— as additional radiating elements . \n = = Half @-@ hourly station identification announcement = = \n WWV identifies itself twice each hour , at 0 and 30 minutes past the hour . The text of the identification is as follows : \n WWV accepts reception reports sent to the address mentioned in the station ID , and responds with QSL cards . \n = = Telephone service = = \n WWV 's time signal can also be accessed by telephone by calling + 1 ( 303 ) 499 @-@ 7111 ( Boulder , Colorado ) . An equivalent time service operated by the U.S. Naval Observatory can be accessed by calling + 1 ( 202 ) 762 @-@ 1401 ( Washington , D.C. ) . Telephone calls are limited to two minutes in length , and the signal is delayed by an average of 30 milliseconds . \n = Ba Cụt = \n Lê Quang Vinh ( 1923 – 13 July 1956 ) , popularly known as Ba Cụt ( \" Cụt \" in Vietnamese is \" severed \" which refers to the finger he had partially severed and ' Ba ' , the number three in Vietnamese , refers to his being the family 's second born child ) was a military commander of the Hòa Hảo religious sect , which operated from the Mekong Delta and controlled various parts of southern Vietnam during the 1940s and early 1950s . \n Ba Cụt and his forces fought the Vietnamese National Army ( VNA ) , the Việt Minh , and the Cao Đài religious movement from 1943 until his capture in 1956 . Known for his idiosyncrasies , he was regarded as an erratic and cruel leader who fought with little ideological purpose . His sobriquet came from the self @-@ amputation of his left index finger ( although it was erroneously reported that it was his middle or \" third cut finger \" ) . He later swore not to cut his hair until the communist Việt Minh were defeated . Ba Cụt frequently made alliances with various Vietnamese factions and the French . He invariably accepted the material support offered in return for his cooperation , and then broke the agreement — nevertheless , the French made deals with him on five occasions . The French position was weak because their military forces had been depleted by World War II , and they had great difficulty in re @-@ establishing control over French Indochina , which had been left with a power vacuum after the defeat of Japan . \n In mid @-@ 1955 , the tide turned against the various sects , as Prime Minister Ngô Đình Diệm of the State of Vietnam and his VNA began to consolidate their grip on the south . Ba Cụt and his allies were driven into the jungle , and their position was threatened by government offensives . After almost a year of fighting , Ba Cụt was captured . He was sentenced to death and publicly beheaded in Cần Thơ . \n = = Early life and background = = \n Ba Cụt was born circa 1923 in Long Xuyên , a regional town in the Mekong Delta , in the far south of Vietnam . He was orphaned at an early age and adopted by a local peasant family . Ba Cụt was illiterate and was known from childhood as a temperamental and fiery person . The family 's rice paddies were confiscated by a prominent landlord , the father of Nguyễn Ngọc Thơ . Ba Cụt 's bitter personal experience imbued him with a permanent and fanatical hatred towards landowners . Thơ rose to become a leading politician in the 1950s and played a key role in Ba Cụt 's eventual capture and execution . An aura of mystery surrounded Ba Cụt during his life , and foreign journalists incorrectly reported that he had severed his finger as part of a vow to defeat the French . As Ba Cụt became more fanatical in his religious beliefs and spent increasing time with local religious men , Ba Cụt 's father demanded that he work more in the family 's rice fields . A defiant Ba Cụt severed his index finger , which was necessary for work in the rice paddies . \n Vietnam was a tumultuous place during Ba Cụt 's youth , particularly in the Mekong Delta . In 1939 , Huỳnh Phú Sổ founded the Hòa Hảo religious movement , and within a year had gained more than 100 @,@ 000 followers . He drew adherents for two reasons : the prophecies he made about the outbreak of World War II and the conquest of South @-@ East Asia by Japan , which proved to be correct ; and his work as a mystical healer — his patients claimed to have been miraculously cured from all manner of serious illnesses after seeing him , when Western medicine had failed . Sổ 's cult @-@ like appeal greatly alarmed the French colonial authorities . During World War II , Imperial Japan invaded and seized control of Vietnam from France ; its defeat and withdrawal at the end of the war in 1945 left a power vacuum in the country . \n The Hòa Hảo formed their own army and administration during the war , and started a de facto state in their Mekong Delta stronghold . They came into conflict with the Cao Đài , another new religious movement , which also boasted a private army and controlled a nearby region of southern Vietnam around Tây Ninh . Meanwhile , in Saigon , the Bình Xuyên organised crime syndicate ruled much of the city through its gangster militia . These three southern forces vied for control of southern Vietnam with the main protagonists : the French , who were attempting to re @-@ establish colonial control across the entire nation ; and the communist @-@ dominated Việt Minh , who sought Vietnamese independence . \n At the time , the many groups vying for power — including their respective factions — engaged in alliances of convenience that were frequently broken . Historian David Elliott wrote : \" [ T ] he most important eventual cause of the French decline was the inherently unstable nature of the political alliances they had devised ... [ T ] he history of the French relations with the Hoa Hao sect is a telling illustration of the pitfalls of short @-@ term political deals between forces whose long @-@ term interests conflict . \" \n The Hòa Hảo initially engaged in large @-@ scale clashes with the Việt Minh in 1945 , but by mid @-@ 1946 the two groups had agreed to stop fighting each other and fight the French instead . However , in June 1946 , Sổ became estranged from his military leaders and started the Dân Xã ( Social Democratic Party ) . Because of his charisma , the Việt Minh saw Sổ as a threat and assassinated him , leaving the Hòa Hảo leaderless and causing Sổ 's military leaders to go their separate ways . The split caused an increase in violence as the various Hòa Hảo factions engaged in conflicts among themselves . \n = = Career = = \n Ba Cụt joined the Hòa Hảo militia when it was formed in 1943 – 44 , and became a commander within a year . He was feared by his enemies , and was described as \" a sort of lean Rasputin \" who claimed to be immortal . According to historian and writer Bernard Fall , \" The hapless farmers who were under the rule of the maniacal Ba Cut fared worse [ than those under other military leaders ] , for the latter [ Ba Cụt ] was given to fits of incredible cruelty and had no sense of public duty . \" American journalist Joseph Alsop described Ba Cụt as \" war @-@ drunk \" . Ba Cụt was famous for inventing a torture contraption that drilled a steel nail through the victim 's ear , a device he used to extort villagers and wealthy landlords to fund his forces . He was said to have \" arranged temporary marriages between his troops and village girls \" . He raised a large amount of funds for the Hòa Hảo and himself personally by charging traders and landlords high prices to stop pirates in the local area . The severed heads of the pirates were subsequently impaled on stakes and put on public display . \n In 1947 , he led his own faction of"},"length_category":{"kind":"string","value":"Very Long"},"source":{"kind":"string","value":"wikitext-103-excerpt"}}},{"rowIdx":6896,"cells":{"text":{"kind":"string","value":" that half of the country should not have been yielded to the communists . \n In mid @-@ 1954 , General Nguyễn Văn Hinh , the head of the State of Vietnam 's VNA , announced that he did not respect the leadership of Prime Minister Diệm , and vowed to overthrow him . The coup never materialised and Hinh was forced into exile , but not before appointing Ba Cụt to the rank of colonel in the VNA in an attempt to undermine Diệm , as the Hòa Hảo warlord was openly contemptuous of the prime minister . In August , Ba Cụt and his 3 @,@ 000 men broke from the VNA and left their Thốt Nốt base for the jungle , and fought against those who had briefly been their comrades ; this put him at odds with most Hòa Hảo leaders , who accepted government payments to integrate their forces into the VNA . Operation Ecaille , the initial military offensive by the VNA against Ba Cụt was a failure , possibly because the details of the planned attack on his forces were leaked to him by Soái , a Hòa Hảo member of the National Defence Committee . \n During the transition period between the signing of the Geneva Accords and the planned reunification elections , South Vietnam remained in chaos as the VNA tried to subdue the remaining autonomous factions of the Hòa Hảo , Cao Đài , and Bình Xuyên militias . In early 1955 , during a battle with the Cao Đài forces of Trình Minh Thế , after a dispute over control of the That Son region , Ba Cụt was wounded in a disputed incident . Thế claimed to have tried initiating peace talks with Ba Cụt , but received no reply , so he decided to try to capture his rival . He sent some of his militant disciples to infiltrate Ba Cụt 's forces and try to capture the Hòa Hảo leader . When they located Ba Cụt and surrounded him , he refused to surrender but instead tried to shoot his way out . Ba Cụt was severely wounded by a bullet that penetrated his chest . It seemed that he would die , but a French Air Force helicopter flew in and airlifted him to a colonial hospital . He recovered but in the interim the fighting stopped . Another account claims the two military leaders had been on good terms and exchanging diplomatic missions , but that the skirmish was caused by one of Ba Cụt 's aides addressing the envoy in an abrasive and rude manner , and that the injuries were minor . Yet another account holds that the reaction by Thế 's envoy was premeditated and that the claim the firing was in response to rudeness was merely a cover for an assassination attempt . According to this theory , Thế , whose units were then being integrated into Diệm 's VNA , had given orders to target Ba Cụt . This was allegedly done on the orders of CIA agent Edward Lansdale , who was trying to help secure Diệm in power at the time . Lansdale has been accused of failing in an earlier attempt to bribe Ba Cụt to cease his activities . \n By this time , with France preparing to withdraw from Indochina , senior French officers had begun to undermine Diệm 's leadership and his attempts to stabilise South Vietnam . The VNA later implicated the French in the organisation of weapons air drops to Ba Cụt , prompting a protest from Diệm 's government . Diệm complained to a French general , alleging that Ba Cụt 's men were using French equipment that was of higher quality than that given to the VNA . The Hòa Hảo accused Diệm of treachery in his negotiations with various groups . They charged the prime minister with integrating Thế 's forces into the VNA in return for them being allowed to attack Ba Cụt with the aid of the VNA , and that this part of the deal had been kept secret . They warned that other Hòa Hảo leaders who had stopped fighting could join Ba Cụt , and appealed to Diệm 's U.S. sponsors . In response , Ba Cụt ambushed a VNA unit in Long Mỹ , killing three officers and injuring some thirty men . \n = = Last stand against Diệm = = \n In 1955 , Diệm tried to integrate the remaining Hòa Hảo armies into the VNA . Ba Cụt was one of four Hòa Hảo military leaders who refused the government offer on 23 April , and continued to operate autonomously . At one stage , the Cao Đài , Hòa Hảo and Bình Xuyên formed an alliance called the United Front , in an attempt to pressure Diệm into handing over power ; Ba Cụt was named senior military commander . However , this had little meaning as the various units were still autonomous of each other , and the United Front was more a showpiece than a means of facilitating coordinated action , and did not in any way strengthen any military threat to Diệm . The leaders were suspicious of one another and often sent subordinates to meetings . Initially , American and French representatives in Vietnam hoped that Diệm would take up a ceremonial role and allow the sect leaders — including Ba Cụt — to hold government positions . However , Diệm refused to share power and launched a sudden offensive against Ba Cụt in Thốt Nốt on 12 March , shelling the area heavily . The battle was inconclusive and both sides blamed the other for causing instability and disrupting the situation . Diệm then attacked the Bình Xuyên 's Saigon headquarters in late April , quickly crushing them . \n During the fighting , the Hòa Hảo attempted to help the Bình Xuyên by attacking towns and government forces in their Mekong Delta heartland . Ba Cụt 's men , who had also been angered by the recent arrest of some colleagues , blockaded the Mekong and Bassac rivers and laid siege to various towns , including Sa Đéc , Long Xuyên and Châu Đốc , stifling the regional economy . The Hòa Hảo shut down several important regional roads and stopped the flow of agricultural produce from the nation 's most fertile region into the capital , causing food prices to rise by 50 % , as meat and vegetables became scarce . Ba Cụt then attacked a battalion of VNA troops south of Sa Đéc . Soon after , they retreated to a Hòa Hảo citadel on the banks of the Bassac . After reinforcing their base , the Hòa Hảo proceeded to fire mortars across the water into the city of Cần Thơ , which stood on the opposite side of the river . During this period , the United Front publicly accused Diệm of trying to bribe Ba Cụt with 100 million piasters . \n With the Bình Xuyên vanquished , Diệm turned his attention to conquering the Hòa Hảo . As a result , a battle between government troops led by General Dương Văn Minh and Ba Cụt 's men commenced in Cần Thơ on 5 June . Five Hòa Hảo battalions surrendered immediately ; Ba Cụt and three remaining leaders had fled to the Cambodian border by the end of the month . The soldiers of the three other leaders eventually surrendered , but Ba Cụt 's men continued to the end , claiming loyalty to the Emperor Bảo Đại . Diệm responded by replacing the officers of Bảo Đại 's personal regiments with his own men and used the royal units to attack Ba Cụt 's rebels near Hà Tiên and Rạch Giá , outnumbering the Hòa Hảo by at least a factor of five . Knowing that they could not defeat the government in open conventional warfare , Ba Cụt 's forces destroyed their own bases so that the VNA could not use their abandoned resources , and retreated into the jungle . Ba Cụt 's 3 @,@ 000 men spent the rest of 1955 evading 20 @,@ 000 VNA troops who had been deployed to quell them . A bounty of one million piasters was put on the head of Ba Cụt , who scattered trails of money in the jungle , hoping to distract his pursuers , but to no avail . The communists claimed in a history written decades later that Ba Cụt had tried to forge an alliance with them , but that talks broke down a few months later . \n Despite his weak military situation , Ba Cụt sought to disrupt the staging of a fraudulent referendum that Diệm had scheduled to depose Bảo Đại as head of state . Ba Cụt distributed a pamphlet condemning