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<Instruct>: Given the context 'In a randomized study, labetalol-induced hypotension and nitroprusside-induced hypotension were compared in 20 patients (10 in each group) scheduled for major orthopedic procedures.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hypotension'. Answer using one of the provided op... | <Options>: A: hypovolemias (aka hypovolemia)
B: vascular hypotension (aka hypotension)
C: depression, vascular (aka vascular depression)
D: intracranial hypotension
E: transfusion reactions, hypotensive (aka transfusion reaction)
F: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Each patient was subjected to an identical anesthetic protocol and similar drug-induced reductions in mean arterial blood pressure (BP) (50 to 55 mmHg).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'reductions in mean arterial blood pressure'. Answer using one of the provided ... | <Options>: A: vascular hypotension (aka hypotension)
B: post-exercise hypotensions (aka post-exercise hypotension)
C: hypotension, orthostatic
D: depression, vascular (aka vascular depression)
E: intracranial hypotension
F: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Nitroprusside infusion was associated with a significant (p less than 0.05) increase in heart rate and cardiac output; rebound hypertension was observed in three patients after discontinuation of nitroprusside.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'increase in heart ra... | <Options>: A: hyperemias (aka hyperemia)
B: blood pressure, high (aka hypertension)
C: cardiac hypertrophy (aka cardiomegaly)
D: cardiac outputs, high (aka cardiac output, high)
E: None of the above. | D |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Nitroprusside infusion was associated with a significant (p less than 0.05) increase in heart rate and cardiac output; rebound hypertension was observed in three patients after discontinuation of nitroprusside.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hypertension'. Answe... | <Options>: A: pre-hypertension (aka prehypertension)
B: hypertensions, renal (aka hypertension, renal)
C: primary hypertensions (aka essential hypertension)
D: systolic hypertension (aka isolated systolic hypertension)
E: high blood pressure (aka hypertension)
F: None of the above. | E |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Chronic carbamazepine treatment in the rat: efficacy, toxicity, and effect on plasma and tissue folate concentrations.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'toxicity'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: disease
B: poisoning
C: chemically-induced disorders
D: effects, drug side (aka drug-related side effects and adverse reactions)
E: diseases
F: None of the above. | D |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'In the course of developing this model, a common vehicle, propylene glycol, by itself in high doses, was found to exhibit protective properties against induced seizures and inhibited weight gain.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'seizures'. Answer using one of the ... | <Options>: A: seizure disorders (aka epilepsy)
B: motor seizure (aka seizures)
C: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'In the course of developing this model, a common vehicle, propylene glycol, by itself in high doses, was found to exhibit protective properties against induced seizures and inhibited weight gain.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'weight gain'. Answer using one of t... | <Options>: A: gains, weight (aka weight gain)
B: weight losses (aka weight loss)
C: body weight
D: trajectory, weight gain (aka body-weight trajectory)
E: body weight change (aka body weight changes)
F: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Seizures induced by hexafluorodiethyl ether (HFDE) were also found to be a more sensitive measure of protection by CBZ than seizures induced by maximal electroshock (MES).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'seizures'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: epilepsies (aka epilepsy)
B: convulsive seizure (aka seizures)
C: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Seizures induced by hexafluorodiethyl ether (HFDE) were also found to be a more sensitive measure of protection by CBZ than seizures induced by maximal electroshock (MES).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'seizures'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: seizure disorders (aka epilepsy)
B: epileptic seizure (aka seizures)
C: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Seizures induced by hexafluorodiethyl ether (HFDE) were also found to be a more sensitive measure of protection by CBZ than seizures induced by maximal electroshock (MES).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'seizures'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: epilepsy
B: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Oral administration of CBZ as an aqueous suspension every 8 h at a dose of 250 mg/kg was continuously protective against HFDE-induced seizures and was minimally toxic as measured by weight gain over 8 weeks of treatment.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'seizures'.... | <Options>: A: epilepsies (aka epilepsy)
B: seizure (aka seizures)
C: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Oral administration of CBZ as an aqueous suspension every 8 h at a dose of 250 mg/kg was continuously protective against HFDE-induced seizures and was minimally toxic as measured by weight gain over 8 weeks of treatment.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'weight gai... | <Options>: A: weight gain
B: weight change, body (aka body weight changes)
C: weight gain trajectory (aka body-weight trajectory)
D: loss, weight (aka weight loss)
E: body weights (aka body weight)
F: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Mean arterial pressure (as a percentage of control +/- SEM) during randomized infusions of 0.03, 0.1, 0.3, or 1.0 microgram/kg/min was 99 +/- 1, 95 +/- 1 (p less than 0.05), 93 +/- 1 (p less than 0.01), or 79 +/- 6% (p less than 0.001), respectively, but no tachycardia and no augmentation... | <Options>: A: arrhythmia (aka arrhythmias, cardiac)
