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<Instruct>: Given the context 'TGF-β subfamily ligands signal via a receptor complex composed of two type II receptors and two type I receptors', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'receptor complex'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: positive regulation of interleukin-16 production (up-regulation of interleukin-16 production) (aka positive regulation of interleukin-16 production)
B: regulation of dna endoreduplication (regulation of dna endoreplication) (aka regulation of dna endoreduplication)
C: il-6 receptor activity (aka interleuk... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'For instance, growth and differentiation factors (GDFs) 8 and 9 can bind to Activin type II receptor and ALK5 to activate TGF-β Smads', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'activin'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: pml nuclear body (aka pml body)
B: activation of translation initiation in response to stress (aka positive regulation of translational initiation in response to stress)
C: response to carbon dioxide
D: regulation of membrane depolarization during action potential
E: teichuronic acid metabolic process (te... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Our present results suggest that while TGF-β signaling in cardiac NCCs is predominantly mediated via the ALK5/TGF-βRII receptor complex, ALK5 also mediates signaling of other related ligands, which are either directly or indirectly required for appropriate NCC survival.', select the corre... | <Options>: A: positive regulation of interleukin-16 production (up-regulation of interleukin-16 production) (aka positive regulation of interleukin-16 production)
B: protein localisation to linear element (aka protein localization to linear element)
C: dma1-dependent checkpoint (sac-independent checkpoint) (aka dma1-de... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'In fact, it has been shown that, besides TGF-βRII, ALK5 can also form a complex with the Activin type IIB receptor to activate downstream Smads 2/3 [18,31].', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'activin'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: plasma membrane bleb assembly (aka bleb assembly)
B: nuclear body
C: peptide degradation (aka peptide catabolic process)
D: response to boron (aka response to boron-containing substance)
E: w-molybdopterin cofactor catabolic process (w-molybdopterin cofactor degradation) (aka w-molybdopterin cofactor cata... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'In fact, it has been shown that, besides TGF-βRII, ALK5 can also form a complex with the Activin type IIB receptor to activate downstream Smads 2/3 [18,31].', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'complex'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: regulation of ip3 biosynthesis (aka regulation of inositol trisphosphate biosynthetic process)
B: regulation of il-14 biosynthesis (aka regulation of interleukin-14 biosynthetic process)
C: dna ligase (atp) activity (poly(deoxyribonucleotide):poly(deoxyribonucleotide) ligase (amp-forming)) (aka dna ligase... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'For immunohistochemistry, fixed sections from tissues harvested at E10.5 – E11.5 were stained with monoclonal α-smooth muscle actin (DAKO), cleaved caspase-3 (Cell Signaling) or phophohistone-H3 (Cell Signaling) antibodies.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'antibod... | <Options>: A: b lymphocyte antigen processing and presentation mediated by b cell receptor uptake of antigen (aka b cell antigen processing and presentation mediated by b cell receptor uptake of antigen)
B: bacteriochlorophyll c binding
C: polynucleotide 5'-phosphatase activity (polynucleotide 5'-phosphohydrolase activ... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Targeting point mutations in fibroblasts by homologous recombination is extremely inefficient, and targeting both alleles is required to reveal the phenotype of recessive autosomal mutations.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'autosomal'. Answer using one of the p... | <Options>: A: down regulation of atrioventricular node cardiac muscle cell action potential (aka negative regulation of av node cell action potential)
B: cellular morphogenesis involved in conjugation without cellular fusion (aka cell morphogenesis involved in conjugation with mutual genetic exchange)
C: negative regul... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Blots were incubated in 5% non-fat dried milk in TBST (0.02 M Tris, pH 7.6/0.35 M NaCl/0.1% Tween-20) for 1 h at room temperature before probing with primary antibodies against p53 (CM-5, Novacastra) and -actin (Sigma).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'antibodies'... | <Options>: A: ubiquitin-like protein transferase activity (e2 (aka ubiquitin-like protein transferase activity))
B: ribosome biogenesis (ribosome biogenesis and assembly) (aka ribosome biogenesis)
C: peptidyl-histidine dephosphorylation
D: t-cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target (aka t cell medi... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Secondary antibodies used include peroxidase-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG and anti-rabbit IgG (Pierce).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'antibodies'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: b-lymphocyte antigen processing and presentation mediated by b cell receptor uptake of antigen (aka b cell antigen processing and presentation mediated by b cell receptor uptake of antigen)
B: aggrephagy
C: ubiquitin-like protein transferase activity (e2 (aka ubiquitin-like protein transferase activity))
... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Secondary antibodies used include peroxidase-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG and anti-rabbit IgG (Pierce).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'igg'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: protein amino acid n-linked n-acetylgalactosaminylation via asparagine (aka protein n-linked n-acetylgalactosaminylation via asparagine)
B: negative regulation of estrogen receptor binding
C: aspartic-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity (aspartic protease inhibitor activity) (aka aspartic-type endopepti... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Secondary antibodies used include peroxidase-conjugated goat anti-mouse IgG and anti-rabbit IgG (Pierce).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'igg'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: determination of gut left/right asymmetry (aka determination of digestive tract left/right asymmetry)
B: protein n-linked n-acetylgalactosaminylation via asparagine (protein amino acid n-linked n-acetylgalactosaminylation via asparagine) (aka protein n-linked n-acetylgalactosaminylation via asparagine)
C:... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'p53+/GFP ES clones were analyzed by western blot with an antibody against p53, and found to express an additional band at the expected size (ca. 80 kDa).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'antibody'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: ubiquitin-like protein transferase activity (e2 (aka ubiquitin-like protein transferase activity))
B: septum secundum development
C: immune response to tumor cell
D: aggrephagy
E: peptidyl-histidine dephosphorylation
F: b-cell antigen processing and presentation mediated by b cell receptor uptake of antig... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'In addition, RMCE-ASAP could be used to generate fibroblastic cell lines tailored for the repeated targeting of widely studied genes (p53, c-myc, NF-KB, etc.).
