomy and the Tree of Life.mp3 |
You group similar species into a genus. And then he went even beyond that, because even the idea of grouping things into a genus dated back to the ancient Greeks. He said, well, why don't I group similar genuses together into orders, orders together into classes, and then classes together into kingdoms. So really what ... | Taxonomy and the Tree of Life.mp3 |
So really what he did is he said, well, maybe I can classify, I can create a tree, I can create a tree of life, I can create a structure so we can really see how far apart any two organisms are. And that's why he's really the father of modern taxonomy. And he did not have many tools. All he could do is look at his powe... | Taxonomy and the Tree of Life.mp3 |
All he could do is look at his powers of observation. He said, okay, those kind of animals, they have fur or they reproduce in this way, or they lay eggs or they don't lay eggs, or they have spinal columns or they don't have spinal columns. So that's the best that he could do when he did his taxonomy. But since then, t... | Taxonomy and the Tree of Life.mp3 |
But since then, there's obviously been tons of innovations in how we perceive animals or the natural world and our tools for studying them. So one thing that he did not know about is evolution, this idea of common ancestry. And between our understandings of evolution and our ability to look back at the fossil record, t... | Taxonomy and the Tree of Life.mp3 |
We can see, do they have a common ancestor more recent or further back? And what even Charles Darwin didn't have, which we now use as a tool in taxonomy, is the genetic evidence. So now we don't even have to rely on the fossil record. We can look at the DNA of two species that exist today and see how similar is that DN... | Taxonomy and the Tree of Life.mp3 |
We can look at the DNA of two species that exist today and see how similar is that DNA. And that tells us how recently they branched apart if we were able to find it in the fossil record, or how recently in the past did these two species become two different species. Now, with that said, I do wanna make this clear. And... | Taxonomy and the Tree of Life.mp3 |
And this is something that I've always had a little bit, it was fuzzy for me the first time that I was exposed to this idea of taxonomy, is that taxonomy is as much an art as it's a science. And today, even to this day, people are debating about the best way to classify things. And what do you pay attention to? And DNA... | Taxonomy and the Tree of Life.mp3 |
And DNA has been the best tool so far in giving us a more systematic, a more analytical way of deciding how close two animals are. But to a large degree, a lot of these categories, deciding where to divide along kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, tribe, these are somewhat arbitrary. These are just picked based on e... | Taxonomy and the Tree of Life.mp3 |
But they could have grouped at a broader level or a deeper level. So these things right over here are somewhat arbitrary. A more analytical way is just to see how much DNA you have in common, and then use that as a measure of how far apart two animals are. Or really, I should say, two species are, because this taxonomy... | Taxonomy and the Tree of Life.mp3 |
Or really, I should say, two species are, because this taxonomy doesn't even apply just to animals. It applies to plants and bacteria and archaea and all sorts of things. So it's actually a broader thing than just animals. Now, with that out of the way, what I thought would be fun, just so that we could really get a se... | Taxonomy and the Tree of Life.mp3 |
Now, with that out of the way, what I thought would be fun, just so that we could really get a sense of where modern taxonomy is, where the field that was essentially fathered by Carl Linnaeus, where it is now, and use that to figure out where we humans fit into the big picture. And obviously, I'm drawing just a small ... | Taxonomy and the Tree of Life.mp3 |
Now, our species, we call ourselves humans, but we're really Homo sapiens. And the sapiens is the species part, and then Homo is the genus. And what I'm doing right over here is I'm saying, well, if Homo is the genus, what other species were inside of Homo? And the reality is, or at least as far as we know, there are n... | Taxonomy and the Tree of Life.mp3 |
And the reality is, or at least as far as we know, there are no other living species inside of Homo that we've probably killed them all off, or maybe we interbreed with them somehow, which might have argued that maybe they weren't different species. But more likely, they were competing in the same ecosystems and they b... | Taxonomy and the Tree of Life.mp3 |
And the formal term for their species is Neanderthalensis. Now, if we go further up the tree of life, further up the taxonomy, and you'll sometimes see tribe mentioned, sometimes you won't. And we tend to get a little bit more granular the closer we get to humans. When we go further away in the tree of life, we get a l... | Taxonomy and the Tree of Life.mp3 |