B: tachycardias (aka tachycardia)
C: ventricular tachycardia (aka tachycardia, ventricular)
D: tachycardia, sinus
E: supraventricular tachycardias (aka tachycardia, supraventricular)
F: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Mean arterial pressure (as a percentage of control +/- SEM) during randomized infusions of 0.03, 0.1, 0.3, or 1.0 microgram/kg/min was 99 +/- 1, 95 +/- 1 (p less than 0.05), 93 +/- 1 (p less than 0.01), or 79 +/- 6% (p less than 0.001), respectively, but no tachycardia and no augmentation... | <Options>: A: ocular hypotension
B: blood pressure, low (aka hypotension)
C: transfusion reactions, hypotensive (aka transfusion reaction)
D: bradycardia
E: hypotension, orthostatic
F: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Death from chemotherapy in gestational trophoblastic disease.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'death'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: disease
B: infant death
C: poisoning
D: drug toxicity (aka drug-related side effects and adverse reactions)
E: determination of death (aka death)
F: None of the above. | E |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Death from chemotherapy in gestational trophoblastic disease.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'gestational trophoblastic disease'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: disease, gestational trophoblastic (aka gestational trophoblastic disease)
B: trophoblast neoplasms (aka trophoblastic neoplasms)
C: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Multiple cytotoxic drug administration is the generally accepted treatment of patients with a high-risk stage of choriocarcinoma.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'choriocarcinoma'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: trophoblast cancers (aka trophoblastic neoplasms)
B: choriocarcinoma, non-gestational
C: choristoma
D: choriocarcinoma
E: chorioadenomas (aka hydatidiform mole, invasive)
F: None of the above. | D |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Within 8 hours after initiation of therapy the patient died with a clinical picture resembling massive pulmonary obstruction due to choriocarcinomic tissue plugs, probably originating from the uterus.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'pulmonary obstruction'. Answer... | <Options>: A: disease, pulmonary (aka lung diseases)
B: obstructive lung diseases (aka lung diseases, obstructive)
C: airway obstruction
D: respiratory insufficiency
E: None of the above. | E |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Formation of these plugs was probably due to extensive tumor necrosis at the level of the walls of the major uterine veins, which resulted in an open exchange of tumor plugs to the vascular spaces; decrease in tumor tissue coherence secondary to chemotherapy may have further contributed t... | <Options>: A: cancer (aka neoplasms)
B: neoplasm, therapy-related (aka neoplasms, second primary)
C: tumorigenesis (aka carcinogenesis)
D: neoplasms by site
E: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Formation of these plugs was probably due to extensive tumor necrosis at the level of the walls of the major uterine veins, which resulted in an open exchange of tumor plugs to the vascular spaces; decrease in tumor tissue coherence secondary to chemotherapy may have further contributed t... | <Options>: A: necrobioses (aka necrobiotic disorders)
B: toxicity, drug (aka drug-related side effects and adverse reactions)
C: death
D: necrosis
E: diseases (aka disease)
F: None of the above. | D |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Formation of these plugs was probably due to extensive tumor necrosis at the level of the walls of the major uterine veins, which resulted in an open exchange of tumor plugs to the vascular spaces; decrease in tumor tissue coherence secondary to chemotherapy may have further contributed t... | <Options>: A: diseases
B: drug toxicities (aka drug-related side effects and adverse reactions)
C: avascular necrosis of bone (aka osteonecrosis)
D: death
E: necrobioses (aka necrobiotic disorders)
F: None of the above. | F |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Formation of these plugs was probably due to extensive tumor necrosis at the level of the walls of the major uterine veins, which resulted in an open exchange of tumor plugs to the vascular spaces; decrease in tumor tissue coherence secondary to chemotherapy may have further contributed t... | <Options>: A: malignancies (aka neoplasms)
B: neoplasms, therapy related (aka neoplasms, second primary)
C: neoplasms by site
D: tumorigenesis (aka carcinogenesis)
E: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Formation of these plugs was probably due to extensive tumor necrosis at the level of the walls of the major uterine veins, which resulted in an open exchange of tumor plugs to the vascular spaces; decrease in tumor tissue coherence secondary to chemotherapy may have further contributed t... | <Options>: A: neoplasm (aka neoplasms)
B: sites, neoplasm (aka neoplasms by site)
C: tumorigenesis (aka carcinogenesis)
D: neoplasms, therapy-related (aka neoplasms, second primary)
E: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Formation of these plugs was probably due to extensive tumor necrosis at the level of the walls of the major uterine veins, which resulted in an open exchange of tumor plugs to the vascular spaces; decrease in tumor tissue coherence secondary to chemotherapy may have further contributed t... | <Options>: A: neoplasms, therapy-related (aka neoplasms, second primary)
B: tumorigenesis (aka carcinogenesis)
C: cancers (aka neoplasms)
D: sites, neoplasm (aka neoplasms by site)
E: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'In view of the close time association between the start of chemotherapy and the acute onset of massive embolism other explanations, such as spontaneous necrosis, must be considered less likely.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'embolism'. Answer using one of the pr... | <Options>: A: embolism and thrombosis
B: embolisms, pulmonary (aka pulmonary embolism)
