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<Instruct>: Given the context 'In unanesthetized, spontaneously hypertensive rats the decrease in blood pressure and heart rate produced by intravenous clonidine, 5 to 20 micrograms/kg, was inhibited or reversed by nalozone, 0.2 to 2 mg/kg.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hypertensive'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: pre hypertension (aka prehypertension)
B: blood pressure, high (aka hypertension)
C: hypertensive emergency (aka hypertensive crisis)
D: primary hypertensions (aka essential hypertension)
E: systolic hypertensions (aka isolated systolic hypertension)
F: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The hypotensive effect of 100 mg/kg alpha-methyldopa was also partially reversed by naloxone.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hypotensive'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: low blood pressure (aka hypotension)
B: hypotension, ocular (aka ocular hypotension)
C: postural hypotension (aka hypotension, orthostatic)
D: vascular depression
E: transfusion reaction, hypotensive (aka transfusion reaction)
F: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'In brain membranes from spontaneously hypertensive rats clonidine, 10(-8) to 10(-5) M, did not influence stereoselective binding of [3H]-naloxone (8 nM), and naloxone, 10(-8) to 10(-4) M, did not influence clonidine-suppressible binding of [3H]-dihydroergocryptine (1 nM).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hypertensive'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: emergency, hypertensive (aka hypertensive crisis)
B: high blood pressures (aka hypertension)
C: primary hypertension (aka essential hypertension)
D: pre-hypertensions (aka prehypertension)
E: systolic hypertensions (aka isolated systolic hypertension)
F: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'These findings indicate that in spontaneously hypertensive rats the effects of central alpha-adrenoceptor stimulation involve activation of opiate receptors.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hypertensive'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: pre-hypertension (aka prehypertension)
B: blood pressures, high (aka hypertension)
C: hypertensions, primary (aka essential hypertension)
D: hypertensive emergency (aka hypertensive crisis)
E: systolic hypertensions (aka isolated systolic hypertension)
F: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Lidocaine-induced cardiac asystole.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'cardiac asystole'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: parasystole
B: arrest, cardiac (aka heart arrest)
C: cardiac death (aka death)
D: sinus arrests, cardiac (aka sinus arrest, cardiac)
E: cardiac arrest, sudden (aka death, sudden, cardiac)
F: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Intravenous administration of a single 50-mg bolus of lidocaine in a 67-year-old man resulted in profound depression of the activity of the sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodal pacemakers.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'depression'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: depressive disorders, major (aka depressive disorder, major)
B: depressive syndromes (aka depressive disorder)
C: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The patient had no apparent associated conditions which might have predisposed him to the development of bradyarrhythmias; and, thus, this probably represented a true idiosyncrasy to lidocaine.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'bradyarrhythmias'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: dysnomias (aka anomia)
B: bradyarrhythmia (aka bradycardia)
C: heart block, nonprogressive
D: atrioventricular block
E: dysrhythmia, cardiac (aka arrhythmias, cardiac)
F: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Suxamethonium infusion rate and observed fasciculations.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'fasciculations'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: muscle fasciculations, skeletal (aka fasciculation)
B: muscular spasms (aka spasm)
C: muscle tremors (aka tremor)
D: syndrome, cramp-fasciculation (aka neuromuscular diseases)
E: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The infusion was discontinued either when there was no muscular response to tetanic stimulation of the ulnar nerve or when Sch 120 mg was exceeded.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'tetanic'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: aches (aka pain)
B: spasm, muscular (aka spasm)
C: tremor
D: tetanies (aka tetany)
E: neuromuscular diseases
F: None of the above. | D |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Fasciculations in six areas of the body were scored from 0 to 3 and summated as a total fasciculation score.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'fasciculations'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: fasciculation, muscular (aka fasciculation)
B: syndrome, cramp-fasciculation (aka neuromuscular diseases)
C: muscle tremors (aka tremor)
D: spasms, muscular (aka spasm)
E: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Fasciculations in six areas of the body were scored from 0 to 3 and summated as a total fasciculation score.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'fasciculations'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: syndrome, cramp-fasciculation (aka neuromuscular diseases)
B: muscle tremors (aka tremor)
C: spasms, muscle (aka spasm)
D: None of the above. | D |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Fasciculations in six areas of the body were scored from 0 to 3 and summated as a total fasciculation score.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'fasciculation'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: muscle fasciculation, skeletal (aka fasciculation)
B: syndrome, cramp-fasciculation (aka neuromuscular diseases)
C: muscle spasms (aka spasm)
D: tremor, muscle (aka tremor)
E: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The times to first fasciculation, twitch suppression and tetanus suppression were inversely related to the infusion rates.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'fasciculation'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: muscle fasciculations, skeletal (aka fasciculation)
B: muscle spasms (aka spasm)
C: muscle tremors (aka tremor)