Diệm as an American puppet , asserting that the prime minister was going to \" Catholicize \" the country ; the referendum was partly funded by the U.S. government and various Roman Catholic organisations . Diệm had strong support from American Roman Catholic politicians and the powerful Cardinal Francis Spellman and his elder brother , Pierre Martin Ngô Đình Thục , was Archbishop of Huế . Ba Cụt presciently noted that the referendum was a means \" for Diem to gather the people from all towns and force them to demonstrate one goal : to depose Bao Dai and proclaim the puppet Diem as the chief @-@ of @-@ state of Vietnam . \" On the day of the poll , Ba Cụt 's men prevented voting in the border regions which they controlled , and ventured out of the jungles to attack polling stations in Cần Thơ . Despite that disruption , Diệm was fraudulently credited with more than 90 % of support in Hòa Hảo @-@ controlled territory , and a near unanimous turnout was recorded in the area . These results were replicated across the nation , and Diệm deposed Bảo Đại . \n Eventually , Ba Cụt was surrounded , and sought to make a peace deal with the Diệm government to avoid being taken prisoner . Ba Cụt sent a message to Nguyễn Ngọc Thơ , the public official who oversaw the civilian side of the campaign against the Hòa Hảo , asking for negotiations so that his men could be integrated into mainstream society and the nation 's armed forces . Thơ agreed to meet Ba Cụt alone in the jungle , and despite fears that the meeting was a Hòa Hảo trap , he was not ambushed . However , Ba Cụt began asking for additional concessions and the meeting ended in a stalemate . According to historian Hue @-@ Tam Ho Tai , Ba Cụt 's lifelong antipathy towards Thơ 's family influenced his behaviour during his last stand . Ba Cụt was arrested by a patrol on 13 April 1956 , and his remaining forces were defeated in battle . \n = = Trial and execution = = \n Diệm 's government put Ba Cụt on trial . During the proceedings , Ba Cụt theatrically removed his shirt so that the public gallery could see how many scars he had suffered while fighting the communists . This , according to him , demonstrated his devotion to Vietnamese nationalism . He challenged any other man to show as many scars . However , the Diệmist judge was unimpressed . Ba Cụt was found guilty of multiple murders and sentenced to death . Diệm 's adviser , Colonel Edward Lansdale from the CIA , was one of many who protested against the decision . Lansdale felt that the execution would tarnish Diệm — who had proclaimed the Republic of Vietnam ( commonly known as South Vietnam ) and declared himself President — and antagonise Ba Cụt 's followers . Ngô Đình Nhu , Diệm 's younger brother and chief adviser , denied a reprieve as the army , particularly Minh , opposed any clemency . Some sections of the southern public , however , were sympathetic to Ba Cụt . \n Ba Cụt was publicly guillotined on 13 July 1956 , in Cần Thơ . His body was later diced into small pieces , which were then buried separately . Some followers , led by a deputy named Bảy Đớm , retreated to a small area beside the Cambodian border , where they vowed not to rest until Ba Cụt was avenged . Many of his followers later joined the Việt Cộng — the movement that succeeded the Việt Minh their leader had fought — and took up arms against Diệm . \n = Shore Line East = \n Shore Line East ( SLE ) is a commuter rail service which operates along the Northeast Corridor through southern Connecticut , US . A fully owned subsidiary of the Connecticut Department of Transportation ( ConnDOT ) , SLE provides service seven days a week along the Northeast Corridor from New London west to New Haven , with limited through service to Bridgeport and Stamford . Connecting service west of New Haven to New York City is available via Metro @-@ North Railroad 's New Haven Line . \n The service was introduced in 1990 as a temporary measure to reduce congestion during construction work on I @-@ 95 . However , it proved more popular than expected , and service was continued after construction ended despite criticisms that the line was too expensive to operate . The service has been continually upgraded since its inception with rebuilt stations and new rolling stock as well as extensions to New London in 1996 and to Stamford in 2001 . Around 1 @,@ 900 to 2 @,@ 100 riders use the service every weekday depending on the season . \n = = Current service = = \n Most weekday SLE trains run local westbound from New London or Old Saybrook to New Haven in the morning , with some nonstop eastbound service . This traffic pattern is reversed in the afternoon and evening rush . A handful operate through New Haven as far as Stamford . \n Most weekend SLE trains also run local westbound in the morning , then express in the afternoon , stopping only at Guilford and Westbrook between Old Saybrook and State Street . Eastbound service is reversed . This is because Branford , Madison , and Clinton only have platforms on the eastbound track , and thus switching is needed to platform a westbound train . \n Around half of SLE trains operate to and from New London Station . New London SLE multi @-@ ride pass holders are also allowed to board selected Northeast Regional trains , or Acela Express train # 2151 . There are plans to increase the service to New London , which is limited by U.S. Coast Guard requirements regarding the bridge crossing the Connecticut River . After years with just one or two trains to New London , additional New London round trips were added in 2010 and 2013 , and weekend service began in June 2013 . \n All trains that do not operate west of New Haven make a connection to a Metro @-@ North Railroad train at New Haven , for service to and from points in Connecticut , Westchester County , New York , and New York City . \n Although SLE service is funded by ConnDOT , it is operated under contract by Amtrak . Amtrak owns and controls the Northeast Corridor east of New Haven . West of New Haven , the New Haven Line is owned by ConnDOT and trains are dispatched by Metro @-@ North . \n During the OpSail and SailFest tall ship festivals at New London , extra Friday and weekend Shore Line East service is operated from New Haven to New London . During OpSail 2000 , through service operated from New Haven to Mystic – the only time Shore Line East service has run east of New London . \n = = Service history = = \n = = = Previous service = = = \n The section of the Northeast Corridor that Shore Line East operates on was once the New York @-@ Boston mainline of the New York , New Haven and Hartford Railroad . The section from New Haven to New London was built as the New Haven & New London Railroad . It was charted in 1848 , began construction in 1850 , and opened for service in July 1852 . The line was owned by the New York , Providence and Boston Railroad ( the \" Stonington Road \" ) from 1858 to 1862 , and by the Shore Line Railway from 1864 until it was acquired by the New York , New Haven , and Hartford Railroad ( the \" New Haven \" ) in 1870 . Crossing the Connecticut River required a ferry transfer until a drawbridge was built in 1870 . \n The line was referred to by the New Haven Railroad as the Shore Line , to distinguish it from the railroad 's Main Line from New Haven to Springfield , Massachusetts . In recognition of the large role played by the New Haven in the history and heritage of the state of Connecticut , ConnDOT paints SLE 's diesel @-@ powered locomotives in the New Haven 's orange and black style . New Haven Railroad colors and emblems have also been placed at several stations , particularly New Haven Union Station . \n The New Haven Railroad operated local service on the Shore Line up until its merger with Penn Central on January 1 , 1969 , when most commuter service east of New Haven was abandoned . Intercity service continued , but generally only stopped at New Haven , Old Saybrook , and New London . Penn Central continued to operate the Clamdigger , a single daily New London @-@ New Haven round trip with local stops , as well as a New London @-@ Boston round trip . Amtrak took over the Clamdigger along with most intercity passenger service , in May 1971 . In January 1972 , Amtrak discontinued the Clamdigger and Penn Central cut the New London @-@ Boston trip . \n In 1976 and 1977 , Amtrak operated the Clamdigger as a Providence @-@ New Haven round trip with limited local stops ; for three months in 1978 , it was revived with additional commuter @-@ based stops . It was replaced in April 1978 by the Beacon Hill , which stopped at New Haven , Branford , Madison , Old Saybrook , Niantic , New London , and Mystic en route to Providence and Boston . The Beacon Hill ( which served the Providence and Boston commuting markets rather than New Haven ) was discontinued in 1981 due to funding cuts , ending commuter rail service in Connecticut east of New Haven . \n = = = Initial service = = = \n In 1981 and 1986 , legislation was proposed to restore commuter service between New Haven and New London , as well as between New Haven and Hartford . A 1986 ConnDOT study analyzed congestion on Interstate 95 , which runs parallel to the line . The study showed that Old Saybrook was a better terminus for initial service , with an expected ridership of 420 riders in each direction daily . \n Based on the study , Governor O 'Neill ordered ConnDOT in October 1986 to initiate rail service on the corridor . It was established as a temporary service to newly reopened local stations between Union Station in New Haven and Old Saybrook , to alleviate traffic congestion that arose from scheduled construction work on I @-@ 95 . O 'Neill introduced a $ 50 million transportation program that included $ 900 @,@ 000 ( later reduced to $ 500 @,@ 000 ) for basic stations and $ 4 million to refurbish 12 Budd Rail Diesel Cars for rolling stock . The RDCs were found to be insufficient and two diesel trainsets were purchased from the defunct PATrain service in 1989 instead . \n A second study in 1989 indicated higher potential ridership of 700 to 1350 daily riders . The state bought Amtrak 's New Haven maintenance facility in May 1989 and signed a service contract with Amtrak in November . ( Metro @-@ North Railroad was not considered for several reasons , largely because Amtrak already owned the rail line east of New Haven ) . Construction of 5 intermediate stations was completed in April 1990 . \n Shore Line East service began on May 29 , 1990 , with four trains each direction during the morning and evening . The service carried the Clamdigger name during planning ; \" Shore Line East \" did not appear until shortly before service began . Shore Line East was threatened to be cut in 1991 by newly elected Governor Lowell Weicker , but it proved more popular than expected , and was effectively made permanent . A 1996 study found that Shore Line East captured 8 % of regional commuter trips and attracted a loyal ridership base . \n In 1995 and 1997 , then Gov. John Rowland proposed to replace Shore Line East and the Waterbury Branch with bus service , citing a high subsidy of $ 18 @.@ 70 per rider per trip , in order to decrease the unpopular gas tax . Lawmakers from the region called the proposals political and defended the line 's ability to reduce congestion and pollution , while opponents of the line called it an example of government waste . The Shore Line East Rider 's Association and other groups lobbied to save both services each time , and after public hearings a small fare increase was enacted in late 1997 instead . \n = = = Early expansions and criticisms = = = \n In July 1995 , Governor Rowland signed a bill ordering various studies , including one that analyzed extending service to New London as had been originally planned . Before the study was completed , ConnDOT unilaterally decided to implement New London service , which the report commended . On February 1 , 1996 , two round trips per weekday were extended to New London . At that point , ridership was up 18 % over 1991 numbers . \n In January 2001 , because of to changes in Amtrak rules , passengers were no longer allowed to cross tracks to access trains . New platforms were opened on the south side of the tracks at Branford and Westbrook at approximately the same locations . \n In December 2001 , a single morning rush @-@ hour round trip branded SLExpress was extended to Stamford , with a stop at Bridgeport plus eastbound @-@ only stops at Stratford and Milford . An evening eastbound trip was also extended to Stamford with only the Bridgeport intermediate stop . This trip was intended to allow commuters to reach employment centers in Bridgeport and Stamford without having to make a transfer at New Haven . On June 24 , 2002 , additional Stamford trains were added , for a total of two westbound and three eastbound trains . When West Haven opened in August 2013 , it was added to these trips as well . \n In 2003 , in order to add four additional Amtrak trips along the corridor , four of the then six round trips to New London were cut back to Old Saybrook . An agreement with the Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection limits service over the Old Saybrook @-@ Old Lyme bridge in order to avoid inconveniencing recreational boaters . ConnDOT 's agreement with Amtrak allowed commuters with monthly passes to ride certain Amtrak trains instead . After criticism over the service cuts , in April 2008 ConnDOT began allowing commuters with multi @-@ ride passes to board the selected Amtrak trains as well . \n = = = Improved and increased service = = = \n When started in 1990 , Shore Line East was intended to be a temporary service . Except at Old Saybrook and New Haven , which were already served by Amtrak , the state constructed new stations – consisting of little more than bare wooden decks – for minimal cost . Since the service was started two months before the Americans with Disabilities Act was signed , the platforms were not built to be handicapped accessible . After a decade of service , with Shore Line East established as part of Connecticut 's transportation system , the state began to upgrade the service . The basic stations have been rebuilt with high @-@ level platforms to provide handicapped access and level boarding , parking lots have been expanded , and more trains have been added to the schedule . \n A completely new station was also added to the line for traffic mitigation as part of the reconstruction of the Pearl Harbor Memorial Bridge . On June 7 , 2002 , State Street Station was opened in New Haven to provide better access to the downtown area than Union Station , which is half a mile away from the business district . \n The first station to be rebuilt was Old Saybrook , the busy eastern terminus of the line . The new high @-@ level island platform and pedestrian bridge opened on November 1 , 2002 . Old Saybrook had previous had only a single side platform serving a relatively small number of Amtrak trains ; the rebuilt has two platforms serving three tracks , to allow Amtrak trains in both directions to stop or pass even while a SLE train is at the station . \n Beginning on May 24 , 2004 , construction of new platforms began at Clinton , Guilford , and Branford . The rebuilt Clinton station opened on July 25 , 2005 , and the rebuilt Branford station opened on August 8 , 2005 ; both consist of a single high @-@ level platform on the south side of