C: embolism, cerebral (aka intracranial embolism)
D: tumor embolism (aka neoplastic cells, circulating)
E: embolus (aka embolism)
F: None of the above. | E |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'In view of the close time association between the start of chemotherapy and the acute onset of massive embolism other explanations, such as spontaneous necrosis, must be considered less likely.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'necrosis'. Answer using one of the pr... | <Options>: A: diseases (aka disease)
B: diseases
C: necrosis
D: toxicities, drug (aka drug-related side effects and adverse reactions)
E: necrobioses (aka necrobiotic disorders)
F: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Patients with large pelvic tumor loads are, according to existing classifications, at high risk to die and to develop drug resistance.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'pelvic tumor'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: gynecologic neoplasm (aka genital neoplasms, female)
B: pelvis cancers (aka pelvic neoplasms)
C: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Sexual dysfunction among patients with arthritis.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'sexual dysfunction'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: sexual and gender disorders
B: disorders of sexual development (aka disorders of sex development)
C: psychosexual dysfunctions (aka sexual dysfunctions, psychological)
D: physiological sexual dysfunction (aka sexual dysfunction, physiological)
E: None of the above. | D |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Sexual dysfunction among patients with arthritis.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'arthritis'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: arthrosis (aka osteoarthritis)
B: ra (aka arthritis, rheumatoid)
C: diseases, rheumatic (aka rheumatic diseases)
D: arthritis, rheumatic (aka rheumatic fever)
E: arthritides (aka arthritis)
F: None of the above. | E |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The relationship of arthritis and sexual dysfunction was investigated among 169 patients with rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis and spondyloarthropathy, 130 of whom were pair-matched to controls.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'arthritis'. Answer using one of ... | <Options>: A: diseases, rheumatic (aka rheumatic diseases)
B: arthroses (aka osteoarthritis)
C: joint disease (aka joint diseases)
D: arthritis, rheumatic, acute (aka rheumatic fever)
E: arthritis
F: None of the above. | E |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The relationship of arthritis and sexual dysfunction was investigated among 169 patients with rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis and spondyloarthropathy, 130 of whom were pair-matched to controls.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'sexual dysfunction'. Answer usin... | <Options>: A: sexual and gender disorders
B: psychological sexual dysfunction (aka sexual dysfunctions, psychological)
C: sexual dysfunctions, physiological (aka sexual dysfunction, physiological)
D: disorders of sexual development (aka disorders of sex development)
E: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The relationship of arthritis and sexual dysfunction was investigated among 169 patients with rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis and spondyloarthropathy, 130 of whom were pair-matched to controls.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'sexual dysfunction'. Answer usin... | <Options>: A: sexual and gender disorders
B: disorders of sexual development (aka disorders of sex development)
C: dysfunctions, psychological sexual (aka sexual dysfunctions, psychological)
D: None of the above. | D |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The relationship of arthritis and sexual dysfunction was investigated among 169 patients with rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis and spondyloarthropathy, 130 of whom were pair-matched to controls.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'rheumatoid arthritis'. Answer us... | <Options>: A: arthritis
B: rheumatic arthritis, acute (aka rheumatic fever)
C: reactive arthritis (aka arthritis, reactive)
D: diseases, rheumatic (aka rheumatic diseases)
E: ra (aka arthritis, rheumatoid)
F: None of the above. | E |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The relationship of arthritis and sexual dysfunction was investigated among 169 patients with rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis and spondyloarthropathy, 130 of whom were pair-matched to controls.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'osteoarthritis'. Answer using on... | <Options>: A: rheumatic arthritis (aka rheumatic fever)
B: musculoskeletal diseases
C: arthritis
D: os1 (aka osteoarthritis)
E: cartilage diseases
F: None of the above. | D |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The relationship of arthritis and sexual dysfunction was investigated among 169 patients with rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis and spondyloarthropathy, 130 of whom were pair-matched to controls.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'spondyloarthropathy'. Answer usi... | <Options>: A: spondylistheses (aka spondylolisthesis)
B: spondyloarthropathies (aka spondylarthropathies)
C: spondylosis, cervical (aka spondylosis)
D: spine osteoarthritis (aka osteoarthritis, spine)
E: spondyloarthritides, axial (aka axial spondyloarthritis)
F: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Assessments of marital happiness and depressed mood were also made using the CES-D and the Azrin Marital Happiness Scale (AMHS).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'depressed mood'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: disorder, mood (aka mood disorders)
B: depression, manic (aka bipolar disorder)
C: depressive syndrome (aka depressive disorder)
D: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Sexual dysfunctions were found to be common among patients and controls, the majority in both groups reporting one or more dysfunctions.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'sexual dysfunctions'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: disorders of sexual development (aka disorders of sex development)
