instruction stringlengths 151 1.27k | input stringlengths 492 1.73k | response stringclasses 3 values |
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<Instruct>: Given the context 'TGF-β subfamily ligands signal via a receptor complex composed of two type II receptors and two type I receptors', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'receptor complex'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: positive regulation of interleukin-16 production (up-regulation of interleukin-16 production) (aka positive regulation of interleukin-16 production)
B: regulation of dna endoreduplication (regulation of dna endoreplication) (aka regulation of dna endoreduplication)
C: il-6 receptor activity (aka interleukin-6 receptor activity)
D: rhodopsin kinase activity (g-protein-coupled receptor kinase 1 activity) (aka rhodopsin kinase activity)
E: tarc production (aka chemokine (c-c motif) ligand 17 production)
F: regulation of glucose biosynthesis (aka regulation of gluconeogenesis)
G: regulation of ip3 biosynthesis (aka regulation of inositol trisphosphate biosynthetic process)
H: protein l-isoaspartate methyltransferase activity (aka protein-l-isoaspartate (d-aspartate) o-methyltransferase activity)
I: regulation of alkaline phosphodiesterase activity (aka regulation of phosphodiesterase i activity)
J: stimulation of stress-activated mapk cascade (aka positive regulation of stress-activated mapk cascade)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'For instance, growth and differentiation factors (GDFs) 8 and 9 can bind to Activin type II receptor and ALK5 to activate TGF-β Smads', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'activin'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: pml nuclear body (aka pml body)
B: activation of translation initiation in response to stress (aka positive regulation of translational initiation in response to stress)
C: response to carbon dioxide
D: regulation of membrane depolarization during action potential
E: teichuronic acid metabolic process (teichuronic acid metabolism) (aka teichuronic acid metabolic process)
F: ferredoxin biosynthetic process (ferredoxin biosynthesis) (aka ferredoxin biosynthetic process)
G: w-molybdopterin cofactor catabolic process (w-molybdopterin cofactor degradation) (aka w-molybdopterin cofactor catabolic process)
H: regulation of cardiac muscle cell action potential
I: response to boron (aka response to boron-containing substance)
J: plasma membrane bleb assembly (aka bleb assembly)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Our present results suggest that while TGF-β signaling in cardiac NCCs is predominantly mediated via the ALK5/TGF-βRII receptor complex, ALK5 also mediates signaling of other related ligands, which are either directly or indirectly required for appropriate NCC survival.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'receptor complex'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: positive regulation of interleukin-16 production (up-regulation of interleukin-16 production) (aka positive regulation of interleukin-16 production)
B: protein localisation to linear element (aka protein localization to linear element)
C: dma1-dependent checkpoint (sac-independent checkpoint) (aka dma1-dependent checkpoint)
D: protein l-isoaspartate methyltransferase activity (aka protein-l-isoaspartate (d-aspartate) o-methyltransferase activity)
E: regulation of barbed-end actin capping/severing activity (aka regulation of actin filament severing)
F: paternal behavior (paternal behaviour) (aka paternal behavior)
G: il-6 receptor activity (aka interleukin-6 receptor activity)
H: regulation of dna endoreduplication (regulation of dna endoreplication) (aka regulation of dna endoreduplication)
I: upregulation by organism of defense-related host jasmonic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway (aka positive regulation by symbiont of defense-related host jasmonic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway)
J: stimulation of stress-activated mapk cascade (aka positive regulation of stress-activated mapk cascade)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'In fact, it has been shown that, besides TGF-βRII, ALK5 can also form a complex with the Activin type IIB receptor to activate downstream Smads 2/3 [18,31].', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'activin'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: plasma membrane bleb assembly (aka bleb assembly)
B: nuclear body
C: peptide degradation (aka peptide catabolic process)
D: response to boron (aka response to boron-containing substance)
E: w-molybdopterin cofactor catabolic process (w-molybdopterin cofactor degradation) (aka w-molybdopterin cofactor catabolic process)
F: regulation of cardiac muscle cell action potential
G: teichuronic acid metabolic process (teichuronic acid metabolism) (aka teichuronic acid metabolic process)
H: regulation of membrane depolarization during action potential
I: cytochrome p450 cyp21a1 (aka steroid 21-monooxygenase activity)
J: activation of translation initiation in response to stress (aka positive regulation of translational initiation in response to stress)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'In fact, it has been shown that, besides TGF-βRII, ALK5 can also form a complex with the Activin type IIB receptor to activate downstream Smads 2/3 [18,31].', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'complex'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: regulation of ip3 biosynthesis (aka regulation of inositol trisphosphate biosynthetic process)
B: regulation of il-14 biosynthesis (aka regulation of interleukin-14 biosynthetic process)
C: dna ligase (atp) activity (poly(deoxyribonucleotide):poly(deoxyribonucleotide) ligase (amp-forming)) (aka dna ligase (atp) activity)
D: cellular detoxification of nitrogen compound (cellular detoxification of nitrogenous compound) (aka cellular detoxification of nitrogen compound)
E: glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor receptor signalling pathway (aka glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor receptor signaling pathway)
F: tarc production (aka chemokine (c-c motif) ligand 17 production)
G: up-regulation of 1-phosphatidyl-1d-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate synthesis (aka positive regulation of 1-phosphatidyl-1d-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate biosynthetic process)
H: activation by organism of defense-related host sa-mediated signal transduction pathway (aka positive regulation by symbiont of defense-related host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway)
I: dna ligase activity
J: upregulation of orthophosphoric diester phosphohydrolase activity (aka positive regulation of phosphodiesterase i activity)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'For immunohistochemistry, fixed sections from tissues harvested at E10.5 – E11.5 were stained with monoclonal α-smooth muscle actin (DAKO), cleaved caspase-3 (Cell Signaling) or phophohistone-H3 (Cell Signaling) antibodies.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'antibodies'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: b lymphocyte antigen processing and presentation mediated by b cell receptor uptake of antigen (aka b cell antigen processing and presentation mediated by b cell receptor uptake of antigen)
B: bacteriochlorophyll c binding
C: polynucleotide 5'-phosphatase activity (polynucleotide 5'-phosphohydrolase activity) (aka polynucleotide 5'-phosphatase activity)
D: aggrephagy
E: ubiquitin-like protein transferase activity (e2 (aka ubiquitin-like protein transferase activity))
F: natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target (nk cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target) (aka natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target)
G: negative regulation of lymphocyte anergy (down-regulation of lymphocyte anergy) (aka negative regulation of lymphocyte anergy)
H: ribosome biogenesis and assembly (aka ribosome biogenesis)
I: septum secundum development
J: peptidyl-histidine dephosphorylation
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Targeting point mutations in fibroblasts by homologous recombination is extremely inefficient, and targeting both alleles is required to reveal the phenotype of recessive autosomal mutations.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'autosomal'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: down regulation of atrioventricular node cardiac muscle cell action potential (aka negative regulation of av node cell action potential)
B: cellular morphogenesis involved in conjugation without cellular fusion (aka cell morphogenesis involved in conjugation with mutual genetic exchange)
C: negative regulation by virus of host cytokine activity (aka suppression by virus of host cytokine activity)
D: propionyl-coa c(2)-trimethyltridecanoyltransferase activity (aka propionyl-coa c2-trimethyltridecanoyltransferase activity)
E: voltage-dependent potassium channel complex (aka voltage-gated potassium channel complex)
F: light-activated voltage-gated calcium channel activity (light-activated voltage-dependent calcium channel activity) (aka light-activated voltage-gated calcium channel activity)
G: receptor mediated endocytosis by host of virus particle (aka receptor-mediated endocytosis of virus by host cell)
H: adaptation to pheromone involved conjugation without cellular fusion (aka adaptation to pheromone involved in conjugation with mutual genetic exchange)
I: lamina lucida
J: positive modulation of hormone or growth regulator levels in host (aka positive regulation by symbiont of hormone or growth regulator levels in host)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Blots were incubated in 5% non-fat dried milk in TBST (0.02 M Tris, pH 7.6/0.35 M NaCl/0.1% Tween-20) for 1 h at room temperature before probing with primary antibodies against p53 (CM-5, Novacastra) and -actin (Sigma).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'antibodies'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: ubiquitin-like protein transferase activity (e2 (aka ubiquitin-like protein transferase activity))
B: ribosome biogenesis (ribosome biogenesis and assembly) (aka ribosome biogenesis)
C: peptidyl-histidine dephosphorylation
D: t-cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target (aka t cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target)
E: methionine s-adenosyltransferase activity (aka methionine adenosyltransferase activity)
F: b-cell antigen processing and presentation mediated by b cell receptor uptake of antigen (aka b cell antigen processing and presentation mediated by b cell receptor uptake of antigen)
G: immune response to tumor cell
H: natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target (nk cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target) (aka natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target)
I: septum secundum development
J: negative regulation of lymphocyte anergy (down-regulation of lymphocyte anergy) (aka negative regulation of lymphocyte anergy)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Secondary antibodies used include peroxidase-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG and anti-rabbit IgG (Pierce).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'antibodies'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: b-lymphocyte antigen processing and presentation mediated by b cell receptor uptake of antigen (aka b cell antigen processing and presentation mediated by b cell receptor uptake of antigen)
B: aggrephagy
C: ubiquitin-like protein transferase activity (e2 (aka ubiquitin-like protein transferase activity))
D: septum secundum development
E: ribosome biogenesis (ribosome biogenesis and assembly) (aka ribosome biogenesis)
F: interleukin-15 receptor binding (interleukin-15 receptor ligand) (aka interleukin-15 receptor binding)
G: bacteriochlorophyll c binding
H: methionine s-adenosyltransferase activity (aka methionine adenosyltransferase activity)
I: t cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target (t lymphocyte mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target) (aka t cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target)
J: pectolase activity (aka polygalacturonase activity)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Secondary antibodies used include peroxidase-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG and anti-rabbit IgG (Pierce).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'igg'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: protein amino acid n-linked n-acetylgalactosaminylation via asparagine (aka protein n-linked n-acetylgalactosaminylation via asparagine)
B: negative regulation of estrogen receptor binding
C: aspartic-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity (aspartic protease inhibitor activity) (aka aspartic-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity)
D: protein localization to adherens junction (protein localisation to adherens junction) (aka protein localization to adherens junction)
E: protein-lysine lysylation (protein amino acid lysylation) (aka protein-lysine lysylation)
F: odontoblast differentiation
G: endocardial cushion formation
H: dna biosynthetic process (dna biosynthesis) (aka dna biosynthetic process)
I: regulation of protein serine/threonine kinase activity
J: protein amino acid n-linked n-acetylglucosaminylation via asparagine (aka protein n-linked n-acetylglucosaminylation via asparagine)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Secondary antibodies used include peroxidase-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG and anti-rabbit IgG (Pierce).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'igg'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: determination of gut left/right asymmetry (aka determination of digestive tract left/right asymmetry)
B: protein n-linked n-acetylgalactosaminylation via asparagine (protein amino acid n-linked n-acetylgalactosaminylation via asparagine) (aka protein n-linked n-acetylgalactosaminylation via asparagine)
C: determination of stomach left/right asymmetry
D: negative regulation of estrogen receptor binding
E: regulation of protein serine/threonine kinase activity
F: positive regulation of protein serine/threonine kinase activity
G: protein localization to adherens junction (protein localisation to adherens junction) (aka protein localization to adherens junction)
H: cell migration involved in endocardial cushion formation
I: odontoblast differentiation
J: dna anabolism (aka dna biosynthetic process)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'p53+/GFP ES clones were analyzed by western blot with an antibody against p53, and found to express an additional band at the expected size (ca. 80 kDa).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'antibody'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: ubiquitin-like protein transferase activity (e2 (aka ubiquitin-like protein transferase activity))
B: septum secundum development
C: immune response to tumor cell
D: aggrephagy
E: peptidyl-histidine dephosphorylation
F: b-cell antigen processing and presentation mediated by b cell receptor uptake of antigen (aka b cell antigen processing and presentation mediated by b cell receptor uptake of antigen)
G: bacteriochlorophyll c binding
H: methionine s-adenosyltransferase activity (aka methionine adenosyltransferase activity)
I: natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target (nk cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target) (aka natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target)
J: interleukin-15 receptor binding (interleukin-15 receptor ligand) (aka interleukin-15 receptor binding)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'In addition, RMCE-ASAP could be used to generate fibroblastic cell lines tailored for the repeated targeting of widely studied genes (p53, c-myc, NF-KB, etc.).
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'nf-kb'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: tirap-dependent tlr4 signaling pathway (aka tirap-dependent toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway)
B: cellular response to kit ligand (aka cellular response to stem cell factor stimulus)
C: regulation of complement activation, classical pathway in other organism (aka modulation of complement activation, classical pathway in other organism)
D: dorsal vessel development (aka heart development)
E: myoblast fate determination
F: atrial cardiomyocyte to av node cell communication by electrical coupling (aka atrial cardiac muscle cell to av node cell communication by electrical coupling)
G: upregulation of stress-activated protein kinase signaling pathway (aka positive regulation of stress-activated protein kinase signaling cascade)
H: 5'-amp nucleotidase (aka 5'-nucleotidase activity)
I: trif-dependent toll-like receptor signalling pathway (aka trif-dependent toll-like receptor signaling pathway)
J: 3'-ribonucleotide phosphohydrolase activity (aka 3'-nucleotidase activity)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Recombinant clones were analyzed by western blot with an antibody to p53.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'antibody'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: septum secundum development
B: b-cell antigen processing and presentation mediated by b cell receptor uptake of antigen (aka b cell antigen processing and presentation mediated by b cell receptor uptake of antigen)
C: natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target (nk cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target) (aka natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target)
D: polynucleotide 5'-phosphatase activity (polynucleotide 5'-phosphohydrolase activity) (aka polynucleotide 5'-phosphatase activity)
E: pectolase activity (aka polygalacturonase activity)
F: t-cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target (aka t cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target)
G: negative regulation of lymphocyte anergy (down-regulation of lymphocyte anergy) (aka negative regulation of lymphocyte anergy)
H: ribosome biogenesis (ribosome biogenesis and assembly) (aka ribosome biogenesis)
I: bacteriochlorophyll c binding
J: methionine s-adenosyltransferase activity (aka methionine adenosyltransferase activity)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context '(A) RMCE with the p53GFP plasmid leads to the transient observation of cells with intense nuclear fluorescence.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'nuclear'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: nuclear dot (aka pml body)
B: type 5b serotonin receptor binding (5-hydroxytryptamine 5b receptor binding) (aka type 5b serotonin receptor binding)
C: downregulation of metabolic activity during hibernation (aka negative regulation of metabolic activity involved in hibernation)
D: response to pheromone during conjugation with cellular fusion (aka response to pheromone involved in conjugation with cellular fusion)
E: sperm axoneme assembly
F: transduction of mating signal (aka pheromone-dependent signal transduction involved in conjugation with cellular fusion)
G: positive regulation of mapk3 cascade (aka positive regulation of erk1 and erk2 cascade)
H: stimulation of interleukin-20 production (aka positive regulation of interleukin-20 production)
I: sodium/choline symporter activity (aka choline:sodium symporter activity)
J: n-succinyltransferase activity
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The IOP data is the same as that in Figure 1.