the tracks . The new Guilford station , which has platforms on both sides of the tracks ( connected by a pedestrian bridge ) to allow for greater operational flexibility , opened on November 28 , 2005 . Construction at Madison started on September 24 , 2007 , and finished with the opening of the rebuilt station platform on July 28 , 2008 . \n On October 8 , 2007 , reverse @-@ peak and more midday service were introduced , which officials hailed as the beginning of Shore Line East as a true bidirectional system . Several existing express trains also began to stop at Guilford . Since at least 2006 , advocates had been calling for the establishment of weekend Shore Line East service . A pilot of weekend service was run from November 17 , 2007 , to December 30 , 2007 , with six \" Shopper 's Special \" round trips from Old Saybrook to New Haven . The trains were scheduled to connect with similar Metro @-@ North specials at New Haven . Year @-@ round weekend service began on July 4 , 2008 , with 9 daily Old Saybrook – New Haven round trips on weekends . No weekend service was run to New London , but weekday service was increased as cross @-@ honoring of multiple @-@ ride and monthly tickets was added on two Amtrak trains . \n The major obstacle preventing full New London service is the bridge over the Connecticut River between Old Saybrook and Old Lyme . The drawbridge section is closed for a certain period of time to allow trains to pass , which prevents large boats from passing under . The Marine Trades Association opposes additional service , which would mandate more bridge closings . The 2003 agreement with Amtrak limited weekday traffic over the bridge to 2 SLE and 39 Amtrak trains until 2018 , although it was revised in 2010 and 2013 . Since 2003 , New London had been served by cross @-@ honored Amtrak trains plus one or two dedicated SLE roundtrips . \n On February 16 , 2010 , an additional round trip was extended to New London . Three more were extended on May 10 , 2010 . However , advocates for full service to New London said that Governor Rell failed to deliver on promises to New London , with one newspaper columnist writing that \" she seems incapable of standing up to the marine trades lobby \" regarding the bridge openings . \n In July 2012 , Governor Malloy announced that 5 weekend round trips would be extended to New London beginning in April 2013 . However , the extension was dependent on ongoing negotiations with the marine industry over mandated closings of the Old Saybrook – Old Lyme bridge . Two weekday midday trips were added in May 2013 , while weekend service began on June 1 , 2013 , after the application for additional bridge closings was approved by the state Department of Energy and Environmental Protection . By July , New London represented 26 % of weekend ridership . In December 2013 , the state announced that ridership was up 35 % for the year as a result of the increased service . From 2009 to 2014 , monthly New London ridership increased from less than 1 @,@ 000 monthly passengers to approximately 5 @,@ 000 , accounting for a significant fraction of ridership increases on Shore Line East during that period . \n Four of the five intermediate stations between Old Saybrook and New Haven were rebuilt with accessible platforms between 2004 and 2008 , but rebuilding at Westbrook was delayed due to environmental and cost issues . No site was available until Westbrook and ConnDOT traded the new station site on Norris Avenue for a highway garage site off Route 145 . The controversial land swap was begun in 2004 but was not finalized until 2006 , and town operations were not moved to the Route 145 site until September 2011 . Site clearing began in November 2011 , and ground was broken for the $ 14 @.@ 4 million station in January 2012 . A new station with a larger 210 @-@ space lot and platforms on both tracks opened on March 25 , 2014 , with full bidirectional service to the station beginning on May 11 . \n = = = Future = = = \n In a 2007 report , ConnDOT outlined plans to turn SLE into a full @-@ service bidirectional regional rail line , with full @-@ day service and all trains extended to New London . This involves incremental improvements , similar to those that have already been put into place . One of the first priorities is to add a second platform at all stations , which is mandated by the 2003 agreement with Amtrak . New London , Old Saybrook , Guilford , Westbrook , and stops from New Haven Union Station west all have multiple platforms , while State Street has an island platform serving two tracks with plans for a second platform . \n Branford is the first previously rebuilt station to be further renovated with a second platform . A $ 60 million bond in February 2011 included $ 16 @.@ 5 million for a second platform and pedestrian bridge at Branford , $ 7 @.@ 3 million for platform extensions at Guilford , and $ 11 million to add catenary wires to currently unwired sidings along the line . Construction on the new platform at Branford began in September 2013 , and the Guilford work is under way as well . As of September 2015 , the new platform and pedestrian bridge at Branford were officially scheduled to open on December 18 , 2015 , but have been delayed into 2016 as a result of the previous harsh winter and other issues . Bidding on a second platform and three @-@ level parking garage at Madison , planned since 2009 , was scheduled to begin in 2013 but did not occur . Per the agreement with Amtrak , a second platform is planned to be added to Clinton station . The project was originally planned to start in early 2012 , but has since been indefinitely delayed . \n Expansion of the original parking facilities is also necessary to meet demand at many stations , since many started with small lots suitable for just a few dozen cars . The rebuilt stations at Branford , Guilford , Madison , Clinton , and Westbrook have larger lots than the 1990 stations , and a second lot with 272 spaces opened at Branford in June 2011 . A 585 @-@ space , three @-@ level parking garage is eventually planned for Madison station . \n Although the route east of New Haven is electrified under Amtrak 's 60 Hz traction power system , Shore Line East currently operates entirely with diesel locomotives . Once the full order of M8 railcars are in service , and Amtrak tests and approves the M8s for usage east of New Haven , ConnDOT plans to use 24 to 32 cars for electric SLE service to reduce diesel emissions . The diesel trainsets will be moved to service on the Danbury or Waterbury branches , or to the planned Hartford Line from New Haven to Springfield . \n In April 2012 , state officials released a report detailing possible sites for an infill station in East Lyme . Four sites were analyzed – two near downtown Niantic and two at Rocky Neck State Park . Niantic had previously been a stop on the Clamdigger . As part of a bonding proposal made by Governor Malloy , $ 750 @,@ 000 would be allocated for a new station at Niantic . \n The possibility of extending service eastward has also been considered . Several special trains operated to Mystic during the 2000 OpSail festival , the only such service to date . In a 2001 report examining commuter rail for Rhode Island , RIDOT considered an extension of Shore Line East to Providence via Westerly ( effectively restoring the Clamdigger service ) . Ultimately , MBTA Commuter Rail service , which already ran to Providence as part of the Providence / Stoughton Line , was extended southward instead ( although only to Wickford Junction ) . However , both RIDOT and SLE have long @-@ term plans to extend their services to meet at Westerly . Extending SLE service would require negotiations with the US Coast Guard , the Marine Trades Association , and other stakeholders for increased use of the Thames River Bridge and the Mystic River bridge . As part of Governor Malloy 's thirty year transit plan , Shore Line East would be extended to Westerly at a cost of $ 200 million . On February 1 , 2016 , the Connecticut Public Transportation Commission issued a report recommending extension of Shore Line East rail service to Mystic and Westerly as soon as possible . \n = = Rolling stock = = \n In contrast to the electric multiple units used on Metro @-@ North 's New Haven Line , which are also purchased in part by the state of Connecticut , all SLE trains are diesel push @-@ pull trains . \n SLE runs diesel service because Amtrak had not yet electrified the Northeast Corridor between New Haven and Boston at the time service began . The original SLE service operated with 2 F @-@ 7s and 10 Pullman @-@ Standard coaches purchased from Pittsburgh 's PATrain for $ 1 @.@ 7 million . \n In 1991 , ConnDOT purchased 10 Bombardier Shoreliner III coaches , similar to ones already used on the Danbury Branch and Waterbury Branch , and leased three additional diesel locomotives : two EMD GP38s and one EMD GP9 . In 1994 Amtrak rebuilt 11 of ConnDOT 's surplus SPV @-@ 2000 diesel railcars into coaches , dubbed \" Constitution Liners . \" In 1996 , SLE took delivery of six refmanufactured GP40 @-@ 2H diesels to replace the entire motive power fleet . These were supplemented in 2005 with 8 GE P40DC Genesis diesels leased from Amtrak . ConnDOT purchased the P40DCs in 2008 . To augment capacity ConnDOT acquired 33 Mafersa coaches from the Virginia Railway Express in 2004 . These began entering service in 2006 , displacing the Shoreliners and Constitution Liners . \n ConnDOT plans call for the Kawasaki M8 to replace most or all of the locomotives and coaches currently in service on Shore Line East in 2018 . ConnDOT has proposed to use up to 32 M8 's in SLE service as far as Old Saybrook ; the diesel equipment will then be used on the Hartford Line and for New London service . Limited direct service from Grand Central Terminal to Old Saybrook may be added once the M8s are in service . \n ConnDOT acquired an additional four GE P40DC locomotives from New Jersey Transit in 2015 . Originally built for Amtrak , NJ Transit employed the locomotives on the short @-@ lived Atlantic City Express Service . \n = = = Roster = = = \n = = Station stops = = \n = National Football League Players Association = \n The National Football League Players Association , or NFLPA , is the labor organization representing the professional American football players in the National Football League ( NFL ) . The NFLPA , which has headquarters in Washington , D.C. , is led by president Eric Winston and executive director DeMaurice Smith . Founded in 1956 , the NFLPA was established to provide players with formal representation to negotiate compensation and the terms of a collective bargaining agreement ( CBA ) . The NFLPA is a member of the AFL – CIO , the largest federation of unions in the United States . \n In the early years of the NFL , contractual negotiations took place between individual players and management ; team owners were reluctant to engage in collective bargaining . A series of strikes and lockouts have occurred throughout the union 's existence largely due to monetary and benefit disputes between the players and the owners . League rules that punished players for playing in rival football leagues resulted in litigation ; the success of such lawsuits impelled the NFL to negotiate some work rules and minimum payments with the NFLPA . However , the organization was not recognized by the NFL as the official bargaining agent for the players until 1968 , when a CBA was signed . The most recent CBA negotiations took place in 2011 . \n In addition to conducting labor negotiations , the NFLPA represents and protects the rights of the players ; the organization 's actions include filing grievances against player discipline that it deems too severe . The union also ensures that the terms of the collective bargaining agreement are adhered to by the league and the teams . It negotiates and monitors retirement and insurance benefits and enhances and defends the image of players and their profession . \n = = Early history = = \n The establishment of the National Football League in 1920 featured early franchises haphazardly formed and often saddled with financial difficulties , poor player talent and attendance rates . As the league expanded through the years , players were provided with no formal representation and received few , if any , benefits . In 1943 , Roy Zimmerman 's refusal to play an exhibition game without compensation resulted in his trade from the Washington Redskins to the Philadelphia Eagles . With the formation of the competing All @-@ America Football Conference ( AAFC ) in 1946 , NFL owners instituted a rule which banned a player for five years from NFL @-@ associated employment if he left the league to join the AAFC . \n Bill Radovich , an offensive lineman , was one player who \" jumped \" leagues ; he played for the Detroit Lions in 1945 and then joined the Los Angeles Dons of the AAFC after the team offered him a greater salary . Subsequently , Radovich was blacklisted by the NFL and was denied a tryout with the NFL @-@ affiliated San Francisco Seals baseball team of the Pacific Coast League . Unable to attain a job in either league , Radovich filed a lawsuit against the NFL in 1957 . In 1964 , Green Bay Packers Pro Bowl and All @-@ Pro center Jim Ringo approached head coach Vince Lombardi to negotiate a raise . Lombardi was angered by the presence of Ringo 's agent , and excused himself ; five minutes later he returned to inform the two that Ringo had been traded to the Philadelphia Eagles . The players grew tired of incidents such as these and complained to one another . One sore point was playing in training camp and preseason exhibition games without pay ; no contract payment was made until a player made a regular season roster . \n The NFLPA began when two players from the Cleveland Browns , Abe Gibron and Dante Lavelli , approached a lawyer and former Notre Dame football player , Creighton Miller , to help form an association to advocate for the players . Miller was initially reluctant but accepted in 1956 . He contacted Don Shula ( a Baltimore Colts player at the time ) , John Gordy of the Detroit Lions , Frank Gifford and Sam Huff of the New York Giants , and Norm Van Brocklin of the Los Angeles Rams to aid in the development of the association . Representatives of 11 of the 12 teams in the league at the time joined the association ; the Chicago Bears were the sole dissenter ; by November 1956 a majority of the players signed cards allowing the NFLPA to represent them . The first meeting took place at the Waldorf @-@ Astoria Hotel in November where players decided on demands to be submitted to league commissioner Bert Bell . The new association 's initial agenda included a league @-@ wide minimum salary , plus a per diem when teams were on the road , that uniforms and equipment be paid for and maintained at the clubs ' expense , and continued payment of salaries when players were injured . The NFLPA hoped to meet with Bell during the owners ' meeting in January 1957 to discuss the demands ; however , no meeting took place . The owners , for their part , were not enthused by the concept of a player 's union and this sentiment was reflected when Miller , who served as an assistant coach with the Cleveland Browns , was removed from the team photo at the request of Paul Brown . Gibron , Lavelli , and Miller were instrumental in the founding of the union as