B: sexual and gender disorders
C: psychosexual disorders (aka sexual dysfunctions, psychological)
D: sex disorders (aka sexual dysfunction, physiological)
E: None of the above. | D |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Impotence was more common among male patients than controls and was found to be associated with co-morbidity and the taking of methotrexate.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'impotence'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: hypodynamia (aka hypokinesia)
B: reduced sensation (aka hypesthesia)
C: fatigue
D: impotence, venogenic (aka impotence, vasculogenic)
E: male sexual impotence (aka erectile dysfunction)
F: None of the above. | E |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Depressed mood was more common among patients and was associated with certain sexual difficulties, but not with impotence.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'depressed mood'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: mood disorder (aka mood disorders)
B: depressive neuroses (aka depressive disorder)
C: depression, manic (aka bipolar disorder)
D: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Depressed mood was more common among patients and was associated with certain sexual difficulties, but not with impotence.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'impotence'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: impotence (aka erectile dysfunction)
B: fatigue
C: hypodynamia (aka hypokinesia)
D: dysesthesias (aka paresthesia)
E: impotence, vasculogenic
F: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Marital unhappiness, as indicated by AMHS scores, was not associated with arthritis but was associated with sexual dysfunction, sexual dissatisfaction and being female.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'arthritis'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: arthritides (aka arthritis)
B: arthrosis (aka osteoarthritis)
C: rheumatic arthritis, acute (aka rheumatic fever)
D: ra (aka arthritis, rheumatoid)
E: arthropathy (aka joint diseases)
F: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Marital unhappiness, as indicated by AMHS scores, was not associated with arthritis but was associated with sexual dysfunction, sexual dissatisfaction and being female.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'sexual dysfunction'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: disorders of sexual development (aka disorders of sex development)
B: dysfunction, psychological sexual (aka sexual dysfunctions, psychological)
C: sexual and gender disorders
D: physiological sexual dysfunctions (aka sexual dysfunction, physiological)
E: None of the above. | D |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Marital unhappiness, as indicated by AMHS scores, was not associated with arthritis but was associated with sexual dysfunction, sexual dissatisfaction and being female.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'sexual dysfunction'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: sexual and gender disorders
B: disorders of sexual development (aka disorders of sex development)
C: dysfunctions, psychological sexual (aka sexual dysfunctions, psychological)
D: None of the above. | D |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Does paracetamol cause urothelial cancer or renal papillary necrosis?', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'urothelial cancer'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: urologic cancer (aka urologic neoplasms)
B: cancer of bladder (aka urinary bladder neoplasms)
C: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Does paracetamol cause urothelial cancer or renal papillary necrosis?', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'renal papillary necrosis'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: necrotizing renal papillitides (aka kidney papillary necrosis)
B: kidney cortex necrosis
C: nephrosis, lower nephron (aka kidney tubular necrosis, acute)
D: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The risk of developing renal papillary necrosis or cancer of the renal pelvis, ureter or bladder associated with consumption of either phenacetin or paracetamol was calculated from data acquired by questionnaire from 381 cases and 808 controls.', select the correct biomedical concept corr... | <Options>: A: nephron nephrosis, lower (aka kidney tubular necrosis, acute)
B: necrosis, kidney papillary (aka kidney papillary necrosis)
C: renal cortical necrosis (aka kidney cortex necrosis)
D: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The risk of renal papillary necrosis was increased nearly 20-fold by consumption of phenacetin, which also increased the risk for cancer of the renal pelvis and bladder but not for ureteric cancer.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'renal papillary necrosis'. Answer... | <Options>: A: necrosis, kidney cortex (aka kidney cortex necrosis)
B: nephron nephrosis, lower (aka kidney tubular necrosis, acute)
C: necrosis, kidney papillary (aka kidney papillary necrosis)
D: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The risk of renal papillary necrosis was increased nearly 20-fold by consumption of phenacetin, which also increased the risk for cancer of the renal pelvis and bladder but not for ureteric cancer.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'ureteric cancer'. Answer using on... | <Options>: A: cancer, ureteral (aka ureteral neoplasms)
B: urinary tract cancers (aka urologic neoplasms)
C: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'By contrast, we were unable to substantiate an increased risk from paracetamol consumption for renal papillary necrosis or any of these cancers although there was a suggestion of an association with cancer of the ureter.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'renal papi... | <Options>: A: nephron nephrosis, lower (aka kidney tubular necrosis, acute)
B: renal cortical necrosis (aka kidney cortex necrosis)