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'nf-kb'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: tirap-dependent tlr4 signaling pathway (aka tirap-dependent toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway)
B: cellular response to kit ligand (aka cellular response to stem cell factor stimulus)
C: regulation of complement activation, classical pathway in other organism (aka modulation of complement activation, ... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Recombinant clones were analyzed by western blot with an antibody to p53.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'antibody'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: septum secundum development
B: b-cell antigen processing and presentation mediated by b cell receptor uptake of antigen (aka b cell antigen processing and presentation mediated by b cell receptor uptake of antigen)
C: natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target (nk cell me... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context '(A) RMCE with the p53GFP plasmid leads to the transient observation of cells with intense nuclear fluorescence.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'nuclear'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: nuclear dot (aka pml body)
B: type 5b serotonin receptor binding (5-hydroxytryptamine 5b receptor binding) (aka type 5b serotonin receptor binding)
C: downregulation of metabolic activity during hibernation (aka negative regulation of metabolic activity involved in hibernation)
D: response to pheromone du... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The IOP data is the same as that in Figure 1.
Genetic alterations and IOP
Y Chromosome
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'y chromosome'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: core promoter proximal region sequence-specific dna binding
B: adaptation to pheromone involved in conjugation with mutual genetic exchange (desensitization to pheromone during conjugation without cellular fusion) (aka adaptation to pheromone involved in conjugation with mutual genetic exchange)
C: major ... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The Y chromosome has been implicated in strain specific blood pressure differences in rats [23,24].', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'y chromosome'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: negative regulation of abscisic acid mediated signalling (aka negative regulation of abscisic acid-activated signaling pathway)
B: cellular morphogenesis involved in conjugation without cellular fusion (aka cell morphogenesis involved in conjugation with mutual genetic exchange)
C: propionyl-coa c(2)-trim... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'To test if the Y chromosome of strain 129/Ola alters IOP in relation to that of strain B6, we compared the IOPs of pure B6 males and consomic B6 males that had the 129P2/Ola Y chromosome (backcrossed for 11 generations).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'y chromoso... | <Options>: A: positive modulation of hormone or growth regulator levels in host (aka positive regulation by symbiont of hormone or growth regulator levels in host)
B: desensitization to pheromone during conjugation without cellular fusion (aka adaptation to pheromone involved in conjugation with mutual genetic exchange... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'To test if the Y chromosome of strain 129/Ola alters IOP in relation to that of strain B6, we compared the IOPs of pure B6 males and consomic B6 males that had the 129P2/Ola Y chromosome (backcrossed for 11 generations).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'y chromoso... | <Options>: A: behavioral response to mechanical stimulus (aka mechanosensory behavior)
B: positive modulation of hormone or growth regulator levels in host (aka positive regulation by symbiont of hormone or growth regulator levels in host)
C: cellular morphogenesis involved in conjugation without cellular fusion (aka c... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Y chromosome (Y Chr).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'y chromosome'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: inhibition of metabolic activity during hibernation (aka negative regulation of metabolic activity involved in hibernation)
B: linear element formation (aka linear element assembly)
C: t3-type rna polymerase binding (aka single-subunit type rna polymerase binding)
D: behavioral response to mechanical stim... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Y chromosome (Y Chr).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'y chr'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: minor capsomere (aka viral capsid, minor subunit)
B: negative regulation of transcription by competitive promoter binding
C: desensitization to pheromone during conjugation without cellular fusion (aka adaptation to pheromone involved in conjugation with mutual genetic exchange)
D: exonucleolytic degradat... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The 129 Y Chr had been backcrossed to strain C57BL/6J for 11 generations.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'y chr'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: major capsomere (aka viral capsid, major subunit)
B: basophil activation involved in immune response (basophil activation during immune response) (aka basophil activation involved in immune response)
C: propionyl-coa c(2)-trimethyltridecanoyltransferase activity (aka propionyl-coa c2-trimethyltridecanoylt... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'These include alteration of the number of ipsilaterally projecting retinal axons and substantially increased light penetration past the iris [74].', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'axons'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: b-cyclopiazonate dehydrogenase activity (aka beta-cyclopiazonate dehydrogenase activity)
B: adrenaline metabolic process (aka epinephrine metabolic process)
C: smad2 protein complex (smad2 homotrimer complex) (aka smad2 protein complex)
D: calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase activity (calcium- and ca... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Loss of Atrx Affects Trophoblast Development and the Pattern of X-Inactivation in Extraembryonic Tissues
Abstract
ATRX is an X-encoded member of the SNF2 family of ATPase/helicase proteins thought to regulate gene expression by modifying chromatin at target loci.', select the correct bi... | <Options>: A: d-glucarate dehydratase activity (aka glucarate dehydratase activity)
B: protein-endoplasmic reticulum insertion by n-terminal cleaved signal sequence (aka protein insertion into er membrane by n-terminal cleaved signal sequence)
C: regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptosis (aka regulation of oligodendrocyt... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Loss of Atrx Affects Trophoblast Development and the Pattern of X-Inactivation in Extraembryonic Tissues
Abstract
ATRX is an X-encoded member of the SNF2 family of ATPase/helicase proteins thought to regulate gene expression by modifying chromatin at target loci.', select the correct bi... | <Options>: A: d-gluconate:nadp+ oxidoreductase activity (aka gluconate 2-dehydrogenase activity)
B: desensitization to pheromone during conjugation without cellular fusion (aka adaptation to pheromone involved in conjugation with mutual genetic exchange)
C: downregulation by symbiont of defense-related host salicylic a... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Loss of Atrx Affects Trophoblast Development and the Pattern of X-Inactivation in Extraembryonic Tissues
Abstract
ATRX is an X-encoded member of the SNF2 family of ATPase/helicase proteins thought to regulate gene expression by modifying chromatin at target loci.', select the correct bi... | <Options>: A: u12 snrnp (snrnp u12) (aka u12 snrnp)
