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<Instruct>: Given the context 'Defective ALK5 signaling in the neural crest leads to increased postmigratory neural crest cell apoptosis and severe outflow tract defects
Abstract
Background
Congenital cardiovascular diseases are the most common form of birth defects in humans.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'cardiovascular'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: mandibular condyloid process (aka mandible condylar process)
B: external oblique abdominal muscles (aka abdominal external oblique muscle)
C: gallbladder infundibulum (aka infundibulum of gallbladder)
D: da roof (aka ventral wall of dorsal aorta)
E: thoracic sympathetic ganglion (aka thoracic ganglion)
F: villous of placenta (aka chorionic villus)
G: falciform fat (falciform ligament fat pad) (aka falciform fat)
H: abdomen (abdominopelvic region) (aka abdomen)
I: humeral diaphysis (aka humerus diaphysis)
J: stria medullaris (wenzel - wenzel) (aka stria medullaris)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Defective ALK5 signaling in the neural crest leads to increased postmigratory neural crest cell apoptosis and severe outflow tract defects
Abstract
Background
Congenital cardiovascular diseases are the most common form of birth defects in humans.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'neural crest'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: anterior cingulate cortex (acc (aka anterior cingulate cortex))
B: skeleton of lower jaw (lower jaw skeleton) (aka skeleton of lower jaw)
C: muscle organ of anterior thoracic region (aka chest muscle)
D: ca2 field of the ammon horn (aka ca2 field of hippocampus)
E: associated mesenchyme of pharyngeal region (aka entire pharyngeal arch associated mesenchyme)
F: region ca1 (aka ca1 field of hippocampus)
G: female prostate duct (aka paraurethral duct)
H: amnion epithelium (aka amniotic ectoderm)
I: omental bursa mehomhelium (aka mesothelium of omental bursa)
J: skeleton of upper jaw (upper jaw skeleton) (aka skeleton of upper jaw)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Defective ALK5 signaling in the neural crest leads to increased postmigratory neural crest cell apoptosis and severe outflow tract defects
Abstract
Background
Congenital cardiovascular diseases are the most common form of birth defects in humans.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'neural crest'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: female prostate duct (aka paraurethral duct)
B: anterior cingulate cortex (acc (aka anterior cingulate cortex))
C: omental bursa mehomhelium (aka mesothelium of omental bursa)
D: region ca1 (aka ca1 field of hippocampus)
E: upper jaw (aka skeleton of upper jaw)
F: muscle organ of anterolateral part of thorax (aka chest muscle)
G: skeleton of lower jaw (lower jaw skeleton) (aka skeleton of lower jaw)
H: associated mesenchyme of pharyngeal region (aka entire pharyngeal arch associated mesenchyme)
I: amnion epithelium (aka amniotic ectoderm)
J: ca2 field of cornu ammonis (aka ca2 field of hippocampus)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Defective ALK5 signaling in the neural crest leads to increased postmigratory neural crest cell apoptosis and severe outflow tract defects
Abstract
Background
Congenital cardiovascular diseases are the most common form of birth defects in humans.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'outflow tract'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: limb digit 5 (aka digit 5)
B: flexor digitorum superficialis muscle (aka flexor digitorum superficialis)
C: dewclaw (aka digit 1)
D: lobuli semilunares cerebelli (aka ansiform lobule)
E: digit 4 (autopod digit 4) (aka digit 4)
F: paramedian lobule of the cerebellum (aka paramedian lobule)
G: surface of occiput (regio occipitalis (capitis)) (aka surface of occiput)
H: interdigital region between pedal digits iv and v (aka interdigital region between pedal digits 4 and 5)
I: digit 2 (autopod digit 2) (aka digit 2)
J: musculus supinator (aka supinator muscle)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'A substantial portion of these defects has been associated with inappropriate induction, migration, differentiation and patterning of pluripotent cardiac neural crest stem cells.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'cardiac neural crest'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: mesothelium of omental bursa (omental bursa mehomhelium) (aka mesothelium of omental bursa)
B: amnionic ectoderm (aka amniotic ectoderm)
C: regio superior (aka ca1 field of hippocampus)
D: muscle organ of anterolateral part of thorax (aka chest muscle)
E: ca2 field of the ammon horn (aka ca2 field of hippocampus)
F: neck platysma muscle (aka platysma)
G: upper jaw (aka skeleton of upper jaw)
H: nervus obturatorius (aka obturator nerve)
I: musculi linguae (aka tongue muscle)
J: None of the above. | J |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'While TGF-β-superfamily signaling has been strongly implicated in neural crest cell development, the detailed molecular signaling mechanisms in vivo are still poorly understood.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'neural crest'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: periurethral duct (aka paraurethral duct)
B: skeleton of upper jaw (upper jaw skeleton) (aka skeleton of upper jaw)
C: amnion epithelium (aka amniotic ectoderm)
D: skeleton of lower jaw (lower jaw skeleton) (aka skeleton of lower jaw)
E: mesothelium of omental bursa (omental bursa mehomhelium) (aka mesothelium of omental bursa)
F: region ii of ammon's horn (aka ca2 field of hippocampus)
G: associated mesenchyme of pharyngeal region (aka entire pharyngeal arch associated mesenchyme)
H: anterior cingulate cortex (acc (aka anterior cingulate cortex))
I: muscle organ of anterolateral part of thorax (aka chest muscle)
J: region ca1 (aka ca1 field of hippocampus)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Results
We deleted the TGF-β type I receptor Alk5 specifically in the mouse neural crest cell lineage.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'neural crest'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: skeleton of lower jaw (lower jaw skeleton) (aka skeleton of lower jaw)
B: skeleton of upper jaw (upper jaw skeleton) (aka skeleton of upper jaw)
C: muscle organ of anterolateral part of thorax (aka chest muscle)
D: skene's duct (aka paraurethral duct)
E: hippocampus ca1 (aka ca1 field of hippocampus)
F: anterior cingulate cortex (acc (aka anterior cingulate cortex))
G: associated mesenchyme of pharyngeal region (aka entire pharyngeal arch associated mesenchyme)
H: amnion epithelium (aka amniotic ectoderm)
I: ca2 field of the ammon horn (aka ca2 field of hippocampus)
J: mesothelium of omental bursa (omental bursa mehomhelium) (aka mesothelium of omental bursa)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Failure in signaling via ALK5 leads to severe cardiovascular and pharyngeal defects, including inappropriate remodeling of pharyngeal arch arteries, abnormal aortic sac development, failure in pharyngeal organ migration and persistent truncus arteriosus.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'cardiovascular'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: abdominal external oblique muscle (obliquus externus abdominis muscle) (aka abdominal external oblique muscle)
B: abdomen (abdominopelvic region) (aka abdomen)
C: dp joint (aka ventral wall of dorsal aorta)
D: stria medullaris (wenzel - wenzel) (aka stria medullaris)
E: chorionic villus (embryonic part of placenta) (aka chorionic villus)
F: thoracic paravertebral ganglion (aka thoracic ganglion)
G: humeral diaphysis (aka humerus diaphysis)
H: infundibulum of gallbladder (infundibulum vesicae biliaris) (aka infundibulum of gallbladder)
I: falciform fat depot (aka falciform fat)
J: mandibular condyloid process (aka mandible condylar process)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Failure in signaling via ALK5 leads to severe cardiovascular and pharyngeal defects, including inappropriate remodeling of pharyngeal arch arteries, abnormal aortic sac development, failure in pharyngeal organ migration and persistent truncus arteriosus.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'pharyngeal'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: gastrointestinal system smooth muscle tissue (aka gastrointestinal system smooth muscle)
B: uterine tube (aka oviduct)
C: epithelial somite (aka somite)
D: lateral line placodes (aka lateral line placode)
E: notochord (embryonic notocord) (aka notochord)
F: urethral lamina propria (aka lamina propria of urethra)
G: nuhn's glands (aka anterior lingual gland)
H: scarpa's nerve (aka nasopalatine nerve)
I: ceratobranchial 1 element
J: embryonic disc (aka blastodisc)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Failure in signaling via ALK5 leads to severe cardiovascular and pharyngeal defects, including inappropriate remodeling of pharyngeal arch arteries, abnormal aortic sac development, failure in pharyngeal organ migration and persistent truncus arteriosus.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'pharyngeal arch arteries'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: musculature of thorax (set of muscles of thorax) (aka musculature of thorax)
B: musculature of body wall (body wall musculature) (aka musculature of body wall)
C: cuneocerebellar fibers (aka cuneocerebellar tract)
D: nucleus pulvinaris oralis thalami (aka oral pulvinar nucleus)
E: telencephalon roof plate (aka roof plate of telencephalon)
F: musculature of hindlimb stylopod (set of muscles of thigh) (aka musculature of hindlimb stylopod)
G: midbrain roof (aka roof plate of midbrain)
H: musculi capitis (aka musculature of head)
I: naso-palatine nerve (aka nasopalatine nerve)
J: None of the above. | J |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Failure in signaling via ALK5 leads to severe cardiovascular and pharyngeal defects, including inappropriate remodeling of pharyngeal arch arteries, abnormal aortic sac development, failure in pharyngeal organ migration and persistent truncus arteriosus.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'aortic sac'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: oral region gland (aka oral gland)
B: palatine process of premaxilla (pars palatina of premaxilla) (aka palatine process of premaxilla)
C: segment (aka organismal segment)
D: dorsal patch of leydig's organ
E: infralabial gland
F: basibranchial 1 element
G: dorsal surface of penis (dorsum of penis) (aka dorsal surface of penis)
H: anterior subdivision of trunk (aka thoracic segment of trunk)
I: arcuate vein (aka kidney arcuate vein)
J: tensor tympani (musculus tensor tympani) (aka tensor tympani)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Failure in signaling via ALK5 leads to severe cardiovascular and pharyngeal defects, including inappropriate remodeling of pharyngeal arch arteries, abnormal aortic sac development, failure in pharyngeal organ migration and persistent truncus arteriosus.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'pharyngeal'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: uterine tube (aka oviduct)
B: reproductive system of female organism gonad (aka female gonad)
C: organ system (aka anatomical system)
D: ceratobranchial 1 element
E: embryonic disc (aka blastodisc)
F: trunk of intercostal nerve (intercostal neural trunk) (aka trunk of intercostal nerve)
G: gastrointestinal system involuntary muscle (aka gastrointestinal system smooth muscle)
H: embryonic notocord (aka notochord)
I: scarpa's nerve (aka nasopalatine nerve)
J: lateral line placodes (aka lateral line placode)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Failure in signaling via ALK5 leads to severe cardiovascular and pharyngeal defects, including inappropriate remodeling of pharyngeal arch arteries, abnormal aortic sac development, failure in pharyngeal organ migration and persistent truncus arteriosus.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'organ'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: cervical sympathetic chain (aka cervical sympathetic nerve trunk)
B: endothelium of principal bronchus (aka endothelium of main bronchus)
C: glandula sudorifera eccrina (aka eccrine sweat gland)
D: mesonephroi (aka mesonephros)
E: papillae dermis (aka dermal papilla)
F: wall of artery (aka artery wall)
G: hepatic lobule (aka liver lobule)