Genetic alterations and IOP
Y Chromosome
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'y chromosome'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: core promoter proximal region sequence-specific dna binding
B: adaptation to pheromone involved in conjugation with mutual genetic exchange (desensitization to pheromone during conjugation without cellular fusion) (aka adaptation to pheromone involved in conjugation with mutual genetic exchange)
C: major capsomere (aka viral capsid, major subunit)
D: behavioral response to mechanical stimulus (aka mechanosensory behavior)
E: lamina lucida
F: negative regulation of abscisic acid mediated signalling (aka negative regulation of abscisic acid-activated signaling pathway)
G: t3-type rna polymerase binding (aka single-subunit type rna polymerase binding)
H: negative regulation of transcription by competitive promoter binding
I: linear element formation (aka linear element assembly)
J: positive modulation of hormone or growth regulator levels in host (aka positive regulation by symbiont of hormone or growth regulator levels in host)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The Y chromosome has been implicated in strain specific blood pressure differences in rats [23,24].', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'y chromosome'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: negative regulation of abscisic acid mediated signalling (aka negative regulation of abscisic acid-activated signaling pathway)
B: cellular morphogenesis involved in conjugation without cellular fusion (aka cell morphogenesis involved in conjugation with mutual genetic exchange)
C: propionyl-coa c(2)-trimethyltridecanoyltransferase activity (aka propionyl-coa c2-trimethyltridecanoyltransferase activity)
D: conjugant formation
E: core promoter proximal region sequence-specific dna binding
F: negative regulation of transcription by competitive promoter binding
G: shmooing (aka cell morphogenesis involved in conjugation with cellular fusion)
H: positive modulation of hormone or growth regulator levels in host (aka positive regulation by symbiont of hormone or growth regulator levels in host)
I: t3-type rna polymerase binding (aka single-subunit type rna polymerase binding)
J: basophil activation involved in immune response (basophil activation during immune response) (aka basophil activation involved in immune response)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'To test if the Y chromosome of strain 129/Ola alters IOP in relation to that of strain B6, we compared the IOPs of pure B6 males and consomic B6 males that had the 129P2/Ola Y chromosome (backcrossed for 11 generations).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'y chromosome'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: positive modulation of hormone or growth regulator levels in host (aka positive regulation by symbiont of hormone or growth regulator levels in host)
B: desensitization to pheromone during conjugation without cellular fusion (aka adaptation to pheromone involved in conjugation with mutual genetic exchange)
C: propionyl-coa c(2)-trimethyltridecanoyltransferase activity (aka propionyl-coa c2-trimethyltridecanoyltransferase activity)
D: negative regulation of abscisic acid mediated signalling (aka negative regulation of abscisic acid-activated signaling pathway)
E: lamina lucida
F: core promoter proximal region sequence-specific dna binding
G: basophil activation involved in immune response (basophil activation during immune response) (aka basophil activation involved in immune response)
H: inhibition of metabolic activity during hibernation (aka negative regulation of metabolic activity involved in hibernation)
I: protein binding transcription factor activity (aka transcription factor activity, protein binding)
J: linear element formation (aka linear element assembly)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'To test if the Y chromosome of strain 129/Ola alters IOP in relation to that of strain B6, we compared the IOPs of pure B6 males and consomic B6 males that had the 129P2/Ola Y chromosome (backcrossed for 11 generations).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'y chromosome'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: behavioral response to mechanical stimulus (aka mechanosensory behavior)
B: positive modulation of hormone or growth regulator levels in host (aka positive regulation by symbiont of hormone or growth regulator levels in host)
C: cellular morphogenesis involved in conjugation without cellular fusion (aka cell morphogenesis involved in conjugation with mutual genetic exchange)
D: adaptation to pheromone involved conjugation without cellular fusion (aka adaptation to pheromone involved in conjugation with mutual genetic exchange)
E: negative regulation of transcription by competitive promoter binding
F: basophil activation involved in immune response (basophil activation during immune response) (aka basophil activation involved in immune response)
G: core promoter proximal region sequence-specific dna binding
H: t3-type rna polymerase binding (aka single-subunit type rna polymerase binding)
I: propionyl-coa c(2)-trimethyltridecanoyltransferase activity (aka propionyl-coa c2-trimethyltridecanoyltransferase activity)
J: shmooing (aka cell morphogenesis involved in conjugation with cellular fusion)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Y chromosome (Y Chr).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'y chromosome'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: inhibition of metabolic activity during hibernation (aka negative regulation of metabolic activity involved in hibernation)
B: linear element formation (aka linear element assembly)
C: t3-type rna polymerase binding (aka single-subunit type rna polymerase binding)
D: behavioral response to mechanical stimulus (aka mechanosensory behavior)
E: negative regulation of abscisic acid mediated signalling (aka negative regulation of abscisic acid-activated signaling pathway)
F: major capsomere (aka viral capsid, major subunit)
G: cellular morphogenesis involved in conjugation without cellular fusion (aka cell morphogenesis involved in conjugation with mutual genetic exchange)
H: positive modulation of hormone or growth regulator levels in host (aka positive regulation by symbiont of hormone or growth regulator levels in host)
I: propionyl-coa c(2)-trimethyltridecanoyltransferase activity (aka propionyl-coa c2-trimethyltridecanoyltransferase activity)
J: basophil activation involved in immune response (basophil activation during immune response) (aka basophil activation involved in immune response)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Y chromosome (Y Chr).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'y chr'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: minor capsomere (aka viral capsid, minor subunit)
B: negative regulation of transcription by competitive promoter binding
C: desensitization to pheromone during conjugation without cellular fusion (aka adaptation to pheromone involved in conjugation with mutual genetic exchange)
D: exonucleolytic degradation of dna (aka dna catabolic process, exonucleolytic)
E: protein binding transcription factor activity (aka transcription factor activity, protein binding)
F: negative regulation of abscisic acid mediated signalling (aka negative regulation of abscisic acid-activated signaling pathway)
G: basophil activation involved in immune response (basophil activation during immune response) (aka basophil activation involved in immune response)
H: propionyl-coa c(2)-trimethyltridecanoyltransferase activity (aka propionyl-coa c2-trimethyltridecanoyltransferase activity)
I: adenosine receptor activity, g protein coupled (aka g-protein coupled adenosine receptor activity)
J: conjugant formation
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The 129 Y Chr had been backcrossed to strain C57BL/6J for 11 generations.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'y chr'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: major capsomere (aka viral capsid, major subunit)
B: basophil activation involved in immune response (basophil activation during immune response) (aka basophil activation involved in immune response)
C: propionyl-coa c(2)-trimethyltridecanoyltransferase activity (aka propionyl-coa c2-trimethyltridecanoyltransferase activity)
D: adenosine receptor activity, g protein coupled (aka g-protein coupled adenosine receptor activity)
E: minor head protein (aka viral capsid, minor subunit)
F: negative regulation of transcription by competitive promoter binding
G: cellular morphogenesis involved in conjugation without cellular fusion (aka cell morphogenesis involved in conjugation with mutual genetic exchange)
H: negative regulation of abscisic acid mediated signalling (aka negative regulation of abscisic acid-activated signaling pathway)
I: protein binding transcription factor activity (aka transcription factor activity, protein binding)
J: exonucleolytic degradation of dna (aka dna catabolic process, exonucleolytic)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'These include alteration of the number of ipsilaterally projecting retinal axons and substantially increased light penetration past the iris [74].', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'axons'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: b-cyclopiazonate dehydrogenase activity (aka beta-cyclopiazonate dehydrogenase activity)
B: adrenaline metabolic process (aka epinephrine metabolic process)
C: smad2 protein complex (smad2 homotrimer complex) (aka smad2 protein complex)
D: calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase activity (calcium- and calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase activity) (aka calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase activity)
E: energy derivation by oxidation of reduced inorganic compounds (chemolithotrophie) (aka energy derivation by oxidation of reduced inorganic compounds)
F: guanosine pentaphosphate degradation (aka guanosine pentaphosphate catabolic process)
G: endoglycosidase h activity (aka mannosyl-glycoprotein endo-beta-n-acetylglucosaminidase activity)
H: o3-acetyl-l-serine:zeatin 2-amino-2-carboxyethyltransferase activity (aka zeatin 9-aminocarboxyethyltransferase activity)
I: d-galactosyl-n-acetyl-alpha-d-galactosamine d-galactosyl-n-acetyl-galactosaminohydrolase activity (aka glycopeptide alpha-n-acetylgalactosaminidase activity)
J: acetylcholine receptor activator activity
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Loss of Atrx Affects Trophoblast Development and the Pattern of X-Inactivation in Extraembryonic Tissues
Abstract
ATRX is an X-encoded member of the SNF2 family of ATPase/helicase proteins thought to regulate gene expression by modifying chromatin at target loci.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'x'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: d-glucarate dehydratase activity (aka glucarate dehydratase activity)
B: protein-endoplasmic reticulum insertion by n-terminal cleaved signal sequence (aka protein insertion into er membrane by n-terminal cleaved signal sequence)
C: regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptosis (aka regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptotic process)
D: negative regulation of protein breakdown (aka negative regulation of protein catabolic process)
E: downregulation of phospholipase a2 activity (aka negative regulation of phospholipase a2 activity)
F: imaginal disc growth factor (aka imaginal disc growth factor receptor binding)
G: follitropin activity (aka follicle-stimulating hormone activity)
H: downregulation by symbiont of defense-related host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway (aka negative regulation by symbiont of defense-related host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway)
I: d-gluconate:nadp+ oxidoreductase activity (aka gluconate 2-dehydrogenase activity)
J: adaptation to pheromone involved conjugation without cellular fusion (aka adaptation to pheromone involved in conjugation with mutual genetic exchange)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Loss of Atrx Affects Trophoblast Development and the Pattern of X-Inactivation in Extraembryonic Tissues
Abstract
ATRX is an X-encoded member of the SNF2 family of ATPase/helicase proteins thought to regulate gene expression by modifying chromatin at target loci.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'x'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: d-gluconate:nadp+ oxidoreductase activity (aka gluconate 2-dehydrogenase activity)
B: desensitization to pheromone during conjugation without cellular fusion (aka adaptation to pheromone involved in conjugation with mutual genetic exchange)
C: downregulation by symbiont of defense-related host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway (aka negative regulation by symbiont of defense-related host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway)
D: imaginal disc growth factor (aka imaginal disc growth factor receptor binding)
E: negative regulation of protein breakdown (aka negative regulation of protein catabolic process)
F: regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptosis (aka regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptotic process)
G: fsh activity (aka follicle-stimulating hormone activity)
H: protein-endoplasmic reticulum insertion by n-terminal cleaved signal sequence (aka protein insertion into er membrane by n-terminal cleaved signal sequence)
I: downregulation of phospholipase a2 activity (aka negative regulation of phospholipase a2 activity)
J: d-glucarate dehydratase activity (aka glucarate dehydratase activity)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Loss of Atrx Affects Trophoblast Development and the Pattern of X-Inactivation in Extraembryonic Tissues
Abstract
ATRX is an X-encoded member of the SNF2 family of ATPase/helicase proteins thought to regulate gene expression by modifying chromatin at target loci.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'chromatin'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: u12 snrnp (snrnp u12) (aka u12 snrnp)
B: transduction of mating signal (aka pheromone-dependent signal transduction involved in conjugation with cellular fusion)
C: s-adenosyl-l-methionine:myo-inositol 3-o-methyltransferase activity (aka inositol 1-methyltransferase activity)
D: cell cycle arrest in response to pheromone (aka mitotic cell cycle arrest in response to pheromone)
E: regulation of cell budding (regulation of budding) (aka regulation of cell budding)
F: hemoglobin beta binding
G: oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, another compound as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen
H: alas activity (aka 5-aminolevulinate synthase activity)
I: ca4h activity (aka trans-cinnamate 4-monooxygenase activity)
J: alpha9-beta1 integrin-vegf-d complex (itga9-itgb1-figf complex) (aka alpha9-beta1 integrin-vegf-d complex)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'To better understand the role of ATRX in development and the associated abnormalities in the ATR-X (alpha thalassemia mental retardation, X-linked) syndrome, we conditionally inactivated the homolog in mice, Atrx, at the 8- to 16-cell stage of development.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'x'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: imaginal disc growth factor (aka imaginal disc growth factor receptor binding)
B: gluconate 2-dehydrogenase activity (d-gluconate:nadp+ oxidoreductase activity) (aka gluconate 2-dehydrogenase activity)
C: d-glucarate hydro-lyase activity (aka glucarate dehydratase activity)
D: regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptosis (aka regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptotic process)
E: fsh activity (aka follicle-stimulating hormone activity)
F: adaptation to pheromone involved conjugation without cellular fusion (aka adaptation to pheromone involved in conjugation with mutual genetic exchange)
G: down-regulation of phospholipase a (aka negative regulation of phospholipase a2 activity)
H: negative regulation of protein breakdown (aka negative regulation of protein catabolic process)
I: downregulation by symbiont of defense-related host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway (aka negative regulation by symbiont of defense-related host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway)