D: syndrome, cramp-fasciculation (aka neuromuscular diseases)
E: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The times to first fasciculation, twitch suppression and tetanus suppression were inversely related to the infusion rates.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'twitch'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: tics
B: tetanies (aka tetany)
C: dystonia
D: tremor
E: increased, muscle tone (aka muscle hypertonia)
F: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The times to first fasciculation, twitch suppression and tetanus suppression were inversely related to the infusion rates.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'tetanus'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: palsies (aka paralysis)
B: infections, clostridium tetani (aka tetanus)
C: tetany
D: paralysis, general (aka neurosyphilis)
E: convulsions (aka seizures)
F: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Fasciculations in the six areas and the total fasciculation score were related directly to the rate of infusion.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'fasciculations'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: syndrome, cramp-fasciculation (aka neuromuscular diseases)
B: muscle spasms (aka spasm)
C: muscle tremors (aka tremor)
D: muscular fasciculation (aka fasciculation)
E: None of the above. | D |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Fasciculations in the six areas and the total fasciculation score were related directly to the rate of infusion.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'fasciculation'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: muscle spasm (aka spasm)
B: fasciculation, muscular (aka fasciculation)
C: tremor, muscle (aka tremor)
D: syndrome, cramp-fasciculation (aka neuromuscular diseases)
E: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Total fasciculation scores in the 30-mg bolus group and the 5-mg s-1 and 20-mg s-1 infusion groups were not significantly different.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'fasciculation'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: muscle tremors (aka tremor)
B: syndrome, cramp-fasciculation (aka neuromuscular diseases)
C: spasms, muscle (aka spasm)
D: fasciculations (aka fasciculation)
E: None of the above. | D |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Galanthamine hydrobromide, an anticholinesterase drug capable of penetrating the blood-brain barrier, was used in a patient demonstrating central effects of scopolamine (hyoscine) overdosage.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'overdosage'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: poisonings (aka poisoning)
B: medication overuse (aka prescription drug overuse)
C: drug use disorders (aka substance-related disorders)
D: drug misuses (aka drug misuse)
E: drug overdose
F: None of the above. | E |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Effects of uninephrectomy and high protein feeding on lithium-induced chronic renal failure in rats.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'chronic renal failure'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: chronic renal disease (aka renal insufficiency, chronic)
B: esrd (aka kidney failure, chronic)
C: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Rats with lithium-induced nephropathy were subjected to high protein (HP) feeding, uninephrectomy (NX) or a combination of these, in an attempt to induce glomerular hyperfiltration and further progression of renal failure.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'nephropathy'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: disease, chronic kidney (aka renal insufficiency, chronic)
B: nephrotic syndrome
C: glomerulonephritis
D: nephrosis
E: kidney disease (aka kidney diseases)
F: None of the above. | E |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Rats with lithium-induced nephropathy were subjected to high protein (HP) feeding, uninephrectomy (NX) or a combination of these, in an attempt to induce glomerular hyperfiltration and further progression of renal failure.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'nephropathy'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: nephritis
B: glomerulonephritis
C: diseases, chronic kidney (aka renal insufficiency, chronic)
D: nephrosis
E: nephropathy, diabetic (aka diabetic nephropathies)
F: None of the above. | F |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Rats with lithium-induced nephropathy were subjected to high protein (HP) feeding, uninephrectomy (NX) or a combination of these, in an attempt to induce glomerular hyperfiltration and further progression of renal failure.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'renal failure'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: acute kidney failure (aka acute kidney injury)
B: disease, kidney (aka kidney diseases)
C: kidney failures (aka renal insufficiency)
D: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Lithium also caused proteinuria and systolic hypertension in absence of glomerulosclerosis.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'proteinuria'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: disease, kidney (aka kidney diseases)
B: glomerulonephritis
C: disorders, blood protein (aka blood protein disorders)
D: nephrosis
E: proteinurias (aka proteinuria)
F: None of the above. | E |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Lithium also caused proteinuria and systolic hypertension in absence of glomerulosclerosis.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hypertension'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: blood pressures, high (aka hypertension)
B: hypertension, essential (aka essential hypertension)
C: pre hypertension (aka prehypertension)
D: systolic hypertension (aka isolated systolic hypertension)
E: hypertension, renal
F: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Lithium also caused proteinuria and systolic hypertension in absence of glomerulosclerosis.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'glomerulosclerosis'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: focal glomerulosclerosis (aka glomerulosclerosis, focal segmental)
B: glomerulonephritides (aka glomerulonephritis)
C: glomerular necrosis (aka kidney cortex necrosis)
D: glomerulopathy, membranous (aka glomerulonephritis, membranous)
E: nephrosis