H: myoepithelium (myoepitheliocytus) (aka myoepithelium)
I: hind kidney (aka metanephros)
J: right upper lobe of lung (aka upper lobe of right lung)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Failure in signaling via ALK5 leads to severe cardiovascular and pharyngeal defects, including inappropriate remodeling of pharyngeal arch arteries, abnormal aortic sac development, failure in pharyngeal organ migration and persistent truncus arteriosus.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'truncus arteriosus'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: tricuspid valvular leaflet (aka tricuspid valve leaflet)
B: anterior subdivision of trunk (aka thoracic segment of trunk)
C: portion of guano (aka feces)
D: gall bladder epithelium (aka epithelium of gall bladder)
E: vertebra bone (aka vertebra)
F: fore autopod skeleton (aka skeleton of manus)
G: airway (aka respiratory airway)
H: spinal cord pia mater of neuraxis (aka spinal cord pia mater)
I: arcuate artery (aka kidney arcuate artery)
J: lateral prostate (aka prostate gland lateral lobe)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'While ALK5 is not required for neural crest cell migration, our results demonstrate that it plays an important role in the survival of post-migratory cardiac neural crest cells.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'neural crest'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: mesothelium of omental bursa (omental bursa mehomhelium) (aka mesothelium of omental bursa)
B: upper jaw (aka skeleton of upper jaw)
C: skeleton of lower jaw (lower jaw skeleton) (aka skeleton of lower jaw)
D: region ca1 (aka ca1 field of hippocampus)
E: amnion epithelium (aka amniotic ectoderm)
F: periurethral duct (aka paraurethral duct)
G: ca2 field of cornu ammonis (aka ca2 field of hippocampus)
H: anterior cingulate cortex (acc (aka anterior cingulate cortex))
I: associated mesenchyme of pharyngeal region (aka entire pharyngeal arch associated mesenchyme)
J: anterolateral part of thorax muscle organ (aka chest muscle)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'While ALK5 is not required for neural crest cell migration, our results demonstrate that it plays an important role in the survival of post-migratory cardiac neural crest cells.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'cardiac neural crest'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: mesothelium of omental bursa (omental bursa mehomhelium) (aka mesothelium of omental bursa)
B: skeleton of upper jaw (upper jaw skeleton) (aka skeleton of upper jaw)
C: ca2 field of cornu ammonis (aka ca2 field of hippocampus)
D: hippocampus ca1 (aka ca1 field of hippocampus)
E: nervus obturatorius (aka obturator nerve)
F: amnion epithelium (aka amniotic ectoderm)
G: muscle organ of anterolateral part of thorax (aka chest muscle)
H: muscle organ of tongue (aka tongue muscle)
I: neck platysma muscle (aka platysma)
J: None of the above. | J |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Conclusion
Our results demonstrate that ALK5-mediated signaling in neural crest cells plays an essential cell-autonomous role in the pharyngeal and cardiac outflow tract development.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'neural crest'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: amniotic ectoderm (amnionic ectoderm) (aka amniotic ectoderm)
B: anterior cingulate cortex (acc (aka anterior cingulate cortex))
C: ca2 field of the ammon horn (aka ca2 field of hippocampus)
D: upper jaw (aka skeleton of upper jaw)
E: skeleton of lower jaw (lower jaw skeleton) (aka skeleton of lower jaw)
F: associated mesenchyme of pharyngeal region (aka entire pharyngeal arch associated mesenchyme)
G: periurethral duct (aka paraurethral duct)
H: region ca1 (aka ca1 field of hippocampus)
I: mesothelium of omental bursa (omental bursa mehomhelium) (aka mesothelium of omental bursa)
J: anterolateral part of thorax muscle organ (aka chest muscle)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Conclusion
Our results demonstrate that ALK5-mediated signaling in neural crest cells plays an essential cell-autonomous role in the pharyngeal and cardiac outflow tract development.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'pharyngeal'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: intercostal nerve trunk (aka trunk of intercostal nerve)
B: gastrointestinal system smooth muscle tissue (aka gastrointestinal system smooth muscle)
C: lateral line placodes (aka lateral line placode)
D: notochord (embryonic notocord) (aka notochord)
E: uterine tube (aka oviduct)
F: nuhn's glands (aka anterior lingual gland)
G: embryonic disc (aka blastodisc)
H: urethral lamina propria (aka lamina propria of urethra)
I: organ system (aka anatomical system)
J: ceratobranchial 1 element
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Conclusion
Our results demonstrate that ALK5-mediated signaling in neural crest cells plays an essential cell-autonomous role in the pharyngeal and cardiac outflow tract development.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'cardiac outflow tract'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: limb digit 5 (aka digit 5)
B: flexor digitorum superficialis muscle (aka flexor digitorum superficialis)
C: surface of occiput (regio occipitalis (capitis)) (aka surface of occiput)
D: paramedian lobule (lobule viiib (pyramis and biventral lobule, posterior part)) (aka paramedian lobule)
E: digit 4 (autopod digit 4) (aka digit 4)
F: digit iii (aka digit 3)
G: dewclaw (aka digit 1)
H: musculus supinator (aka supinator muscle)
I: interdigital region between pedal digits iv and v (aka interdigital region between pedal digits 4 and 5)
J: lobuli semilunares cerebelli (aka ansiform lobule)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Background
A considerable percentage of cardiac birth defects is caused by a failure in normal migration, differentiation or patterning of the cardiac neural crest (CNC).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'cardiac'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: thoracic sympathetic ganglion (aka thoracic ganglion)
B: body of humerus (aka humerus diaphysis)
C: vaginae (aka vagina)
D: mammalian vulva (skin of female pudendum) (aka mammalian vulva)
E: dp joint (aka ventral wall of dorsal aorta)
F: external oblique abdominal muscles (aka abdominal external oblique muscle)
G: falciform fat depot (aka falciform fat)
H: diaphragm mesothelium (aka mesothelium of diaphragm)
I: adult abdomen (aka abdomen)
J: segment hepatis posterius i (aka caudate lobe of liver)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Background
A considerable percentage of cardiac birth defects is caused by a failure in normal migration, differentiation or patterning of the cardiac neural crest (CNC).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'cardiac neural crest'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: ca2 field of cornu ammonis (aka ca2 field of hippocampus)
B: amnionic ectoderm (aka amniotic ectoderm)
C: hippocampus ca1 (aka ca1 field of hippocampus)
D: mesothelium of omental bursa (omental bursa mehomhelium) (aka mesothelium of omental bursa)
E: muscle of tongue (aka tongue muscle)
F: muscle organ of anterolateral part of thorax (aka chest muscle)
G: upper jaw (aka skeleton of upper jaw)
H: nervus obturatorius (aka obturator nerve)
I: neck platysma muscle (aka platysma)
J: None of the above. | J |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Background
A considerable percentage of cardiac birth defects is caused by a failure in normal migration, differentiation or patterning of the cardiac neural crest (CNC).', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'cnc'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: muscle organ of anterior thoracic region (aka chest muscle)
B: avpe (aka anteroventral periventricular nucleus) (aka anteroventral periventricular nucleus)
C: omental bursa mehomhelium (aka mesothelium of omental bursa)
D: facial vii nucleus (aka facial nucleus)
E: eight-cell stage (aka 8 cell stage)
F: palaeocerebellum (aka anterior lobe of cerebellum)
G: white matter of neuraxis of spinal cord (aka white matter of spinal cord)
H: dentatothalamocortical fibers (aka dentate nucleus)
I: central lobule of cerebellum [term] (aka central lobule)
J: 1st arch mandibular component (ventral pharyngeal arch 1) (aka 1st arch mandibular component)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'This subset of pluripotent neural crest stem cells forms in the dorsal aspect of the neural tube at the level of the mid-otic placode to the third somite [1].', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'neural crest'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: hippocampus ca1 (aka ca1 field of hippocampus)
B: muscle organ of anterior thoracic region (aka chest muscle)
C: female prostate duct (aka paraurethral duct)
D: region ii of ammon's horn (aka ca2 field of hippocampus)
E: anterior cingulate cortex (acc (aka anterior cingulate cortex))
F: associated mesenchyme of pharyngeal region (aka entire pharyngeal arch associated mesenchyme)
G: skeleton of lower jaw (lower jaw skeleton) (aka skeleton of lower jaw)
H: amnion epithelium (aka amniotic ectoderm)
I: mesothelium of omental bursa (omental bursa mehomhelium) (aka mesothelium of omental bursa)
J: skeleton of upper jaw (upper jaw skeleton) (aka skeleton of upper jaw)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'This subset of pluripotent neural crest stem cells forms in the dorsal aspect of the neural tube at the level of the mid-otic placode to the third somite [1].', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'neural tube'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: limb bone (bone of extremity) (aka limb bone)
B: gall bladder serous membrane (aka gall bladder serosa)
C: anal fin distal radial element (distal anal fin radial) (aka anal fin distal radial element)
D: female reproductive tracts (aka oviduct)
E: lower face (aka midface)
F: hand distal phalanx (aka distal phalanx of manus)
G: rectus capitis lateralis (aka rectus capitis lateralis muscle)
H: fore mesopodial skeleton (aka carpal skeleton)
I: embryonic head
J: lower segment of arm epithelial tissue (aka epithelium of forearm)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'This subset of pluripotent neural crest stem cells forms in the dorsal aspect of the neural tube at the level of the mid-otic placode to the third somite [1].', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'otic placode'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: area 41 of brodmann-1909 (aka anterior transverse temporal area 41)
B: 2nd pharyngeal arch (aka pharyngeal arch 2)
C: medial lemniscus decussation (aka decussation of medial lemniscus)
D: gravid uterus (womb (aka gravid uterus))
E: epithelial tissue of endolymphatic duct (aka epithelium of endolymphatic duct)
F: epithelial tissue of proximal segment of free upper limb zeugopod (aka epithelium of forearm)
G: multi-cell-component structure (aka multi cell part structure)
H: epithelium of ductus reuniens (epithelial tissue of ductus reuniens) (aka epithelium of ductus reuniens)
I: None of the above. | I |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'This subset of pluripotent neural crest stem cells forms in the dorsal aspect of the neural tube at the level of the mid-otic placode to the third somite [1].', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'third somite'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: hypaxial region somite 28
B: skin of face (facial skin) (aka skin of face)
C: upper jaw molar epithelium
D: sclerotome somite 29
E: polster (pillow) (aka polster)
F: symplectic
G: somite 29
H: molecular layer valvula cerebelli
I: somite 19
J: myotome somite 15
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Subsequently cardiac neural crest cells (CNCCs) delaminate, undergo a phenotypic transformation from an epithelial to mesenchymal cell type, and migrate latero-ventrally into', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'cardiac neural crest'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: amnion epithelium (aka amniotic ectoderm)
B: ca2 (aka ca2 field of hippocampus) (aka ca2 field of hippocampus)
C: nervus obturatorius (aka obturator nerve)
D: upper jaw (aka skeleton of upper jaw)
E: muscle organ of anterolateral part of thorax (aka chest muscle)
F: neck platysma muscle (aka platysma)
G: mesothelium of omental bursa (omental bursa mehomhelium) (aka mesothelium of omental bursa)