B: transduction of mating signal (aka pheromone-dependent signal transduction involved in conjugation with cellular fusion)
C: s-adenosyl-l-methionine:myo-inositol 3-o-methyltransferase activity (aka inositol 1-methyltransferase activity)
D: cell cycle arrest in respo... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'To better understand the role of ATRX in development and the associated abnormalities in the ATR-X (alpha thalassemia mental retardation, X-linked) syndrome, we conditionally inactivated the homolog in mice, Atrx, at the 8- to 16-cell stage of development.', select the correct biomedical ... | <Options>: A: imaginal disc growth factor (aka imaginal disc growth factor receptor binding)
B: gluconate 2-dehydrogenase activity (d-gluconate:nadp+ oxidoreductase activity) (aka gluconate 2-dehydrogenase activity)
C: d-glucarate hydro-lyase activity (aka glucarate dehydratase activity)
D: regulation of oligodendrocyt... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'To better understand the role of ATRX in development and the associated abnormalities in the ATR-X (alpha thalassemia mental retardation, X-linked) syndrome, we conditionally inactivated the homolog in mice, Atrx, at the 8- to 16-cell stage of development.', select the correct biomedical ... | <Options>: A: gluconate 2-dehydrogenase activity (d-gluconate:nadp+ oxidoreductase activity) (aka gluconate 2-dehydrogenase activity)
B: follitropin activity (aka follicle-stimulating hormone activity)
C: desensitization to pheromone during conjugation without cellular fusion (aka adaptation to pheromone involved in co... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Carrier female mice that inherit a maternal null allele should be affected, since the paternal X chromosome is normally inactivated in extraembryonic tissues.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'x chromosome'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: adaptation to pheromone involved conjugation without cellular fusion (aka adaptation to pheromone involved in conjugation with mutual genetic exchange)
B: positive modulation of hormone or growth regulator levels in host (aka positive regulation by symbiont of hormone or growth regulator levels in host)
C... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Surprisingly, however, some carrier females established a normal placenta and appeared to escape the usual pattern of imprinted X-inactivation in these tissues.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'x'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: d-gluconate:nadp+ oxidoreductase activity (aka gluconate 2-dehydrogenase activity)
B: imaginal disc growth factor (aka imaginal disc growth factor receptor binding)
C: fsh activity (aka follicle-stimulating hormone activity)
D: regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptosis (aka regulation of oligodendrocyte apo... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Together these findings demonstrate an unexpected, specific, and essential role for Atrx in the development of the murine trophoblast and present an example of escape from imprinted X chromosome inactivation.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'x chromosome'. Answe... | <Options>: A: behavioral response to mechanical stimulus (aka mechanosensory behavior)
B: negative regulation of protein breakdown (aka negative regulation of protein catabolic process)
C: basophil activation involved in immune response (basophil activation during immune response) (aka basophil activation involved in i... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Synopsis
ATRX belongs to a class of proteins that may modify how DNA is packaged into chromatin, altering the accessibility of other proteins in the nucleus to DNA.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'chromatin'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: u12 snrnp (snrnp u12) (aka u12 snrnp)
B: cell cycle arrest in response to pheromone (aka mitotic cell cycle arrest in response to pheromone)
C: alpha9-beta1 integrin-vegf-d complex (itga9-itgb1-figf complex) (aka alpha9-beta1 integrin-vegf-d complex)
D: 5-methyltetrahydropteroyltri-l-glutamate:l-homocyste... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Synopsis
ATRX belongs to a class of proteins that may modify how DNA is packaged into chromatin, altering the accessibility of other proteins in the nucleus to DNA.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'nucleus'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: spermatid nucleus elongation (spermatid nuclear elongation) (aka spermatid nucleus elongation)
B: downregulation by symbiont of defense-related host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway (aka negative regulation by symbiont of defense-related host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction ... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Mutations in the ATRX gene, which is located on the female sex chromosome (X), provided the first example of a human disease (ATR-X syndrome) associated with defects in such proteins.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'sex chromosome'. Answer using one of the provid... | <Options>: A: behavioral response to mechanical stimulus (aka mechanosensory behavior)
B: conjugant formation
C: basophil activation involved in immune response (basophil activation during immune response) (aka basophil activation involved in immune response)
D: adaptation to pheromone involved conjugation without cell... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Mutations in the ATRX gene, which is located on the female sex chromosome (X), provided the first example of a human disease (ATR-X syndrome) associated with defects in such proteins.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'x'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: protein-endoplasmic reticulum insertion by n-terminal cleaved signal sequence (aka protein insertion into er membrane by n-terminal cleaved signal sequence)
B: imaginal disc growth factor receptor binding (imaginal disc growth factor) (aka imaginal disc growth factor receptor binding)
C: d-gluconate:nadp+... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Mutations in the ATRX gene, which is located on the female sex chromosome (X), provided the first example of a human disease (ATR-X syndrome) associated with defects in such proteins.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'x'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptosis (aka regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptotic process)
B: desensitization to pheromone during conjugation without cellular fusion (aka adaptation to pheromone involved in conjugation with mutual genetic exchange)
C: protein-endoplasmic reticulum insertion by n-termin... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Affected males (XMUTY) have multiple developmental abnormalities in a wide variety of systems.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'x'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: down-regulation of lecithinase a activity (aka negative regulation of phospholipase a2 activity)
B: protein-endoplasmic reticulum insertion by n-terminal cleaved signal sequence (aka protein insertion into er membrane by n-terminal cleaved signal sequence)
C: regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptosis (aka r... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Affected males (XMUTY) have multiple developmental abnormalities in a wide variety of systems.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'y'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: minor capsomere (aka viral capsid, minor subunit)
B: adaptation to pheromone involved conjugation without cellular fusion (aka adaptation to pheromone involved in conjugation with mutual genetic exchange)