C: necrosis, kidney papillary (aka kidney papillary necrosis)
D: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'By contrast, we were unable to substantiate an increased risk from paracetamol consumption for renal papillary necrosis or any of these cancers although there was a suggestion of an association with cancer of the ureter.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'cancers'. ... | <Options>: A: neoplasms, malignant (aka neoplasms)
B: cancer, therapy-associated (aka neoplasms, second primary)
C: carcinomas (aka carcinoma)
D: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'By contrast, we were unable to substantiate an increased risk from paracetamol consumption for renal papillary necrosis or any of these cancers although there was a suggestion of an association with cancer of the ureter.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'cancer of ... | <Options>: A: ureter cancers (aka ureteral neoplasms)
B: cancer, urinary tract (aka urologic neoplasms)
C: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Dapsone-associated Heinz body hemolytic anemia in a Cambodian woman with hemoglobin E trait.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hemolytic anemia'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: anemia, hemolytic, acquired (aka anemia, hemolytic)
B: hemolysis
C: immuno-hemolytic anemia
D: congenital hemolytic anemia (aka anemia, hemolytic, congenital)
E: anemias (aka anemia)
F: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'A Cambodian woman with hemoglobin E trait (AE) and leprosy developed a Heinz body hemolytic anemia while taking a dose of dapsone (50 mg/day) not usually associated with clinical hemolysis.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'leprosy'. Answer using one of the provide... | <Options>: A: neural leprosy (aka leprosy, tuberculoid)
B: leprosy
C: leprosies, lepromatous (aka leprosy, lepromatous)
D: leprosy, dimorphous (aka leprosy, borderline)
E: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'A Cambodian woman with hemoglobin E trait (AE) and leprosy developed a Heinz body hemolytic anemia while taking a dose of dapsone (50 mg/day) not usually associated with clinical hemolysis.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'leprosy'. Answer using one of the provide... | <Options>: A: leprosy, borderline
B: leprosy, tuberculoid
C: leprosies, lepromatous (aka leprosy, lepromatous)
D: None of the above. | D |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'A Cambodian woman with hemoglobin E trait (AE) and leprosy developed a Heinz body hemolytic anemia while taking a dose of dapsone (50 mg/day) not usually associated with clinical hemolysis.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hemolytic anemia'. Answer using one of th... | <Options>: A: anemia
B: hemolysis
C: haemolytic anaemias (aka anemia, hemolytic)
D: congenital hemolytic anemia (aka anemia, hemolytic, congenital)
E: immuno-hemolytic anemia
F: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'A Cambodian woman with hemoglobin E trait (AE) and leprosy developed a Heinz body hemolytic anemia while taking a dose of dapsone (50 mg/day) not usually associated with clinical hemolysis.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hemolysis'. Answer using one of the provi... | <Options>: A: haemolysis (aka hemolysis)
B: blood diseases (aka hematologic diseases)
C: transfusion reactions, hemolytic (aka transfusion reaction)
D: hemolytic anemia (aka anemia, hemolytic)
E: blood poisonings (aka sepsis)
F: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Thus, AE RBCs appear to have an increased sensitivity to oxidant stress both in vitro and in vivo, since dapsone does not cause hemolytic anemia at this dose in hematologically normal individuals.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hemolytic anemia'. Answer using on... | <Options>: A: haemolysis (aka hemolysis)
B: anemias (aka anemia)
C: acquired hemolytic anemia (aka anemia, hemolytic)
D: congenital hemolytic anemia (aka anemia, hemolytic, congenital)
E: immuno-hemolytic anemia
F: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Given the influx of Southeast Asians into the United States, oxidant medications should be used with caution, especially if an infection is present, in individuals of ethnic backgrounds that have an increased prevalence of hemoglobin E.', select the correct biomedical concept correspondin... | <Options>: A: parasite infection (aka parasitic diseases)
B: diseases (aka disease)
C: inflammations (aka inflammation)
D: diseases
E: infections
F: None of the above. | E |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'A 47-year-old patient suffering from coronary artery disease was admitted to the CCU in shock with III.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'coronary artery disease'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: coronary artery diseases (aka coronary artery disease)
B: stenosis, coronary artery (aka coronary stenosis)
C: syndrome, acute coronary (aka acute coronary syndrome)
D: coronary heart disease (aka coronary disease)
E: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'A 47-year-old patient suffering from coronary artery disease was admitted to the CCU in shock with III.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'shock'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: shock, traumatic
B: surgical shock (aka shock, surgical)
C: circulatory collapse (aka shock)
D: shock, hemorrhagic
E: shock, toxic (aka shock, septic)
F: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'AV block, severe hypotension, and impairment of ventricular function.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'av block'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: bradycardias (aka bradycardia)
B: atrioventricular dissociations (aka heart block)
C: block, av (aka atrioventricular block)
D: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'AV block, severe hypotension, and impairment of ventricular function.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'hypotension'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: depression, vascular (aka vascular depression)
B: orthostatic hypotension (aka hypotension, orthostatic)