H: musculi linguae (aka tongue muscle)
I: hippocampus ca1 (aka ca1 field of hippocampus)
J: None of the above. | J |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Subsequently cardiac neural crest cells (CNCCs) delaminate, undergo a phenotypic transformation from an epithelial to mesenchymal cell type, and migrate latero-ventrally into', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'epithelial'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: pre-botzinger complex (pre-botzinger respiratory control center) (aka pre-botzinger complex)
B: lactiferous gland adipose tissue (aka mammary gland fat)
C: tegmental nucleus (aka nucleus of midbrain tegmentum)
D: forelimb long bone (long bone of anteriormost limb) (aka forelimb long bone)
E: caecal epithelium (aka posterior paraventricular nucleus of thalamus)
F: anterior periventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (aka anterior paraventricular nucleus of thalamus)
G: lower primary tooth d (aka lower first primary molar tooth)
H: limb long bone (long bone of limb) (aka limb long bone)
I: hemiazygos veins (aka hemiazygos vein)
J: hand digit connective tissue (aka manual digit connective tissue)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Subsequently cardiac neural crest cells (CNCCs) delaminate, undergo a phenotypic transformation from an epithelial to mesenchymal cell type, and migrate latero-ventrally into', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'mesenchymal'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: foramen of skull (foramina of the skull) (aka foramen of skull)
B: superior oblique extraocular muscle (dorsal oblique extraocular muscles) (aka superior oblique extraocular muscle)
C: male urethra gland (aka male urethral gland)
D: mesentery of stomach (mesentery of ventriculus) (aka mesentery of stomach)
E: pillow (aka polster)
F: epithelial tissue of reissner's canal (aka epithelium of cochlear duct)
G: urogenital sinus epithelium (uge (aka urogenital sinus epithelium))
H: right lung lobar bronchus mesenchyme
I: right lung middle lobe lobar bronchus mesenchyme
J: oblique ridge of crown of tooth (aka oblique ridge of tooth)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'the 3rd, 4th and 6th pharyngeal arch arteries (PAAs), where they contribute to the formation of the smooth muscle cell layer of endothelial structures derived from the aortic arch arteries', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'cell layer'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: vallate papilla (circumvallate papilla of tongue) (aka vallate papilla)
B: myocardium (heart myocardium) (aka myocardium)
C: wrisbergi cartilage (aka cuneiform cartilage)
D: peduncle of thalamus (thalamic peduncle) (aka peduncle of thalamus)
E: ganglion spirale (aka cochlear ganglion)
F: heart epicardium (aka epicardium)
G: pelvis of left ureter (aka left renal pelvis)
H: pterygoid plate (aka sphenoid bone pterygoid process)
I: submucosa of lobar bronchus (submucosa of secondary bronchus) (aka submucosa of lobar bronchus)
J: ventral accessory optic nucleus
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'the 3rd, 4th and 6th pharyngeal arch arteries (PAAs), where they contribute to the formation of the smooth muscle cell layer of endothelial structures derived from the aortic arch arteries', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'aortic arch arteries'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: musculature of thorax (set of muscles of thorax) (aka musculature of thorax)
B: musculus levator labii superioris (aka levator labii superioris)
C: musculi capitis (aka musculature of head)
D: roofplate medulla metencephalon (aka roof plate of metencephalon)
E: roofplate of medulla oblonmgata (aka roof plate of medulla oblongata)
F: musculature of thigh (aka musculature of hindlimb stylopod)
G: roofplate of telencephalon (aka roof plate of telencephalon)
H: olfactory i (aka olfactory nerve)
I: roofplate of between brain (aka roof plate of diencephalon)
J: body wall muscles (aka musculature of body wall)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'the 3rd, 4th and 6th pharyngeal arch arteries (PAAs), where they contribute to the formation of the smooth muscle cell layer of endothelial structures derived from the aortic arch arteries', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'paas'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: laterodorsal nucleus, superficial part (aka lateral dorsal nucleus)
B: central gray substance (substantia grisea centralis) (aka central gray substance)
C: roofplate of metencephalon (aka roof plate of metencephalon)
D: oral part of the ventral lateral nucleus (aka oral part of ventral lateral nucleus)
E: muscles of head (aka musculature of head)
F: nasal concha primordium (turbinate bone primordium) (aka nasal concha primordium)
G: submucosa of digestive tract
H: pterygoid bone (lamina lateralis processi pterygoideus ossis sphenoidalis) (aka pterygoid bone)
I: roof plate of metepencephalon (aka roof plate of medulla oblongata)
J: midbrain roofplate (aka roof plate of midbrain)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'the 3rd, 4th and 6th pharyngeal arch arteries (PAAs), where they contribute to the formation of the smooth muscle cell layer of endothelial structures derived from the aortic arch arteries', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'smooth muscle'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: coracoideum (aka coracoid bone)
B: lobus caudatus (aka caudate lobe of liver)
C: middle limb segment of inferior member skin (aka lower leg skin)
D: cranial dura mater (aka brain dura mater)
E: dura mater of neuraxis of spinal cord (aka spinal dura mater)
F: muscle of thigh (aka hindlimb stylopod muscle)
G: granular insular cortex (granular-isocortical insula) (aka granular insular cortex)
H: distal phalanx of middle finger (aka distal phalanx of manual digit 3)
I: skin of arm stylopod (aka upper arm skin)
J: integumental system muscle (aka skin muscle)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'the 3rd, 4th and 6th pharyngeal arch arteries (PAAs), where they contribute to the formation of the smooth muscle cell layer of endothelial structures derived from the aortic arch arteries', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'endothelial'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: arch of cervical vertebra (aka cervical vertebral arch)
B: apertura mediana ventriculi quarti (aka fourth ventricle median aperture)
C: brodmann's area 32 (aka brodmann (1909) area 32)
D: scalenus anticus (aka scalenus anterior)
E: pelvic limb/fin (aka pelvic appendage)
F: angulus lateralis (scapula) (aka lateral angle of scapula)
G: nucleus ventromedialis hypothalami (aka ventromedial nucleus of hypothalamus)
H: anguloarticular - malleus (aka articular/anguloarticular)
I: tuberomammillary nucleus, ventral part (aka tuberomammillary nucleus)
J: digit 4 of fore-paw (aka manual digit 4)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'the 3rd, 4th and 6th pharyngeal arch arteries (PAAs), where they contribute to the formation of the smooth muscle cell layer of endothelial structures derived from the aortic arch arteries', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to '6th pharyngeal arch arteries'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: roof plate of bulb (aka roof plate of medulla oblongata)
B: roof plate midbrain region (aka roof plate of midbrain)
C: muscle group of thigh (aka musculature of hindlimb stylopod)
D: neural tube roofplate (aka roof plate of neural tube)
E: body wall muscles (aka musculature of body wall)
F: between brain roof plate (aka roof plate of diencephalon)
G: musculi capitis (aka musculature of head)
H: None of the above. | H |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'the 3rd, 4th and 6th pharyngeal arch arteries (PAAs), where they contribute to the formation of the smooth muscle cell layer of endothelial structures derived from the aortic arch arteries', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to '3rd ... pharyngeal arch arteries'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: musculi capitis (aka musculature of head)
B: thigh musculature (aka musculature of hindlimb stylopod)
C: meninx of interbrain (aka meninx of diencephalon)
D: between brain roofplate (aka roof plate of diencephalon)
E: hindbrain meninx (aka meninx of hindbrain)
F: musculature of thorax (set of muscles of thorax) (aka musculature of thorax)
G: musculature of body wall (body wall musculature) (aka musculature of body wall)
H: roof plate of metencephalon (roofplate medulla metencephalon) (aka roof plate of metencephalon)
I: None of the above. | I |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'the 3rd, 4th and 6th pharyngeal arch arteries (PAAs), where they contribute to the formation of the smooth muscle cell layer of endothelial structures derived from the aortic arch arteries', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to '4th ... pharyngeal arch arteries'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: pharynx gland (aka pharyngeal gland)
B: musculature of body wall (body wall musculature) (aka musculature of body wall)
C: spinal meninges (aka meninx of spinal cord)
D: roof plate of medulla oblongata (roof plate of medulla oblonmgata) (aka roof plate of medulla oblongata)
E: muscles of head (aka musculature of head)
F: epencephalon-2 roofplate (aka roof plate of metencephalon)
G: muscle group of thigh (aka musculature of hindlimb stylopod)
H: None of the above. | H |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'A subset of CNCCs continues to migrate deeper into the aortic sac to form the aortico-pulmonary septum; a vital structure, which separates the pulmonary trunk from the aorta', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'aortic sac'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: mucosa of dorsum of tongue (mucosa of dorsal surface of tongue) (aka mucosa of dorsum of tongue)
B: anterior subdivision of trunk (aka thoracic segment of trunk)
C: dorsal patch of leydig's organ
D: oral region gland (aka oral gland)
E: supralabial gland
F: duvernoy's gland
G: arcuate vein (aka kidney arcuate vein)
H: croup (aka sacral region)
I: tensor tympani (musculus tensor tympani) (aka tensor tympani)
J: palatine process of premaxilla (pars palatina of premaxilla) (aka palatine process of premaxilla)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'A subset of CNCCs continues to migrate deeper into the aortic sac to form the aortico-pulmonary septum; a vital structure, which separates the pulmonary trunk from the aorta', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'aortico-pulmonary septum'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: viscera (aka viscus)
B: subparietal district (aka inferior parietal cortex)
C: sinus venosus cordis (aka sinus venosus)
D: reticular nucleus of the spinal cord (aka spinal cord reticular nucleus)
E: cuticle of hair (hair cuticle) (aka cuticle of hair)
F: stomach pyloric region submucosa (aka submucosa of pylorus)
G: epithelium of regio coxae (aka epithelium of hip)
H: ventral oblique extraocular muscle (aka inferior oblique extraocular muscle)
I: musculus flexor digitorum superficialis (aka flexor digitorum superficialis)
J: None of the above. | J |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'A subset of CNCCs continues to migrate deeper into the aortic sac to form the aortico-pulmonary septum; a vital structure, which separates the pulmonary trunk from the aorta', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'pulmonary trunk'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: posterior crus of fornix (aka posterior column of fornix)
B: airway (aka respiratory airway)
C: panniculus carnosus (aka hypodermis skeletal muscle layer)
D: basal plate medulla oblongata (medulla oblongata basal plate) (aka basal plate medulla oblongata)
E: vertebrae cervicales (aka cervical vertebra)
F: eminentia mediana (aka median eminence of neurohypophysis)
G: gall bladder epithelium (aka epithelium of gall bladder)
H: hair cortex (aka cortex of hair)
I: anterior autopodium skeleton (aka skeleton of manus)
J: vertebra bone (aka vertebra)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'A subset of CNCCs continues to migrate deeper into the aortic sac to form the aortico-pulmonary septum; a vital structure, which separates the pulmonary trunk from the aorta', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'aorta'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: temporal muscle (aka temporalis muscle)