C: mitochondrial double-strand break repair via homologous recombination (mtdsb repair via homologous... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Although affected male mice (XMUTY) started to develop normally, they died early in development because they failed to form a normal placenta.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'x'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: protein-endoplasmic reticulum insertion by n-terminal cleaved signal sequence (aka protein insertion into er membrane by n-terminal cleaved signal sequence)
B: d-gluconate:nadp+ oxidoreductase activity (aka gluconate 2-dehydrogenase activity)
C: negative regulation of protein breakdown (aka negative regul... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Although affected male mice (XMUTY) started to develop normally, they died early in development because they failed to form a normal placenta.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'y'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: rantes receptor activity (aka c-c motif chemokine 5 receptor activity)
B: acetylcholine receptor inhibitor activity
C: basophil activation involved in immune response (basophil activation during immune response) (aka basophil activation involved in immune response)
D: calcium-dependent activation of synap... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'In the placenta, female mice normally inactivate the X chromosome that they inherit from their fathers (Xp), so if females inherit from their mother an X chromosome (Xm) that bears the abnormal copy of Atrx (XmMUTXp), one would predict that, like affected males, they would fail to form a ... | <Options>: A: protein-endoplasmic reticulum insertion by n-terminal cleaved signal sequence (aka protein insertion into er membrane by n-terminal cleaved signal sequence)
B: behavioral response to mechanical stimulus (aka mechanosensory behavior)
C: positive modulation of hormone or growth regulator levels in host (aka... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'In the placenta, female mice normally inactivate the X chromosome that they inherit from their fathers (Xp), so if females inherit from their mother an X chromosome (Xm) that bears the abnormal copy of Atrx (XmMUTXp), one would predict that, like affected males, they would fail to form a ... | <Options>: A: cellular morphogenesis involved in conjugation without cellular fusion (aka cell morphogenesis involved in conjugation with mutual genetic exchange)
B: adaptation to pheromone involved conjugation without cellular fusion (aka adaptation to pheromone involved in conjugation with mutual genetic exchange)
C:... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'This study has therefore demonstrated an important facet of X-chromosome imprinting.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'x-chromosome'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: modification by symbiont of host cell membrane
B: shmooing (aka cell morphogenesis involved in conjugation with cellular fusion)
C: protein binding transcription factor activity (aka transcription factor activity, protein binding)
D: lamina reticularis
E: conjugant formation
F: lamina lucida
G: positive m... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Introduction
ATR-X syndrome is a severe, nonprogressive form of X-linked mental retardation that is frequently associated with multiple congenital abnormalities [1].', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'x'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: d-glucarate dehydratase activity (aka glucarate dehydratase activity)
B: imaginal disc growth factor receptor binding (imaginal disc growth factor) (aka imaginal disc growth factor receptor binding)
C: down regulation of phosphatidolipase activity (aka negative regulation of phospholipase a2 activity)
D: ... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Introduction
ATR-X syndrome is a severe, nonprogressive form of X-linked mental retardation that is frequently associated with multiple congenital abnormalities [1].', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'x'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: negative regulation of protein breakdown (aka negative regulation of protein catabolic process)
B: regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptosis (aka regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptotic process)
C: imaginal disc growth factor (aka imaginal disc growth factor receptor binding)
D: d-glucarate dehydratase acti... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'It is usually associated with a mild form of α-thalassaemia, caused by reduced expression of structurally intact α-globin genes, and characterised by the presence of β-globin tetramers (haemoglobin H inclusion bodies) in peripheral red blood cells.', select the correct biomedical concept ... | <Options>: A: mif production (aka macrophage migration inhibitory factor production)
B: oncostatin m production (osm production) (aka oncostatin m production)
C: gibberellin 3beta-hydroxylase activity (aka gibberellin 3-beta-dioxygenase activity)
D: chemokine (c-c motif) ligand 17 production (thymus and activation regu... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Carrier females occasionally manifest haemoglobin H inclusions, but are otherwise intellectually and physically normal.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'inclusions'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: flagellar tip (aka ciliary tip)
B: oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, nad(p)h as one donor, and incorporation of two atoms of oxygen into one donor (oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of mole... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Studies of X-chromosome inactivation in carrier females have demonstrated preferential inactivation of the chromosome bearing the abnormal allele in a variety of tissues [2], and this skewing of X-inactivation is thought to explain the mild phenotype observed in carriers.
', select the c... | <Options>: A: imaginal disc growth factor (aka imaginal disc growth factor receptor binding)
B: downregulation by symbiont of defense-related host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway (aka negative regulation by symbiont of defense-related host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway)
C: nega... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Studies of X-chromosome inactivation in carrier females have demonstrated preferential inactivation of the chromosome bearing the abnormal allele in a variety of tissues [2], and this skewing of X-inactivation is thought to explain the mild phenotype observed in carriers.
', select the c... | <Options>: A: propionyl-coa c(2)-trimethyltridecanoyltransferase activity (aka propionyl-coa c2-trimethyltridecanoyltransferase activity)
B: conjugant formation
C: behavioral response to mechanical stimulus (aka mechanosensory behavior)
D: adaptation to pheromone involved conjugation without cellular fusion (aka adapta... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The ATR-X syndrome is caused by mutations in a gene (ATRX) that comprises 36 exons spanning 300 kb of genomic DNA at Chromosome Xq13.3', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'x'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: down regulation of phosphatidolipase activity (aka negative regulation of phospholipase a2 activity)
B: follitropin activity (aka follicle-stimulating hormone activity)
C: regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptosis (aka regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptotic process)
D: protein-endoplasmic reticulum inserti... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The mouse homolog of the ATRX gene, Atrx, is also situated on the X chromosome, and also gives rise to full-length (Atrx, ~280 kDa) and truncated (Atrxt, ~200 kDa) isoforms [4,5].