C: hypotension, orthostatic, included (aka multiple system atrophy)
D: hypotension, vascular (aka hypotension)
E: intracranial hypotension
F: None of the above. | D |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'AV block, severe hypotension, and impairment of ventricular function.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'impairment of ventricular function'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: cardiac failure (aka heart failure)
B: cardiac disorder (aka heart diseases)
C: dysfunctions, ventricular (aka ventricular dysfunction)
D: dysfunction, lv (aka ventricular dysfunction, left)
E: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Therefore, patients belonging to the poor-metabolizer phenotype of sparteine/debrisoquine polymorphism in drug metabolism, which constitutes 6.4% of the German population, may experience adverse drug reactions when treated with standard doses of one of these drugs alone.', select the corr... | <Options>: A: toxicity, drug (aka drug-related side effects and adverse reactions)
B: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Therefore, patients belonging to the poor-metabolizer phenotype of sparteine/debrisoquine polymorphism in drug metabolism, which constitutes 6.4% of the German population, may experience adverse drug reactions when treated with standard doses of one of these drugs alone.', select the corr... | <Options>:
A: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Triazolam-induced brief episodes of secondary mania in a depressed patient.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'mania'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: manic-depressive illness (aka major affective disorder 2)
B: psychoses, manic-depressive (aka bipolar disorder)
C: mood disorder (aka mood disorders)
D: mania
E: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Triazolam-induced brief episodes of secondary mania in a depressed patient.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'depressed'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: syndromes, depressive (aka depressive disorder)
B: depression, manic (aka bipolar disorder)
C: clinical depression (aka depressive disorder, major)
D: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Large doses of triazolam repeatedly induced brief episodes of mania in a depressed elderly woman.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'mania'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: manic episodes (aka mania)
B: psychoses, manic depressive (aka bipolar disorder)
C: mood disorders
D: manic-depressive illness (aka major affective disorder 2)
E: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Large doses of triazolam repeatedly induced brief episodes of mania in a depressed elderly woman.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'depressed'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: depressions, manic (aka bipolar disorder)
B: clinical depression (aka depressive disorder, major)
C: depression, neurotic (aka depressive disorder)
D: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Features of organic mental disorder (delirium) were not present.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'organic mental disorder'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: psychosomatic disorder (aka psychophysiologic disorders)
B: mental illness (aka mental disorders)
C: organic mental disorders, substance induced (aka substance-related disorders)
D: organic mental disorders (aka neurocognitive disorders)
E: None of the above. | D |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Features of organic mental disorder (delirium) were not present.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'delirium'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: postoperative delirium (aka emergence delirium)
B: delirium
C: loss of consciousness (aka unconsciousness)
D: consciousness disorders
E: deliriums, sepsis-associated (aka sepsis-associated encephalopathy)
F: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Manic excitement was coincident with the duration of action of triazolam.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'manic'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: mood disorder (aka mood disorders)
B: drug psychoses (aka psychoses, substance-induced)
C: manic-depressive illness (aka major affective disorder 2)
D: manic episode (aka mania)
E: psychosis, manic-depressive (aka bipolar disorder)
F: None of the above. | E |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'On the mechanisms of the development of tolerance to the muscular rigidity produced by morphine in rats.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'muscular rigidity'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: muscle rigidity
B: muscular spasm (aka spasm)
C: movement disorders
D: spasticity, muscle (aka muscle spasticity)
E: decreased muscle tone (aka muscle hypotonia)
F: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The development of tolerance to the muscular rigidity produced by morphine was studied in rats.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'muscular rigidity'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: spasticity, muscle (aka muscle spasticity)
B: movement disorders
C: rigidity, extensor (aka muscle rigidity)
D: muscular spasm (aka spasm)
E: weakness, muscle (aka muscle weakness)
F: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'showed a pronounced rigidity recorded as tonic activity in the electromyogram.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'rigidity'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: dyskinesias
B: extensor rigidity (aka muscle rigidity)
C: movement disorder syndrome (aka movement disorders)
D: drug-induced dyskinesias (aka dyskinesia, drug-induced)
E: spasticity, muscle (aka muscle spasticity)
F: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'showed a pronounced rigidity recorded as tonic activity in the electromyogram.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'rigidity'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: dyskinesias
B: hyperkinesia (aka hyperkinesis)
C: spasticity, muscle (aka muscle spasticity)