B: supreme turbinate (aka supreme nasal concha)
C: endoderm of foregut (foregut endoderm) (aka endoderm of foregut)
D: middle turbinate (aka middle nasal concha)
E: cerebellar vermis (vermal parts of the cerebellum) (aka cerebellar vermis)
F: arcuate vein (aka kidney arcuate vein)
G: tympanic part (aka tympanic plate)
H: inferior nasal concha (inferior nasal turbinate bone) (aka inferior nasal concha)
I: thorax (aka thoracic segment of trunk)
J: tensor tympani muscle (aka tensor tympani)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'An indispensable role of CNCCs in the development of the cardiac outflow tract was originally demonstrated by pioneering studies of Kirby and coworkers', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'cardiac outflow tract'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: flexor digitorum superficialis muscle (aka flexor digitorum superficialis)
B: supinator muscle (musculus supinator) (aka supinator muscle)
C: surface of occiput (regio occipitalis (capitis)) (aka surface of occiput)
D: paramedian lobule (lobule viiib (pyramis and biventral lobule, posterior part)) (aka paramedian lobule)
E: autopod digit 4 (aka digit 4)
F: digit iii (aka digit 3)
G: digit 2 (autopod digit 2) (aka digit 2)
H: lobuli semilunares cerebelli (aka ansiform lobule)
I: interdigital region between pedal digits iv and v (aka interdigital region between pedal digits 4 and 5)
J: digit 1 (autopod digit 1) (aka digit 1)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context '[1], who showed that ablation of the CNC in the chick led to severe outflow tract (OFT) defects including persistent truncus arteriosus (PTA), mispatterning of the great vessels and outflow tract mal-alignments [5].', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'cnc'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: palaeocerebellum (aka anterior lobe of cerebellum)
B: avpe (aka anteroventral periventricular nucleus) (aka anteroventral periventricular nucleus)
C: facial vii nucleus (aka facial nucleus)
D: dentate nucleus (dentatothalamocortical fibers) (aka dentate nucleus)
E: venenosalivary gland (aka snake venom gland)
F: ventroposterior medial thalamic nucleus (aka ventral posteromedial nucleus of thalamus)
G: central lobule of cerebellum [term] (aka central lobule)
H: olivary body (olivary nucleus) (aka olivary body)
I: mesothelium of omental bursa (omental bursa mehomhelium) (aka mesothelium of omental bursa)
J: spinal cord white substance (aka white matter of spinal cord)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context '[1], who showed that ablation of the CNC in the chick led to severe outflow tract (OFT) defects including persistent truncus arteriosus (PTA), mispatterning of the great vessels and outflow tract mal-alignments [5].', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'outflow tract'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: digit 2 (autopod digit 2) (aka digit 2)
B: fourth digit (aka digit 4)
C: autopod digit 1 (aka digit 1)
D: lobuli semilunares cerebelli (aka ansiform lobule)
E: surface of occiput (regio occipitalis (capitis)) (aka surface of occiput)
F: interdigital region between pedal digits iv and v (aka interdigital region between pedal digits 4 and 5)
G: musculus supinator (aka supinator muscle)
H: digiti minimi (aka digit 5)
I: flexor digitorum superficialis muscle (aka flexor digitorum superficialis)
J: hemispheric lobule viibii (aka paramedian lobule)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context '[1], who showed that ablation of the CNC in the chick led to severe outflow tract (OFT) defects including persistent truncus arteriosus (PTA), mispatterning of the great vessels and outflow tract mal-alignments [5].', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'oft'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: ampulla of the vas (aka ampullary gland)
B: epithelium of upper jaw (epithelial tissue of palatoquadrate arch) (aka epithelium of upper jaw)
C: corticopontine fibers set (aka corticopontine fibers)
D: pc (aka paracentral nucleus) (aka paracentral nucleus)
E: spinal trigeminal nucleus, caudal part (aka caudal part of spinal trigeminal nucleus)
F: extensor pollicis longus (aka extensor pollicis longus muscle)
G: interstitial nucleus (aka interstitial nucleus of cajal)
H: postcommissural fornix (aka postcommissural fornix of brain)
I: lumbar sympathetic nerve trunk (lumbar sympathetic trunk) (aka lumbar sympathetic nerve trunk)
J: tympanic membrane epithelium (tympanic membrane epithelial layer) (aka tympanic membrane epithelium)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context '[1], who showed that ablation of the CNC in the chick led to severe outflow tract (OFT) defects including persistent truncus arteriosus (PTA), mispatterning of the great vessels and outflow tract mal-alignments [5].', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'truncus arteriosus'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: gall bladder epithelium (aka epithelium of gall bladder)
B: airway (aka respiratory airway)
C: fore autopod skeleton (aka skeleton of manus)
D: thoracic segment of trunk (anterior subdivision of trunk) (aka thoracic segment of trunk)
E: epithelium of hip (epithelial tissue of regio coxae) (aka epithelium of hip)
F: sinus rectus (aka tentorial sinus)
G: spinal cord pia mater of neuraxis (aka spinal cord pia mater)
H: lateral prostate (aka prostate gland lateral lobe)
I: segment (aka organismal segment)
J: vertebra bone (aka vertebra)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context '[1], who showed that ablation of the CNC in the chick led to severe outflow tract (OFT) defects including persistent truncus arteriosus (PTA), mispatterning of the great vessels and outflow tract mal-alignments [5].', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'great vessels'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: pia mater of between brain (aka diencephalon pia mater)
B: flexor carpi ulnaris muscle (musculus flexor carpi ulnaris) (aka flexor carpi ulnaris muscle)
C: gallbladder infundibulum (aka infundibulum of gallbladder)
D: lateral prostate (aka prostate gland lateral lobe)
E: horny papilla of tongue (horny papillae) (aka horny papilla of tongue)
F: stria medullaris (wenzel - wenzel) (aka stria medullaris)
G: spinal cord pia mater of neuraxis (aka spinal cord pia mater)
H: fecal material (aka feces)
I: pars distalis of adenohypophysis (pars distalis of anterior lobe of pituitary gland) (aka pars distalis of adenohypophysis)
J: external oblique abdominal muscles (aka abdominal external oblique muscle)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context '[1], who showed that ablation of the CNC in the chick led to severe outflow tract (OFT) defects including persistent truncus arteriosus (PTA), mispatterning of the great vessels and outflow tract mal-alignments [5].', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'outflow tract'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: interdigital region between pedal digits iv and v (aka interdigital region between pedal digits 4 and 5)
B: autopod digit 4 (aka digit 4)
C: limb digit 5 (aka digit 5)
D: autopod digit 1 (aka digit 1)
E: lobuli semilunares cerebelli (aka ansiform lobule)
F: musculus supinator (aka supinator muscle)
G: flexor digitorum superficialis muscle (aka flexor digitorum superficialis)
H: hemispheric lobule viibii (aka paramedian lobule)
I: digit 2 (autopod digit 2) (aka digit 2)
J: surface of occiput (regio occipitalis (capitis)) (aka surface of occiput)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Mice deficient in TGF-β2 display fourth aortic arch artery defects [7], while neural crest cell specific abrogation of TGF-β type II receptor (Tgfbr2) results in interruption of the aortic arch and PTA [8,9].', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'neural crest'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: mesothelium of omental bursa (omental bursa mehomhelium) (aka mesothelium of omental bursa)
B: upper jaw (aka skeleton of upper jaw)
C: female prostate duct (aka paraurethral duct)
D: hippocampus ca1 (aka ca1 field of hippocampus)
E: ca2 field of the ammon horn (aka ca2 field of hippocampus)
F: anterior cingulate cortex (acc (aka anterior cingulate cortex))
G: amnion epithelium (aka amniotic ectoderm)
H: anterolateral part of thorax muscle organ (aka chest muscle)
I: skeleton of lower jaw (lower jaw skeleton) (aka skeleton of lower jaw)
J: associated mesenchyme of pharyngeal region (aka entire pharyngeal arch associated mesenchyme)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Mice deficient in TGF-β2 display fourth aortic arch artery defects [7], while neural crest cell specific abrogation of TGF-β type II receptor (Tgfbr2) results in interruption of the aortic arch and PTA [8,9].', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'fourth aortic arch artery'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: spinal meninx (aka meninx of spinal cord)
B: pharynx gland (aka pharyngeal gland)
C: future brain roof plate (aka roof plate of neural tube)
D: roof plate of medulla oblonmgata (aka roof plate of medulla oblongata)
E: epencephalon-2 roof plate (aka roof plate of metencephalon)
F: musculature of thigh (aka musculature of hindlimb stylopod)
G: musculature of thorax (set of muscles of thorax) (aka musculature of thorax)
H: None of the above. | H |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Mice deficient in TGF-β2 display fourth aortic arch artery defects [7], while neural crest cell specific abrogation of TGF-β type II receptor (Tgfbr2) results in interruption of the aortic arch and PTA [8,9].', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'aortic arch'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: lateral paragigantocellular nucleus (paragigantocellular reticular nucleus, lateral part) (aka lateral paragigantocellular nucleus)
B: levator labii superioris (musculus levator labii superioris) (aka levator labii superioris)
C: nasopalatine nerves (aka nasopalatine nerve)
D: cuneocerebellar fibers (aka cuneocerebellar tract)
E: nucleus pulvinaris oralis thalami (aka oral pulvinar nucleus)
F: telencephalon roofplate (aka roof plate of telencephalon)
G: musculature of thorax (set of muscles of thorax) (aka musculature of thorax)
H: olfactory i (aka olfactory nerve)
I: body wall musculature (aka musculature of body wall)
J: subparafascicular nucleus thalamus (aka subparafascicular nucleus)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'BMPs 6 and -7 are required for proper formation of the outflow tract cushions [10], while BMP type II receptor is needed for proper development of the conotruncal ridges [11].', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'outflow tract cushions'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: posterior surface of head
B: biliary epithelium (aka epithelium of gall bladder)
C: papilla of breast (aka nipple)
D: chorion syncytiotrophoblast
E: lobuli semilunares cerebelli (aka ansiform lobule)
F: supinator muscle (musculus supinator) (aka supinator muscle)
G: occiput cranii (aka surface of occiput)
H: lobule viiib (pyramis and biventral lobule, posterior part) (aka paramedian lobule)
I: flexor digitorum superficialis muscle (aka flexor digitorum superficialis)
J: multi-limb segment region
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'BMPs 6 and -7 are required for proper formation of the outflow tract cushions [10], while BMP type II receptor is needed for proper development of the conotruncal ridges [11].', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'conotruncal ridges'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: autopod digit 3 (aka digit 3)
B: fundus of gallbladder (fundus of the gallbladder) (aka fundus of gallbladder)
C: occiput cranii (aka surface of occiput)
D: ganglion mesentericum superius (aka superior mesenteric ganglion)
E: posterior surface of head
F: dorsal digital artery (set of dorsal digital arteries) (aka dorsal digital artery)
G: autopod digit 2 (aka digit 2)
H: falx cerebri (cerebral falx) (aka falx cerebri)
I: primitive groove
J: multi-limb segment region
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Moreover, neural crest-specific deletion of the BMP type I receptors Alk2 and Alk3 has been shown to lead to defective aortico-pulmonary septation, among other cardiac defects [12,13].