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'x chromosome'. Answer using one of the provided o... | <Options>: A: cellular morphogenesis involved in conjugation without cellular fusion (aka cell morphogenesis involved in conjugation with mutual genetic exchange)
B: protein-endoplasmic reticulum insertion by n-terminal cleaved signal sequence (aka protein insertion into er membrane by n-terminal cleaved signal sequenc... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The former motif is thought to be involved in protein-protein interactions in chromatin [7], and the latter is a feature of chromatin-remodelling proteins, and the presence of disease-causing mutations indicates the functional importance of these domains.', select the correct biomedical c... | <Options>: A: cell cycle arrest in response to pheromone (aka mitotic cell cycle arrest in response to pheromone)
B: pheromone-dependent signal transduction involved in conjugation with cellular fusion (transduction of mating signal) (aka pheromone-dependent signal transduction involved in conjugation with cellular fus... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The former motif is thought to be involved in protein-protein interactions in chromatin [7], and the latter is a feature of chromatin-remodelling proteins, and the presence of disease-causing mutations indicates the functional importance of these domains.', select the correct biomedical c... | <Options>: A: ala synthase activity (aka 5-aminolevulinate synthase activity)
B: cell cycle arrest in response to pheromone (aka mitotic cell cycle arrest in response to pheromone)
C: alpha9-beta1 integrin-vegf-d complex (itga9-itgb1-figf complex) (aka alpha9-beta1 integrin-vegf-d complex)
D: hemoglobin beta binding
E:... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'ATRX has been shown to remodel chromatin [8].', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'chromatin'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: alpha9-beta1 integrin-vegf-d complex (itga9-itgb1-figf complex) (aka alpha9-beta1 integrin-vegf-d complex)
B: regulation of inosine transport (regulation of hypoxanthine riboside transport) (aka regulation of inosine transport)
C: s-adenosyl-l-methionine:myo-inositol 3-o-methyltransferase activity (aka in... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'It also interacts with HP1 at heterochromatin [9] and is recruited to promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies via an interaction with Daxx', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: envenomation resulting in negative regulation of high voltage-gated calcium channel activity in other organism
B: s-succinyltransferase activity
C: regulation of peptide transport
D: haploid fruiting (aka sporocarp development involved in asexual reproduction)
E: positive regulation of map kinase kinase k... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'It also interacts with HP1 at heterochromatin [9] and is recruited to promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies via an interaction with Daxx', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'heterochromatin'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: positive regulation of mycose catabolism (aka positive regulation of trehalose catabolic process)
B: chromosome (interphase chromosome) (aka chromosome)
C: tramp complex (trf4p-air2p-mtr4p polyadenylation complex) (aka tramp complex)
D: up regulation of myosin ii polymerization or depolymerization (aka po... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The consistent core of clinical and haematological features observed in ATR-X patients suggests that, like the SWI2/SNF2 chromatin-remodelling protein, ATRX probably regulates transcription of a discrete set of target genes.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'chroma... | <Options>: A: ca4h activity (aka trans-cinnamate 4-monooxygenase activity)
B: conjugation with mutual genetic exchange (conjugation without cellular fusion) (aka conjugation with mutual genetic exchange)
C: transduction of mating signal (aka pheromone-dependent signal transduction involved in conjugation with cellular ... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The consistent core of clinical and haematological features observed in ATR-X patients suggests that, like the SWI2/SNF2 chromatin-remodelling protein, ATRX probably regulates transcription of a discrete set of target genes.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'x'. An... | <Options>: A: gluconate 2-dehydrogenase activity (d-gluconate:nadp+ oxidoreductase activity) (aka gluconate 2-dehydrogenase activity)
B: d-glucarate dehydratase activity (aka glucarate dehydratase activity)
C: desensitization to pheromone during conjugation without cellular fusion (aka adaptation to pheromone involved ... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Results
Generation of ES Cells Lacking Full-Length Atrx
Like the human gene, the mouse Atrx gene is also X-linked, such that a direct disruption of the single Atrx allele in male ES cells would immediately give rise to the null state.', select the correct biomedical concept correspondin... | <Options>: A: down regulation of phosphatidolipase activity (aka negative regulation of phospholipase a2 activity)
B: d-glucarate hydro-lyase activity (aka glucarate dehydratase activity)
C: adaptation to pheromone involved conjugation without cellular fusion (aka adaptation to pheromone involved in conjugation with mu... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Exon 18 encodes the first of the seven motifs composing the conserved SNF2-like domain of Atrx (Figure 1); mutation of the corresponding motif of the yeast SNF2 protein has been shown to severely impair SWI/SNF-dependent gene expression [12].', select the correct biomedical concept corres... | <Options>: A: positive regulation of stress-activated mapk signaling pathway (aka positive regulation of stress-activated mapk cascade)
B: activation of phosphorylation (aka positive regulation of phosphorylation)
C: nuclear envelope reassembly
D: renilla-luciferin 2-monooxygenase activity (renilla-luciferin:oxygen 2-o... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'While the function of Atrxt is not yet clear, this isoform, which contains the PHD-like domain but not the SWI/SNF motifs (Figure 1), is unlikely to be functionally equivalent to the full-length protein.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'swi/snf'. Answer using one ... | <Options>: A: c-terminal peptidyl-glutamic acid amidation
B: positive regulation of transmembrane transport (positive regulation of membrane transport) (aka positive regulation of transmembrane transport)
C: positive regulation of stress-activated mapk signaling pathway (aka positive regulation of stress-activated mapk... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Notably, the transcribed region of the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) repeat was found to be significantly hypomethylated in ATR-X patients relative to normal individuals.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'ribosomal'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: rna splicing, via transesterification reactions (rna splicing factor activity, transesterification mechanism) (aka rna splicing, via transesterification reactions)
B: cardiac chamber ballooning
C: light-harvesting complex, peripheral complex
D: (2r)-hydroxy-carboxylate:acceptor oxidoreductase activity (ak... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Notably, the transcribed region of the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) repeat was found to be significantly hypomethylated in ATR-X patients relative to normal individuals.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'x'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: protein-endoplasmic reticulum insertion by n-terminal cleaved signal sequence (aka protein insertion into er membrane by n-terminal cleaved signal sequence)
B: imaginal disc growth factor (aka imaginal disc growth factor receptor binding)