D: dyskinesias, drug-induced (aka dyskinesia, drug-induced)
E: movement disorder (aka movement disorders)
F: None of the above. | F |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Rats treated for 11 days with morphine and withdrawn for 36-40 h showed differences in the development of tolerance: about half of the animals showed a rigidity after the test dose of morphine that was not significantly less than in the controls and were akinetic (A group).', select the c... | <Options>: A: muscle spasticity
B: dyskinesias
C: rigidity, muscle (aka muscle rigidity)
D: hyperkinesia (aka hyperkinesis)
E: movement disorder syndrome (aka movement disorders)
F: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Rats treated for 11 days with morphine and withdrawn for 36-40 h showed differences in the development of tolerance: about half of the animals showed a rigidity after the test dose of morphine that was not significantly less than in the controls and were akinetic (A group).', select the c... | <Options>: A: parkinsonism (aka parkinsonian disorders)
B: parkinsonism, symptomatic (aka parkinson disease, secondary)
C: akinetic petit mal (aka epilepsy, absence)
D: mydriasis
E: bradykinesia (aka hypokinesia)
F: None of the above. | E |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The other rats showed a strong decrease in the rigidity and the occurrence of stereotyped (S) licking and/or gnawing in presence of akinetic or hyperkinetic (K) behaviour (AS/KS group), suggesting signs of dopaminergic activation.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to '... | <Options>: A: rigidity, extrapyramidal (aka muscle rigidity)
B: dyskinesias
C: rigid gait (aka gait disorders, neurologic)
D: movement disorder syndrome (aka movement disorders)
E: spasticity, muscle (aka muscle spasticity)
F: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The other rats showed a strong decrease in the rigidity and the occurrence of stereotyped (S) licking and/or gnawing in presence of akinetic or hyperkinetic (K) behaviour (AS/KS group), suggesting signs of dopaminergic activation.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to '... | <Options>: A: bradykinesia (aka hypokinesia)
B: akinetic mutisms (aka akinetic mutism)
C: manic disorders (aka bipolar disorder)
D: movement disorder (aka movement disorders)
E: petit mal, akinetic (aka epilepsy, absence)
F: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The other rats showed a strong decrease in the rigidity and the occurrence of stereotyped (S) licking and/or gnawing in presence of akinetic or hyperkinetic (K) behaviour (AS/KS group), suggesting signs of dopaminergic activation.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to '... | <Options>: A: hyperlexia
B: hyperkinesia (aka hyperkinesis)
C: increased, muscle tone (aka muscle hypertonia)
D: syndromes, hyperkinetic (aka attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity)
E: effect, autokinetic (aka illusions)
F: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The rigidity was considerably decreased in both groups after 20 days' treatment.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'rigidity'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: rigid gait (aka gait disorders, neurologic)
B: dyskinesia (aka dyskinesias)
C: rigidity, muscle (aka muscle rigidity)
D: spasticity, muscle (aka muscle spasticity)
E: hyperkinesia (aka hyperkinesis)
F: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'In a further series of experiments, haloperidol (0.2 mg/kg i.p.) was used in order to block the dopaminergic activation and to estimate the real degree of the tolerance to the rigidity without any dopaminergic interference.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'rigidit... | <Options>: A: rigidity, muscle (aka muscle rigidity)
B: rigid gait (aka gait disorders, neurologic)
C: muscle spasticity
D: movement disorder syndrome (aka movement disorders)
E: dyskinesia (aka dyskinesias)
F: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Haloperidol enhanced the rigidity in the A group.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'rigidity'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: dyskinesia (aka dyskinesias)
B: hyperkinesia (aka hyperkinesis)
C: movement disorder syndromes (aka movement disorders)
D: drug-induced dyskinesias (aka dyskinesia, drug-induced)
E: rigidity, muscle (aka muscle rigidity)
F: None of the above. | E |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The results suggest that rigidity, which is assumed to be due to an action of morphine in the striatum, can be antagonized by another process leading to dopaminergic activation in the striatum.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'rigidity'. Answer using one of the pr... | <Options>: A: dyskinesias
B: movement disorder syndrome (aka movement disorders)
C: extrapyramidal rigidity (aka muscle rigidity)
D: muscle spasticity
E: dyskinesias, drug-induced (aka dyskinesia, drug-induced)
F: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The rapid alternations of rigidity and the signs of dopaminergic activation observed in the animals of the AS/KS group might be due to rapid shifts in the predominance of various DA-innervated structures.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'rigidity'. Answer using on... | <Options>: A: extrapyramidal rigidity (aka muscle rigidity)
B: movement disorder syndrome (aka movement disorders)
C: hyperkinesia (aka hyperkinesis)
D: rigid gait (aka gait disorders, neurologic)
E: drug-induced dyskinesias (aka dyskinesia, drug-induced)
F: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The rapid alternations of rigidity and the signs of dopaminergic activation observed in the animals of the AS/KS group might be due to rapid shifts in the predominance of various DA-innervated structures.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'rigidity'. Answer using on... | <Options>: A: rigid gait (aka gait disorders, neurologic)
B: drug-induced dyskinesias (aka dyskinesia, drug-induced)
C: movement disorder syndrome (aka movement disorders)
D: dyskinesia (aka dyskinesias)
E: spasticity, muscle (aka muscle spasticity)