J: protein-endoplasmic reticulum insertion by n-terminal cleaved signal sequence (aka protein insertion into er membrane by n-terminal cleaved signal sequence)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'To better understand the role of ATRX in development and the associated abnormalities in the ATR-X (alpha thalassemia mental retardation, X-linked) syndrome, we conditionally inactivated the homolog in mice, Atrx, at the 8- to 16-cell stage of development.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'x'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: gluconate 2-dehydrogenase activity (d-gluconate:nadp+ oxidoreductase activity) (aka gluconate 2-dehydrogenase activity)
B: follitropin activity (aka follicle-stimulating hormone activity)
C: desensitization to pheromone during conjugation without cellular fusion (aka adaptation to pheromone involved in conjugation with mutual genetic exchange)
D: d-glucarate hydro-lyase activity (aka glucarate dehydratase activity)
E: negative regulation of protein breakdown (aka negative regulation of protein catabolic process)
F: downregulation by symbiont of defense-related host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway (aka negative regulation by symbiont of defense-related host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway)
G: protein-endoplasmic reticulum insertion by n-terminal cleaved signal sequence (aka protein insertion into er membrane by n-terminal cleaved signal sequence)
H: down-regulation of phospholipase a (aka negative regulation of phospholipase a2 activity)
I: imaginal disc growth factor receptor binding (imaginal disc growth factor) (aka imaginal disc growth factor receptor binding)
J: regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptosis (aka regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptotic process)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Carrier female mice that inherit a maternal null allele should be affected, since the paternal X chromosome is normally inactivated in extraembryonic tissues.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'x chromosome'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: adaptation to pheromone involved conjugation without cellular fusion (aka adaptation to pheromone involved in conjugation with mutual genetic exchange)
B: positive modulation of hormone or growth regulator levels in host (aka positive regulation by symbiont of hormone or growth regulator levels in host)
C: d-glucarate dehydratase activity (aka glucarate dehydratase activity)
D: cellular morphogenesis involved in conjugation without cellular fusion (aka cell morphogenesis involved in conjugation with mutual genetic exchange)
E: basophil activation involved in immune response (basophil activation during immune response) (aka basophil activation involved in immune response)
F: lamina lucida
G: myeloid cell activation involved in immune response (myeloid cell activation during immune response) (aka myeloid cell activation involved in immune response)
H: lamina reticularis
I: modification by symbiont of host cell membrane
J: behavioral response to mechanical stimulus (aka mechanosensory behavior)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Surprisingly, however, some carrier females established a normal placenta and appeared to escape the usual pattern of imprinted X-inactivation in these tissues.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'x'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: d-gluconate:nadp+ oxidoreductase activity (aka gluconate 2-dehydrogenase activity)
B: imaginal disc growth factor (aka imaginal disc growth factor receptor binding)
C: fsh activity (aka follicle-stimulating hormone activity)
D: regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptosis (aka regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptotic process)
E: d-glucarate dehydratase activity (aka glucarate dehydratase activity)
F: protein-endoplasmic reticulum insertion by n-terminal cleaved signal sequence (aka protein insertion into er membrane by n-terminal cleaved signal sequence)
G: negative regulation of protein breakdown (aka negative regulation of protein catabolic process)
H: desensitization to pheromone during conjugation without cellular fusion (aka adaptation to pheromone involved in conjugation with mutual genetic exchange)
I: downregulation by symbiont of defense-related host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway (aka negative regulation by symbiont of defense-related host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway)
J: downregulation of phosphatidolipase activity (aka negative regulation of phospholipase a2 activity)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Together these findings demonstrate an unexpected, specific, and essential role for Atrx in the development of the murine trophoblast and present an example of escape from imprinted X chromosome inactivation.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'x chromosome'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: behavioral response to mechanical stimulus (aka mechanosensory behavior)
B: negative regulation of protein breakdown (aka negative regulation of protein catabolic process)
C: basophil activation involved in immune response (basophil activation during immune response) (aka basophil activation involved in immune response)
D: inhibition of metabolic activity during hibernation (aka negative regulation of metabolic activity involved in hibernation)
E: d-glucarate dehydratase activity (aka glucarate dehydratase activity)
F: myeloid cell activation involved in immune response (myeloid cell activation during immune response) (aka myeloid cell activation involved in immune response)
G: protein-endoplasmic reticulum insertion by n-terminal cleaved signal sequence (aka protein insertion into er membrane by n-terminal cleaved signal sequence)
H: core promoter proximal region sequence-specific dna binding
I: lamina lucida
J: lamina reticularis
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Synopsis
ATRX belongs to a class of proteins that may modify how DNA is packaged into chromatin, altering the accessibility of other proteins in the nucleus to DNA.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'chromatin'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: u12 snrnp (snrnp u12) (aka u12 snrnp)
B: cell cycle arrest in response to pheromone (aka mitotic cell cycle arrest in response to pheromone)
C: alpha9-beta1 integrin-vegf-d complex (itga9-itgb1-figf complex) (aka alpha9-beta1 integrin-vegf-d complex)
D: 5-methyltetrahydropteroyltri-l-glutamate:l-homocysteine s-methyltransferase activity (aka 5-methyltetrahydropteroyltriglutamate-homocysteine s-methyltransferase activity)
E: mating (aka conjugation with cellular fusion)
F: conjugation with mutual genetic exchange (conjugation without cellular fusion) (aka conjugation with mutual genetic exchange)
G: regulation of inosine transport (regulation of hypoxanthine riboside transport) (aka regulation of inosine transport)
H: myeloid cell activation involved in immune response (myeloid cell activation during immune response) (aka myeloid cell activation involved in immune response)
I: hemoglobin beta binding
J: ca4h activity (aka trans-cinnamate 4-monooxygenase activity)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Synopsis
ATRX belongs to a class of proteins that may modify how DNA is packaged into chromatin, altering the accessibility of other proteins in the nucleus to DNA.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'nucleus'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: spermatid nucleus elongation (spermatid nuclear elongation) (aka spermatid nucleus elongation)
B: downregulation by symbiont of defense-related host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway (aka negative regulation by symbiont of defense-related host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway)
C: sperm axoneme assembly
D: spermatid nucleus differentiation (spermatid nuclear differentiation) (aka spermatid nucleus differentiation)
E: stimulation of interleukin-20 production (aka positive regulation of interleukin-20 production)
F: dermatan sulfate proteoglycan biosynthetic process, polysaccharide chain biosynthetic process (chondroitin sulfate b proteoglycan biosynthesis, polysaccharide chain biosynthetic process) (aka dermatan sulfate proteoglycan biosynthetic process, polysaccharide chain biosynthetic process)
G: n-succinyltransferase activity
H: sodium/choline symporter activity (aka choline:sodium symporter activity)
I: dermatan sulfate proteoglycan formation (aka dermatan sulfate proteoglycan biosynthetic process)
J: polytene chromosome band
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Mutations in the ATRX gene, which is located on the female sex chromosome (X), provided the first example of a human disease (ATR-X syndrome) associated with defects in such proteins.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'sex chromosome'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: behavioral response to mechanical stimulus (aka mechanosensory behavior)
B: conjugant formation
C: basophil activation involved in immune response (basophil activation during immune response) (aka basophil activation involved in immune response)
D: adaptation to pheromone involved conjugation without cellular fusion (aka adaptation to pheromone involved in conjugation with mutual genetic exchange)
E: dermatan sulphate proteoglycan biosynthesis (aka dermatan sulfate proteoglycan biosynthetic process)
F: cellular morphogenesis involved in conjugation without cellular fusion (aka cell morphogenesis involved in conjugation with mutual genetic exchange)
G: propionyl-coa c(2)-trimethyltridecanoyltransferase activity (aka propionyl-coa c2-trimethyltridecanoyltransferase activity)
H: core promoter proximal region sequence-specific dna binding
I: upregulation by symbiont of hormone or growth regulator levels in host (aka positive regulation by symbiont of hormone or growth regulator levels in host)
J: myeloid cell activation involved in immune response (myeloid cell activation during immune response) (aka myeloid cell activation involved in immune response)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Mutations in the ATRX gene, which is located on the female sex chromosome (X), provided the first example of a human disease (ATR-X syndrome) associated with defects in such proteins.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'x'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: protein-endoplasmic reticulum insertion by n-terminal cleaved signal sequence (aka protein insertion into er membrane by n-terminal cleaved signal sequence)
B: imaginal disc growth factor receptor binding (imaginal disc growth factor) (aka imaginal disc growth factor receptor binding)
C: d-gluconate:nadp+ oxidoreductase activity (aka gluconate 2-dehydrogenase activity)
D: d-glucarate dehydratase activity (aka glucarate dehydratase activity)
E: downregulation by symbiont of defense-related host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway (aka negative regulation by symbiont of defense-related host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway)
F: negative regulation of protein breakdown (aka negative regulation of protein catabolic process)
G: desensitization to pheromone during conjugation without cellular fusion (aka adaptation to pheromone involved in conjugation with mutual genetic exchange)
H: down-regulation of phospholipase a (aka negative regulation of phospholipase a2 activity)
I: follitropin activity (aka follicle-stimulating hormone activity)
J: regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptosis (aka regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptotic process)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Mutations in the ATRX gene, which is located on the female sex chromosome (X), provided the first example of a human disease (ATR-X syndrome) associated with defects in such proteins.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'x'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptosis (aka regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptotic process)
B: desensitization to pheromone during conjugation without cellular fusion (aka adaptation to pheromone involved in conjugation with mutual genetic exchange)
C: protein-endoplasmic reticulum insertion by n-terminal cleaved signal sequence (aka protein insertion into er membrane by n-terminal cleaved signal sequence)
D: downregulation by symbiont of defense-related host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway (aka negative regulation by symbiont of defense-related host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway)
E: d-gluconate:nadp+ oxidoreductase activity (aka gluconate 2-dehydrogenase activity)
F: imaginal disc growth factor (aka imaginal disc growth factor receptor binding)
G: negative regulation of protein breakdown (aka negative regulation of protein catabolic process)
H: down regulation of phosphatidolipase activity (aka negative regulation of phospholipase a2 activity)
I: d-glucarate hydro-lyase activity (aka glucarate dehydratase activity)
J: fsh activity (aka follicle-stimulating hormone activity)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Affected males (XMUTY) have multiple developmental abnormalities in a wide variety of systems.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'x'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: down-regulation of lecithinase a activity (aka negative regulation of phospholipase a2 activity)
B: protein-endoplasmic reticulum insertion by n-terminal cleaved signal sequence (aka protein insertion into er membrane by n-terminal cleaved signal sequence)
C: regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptosis (aka regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptotic process)
D: negative regulation of protein breakdown (aka negative regulation of protein catabolic process)
E: downregulation by symbiont of defense-related host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway (aka negative regulation by symbiont of defense-related host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway)
F: d-gluconate:nadp+ oxidoreductase activity (aka gluconate 2-dehydrogenase activity)
G: adaptation to pheromone involved conjugation without cellular fusion (aka adaptation to pheromone involved in conjugation with mutual genetic exchange)
H: d-glucarate hydro-lyase activity (aka glucarate dehydratase activity)
I: follitropin activity (aka follicle-stimulating hormone activity)
J: imaginal disc growth factor receptor binding (imaginal disc growth factor) (aka imaginal disc growth factor receptor binding)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Affected males (XMUTY) have multiple developmental abnormalities in a wide variety of systems.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'y'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: minor capsomere (aka viral capsid, minor subunit)
B: adaptation to pheromone involved conjugation without cellular fusion (aka adaptation to pheromone involved in conjugation with mutual genetic exchange)
C: mitochondrial double-strand break repair via homologous recombination (mtdsb repair via homologous recombination) (aka mitochondrial double-strand break repair via homologous recombination)
D: acetylcholine receptor inhibitor activity
E: right posteriolateral flagellum (right posterolateral flagellum) (aka right posteriolateral flagellum)
F: calcium-dependent activation of synaptic vesicle fusion
G: basophil activation involved in immune response (basophil activation during immune response) (aka basophil activation involved in immune response)
H: endonucleolytic cleavage to generate mature 3'-end of ssu-rrna from (ssu-rrna, 5.8s rrna, lsu-rrna) (endonucleolytic cleavage at site d) (aka endonucleolytic cleavage to generate mature 3'-end of ssu-rrna from (ssu-rrna, 5.8s rrna, lsu-rrna))
I: regulation of t-helper 17 cell development (aka regulation of t-helper 17 cell differentiation)
J: major head protein (aka viral capsid, major subunit)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Although affected male mice (XMUTY) started to develop normally, they died early in development because they failed to form a normal placenta.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'x'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: protein-endoplasmic reticulum insertion by n-terminal cleaved signal sequence (aka protein insertion into er membrane by n-terminal cleaved signal sequence)
B: d-gluconate:nadp+ oxidoreductase activity (aka gluconate 2-dehydrogenase activity)
C: negative regulation of protein breakdown (aka negative regulation of protein catabolic process)
D: adaptation to pheromone involved conjugation without cellular fusion (aka adaptation to pheromone involved in conjugation with mutual genetic exchange)
E: imaginal disc growth factor (aka imaginal disc growth factor receptor binding)