F: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'HP failed to accentuante progression of renal failure and in fact tended to increase GFR and decrease plasma creatinine levels in lithium pretreated rats.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'renal failure'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: kidney failure, acute (aka acute kidney injury)
B: renal insufficiency
C: diseases, kidney (aka kidney diseases)
D: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The results indicate that Li-induced nephropathy, even when the GFR is only modestly reduced, is associated with proteinuria and arterial systolic hypertension.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'nephropathy'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: nephrosis
B: albuminuria
C: disease, kidney (aka kidney diseases)
D: nephrotic syndromes (aka nephrotic syndrome)
E: diabetic nephropathy (aka diabetic nephropathies)
F: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The results indicate that Li-induced nephropathy, even when the GFR is only modestly reduced, is associated with proteinuria and arterial systolic hypertension.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'proteinuria'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: disease, kidney (aka kidney diseases)
B: nephritis
C: syndrome, nephrotic (aka nephrotic syndrome)
D: blood protein disorders
E: proteinuria
F: None of the above. | E |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The results indicate that Li-induced nephropathy, even when the GFR is only modestly reduced, is associated with proteinuria and arterial systolic hypertension.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hypertension'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: pre hypertension (aka prehypertension)
B: systolic hypertensions (aka isolated systolic hypertension)
C: primary hypertension (aka essential hypertension)
D: high blood pressures (aka hypertension)
E: hypertensions, renal (aka hypertension, renal)
F: None of the above. | D |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'In this model of chronic renal failure the decline in GFR is not accompanied by a corresponding fall in effective renal plasma flow, which may be the functional expression of the formation of nonfiltrating atubular glomeruli.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'chronic renal failure'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: esrd (aka kidney failure, chronic)
B: kidney diseases, chronic (aka renal insufficiency, chronic)
C: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Treatment of Crohn's disease with fusidic acid: an antibiotic with immunosuppressive properties similar to cyclosporin.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'crohn's disease'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: ileitis
B: bowel diseases, inflammatory (aka inflammatory bowel diseases)
C: regional enteritis (aka crohn disease)
D: crohn's disease, pediatric (aka pediatric crohn's disease)
E: inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis type (aka colitis, ulcerative)
F: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Treatment of Crohn's disease with fusidic acid: an antibiotic with immunosuppressive properties similar to cyclosporin.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'crohn's disease'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: enteritis
B: crohn's disease, pediatric (aka pediatric crohn's disease)
C: colitis
D: ileitis
E: diseases, intestinal (aka intestinal diseases)
F: None of the above. | F |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Because of the need for the development of new treatments for Crohn's disease, a pilot study was undertaken to estimate the pharmacodynamics and tolerability of fusidic acid treatment in chronic active, therapy-resistant patients.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'crohn's disease'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: pediatric onset crohn's disease (aka pediatric crohn's disease)
B: ileitis
C: inflammatory bowel disease (aka inflammatory bowel diseases)
D: enteritis
E: crohn disease
F: None of the above. | E |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Eight Crohn's disease patients were included.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'crohn's disease'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: inflammatory bowel disease (crohn disease) 1 (aka inflammatory bowel diseases)
B: ileitis
C: crohn's disease, pediatric (aka pediatric crohn's disease)
D: crohn's disease (aka crohn disease)
E: colitis
F: None of the above. | D |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'There were no serious clinical side effects, but dose reduction was required in two patients because of nausea.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'nausea'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: cephalgia (aka headache)
B: acute pains (aka acute pain)
C: nausea
D: cramps (aka muscle cramp)
E: increase, symptom (aka symptom flare up)
F: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The results of this pilot study suggest that fusidic acid may be of benefit in selected chronic active Crohn's disease patients in whom conventional treatment is ineffective.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'crohn's disease'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: colitis
B: pediatric crohn's disease
C: enteritis
D: inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis type (aka colitis, ulcerative)
E: crohns disease (aka crohn disease)
F: None of the above. | E |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Because there seems to exist a scientific rationale for the use of fusidic acid at the cytokine level in inflammatory bowel disease, we suggest that the role of this treatment should be further investigated.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'inflammatory bowel disease'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: enteritis
B: disease, intestinal (aka intestinal diseases)
C: crohn's enteritis (aka crohn disease)
D: gastrointestinal disorders (aka gastrointestinal diseases)
E: inflammatory bowel disease (aka inflammatory bowel diseases)
F: None of the above. | E |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Electrocardiographic evidence of myocardial injury in psychiatrically hospitalized cocaine abusers.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'myocardial injury'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: infarct, myocardial (aka myocardial infarction)
B: disease, myocardial (aka cardiomyopathies)