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'neural crest'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: upper jaw (aka skeleton of upper jaw)
B: skeleton of lower jaw (lower jaw skeleton) (aka skeleton of lower jaw)
C: anterior cingulate cortex (acc (aka anterior cingulate cortex))
D: hippocampus ca1 (aka ca1 field of hippocampus)
E: ca2 field of the ammon horn (aka ca2 field of hippocampus)
F: associated mesenchyme of pharyngeal region (aka entire pharyngeal arch associated mesenchyme)
G: muscle organ of anterolateral part of thorax (aka chest muscle)
H: omental bursa mehomhelium (aka mesothelium of omental bursa)
I: female prostate duct (aka paraurethral duct)
J: amnion epithelium (aka amniotic ectoderm)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Moreover, neural crest-specific deletion of the BMP type I receptors Alk2 and Alk3 has been shown to lead to defective aortico-pulmonary septation, among other cardiac defects [12,13].
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'cardiac'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: da roof (aka ventral wall of dorsal aorta)
B: mammalian vulva (skin of female pudendum) (aka mammalian vulva)
C: body of humerus (aka humerus diaphysis)
D: vaginae (aka vagina)
E: adult abdomen (aka abdomen)
F: infundibulum of gallbladder (infundibulum vesicae biliaris) (aka infundibulum of gallbladder)
G: external oblique abdominal muscles (aka abdominal external oblique muscle)
H: villous of placenta (aka chorionic villus)
I: falciform fat (falciform ligament fat pad) (aka falciform fat)
J: diaphragm mesothelium (aka mesothelium of diaphragm)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Moreover, neural crest-specific deletion of the BMP type I receptors Alk2 and Alk3 has been shown to lead to defective aortico-pulmonary septation, among other cardiac defects [12,13].
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'aortico'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: supreme turbinate (aka supreme nasal concha)
B: tympanic part (aka tympanic plate)
C: middle turbinate (aka middle nasal concha)
D: superior nasal turbinate (aka superior nasal concha)
E: inferior nasal turbinate (aka inferior nasal concha)
F: anterior subdivision of trunk (aka thoracic segment of trunk)
G: dorsal surface of penis (dorsum of penis) (aka dorsal surface of penis)
H: arcuate artery (aka kidney arcuate artery)
I: tensor tympani muscle (aka tensor tympani)
J: segment (aka organismal segment)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Moreover, neural crest-specific deletion of the BMP type I receptors Alk2 and Alk3 has been shown to lead to defective aortico-pulmonary septation, among other cardiac defects [12,13].
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'pulmonary'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: post-embryonic stage (post-hatching stage) (aka post-embryonic stage)
B: zonal layer of superior colliculus (aka superior colliculus stratum zonale)
C: substantia gelatinosa of spinal cord posterior horn (aka substantia gelatinosa)
D: dorsal claustrum (aka claustrum of brain)
E: germinal disc (aka bilaminar disc)
F: tubuli mesonephrici (aka mesonephric tubule)
G: panniculus carnosus (aka hypodermis skeletal muscle layer)
H: windpipe mucous membrane (aka tracheal mucosa)
I: apparatus respiratorius organ (aka respiration organ)
J: thoracic duct (trunk of thoracic duct tree) (aka thoracic duct)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Indeed, we recently showed that neural crest cell specific Alk5 mutants display a unique spectrum of craniofacial developmental defects, e.g., cleft snout and severe mandibular hypoplasia', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'neural crest'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: muscle organ of anterior thoracic region (aka chest muscle)
B: ca2 field of cornu ammonis (aka ca2 field of hippocampus)
C: region ca1 (aka ca1 field of hippocampus)
D: female prostate duct (aka paraurethral duct)
E: amnion epithelium (aka amniotic ectoderm)
F: skeleton of lower jaw (lower jaw skeleton) (aka skeleton of lower jaw)
G: omental bursa mehomhelium (aka mesothelium of omental bursa)
H: associated mesenchyme of pharyngeal region (aka entire pharyngeal arch associated mesenchyme)
I: skeleton of upper jaw (upper jaw skeleton) (aka skeleton of upper jaw)
J: anterior cingulate cortex (acc (aka anterior cingulate cortex))
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Indeed, we recently showed that neural crest cell specific Alk5 mutants display a unique spectrum of craniofacial developmental defects, e.g., cleft snout and severe mandibular hypoplasia', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'snout'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: descending trunk of arch of aorta (descending limb of arch of aorta) (aka descending trunk of arch of aorta)
B: spinal cord lumen (aka lumen of central canal of spinal cord)
C: articular capsule of shoulder joint (aka articular capsule of glenohumeral joint)
D: nasus (aka olfactory apparatus)
E: organizer inducing center (nieuwkoop center) (aka organizer inducing center)
F: area 31 of brodmann (aka brodmann (1909) area 31)
G: vertebral arch of sacral segment
H: internal cerebral vein
I: septum semicircularium anterior
J: anterior meningeal arteries (aka anterior ethmoidal artery)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Indeed, we recently showed that neural crest cell specific Alk5 mutants display a unique spectrum of craniofacial developmental defects, e.g., cleft snout and severe mandibular hypoplasia', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'mandibular'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: epithelium of penis (aka penis epithelium)
B: larynx cartilage (aka laryngeal cartilage)
C: mesonephric vesicle (aka mesonephric renal vesicle)
D: mesonephric nephron epithelium
E: secretion of harderian gland (harderian gland secretion) (aka secretion of harderian gland)
F: genitalia of female organism (aka female reproductive system)
G: mesonephric s-shaped body
H: mesonephric renal tubule (aka mesonephric nephron tubule)
I: arytenoid cartilage (cartilagines arytenoidea) (aka arytenoid cartilage)
J: oviduct epithelium (columnar epithelium of the fallopian tube) (aka oviduct epithelium)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'To determine, whether ALK5 would also mediate unique non-redundant signaling events in cardiac neural crest cells, we focused on cardiac and pharyngeal phenotypes of mouse embryos lacking Alk5 specifically in neural crest cells.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'cardiac neural crest'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: region ca1 (aka ca1 field of hippocampus)
B: muscle organ of anterolateral part of thorax (aka chest muscle)
C: skeleton of upper jaw (upper jaw skeleton) (aka skeleton of upper jaw)
D: muscle of tongue (aka tongue muscle)
E: mesothelium of omental bursa (omental bursa mehomhelium) (aka mesothelium of omental bursa)
F: amniotic ectoderm (amnionic ectoderm) (aka amniotic ectoderm)
G: ca2 field of the ammon horn (aka ca2 field of hippocampus)
H: neck platysma muscle (aka platysma)
I: nervus obturatorius (aka obturator nerve)
J: None of the above. | J |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'To determine, whether ALK5 would also mediate unique non-redundant signaling events in cardiac neural crest cells, we focused on cardiac and pharyngeal phenotypes of mouse embryos lacking Alk5 specifically in neural crest cells.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'neural crest'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: omental bursa mehomhelium (aka mesothelium of omental bursa)
B: region ca1 (aka ca1 field of hippocampus)
C: amniotic ectoderm (amnionic ectoderm) (aka amniotic ectoderm)
D: skeleton of lower jaw (lower jaw skeleton) (aka skeleton of lower jaw)
E: skene's duct (aka paraurethral duct)
F: anterior cingulate cortex (acc (aka anterior cingulate cortex))
G: associated mesenchyme of pharyngeal region (aka entire pharyngeal arch associated mesenchyme)
H: ca2 field of the ammon horn (aka ca2 field of hippocampus)
I: upper jaw (aka skeleton of upper jaw)
J: anterolateral part of thorax muscle organ (aka chest muscle)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'To determine, whether ALK5 would also mediate unique non-redundant signaling events in cardiac neural crest cells, we focused on cardiac and pharyngeal phenotypes of mouse embryos lacking Alk5 specifically in neural crest cells.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'cardiac'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: dp joint (aka ventral wall of dorsal aorta)
B: vaginae (aka vagina)
C: diaphragm mesothelium (aka mesothelium of diaphragm)
D: infundibulum vesicae biliaris (aka infundibulum of gallbladder)
E: body of humerus (aka humerus diaphysis)
F: falciform fat depot (aka falciform fat)
G: mammalian vulva (skin of female pudendum) (aka mammalian vulva)
H: embryonic part of placenta (aka chorionic villus)
I: abdominopelvic region (aka abdomen)
J: external oblique abdominal muscles (aka abdominal external oblique muscle)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'To determine, whether ALK5 would also mediate unique non-redundant signaling events in cardiac neural crest cells, we focused on cardiac and pharyngeal phenotypes of mouse embryos lacking Alk5 specifically in neural crest cells.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'pharyngeal'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: nuhn's glands (aka anterior lingual gland)
B: epimere mesoderm (aka somite)
C: embryonic disc (aka blastodisc)
D: uterine tube (aka oviduct)
E: urethral lamina propria (aka lamina propria of urethra)
F: embryonic notocord (aka notochord)
G: reproductive system of female organism gonad (aka female gonad)
H: ceratobranchial 1 element
I: gastrointestinal system involuntary muscle (aka gastrointestinal system smooth muscle)
J: lateral line placode (lateral line placodes) (aka lateral line placode)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'To determine, whether ALK5 would also mediate unique non-redundant signaling events in cardiac neural crest cells, we focused on cardiac and pharyngeal phenotypes of mouse embryos lacking Alk5 specifically in neural crest cells.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'embryos'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: occipito atlantal joint (aka atlanto-occipital joint)
B: permanent second molar tooth (aka permanent molar tooth 2)
C: internal carotid plexus (aka internal carotid nerve plexus)
D: cerebral medulla (aka cerebral subcortex)
E: bone marrow stroma (aka stroma of bone marrow)
F: metanephric bud (aka ureteric bud)
G: secreted substance (aka bodily secretion)
H: post optic commissure (aka postoptic commissure)