F: follitropin activity (aka follicle-stimulating hormone activity)
G: downregulation by symbiont of defense-related host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway (aka negative regulation by symbiont of defense-related host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway)
H: down-regulation of phospholipase a (aka negative regulation of phospholipase a2 activity)
I: d-glucarate hydro-lyase activity (aka glucarate dehydratase activity)
J: regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptosis (aka regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptotic process)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Although affected male mice (XMUTY) started to develop normally, they died early in development because they failed to form a normal placenta.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'y'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: rantes receptor activity (aka c-c motif chemokine 5 receptor activity)
B: acetylcholine receptor inhibitor activity
C: basophil activation involved in immune response (basophil activation during immune response) (aka basophil activation involved in immune response)
D: calcium-dependent activation of synaptic vesicle fusion
E: major head protein (aka viral capsid, major subunit)
F: right posteriolateral flagellum (right posterolateral flagellum) (aka right posteriolateral flagellum)
G: endonucleolytic cleavage to generate mature 3'-end of ssu-rrna from (ssu-rrna, 5.8s rrna, lsu-rrna) (endonucleolytic cleavage at site d) (aka endonucleolytic cleavage to generate mature 3'-end of ssu-rrna from (ssu-rrna, 5.8s rrna, lsu-rrna))
H: viral capsid, minor subunit (minor head protein) (aka viral capsid, minor subunit)
I: adaptation to pheromone involved conjugation without cellular fusion (aka adaptation to pheromone involved in conjugation with mutual genetic exchange)
J: adenosine receptor activity, g protein coupled (aka g-protein coupled adenosine receptor activity)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'In the placenta, female mice normally inactivate the X chromosome that they inherit from their fathers (Xp), so if females inherit from their mother an X chromosome (Xm) that bears the abnormal copy of Atrx (XmMUTXp), one would predict that, like affected males, they would fail to form a normal placenta.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'x chromosome'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: protein-endoplasmic reticulum insertion by n-terminal cleaved signal sequence (aka protein insertion into er membrane by n-terminal cleaved signal sequence)
B: behavioral response to mechanical stimulus (aka mechanosensory behavior)
C: positive modulation of hormone or growth regulator levels in host (aka positive regulation by symbiont of hormone or growth regulator levels in host)
D: desensitization to pheromone during conjugation without cellular fusion (aka adaptation to pheromone involved in conjugation with mutual genetic exchange)
E: cellular morphogenesis involved in conjugation without cellular fusion (aka cell morphogenesis involved in conjugation with mutual genetic exchange)
F: d-glucarate dehydratase activity (aka glucarate dehydratase activity)
G: modification by symbiont of host cell membrane
H: conjugant formation
I: lamina lucida
J: linear element formation (aka linear element assembly)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'In the placenta, female mice normally inactivate the X chromosome that they inherit from their fathers (Xp), so if females inherit from their mother an X chromosome (Xm) that bears the abnormal copy of Atrx (XmMUTXp), one would predict that, like affected males, they would fail to form a normal placenta.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'x chromosome'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: cellular morphogenesis involved in conjugation without cellular fusion (aka cell morphogenesis involved in conjugation with mutual genetic exchange)
B: adaptation to pheromone involved conjugation without cellular fusion (aka adaptation to pheromone involved in conjugation with mutual genetic exchange)
C: protein-endoplasmic reticulum insertion by n-terminal cleaved signal sequence (aka protein insertion into er membrane by n-terminal cleaved signal sequence)
D: core promoter proximal region sequence-specific dna binding
E: modification by symbiont of host cell membrane
F: positive modulation of hormone or growth regulator levels in host (aka positive regulation by symbiont of hormone or growth regulator levels in host)
G: conjugant formation
H: d-glucarate dehydratase activity (aka glucarate dehydratase activity)
I: propionyl-coa c(2)-trimethyltridecanoyltransferase activity (aka propionyl-coa c2-trimethyltridecanoyltransferase activity)
J: lamina lucida
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'This study has therefore demonstrated an important facet of X-chromosome imprinting.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'x-chromosome'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: modification by symbiont of host cell membrane
B: shmooing (aka cell morphogenesis involved in conjugation with cellular fusion)
C: protein binding transcription factor activity (aka transcription factor activity, protein binding)
D: lamina reticularis
E: conjugant formation
F: lamina lucida
G: positive modulation of hormone or growth regulator levels in host (aka positive regulation by symbiont of hormone or growth regulator levels in host)
H: basophil activation involved in immune response (basophil activation during immune response) (aka basophil activation involved in immune response)
I: propionyl-coa c(2)-trimethyltridecanoyltransferase activity (aka propionyl-coa c2-trimethyltridecanoyltransferase activity)
J: behavioral response to mechanical stimulus (aka mechanosensory behavior)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Introduction
ATR-X syndrome is a severe, nonprogressive form of X-linked mental retardation that is frequently associated with multiple congenital abnormalities [1].', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'x'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: d-glucarate dehydratase activity (aka glucarate dehydratase activity)
B: imaginal disc growth factor receptor binding (imaginal disc growth factor) (aka imaginal disc growth factor receptor binding)
C: down regulation of phosphatidolipase activity (aka negative regulation of phospholipase a2 activity)
D: follitropin activity (aka follicle-stimulating hormone activity)
E: negative regulation of protein breakdown (aka negative regulation of protein catabolic process)
F: protein-endoplasmic reticulum insertion by n-terminal cleaved signal sequence (aka protein insertion into er membrane by n-terminal cleaved signal sequence)
G: adaptation to pheromone involved conjugation without cellular fusion (aka adaptation to pheromone involved in conjugation with mutual genetic exchange)
H: downregulation by symbiont of defense-related host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway (aka negative regulation by symbiont of defense-related host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway)
I: regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptosis (aka regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptotic process)
J: d-gluconate:nadp+ oxidoreductase activity (aka gluconate 2-dehydrogenase activity)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Introduction
ATR-X syndrome is a severe, nonprogressive form of X-linked mental retardation that is frequently associated with multiple congenital abnormalities [1].', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'x'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: negative regulation of protein breakdown (aka negative regulation of protein catabolic process)
B: regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptosis (aka regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptotic process)
C: imaginal disc growth factor (aka imaginal disc growth factor receptor binding)
D: d-glucarate dehydratase activity (aka glucarate dehydratase activity)
E: protein-endoplasmic reticulum insertion by n-terminal cleaved signal sequence (aka protein insertion into er membrane by n-terminal cleaved signal sequence)
F: desensitization to pheromone during conjugation without cellular fusion (aka adaptation to pheromone involved in conjugation with mutual genetic exchange)
G: gluconate 2-dehydrogenase activity (d-gluconate:nadp+ oxidoreductase activity) (aka gluconate 2-dehydrogenase activity)
H: follitropin activity (aka follicle-stimulating hormone activity)
I: down regulation of phosphatidolipase activity (aka negative regulation of phospholipase a2 activity)
J: downregulation by symbiont of defense-related host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway (aka negative regulation by symbiont of defense-related host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'It is usually associated with a mild form of α-thalassaemia, caused by reduced expression of structurally intact α-globin genes, and characterised by the presence of β-globin tetramers (haemoglobin H inclusion bodies) in peripheral red blood cells.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'inclusion bodies'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: mif production (aka macrophage migration inhibitory factor production)
B: oncostatin m production (osm production) (aka oncostatin m production)
C: gibberellin 3beta-hydroxylase activity (aka gibberellin 3-beta-dioxygenase activity)
D: chemokine (c-c motif) ligand 17 production (thymus and activation regulated chemokine production) (aka chemokine (c-c motif) ligand 17 production)
E: cilium inversin compartment (aka ciliary inversin compartment)
F: oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, nad(p)h as one donor, and incorporation of two atoms of oxygen into one donor (oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, nadh or nadph as one donor, and incorporation of two atoms of oxygen into one donor) (aka oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, nad(p)h as one donor, and incorporation of two atoms of oxygen into one donor)
G: downregulation of cargo selection into copii-coated vesicle (aka negative regulation of cargo loading into copii-coated vesicle)
H: itga5-itgb1-ppap2b complex (aka alpha5-beta1 integrin-lpp3 complex)
I: negative regulation of mip-1b production (aka negative regulation of chemokine (c-c motif) ligand 4 production)
J: axoneme central pair (aka axonemal central pair)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Carrier females occasionally manifest haemoglobin H inclusions, but are otherwise intellectually and physically normal.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'inclusions'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: flagellar tip (aka ciliary tip)
B: oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, nad(p)h as one donor, and incorporation of two atoms of oxygen into one donor (oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, nadh or nadph as one donor, and incorporation of two atoms of oxygen into one donor) (aka oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, nad(p)h as one donor, and incorporation of two atoms of oxygen into one donor)
C: n-acetylgalactosamine 4-sulfate 6-o-sulphotransferase activity (aka n-acetylgalactosamine 4-sulfate 6-o-sulfotransferase activity)
D: gibberellin 3beta-dioxygenase activity (aka gibberellin 3-beta-dioxygenase activity)
E: down regulation of cargo selection into copii-coated vesicle (aka negative regulation of cargo loading into copii-coated vesicle)
F: up regulation of spermidine biosynthetic process (aka positive regulation of spermidine biosynthetic process)
G: upregulation of luteinizing hormone secretion (aka positive regulation of luteinizing hormone secretion)
H: envenomation resulting in negative regulation of high voltage-gated calcium channel activity in other organism
I: galactose binding (galactose binding lectin) (aka galactose binding)
J: itga5-itgb1-ppap2b complex (aka alpha5-beta1 integrin-lpp3 complex)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Studies of X-chromosome inactivation in carrier females have demonstrated preferential inactivation of the chromosome bearing the abnormal allele in a variety of tissues [2], and this skewing of X-inactivation is thought to explain the mild phenotype observed in carriers.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'x'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: imaginal disc growth factor (aka imaginal disc growth factor receptor binding)
B: downregulation by symbiont of defense-related host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway (aka negative regulation by symbiont of defense-related host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway)
C: negative regulation of protein breakdown (aka negative regulation of protein catabolic process)
D: protein-endoplasmic reticulum insertion by n-terminal cleaved signal sequence (aka protein insertion into er membrane by n-terminal cleaved signal sequence)
E: regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptosis (aka regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptotic process)
F: desensitization to pheromone during conjugation without cellular fusion (aka adaptation to pheromone involved in conjugation with mutual genetic exchange)
G: down-regulation of phospholipase a (aka negative regulation of phospholipase a2 activity)
H: d-gluconate:nadp+ oxidoreductase activity (aka gluconate 2-dehydrogenase activity)
I: fsh activity (aka follicle-stimulating hormone activity)
J: d-glucarate hydro-lyase activity (aka glucarate dehydratase activity)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Studies of X-chromosome inactivation in carrier females have demonstrated preferential inactivation of the chromosome bearing the abnormal allele in a variety of tissues [2], and this skewing of X-inactivation is thought to explain the mild phenotype observed in carriers.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'x-chromosome'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: propionyl-coa c(2)-trimethyltridecanoyltransferase activity (aka propionyl-coa c2-trimethyltridecanoyltransferase activity)
B: conjugant formation
C: behavioral response to mechanical stimulus (aka mechanosensory behavior)
D: adaptation to pheromone involved conjugation without cellular fusion (aka adaptation to pheromone involved in conjugation with mutual genetic exchange)
E: lamina reticularis
F: dermatan sulfate proteoglycan anabolism (aka dermatan sulfate proteoglycan biosynthetic process)
G: linear element formation (aka linear element assembly)
H: negative regulation of protein breakdown (aka negative regulation of protein catabolic process)
I: protein binding transcription factor activity (aka transcription factor activity, protein binding)
J: inhibition of metabolic activity during hibernation (aka negative regulation of metabolic activity involved in hibernation)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The ATR-X syndrome is caused by mutations in a gene (ATRX) that comprises 36 exons spanning 300 kb of genomic DNA at Chromosome Xq13.3', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'x'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: down regulation of phosphatidolipase activity (aka negative regulation of phospholipase a2 activity)
B: follitropin activity (aka follicle-stimulating hormone activity)
C: regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptosis (aka regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptotic process)
D: protein-endoplasmic reticulum insertion by n-terminal cleaved signal sequence (aka protein insertion into er membrane by n-terminal cleaved signal sequence)
E: imaginal disc growth factor (aka imaginal disc growth factor receptor binding)
F: d-glucarate dehydratase activity (aka glucarate dehydratase activity)
G: d-gluconate:nadp+ oxidoreductase activity (aka gluconate 2-dehydrogenase activity)
H: negative regulation of protein breakdown (aka negative regulation of protein catabolic process)
I: downregulation by symbiont of defense-related host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway (aka negative regulation by symbiont of defense-related host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway)
J: adaptation to pheromone involved conjugation without cellular fusion (aka adaptation to pheromone involved in conjugation with mutual genetic exchange)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The mouse homolog of the ATRX gene, Atrx, is also situated on the X chromosome, and also gives rise to full-length (Atrx, ~280 kDa) and truncated (Atrxt, ~200 kDa) isoforms [4,5].