C: heart injury (aka heart injuries)
D: cardiac disorders (aka heart diseases)
E: myocardial failure (aka heart failure)
F: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The electrocardiograms (ECG) of 99 cocaine-abusing patients were compared with the ECGs of 50 schizophrenic controls.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'schizophrenic'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: psychosis (aka psychotic disorders)
B: psychiatric disorder (aka mental disorders)
C: drug psychoses (aka psychoses, substance-induced)
D: schizophrenia and disorders with psychotic features (aka schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders)
E: schizophrenic disorders (aka schizophrenia)
F: None of the above. | E |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Eleven of the cocaine abusers and none of the controls had ECG evidence of significant myocardial injury defined as myocardial infarction, ischemia, and bundle branch block.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'myocardial injury'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: heart injuries
B: myocardial diseases (aka cardiomyopathies)
C: cardiac disease (aka heart diseases)
D: infarct, myocardial (aka myocardial infarction)
E: myocardial failure (aka heart failure)
F: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Eleven of the cocaine abusers and none of the controls had ECG evidence of significant myocardial injury defined as myocardial infarction, ischemia, and bundle branch block.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'myocardial infarction'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: myocardial diseases (aka cardiomyopathies)
B: myocardial infarctions (aka myocardial infarction)
C: preinfarction syndrome, myocardial (aka angina, unstable)
D: infarction
E: myocardial ischemias (aka myocardial ischemia)
F: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Eleven of the cocaine abusers and none of the controls had ECG evidence of significant myocardial injury defined as myocardial infarction, ischemia, and bundle branch block.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'ischemia'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: vascular disease (aka vascular diseases)
B: cerebral ischemia (aka brain ischemia)
C: infarctions (aka infarction)
D: ischemias (aka ischemia)
E: myocardial ischemias (aka myocardial ischemia)
F: None of the above. | D |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Eleven of the cocaine abusers and none of the controls had ECG evidence of significant myocardial injury defined as myocardial infarction, ischemia, and bundle branch block.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'ischemia'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: cerebral ischemias (aka brain ischemia)
B: disease, ischemic heart (aka myocardial ischemia)
C: diseases, vascular (aka vascular diseases)
D: infarctions (aka infarction)
E: None of the above. | E |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Eleven of the cocaine abusers and none of the controls had ECG evidence of significant myocardial injury defined as myocardial infarction, ischemia, and bundle branch block.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'bundle branch block'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: bundle-branch blocks (aka bundle-branch block)
B: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Sulpiride-induced tardive dystonia.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'tardive dystonia'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: dystonia, paroxysmal (aka dystonia)
B: dystonia, tardive (aka tardive dyskinesia)
C: dystonia disorder (aka dystonic disorders)
D: torsion dystonia (aka dystonia musculorum deformans)
E: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Although initially thought to be free of extrapyramidal side effects, sulpiride-induced tardive dyskinesia and parkinsonism have been reported occasionally.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'tardive dyskinesia'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: dyskinesias, medication-induced (aka dyskinesia, drug-induced)
B: dyskinesia syndromes (aka movement disorders)
C: tardive dyskinesia
D: tardive oral dyskinesias (aka dyskinesias)
E: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Although initially thought to be free of extrapyramidal side effects, sulpiride-induced tardive dyskinesia and parkinsonism have been reported occasionally.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'parkinsonism'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: movement disorder (aka movement disorders)
B: parkinson's disease (aka parkinson disease)
C: symptomatic parkinson disease (aka parkinson disease, secondary)
D: drug-induced dyskinesia (aka dyskinesia, drug-induced)
E: parkinsonian syndromes (aka parkinsonian disorders)
F: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'We studied a 37-year-old man who developed persistent segmental dystonia within 2 months after starting sulpiride therapy.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'dystonia'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: dyskinesia, drug induced (aka dyskinesia, drug-induced)
B: dystonia
C: dystonic disorder (aka dystonic disorders)
D: movement disorders
E: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'We could not find any previous reports of sulpiride-induced tardive dystonia.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'tardive dystonia'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: torsion dystonia (aka dystonia musculorum deformans)
B: psychogenic dystonia (aka dystonic disorders)
C: dystonia, paroxysmal (aka dystonia)
D: tardive dystonias (aka tardive dyskinesia)
E: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Visual toxicity was of retinal origin and was characterized by a tritan-type dyschromatopsy, sometimes associated with a loss of visual acuity and pigmentary retinal deposits.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'visual toxicity'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: eye disorder (aka eye diseases)
B: diminished vision (aka vision, low)
C: vision disability (aka vision disorders)
D: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Visual toxicity was of retinal origin and was characterized by a tritan-type dyschromatopsy, sometimes associated with a loss of visual acuity and pigmentary retinal deposits.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'a loss of visual acuity'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: disorder, visual (aka vision disorders)