I: stratum basale of epidermis (stratum germinosum of epidermis) (aka stratum basale of epidermis)
J: va (aka ventral anterior nucleus of thalamus) (aka ventral anterior nucleus of thalamus)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'We discovered that in Alk5/Wnt1-Cre mutants, pharyngeal organs (thymus and parathyroid) fail to migrate appropriately.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'pharyngeal'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: gastrointestinal system involuntary muscle (aka gastrointestinal system smooth muscle)
B: lateral line placode (lateral line placodes) (aka lateral line placode)
C: uterine tube (aka oviduct)
D: embryonic disc (aka blastodisc)
E: scarpa's nerve (aka nasopalatine nerve)
F: ceratobranchial 1 element
G: embryonic notocord (aka notochord)
H: reproductive system of female organism gonad (aka female gonad)
I: mesodermal cluster (aka somite)
J: intercostal nerve trunk (aka trunk of intercostal nerve)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'We discovered that in Alk5/Wnt1-Cre mutants, pharyngeal organs (thymus and parathyroid) fail to migrate appropriately.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'organs'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: metanephron (aka metanephros)
B: papillae dermis (aka dermal papilla)
C: wolffian body (aka mesonephros)
D: myoepithelium (myoepitheliocytus) (aka myoepithelium)
E: right upper lobe (aka upper lobe of right lung)
F: endothelium of principal bronchus (aka endothelium of main bronchus)
G: cervical sympathetic chain (aka cervical sympathetic nerve trunk)
H: vomitus (aka vomit)
I: hepatic lobule (aka liver lobule)
J: esophagus muscularis mucosa (lamina muscularis of esophageal mucous membrane) (aka esophagus muscularis mucosa)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'We discovered that in Alk5/Wnt1-Cre mutants, pharyngeal organs (thymus and parathyroid) fail to migrate appropriately.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'thymus'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: cortex nodi lymphoidei (aka cortex of lymph node)
B: corpus callosum rostrum (aka rostrum of corpus callosum)
C: olfactory bulb main mitral cell body layer (aka olfactory bulb mitral cell layer)
D: inferior palpebral vein (venae palpebrales inferiores) (aka inferior palpebral vein)
E: superior reticular formation
F: floorplate r5 (aka rhombomere 5 floor plate)
G: cranial nerve fiber bundle (aka cranial neuron projection bundle)
H: spinal arteries (aka spinal artery)
I: lower lmb bud apical ectodermal ridge (aka pelvic appendage apical ectodermal ridge)
J: branchial head muscle (aka branchiomeric muscle)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'We discovered that in Alk5/Wnt1-Cre mutants, pharyngeal organs (thymus and parathyroid) fail to migrate appropriately.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'parathyroid'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: latissimi dorsi (aka latissimus dorsi muscle)
B: axial skeletal system
C: spiral ligament (ligamentum spirale ductus cochlearis) (aka spiral ligament)
D: post-cranial axial skeletal system (axial skeletal system) (aka post-cranial axial skeletal system)
E: lobe of liver (lobus hepatis) (aka lobe of liver)
F: retinal outer nuclear layer (aka outer nuclear layer of retina)
G: suprascapula (scapula major) (aka suprascapula)
H: spiral lamina (aka osseus spiral lamina)
I: None of the above. | I |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Moreover, the mutant embryos display severe aortic sac and pharyngeal arch artery defects, and failed aortico-pulmonary septation leading to PTA.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'embryos'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: stratum germinosum of epidermis (aka stratum basale of epidermis)
B: bone marrow stroma (aka stroma of bone marrow)
C: bodily secretion (exocrine gland fluid or secretion) (aka bodily secretion)
D: internal carotid plexus (aka internal carotid nerve plexus)
E: post-optic commissure (aka postoptic commissure)
F: subcortex (aka cerebral subcortex)
G: diverticulum (aka ureteric bud)
H: occipito atlantal joint (aka atlanto-occipital joint)
I: permanent second molar tooth (aka permanent molar tooth 2)
J: va (aka ventral anterior nucleus of thalamus) (aka ventral anterior nucleus of thalamus)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Moreover, the mutant embryos display severe aortic sac and pharyngeal arch artery defects, and failed aortico-pulmonary septation leading to PTA.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'aortic sac'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: cerebellar vermis (vermal parts of the cerebellum) (aka cerebellar vermis)
B: hindquarter (aka sacral region)
C: dorsal patch of leydig's organ
D: supralabial gland
E: anterior subdivision of trunk (aka thoracic segment of trunk)
F: oral region gland (aka oral gland)
G: basibranchial 1 element
H: arcuate veins (aka kidney arcuate vein)
I: duvernoy's gland
J: early primitive heart tube (aka primitive heart tube)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Moreover, the mutant embryos display severe aortic sac and pharyngeal arch artery defects, and failed aortico-pulmonary septation leading to PTA.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'pharyngeal arch artery'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: thigh musculature (aka musculature of hindlimb stylopod)
B: muscles of head (aka musculature of head)
C: roof plate of telencephalon (roofplate medulla telencephalon) (aka roof plate of telencephalon)
D: midbrain roof (aka roof plate of midbrain)
E: musculature of thorax (set of muscles of thorax) (aka musculature of thorax)
F: roofplate medulla diencephalon (aka roof plate of diencephalon)
G: body wall muscles (aka musculature of body wall)
H: oral pulvinar nucleus (nucleus pulvinaris oralis thalami) (aka oral pulvinar nucleus)
I: None of the above. | I |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Moreover, the mutant embryos display severe aortic sac and pharyngeal arch artery defects, and failed aortico-pulmonary septation leading to PTA.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'aortico'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: tympanic part (aka tympanic plate)
B: superior concha (aka superior nasal concha)
C: temporal muscle (aka temporalis muscle)
D: musculus tensor tympani (aka tensor tympani)
E: inferior nasal turbinate (aka inferior nasal concha)
F: middle turbinate (aka middle nasal concha)
G: dorsal surface of penis (dorsum of penis) (aka dorsal surface of penis)
H: segment (aka organismal segment)
I: endoderm of foregut (foregut endoderm) (aka endoderm of foregut)
J: supreme turbinate (aka supreme nasal concha)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Moreover, the mutant embryos display severe aortic sac and pharyngeal arch artery defects, and failed aortico-pulmonary septation leading to PTA.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'pulmonary'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: zonal layer of superior colliculus (aka superior colliculus stratum zonale)
B: tubuli mesonephrici (aka mesonephric tubule)
C: respiratory system organ (aka respiration organ)
D: thoracic duct (trunk of thoracic duct tree) (aka thoracic duct)
E: dermal-epidermal junction (aka epidermal-dermal junction)
F: germinal disc (aka bilaminar disc)
G: substantia gelatinosa of spinal cord posterior horn (aka substantia gelatinosa)
H: dorsal claustrum (aka claustrum of brain)
I: panniculus carnosus (aka hypodermis skeletal muscle layer)
J: somatic sensory cortex (aka somatosensory cortex)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Our data further suggest that at least some of these abnormal detected phenotypes result from a dramatic increase in apoptosis of postmigratory cardiac neural crest cells.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'cardiac neural crest'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: regio superior (aka ca1 field of hippocampus)
B: mesothelium of omental bursa (omental bursa mehomhelium) (aka mesothelium of omental bursa)
C: nervus obturatorius (aka obturator nerve)
D: muscle organ of anterolateral part of thorax (aka chest muscle)
E: muscle of tongue (aka tongue muscle)
F: skeleton of upper jaw (upper jaw skeleton) (aka skeleton of upper jaw)
G: ca2 field of cornu ammonis (aka ca2 field of hippocampus)
H: amnion epithelium (aka amniotic ectoderm)
I: neck platysma muscle (aka platysma)
J: None of the above. | J |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'These phenotypes differ remarkably from those seen in corresponding Tgfbr2 mutants, suggesting that ALK5 mediates a wider spectrum of signaling events than its classical binding partner TGFβRII in cardiac neural crest cells during cardiac and pharyngeal development.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'cardiac neural crest'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: skeleton of upper jaw (upper jaw skeleton) (aka skeleton of upper jaw)
B: mesothelium of omental bursa (omental bursa mehomhelium) (aka mesothelium of omental bursa)
C: ca2 field of cornu ammonis (aka ca2 field of hippocampus)
D: regio superior (aka ca1 field of hippocampus)
E: muscle organ of anterolateral part of thorax (aka chest muscle)
F: nervus obturatorius (aka obturator nerve)
G: neck platysma muscle (aka platysma)
H: muscle organ of tongue (aka tongue muscle)
I: amniotic ectoderm (amnionic ectoderm) (aka amniotic ectoderm)
J: None of the above. | J |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'These phenotypes differ remarkably from those seen in corresponding Tgfbr2 mutants, suggesting that ALK5 mediates a wider spectrum of signaling events than its classical binding partner TGFβRII in cardiac neural crest cells during cardiac and pharyngeal development.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'cardiac'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: thoracic sympathetic ganglion (aka thoracic ganglion)
B: villous of placenta (aka chorionic villus)
C: falciform fat (falciform ligament fat pad) (aka falciform fat)
D: mammalian vulva (skin of female pudendum) (aka mammalian vulva)
E: vaginae (aka vagina)
F: segment hepatis posterius i (aka caudate lobe of liver)
G: body of humerus (aka humerus diaphysis)
H: infundibulum of gallbladder (infundibulum vesicae biliaris) (aka infundibulum of gallbladder)
I: diaphragm mesothelium (aka mesothelium of diaphragm)
J: external oblique abdominal muscles (aka abdominal external oblique muscle)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'These phenotypes differ remarkably from those seen in corresponding Tgfbr2 mutants, suggesting that ALK5 mediates a wider spectrum of signaling events than its classical binding partner TGFβRII in cardiac neural crest cells during cardiac and pharyngeal development.
', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'pharyngeal'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: gastrointestinal system smooth muscle tissue (aka gastrointestinal system smooth muscle)
B: intercostal nerve trunk (aka trunk of intercostal nerve)
C: organ system (aka anatomical system)
D: nuhn's glands (aka anterior lingual gland)
E: scarpa's nerve (aka nasopalatine nerve)
F: ceratobranchial 1 element
G: urethral lamina propria (aka lamina propria of urethra)
H: uterine tube (aka oviduct)
I: embryonic disc (aka blastodisc)
J: embryonic notocord (aka notochord)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Results
Persistent truncus arteriosus and abnormal large vessels in mice lacking Alk5 in cardiac NCCs
To inactivate Alk5 in cardiac NCCs, mice homozygous for the floxed Alk5 allele (Alk5Flox/Flox)', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'vessels'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: gallbladder infundibulum (aka infundibulum of gallbladder)
B: arteria subclavia (aka subclavian artery)
C: mandible condylar process (mandibular condyloid process) (aka mandible condylar process)
D: reproductive system of male organism (aka male reproductive system)
E: processus zygomaticus ossis temporalis (aka zygomatic process of temporal bone)
F: urinary bladder muscularis mucosa (muscularis mucosa of urinary bladder) (aka urinary bladder muscularis mucosa)
G: plexus caroticus internus (aka internal carotid nerve plexus)
H: digestive fluid (aka digestive system fluid or secretion)
I: external oblique abdominal muscles (aka abdominal external oblique muscle)
J: portion of dung (aka feces)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Results
Persistent truncus arteriosus and abnormal large vessels in mice lacking Alk5 in cardiac NCCs
To inactivate Alk5 in cardiac NCCs, mice homozygous for the floxed Alk5 allele (Alk5Flox/Flox)', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'cardiac'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: diaphragm mesothelium (aka mesothelium of diaphragm)
B: mammalian vulva (skin of female pudendum) (aka mammalian vulva)
C: infundibulum vesicae biliaris (aka infundibulum of gallbladder)
D: body of humerus (aka humerus diaphysis)
E: thoracic sympathetic ganglion (aka thoracic ganglion)
F: posterior hepatic segment i (aka caudate lobe of liver)
G: da roof (aka ventral wall of dorsal aorta)
H: vaginae (aka vagina)
I: falciform fat depot (aka falciform fat)
J: abdomen (abdominopelvic region) (aka abdomen)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Results
Persistent truncus arteriosus and abnormal large vessels in mice lacking Alk5 in cardiac NCCs
To inactivate Alk5 in cardiac NCCs, mice homozygous for the floxed Alk5 allele (Alk5Flox/Flox)', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'cardiac'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: infundibulum of gallbladder (infundibulum vesicae biliaris) (aka infundibulum of gallbladder)
B: villous of placenta (aka chorionic villus)
C: external oblique abdominal muscles (aka abdominal external oblique muscle)
D: body of humerus (aka humerus diaphysis)
E: vaginae (aka vagina)
F: mammalian vulva (skin of female pudendum) (aka mammalian vulva)
G: dp joint (aka ventral wall of dorsal aorta)
H: thoracic sympathetic ganglion (aka thoracic ganglion)
I: segment hepatis posterius i (aka caudate lobe of liver)
J: adult abdomen (aka abdomen)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Results
Persistent truncus arteriosus and abnormal large vessels in mice lacking Alk5 in cardiac NCCs
To inactivate Alk5 in cardiac NCCs, mice homozygous for the floxed Alk5 allele (Alk5Flox/Flox)', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'truncus arteriosus'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: segment (aka organismal segment)
B: sinus rectus (aka tentorial sinus)
C: vertebrae (aka vertebra)
D: airway (aka respiratory airway)
E: wrist epithelium (aka epithelium of carpal region)
F: vertebrae cervicales (aka cervical vertebra)
G: thoracic segment of trunk (anterior subdivision of trunk) (aka thoracic segment of trunk)
H: portion of guano (aka feces)
I: gall bladder epithelium (aka epithelium of gall bladder)
J: lateral lobe of prostate (aka prostate gland lateral lobe)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'When embryos were harvested during the last day of gestation, an expected number (25%) of Alk5/Wnt1-Cre mutants were recovered.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'embryos'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: epidermis stratum germinativum (aka stratum basale of epidermis)
B: bone marrow stroma (aka stroma of bone marrow)
C: internal carotid plexus (aka internal carotid nerve plexus)
D: occipito atlantal joint (aka atlanto-occipital joint)
E: permanent second molar tooth (aka permanent molar tooth 2)
F: bodily secretion (exocrine gland fluid or secretion) (aka bodily secretion)
G: va (aka ventral anterior nucleus of thalamus) (aka ventral anterior nucleus of thalamus)
H: cerebral medulla (aka cerebral subcortex)
I: diverticulum (aka ureteric bud)
J: post-optic commissure (aka postoptic commissure)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'To determine, if ALK5-mediated TGF-β-signaling had a role in development of the OFT and large vessels of the aortic arch, we performed casting dye experiments on E17 embryos (Fig.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'vessels'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: gallbladder infundibulum (aka infundibulum of gallbladder)
B: reproductive system of male organism (aka male reproductive system)
C: obliquus externus abdominis muscle (aka abdominal external oblique muscle)
D: portion of scat (aka feces)
E: arteria subclavia (aka subclavian artery)
F: urinary bladder muscularis mucosa (muscularis mucosa of urinary bladder) (aka urinary bladder muscularis mucosa)
G: processus zygomaticus ossis temporalis (aka zygomatic process of temporal bone)
H: pia mater of between brain (aka diencephalon pia mater)
I: mandibular condyloid process (aka mandible condylar process)
J: digestive juice (aka digestive system fluid or secretion)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'To determine, if ALK5-mediated TGF-β-signaling had a role in development of the OFT and large vessels of the aortic arch, we performed casting dye experiments on E17 embryos (Fig.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'embryos'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: bone marrow stroma (aka stroma of bone marrow)
B: diverticulum (aka ureteric bud)
C: post optic commissure (aka postoptic commissure)
D: va (aka ventral anterior nucleus of thalamus) (aka ventral anterior nucleus of thalamus)
E: bodily secretion (exocrine gland fluid or secretion) (aka bodily secretion)
F: occipito atlantal joint (aka atlanto-occipital joint)
G: internal carotid plexus (aka internal carotid nerve plexus)
H: permanent second molar tooth (aka permanent molar tooth 2)
I: stratum basale of epidermis (stratum germinosum of epidermis) (aka stratum basale of epidermis)
J: subcortex (aka cerebral subcortex)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'To determine, if ALK5-mediated TGF-β-signaling had a role in development of the OFT and large vessels of the aortic arch, we performed casting dye experiments on E17 embryos (Fig.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'oft'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: postcommissural fornix (aka postcommissural fornix of brain)
B: primary motor cortex layer v (aka primary motor cortex layer 5)
C: corticopontine fibers of pons (aka corticopontine fibers)
D: extensor pollicis longis (aka extensor pollicis longus muscle)
E: substantia innominata (reil, reichert) (aka substantia innominata)
F: tympanic membrane epithelium (tympanic membrane epithelial layer) (aka tympanic membrane epithelium)
G: cremasteric artery (cremasteric part of inferior epigastric artery) (aka cremasteric artery)
H: interstitial nucleus (aka interstitial nucleus of cajal)
I: pc (aka paracentral nucleus) (aka paracentral nucleus)
J: lumbar sympathetic trunk (aka lumbar sympathetic nerve trunk)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'To determine, if ALK5-mediated TGF-β-signaling had a role in development of the OFT and large vessels of the aortic arch, we performed casting dye experiments on E17 embryos (Fig.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'aortic arch'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: nasopalatine nerves (aka nasopalatine nerve)
B: cuneocerebellar fibers (aka cuneocerebellar tract)
C: roof plate of mature diencephalon (aka roof plate of diencephalon)
D: telencephalon roofplate (aka roof plate of telencephalon)
E: thigh musculature (aka musculature of hindlimb stylopod)
F: oral nuclear group of pulvinar (aka oral pulvinar nucleus)
G: levator labii superioris (musculus levator labii superioris) (aka levator labii superioris)
H: subparafascicular nucleus thalamus (aka subparafascicular nucleus)
I: paragigantocellular reticular nucleus, dorsal part (aka dorsal paragigantocellular nucleus)
J: body wall musculature (aka musculature of body wall)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'In wild-type embryos (Fig. 1A), the aorta was clearly separated from the pulmonary trunk, and the right brachiocephalic, left carotid and left subclavian arteries branched directly off the aortic arch.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'embryos'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: post-optic commissure (aka postoptic commissure)
B: va (aka ventral anterior nucleus of thalamus) (aka ventral anterior nucleus of thalamus)
C: subcortex (aka cerebral subcortex)
D: exocrine gland fluid or secretion (aka bodily secretion)
E: internal carotid plexus (aka internal carotid nerve plexus)
F: ureteric ampulla (aka ureteric bud)
G: stratum basale of epidermis (stratum germinosum of epidermis) (aka stratum basale of epidermis)
H: occipito atlantal joint (aka atlanto-occipital joint)
I: bone marrow stroma (aka stroma of bone marrow)
J: permanent second molar tooth (aka permanent molar tooth 2)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'In wild-type embryos (Fig. 1A), the aorta was clearly separated from the pulmonary trunk, and the right brachiocephalic, left carotid and left subclavian arteries branched directly off the aortic arch.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'pulmonary trunk'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: basal plate medulla oblongata (medulla oblongata basal plate) (aka basal plate medulla oblongata)