F: None of the above. | F |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'However, compression neuropathy due to fibrotic muscle affected by pentazocine-induced myopathy has not previously been reported.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'compression neuropathy'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: syndromes, nerve compression (aka nerve compression syndromes)
B: peripheral neuropathy (aka peripheral nervous system diseases)
C: compression neuropathy (aka tomaculous neuropathy)
D: compression, nerve root (aka radiculopathy)
E: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'However, compression neuropathy due to fibrotic muscle affected by pentazocine-induced myopathy has not previously been reported.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'myopathy'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: drug related myopathies (aka myotoxicity)
B: myopathic condition (aka muscular diseases)
C: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Recurrent reversible acute renal failure from amphotericin.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'acute renal failure'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: renal failures (aka renal insufficiency)
B: renal failures, acute (aka acute kidney injury)
C: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'A patient with cryptogenic cirrhosis and disseminated sporotrichosis developed acute renal failure immediately following the administration of amphotericin B on four separate occasions.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'cirrhosis'. Answer using one of the provided ... | <Options>: A: cirrhosis, cryptogenic
B: cirrhosis, experimental liver (aka liver cirrhosis, experimental)
C: cirrhosis, biliary (aka liver cirrhosis, biliary)
D: cirrhosis, bronzed (aka hemochromatosis)
E: cirrhosis (aka fibrosis)
F: None of the above. | E |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'A patient with cryptogenic cirrhosis and disseminated sporotrichosis developed acute renal failure immediately following the administration of amphotericin B on four separate occasions.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'sporotrichosis'. Answer using one of the prov... | <Options>: A: entomophthoromycosis
B: infection, sporothrix (aka sporotrichosis)
C: disease, fungal (aka mycoses)
D: toxascariasis
E: microsporidioses (aka microsporidiosis)
F: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'A patient with cryptogenic cirrhosis and disseminated sporotrichosis developed acute renal failure immediately following the administration of amphotericin B on four separate occasions.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'acute renal failure'. Answer using one of the... | <Options>: A: acute renal injuries (aka acute kidney injury)
B: failure, renal (aka renal insufficiency)
C: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The abruptness of the renal failure and its reversibility within days suggests that there was a functional component to the renal dysfunction.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'renal failure'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: acute kidney failures (aka acute kidney injury)
B: kidney disease (aka kidney diseases)
C: failures, kidney (aka renal insufficiency)
D: None of the above. | C |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The abruptness of the renal failure and its reversibility within days suggests that there was a functional component to the renal dysfunction.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'renal dysfunction'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: diseases, kidney (aka kidney diseases)
B: renal insufficiency, acute (aka acute kidney injury)
C: renal failure (aka renal insufficiency)
D: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'We propose that amphotericin, in the setting of reduced effective arterial volume, may activate tubuloglomerular feedback, thereby contributing to acute renal failure.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'acute renal failure'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: acute kidney insufficiency (aka acute kidney injury)
B: failure, renal (aka renal insufficiency)
C: None of the above. | A |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Pneumonitis with pleural and pericardial effusion and neuropathy during amiodarone therapy.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'neuropathy'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: peripheral nervous system diseases
B: disorders, nervous system (aka nervous system diseases)
C: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Pneumonitis with pleural and pericardial effusion and neuropathy during amiodarone therapy.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'neuropathy'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: peripheral nervous system disorders (aka peripheral nervous system diseases)
B: None of the above. | B |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'A patient with sinuatrial disease and implanted pacemaker was treated with amiodarone (maximum dose 1000 mg, maintenance dose 800 mg daily) for 10 months, for control of supraventricular tachyarrhythmias.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'sinuatrial disease'. Answe... | <Options>: A: sinoatrial blocks (aka sinoatrial block)
B: sick sinus syndrome
C: sinus arrhythmias (aka arrhythmia, sinus)
D: heart disorder (aka heart diseases)
E: None of the above. | E |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'A patient with sinuatrial disease and implanted pacemaker was treated with amiodarone (maximum dose 1000 mg, maintenance dose 800 mg daily) for 10 months, for control of supraventricular tachyarrhythmias.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'supraventricular tachyarrh... | <Options>: A: tachyarrhythmias (aka tachycardia)
B: supraventricular tachycardia (aka tachycardia, supraventricular)
C: supraventricular beats, premature (aka atrial premature complexes)
D: tachycardias, sinus (aka tachycardia, sinus)
E: ventricular tachyarrhythmias (aka tachycardia, ventricular)
F: None of the above. | B |
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