When we go further away in the tree of life, we get a little bit less granular sometimes, but that's not always the case as well. You go a little bit further up and you get to Hominini, and I'm sure I'm mispronouncing some of this as well. But another species that's in Hominini that is not in Homo, and I'm definitely n... | Taxonomy and the Tree of Life.mp3 |
And their species name is, their genus is Pan, and their species is Troglodytes. So you would refer to them as Pan-Troglodytes. And that's also another convention that Carl Linnaeus came up with, is that you refer to a particular species by its genus and then its species, and you capitalize the genus and you lowercase ... | Taxonomy and the Tree of Life.mp3 |
So we're Homo sapiens, this is Homo neanderthalensis, this is Pan-Troglodytes, or often referred to as chimpanzees. Now, if you go up one higher level of broadness on this tree of life, you then get to the family. And we are in the family Hominidae, and Hominidae, and I'm sure I'm mispronouncing it once again. But just... | Taxonomy and the Tree of Life.mp3 |
But just to give you an example, so everything I've listed so far, everything I've talked about so far, are within this family. And to show you an animal that is not in this family, you just have to look at the gorilla. And you could call it the Gorillini, the Gorillini gorilla, or G gorilla. That's its actual species ... | Taxonomy and the Tree of Life.mp3 |
That's its actual species name. And this family right over here, sometimes the common term is the great apes. The great apes. Now, you go one further level, and this is, the whole reason why I'm doing this, and I'm not by any means am I being exhaustive about the other species that are in that family, but that are not ... | Taxonomy and the Tree of Life.mp3 |
Now, you go one further level, and this is, the whole reason why I'm doing this, and I'm not by any means am I being exhaustive about the other species that are in that family, but that are not in our tribe. I'm just trying to give you a picture of, as we get further and further out, as we get further out of our tribe,... | Taxonomy and the Tree of Life.mp3 |
And even just the physical differences, if we look at it at a very superficial level, become more and more and more different. So you get to even a broader category. This is where you get to the primates. And this is probably something that you might be somewhat familiar with. And the term primates is general, these an... | Taxonomy and the Tree of Life.mp3 |
And this is probably something that you might be somewhat familiar with. And the term primates is general, these animals that look like they either live in trees or rainforest, or they're descendant of things that live in trees, so they have these things that they can grasp things with. They're good at climbing, broadl... | Taxonomy and the Tree of Life.mp3 |
Humans are probably the worst primates when it comes to climbing, or one of the worst. But that's the general classification, that's what we generally think of when we think of primates. And if we think of a primate that is not a great ape, you just have to think of a baboon. So this right here is a baboon. It is a pri... | Taxonomy and the Tree of Life.mp3 |
So this right here is a baboon. It is a primate, but it is not a great ape. It is probably descendant, some baboons actually don't live in trees, but all of them are probably descendant from things that first live in trees, and that's why their hands and their feet look the way they do. Now you get to even a broader le... | Taxonomy and the Tree of Life.mp3 |
Now you get to even a broader level of classification. You get to the mammals, and once again, probably something you're used to thinking about. Mammals are air-breathing animals. They tend to have fur or hair. They tend to provide some form of milk for their young. They have active mammary glands. There's other things... | Taxonomy and the Tree of Life.mp3 |
They tend to have fur or hair. They tend to provide some form of milk for their young. They have active mammary glands. There's other things that we can talk about what makes a mammal. I'm not gonna go into the rigorous definition, but just to give you an example of a mammal that is not a primate, I could show you this... | Taxonomy and the Tree of Life.mp3 |
There's other things that we can talk about what makes a mammal. I'm not gonna go into the rigorous definition, but just to give you an example of a mammal that is not a primate, I could show you this polar bear right over here. This is a mammal that is not a primate, and I could do other things. I could show you a tig... | Taxonomy and the Tree of Life.mp3 |
I could show you a tiger, or I could show you a giraffe or a horse, and so by no stretch of the imagination am I being comprehensive. But let's keep getting broader. Now let's go to the class, or we're already at the class of mammalia, now let's go to the phylum. And phylum we are, humans and all mammals, we are in the... | Taxonomy and the Tree of Life.mp3 |
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