C: regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptosis (aka regulation of oligo... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The observation that rDNA is hypomethylated in the absence of Atrx, even in ES cells, is consistent with the finding that hypomethylation of the human rDNA repeats is detectable from an early developmental stage in ATR-X patients.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to '... | <Options>: A: fsh activity (aka follicle-stimulating hormone activity)
B: adaptation to pheromone involved conjugation without cellular fusion (aka adaptation to pheromone involved in conjugation with mutual genetic exchange)
C: downregulation by symbiont of defense-related host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduct... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Other mouse repetitive sequence elements surveyed in ES cell DNA include the heterochromatic major satellite (assayed with MaeII) and minor satellite (assayed with HpaII) repeats, as well as interspersed retroviral repeats of the intracisternal A particle (IAP) type and the Line 1 and Sin... | <Options>: A: chromatid (aka chromosome)
B: establishment of chromatin architecture (aka chromatin assembly)
C: alpha9-beta1 integrin-vegf-a complex (itga9-itgb1-vegfa complex) (aka alpha9-beta1 integrin-vegf-a complex)
D: tramp complex (trf4p-air2p-mtr4p polyadenylation complex) (aka tramp complex)
E: polytene chromos... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'This finding was unexpected, since human ATR-X patients clearly survive to adulthood (see Discussion).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'x'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: downregulation by symbiont of defense-related host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway (aka negative regulation by symbiont of defense-related host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway)
B: desensitization to pheromone during conjugation without cellular fusion (aka adaptatio... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'To investigate the morphology of Atrxnull embryos prior to death, embryos from the above crosses were initially dissected in their deciduas at 7.5 dpc, and paraffin sections were stained with haematoxylin (Figure 5A) or with an anti-ATRX antibody (Figure 5B–5E).', select the correct biome... | <Options>: A: septum secundum development
B: pectolase activity (aka polygalacturonase activity)
C: polynucleotide 5'-phosphatase activity (polynucleotide 5'-phosphohydrolase activity) (aka polynucleotide 5'-phosphatase activity)
D: ubiquitin-like protein transferase activity (e2 (aka ubiquitin-like protein transferase... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Within the large nuclei of these TGCs, the typical nuclear association of Atrx with blocks of pericentromeric heterochromatin [15] was clearly observable.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'pericentromeric heterochromatin'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: positive regulation of mycose catabolism (aka positive regulation of trehalose catabolic process)
B: cilium shaft (aka ciliary shaft)
C: u12 snrnp (snrnp u12) (aka u12 snrnp)
D: polytene chromosome
E: chromatin disassembly
F: interphase chromosome (aka chromosome)
G: upregulation of myosin ii polymerizati... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Within the large nuclei of these TGCs, the typical nuclear association of Atrx with blocks of pericentromeric heterochromatin [15] was clearly observable.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'nuclei'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: sodium/proline symporter activity (aka proline:sodium symporter activity)
B: stimulation of erk1 and erk2 cascade (aka positive regulation of erk1 and erk2 cascade)
C: transduction of mating signal (aka pheromone-dependent signal transduction involved in conjugation with cellular fusion)
D: choline:sodium... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Within the large nuclei of these TGCs, the typical nuclear association of Atrx with blocks of pericentromeric heterochromatin [15] was clearly observable.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'nuclear'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: stimulation of interleukin-20 production (aka positive regulation of interleukin-20 production)
B: stimulation of erk1 and erk2 cascade (aka positive regulation of erk1 and erk2 cascade)
C: plasma membrane long-chain fatty acid transporter (aka long-chain fatty acid transporter activity)
D: n-succinyltran... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Only background staining was seen in the corresponding Atrxnull embryonic tissues (Figure 5B–5D), while expression in the surrounding decidual tissue (of maternal origin) was normal and served as an antibody staining control (unpublished data).', select the correct biomedical concept corr... | <Options>: A: t cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target (t lymphocyte mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target) (aka t cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target)
B: ribosome biogenesis (ribosome biogenesis and assembly) (aka ribosome biogenesis)
C: bacteriochlor... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Although a growth defect was also observed in Atrxnull ES cells (Figure 3A), in contrast to the Atrxnull embryos, the mitotic index of the ES cell population (as measured with the same antibody) was not depleted (Figure S1B).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'antib... | <Options>: A: peptidyl-histidine dephosphorylation
B: negative regulation of lymphocyte anergy (down-regulation of lymphocyte anergy) (aka negative regulation of lymphocyte anergy)
C: methionine s-adenosyltransferase activity (aka methionine adenosyltransferase activity)
D: t cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'We found that the population of Pl-1-expressing cells was depleted in the decidual implantation sites containing Atrxnull embryos relative to those containing wild-type littermates (Figure 7B); this was also apparent at 7.5 dpc, as determined by immunohistochemical staining of paraffin se... | <Options>: A: natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target (nk cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target) (aka natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity directed against tumor cell target)
B: ubiquitin-like protein transferase activity (e2 (aka ubiquitin-like protein ... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'In the mouse, X chromosome inactivation is subject to parental imprinting in the trophectoderm and primitive endoderm lineages that give rise to the extraembryonic tissues, resulting in inactivation of the paternal X chromosome (Xp)', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to... | <Options>: A: basophil activation involved in immune response (basophil activation during immune response) (aka basophil activation involved in immune response)
B: behavioral response to mechanical stimulus (aka mechanosensory behavior)
C: positive modulation of hormone or growth regulator levels in host (aka positive ... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'In the mouse, X chromosome inactivation is subject to parental imprinting in the trophectoderm and primitive endoderm lineages that give rise to the extraembryonic tissues, resulting in inactivation of the paternal X chromosome (Xp)', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to... | <Options>: A: linear element formation (aka linear element assembly)
B: lamina reticularis
C: modification by symbiont of host cell membrane
D: myeloid cell activation involved in immune response (myeloid cell activation during immune response) (aka myeloid cell activation involved in immune response)