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'x chromosome'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: cellular morphogenesis involved in conjugation without cellular fusion (aka cell morphogenesis involved in conjugation with mutual genetic exchange)
B: protein-endoplasmic reticulum insertion by n-terminal cleaved signal sequence (aka protein insertion into er membrane by n-terminal cleaved signal sequence)
C: d-glucarate dehydratase activity (aka glucarate dehydratase activity)
D: basophil activation involved in immune response (basophil activation during immune response) (aka basophil activation involved in immune response)
E: myeloid cell activation involved in immune response (myeloid cell activation during immune response) (aka myeloid cell activation involved in immune response)
F: lamina reticularis
G: negative regulation of protein breakdown (aka negative regulation of protein catabolic process)
H: linear element formation (aka linear element assembly)
I: positive modulation of hormone or growth regulator levels in host (aka positive regulation by symbiont of hormone or growth regulator levels in host)
J: modification by symbiont of host cell membrane
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The former motif is thought to be involved in protein-protein interactions in chromatin [7], and the latter is a feature of chromatin-remodelling proteins, and the presence of disease-causing mutations indicates the functional importance of these domains.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'chromatin'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: cell cycle arrest in response to pheromone (aka mitotic cell cycle arrest in response to pheromone)
B: pheromone-dependent signal transduction involved in conjugation with cellular fusion (transduction of mating signal) (aka pheromone-dependent signal transduction involved in conjugation with cellular fusion)
C: u12 snrnp (snrnp u12) (aka u12 snrnp)
D: s-adenosyl-l-methionine:myo-inositol 3-o-methyltransferase activity (aka inositol 1-methyltransferase activity)
E: myeloid cell activation involved in immune response (myeloid cell activation during immune response) (aka myeloid cell activation involved in immune response)
F: conjugation with mutual genetic exchange (conjugation without cellular fusion) (aka conjugation with mutual genetic exchange)
G: alpha9-beta1 integrin-vegf-d complex (itga9-itgb1-figf complex) (aka alpha9-beta1 integrin-vegf-d complex)
H: oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, another compound as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen
I: regulation of cell budding (regulation of budding) (aka regulation of cell budding)
J: dermatan sulfate proteoglycan biosynthesis (aka dermatan sulfate proteoglycan biosynthetic process)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The former motif is thought to be involved in protein-protein interactions in chromatin [7], and the latter is a feature of chromatin-remodelling proteins, and the presence of disease-causing mutations indicates the functional importance of these domains.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'chromatin'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: ala synthase activity (aka 5-aminolevulinate synthase activity)
B: cell cycle arrest in response to pheromone (aka mitotic cell cycle arrest in response to pheromone)
C: alpha9-beta1 integrin-vegf-d complex (itga9-itgb1-figf complex) (aka alpha9-beta1 integrin-vegf-d complex)
D: hemoglobin beta binding
E: dermatan sulfate proteoglycan biosynthesis (aka dermatan sulfate proteoglycan biosynthetic process)
F: ca4h activity (aka trans-cinnamate 4-monooxygenase activity)
G: myeloid cell activation involved in immune response (myeloid cell activation during immune response) (aka myeloid cell activation involved in immune response)
H: regulation of inosine transport (regulation of hypoxanthine riboside transport) (aka regulation of inosine transport)
I: regulation of cell budding (regulation of budding) (aka regulation of cell budding)
J: u12 snrnp (snrnp u12) (aka u12 snrnp)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'ATRX has been shown to remodel chromatin [8].', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'chromatin'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: alpha9-beta1 integrin-vegf-d complex (itga9-itgb1-figf complex) (aka alpha9-beta1 integrin-vegf-d complex)
B: regulation of inosine transport (regulation of hypoxanthine riboside transport) (aka regulation of inosine transport)
C: s-adenosyl-l-methionine:myo-inositol 3-o-methyltransferase activity (aka inositol 1-methyltransferase activity)
D: oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, another compound as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen
E: mating (aka conjugation with cellular fusion)
F: u12 snrnp (snrnp u12) (aka u12 snrnp)
G: hemoglobin beta binding
H: transduction of mating signal (aka pheromone-dependent signal transduction involved in conjugation with cellular fusion)
I: regulation of cell budding (regulation of budding) (aka regulation of cell budding)
J: ala synthase activity (aka 5-aminolevulinate synthase activity)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'It also interacts with HP1 at heterochromatin [9] and is recruited to promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies via an interaction with Daxx', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: envenomation resulting in negative regulation of high voltage-gated calcium channel activity in other organism
B: s-succinyltransferase activity
C: regulation of peptide transport
D: haploid fruiting (aka sporocarp development involved in asexual reproduction)
E: positive regulation of map kinase kinase kinase cascade involved in axon regeneration (aka positive regulation of mapk cascade involved in axon regeneration)
F: 6,7-dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine synthase activity (lumazine synthase activity) (aka 6,7-dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine synthase activity)
G: sulfonate dioxygenase activity (sulfonate/alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase activity) (aka sulfonate dioxygenase activity)
H: regulation of oligopeptide transport
I: sinapoylglucose-malate o-sinapoyltransferase activity (1-o-sinapoyl-beta-d-glucose:(s)-malate o-sinapoyltransferase activity) (aka sinapoylglucose-malate o-sinapoyltransferase activity)
J: sulphur metabolic process (aka sulfur compound metabolic process)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'It also interacts with HP1 at heterochromatin [9] and is recruited to promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies via an interaction with Daxx', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'heterochromatin'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: positive regulation of mycose catabolism (aka positive regulation of trehalose catabolic process)
B: chromosome (interphase chromosome) (aka chromosome)
C: tramp complex (trf4p-air2p-mtr4p polyadenylation complex) (aka tramp complex)
D: up regulation of myosin ii polymerization or depolymerization (aka positive regulation of myosin ii filament organization)
E: snrnp u12 (aka u12 snrnp)
F: establishment of chromatin architecture (aka chromatin assembly)
G: polytene chromosome
H: cell cycle arrest in response to pheromone (aka mitotic cell cycle arrest in response to pheromone)
I: up-regulation of cytochrome aa3 activity (aka positive regulation of cytochrome-c oxidase activity)
J: itga9-itgb1-vegfa complex (aka alpha9-beta1 integrin-vegf-a complex)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The consistent core of clinical and haematological features observed in ATR-X patients suggests that, like the SWI2/SNF2 chromatin-remodelling protein, ATRX probably regulates transcription of a discrete set of target genes.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'chromatin'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: ca4h activity (aka trans-cinnamate 4-monooxygenase activity)
B: conjugation with mutual genetic exchange (conjugation without cellular fusion) (aka conjugation with mutual genetic exchange)
C: transduction of mating signal (aka pheromone-dependent signal transduction involved in conjugation with cellular fusion)
D: cell cycle arrest in response to pheromone (aka mitotic cell cycle arrest in response to pheromone)
E: s-adenosyl-l-methionine:myo-inositol 3-o-methyltransferase activity (aka inositol 1-methyltransferase activity)
F: 5-methyltetrahydropteroyltri-l-glutamate:l-homocysteine s-methyltransferase activity (aka 5-methyltetrahydropteroyltriglutamate-homocysteine s-methyltransferase activity)
G: alpha9-beta1 integrin-vegf-d complex (itga9-itgb1-figf complex) (aka alpha9-beta1 integrin-vegf-d complex)
H: regulation of inosine transport (regulation of hypoxanthine riboside transport) (aka regulation of inosine transport)
I: oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, another compound as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen
J: regulation of cell budding (regulation of budding) (aka regulation of cell budding)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The consistent core of clinical and haematological features observed in ATR-X patients suggests that, like the SWI2/SNF2 chromatin-remodelling protein, ATRX probably regulates transcription of a discrete set of target genes.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'x'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: gluconate 2-dehydrogenase activity (d-gluconate:nadp+ oxidoreductase activity) (aka gluconate 2-dehydrogenase activity)
B: d-glucarate dehydratase activity (aka glucarate dehydratase activity)
C: desensitization to pheromone during conjugation without cellular fusion (aka adaptation to pheromone involved in conjugation with mutual genetic exchange)
D: fsh activity (aka follicle-stimulating hormone activity)
E: protein-endoplasmic reticulum insertion by n-terminal cleaved signal sequence (aka protein insertion into er membrane by n-terminal cleaved signal sequence)
F: regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptosis (aka regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptotic process)
G: downregulation by symbiont of defense-related host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway (aka negative regulation by symbiont of defense-related host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway)
H: imaginal disc growth factor receptor binding (imaginal disc growth factor) (aka imaginal disc growth factor receptor binding)
I: downregulation of phospholipase a2 activity (aka negative regulation of phospholipase a2 activity)
J: negative regulation of protein breakdown (aka negative regulation of protein catabolic process)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Results
Generation of ES Cells Lacking Full-Length Atrx
Like the human gene, the mouse Atrx gene is also X-linked, such that a direct disruption of the single Atrx allele in male ES cells would immediately give rise to the null state.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'x'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: down regulation of phosphatidolipase activity (aka negative regulation of phospholipase a2 activity)
B: d-glucarate hydro-lyase activity (aka glucarate dehydratase activity)
C: adaptation to pheromone involved conjugation without cellular fusion (aka adaptation to pheromone involved in conjugation with mutual genetic exchange)
D: negative regulation of protein breakdown (aka negative regulation of protein catabolic process)
E: fsh activity (aka follicle-stimulating hormone activity)
F: imaginal disc growth factor receptor binding (imaginal disc growth factor) (aka imaginal disc growth factor receptor binding)
G: protein-endoplasmic reticulum insertion by n-terminal cleaved signal sequence (aka protein insertion into er membrane by n-terminal cleaved signal sequence)
H: downregulation by symbiont of defense-related host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway (aka negative regulation by symbiont of defense-related host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway)
I: regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptosis (aka regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptotic process)
J: d-gluconate:nadp+ oxidoreductase activity (aka gluconate 2-dehydrogenase activity)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Exon 18 encodes the first of the seven motifs composing the conserved SNF2-like domain of Atrx (Figure 1); mutation of the corresponding motif of the yeast SNF2 protein has been shown to severely impair SWI/SNF-dependent gene expression [12].', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'swi/snf'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: positive regulation of stress-activated mapk signaling pathway (aka positive regulation of stress-activated mapk cascade)
B: activation of phosphorylation (aka positive regulation of phosphorylation)
C: nuclear envelope reassembly
D: renilla-luciferin 2-monooxygenase activity (renilla-luciferin:oxygen 2-oxidoreductase (decarboxylating)) (aka renilla-luciferin 2-monooxygenase activity)
E: downregulation of leucophore differentiation (aka negative regulation of leucophore differentiation)
F: syncytium formation by mitosis without cell division (aka syncytium formation by mitosis without cytokinesis)
G: regulation of leucophore differentiation
H: lipa (aka lipoate synthase activity) (aka lipoate synthase activity)
I: polar cell elongation (aka bipolar cell growth)
J: c-terminal peptidyl-glycine amidation
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'While the function of Atrxt is not yet clear, this isoform, which contains the PHD-like domain but not the SWI/SNF motifs (Figure 1), is unlikely to be functionally equivalent to the full-length protein.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'swi/snf'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: c-terminal peptidyl-glutamic acid amidation
B: positive regulation of transmembrane transport (positive regulation of membrane transport) (aka positive regulation of transmembrane transport)
C: positive regulation of stress-activated mapk signaling pathway (aka positive regulation of stress-activated mapk cascade)
D: syncytium formation by mitosis without cell division (aka syncytium formation by mitosis without cytokinesis)
E: regulation of leucophore differentiation
F: up-regulation of leucophore differentiation (aka positive regulation of leucophore differentiation)
G: peptide pheromone export (a-factor export) (aka peptide pheromone export)
H: renilla-luciferin 2-monooxygenase activity (renilla-luciferin:oxygen 2-oxidoreductase (decarboxylating)) (aka renilla-luciferin 2-monooxygenase activity)
I: c-terminal peptidyl-glycine amidation
J: activation of phosphorylation (aka positive regulation of phosphorylation)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Notably, the transcribed region of the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) repeat was found to be significantly hypomethylated in ATR-X patients relative to normal individuals.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'ribosomal'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: rna splicing, via transesterification reactions (rna splicing factor activity, transesterification mechanism) (aka rna splicing, via transesterification reactions)
B: cardiac chamber ballooning
C: light-harvesting complex, peripheral complex
D: (2r)-hydroxy-carboxylate:acceptor oxidoreductase activity (aka 2-oxo-acid reductase activity)
E: circumferential growth involved in left ventricle morphogenesis
F: radial growth involved in right ventricle morphogenesis
G: nadp-linked malate dehydrogenase activity (aka malate dehydrogenase (nadp+) activity)
H: cisternal lumen (aka endoplasmic reticulum lumen)
I: phloroisovalerophenone synthase activity (3-methyl-1-(trihydroxyphenyl)butan-1-one synthase activity) (aka phloroisovalerophenone synthase activity)
J: b875 antenna complex (light harvesting complex i) (aka b875 antenna complex)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Notably, the transcribed region of the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) repeat was found to be significantly hypomethylated in ATR-X patients relative to normal individuals.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'x'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: protein-endoplasmic reticulum insertion by n-terminal cleaved signal sequence (aka protein insertion into er membrane by n-terminal cleaved signal sequence)
B: imaginal disc growth factor (aka imaginal disc growth factor receptor binding)
C: regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptosis (aka regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptotic process)
D: downregulation of phosphatidolipase activity (aka negative regulation of phospholipase a2 activity)
E: fsh activity (aka follicle-stimulating hormone activity)
F: d-gluconate:nadp+ oxidoreductase activity (aka gluconate 2-dehydrogenase activity)
G: desensitization to pheromone during conjugation without cellular fusion (aka adaptation to pheromone involved in conjugation with mutual genetic exchange)
H: negative regulation of protein breakdown (aka negative regulation of protein catabolic process)
I: downregulation by symbiont of defense-related host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway (aka negative regulation by symbiont of defense-related host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway)
J: d-glucarate hydro-lyase activity (aka glucarate dehydratase activity)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The observation that rDNA is hypomethylated in the absence of Atrx, even in ES cells, is consistent with the finding that hypomethylation of the human rDNA repeats is detectable from an early developmental stage in ATR-X patients.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'x'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: fsh activity (aka follicle-stimulating hormone activity)
B: adaptation to pheromone involved conjugation without cellular fusion (aka adaptation to pheromone involved in conjugation with mutual genetic exchange)
C: downregulation by symbiont of defense-related host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway (aka negative regulation by symbiont of defense-related host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway)
D: negative regulation of protein breakdown (aka negative regulation of protein catabolic process)
E: down-regulation of lecithinase a activity (aka negative regulation of phospholipase a2 activity)
F: protein-endoplasmic reticulum insertion by n-terminal cleaved signal sequence (aka protein insertion into er membrane by n-terminal cleaved signal sequence)