B: low vision (aka vision, low)
C: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Visual toxicity was of retinal origin and was characterized by a tritan-type dyschromatopsy, sometimes associated with a loss of visual acuity and pigmentary retinal deposits.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'pigmentary retinal deposits'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: retinitis pigmentosa, senile (aka retinitis pigmentosa, late-adult onset)
B: rpem (aka retinitis pigmentosa and erythrocytic microcytosis)
C: reticular dystrophy of retinal pigment epithelium
D: retinitis pigmentosa with or without skeletal anomalies (aka metaphyseal chondrodysplasia with retinitis pigmentosa)
E: ruffles and cysts of iris pigment epithelium (aka iris pigment epithelium anomalies)
F: None of the above. | F |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Auditory toxicity was characterized by a mid- to high-frequency neurosensorial hearing loss and the lesion was of the cochlear type.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'auditory toxicity'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: disease, otologic (aka ear diseases)
B: hearing impairment (aka hearing loss)
C: auditory neuropathy
D: auditory toxicity (aka ototoxicity)
E: hearing disorder (aka hearing disorders)
F: None of the above. | E |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Auditory toxicity was characterized by a mid- to high-frequency neurosensorial hearing loss and the lesion was of the cochlear type.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'auditory toxicity'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: drug-induced cochlear toxicity (aka ototoxicity)
B: hearing loss
C: ear diseases
D: auditory neuropathy
E: None of the above. | E |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Auditory toxicity was characterized by a mid- to high-frequency neurosensorial hearing loss and the lesion was of the cochlear type.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'neurosensorial hearing loss'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: hearing disorders
B: sensoryneural deafnesses (aka hearing loss, sensorineural)
C: nonorganic hearing loss (aka hearing loss, functional)
D: hearing impairment (aka hearing loss)
E: nonsyndromic hearing loss (aka nonsyndromic deafness)
F: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Desferrioxamine withdrawal resulted in a complete recovery of visual function in 1 patient and partial recovery in 3, and a complete reversal of hearing loss in 3 patients and partial recovery in 3.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hearing loss'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: hearing disorder (aka hearing disorders)
B: hearing loss
C: permanent, hearing loss (aka deafness)
D: vision and hearing loss (aka deaf-blind disorders)
E: noise-induced hearing loss (aka hearing loss, noise-induced)
F: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'This toxicity appeared in patients receiving the higher doses of desferrioxamine or coincided with the normalization of ferritin or aluminium serum levels.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'toxicity'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: reactions, adverse drug (aka drug-related side effects and adverse reactions)
B: diseases
C: poisoning
D: chemically-induced disorders
E: diseases (aka disease)
F: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Myasthenia gravis presenting as weakness after magnesium administration.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'myasthenia gravis'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: musk myasthenia gravis (aka myasthenia gravis)
B: myasthenia gravis, limb-girdle (aka myasthenia, limb-girdle, autoimmune)
C: neurasthenia
D: congenital myasthenia gravis (aka myasthenic syndromes, congenital)
E: experimental myasthenias (aka myasthenia gravis, autoimmune, experimental)
F: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'We studied a patient with no prior history of neuromuscular disease who became virtually quadriplegic after parenteral magnesium administration for preeclampsia.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'neuromuscular disease'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: muscle disorders (aka muscular diseases)
B: neuromuscular diseases
C: neuromuscular signs and symptoms (aka neuromuscular manifestations)
D: atrophies, muscular (aka muscular atrophy)
E: neuromuscular junction diseases
F: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'We studied a patient with no prior history of neuromuscular disease who became virtually quadriplegic after parenteral magnesium administration for preeclampsia.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'quadriplegic'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: paraplegias (aka paraplegia)
B: infantile cerebral palsy, quadriplegic (aka cerebral palsy)
C: quadriplegias (aka quadriplegia)
D: hemiplegias (aka hemiplegia)
E: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'We studied a patient with no prior history of neuromuscular disease who became virtually quadriplegic after parenteral magnesium administration for preeclampsia.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'preeclampsia'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: preeclampsia eclampsia 2
B: eclampsias (aka eclampsia)
C: prom (pregnancy) (aka fetal membranes, premature rupture)
D: preeclamptic toxemia
E: preeclampsia/eclampsia 1 (aka pre-eclampsia)
F: None of the above. | E |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'While she was weak, 2-Hz repetitive stimulation revealed a decrement without significant facilitation at rapid rates or after exercise, suggesting postsynaptic neuromuscular blockade.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'postsynaptic neuromuscular blockade'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: signs and symptoms, neuromuscular (aka neuromuscular manifestations)
B: neuromuscular junction diseases
C: neurasthenia
D: neuromuscular diseases
E: muscular weakness (aka muscle weakness)
F: None of the above. | D |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Although paralysis after magnesium administration has been described in patients with known myasthenia gravis, it has not previously been reported to be the initial or only manifestation of the disease.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'paralysis'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: paresis