they had become chagrined by Paul Brown 's staunch view that \" it was both just and necessary that management could cut , trade , bench , blackball and own in perpetuity anyone and everyone that it wanted \" . \n Miller continued to represent the NFLPA in their early days . Unable to win the owners ' attention by forming the union , the NFLPA threatened to bring an antitrust lawsuit against the league . The antitrust laws are meant to protect \" free and fair competition in the marketplace \" and prohibit practices that may give industries or businesses an unfair advantage over their competitors . That threat became much more credible when the United States Supreme Court ruled in Radovich v. National Football League , 352 U.S. 445 ( 1957 ) , that the NFL did not enjoy the same antitrust immunity that Major League Baseball did , meaning that players like Radovich had been wrongfully barred from finding new employment . Jarett Bell of USA Today noted in 2011 , the Radovich ruling \" set the foundation for a series of court battles that have continued to present times \" largely over disagreements in compensation . Rather than face another lawsuit , the owners agreed to a league minimum salary of $ 5 @,@ 000 , $ 50 for each exhibition game played , and medical and hospital coverage . Although most of the NFLPA 's requests were met , the owners did not enter into a collective bargaining agreement with the association or formally recognize it as the players ' exclusive bargaining representative , instead agreeing to change the standard player contract and alter governing documents to reflect the deal . \n From the inception of the NFLPA , its members were divided over whether it should act as a professional association or a union . Against the wishes of NFLPA presidents Pete Retzlaff and Bernie Parrish , Miller ran the association as a \" ' grievance committee ' \" rather than engaging in collective bargaining . The standard collective bargaining agreement ( CBA ) is a contract between organized workers and management that determines the wages and hours worked by employees and can also determine the scope of one 's work and what benefits employees receive . The association continued to use the threat of antitrust litigation over the next few years as a lever to gain better benefits , including a pension plan and health insurance . In the 1960s the NFL also faced competition from the new American Football League ( AFL ) . NFL players viewed the new league as potential leverage for them to improve their contracts . The NFL tried to discourage this idea by changing the owner @-@ controlled pension plan to add a provision saying that a player would lose his pension if he went to another league . \n On January 14 , 1964 , players in the newer league formed the AFL Players Association , and elected linebacker Tom Addison of the Boston Patriots as president . Rather than working with the AFLPA , the NFLPA chose to remain apart and tried to block the merger between the two leagues in 1966 , though lack of funding prevented it from mounting a formal challenge . With the merger complete , the players could no longer use the leverage of being able to sign with an AFL team to attain more money . \n Parrish , upset with the ineffectiveness of the association , proposed forming a players ' union , that would be independent of the NFLPA , with the assistance of the International Brotherhood of Teamsters ( IBT ) . The IBT pushed for the NFLPA to join the trucking union . In early November 1967 , Parrish , with support from former Cleveland Browns player Jim Brown , began distributing union cards to form a Teamsters affiliate known as the American Federation of Pro Athletes . The NFLPA rejected the overture at its meeting in Hollywood , Florida , during the first week of January 1968 and declared itself an independent union . Although Parrish 's proposal was defeated , Miller left his position as counsel to the union . He was later replaced by two Chicago labor lawyers , Dan Schulman and Bernie Baum . \n = = Recognition and certification ( 1968 – 1983 ) = = \n Six months after the NFLPA declared itself an independent union , many players were dissatisfied with the lack of compensation teams provided and voted to strike on July 3 , 1968 after official discussions with the owners stalled . The owners countered by declaring a lockout . By July 14 , 1968 , the brief work stoppage came to an end . Although a CBA resulted , many players felt that the agreement did not net them as many benefits as they had hoped . The owners agreed to contribute about $ 1 @.@ 5 million to the pension fund with minimum salaries of $ 9 @,@ 000 for rookies , $ 10 @,@ 000 for veterans and $ 50 per exhibition game ; there was at yet no neutral arbitration for disputes . \n As the merger of the AFL and NFL became effective in 1970 , the unions agreed to meet for the first time in January of that year . The NFL players wanted Ed Meador — who was the president @-@ elect of the NFLPA prior to the merger — to become president of the newly combined association while the AFL players wanted Jack Kemp . The compromise was John Mackey of the Baltimore Colts , an NFL team before the merger , which was grouped with former AFL teams in the American Football Conference . The AFL players agreed to Mackey 's election on the condition that former AFL player Alan Miller would become general counsel . Though the NFL owners were open to recognizing the union , their representatives requested lawyers not be present during negotiations , something the players were unwilling to agree to . This prompted the players to petition the National Labor Relations Board ( NLRB ) for union certification . \n The players went on strike in July 1970 after the owners locked them out for a brief period . The strike lasted for two days ending with a new four year CBA which was reached after the owners threatened to cancel the season . Due to the new agreement , the union won the right for players to bargain through their own agents with the clubs , and minimum salaries were increased to $ 12 @,@ 500 for rookies and $ 13 @,@ 000 for veterans . Also , players ' pensions were improved and dental care was added to the players ' insurance plans . Players also gained the right to select representation on the league 's retirement board and the right to impartial arbitration for injury grievances . Following the 1970 agreement , many union representatives were released by their teams . Unfazed , the players were determined to create a stronger union through better communication . Attorney Ed Garvey was hired by the NFLPA in 1971 to act as their first executive director , and the NFLPA became officially certified as a union by the NLRB the same year . Headquarters were established in Washington , D.C. and a campaign was launched to help inform players of their rights . \n = = = 1974 strike = = = \n The NFLPA challenged the so @-@ called \" Rozelle Rule \" as a violation of federal antitrust laws in a lawsuit filed by president John Mackey and allied union leaders in 1971 . The rule , named after commissioner Pete Rozelle , allowed the commissioner to award compensation , which included players , to a team losing a free agent if both the signing team and the team the player was departing could not come to an agreement on compensation . This rule limited player movement , as few teams were willing to sign high @-@ profile free agents only to risk having their rosters raided . With the 1970 CBA agreement set to expire , the players went on strike on July 1 , 1974 . In addition to the \" Rozelle Rule \" , the players demanded the elimination of the option clause , impartial arbitration of disputes , elimination of the draft and waiver system and individual , rather than uniform contracts . \n The strike lasted until August 10 , 1974 when the players returned to training camp without a new CBA , instead choosing to pursue free agency through the Mackey lawsuit filed three years before . While the courts ruled in favor of the players in 1976 , the union found that making progress in bargaining was more difficult to achieve . The Rozelle Rule was invalidated by the court which found it constituted a refusal to deal and was therefore in violation of the Sherman Act as it deterred franchises from signing free agents . However , the change did not achieve true free agency as compensation remained tied to draft picks that were awarded based on the salary of the departing free agent and teams still maintained a right of first refusal . The NFL and NFLPA agreed to a new collective bargaining agreement in March 1977 that ran until 1982 . \n = = = 1982 strike = = = \n The 1982 NFL strike began on September 21 , 1982 , and lasted 57 days , ending on November 16 , 1982 . During this time , no NFL games were played . The strike occurred because the union demanded that a wage scale based on percentage of gross revenues be implemented . The NFLPA wanted the percentage to be 55 percent , and according to the Los Angeles Times , this demand \" dominated the negotiations . \" \n During the strike , the NFLPA promoted two \" AFC @-@ NFC ' all @-@ star ' games . \" One was held at RFK Stadium in Washington D.C. on October 17 , 1982 , and the second was held at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum a day later . One of the few stars who did play , future Hall of Fame running back John Riggins , explained \" I guess I 'll do just about anything for money . \" Despite a local TV blackout and ticket prices starting at six dollars , neither game drew well ; only 8 @,@ 760 fans attended in Washington , D.C. , and just 5 @,@ 331 attended in Los Angeles . With no NFL games to air , CBS replayed the previous Super Bowl and aired Division III football ; Pat Summerall and John Madden , for example , covered a game between Baldwin Wallace and Wittenberg . NBC acquired the rights to Canadian Football League games from ESPN , and aired them with NFL @-@ like production values ; the first four games it showed were all blowouts , however , with poor ratings , and the network gave up . \n The 1982 strike ended with a players ' revolt against their own union , as some members suggested that Garvey step down as executive director . As a result of the strike , the season schedule was reduced from 16 games to 9 and the playoffs expanded to 16 teams ( eight from each conference ) for a \" Super Bowl tournament . \" A new five @-@ year agreement was ratified , providing severance packages to players upon retirement , an increase in salaries and post @-@ season pay , and bonuses based on the number of years of experience in the league . Additionally , the NFLPA was allowed to receive copies of all player contracts . \n = = Gene Upshaw era ( 1983 – 2008 ) = = \n In 1983 , former Oakland Raider Gene Upshaw became the executive director of the NFLPA . During his tenure , he oversaw a player strike , several antitrust lawsuits , and the collective bargaining agreement of 1993 . \n The NFLPA went on strike for a month in 1987 upon the expiration of the 1982 CBA ; the league 's free @-@ agent policy was the major matter in dispute . This time , however , the strike only canceled one week of the season . For three weeks , the NFL staged games with hastily assembled replacement teams , made up principally of players cut during training camp and players left out of work from the closure of the United States Football League two years prior ( along with , to a lesser extent , the Montreal Alouettes , who had folded just three months prior to the strike ) . They were joined by a few veterans who crossed the picket lines , including New York Jets defensive end Mark Gastineau , Dallas Cowboys defensive tackle Randy White , San Francisco 49ers quarterback Joe Montana , New England Patriots quarterback Doug Flutie , and Seattle Seahawks wide receiver Steve Largent . \n Given the willingness of the players to cross the picket lines and networks to broadcast the replacement games , despite a 20 % drop in television viewership and even steeper drops in attendance , the union failed to achieve their demands . The strike ended on October 15 , 1987 , without a collective bargaining agreement in place . The union filed a new antitrust lawsuit on December 30 asking federal judge David Doty to overturn the league 's restricting free agent policies . \n On November 1 , 1989 , the Court of Appeals rejected the suit on the grounds that the owners were covered by the labor exemption from antitrust law . The union 's next tactic , in November 1989 , was to disclaim any interest in representing NFL players in collective bargaining and to reform itself as a professional organization . Having done that , individual players , led by Freeman McNeil of the New York Jets , brought a new antitrust action , challenging the NFL 's so @-@ called \" Plan B \" free agency , which gave teams a right of first refusal to sign a player , as an unlawful practice under the antitrust acts . \n The players ultimately prevailed after a jury trial on their claims . That verdict , the pendency of other antitrust cases and the threat of a class action lawsuit filed by Reggie White , then with the Philadelphia Eagles , on behalf of all NFL players caused the parties to settle the antitrust cases and to agree on a formula that permitted free agency . In return , the owners received a salary cap , albeit one tied to a formula based on the players ' share of total league revenues . The agreement also established a salary floor — minimum payrolls all teams were obliged to pay . The settlement was presented to and approved by Judge Doty , who had also heard the McNeil antitrust case in 1993 . Once the agreement was approved , the NFLPA reconstituted itself as a labor union and entered into a new collective bargaining agreement with the league . The NFLPA and the league extended the 1993 agreement five times . The final extension came in March 2006 when it was extended through the 2010 season after the NFL owners voted 30 – 2 to accept the NFLPA 's final proposal . \n = = DeMaurice Smith era ( 2009 – present ) = = \n Following the death of Gene Upshaw in 2008 , Richard Berthelsen was named interim executive director , serving from August 2008 until March 2009 . The NFLPA Board of Representatives elected DeMaurice Smith for a three @-@ year term as the executive director on March 16 , 2009 . Smith has been largely praised for his work ethic by the media , current and former players and colleagues as director and for making the union more professional despite the resentment of some players who found his leadership style to be too controlling . Smith 's contract was renewed for an additional three years in March 2012 . He was elected for a third term in March 2015 . The major issue of Smith 's tenure has been the 2011 lockout ; former offensive lineman Chester Pitts praised Smith for fiercely fighting for the players ' rights during negotiations . \n = = = 2011 lockout = = = \n In May 2008 , the owners decided to opt out of the 1993 arrangement , per the agreement with the players , with the termination to follow a year with no salary cap in 2010 . By the CBA 's expiration in March 2011 , the NFLPA and the NFL had not yet come to terms on a new agreement . The owners were expected to lock out the players upon termination of the agreement . However , the NFLPA filed papers to decertify as a union on March 11 , 2011 , and filed an antitrust suit