G: regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptosis (aka regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptotic process)
H: imaginal disc growth factor (aka imaginal disc growth factor receptor binding)
I: gluconate 2-dehydrogenase activity (d-gluconate:nadp+ oxidoreductase activity) (aka gluconate 2-dehydrogenase activity)
J: d-glucarate dehydratase activity (aka glucarate dehydratase activity)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Other mouse repetitive sequence elements surveyed in ES cell DNA include the heterochromatic major satellite (assayed with MaeII) and minor satellite (assayed with HpaII) repeats, as well as interspersed retroviral repeats of the intracisternal A particle (IAP) type and the Line 1 and Sine B1 families (all assayed with HpaII).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'heterochromatic'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: chromatid (aka chromosome)
B: establishment of chromatin architecture (aka chromatin assembly)
C: alpha9-beta1 integrin-vegf-a complex (itga9-itgb1-vegfa complex) (aka alpha9-beta1 integrin-vegf-a complex)
D: tramp complex (trf4p-air2p-mtr4p polyadenylation complex) (aka tramp complex)
E: polytene chromosome
F: itga9-itgb1-figf complex (aka alpha9-beta1 integrin-vegf-d complex)
G: ccr9 chemokine receptor binding (ccr9 chemokine receptor ligand) (aka ccr9 chemokine receptor binding)
H: cell cycle arrest in response to pheromone (aka mitotic cell cycle arrest in response to pheromone)
I: snrnp u11 (aka u11 snrnp)
J: poly-hydroxybutyrate anabolism (aka poly-hydroxybutyrate biosynthetic process)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'This finding was unexpected, since human ATR-X patients clearly survive to adulthood (see Discussion).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'x'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: downregulation by symbiont of defense-related host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway (aka negative regulation by symbiont of defense-related host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway)
B: desensitization to pheromone during conjugation without cellular fusion (aka adaptation to pheromone involved in conjugation with mutual genetic exchange)
C: down-regulation of phospholipase a (aka negative regulation of phospholipase a2 activity)
D: fsh activity (aka follicle-stimulating hormone activity)
E: d-glucarate dehydratase activity (aka glucarate dehydratase activity)
F: regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptosis (aka regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptotic process)
G: protein-endoplasmic reticulum insertion by n-terminal cleaved signal sequence (aka protein insertion into er membrane by n-terminal cleaved signal sequence)
H: d-gluconate:nadp+ oxidoreductase activity (aka gluconate 2-dehydrogenase activity)
I: negative regulation of protein breakdown (aka negative regulation of protein catabolic process)
J: imaginal disc growth factor receptor binding (imaginal disc growth factor) (aka imaginal disc growth factor receptor binding)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'To investigate the morphology of Atrxnull embryos prior to death, embryos from the above crosses were initially dissected in their deciduas at 7.5 dpc, and paraffin sections were stained with haematoxylin (Figure 5A) or with an anti-ATRX antibody (Figure 5B–5E).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'antibody'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: septum secundum development
B: pectolase activity (aka polygalacturonase activity)
C: polynucleotide 5'-phosphatase activity (polynucleotide 5'-phosphohydrolase activity) (aka polynucleotide 5'-phosphatase activity)
D: ubiquitin-like protein transferase activity (e2 (aka ubiquitin-like protein transferase activity))
E: aggrephagy
F: bacteriochlorophyll c binding
G: methionine s-adenosyltransferase activity (aka methionine adenosyltransferase activity)
H: t cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target (t lymphocyte mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target) (aka t cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target)
I: ribosome biogenesis and assembly (aka ribosome biogenesis)
J: interleukin-15 receptor binding (interleukin-15 receptor ligand) (aka interleukin-15 receptor binding)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Within the large nuclei of these TGCs, the typical nuclear association of Atrx with blocks of pericentromeric heterochromatin [15] was clearly observable.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'pericentromeric heterochromatin'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: positive regulation of mycose catabolism (aka positive regulation of trehalose catabolic process)
B: cilium shaft (aka ciliary shaft)
C: u12 snrnp (snrnp u12) (aka u12 snrnp)
D: polytene chromosome
E: chromatin disassembly
F: interphase chromosome (aka chromosome)
G: upregulation of myosin ii polymerization or depolymerization (aka positive regulation of myosin ii filament organization)
H: tramp complex (trf4p-air2p-mtr4p polyadenylation complex) (aka tramp complex)
I: poly-hydroxybutyrate synthesis (aka poly-hydroxybutyrate biosynthetic process)
J: telomerase holoenzyme complex
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Within the large nuclei of these TGCs, the typical nuclear association of Atrx with blocks of pericentromeric heterochromatin [15] was clearly observable.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'nuclei'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: sodium/proline symporter activity (aka proline:sodium symporter activity)
B: stimulation of erk1 and erk2 cascade (aka positive regulation of erk1 and erk2 cascade)
C: transduction of mating signal (aka pheromone-dependent signal transduction involved in conjugation with cellular fusion)
D: choline:sodium symporter activity (sodium/choline symporter activity) (aka choline:sodium symporter activity)
E: n-succinyltransferase activity
F: dermatan sulfate proteoglycan biosynthetic process, polysaccharide chain biosynthetic process (chondroitin sulfate b proteoglycan biosynthesis, polysaccharide chain biosynthetic process) (aka dermatan sulfate proteoglycan biosynthetic process, polysaccharide chain biosynthetic process)
G: stimulation of interleukin-20 production (aka positive regulation of interleukin-20 production)
H: plasma membrane long-chain fatty acid transporter (aka long-chain fatty acid transporter activity)
I: neurokinin-a receptor binding (aka substance k receptor binding)
J: sperm axoneme assembly
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Within the large nuclei of these TGCs, the typical nuclear association of Atrx with blocks of pericentromeric heterochromatin [15] was clearly observable.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'nuclear'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: stimulation of interleukin-20 production (aka positive regulation of interleukin-20 production)
B: stimulation of erk1 and erk2 cascade (aka positive regulation of erk1 and erk2 cascade)
C: plasma membrane long-chain fatty acid transporter (aka long-chain fatty acid transporter activity)
D: n-succinyltransferase activity
E: spermatid nuclear elongation (aka spermatid nucleus elongation)
F: choline:sodium symporter activity (sodium/choline symporter activity) (aka choline:sodium symporter activity)
G: dermatan sulfate proteoglycan synthesis (aka dermatan sulfate proteoglycan biosynthetic process)
H: transduction of mating signal (aka pheromone-dependent signal transduction involved in conjugation with cellular fusion)
I: sperm axoneme assembly
J: type 5b serotonin receptor binding (5-hydroxytryptamine 5b receptor binding) (aka type 5b serotonin receptor binding)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Only background staining was seen in the corresponding Atrxnull embryonic tissues (Figure 5B–5D), while expression in the surrounding decidual tissue (of maternal origin) was normal and served as an antibody staining control (unpublished data).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'antibody'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: t cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target (t lymphocyte mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target) (aka t cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target)
B: ribosome biogenesis (ribosome biogenesis and assembly) (aka ribosome biogenesis)
C: bacteriochlorophyll c binding
D: aggrephagy
E: pectolase activity (aka polygalacturonase activity)
F: 5'-polynucleotidase activity (aka polynucleotide 5'-phosphatase activity)
G: b lymphocyte antigen processing and presentation mediated by b cell receptor uptake of antigen (aka b cell antigen processing and presentation mediated by b cell receptor uptake of antigen)
H: ubiquitin-like protein transferase activity (e2 (aka ubiquitin-like protein transferase activity))
I: natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target (nk cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target) (aka natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target)
J: peptidyl-histidine dephosphorylation
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Although a growth defect was also observed in Atrxnull ES cells (Figure 3A), in contrast to the Atrxnull embryos, the mitotic index of the ES cell population (as measured with the same antibody) was not depleted (Figure S1B).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'antibody'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: peptidyl-histidine dephosphorylation
B: negative regulation of lymphocyte anergy (down-regulation of lymphocyte anergy) (aka negative regulation of lymphocyte anergy)
C: methionine s-adenosyltransferase activity (aka methionine adenosyltransferase activity)
D: t cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target (t lymphocyte mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target) (aka t cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target)
E: interleukin-15 receptor binding (interleukin-15 receptor ligand) (aka interleukin-15 receptor binding)
F: 5'-polynucleotidase activity (aka polynucleotide 5'-phosphatase activity)
G: immune response to tumor cell
H: pectolase activity (aka polygalacturonase activity)
I: ubiquitin-like protein transferase activity (e2 (aka ubiquitin-like protein transferase activity))
J: bacteriochlorophyll c binding
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'We found that the population of Pl-1-expressing cells was depleted in the decidual implantation sites containing Atrxnull embryos relative to those containing wild-type littermates (Figure 7B); this was also apparent at 7.5 dpc, as determined by immunohistochemical staining of paraffin sections of embryos in deciduas with an anti-Pl-1 antibody (Figure 7C).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'antibody'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target (nk cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target) (aka natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target)
B: ubiquitin-like protein transferase activity (e2 (aka ubiquitin-like protein transferase activity))
C: methionine s-adenosyltransferase activity (aka methionine adenosyltransferase activity)
D: ribosome biogenesis (ribosome biogenesis and assembly) (aka ribosome biogenesis)
E: immune response to tumor cell
F: peptidyl-histidine dephosphorylation
G: aggrephagy
H: 5'-polynucleotidase activity (aka polynucleotide 5'-phosphatase activity)
I: negative regulation of lymphocyte anergy (down-regulation of lymphocyte anergy) (aka negative regulation of lymphocyte anergy)
J: septum secundum development
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'In the mouse, X chromosome inactivation is subject to parental imprinting in the trophectoderm and primitive endoderm lineages that give rise to the extraembryonic tissues, resulting in inactivation of the paternal X chromosome (Xp)', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'x chromosome'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: basophil activation involved in immune response (basophil activation during immune response) (aka basophil activation involved in immune response)
B: behavioral response to mechanical stimulus (aka mechanosensory behavior)
C: positive modulation of hormone or growth regulator levels in host (aka positive regulation by symbiont of hormone or growth regulator levels in host)
D: conjugant formation
E: modification by symbiont of host cell membrane
F: desensitization to pheromone during conjugation without cellular fusion (aka adaptation to pheromone involved in conjugation with mutual genetic exchange)
G: core promoter proximal region sequence-specific dna binding
H: lamina reticularis
I: linear element formation (aka linear element assembly)
J: negative regulation of protein breakdown (aka negative regulation of protein catabolic process)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'In the mouse, X chromosome inactivation is subject to parental imprinting in the trophectoderm and primitive endoderm lineages that give rise to the extraembryonic tissues, resulting in inactivation of the paternal X chromosome (Xp)', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'x chromosome'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: linear element formation (aka linear element assembly)
B: lamina reticularis
C: modification by symbiont of host cell membrane
D: myeloid cell activation involved in immune response (myeloid cell activation during immune response) (aka myeloid cell activation involved in immune response)
E: behavioral response to mechanical stimulus (aka mechanosensory behavior)
F: basophil activation involved in immune response (basophil activation during immune response) (aka basophil activation involved in immune response)
G: inhibition of metabolic activity during hibernation (aka negative regulation of metabolic activity involved in hibernation)
H: desensitization to pheromone during conjugation without cellular fusion (aka adaptation to pheromone involved in conjugation with mutual genetic exchange)
I: positive modulation of hormone or growth regulator levels in host (aka positive regulation by symbiont of hormone or growth regulator levels in host)
J: propionyl-coa c(2)-trimethyltridecanoyltransferase activity (aka propionyl-coa c2-trimethyltridecanoyltransferase activity)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'In contrast, in tissues of the embryo proper (derived from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst) X-inactivation is random', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'x'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: desensitization to pheromone during conjugation without cellular fusion (aka adaptation to pheromone involved in conjugation with mutual genetic exchange)
B: fsh activity (aka follicle-stimulating hormone activity)
C: regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptosis (aka regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptotic process)
D: protein-endoplasmic reticulum insertion by n-terminal cleaved signal sequence (aka protein insertion into er membrane by n-terminal cleaved signal sequence)
E: downregulation by symbiont of defense-related host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway (aka negative regulation by symbiont of defense-related host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway)
F: gluconate 2-dehydrogenase activity (d-gluconate:nadp+ oxidoreductase activity) (aka gluconate 2-dehydrogenase activity)
G: imaginal disc growth factor receptor binding (imaginal disc growth factor) (aka imaginal disc growth factor receptor binding)
H: d-glucarate hydro-lyase activity (aka glucarate dehydratase activity)
I: negative regulation of protein breakdown (aka negative regulation of protein catabolic process)
J: down regulation of phosphatidolipase activity (aka negative regulation of phospholipase a2 activity)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Thus, in the extraembryonic compartment of AtrxWT/null carrier females, normal imprinted X-inactivation would be expected to result in silencing of the paternally derived AtrxWT allele, leaving only the Atrxnull allele on the active maternal X (Xm) and thereby render the extraembryonic tissues null for full-length Atrx protein.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'x'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: protein-endoplasmic reticulum insertion by n-terminal cleaved signal sequence (aka protein insertion into er membrane by n-terminal cleaved signal sequence)
B: negative regulation of protein breakdown (aka negative regulation of protein catabolic process)
C: desensitization to pheromone during conjugation without cellular fusion (aka adaptation to pheromone involved in conjugation with mutual genetic exchange)
D: regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptosis (aka regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptotic process)
E: downregulation by symbiont of defense-related host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway (aka negative regulation by symbiont of defense-related host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway)
F: imaginal disc growth factor receptor binding (imaginal disc growth factor) (aka imaginal disc growth factor receptor binding)
G: downregulation of phosphatidolipase activity (aka negative regulation of phospholipase a2 activity)
H: d-gluconate:nadp+ oxidoreductase activity (aka gluconate 2-dehydrogenase activity)
I: d-glucarate hydro-lyase activity (aka glucarate dehydratase activity)
J: fsh activity (aka follicle-stimulating hormone activity)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Thus, in the extraembryonic compartment of AtrxWT/null carrier females, normal imprinted X-inactivation would be expected to result in silencing of the paternally derived AtrxWT allele, leaving only the Atrxnull allele on the active maternal X (Xm) and thereby render the extraembryonic tissues null for full-length Atrx protein.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'x'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: desensitization to pheromone during conjugation without cellular fusion (aka adaptation to pheromone involved in conjugation with mutual genetic exchange)
B: follitropin activity (aka follicle-stimulating hormone activity)
C: down-regulation of lecithinase a activity (aka negative regulation of phospholipase a2 activity)
D: d-gluconate:nadp+ oxidoreductase activity (aka gluconate 2-dehydrogenase activity)
E: downregulation by symbiont of defense-related host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway (aka negative regulation by symbiont of defense-related host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway)