B: parapareses (aka paraparesis)
C: paralysis, legs (aka paraplegia)
D: paralysis
E: general paralysis (aka neurosyphilis)
F: None of the above. | D |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Although paralysis after magnesium administration has been described in patients with known myasthenia gravis, it has not previously been reported to be the initial or only manifestation of the disease.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'myasthenia gravis'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: neurasthenia
B: generalized myasthenia gravis (aka myasthenia gravis)
C: gravi, congenital myasthenia (aka myasthenic syndromes, congenital)
D: myasthenia gravis, limb-girdle (aka myasthenia, limb-girdle, autoimmune)
E: myasthenia gravis, experimental (aka myasthenia gravis, autoimmune, experimental)
F: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Although paralysis after magnesium administration has been described in patients with known myasthenia gravis, it has not previously been reported to be the initial or only manifestation of the disease.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'myasthenia gravis'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: myasthenia gravis, experimental (aka myasthenia gravis, autoimmune, experimental)
B: myasthenia gravis, limb-girdle (aka myasthenia, limb-girdle, autoimmune)
C: neurasthenia
D: myasthenias, congenital (aka myasthenic syndromes, congenital)
E: None of the above. | E |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Patients who are unusually sensitive to the neuromuscular effects of magnesium should be suspected of having an underlying disorder of neuromuscular transmission.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'disorder of neuromuscular transmission'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: muscle disorders (aka muscular diseases)
B: neuromuscular junction disease (aka neuromuscular junction diseases)
C: neuromuscular diseases
D: manifestations, neuromuscular (aka neuromuscular manifestations)
E: disorders, nervous system (aka nervous system diseases)
F: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The data demonstrate that CAA after i.v. administration does not contribute to bladder damage.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'bladder damage'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: neurogenic bladder disorder (aka urinary bladder, neurogenic)
B: urinary bladder diseases
C: urological disease (aka urologic diseases)
D: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Source of pain and primitive dysfunction in migraine: an identical site?', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'pain'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: pain, joint (aka arthralgia)
B: pain, tissue (aka nociceptive pain)
C: aches (aka pain)
D: pains, acute (aka acute pain)
E: pain disorder (aka somatoform disorders)
F: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Source of pain and primitive dysfunction in migraine: an identical site?', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'migraine'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: common migraines (aka migraine without aura)
B: migraine with aura
C: headache, migraine (aka migraine disorders)
D: migraine, neuralgic (aka cluster headache)
E: headaches (aka headache)
F: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Twenty common migraine patients received a one sided frontotemporal application of nitroglycerin (10 patients) or placebo ointment (10 patients) in a double blind study.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'migraine'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: headache
B: migraine with aura
C: common migraines (aka migraine without aura)
D: migraine, neuralgic (aka cluster headache)
E: migraine (aka migraine disorders)
F: None of the above. | E |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Early onset migraine attacks were induced by nitroglycerin in seven out of 10 patients versus no patient in the placebo group.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'migraine'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: migraines, common (aka migraine without aura)
B: migraine, neuralgic (aka cluster headache)
C: headaches (aka headache)
D: headache disorders
E: migraine headache (aka migraine disorders)
F: None of the above. | E |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Subsequently 20 migraine patients, who developed an early onset attack with frontotemporal nitroglycerin, received the drug in a second induction test at other body areas.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'migraine'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: migraines, common (aka migraine without aura)
B: migraine headache (aka migraine disorders)
C: migraine with aura
D: migraine, neuralgic (aka cluster headache)
E: headache disorders
F: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'No early onset migraine was observed.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'migraine'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: headache disorders
B: migraine headaches (aka migraine disorders)
C: migraine with auras (aka migraine with aura)
D: headache
E: common migraine (aka migraine without aura)
F: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Thus the migraine-inducing effect of nitroglycerin seems to depend on direct stimulation of the habitual site of pain, suggesting that the frontotemporal region is of crucial importance in the development of a migraine crisis.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'migraine'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: migraine headaches (aka migraine disorders)
B: migraine with auras (aka migraine with aura)
C: common migraine (aka migraine without aura)
D: migraine, neuralgic (aka cluster headache)
E: headache
F: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Thus the migraine-inducing effect of nitroglycerin seems to depend on direct stimulation of the habitual site of pain, suggesting that the frontotemporal region is of crucial importance in the development of a migraine crisis.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'pain'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: musculoskeletal pain
B: pain, muscle (aka myalgia)