to enjoin the lockout with lead plaintiffs quarterbacks Tom Brady , Peyton Manning , and Drew Brees . U.S. District Court judge Susan Richard Nelson granted the players ' request to end the owners ' lockout on April 25 . The league asked Nelson to stay the order while they appealed to the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals ; Nelson refused . On April 29 , the Eighth Circuit granted the league a temporary stay of Nelson 's ruling ; the league reinstated the lockout the same day . The Eighth Circuit vacated Nelson 's ruling on July 8 , affirming the legitimacy of the lockout . During the lockout , players were barred from using team facilities and contacting team coaches ; many organized their own workout regimens . \n The parties settled the lawsuit on July 25 , 2011 , and a majority of players signed union authorization cards . The NFL officially recognized the NFLPA 's status as the players ' collective bargaining representative on July 30 , 2011 . The NFL and NFLPA proceeded to negotiate terms for a new collective bargaining agreement , and the agreement became effective after ratification by the players August 4 , 2011 . Under the agreement , which runs through 2021 , revenue sharing , the most contentious issue during the lockout , was re @-@ designed so that the players must receive at least 47 % of all revenue in salary for the term of the agreement . Additionally , a limit was placed on the amount of money given to rookies . Fifty million dollars was set aside annually for medical research and approximately $ 1 billion would be set aside for retired player benefits over the life of the agreement . \n = = = Bountygate = = = \n The NFLPA , on behalf of Will Smith , Scott Fujita and Anthony Hargrove , three players suspended due to the Bountygate investigation by the NFL , filed a lawsuit against the league . The investigation found that New Orleans Saints players were allegedly paid bonuses for hits that injured opposing players . The players ' lawsuit claimed NFL commissioner Roger Goodell \" had violated the league 's labor agreement by showing he had pre @-@ determined the guilt of the players punished in the bounty probe before serving as the arbitrator for their June 18 appeal hearing \" . The suspensions were unanimously overturned by a three @-@ member appeals panel ; however , the ruling did not permanently void their suspensions . The NFL appointed former commissioner Paul Tagliabue to review the NFL 's sanctions against the players , which he overturned . \n = = = Activate = = = \n In April 2014 , the NFLPA partnered with opendorse to launch Activate , the first professional sports micro @-@ endorsement marketplace . The Activate platform allows for marketers to quickly find and contact athletes that best fit their endorsement campaigns . For athletes , Activate provides a monetary valuation of each player 's social media accounts that leads to an easier and more efficient negotiation process . \n = = = New drug policy = = = \n The league and the NFLPA approved updated substance abuse and performance @-@ enhancing substance policies in September 2014 . The regulations include human growth hormone testing and amended rules on DUIs and marijuana . Third @-@ party arbitration will handle appeals . The deal lifted suspensions for some players the week it was approved . The NFL began testing players for HGH the next month . \n = = Composition = = \n According to NFLPA 's Department of Labor records since 2006 , when membership classifications were first reported , around 60 % , or almost two thirds , of the union 's membership are classified as \" former players , \" and not eligible to vote in the union , \" because , as a matter of federal law , they cannot be members of the collective bargaining unit . \" The other , voting eligible , classifications are \" active players \" and \" associates . \" As of 2014 this accounts for 3 @,@ 130 \" former player \" members ( 59 % of total ) , 1 @,@ 959 \" active players \" ( 37 % ) , and 207 \" associate \" members ( 4 % ) . \n = = Leadership = = \n The current president of the NFLPA is Eric Winston and the executive director is DeMaurice Smith . As of 2014 , the executive committee consists of the following current and retired NFL players : Adam Vinatieri , Benjamin Watson , Brian Waters , Jay Feely , Lorenzo Alexander , Mark Herzlich , Matt Hasselbeck , Ryan Clark , Scott Wells and Zak DeOssie . Each NFL team also has a player representative , along with two to three alternate representatives . \n = Whinchat = \n The whinchat ( Saxicola rubetra ) is a small migratory passerine bird breeding in Europe and western Asia and wintering in central Africa . At one time considered to be in thrush family , Turdidae , it is now placed in the Old World flycatcher family , Muscicapidae . Both sexes have a strong supercilium , brownish upper parts mottled darker , a pale throat and breast , a pale buff to whitish belly , and a blackish tail with white bases to the outer tail feathers , but in the breeding season , the male has an orange @-@ buff throat and breast . \n The whinchat is a solitary species , favouring open grassy country with rough vegetation and scattered small shrubs . It perches in elevated locations ready to pounce on the insects and other small invertebrates that form its diet . The nest is built by the female on the ground in coarse vegetation , with a clutch of four to seven eggs being laid . The hen incubates the eggs for about thirteen days and then both parents feed the nestlings . Fledging takes place about eighteen days after hatching and the parents continue to feed the young for another fortnight . Moulting takes place in late summer before the migration southwards , and again on the wintering grounds in Africa before the migration northwards in spring . The whinchat is a common species with a wide range and the International Union for Conservation of Nature has classified it as being of \" least concern \" . \n = = Taxonomy and systematics = = \n This species represents a fairly basal divergence of the genus Saxicola . It retains the supercilium found in many Muscicapidae but lost in the more derived Saxicola species such as the European stonechat or African stonechat ( S. torquatus ) . \n As with other species of Saxicola , it was formerly considered a member of the thrush family ( Turdidae ) , but is now placed in the Old World flycatcher family Muscicapidae . It , and similar thrush @-@ like Muscicapidae species , are often called chats . Its scientific name means \" small rock @-@ dweller \" , in reference to its habitat . Saxicola derives from Latin saxum ( \" rock \" ) + incola ( \" dwelling \" ) ; rubetra is a Latin term for a small bird . No subspecies are recognised . \n Very rarely , hybridisation occurs between the whinchat and the Siberian stonechat ( Saxicola maurus ) , with a case being reported in Finland in 1997 . It has also been reported to hybridise with the European stonechat in western and southern Europe . \n = = Description = = \n The whinchat is a short @-@ tailed bird , moving on the ground with small , rapid hops and frequently bobbing and flicking its wings and tail . It is similar in size to its relative the European robin ( Erithacus rubecula ) , being 12 to 14 cm ( 4 @.@ 7 to 5 @.@ 5 in ) long and weighing 13 to 26 g ( 0 @.@ 46 to 0 @.@ 92 oz ) . Both sexes have brownish upperparts mottled darker , a buff throat and breast , a pale buff to whitish belly , and a blackish tail with white bases to the outer tail feathers . \n The male in breeding plumage has a blackish face mask almost encircled by a strong white supercilium and malar stripe , a bright orange @-@ buff throat and breast , and small white wing patches on the greater coverts and inner median coverts . The female is duller overall , in particular having browner face mask , pale buffy @-@ brown breast , and a buff supercilium and malar stripe , and smaller or no white wing patches . Males in immature and winter plumage are similar to females , except that adult males retain the white wing patches all year round . \n Though fairly similar to females and immatures of the European stonechat ( S. rubicola ) , the whinchat can readily be distinguished by its conspicuous supercilium and whiter belly , and also in western Europe , by being paler overall than the western European stonechat subspecies S. rubicola hibernans . It also differs structurally in being slightly slimmer and less ' dumpy ' , and having longer wingtips ( an adaptation to its long @-@ distance migration ) . It is more easily confused with female or immature Siberian stonechat ( S. maura ) , which ( also being a long @-@ distance migrant ) shares the longer wingtips ; however , Siberian stonechat can be distinguished by its conspicuous unmarked pale orange @-@ buff rump ( in whinchat , the rump is the same mottled brown colour as the back ) . \n Its main call is described as a hue @-@ tac @-@ tac , the ' tac ' softer and less grating than that of the European stonechat ; the call is used both for contact between birds and predator alarms . The male has a whistling , crackly but soft song used during the breeding season , consisting of a mixture of soft whistles , tacs and more grating sounds ; it is often mimetic , including phrases from the songs of at least 12 other assorted bird species . It sings from a fence , bush , tree or wire , or occasionally from the ground or in flight , between about April and July . On the wintering grounds , it often gives alarm calls but only occasionally sings , being most likely to do so at the end of winter , when starting spring migration . \n = = Distribution and habitat = = \n The whinchat is a migratory species breeding in Europe and western Asia from Ireland and northern Portugal east to the Ob River basin near Novosibirsk , and from northern Norway south to central Spain , central Italy , northern Greece , and the Caucasus Mountains . \n Birds arrive on the breeding grounds between the end of April and mid May , and depart between mid August and mid September ( odd birds lingering to October ) . They winter primarily in tropical sub @-@ Saharan Africa from Senegal east to Kenya and south to Zambia , arriving in western Africa at the start of the dry season in late September to November , and leaving between February and March . Small numbers also winter in northwestern Africa in Morocco , northern Algeria and Tunisia . Vagrants have reached northwest of the breeding range to Iceland , west on migration to the Canary Islands and Cape Verde , and south of the wintering range to northern South Africa . \n = = Behaviour and ecology = = \n The whinchat is a largely solitary bird though it may form small family groups in autumn . It favours rough low vegetation habitats such as open rough pasture or similar minimally cultivated grassland with scattered small shrubs such as hawthorn ( Crataegus monogyna ) , and bracken ( Pteridium aquilinum ) or heather ( Calluna vulgaris ) stands on rock @-@ strewn ground . It also commonly inhabits new and clear @-@ felled conifer plantations until the new tree crop is about five to six years old and a metre or two tall . It always needs at least a few perching points ( shrubs , tall weeds , or fence posts ) to scan from for food and for use as song posts . \n Breeding takes place in late April and May . The nest is built solely by the female , and is made of dried grasses and moss , and lined with hairs and fine bents . It is built on the ground , hidden in dense low vegetation , often at the foot of a bush . The female lays and incubates a clutch of four to seven eggs which hatch after eleven to fourteen days . Both parents bring food to the young which leave the nest ten to fourteen days later , while still too young to fly . The chicks fledge at seventeen to nineteen days after hatching and remain largely dependent on the parents for a further two weeks . Whinchats are short @-@ lived , typically only surviving two years , to a maximum recorded of just over five years in the wild ; breeding starts when birds are a year old . Predators include weasels , stoats , and small raptors such as the merlin and nest predators such as crows and magpies . Nests are also lost due to agricultural operations such as silage cutting ( the main factor in the species ' decline in western Europe ) or trampling by livestock , and are sometimes parasitised by the common cuckoo . \n Whinchats are insectivorous , feeding largely ( about 80 – 90 % ) on insects , but also consume a wide range of other invertebrates including spiders , small snails and worms . They also eat small amounts of fruit such as blackberries , primarily in autumn . The birds like to perch on elevated spots such as shrubs , from where they make sallies to catch insects , mostly taken off the ground , but also flying insects . While so perched , males in particular frequently flick their tail and sometimes their wings to show the white tail and wing flashes , for display or territorial communication signals to other whinchats . \n Adult whinchats have a single complex complete moult in late summer ( late July onward ) after breeding and mainly completed before southbound migration . Juveniles have a partial moult at the same time , growing new body feathering but retaining the flight feathers . All ages also have a partial moult in early spring on the wintering grounds before northbound migration . \n = = Status and conservation = = \n Fairly common across its wide range , the whinchat is classified as a species of \" least concern \" by the International Union for Conservation of Nature . Some populations are however in serious decline , particularly in the west of its range in Britain , Ireland , France , Belgium , the Netherlands , Denmark , and Germany , primarily due to agricultural intensification . In Britain it is amber @-@ listed with an unfavourable conservation status ; it had all but disappeared from former lowland breeding areas in the south and east between surveys in 1968 – 72 and 1988 – 91 , remaining common only in upland areas of the north and west where low @-@ intensity livestock rearing is the main land use . There has been a similar decline in Ireland , where it is now classified as \" rare \" . \n = Thrud the Barbarian = \n Thrud the Barbarian is a comics character created by Carl Critchlow in 1981 . Although Thrud himself is a parody of Conan the Barbarian , particularly as depicted in the Arnold Schwarzenegger films , inspiration for the character 's adventures and adversaries has been drawn from several fantasy sources . \n During the 1980s , a Thrud comic strip was a regular and popular feature in the roleplay and wargame magazine White Dwarf with Thrud 's grotesque and comic antics forming a memorable part of the magazine 's golden age . In 2002 , continued interest in the character from role @-@ playing enthusiasts and a desire to be free to experiment with a new artistic style prompted Critchlow to self @-@ publish a series of award @-@ winning full @-@ length Thrud the Barbarian comics . \n Since October 2002 , Critchlow has continued to develop his new artistic style in several different 2000 AD stories , contributing to the success of Lobster Random in particular . While Critchlow 's use of muted palettes has been criticised , his style has received praise for being highly recognisable and unique . \n = = Appearances = = \n = = = Initial publications = = = \n