F: protein-endoplasmic reticulum insertion by n-terminal cleaved signal sequence (aka protein insertion into er membrane by n-terminal cleaved signal sequence)
G: negative regulation of protein breakdown (aka negative regulation of protein catabolic process)
H: d-glucarate hydro-lyase activity (aka glucarate dehydratase activity)
I: regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptosis (aka regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptotic process)
J: imaginal disc growth factor (aka imaginal disc growth factor receptor binding)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'However, the absence of Atrx in the extraembryonic compartment is lethal in Atrxnull/Y males.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'y'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: adenosine receptor activity, g protein coupled (aka g-protein coupled adenosine receptor activity)
B: right posteriolateral flagellum (right posterolateral flagellum) (aka right posteriolateral flagellum)
C: minor capsomere (aka viral capsid, minor subunit)
D: major tail protein (aka virus tail, major subunit)
E: regulation of t-helper 17 cell development (aka regulation of t-helper 17 cell differentiation)
F: viral capsid, major subunit (major head protein) (aka viral capsid, major subunit)
G: ccl5 receptor activity (aka c-c motif chemokine 5 receptor activity)
H: acetylcholine receptor inhibitor activity
I: calcium-dependent activation of synaptic vesicle fusion
J: basophil activation involved in immune response (basophil activation during immune response) (aka basophil activation involved in immune response)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'To investigate further, we crossed homozygous Atrxflox/flox females and homozygous GATA1-cre transgenic males (AtrxWT/Y;GATA1-cre+/+), which would be expected to yield only Atrxnull males (Atrxnull/Y;GATA1-cre+/−) and carrier females (AtrxWT/null;GATA1-cre+/−).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'y'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: calcium-dependent activation of synaptic vesicle fusion
B: adenosine receptor activity, g protein coupled (aka g-protein coupled adenosine receptor activity)
C: adaptation to pheromone involved conjugation without cellular fusion (aka adaptation to pheromone involved in conjugation with mutual genetic exchange)
D: endonucleolytic cleavage to generate mature 3'-end of ssu-rrna from (ssu-rrna, 5.8s rrna, lsu-rrna) (endonucleolytic cleavage at site d) (aka endonucleolytic cleavage to generate mature 3'-end of ssu-rrna from (ssu-rrna, 5.8s rrna, lsu-rrna))
E: major head protein (aka viral capsid, major subunit)
F: rantes receptor activity (aka c-c motif chemokine 5 receptor activity)
G: basophil activation involved in immune response (basophil activation during immune response) (aka basophil activation involved in immune response)
H: right posteriolateral flagellum (right posterolateral flagellum) (aka right posteriolateral flagellum)
I: major tail protein (aka virus tail, major subunit)
J: minor head protein (aka viral capsid, minor subunit)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'To investigate further, we crossed homozygous Atrxflox/flox females and homozygous GATA1-cre transgenic males (AtrxWT/Y;GATA1-cre+/+), which would be expected to yield only Atrxnull males (Atrxnull/Y;GATA1-cre+/−) and carrier females (AtrxWT/null;GATA1-cre+/−).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'y'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: adenosine receptor activity, g protein coupled (aka g-protein coupled adenosine receptor activity)
B: mitochondrial double-strand break repair via homologous recombination (mtdsb repair via homologous recombination) (aka mitochondrial double-strand break repair via homologous recombination)
C: virus tail, major subunit (major tail protein) (aka virus tail, major subunit)
D: major capsomere (aka viral capsid, major subunit)
E: right posteriolateral flagellum (right posterolateral flagellum) (aka right posteriolateral flagellum)
F: acetylcholine receptor inhibitor activity
G: minor head protein (aka viral capsid, minor subunit)
H: ccl5 receptor activity (aka c-c motif chemokine 5 receptor activity)
I: regulation of t-helper 17 cell development (aka regulation of t-helper 17 cell differentiation)
J: endonucleolytic cleavage to generate mature 3'-end of ssu-rrna from (ssu-rrna, 5.8s rrna, lsu-rrna) (endonucleolytic cleavage at site d) (aka endonucleolytic cleavage to generate mature 3'-end of ssu-rrna from (ssu-rrna, 5.8s rrna, lsu-rrna))
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Embryos were dissected in their deciduas at 7.5 dpc, and paraffin sections were stained with anti-ATRX antibody, along with sections from a wild-type 7.5 dpc embryo for comparison (Figure 8).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'antibody'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: septum secundum development
B: peptidyl-histidine dephosphorylation
C: bacteriochlorophyll c binding
D: negative regulation of lymphocyte anergy (down-regulation of lymphocyte anergy) (aka negative regulation of lymphocyte anergy)
E: b lymphocyte antigen processing and presentation mediated by b cell receptor uptake of antigen (aka b cell antigen processing and presentation mediated by b cell receptor uptake of antigen)
F: polynucleotide 5'-phosphatase activity (polynucleotide 5'-phosphohydrolase activity) (aka polynucleotide 5'-phosphatase activity)
G: ubiquitin-like protein transferase activity (e2 (aka ubiquitin-like protein transferase activity))
H: natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target (nk cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target) (aka natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target)
I: methionine s-adenosyltransferase activity (aka methionine adenosyltransferase activity)
J: interleukin-15 receptor binding (interleukin-15 receptor ligand) (aka interleukin-15 receptor binding)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'In contrast, the epiblast region of carrier female embryos was composed of a mosaic of small clusters of Atrx-positive cells (in which the Atrxnull allele on Xm had been inactivated) and Atrx-negative cells (in which the AtrxWT allele on Xp had been inactivated), indicating that the Atrx gene was subject to normal random X-inactivation in the epiblast.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'x'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: d-glucarate dehydratase activity (aka glucarate dehydratase activity)
B: adaptation to pheromone involved conjugation without cellular fusion (aka adaptation to pheromone involved in conjugation with mutual genetic exchange)
C: d-gluconate:nadp+ oxidoreductase activity (aka gluconate 2-dehydrogenase activity)
D: fsh activity (aka follicle-stimulating hormone activity)
E: imaginal disc growth factor receptor binding (imaginal disc growth factor) (aka imaginal disc growth factor receptor binding)
F: negative regulation of protein breakdown (aka negative regulation of protein catabolic process)
G: regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptosis (aka regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptotic process)
H: downregulation by symbiont of defense-related host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway (aka negative regulation by symbiont of defense-related host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway)
I: downregulation of phosphatidolipase activity (aka negative regulation of phospholipase a2 activity)
J: protein-endoplasmic reticulum insertion by n-terminal cleaved signal sequence (aka protein insertion into er membrane by n-terminal cleaved signal sequence)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Thus, although random X-inactivation occurs normally within the epiblast, the AtrxWT allele (inherited on the Xp chromosome) escaped the normal imprinted X-inactivation in the extraembryonic compartment of some carrier females.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'x'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: downregulation by symbiont of defense-related host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway (aka negative regulation by symbiont of defense-related host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway)
B: regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptosis (aka regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptotic process)
C: imaginal disc growth factor receptor binding (imaginal disc growth factor) (aka imaginal disc growth factor receptor binding)
D: down regulation of phospholipase a2 activity (aka negative regulation of phospholipase a2 activity)
E: d-glucarate dehydratase activity (aka glucarate dehydratase activity)
F: negative regulation of protein breakdown (aka negative regulation of protein catabolic process)
G: desensitization to pheromone during conjugation without cellular fusion (aka adaptation to pheromone involved in conjugation with mutual genetic exchange)
H: d-gluconate:nadp+ oxidoreductase activity (aka gluconate 2-dehydrogenase activity)
I: protein-endoplasmic reticulum insertion by n-terminal cleaved signal sequence (aka protein insertion into er membrane by n-terminal cleaved signal sequence)
J: follitropin activity (aka follicle-stimulating hormone activity)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Thus, although random X-inactivation occurs normally within the epiblast, the AtrxWT allele (inherited on the Xp chromosome) escaped the normal imprinted X-inactivation in the extraembryonic compartment of some carrier females.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'x'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: fsh activity (aka follicle-stimulating hormone activity)
B: desensitization to pheromone during conjugation without cellular fusion (aka adaptation to pheromone involved in conjugation with mutual genetic exchange)
C: regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptosis (aka regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptotic process)
D: gluconate 2-dehydrogenase activity (d-gluconate:nadp+ oxidoreductase activity) (aka gluconate 2-dehydrogenase activity)
E: negative regulation of protein breakdown (aka negative regulation of protein catabolic process)
F: downregulation by symbiont of defense-related host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway (aka negative regulation by symbiont of defense-related host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway)
G: downregulation of phospholipase a2 activity (aka negative regulation of phospholipase a2 activity)
H: imaginal disc growth factor receptor binding (imaginal disc growth factor) (aka imaginal disc growth factor receptor binding)
I: d-glucarate dehydratase activity (aka glucarate dehydratase activity)
J: protein-endoplasmic reticulum insertion by n-terminal cleaved signal sequence (aka protein insertion into er membrane by n-terminal cleaved signal sequence)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The human ATRX protein has been shown to associate in a complex with Daxx', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'complex'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: regulation of il-14 biosynthesis (aka regulation of interleukin-14 biosynthetic process)
B: up-regulation of 1-phosphatidyl-1d-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate synthesis (aka positive regulation of 1-phosphatidyl-1d-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate biosynthetic process)
C: regulation of ip3 biosynthesis (aka regulation of inositol trisphosphate biosynthetic process)
D: ferricrocin metabolic process (ferricrocin metabolism) (aka ferricrocin metabolic process)
E: glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor receptor signalling pathway (aka glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor receptor signaling pathway)
F: gdp mannose-phosphatidyl-myo-inositol alpha-mannosyltransferase activity (aka phosphatidylinositol alpha-mannosyltransferase activity)
G: ethylene biosynthesis involved in jasmonic acid and ethylene-dependent systemic resistance (ethylene biosynthetic process during jasmonic acid and ethylene-dependent systemic resistance) (aka ethylene biosynthesis involved in jasmonic acid and ethylene-dependent systemic resistance)
H: coreceptor activity involved in wnt receptor signalling pathway through beta-catenin (aka coreceptor activity involved in canonical wnt signaling pathway)
I: up-regulation of trehalose catabolism (aka positive regulation of trehalose catabolic process)
J: ccr2 chemokine receptor ligand (aka ccr2 chemokine receptor binding)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'It is possible that disruption of the mouse Atrx-Daxx complex (by ablation of the Atrx protein) could have triggered a universal proapoptotic response.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'complex'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: dna ligase activity
B: dma1-dependent checkpoint (sac-independent checkpoint) (aka dma1-dependent checkpoint)
C: up-regulation of trehalose catabolism (aka positive regulation of trehalose catabolic process)
D: gdp mannose-phosphatidyl-myo-inositol alpha-mannosyltransferase activity (aka phosphatidylinositol alpha-mannosyltransferase activity)
E: up-regulation of 1-phosphatidyl-1d-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate synthesis (aka positive regulation of 1-phosphatidyl-1d-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate biosynthetic process)
F: cellular detoxification of nitrogen compound (cellular detoxification of nitrogenous compound) (aka cellular detoxification of nitrogen compound)
G: tarc production (aka chemokine (c-c motif) ligand 17 production)
H: regulation of interleukin-14 anabolism (aka regulation of interleukin-14 biosynthetic process)
I: regulation of ip3 biosynthesis (aka regulation of inositol trisphosphate biosynthetic process)
J: activation by organism of defense-related host sa-mediated signal transduction pathway (aka positive regulation by symbiont of defense-related host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Embryonic lethality in mice in the absence of Atrx was a surprising finding, as there had been no suggestion of foetal loss in the human ATR-X syndrome.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'x'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptosis (aka regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptotic process)
B: protein-endoplasmic reticulum insertion by n-terminal cleaved signal sequence (aka protein insertion into er membrane by n-terminal cleaved signal sequence)
C: adaptation to pheromone involved conjugation without cellular fusion (aka adaptation to pheromone involved in conjugation with mutual genetic exchange)
D: down-regulation of phospholipase a (aka negative regulation of phospholipase a2 activity)
E: gluconate 2-dehydrogenase activity (d-gluconate:nadp+ oxidoreductase activity) (aka gluconate 2-dehydrogenase activity)
F: negative regulation of protein breakdown (aka negative regulation of protein catabolic process)
G: d-glucarate hydro-lyase activity (aka glucarate dehydratase activity)
H: fsh activity (aka follicle-stimulating hormone activity)
I: downregulation by symbiont of defense-related host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway (aka negative regulation by symbiont of defense-related host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway)
J: imaginal disc growth factor receptor binding (imaginal disc growth factor) (aka imaginal disc growth factor receptor binding)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Indeed, the birth weight of babies with ATR-X syndrome is usually normal.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'x'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: downregulation by symbiont of defense-related host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway (aka negative regulation by symbiont of defense-related host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway)
B: negative regulation of protein breakdown (aka negative regulation of protein catabolic process)
C: regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptosis (aka regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptotic process)
D: d-gluconate:nadp+ oxidoreductase activity (aka gluconate 2-dehydrogenase activity)
E: imaginal disc growth factor (aka imaginal disc growth factor receptor binding)
F: protein-endoplasmic reticulum insertion by n-terminal cleaved signal sequence (aka protein insertion into er membrane by n-terminal cleaved signal sequence)
G: adaptation to pheromone involved conjugation without cellular fusion (aka adaptation to pheromone involved in conjugation with mutual genetic exchange)
H: down-regulation of phospholipase a (aka negative regulation of phospholipase a2 activity)
I: d-glucarate hydro-lyase activity (aka glucarate dehydratase activity)
J: fsh activity (aka follicle-stimulating hormone activity)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'In contrast, all disease-causing mutations characterised in human ATR-X pedigrees appear to give rise to hypomorphic alleles.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'x'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptosis (aka regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptotic process)
B: fsh activity (aka follicle-stimulating hormone activity)
C: downregulation of phospholipase a2 activity (aka negative regulation of phospholipase a2 activity)
D: gluconate 2-dehydrogenase activity (d-gluconate:nadp+ oxidoreductase activity) (aka gluconate 2-dehydrogenase activity)
E: protein-endoplasmic reticulum insertion by n-terminal cleaved signal sequence (aka protein insertion into er membrane by n-terminal cleaved signal sequence)
F: imaginal disc growth factor (aka imaginal disc growth factor receptor binding)
G: negative regulation of protein breakdown (aka negative regulation of protein catabolic process)
H: desensitization to pheromone during conjugation without cellular fusion (aka adaptation to pheromone involved in conjugation with mutual genetic exchange)
I: downregulation by symbiont of defense-related host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway (aka negative regulation by symbiont of defense-related host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway)
J: d-glucarate hydro-lyase activity (aka glucarate dehydratase activity)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Further evidence that Atrx is also required at later stages of mouse development is provided by the observed dramatic skewing against Atrx-negative cells in some somatic tissues of carrier female mice, whose tissues initially comprise a mosaic of Atrx-positive and Atrx-negative cells as a result of random X-inactivation (M. Muers, personal communication).