C: pain, joint (aka arthralgia)
D: acute pain
E: ache (aka pain)
F: None of the above. | E |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Thus the migraine-inducing effect of nitroglycerin seems to depend on direct stimulation of the habitual site of pain, suggesting that the frontotemporal region is of crucial importance in the development of a migraine crisis.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'pain'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: pains, acute (aka acute pain)
B: pain disorder (aka somatoform disorders)
C: pain, nerve (aka neuralgia)
D: musculoskeletal pain
E: pain, muscle (aka myalgia)
F: None of the above. | F |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Thus the migraine-inducing effect of nitroglycerin seems to depend on direct stimulation of the habitual site of pain, suggesting that the frontotemporal region is of crucial importance in the development of a migraine crisis.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'migraine'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: migraine, neuralgic (aka cluster headache)
B: migraine with aura
C: headache
D: migraine, common (aka migraine without aura)
E: headaches, migraine (aka migraine disorders)
F: None of the above. | E |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'This is not consistent with a CNS origin of migraine attack.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'migraine'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: disorder, migraine (aka migraine disorders)
B: migraine with auras (aka migraine with aura)
C: headache disorders
D: migraine, neuralgic (aka cluster headache)
E: common migraine (aka migraine without aura)
F: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Clotiazepam-induced acute hepatitis.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hepatitis'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: hepatitides (aka hepatitis)
B: infectious hepatitis (aka hepatitis a)
C: diseases, liver (aka liver diseases)
D: hepatitis, viral, human
E: liver diseases, drug-induced (aka chemical and drug induced liver injury)
F: None of the above. | E |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'We report the case of a patient who developed acute hepatitis with extensive hepatocellular necrosis, 7 months after the onset of administration of clotiazepam, a thienodiazepine derivative.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hepatitis'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: infectious hepatitis (aka hepatitis a)
B: drug-induced hepatitis (aka chemical and drug induced liver injury)
C: hepatitis, viral, human
D: liver disease (aka liver diseases)
E: hepatitides (aka hepatitis)
F: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'We report the case of a patient who developed acute hepatitis with extensive hepatocellular necrosis, 7 months after the onset of administration of clotiazepam, a thienodiazepine derivative.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'extensive hepatocellular necrosis'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: end stage liver disease
B: necrosis
C: massive hepatic necrosis
D: hepatitis, toxic (aka chemical and drug induced liver injury)
E: hepatitis
F: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The administration of several benzodiazepines, chemically related to clotiazepam, did not interfere with recovery and did not induce any relapse of hepatitis.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hepatitis'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: viral hepatitis, human (aka hepatitis, viral, human)
B: infectious hepatitis (aka hepatitis a)
C: hepatitis, drug-induced (aka chemical and drug induced liver injury)
D: diseases, liver (aka liver diseases)
E: hepatitis
F: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'This observation shows that clotiazepam can induce acute hepatitis and suggests that there is no cross hepatotoxicity between clotiazepam and several benzodiazepines.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hepatitis'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: infectious hepatitis (aka hepatitis a)
B: hepatitis, toxic (aka chemical and drug induced liver injury)
C: hepatitis, viral, human
D: liver diseases
E: hepatitis
F: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'This observation shows that clotiazepam can induce acute hepatitis and suggests that there is no cross hepatotoxicity between clotiazepam and several benzodiazepines.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hepatotoxicity'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: liver diseases, drug-induced (aka chemical and drug induced liver injury)
B: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Arterial hypertension as a complication of prolonged ketoconazole treatment.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hypertension'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: renal hypertension (aka hypertension, renal)
B: primary hypertensions (aka essential hypertension)
C: blood pressure, high (aka hypertension)
D: systolic hypertensions (aka isolated systolic hypertension)
E: pre-hypertension (aka prehypertension)
F: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Two of 14 patients with Cushing's syndrome treated on a long-term basis with ketoconazole developed sustained hypertension.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'cushing's syndrome'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: inappropriate acth secretion syndrome (aka pituitary acth hypersecretion)
B: hyperfunction, adrenocortical (aka adrenocortical hyperfunction)
C: acth-independent cushing syndrome (aka acth-independent macronodular adrenal hyperplasia)
D: cushing syndrome
E: None of the above. | D |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Two of 14 patients with Cushing's syndrome treated on a long-term basis with ketoconazole developed sustained hypertension.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'cushing's syndrome'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: hypercorticism (aka adrenocortical hyperfunction)
B: acth-independent cushing syndrome (aka acth-independent macronodular adrenal hyperplasia)
C: pituitary cushing syndrome (aka pituitary acth hypersecretion)
D: None of the above. | D |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Two of 14 patients with Cushing's syndrome treated on a long-term basis with ketoconazole developed sustained hypertension.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hypertension'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: pre-hypertension (aka prehypertension)