The character of Thrud was created by the then 18 @-@ year @-@ old Critchlow in 1981 while he was at foundation art college . His graphic design tutor , Bryan Talbot , gave him the project of producing a comic strip . At the time , Critchlow was reading the Conan books by Robert E. Howard , and this inspired him to produce Thrud . The initial five @-@ page strip was published in comics fanzine Arken Sword . When Critchlow moved on to art college in Liverpool , Thrud made a further appearance in the comic Dead ' Ard , which Critchlow co @-@ authored with artist Euan Smith . Dead ' Ard also featured a strip titled The Black Currant , subsequently re @-@ published in the 26th and final issue of the Warrior comic anthology . The Black Currant would later appear as one of Thrud 's many enemies . \n = = = White Dwarf = = = \n On seeing an advertisement in White Dwarf magazine asking for cartoonists , Critchlow submitted some of his Thrud strips and was hired . Thrud the Barbarian became a monthly feature in White Dwarf between issue 45 in September 1983 and issue 105 in September 1988 . During this time , the black @-@ and @-@ white single @-@ page strip was voted \" Most popular feature \" for three consecutive years . \n In 1987 , a collection of Thrud strips was published in a Thrud the Barbarian Graffik Novel by Games Workshop . In addition to strips that had been printed in White Dwarf , this anthology included a re @-@ drawn version of the original Arken Sword strip and an origin story for Thrud . \n = = = Full @-@ length comic = = = \n Once the Thrud strip had run its course in White Dwarf , Critchlow worked on other comics including the Judge Dredd / Batman crossover story The Ultimate Riddle , first published in 1995 . His work on this story was fully painted , and while considered impressive was also criticised as being forced , confused and muddy . Critchlow was developing a new style based on line @-@ drawings with computer colouring , but having been pigeon @-@ holed as a painter did not believe that he would be able to interest anyone in this very different style . \n When attending gaming conventions , Critchlow found that he was often remembered for his work on Thrud and recognised that there was still an interest in the character . He therefore decided to create and self @-@ publish a full @-@ length Thrud the Barbarian comic as a way to get his new style noticed . A total of five Thrud the Barbarian comics were published : \n Carborundum Capers – June 2002 \n Ice ' n ' a Slice – January 2003 \n Lava Louts – June 2004 \n Thrud Rex ! – June 2005 \n Bungle in the Jungle – January 2007 \n Critchlow found that , by organising distribution through comic shops and a devoted Thrud website , he was able to break even financially . His new style was also noticed and received positive comments . \n The cover images for each of the first four comics were hand @-@ painted in contrast to the computer @-@ coloured line art used in the comic itself . For issue 5 , Critchlow also used his new style for the cover image . \n = = Fictional character biography = = \n An origin story for Thrud was printed in the Thrud the Barbarian Graffik Novel . The story tells of a group of mercenaries who , lost and searching for a pub , stumble across an abandoned baby in a deserted village . The mercenaries decide to raise the baby as one of their own , teaching him how to fight and drink beer . \n At the age of five , Thrud is sent to Crom the Destroyer Orthodox Pagan Infants School , where he towers above the teachers and his fellow students . When one of the children shoots him with a pea shooter , Thrud 's reaction is to kill and maim twenty @-@ seven pupils and three teachers , leading to his expulsion from the school . Choosing to return to the wilderness rather than his adoptive parents , Thrud lives alone until , one day , he stumbles across a hidden burial chamber . Finding a small helmet and a large axe , Thrud arms himself . Finding gold and gems , he decides to return to civilisation with his newfound wealth , quickly establishing himself a reputation as a violent warrior . \n Many years later , Thrud the Barbarian becomes Thrud the King , but finds the mundane duties of kingship tiresome without opportunities to fight . To put a halt to Thrud 's constant mutterings of , \" Kill ! Death ! Maim ! Mutilate ! Destroy ! \" , the wise men of his kingdom collect stories of heroism from around the land and read them to him long into the night . \n = = Characterisation = = \n Endowed with the strength of a rhinoceros , the speed of a jungle cat and the intelligence of a garden snail , Thrud is a one @-@ dimensional character who engages in mindless slaughter and strikes Frank Frazetta @-@ style poses while remaining ignorant of plot points . Depicted as an 8 @-@ foot @-@ tall ( 2 @.@ 4 m ) barbarian with a hugely exaggerated , muscular physique and a very small head , and dressed in large furry boots and a loincloth , Thrud is a caricature of Arnold Schwarzenegger 's Conan the Barbarian . \n Thrud is also a heavy drinker , frequenting the The Hobbit 's Armpit tavern and regularly causing mayhem when he is unable to have his desired flavour of crisps . These and other annoyances often cause Thrud to invoke the author of the Conan the Barbarian books with the battle cry , \" By the sacred jockstrap of Robert E. Howard you 'll pay for this , Hellspawn ! \" \n = = Supporting characters = = \n = = = The Black Currant = = = \n First appearing in Dead ' Ard and Warrior , The Black Currant returned in a series of White Dwarf Thrud strips titled Thrud the Destroyer . In this story , The Black Currant is the leader of a horde of warriors who attack a small village , looting the homes , burning the women , raping the livestock and eating the babies . The Black Currant returned again in issue 3 of Critchlow 's self @-@ published Thrud the Barbarian comic as the leader of a group of bandits laying siege to a small town . The Black Currant is depicted in heavy black armour , wearing a helmet provided with a pair of exceedingly long , horizontally extending horns . \n = = = Carl Critchlow = = = \n Critchlow himself appears in a number of Thrud strips , occasionally as a narrator although more often as a drinking companion for Thrud . Critchlow depicts himself with lank hair and a large cap pulled down low over his eyes . \n = = = Croneman the Cimpletan = = = \n Croneman claims to be the mightiest barbarian of the northern tribes and honorary chief of the savage bezerkers of Nid . Known also as Amoron , the Wombat , he is a slayer , a reaver , a corsair , a usurper , and a conqueror . Depicted as resembling Schwarzenegger , he is also a bodybuilder with a very silly accent . On first meeting Croneman , Thrud slices him in half with a sword . When Croneman returns to join a group of mercenaries fighting The Black Currant in Thrud the Destroyer , he is depicted with a line of sutures running down the middle of his face and chest . \n = = = Lymara , the She Wildebeeste = = = \n Thrud first encounters Lymara when he sees her chasing away a wasp by waving a small cloth from her tower bedroom . Thinking her to be a damsel in distress , Thrud storms the tower , killing Lymara 's father , five brothers , two uncles , ten cousins and fiance in the process . Seeking revenge , Lymara attempts to poison Thrud with a bottle of Acme \" Mammoth Poison \" , but succeeds only in putting him to sleep as part of the The Three Tasks of Thrud series of strips . Subsequently , Lymara joins Thrud as one of the group of mercenaries brought in to fight The Black Currant in Thrud the Destroyer . In this latter series of strips , Lymara is depicted with oversized breasts barely covered by an off @-@ the @-@ shoulder leather bra . \n = = = To @-@ Me Ku @-@ Pa = = = \n To @-@ Me Ku @-@ Pa ( a name phonetically similar to that of British comedian Tommy Cooper ) is an evil necromancer who regularly crosses paths with Thrud and is depicted as a bald man wearing a large cloak . Thrud first encounters To @-@ Me Ku @-@ Pa in an early White Dwarf strip and is turned into a frog . Subsequently , in The Three Tasks of Thrud , To @-@ Me Ku @-@ Pa takes advantage of Thrud 's drugged state , following Lymara 's failed assassination attempt , to hypnotise him and force him to obtain three items necessary for a spell . \n In Thrud the Destroyer , To @-@ Me Ku @-@ Pa is revealed as being in service to The Black Currant and is providing him with an army of warriors drawn from throughout time , including daleks and Imperial stormtroopers . To @-@ Me Ku @-@ Pa also appears as the villain in issue 1 of the full @-@ length Thrud the Barbarian comic . \n = = Merchandise = = \n A range of Thrud merchandise has been produced since the character 's inception , including a Thrud t @-@ shirt and badge as well as a series of miniatures . Citadel Miniatures produced five different metal miniatures of Thrud , starting in 1984 with a \" White Dwarf Personality \" miniature . Three numbered limited edition miniatures followed consisting of \" LE12 , Thrud the Barbarian \" , in 1986 , \" LE19 , Thrud and Female Admirer \" in 1987 , and \" LE104 , Thrud scratching head \" . Thrud was also introduced as a Blood Bowl player and Jervis Johnson commissioned an appropriate miniature . Heresy Miniatures has also produced three Thrud miniatures , including a limited edition \" Strolling Thrud \" that sold out within three weeks of release . On 29 March 2007 , another limited edition of 1000 resin miniatures was released . \n = = Reception and awards = = \n Thrud the Barbarian was one of the best loved pieces in White Dwarf over the five years that the strip ran , being voted \" Most popular feature \" for three consecutive years during the magazine 's golden age . Long @-@ term fans of Thrud were excited and nostalgic to see him return in his own full @-@ length comic , but were concerned that the idea would not stretch to 24 pages . In reviewing issue 1 , Jez Higgins , writing on TRS2 , and Robert Clark of Strike to Stun , considered the comic a success that was more than one joke spread thin and which was not limited by the single page brevity of the original strip . Steven Maxwell of Bulletproof Comics , however , found that what worked well within the constraints of a single page seemed stretched when spun out over 24 . Issue 2 received similarly mixed reviews , with Clark criticising the comic for being much the same , with the same themes and joke as issue 1 while Glenn Carter of Comics Bulletin found it to be well written light reading with quite a few elements of humour . Overall , the comic was deemed a success , with even the more negative reviewers awarding it 6 out of 10 and looking forward to more issues . \n Although the writing received mixed reviews , the reception of the artwork was almost entirely positive . Higgins , recalling the heavy blacks and bold outlines of the original strip , found Critchlow 's new style to be much more open and expressive . Maxwell also praised Critchlow 's development as an artist , judging the comic to be beautifully drawn and coloured with a clear line style . Carter thought that the art was a little flat in places , but nevertheless praised it for being unique with a lot of character . \n Critchlow was also commended for the risky decision to write , draw and publish the comic himself . The comic was compared favourably with professional quality comics , with its lack of adverts viewed as an advantage over those offerings . The high production values were also praised , with the glossy cover and high quality paper used for the inner pages . \n In 2004 , Thrud the Barbarian won the Eagle Award for \" Favourite British Small Press Title \" . In 2006 Thrud was nominated for the \" Favourite Colour Comicbook – British \" Eagle Award , but lost out to 2000 AD . \n = = Legacy = = \n In October 2002 , four months after Thrud issue 1 was published , Critchlow returned to 2000AD using his new computer @-@ drawn style . His first story was the Judge Dredd , Out of the Undercity story written by John Wagner . The new style was initially well received by 2000AD Review and seen as a marked improvement over his previous fully painted style with clearer figures and atmospheric colouring . As the Undercity story developed , however , Critchlow was criticised for using too narrow a palette , with too many greys and blues , although this might have been as a result of the story being set underground . \n 2000AD Review 's criticism of Critchlow 's subdued colouring continued with the 2003 Lobster Random story , No Gain , No Pain . By the conclusion , however , Critchlow 's style was recognised as being truly unique and even the previously criticised blues and greys were seen to work well when used with other coloured elements . The artwork in two further Lobster Random stories , Tooth & Claw in October 2004 and The Agony & the Ecstasy in April 2006 was again very well received . Tooth & Claw was praised for its character designs while Critchlow 's style in The Agony & the Ecstasy was said to be easily recognisable , having \" volume , colour and verve \" . \n = Barry ( dog ) = \n Barry der Menschenretter ( 1800 – 1814 ) , also known as Barry , was a dog of a breed which was later called the St. Bernard that worked as a mountain rescue dog in Switzerland for the Great St Bernard Hospice . He predates the modern St. Bernard , and was lighter built than the modern breed . He has been described as the most famous St. Bernard , as he was credited with saving more than 40 lives during his lifetime , hence his byname \" Menschenretter \" meaning people rescuer in German . \n The legend surrounding him was that he was killed while attempting a rescue ; however , this is untrue . Barry retired to Bern , Switzerland and after his death his body was passed into the care of the Natural History Museum of Bern . His skin has been preserved through taxidermy although his skull was modified in 1923 to match the Saint Bernard of that time period . His story and name have been used in literary works , and a monument to him stands in the Cimetière des Chiens near Paris . At the hospice one dog has always been named Barry in his honor and since 2004 the Foundation Barry du Grand Saint Bernard has been set up to take over the responsibility for breeding dogs from the hospice . \n = = History = = \n The first mention in the Great St Bernard Hospice archives of a dog was in 1707 which simply said \" A dog was buried by us . \" The dogs are thought to have been introduced to the monastery as watchdogs at some point between 1660 and 1670 . Old skulls from the collection of the Natural History Museum of Bern show that at least two types of dog lived at the hospice . By 1800 , the year that Barry was born , it was known that a special kind of dog was being used for rescue work in the pass . This general variety of dog was known as a Küherhund , or cowherd 's dog . \n Measurements of his preserved body show that Barry was smaller than the modern Saint Bernard , weighing between 40 and 45 kilograms ( 88 and 99 lb ) whereas modern Bernards weigh between 80 and 130 kilograms ( 180 and 290 lb ) . His current mounted height is approximately 64 centimetres ( 25 in ) , but the living Barry would have been slightly smaller . \n During Barry 's career , he was credited with saving the lives of more than forty people , although this number has sometimes