E: behavioral res... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'In contrast, in tissues of the embryo proper (derived from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst) X-inactivation is random', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'x'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: desensitization to pheromone during conjugation without cellular fusion (aka adaptation to pheromone involved in conjugation with mutual genetic exchange)
B: fsh activity (aka follicle-stimulating hormone activity)
C: regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptosis (aka regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptotic pro... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Thus, in the extraembryonic compartment of AtrxWT/null carrier females, normal imprinted X-inactivation would be expected to result in silencing of the paternally derived AtrxWT allele, leaving only the Atrxnull allele on the active maternal X (Xm) and thereby render the extraembryonic ti... | <Options>: A: protein-endoplasmic reticulum insertion by n-terminal cleaved signal sequence (aka protein insertion into er membrane by n-terminal cleaved signal sequence)
B: negative regulation of protein breakdown (aka negative regulation of protein catabolic process)
C: desensitization to pheromone during conjugation... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Thus, in the extraembryonic compartment of AtrxWT/null carrier females, normal imprinted X-inactivation would be expected to result in silencing of the paternally derived AtrxWT allele, leaving only the Atrxnull allele on the active maternal X (Xm) and thereby render the extraembryonic ti... | <Options>: A: desensitization to pheromone during conjugation without cellular fusion (aka adaptation to pheromone involved in conjugation with mutual genetic exchange)
B: follitropin activity (aka follicle-stimulating hormone activity)
C: down-regulation of lecithinase a activity (aka negative regulation of phospholip... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'However, the absence of Atrx in the extraembryonic compartment is lethal in Atrxnull/Y males.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'y'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: adenosine receptor activity, g protein coupled (aka g-protein coupled adenosine receptor activity)
B: right posteriolateral flagellum (right posterolateral flagellum) (aka right posteriolateral flagellum)
C: minor capsomere (aka viral capsid, minor subunit)
D: major tail protein (aka virus tail, major sub... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'To investigate further, we crossed homozygous Atrxflox/flox females and homozygous GATA1-cre transgenic males (AtrxWT/Y;GATA1-cre+/+), which would be expected to yield only Atrxnull males (Atrxnull/Y;GATA1-cre+/−) and carrier females (AtrxWT/null;GATA1-cre+/−).', select the correct biomed... | <Options>: A: calcium-dependent activation of synaptic vesicle fusion
B: adenosine receptor activity, g protein coupled (aka g-protein coupled adenosine receptor activity)
C: adaptation to pheromone involved conjugation without cellular fusion (aka adaptation to pheromone involved in conjugation with mutual genetic exc... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'To investigate further, we crossed homozygous Atrxflox/flox females and homozygous GATA1-cre transgenic males (AtrxWT/Y;GATA1-cre+/+), which would be expected to yield only Atrxnull males (Atrxnull/Y;GATA1-cre+/−) and carrier females (AtrxWT/null;GATA1-cre+/−).', select the correct biomed... | <Options>: A: adenosine receptor activity, g protein coupled (aka g-protein coupled adenosine receptor activity)
B: mitochondrial double-strand break repair via homologous recombination (mtdsb repair via homologous recombination) (aka mitochondrial double-strand break repair via homologous recombination)
C: virus tail,... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Embryos were dissected in their deciduas at 7.5 dpc, and paraffin sections were stained with anti-ATRX antibody, along with sections from a wild-type 7.5 dpc embryo for comparison (Figure 8).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'antibody'. Answer using one of the prov... | <Options>: A: septum secundum development
B: peptidyl-histidine dephosphorylation
C: bacteriochlorophyll c binding
D: negative regulation of lymphocyte anergy (down-regulation of lymphocyte anergy) (aka negative regulation of lymphocyte anergy)
E: b lymphocyte antigen processing and presentation mediated by b cell rece... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'In contrast, the epiblast region of carrier female embryos was composed of a mosaic of small clusters of Atrx-positive cells (in which the Atrxnull allele on Xm had been inactivated) and Atrx-negative cells (in which the AtrxWT allele on Xp had been inactivated), indicating that the Atrx ... | <Options>: A: d-glucarate dehydratase activity (aka glucarate dehydratase activity)
B: adaptation to pheromone involved conjugation without cellular fusion (aka adaptation to pheromone involved in conjugation with mutual genetic exchange)
C: d-gluconate:nadp+ oxidoreductase activity (aka gluconate 2-dehydrogenase activ... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Thus, although random X-inactivation occurs normally within the epiblast, the AtrxWT allele (inherited on the Xp chromosome) escaped the normal imprinted X-inactivation in the extraembryonic compartment of some carrier females.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'x... | <Options>: A: downregulation by symbiont of defense-related host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway (aka negative regulation by symbiont of defense-related host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway)
B: regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptosis (aka regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptotic p... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Thus, although random X-inactivation occurs normally within the epiblast, the AtrxWT allele (inherited on the Xp chromosome) escaped the normal imprinted X-inactivation in the extraembryonic compartment of some carrier females.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'x... | <Options>: A: fsh activity (aka follicle-stimulating hormone activity)
B: desensitization to pheromone during conjugation without cellular fusion (aka adaptation to pheromone involved in conjugation with mutual genetic exchange)
C: regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptosis (aka regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptotic pro... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The human ATRX protein has been shown to associate in a complex with Daxx', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'complex'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: regulation of il-14 biosynthesis (aka regulation of interleukin-14 biosynthetic process)
B: up-regulation of 1-phosphatidyl-1d-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate synthesis (aka positive regulation of 1-phosphatidyl-1d-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate biosynthetic process)
C: regulation of ip3 biosynthesis (aka re... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'It is possible that disruption of the mouse Atrx-Daxx complex (by ablation of the Atrx protein) could have triggered a universal proapoptotic response.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'complex'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: dna ligase activity
B: dma1-dependent checkpoint (sac-independent checkpoint) (aka dma1-dependent checkpoint)
C: up-regulation of trehalose catabolism (aka positive regulation of trehalose catabolic process)
D: gdp mannose-phosphatidyl-myo-inositol alpha-mannosyltransferase activity (aka phosphatidylinosi... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Embryonic lethality in mice in the absence of Atrx was a surprising finding, as there had been no suggestion of foetal loss in the human ATR-X syndrome.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'x'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptosis (aka regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptotic process)