B: vertebra bone (aka vertebra)
C: claustrum (aka claustrum of brain)
D: crus of fornix (aka posterior column of fornix)
E: hair cortex (aka cortex of hair)
F: fore autopod skeleton (aka skeleton of manus)
G: panniculus carnosus (aka hypodermis skeletal muscle layer)
H: respiratory system organ (aka respiration organ)
I: eminentia mediana (aka median eminence of neurohypophysis)
J: gall bladder epithelium (aka epithelium of gall bladder)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'In wild-type embryos (Fig. 1A), the aorta was clearly separated from the pulmonary trunk, and the right brachiocephalic, left carotid and left subclavian arteries branched directly off the aortic arch.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'aorta'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: supreme turbinate (aka supreme nasal concha)
B: cerebellar vermis (vermal parts of the cerebellum) (aka cerebellar vermis)
C: superior turbinate (aka superior nasal concha)
D: temporalis (aka temporalis muscle)
E: inferior nasal concha (inferior nasal turbinate bone) (aka inferior nasal concha)
F: segment (aka organismal segment)
G: tensor tympani muscle (aka tensor tympani)
H: middle turbinate (aka middle nasal concha)
I: thorax (aka thoracic segment of trunk)
J: arcuate vein (aka kidney arcuate vein)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'In wild-type embryos (Fig. 1A), the aorta was clearly separated from the pulmonary trunk, and the right brachiocephalic, left carotid and left subclavian arteries branched directly off the aortic arch.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'brachiocephalic ... arteries'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: dilator of pupil (aka dilatator pupillae)
B: os zygomaticum (aka jugal bone)
C: palatum (aka palatine bone)
D: mesothelium of parietal serous pericardium (aka pericardial parietal mesothelium)
E: epooephoron (aka epoophoron)
F: pupillary sphincter (aka sphincter pupillae)
G: sinusoid of liver (aka hepatic sinusoid)
H: pia mater of midbrain (aka midbrain pia mater)
I: isthmus of thyroid gland (isthmus glandulae thyroideae) (aka isthmus of thyroid gland)
J: None of the above. | J |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'In wild-type embryos (Fig. 1A), the aorta was clearly separated from the pulmonary trunk, and the right brachiocephalic, left carotid and left subclavian arteries branched directly off the aortic arch.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'left subclavian arteries'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: proximal end of fibula (aka proximal epiphysis of fibula)
B: extensor carpi ulnaris (aka extensor carpi ulnaris muscle)
C: pupil dilator (aka dilatator pupillae)
D: vestibulocochlear nerve [term] (aka vestibulocochlear nerve)
E: palatum (aka secondary palate)
F: liver parenchyme (aka liver parenchyma)
G: thyroid gland isthmus (aka isthmus of thyroid gland)
H: vas capillare sinusoideum (aka hepatic sinusoid)
I: facial nerve/root (aka facial nerve)
J: choroid invagination (aka ventricular system choroidal fissure)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'In wild-type embryos (Fig. 1A), the aorta was clearly separated from the pulmonary trunk, and the right brachiocephalic, left carotid and left subclavian arteries branched directly off the aortic arch.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'carotid ... arteries'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: alimentary tract (aka gastrointestinal system)
B: otic capsule cartilage element (aka cartilaginous otic capsule)
C: anterior intercostal vein
D: tympanic endothelium (aka intermediate layer of tympanic membrane)
E: innominate artery (aka brachiocephalic artery)
F: musculus dilatator pupillae (aka dilatator pupillae)
G: setulae (aka strand of hair)
H: None of the above. | H |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'In wild-type embryos (Fig. 1A), the aorta was clearly separated from the pulmonary trunk, and the right brachiocephalic, left carotid and left subclavian arteries branched directly off the aortic arch.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'aortic arch'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: nerve i (aka olfactory nerve)
B: subparafascicular nucleus thalamus (aka subparafascicular nucleus)
C: tractus cuneocerebelli (aka cuneocerebellar tract)
D: nucleus pulvinaris oralis thalami (aka oral pulvinar nucleus)
E: musculature of thorax (set of muscles of thorax) (aka musculature of thorax)
F: paragigantocellular reticular nucleus, dorsal part (aka dorsal paragigantocellular nucleus)
G: nasopalatine nerves (aka nasopalatine nerve)
H: body wall musculature (aka musculature of body wall)
I: levator labii superioris (musculus levator labii superioris) (aka levator labii superioris)
J: mesonephric capsule
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'In contrast, Alk5/Wnt1Cre mutant embryos consistently displayed a single prominent arterial trunk (Fig.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'arterial trunk'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: vertebra bone (aka vertebra)
B: airway (aka respiratory airway)
C: gall bladder epithelium (aka epithelium of gall bladder)
D: hair cortex (aka cortex of hair)
E: arterial tree of upper limb (aka subclavian artery)
F: segment (aka organismal segment)
G: spinal cord pia mater of neuraxis (aka spinal cord pia mater)
H: posterior pillar of fornix (aka posterior column of fornix)
I: anterior subdivision of trunk (aka thoracic segment of trunk)
J: posterior horn of the lateral ventricle (aka posterior horn lateral ventricle)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'In contrast, Alk5/Wnt1Cre mutant embryos consistently displayed a single prominent arterial trunk (Fig.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'embryos'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: bone marrow stroma (aka stroma of bone marrow)
B: bodily secretion (exocrine gland fluid or secretion) (aka bodily secretion)
C: occipito atlantal joint (aka atlanto-occipital joint)
D: cerebral medulla (aka cerebral subcortex)
E: va (aka ventral anterior nucleus of thalamus) (aka ventral anterior nucleus of thalamus)
F: post-optic commissure (aka postoptic commissure)
G: diverticulum (aka ureteric bud)
H: epidermis stratum germinativum (aka stratum basale of epidermis)
I: internal carotid plexus (aka internal carotid nerve plexus)
J: permanent second molar tooth (aka permanent molar tooth 2)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context '1C–D), while corresponding Tgfbr2 mutant embryos (Fig. 1B) displayed interrupted aortic arch, as reported earlier [8].', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'embryos'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: epidermis stratum germinativum (aka stratum basale of epidermis)
B: secreted substance (aka bodily secretion)
C: va (aka ventral anterior nucleus of thalamus) (aka ventral anterior nucleus of thalamus)
D: bone marrow stroma (aka stroma of bone marrow)
E: internal carotid plexus (aka internal carotid nerve plexus)
F: metanephric bud (aka ureteric bud)
G: post-optic commissure (aka postoptic commissure)
H: permanent second molar tooth (aka permanent molar tooth 2)
I: cerebral medulla (aka cerebral subcortex)
J: occipito atlantal joint (aka atlanto-occipital joint)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context '1C–D), while corresponding Tgfbr2 mutant embryos (Fig. 1B) displayed interrupted aortic arch, as reported earlier [8].', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'aortic arch'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: body wall musculature (aka musculature of body wall)
B: roof plate of mature diencephalon (aka roof plate of diencephalon)
C: levator labii superioris (musculus levator labii superioris) (aka levator labii superioris)
D: tractus cuneocerebelli (aka cuneocerebellar tract)
E: musculature of thorax (set of muscles of thorax) (aka musculature of thorax)
F: mesonephric capsule
G: subparafascicular nucleus thalamus (aka subparafascicular nucleus)
H: nasopalatine nerves (aka nasopalatine nerve)
I: lateral paragigantocellular nucleus (paragigantocellular reticular nucleus, lateral part) (aka lateral paragigantocellular nucleus)
J: paragigantocellular reticular nucleus, dorsal part (aka dorsal paragigantocellular nucleus)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Approximately 40% of the Alk5 mutants had a right-sided outflow tract, with the retroesophageal arch connecting to the descending aorta and to the left subclavian artery.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'outflow tract'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: flexor digitorum superficialis muscle (aka flexor digitorum superficialis)
B: lobule viiib (pyramis and biventral lobule, posterior part) (aka paramedian lobule)
C: dewclaw (aka digit 1)
D: musculus supinator (aka supinator muscle)
E: digit 2 (autopod digit 2) (aka digit 2)
F: fourth digit (aka digit 4)
G: lobuli semilunares cerebelli (aka ansiform lobule)
H: surface of occiput (regio occipitalis (capitis)) (aka surface of occiput)
I: interdigital region between pedal digits iv and v (aka interdigital region between pedal digits 4 and 5)
J: digiti minimi (aka digit 5)
K: None of the above. | K |
<Instruct>: Given the context 'Approximately 40% of the Alk5 mutants had a right-sided outflow tract, with the retroesophageal arch connecting to the descending aorta and to the left subclavian artery.', select the correct biomedical concept corresponding to 'descending aorta'. Answer using one of the provided options. | <Options>: A: lateral paragigantocellular nucleus (paragigantocellular reticular nucleus, lateral part) (aka lateral paragigantocellular nucleus)
B: palatal shelf epithelium (aka secondary palatal shelf epithelium)
C: subparafascicular thalamic nucleus (aka subparafascicular nucleus)
D: middle turbinate (aka middle nasal concha)
E: medial tarsal artery
F: thorax (aka thoracic segment of trunk)
G: masseter (aka masseter muscle)
H: arm skin (skin of proximal segment of free upper limb) (aka arm skin)
I: inferior nasal turbinate bone (aka inferior nasal concha)
J: musculus temporalis (aka temporalis muscle)
K: None of the above. | K |
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