varied over the years . Barry 's most famous rescue was that of a young boy . He found the child asleep in a cavern of ice . After warming up the boy 's body sufficiently by licking him , he moved the boy about and onto his back and carried the child back to the hospice . The child survived and was returned to his parents , although other sources say that the boy 's mother died in the avalanche that trapped the boy . The Museum of Natural History in Bern disputes the legend , attributing it to Peter Scheitlin , an animal psychologist . \n The best of dogs , the best of animals is Barry . You used to leave the convent with a basket round your neck , into the storm , in the most insidious snow . Each and every day you examined the mountain searching for unfortunates buried under avalanches . You dug them out and brought them back to life by yourself and , when you couldn 't , you rushed back to the convent signalling the monks for help . You resurrected people . Your tenderness was so easy to communicate , that the boy you dug out had no fear to let you bring him , holding on to your back , to the Hospice . \n = = = Death = = = \n There is a plaque on a monument in the Cimetière des Chiens pet cemetery which states , \" Il sauva la vie à 40 personnes . Il fut tué par le 41ème \" : Barry saved the lives of forty people , but died while attempting to save his forty @-@ first . The story goes that news had come that a Swiss soldier was lost in the mountains . Barry was searching for the soldier and had picked up the scent , some forty @-@ eight hours old , and finally stopped before a large bank of ice . He dug until he reached the soldier , and then licked him as he was trained . The Swiss soldier awoke startled and mistook Barry for a wolf and fatally stabbed him with his bayonet . James Watson in his 1906 work The Dog Book attributed the rumour to fellow author Idstone , also known as Reverend Thomas Pearce . \n However , the legend of his death is untrue . After twelve years of service at the monastery , Barry was brought by a monk to Bern , Switzerland so that he could live out the rest of his life . He died at the age of 14 . His body passed into the hands of the Natural History Museum of Bern . A special exhibit was held in his honor at the museum to commemorate his 200th Anniversary . \n = = Legacy = = \n The Hospice has always maintained one St. Bernard named Barry in the original 's honor . During Barry 's lifetime , his breed did not have one specific name . By 1820 , six years after his death , Barry was specifically referred to as being an Alpine Mastiff , while there was also a breed called the Alpine Spaniel which was recorded around the same time period . The English called the breed \" sacred dogs \" , while the German Kynology proposed the name \" Alpendog \" in 1828 . Following his death and up until 1860 , the entire stock were called \" Barry hounds \" in the Canton of Bern after Barry himself . It was not until 1865 when the term \" St. Bernard \" was first used primarily for the breed . Under this name , the St. Bernard has been recognised since 1880 by the Swiss Kennel Club . \n Barry is described as the most famous St. Bernard by the Natural History Museum of Bern . Following his death , his skin was preserved by a taxidermist for the museum , while the rest of his body was buried . He was originally given a humble and meek pose , as the taxidermist felt that this would serve as a reminder of servitude to future generations . In 1923 , his body was refurbished by Georg Ruprecht , as his coat had become brittle and had broken into more than 20 pieces . During the restoration , his body was re @-@ posed and his skull shape was modified to match the shape of the St. Bernard of that time , in a compromise between Ruprecht and the Museum 's director . His original head shape was rather flat with a moderate stop , with the modification resulting in a larger head with a more pronounced stop . A barrel was added hanging from his collar , following the popularization of the myth of the monastery 's dogs using these during the rescues , which was originally introduced by Edwin Landseer 's work Alpine Mastiffs Reanimating a Distressed Traveller . The barrel was removed in 1978 by Professor Walter Huber , the director of the museum , although it has since been replaced . A monument to Barry is located opposite the entrance to the Cimetière des Chiens in Paris . \n In literary works , Samuel Rogers ' poem The Great Saint Bernard is sometimes referred to as Barry , The Great St. Bernard . Henry Bordeaux praised Barry 's work in his 1911 novel La Neige sur les pas . Walt Disney Productions made a telemovie entitled Barry of the Great St. Bernard in 1977 , and Barry 's story has been featured in children 's books such as Barry : The Bravest Saint Bernard published by Random House Books for Young Readers . \n Until September 2004 , 18 dogs still belonged to the hospice at any one time . The Foundation Barry du Grand Saint Bernard was established to create kennels in Martigny , a village further down the pass , to take over the breeding of St. Bernard puppies from the friars at Hospice . Around 20 puppies per year are born at the foundation . In 2009 , the St. Bernard Dog Museum was opened at the Foundation in Martigny and , to commemorate the occasion , Barry 's remains were lent from the museum in Bern . Each summer , the foundation leads dogs up the pass when it is open to the hospice , mainly for tourists , with rescue efforts on the pass now conducted by helicopters . \n = = = Specific = = = \n = = = General = = = \n = Smoke Gets in Your Eyes ( Mad Men ) = \n \" Smoke Gets in Your Eyes \" is the first episode of the first season of the American period drama television series Mad Men . It first aired on July 19 , 2007 , in the United States on AMC , and was written by creator Matthew Weiner and directed by Alan Taylor . \" Smoke Gets in Your Eyes \" was budgeted at US $ 3 million . Production for the episode took place in New York City and Los Angeles . \n Weiner conceived of the script in 2000 while working as a writer for the television sitcom Becker . Before writing the pilot episode , Weiner studied American literature and cinema of the 1950s and 1960s to get a perspective on American culture during that period . Weiner sent the script to The Sopranos creator David Chase , who recruited Weiner to work with him on The Sopranos . Weiner shelved the project for seven years to focus on Chase 's program ; interest for Mad Men did not surface until the conclusion of The Sopranos ' final season . \n According to the Nielsen Media Research , the episode attained a rating of 1 @.@ 4 ( 1 @.@ 2 million households ) upon initial airing . \n = = Plot = = \n In 1960 New York City , Don Draper ( Jon Hamm ) , creative director for advertising agency Sterling Cooper , is facing a professional dilemma : how to sell cigarettes in spite of increased public awareness of their health risks . He seeks input from customers and his girlfriend Midge Daniels ( Rosemarie DeWitt ) , but is unable to find a solution . He rejects company research which suggests that some customers will be drawn to smoke despite the health risks because of a collective \" death wish . \" \n Meanwhile , Peggy Olson ( Elisabeth Moss ) begins a new career at Sterling Cooper as Don 's secretary . She finds herself overwhelmed by her new surroundings , and advice from office manager Joan Holloway ( Christina Hendricks ) proves more intimidating than helpful . A junior account executive named Pete Campbell ( Vincent Kartheiser ) makes crude comments about her appearance and clothing , causing Don to rebuke him . On her break , Peggy goes to a doctor 's office , where she gets a prescription for the pill . At the end of the day , she attempts to make a move on Don , but he rejects her advances . \n Don and Roger Sterling ( John Slattery ) meet with Rachel Menken ( Maggie Siff ) , owner of a large department store . Rachel , looking to attract wealthier customers , is disappointed by the agency 's suggestions of coupons to attract frugal housewives . The meeting becomes heated and both Rachel and Don leave angry with each other . A later meeting with executives from Lucky Strike tobacco company also appears to go badly , as Don still struggles to find a new approach to cigarette advertising . Pete suggests the \" death wish \" idea put forth by the company 's research , but the executives reject his idea . Just when it seems that the meeting is over , Don comes up with a new tagline — \" It 's toasted ! \" — and a strategy of ignoring the question of health risks while claiming that Lucky Strikes are uniquely prepared . The client is impressed , but Don rebukes Pete for using the rejected research . \n Don meets Rachel for dinner to make amends for the meeting . The two of them begin to bond , and she agrees to give Sterling Cooper another shot . Meanwhile , Pete and some of his co @-@ workers go to a gentlemen 's club to celebrate Pete 's impending wedding . There , a waitress rejects Pete 's advances . Dejected from this rejection and his professional problems , Pete arrives drunk at Peggy 's apartment , and she invites him in . Don takes a train to a large house in the suburbs , where he is greeted by his loving wife Betty ( January Jones ) , who he has made no mention of thus far in the episode . He checks on their two sleeping children as she watches admiringly from the doorway . \n = = Production = = \n = = = Conception = = = \n Creator Matthew Weiner conceived the script for \" Smoke Gets in Your Eyes \" in 2000 , while he was working as a writer for the sitcom Becker . The first draft of the episode was written as a spec script and was titled The Division . Two years later , Weiner sent the script to David Chase , the creator of The Sopranos , although Weiner 's agents insisted that he not proceed with his plans . Chase later recruited him upon first glance . \" It was what you ’ re always hoping to see , \" he recalled . \" It was lively and it had something new to say . Here was someone who had written a story about advertising in the 1960s , and was looking at recent American history through that prism . \" Weiner set the pilot script aside for the next seven years to focus on The Sopranos . Neither HBO nor Showtime expressed interest in the project until the commencement of The Sopranos ' final season . During that time , AMC began looking into the television market for new programming . \" The network was looking for distinction in launching its first original series , \" according to AMC Networks president Ed Carroll , \" and we took a bet that quality would win out over formulaic mass appeal . \" \n Prior to writing the pilot episode , Weiner studied American culture during the 1950s and 1960s , analyzing literary works such as The Feminine Mystique ( 1963 ) and Sex and the Single Girl ( 1962 ) while viewing such films as The Apartment ( 1960 ) and A Guide for the Married Man ( 1967 ) . He continued his endeavors when the series ' concept began to materialize , as he received a copy of the Richard Yates novel Revolutionary Road ( 1962 ) from the executives of AMC . Weiner discussed the look of Mad Men with production designer Bob Shaw and cinematographer Phil Abraham , whom Weiner had previously collaborated with in The Sopranos . Abraham wanted to establish a more genuine approach to portraying society in the 1960s , rather than \" simply referencing the period as seen in movies of that time . We wanted to be more genuine than that . Movies were an influence . \" In evoking historical accuracy of elements such as architecture and graphic design , Abraham sought inspiration from the buildings designed by the architecture firm Skidmore , Owings and Merrill . He said , \" We noticed that in all the Skidmore , Owings & Merrill designs of contemporary buildings , the ceiling — the overhead grid of lights — was a strong graphic element in all the office spaces . In one design we loved , the whole ceiling was like a lightbox . It was a time of high modernism , and we embraced the notion of presenting the world in that way . These were new work spaces — sleek , not stuffy . \" \n = = = Casting = = = \n Jon Hamm was cast as Don Draper , the central character of the series . Hamm , who was relatively unknown at the time , competed with 80 other actors in the auditioning process . Weiner proclaimed that Hamm accurately portrayed the character , saying that he was \" the only person who really had this great mix of empathy and masculinity and intelligence . Both Don and Jon have an inner life . So long as you have that kind of depth in a human being , people will root for him [ ... ] Jon walked out of the room and I said , ' That guy has lived . ' \" Hamm admitted that he felt that he had a considerable disadvantage compared to his peers , and initially believed Thomas Jane would acquire the role . \" I started , literally , on the very , very bottom , \" he iterated . \" I couldn 't have had less heat on me . Nobody knew who I was . The casting directors didn 't know who I was . I wasn 't on anybody 's lists . The funny thing was , I think they went to Thomas Jane for it , and they were told that Thomas Jane does not do television . \" Hamm went through seven auditions ; his last one took place at the Hotel Gansevoort in the Meatpacking District of New York City . \" When we were riding down on the elevator , the woman in charge of whatever the decision @-@ making process was told me , ' You got the job . ' \" \n John Slattery , who was later cast as Roger Sterling , originally auditioned to portray Don Draper . Slattery felt Don was the show 's biggest draw , and was disappointed upon hearing of his character 's sparse screen time . He recalled , \" I really did prepare the thing and went in and I worked hard on it and then read for Don and they actually gave me adjustments and I went and I did it again . And then they sort of said , ' Well , look , here ’ s the deal . We have a guy . The reason we asked you to come in and read for Draper is because we didn 't think that you ’ d come in a read for Roger because there wasn ’ t that much Roger in the script . ' \" During production of \" Smoke Gets in Your Eyes , \" Slattery admitted he was unsure of whether to continue working on Mad Men . \" I was on the fence a little bit , even while shooting it . And I think Matt finally was like , ' Look man , we ’ re not jerking you around here . We ’ re serious about this and I ’ ve really thought this out . I promise you this will be a great character and it will be a big part of the show . ' \" \n Producers of Mad Men approached January Jones to portray Betty Draper , Don 's wife and mother of their two children . Jones avouched that portraying the character would give the audience an opportunity to see a dark side of her nature . She initially auditioned for the role of Peggy Olson , which was later given to fellow cast member Elisabeth Moss . \" It got down between Elisabeth Moss and myself , and it was obviously more suited to her ,"},"length_category":{"kind":"string","value":"Very Long"},"source":{"kind":"string","value":"wikitext-103-excerpt"}}},{"rowIdx":6897,"cells":{"text":{"kind":"string","value":" year , contested by both club and school crews . \n = Alan Julian = \n Alan John Julian ( born 11 March 1983 ) is a semi @-@ professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for National