B: blood pressures, high (aka hypertension)
C: renal hypertension (aka hypertension, renal)
D: hypertension, primary (aka essential hypertension)
E: systolic hypertensions (aka isolated systolic hypertension)
F: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'In both cases normal plasma and urinary free cortisol levels had been achieved following ketoconazole therapy, yet continuous blood pressure monitoring demonstrated hypertension 31 (patient 1) and 52 weeks (patient 2) after treatment.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hypertension'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: pre-hypertensions (aka prehypertension)
B: hypertension, essential (aka essential hypertension)
C: blood pressure, high (aka hypertension)
D: systolic hypertension (aka isolated systolic hypertension)
E: hypertensions, renal (aka hypertension, renal)
F: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Our findings show that long-term treatment with high doses of ketoconazole may induce enzyme blockade leading to mineralocorticoid-related hypertension.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hypertension'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: high blood pressures (aka hypertension)
B: hypertensions, primary (aka essential hypertension)
C: renal hypertension (aka hypertension, renal)
D: systolic hypertension (aka isolated systolic hypertension)
E: pre-hypertension (aka prehypertension)
F: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Effects of an inhibitor of angiotensin converting enzyme (Captopril) on pulmonary and renal insufficiency due to intravascular coagulation in the rat.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'intravascular coagulation'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: blood coagulation disorder (aka blood coagulation disorders)
B: intravascular disseminated coagulations (aka disseminated intravascular coagulation)
C: hemostatic disorder, vascular (aka hemostatic disorders)
D: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Induction of intravascular coagulation and inhibition of fibrinolysis by injection of thrombin and tranexamic acid (AMCA) in the rat gives rise to pulmonary and renal insufficiency resembling that occurring after trauma or sepsis in man.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'intravascular coagulation'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: hemostatic disorders, vascular (aka hemostatic disorders)
B: disseminated intravascular coagulation
C: coagulation disorders, blood (aka blood coagulation disorders)
D: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Induction of intravascular coagulation and inhibition of fibrinolysis by injection of thrombin and tranexamic acid (AMCA) in the rat gives rise to pulmonary and renal insufficiency resembling that occurring after trauma or sepsis in man.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'trauma'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: trauma, psychological (aka psychological trauma)
B: surgical injuries (aka intraoperative complications)
C: wounds and injury (aka wounds and injuries)
D: injuries, accident (aka accidental injuries)
E: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Induction of intravascular coagulation and inhibition of fibrinolysis by injection of thrombin and tranexamic acid (AMCA) in the rat gives rise to pulmonary and renal insufficiency resembling that occurring after trauma or sepsis in man.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'sepsis'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: infections
B: sepsis, severe (aka sepsis)
C: bacteremia
D: infections, bacterial (aka bacterial infections)
E: sepsis syndromes (aka systemic inflammatory response syndrome)
F: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Renal damage as reflected by an increase in serum urea and in kidney weight was prevented by Captopril.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'renal damage'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: diseases, kidney (aka kidney diseases)
B: renal failures (aka renal insufficiency)
C: kidney injury, acute (aka acute kidney injury)
D: diseases, chronic kidney (aka renal insufficiency, chronic)
E: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Captopril may, by the same mechanism, reduce the increase in glomerular filtration that is known to occur after an injection of thrombin, thereby diminishing the aggregation of fibrin monomers in the glomeruli, with the result that less fibrin will be deposited and thus less kidney damage will be produced.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'kidney damage'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: diseases, kidney (aka kidney diseases)
B: kidney failure (aka renal insufficiency)
C: acute kidney injuries (aka acute kidney injury)
D: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'A randomized comparison of labetalol and nitroprusside for induced hypotension.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hypotension'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: low blood pressure (aka hypotension)
B: hypovolemic (aka hypovolemia)
C: intracranial hypotension
D: hypotension, orthostatic, included (aka multiple system atrophy)
E: bradycardia
F: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'A randomized comparison of labetalol and nitroprusside for induced hypotension.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hypotension'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: transfusion reactions, hypotensive (aka transfusion reaction)
B: intracranial hypotension
C: hypotension, orthostatic, included (aka multiple system atrophy)
D: ocular hypotension
E: postural hypotension (aka hypotension, orthostatic)
F: None of the above. | F |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'In a randomized study, labetalol-induced hypotension and nitroprusside-induced hypotension were compared in 20 patients (10 in each group) scheduled for major orthopedic procedures.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hypotension'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: hypotension, orthostatic, included (aka multiple system atrophy)
B: ocular hypotension
C: bradycardia
D: intracranial hypotension
E: hypotension
F: None of the above. | E |
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