B: protein-endoplasmic reticulum insertion by n-terminal cleaved signal sequence (aka protein insertion into er membrane by n-terminal cleaved signal sequence)
C: adaptation to pheromone involved conjugation with... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Indeed, the birth weight of babies with ATR-X syndrome is usually normal.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'x'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: downregulation by symbiont of defense-related host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway (aka negative regulation by symbiont of defense-related host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway)
B: negative regulation of protein breakdown (aka negative regulation of protein catabolic... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'In contrast, all disease-causing mutations characterised in human ATR-X pedigrees appear to give rise to hypomorphic alleles.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'x'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptosis (aka regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptotic process)
B: fsh activity (aka follicle-stimulating hormone activity)
C: downregulation of phospholipase a2 activity (aka negative regulation of phospholipase a2 activity)
D: gluconate 2-dehydrogenase activity (d-gluconate... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Further evidence that Atrx is also required at later stages of mouse development is provided by the observed dramatic skewing against Atrx-negative cells in some somatic tissues of carrier female mice, whose tissues initially comprise a mosaic of Atrx-positive and Atrx-negative cells as a... | <Options>: A: desensitization to pheromone during conjugation without cellular fusion (aka adaptation to pheromone involved in conjugation with mutual genetic exchange)
B: follitropin activity (aka follicle-stimulating hormone activity)
C: down regulation of phosphatidolipase activity (aka negative regulation of phosph... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Given the similarity of the Atrx- and Hand1-mutant phenotypes and the likelihood that Atrx acts as a transcriptional regulator by modifying chromatin structure, it will be of interest to determine whether Atrx is itself a regulator of Hand1 expression, or alternatively whether it acts as ... | <Options>: A: cell cycle arrest in response to pheromone (aka mitotic cell cycle arrest in response to pheromone)
B: 5-methyltetrahydropteroyltriglutamate-homocysteine s-methyltransferase activity (mete (aka 5-methyltetrahydropteroyltriglutamate-homocysteine s-methyltransferase activity))
C: ala synthase activity (aka ... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Atrx Escapes Imprinted X-Inactivation in Extraembryonic Tissues of Carrier Female Mice
Another surprising finding of this study is that, in carrier female embryos, a paternally inherited AtrxWT allele appears to escape the process of imprinted X-inactivation, which ordinarily silences th... | <Options>: A: imaginal disc growth factor (aka imaginal disc growth factor receptor binding)
B: regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptosis (aka regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptotic process)
C: d-glucarate dehydratase activity (aka glucarate dehydratase activity)
D: d-gluconate:nadp+ oxidoreductase activity (aka glucona... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Atrx Escapes Imprinted X-Inactivation in Extraembryonic Tissues of Carrier Female Mice
Another surprising finding of this study is that, in carrier female embryos, a paternally inherited AtrxWT allele appears to escape the process of imprinted X-inactivation, which ordinarily silences th... | <Options>: A: imaginal disc growth factor (aka imaginal disc growth factor receptor binding)
B: down-regulation of lecithinase a activity (aka negative regulation of phospholipase a2 activity)
C: d-glucarate dehydratase activity (aka glucarate dehydratase activity)
D: follitropin activity (aka follicle-stimulating horm... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'The survival of Atrx carrier females contrasts with the phenotypes seen in carriers of mutations of other murine X-linked genes known to be essential in the extraembryonic compartment.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'x'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: downregulation by symbiont of defense-related host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway (aka negative regulation by symbiont of defense-related host salicylic acid-mediated signal transduction pathway)
B: d-gluconate:nadp+ oxidoreductase activity (aka gluconate 2-dehydrogenase activity)
C: ... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Female mice carrying mutations of these genes on the maternally inherited X chromosome also die in utero, whereas females that inherit the mutation on the Xp chromosome survive.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'x chromosome'. Answer using one of the provided optio... | <Options>: A: lamina lucida
B: linear element formation (aka linear element assembly)
C: negative regulation of protein breakdown (aka negative regulation of protein catabolic process)
D: behavioral response to mechanical stimulus (aka mechanosensory behavior)
E: protein-endoplasmic reticulum insertion by n-terminal cl... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Thus, unlike Atrx, these genes and/or their effects on cell growth are unable to circumvent the processes that ultimately cause all cells in the extraembryonic tissues to express only the maternally derived X chromosome.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'x chromoso... | <Options>: A: d-glucarate dehydratase activity (aka glucarate dehydratase activity)
B: propionyl-coa c(2)-trimethyltridecanoyltransferase activity (aka propionyl-coa c2-trimethyltridecanoyltransferase activity)
C: modification by symbiont of host cell membrane
D: negative regulation of protein breakdown (aka negative r... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'One possibility is that, like some other X-linked genes, silencing of the Atrx gene on Xp is incomplete, such that there is always a low-level, leaky output of Atrx from a normally inactivated Xp chromosome in extraembryonic tissues.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding t... | <Options>: A: protein-endoplasmic reticulum insertion by n-terminal cleaved signal sequence (aka protein insertion into er membrane by n-terminal cleaved signal sequence)
B: d-glucarate hydro-lyase activity (aka glucarate dehydratase activity)
C: negative regulation of protein breakdown (aka negative regulation of prot... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context '[32], suggesting that Atrx does not normally escape imprinted X-inactivation in the extraembryonic tissues of wild-type females.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'x'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: d-glucarate dehydratase activity (aka glucarate dehydratase activity)
B: imaginal disc growth factor receptor binding (imaginal disc growth factor) (aka imaginal disc growth factor receptor binding)
C: regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptosis (aka regulation of oligodendrocyte apoptotic process)
D: adaptat... | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Perhaps a more likely explanation for this phenomenon stems from experimental observations suggesting that imprinted X-inactivation is not imposed on all precursors of the mouse extraembryonic tissues: A subpopulation of cells may escape this process and make a random “choice” of which X ... | <Options>: A: protein-endoplasmic reticulum insertion by n-terminal cleaved signal sequence (aka protein insertion into er membrane by n-terminal cleaved signal sequence)
B: follitropin activity (aka follicle-stimulating hormone activity)
C: negative regulation of protein breakdown (aka negative regulation of protein c... | K |
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