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'x'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: desensitization to pheromone during conjugation without cellular fusion (aka adaptation to pheromone involved in conjugation with mutual genetic exchange)
B: follitropin activity (aka follicle-stimulating hormone activity)
C: down regulation of phosphatidolipase activity (aka negative regulation of phospholipase a2 activity)
D: regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptosis (aka regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptotic process)
E: imaginal disc growth factor (aka imaginal disc growth factor receptor binding)
F: downregulation by symbiont of defense-related host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway (aka negative regulation by symbiont of defense-related host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway)
G: d-gluconate:nadp+ oxidoreductase activity (aka gluconate 2-dehydrogenase activity)
H: negative regulation of protein breakdown (aka negative regulation of protein catabolic process)
I: d-glucarate hydro-lyase activity (aka glucarate dehydratase activity)
J: protein-endoplasmic reticulum insertion by n-terminal cleaved signal sequence (aka protein insertion into er membrane by n-terminal cleaved signal sequence)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Given the similarity of the Atrx- and Hand1-mutant phenotypes and the likelihood that Atrx acts as a transcriptional regulator by modifying chromatin structure, it will be of interest to determine whether Atrx is itself a regulator of Hand1 expression, or alternatively whether it acts as a co-regulator of one or more of the downstream transcriptional targets of Hand1.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'chromatin'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: cell cycle arrest in response to pheromone (aka mitotic cell cycle arrest in response to pheromone)
B: 5-methyltetrahydropteroyltriglutamate-homocysteine s-methyltransferase activity (mete (aka 5-methyltetrahydropteroyltriglutamate-homocysteine s-methyltransferase activity))
C: ala synthase activity (aka 5-aminolevulinate synthase activity)
D: mating (aka conjugation with cellular fusion)
E: oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, another compound as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygen
F: hemoglobin beta binding
G: dermatan sulfate proteoglycan biosynthesis (aka dermatan sulfate proteoglycan biosynthetic process)
H: regulation of cell budding (regulation of budding) (aka regulation of cell budding)
I: alpha9-beta1 integrin-vegf-d complex (itga9-itgb1-figf complex) (aka alpha9-beta1 integrin-vegf-d complex)
J: regulation of inosine transport (regulation of hypoxanthine riboside transport) (aka regulation of inosine transport)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Atrx Escapes Imprinted X-Inactivation in Extraembryonic Tissues of Carrier Female Mice
Another surprising finding of this study is that, in carrier female embryos, a paternally inherited AtrxWT allele appears to escape the process of imprinted X-inactivation, which ordinarily silences the Xp chromosome in the extraembryonic compartment of female murine tissues', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'x'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: imaginal disc growth factor (aka imaginal disc growth factor receptor binding)
B: regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptosis (aka regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptotic process)
C: d-glucarate dehydratase activity (aka glucarate dehydratase activity)
D: d-gluconate:nadp+ oxidoreductase activity (aka gluconate 2-dehydrogenase activity)
E: desensitization to pheromone during conjugation without cellular fusion (aka adaptation to pheromone involved in conjugation with mutual genetic exchange)
F: protein-endoplasmic reticulum insertion by n-terminal cleaved signal sequence (aka protein insertion into er membrane by n-terminal cleaved signal sequence)
G: negative regulation of protein breakdown (aka negative regulation of protein catabolic process)
H: downregulation by symbiont of defense-related host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway (aka negative regulation by symbiont of defense-related host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway)
I: fsh activity (aka follicle-stimulating hormone activity)
J: downregulation of phospholipase a2 activity (aka negative regulation of phospholipase a2 activity)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Atrx Escapes Imprinted X-Inactivation in Extraembryonic Tissues of Carrier Female Mice
Another surprising finding of this study is that, in carrier female embryos, a paternally inherited AtrxWT allele appears to escape the process of imprinted X-inactivation, which ordinarily silences the Xp chromosome in the extraembryonic compartment of female murine tissues', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'x'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: imaginal disc growth factor (aka imaginal disc growth factor receptor binding)
B: down-regulation of lecithinase a activity (aka negative regulation of phospholipase a2 activity)
C: d-glucarate dehydratase activity (aka glucarate dehydratase activity)
D: follitropin activity (aka follicle-stimulating hormone activity)
E: gluconate 2-dehydrogenase activity (d-gluconate:nadp+ oxidoreductase activity) (aka gluconate 2-dehydrogenase activity)
F: downregulation by symbiont of defense-related host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway (aka negative regulation by symbiont of defense-related host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway)
G: negative regulation of protein breakdown (aka negative regulation of protein catabolic process)
H: protein-endoplasmic reticulum insertion by n-terminal cleaved signal sequence (aka protein insertion into er membrane by n-terminal cleaved signal sequence)
I: desensitization to pheromone during conjugation without cellular fusion (aka adaptation to pheromone involved in conjugation with mutual genetic exchange)
J: regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptosis (aka regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptotic process)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The survival of Atrx carrier females contrasts with the phenotypes seen in carriers of mutations of other murine X-linked genes known to be essential in the extraembryonic compartment.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'x'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: downregulation by symbiont of defense-related host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway (aka negative regulation by symbiont of defense-related host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway)
B: d-gluconate:nadp+ oxidoreductase activity (aka gluconate 2-dehydrogenase activity)
C: protein-endoplasmic reticulum insertion by n-terminal cleaved signal sequence (aka protein insertion into er membrane by n-terminal cleaved signal sequence)
D: down regulation of phospholipase a2 activity (aka negative regulation of phospholipase a2 activity)
E: d-glucarate hydro-lyase activity (aka glucarate dehydratase activity)
F: regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptosis (aka regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptotic process)
G: adaptation to pheromone involved conjugation without cellular fusion (aka adaptation to pheromone involved in conjugation with mutual genetic exchange)
H: fsh activity (aka follicle-stimulating hormone activity)
I: negative regulation of protein breakdown (aka negative regulation of protein catabolic process)
J: imaginal disc growth factor receptor binding (imaginal disc growth factor) (aka imaginal disc growth factor receptor binding)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Female mice carrying mutations of these genes on the maternally inherited X chromosome also die in utero, whereas females that inherit the mutation on the Xp chromosome survive.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'x chromosome'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: lamina lucida
B: linear element formation (aka linear element assembly)
C: negative regulation of protein breakdown (aka negative regulation of protein catabolic process)
D: behavioral response to mechanical stimulus (aka mechanosensory behavior)
E: protein-endoplasmic reticulum insertion by n-terminal cleaved signal sequence (aka protein insertion into er membrane by n-terminal cleaved signal sequence)
F: positive modulation of hormone or growth regulator levels in host (aka positive regulation by symbiont of hormone or growth regulator levels in host)
G: inhibition of metabolic activity during hibernation (aka negative regulation of metabolic activity involved in hibernation)
H: modification by symbiont of host cell membrane
I: cellular morphogenesis involved in conjugation without cellular fusion (aka cell morphogenesis involved in conjugation with mutual genetic exchange)
J: conjugant formation
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Thus, unlike Atrx, these genes and/or their effects on cell growth are unable to circumvent the processes that ultimately cause all cells in the extraembryonic tissues to express only the maternally derived X chromosome.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'x chromosome'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: d-glucarate dehydratase activity (aka glucarate dehydratase activity)
B: propionyl-coa c(2)-trimethyltridecanoyltransferase activity (aka propionyl-coa c2-trimethyltridecanoyltransferase activity)
C: modification by symbiont of host cell membrane
D: negative regulation of protein breakdown (aka negative regulation of protein catabolic process)
E: core promoter proximal region sequence-specific dna binding
F: cellular morphogenesis involved in conjugation without cellular fusion (aka cell morphogenesis involved in conjugation with mutual genetic exchange)
G: adaptation to pheromone involved in conjugation with mutual genetic exchange (desensitization to pheromone during conjugation without cellular fusion) (aka adaptation to pheromone involved in conjugation with mutual genetic exchange)
H: shmooing (aka cell morphogenesis involved in conjugation with cellular fusion)
I: protein-endoplasmic reticulum insertion by n-terminal cleaved signal sequence (aka protein insertion into er membrane by n-terminal cleaved signal sequence)
J: basophil activation involved in immune response (basophil activation during immune response) (aka basophil activation involved in immune response)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'One possibility is that, like some other X-linked genes, silencing of the Atrx gene on Xp is incomplete, such that there is always a low-level, leaky output of Atrx from a normally inactivated Xp chromosome in extraembryonic tissues.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'x'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: protein-endoplasmic reticulum insertion by n-terminal cleaved signal sequence (aka protein insertion into er membrane by n-terminal cleaved signal sequence)
B: d-glucarate hydro-lyase activity (aka glucarate dehydratase activity)
C: negative regulation of protein breakdown (aka negative regulation of protein catabolic process)
D: regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptosis (aka regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptotic process)
E: desensitization to pheromone during conjugation without cellular fusion (aka adaptation to pheromone involved in conjugation with mutual genetic exchange)
F: follitropin activity (aka follicle-stimulating hormone activity)
G: downregulation by symbiont of defense-related host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway (aka negative regulation by symbiont of defense-related host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway)
H: imaginal disc growth factor (aka imaginal disc growth factor receptor binding)
I: downregulation of phosphatidolipase activity (aka negative regulation of phospholipase a2 activity)
J: gluconate 2-dehydrogenase activity (d-gluconate:nadp+ oxidoreductase activity) (aka gluconate 2-dehydrogenase activity)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context '[32], suggesting that Atrx does not normally escape imprinted X-inactivation in the extraembryonic tissues of wild-type females.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'x'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: d-glucarate dehydratase activity (aka glucarate dehydratase activity)
B: imaginal disc growth factor receptor binding (imaginal disc growth factor) (aka imaginal disc growth factor receptor binding)
C: regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptosis (aka regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptotic process)
D: adaptation to pheromone involved conjugation without cellular fusion (aka adaptation to pheromone involved in conjugation with mutual genetic exchange)
E: negative regulation of protein breakdown (aka negative regulation of protein catabolic process)
F: d-gluconate:nadp+ oxidoreductase activity (aka gluconate 2-dehydrogenase activity)
G: down regulation of phosphatidolipase activity (aka negative regulation of phospholipase a2 activity)
H: follitropin activity (aka follicle-stimulating hormone activity)
I: protein-endoplasmic reticulum insertion by n-terminal cleaved signal sequence (aka protein insertion into er membrane by n-terminal cleaved signal sequence)
J: downregulation by symbiont of defense-related host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway (aka negative regulation by symbiont of defense-related host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Perhaps a more likely explanation for this phenomenon stems from experimental observations suggesting that imprinted X-inactivation is not imposed on all precursors of the mouse extraembryonic tissues: A subpopulation of cells may escape this process and make a random “choice” of which X chromosome will be inactivated.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'x'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: protein-endoplasmic reticulum insertion by n-terminal cleaved signal sequence (aka protein insertion into er membrane by n-terminal cleaved signal sequence)
B: follitropin activity (aka follicle-stimulating hormone activity)
C: negative regulation of protein breakdown (aka negative regulation of protein catabolic process)
D: regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptosis (aka regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptotic process)
E: downregulation by symbiont of defense-related host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway (aka negative regulation by symbiont of defense-related host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway)
F: d-gluconate:nadp+ oxidoreductase activity (aka gluconate 2-dehydrogenase activity)
G: adaptation to pheromone involved conjugation without cellular fusion (aka adaptation to pheromone involved in conjugation with mutual genetic exchange)
H: d-glucarate dehydratase activity (aka glucarate dehydratase activity)
I: imaginal disc growth factor (aka imaginal disc growth factor receptor binding)
J: down regulation of phosphatidolipase activity (aka negative regulation of phospholipase a2 activity)
K: None of the above. | K |
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