League club Bromley . \n Julian started his career at Brentford , progressing through the youth side and making his first @-@ team debut in 2002 . After failing to cement a place as Brentford 's number one goalkeeper , he left to join Stevenage Borough in February 2005 . Julian was a regular fixture in the side , helping the club win the FA Trophy in May 2007 . He left Stevenage to join Gillingham on a free transfer in May 2008 . Julian was released by Gillingham in May 2011 , having played 80 games for the club during his three @-@ year tenure . He spent a season at his former club , now called simply Stevenage , before being released in May 2012 , and subsequently joined Newport County a month later . He was released by the club in May 2013 , and subsequently joined Dartford on a free transfer . \n = = Club career = = \n = = = Early career = = = \n Julian joined Brentford aged nine , following a successful trial . He progressed through the various youth ranks and eventually signed his first professional contract in 2002 . He made his debut for the club in the Brentford 's 1 – 0 victory over Plymouth Argyle in the Football League Trophy on 12 November 2002 . During the match , Julian was \" forced into numerous good saves . His best stop came in the 21st minute when he managed to claw away a stinging drive from Hasney Aljofree , and moments later he also denied Blair Sturrock with a low block \" . He made a further three appearances during the 2002 – 03 season , keeping a clean sheet in a 1 – 0 win over Mansfield Town . At the end of the season , Julian signed a new contract with Brentford , keeping him contracted to the club until 2005 . Julian remained at Brentford during the club 's 2003 – 04 campaign , playing his first match of the season in a 4 – 0 away defeat to West Bromwich Albion . He made a total of 14 appearances for Brentford during the season . Julian left Brentford in February 2005 , claiming \" the time had come \" for him to experience first @-@ team football on a regular basis . \n = = = Stevenage Borough = = = \n He signed for Stevenage Borough on a free transfer on 4 February 2005 , making his debut in Stevenage 's 1 – 0 win over Scarborough . Julian kept seven clean sheets for Stevenage in 17 appearances during the second half of the club 's 2004 – 05 campaign , including in a 1 – 0 victory against Hereford United at Edgar Street in the play @-@ off semi @-@ final second leg – a win that meant Stevenage were one game away from reaching the Football League for the first time in their history . He played in the play @-@ off final against Carlisle United at the Britannia Stadium , which Stevenage lost 1 – 0 . He remained at Stevenage during the 2005 – 06 season , \" attracting interest from scouts \" as a result of Stevenage 's strong start to the season . Stevenage kept 12 clean sheets during the season , although failed to make the play @-@ offs following a 2 – 0 defeat at Forest Green Rovers , finishing sixth . Julian made 45 appearances for Stevenage during the campaign and was voted ' Supporters Association Player of the Year ' . \n At the end of the 2005 – 06 season , Graham Westley , the man that had brought Julian to Stevenage , left the club and was replaced by Mark Stimson . Stimson signed goalkeeper Danny Potter and stated that Potter would be the club 's first choice goalkeeper . Julian was subsequently an unused substitute for Stevenage 's first two games of the season . However , after Potter was sent @-@ off in Stevenage 's home game against Crawley Town , Julian made his first appearance of the season , coming on as a 63rd @-@ minute substitute in a 3 – 2 defeat . Julian remained first choice goalkeeper from then onwards , making 53 appearances for the club during the 2006 – 07 season as Stevenage finished eighth in the Conference National . Eight of Julian 's appearances during the season came in the club 's successful FA Trophy campaign , keeping four clean sheets in the process . He also made a number vital saves in the club 's semi @-@ final second leg against Grays Athletic , which Stevenage went on to win by a 3 – 1 aggregate scoreline . Julian started in the Final , which Stevenage won 3 – 2 against Kidderminster Harriers at Wembley Stadium in front of a crowd of 53 @,@ 262 . The win meant that Julian was part of the first team to win a competitive final at the new stadium . \n Julian remained at Stevenage for a fourth consecutive season , starting in the club 's first game of the 2007 – 08 season , a 2 – 1 defeat at Crawley Town . He kept his first clean sheet of the season in Stevenage 's 3 – 0 home win against Weymouth . This served as the catalyst for a run of eight games without conceding a goal , equalling a Conference National record when they beat Farsley Celtic 4 – 0 at Broadhall Way . Julian went a total of 778 minutes without conceding a goal . After manager Mark Stimson left Stevenage to join Gillingham , Julian refused to sign a new contract , stating he wanted to \" keep his options open for the summer \" . As a result , he was transfer @-@ listed in January 2008 . Despite being on the transfer @-@ list , Julian remained first choice goalkeeper under new manager Peter Taylor until Stevenage 's 3 – 1 home defeat to Torquay United on 12 April 2008 , his final appearance of the season . He made 44 appearances during the 2007 – 08 season . During his three and a half @-@ year tenure at Stevenage , Julian made a total of 159 appearances in all competitions . \n = = = Gillingham = = = \n Julian joined Gillingham on a free transfer on 21 May 2008 , joining up with former Stevenage manager Mark Stimson . He made his debut for Gillingham in the club 's League Cup first round 1 – 0 home defeat against Colchester United on 12 August 2008 . Four days later , Julian made his first league start for Gillingham , playing the whole match in a 1 – 0 home loss to Luton Town . He did not make another first @-@ team appearance until November 2008 , when he kept a clean sheet in a 1 – 0 away win at Macclesfield Town . A week later , he kept another clean sheet as Gillingham beat Bury 1 – 0 at Gigg Lane in the FA Cup . After six weeks without a first @-@ team appearance , Julian played in Gillingham 's 2 – 0 away loss at Dagenham & Redbridge . His next first @-@ team appearance was five months later , playing in a 1 – 0 away victory at Rochdale , with Gillingham having already secured a play @-@ off place . It was Julian 's last appearance of the 2008 – 09 campaign as Gillingham secured promotion back to League One after a 1 – 0 play @-@ off Final win against Shrewsbury Town . He made six appearances during his first season with the club , keeping three clean sheets . \n Ahead of the 2009 – 10 campaign , manager Mark Stimson admitted he was undecided as to whether Julian or Simon Royce would start in the club 's opening fixture of the season . Julian ultimately started in the club 's 5 – 0 home win against Swindon Town on the first day of the season . After three straight defeats in the space of a week with Gillingham conceding seven goals , Julian was replaced by Royce ahead of the club 's League Cup game against Blackburn Rovers . After the game , Julian only featured twice in the space of four months , both appearances coming in Football League Trophy fixtures . Julian handed in a transfer request in November 2009 as a result of a lack of first @-@ team appearances . However , Gillingham received no offers for the player , with manager Mark Stimson saying \" I haven 't had a phone call . He 's been on the loan circuit for four to six weeks and I haven 't had a call . You don 't just say I 'm on the transfer list and six teams come in for you \" . He remained at Gillingham , and after appearing in Gillingham 's 2 – 1 away loss at Huddersfield Town in December 2009 , Julian remained as a first choice goalkeeper until the end of the season . The club went the whole season without an away victory , and were relegated back to League Two on the final day of the season following a 3 – 0 defeat to Wycombe Wanderers . Julian made 33 appearances during the 2009 – 10 season , keeping eight clean sheets . \n Under the new management of Andy Hessenthaler , Julian started the 2010 – 11 season as first choice goalkeeper , starting in the club 's first game of the season , a 1 – 1 draw with Cheltenham Town on 7 August 2010 . However , similarly to the 2009 – 10 season , Julian lost his first @-@ team place after a winless run at the start of the campaign . New signing Lance Cronin impressed in an away draw against Morecambe , and kept Julian out of the first @-@ team for five weeks . After Gillingham 's 7 – 4 away loss at Accrington Stanley , Julian regained his first @-@ team place , playing in a 2 – 1 home win against Stockport County on 9 October 2010 . Julian was part of the side that ended Gillingham 's 35 game winless away streak when they won 1 – 0 against Oxford United at the Kassam Stadium on 20 November 2010 , making a number of key saves during the game . He remained as first choice goalkeeper throughout the season as Gillingham finished in eighth position in League Two , narrowly missing out on a play @-@ off place after losing three out of their last four games . Julian made 41 appearances for Gillingham in all competitions during the 2010 – 11 season , keeping 12 clean sheets . Despite being the club 's first choice goalkeeper during the campaign , Julian was told that he no longer featured in the club 's plans , and was subsequently released on 11 May 2011 . He made 80 appearances in all competitions for Gillingham during the three years he spent at the club . \n = = = Return to Stevenage = = = \n In June 2011 , Julian re @-@ joined his former club , now renamed simply Stevenage , on a free transfer , three years after leaving the club . The move meant that Julian would be playing under the management of Graham Westley once more , who first brought Julian to Stevenage in 2005 – Westley said \" Alan sees the opportunity in the long term and we all know how much quality he will bring into the squad . He is a different type of character but another man that you would happily go into the trenches with \" . On signing for Stevenage , Julian said \" I had a great time at Stevenage before and coming back now and we are in League One , it is a dream come true \" . As a result of Chris Day dislocating his finger , Julian started in the club 's first game of the 2011 – 12 campaign , keeping a clean sheet in Stevenage 's 0 – 0 home draw against Exeter City . He played the first three games of the season , before first choice goalkeeper Chris Day returned from injury . Julian made just two further appearances during the campaign ; in a 2 – 2 draw with AFC Wimbledon in the Football League Trophy , and an appearance as a second @-@ half substitute in Stevenage 's 2 – 2 home draw against Huddersfield Town . He was released by Stevenage when his contract expired in May 2012 . \n = = = Newport County = = = \n In June 2012 , Julian joined Conference National side Newport County on a free transfer . In Newport 's first pre @-@ season game ahead of the 2012 – 13 season , away to Caldicot Town , Julian suffered a knee ligament injury . He subsequently missed the first three months of the season , before eventually making his first @-@ team debut for Newport on 17 November 2012 , in a 3 – 1 home defeat to Hyde . Julian went on to make eleven appearances during a campaign in which Newport would return to the Football League after a 25 @-@ year absence following the club 's 2 – 0 play @-@ off final victory over Wrexham in May 2013 . \n = = = Dartford = = = \n He was released by Newport at the end of the season , and subsequently signed for Dartford . On securing the signing of Julian , Dartford manager Tony Burman stated — \" After meeting Alan a couple of times , I was impressed with his professionalism and I am looking forward to having someone of his experience here at Dartford \" . Julian was voted Dartford 's player of the season for the 2013 – 14 season . \n = = = Sutton United = = = \n Following his departure from Dartford , Julian signed for Sutton United . However , following an injury in pre @-@ season , Julian found opportunities limited , before eventually making 14 league appearances . He eventually left the club along with fellow goalkeeper Tom Lovelock in January 2015 . \n = = = Bromley = = = \n Soon after , he joined Sutton 's league rivals Bromley . He made his debut for the club in a 2 – 1 away win over Basingstoke Town . \n = = International career = = \n Julian has played once for the Northern Ireland U21 side , playing in a 0 – 0 draw against Switzerland U21 in August 2004 . \n = = Honours = = \n Stevenage \n FA Trophy ( 1 ) : 2006 – 07 \n Newport County \n Conference National play @-@ offs ( 1 ) : 2012 – 13 \n Individual \n Stevenage Player of the Year ( 1 ) : 2005 – 06 \n Dartford Player of the Year ( 1 ) : 2013 – 14 \n = = Career statistics = = \n As of 9th May 2016 . \n = = = International = = = \n = Raoul Wallenberg = \n Raoul Gustaf Wallenberg ( 4 August 1912 – disappeared 17 January 1945 ) was a Swedish architect , businessman , diplomat and humanitarian . He is widely celebrated for saving tens of thousands of Jews in Nazi @-@ occupied Hungary during the Holocaust from German Nazis and Hungarian Fascists during the later stages of World War II . While serving as Sweden 's special envoy in Budapest between July and December 1944 , Wallenberg issued protective passports and sheltered Jews in buildings designated as Swedish territory . \n On 17 January 1945 , during the Siege of Budapest by the Red Army , Wallenberg was detained by SMERSH on suspicion of espionage and subsequently disappeared . He was later reported to have died on 17 July 1947 while imprisoned by communist authorities and KGB secret police in the Lubyanka , the KGB headquarters and affiliated prison in Moscow . The motives behind Wallenberg 's arrest and imprisonment by the Soviet government , along with questions surrounding the circumstances of his death and his possible ties to US intelligence , remain mysterious and are the subject of continued speculation . \n Due to his courageous actions on behalf of the Hungarian Jews , Raoul Wallenberg has been the subject of numerous humanitarian honors in the decades following his presumed death . In 1981 , U.S. Congressman Tom Lantos , himself one of those saved by Wallenberg , sponsored a bill making Wallenberg an Honorary Citizen of the United States . He was the second person ever to receive this honor , after Winston Churchill ( and unlike Churchill , neither of his parents had been born in the United States ) . Wallenberg is also an honorary citizen of Canada , Hungary , Australia and Israel . Israel has also designated Wallenberg one of the Righteous Among the Nations . Monuments have been dedicated to him , and streets have been named after him throughout the world . A Raoul Wallenberg Committee of the United States was created in 1981 to \" perpetuate the humanitarian ideals and the nonviolent courage of Raoul Wallenberg . \" It gives the Raoul Wallenberg Award annually to recognize persons who carry out those goals . Postage stamps have been issued in his honour by Australia , Hungary , Sweden , Canada and the United States . On 26 July 2012 , he was awarded a Congressional Gold Medal by the United States Congress \" in recognition of his achievements and heroic actions during the Holocaust . \" \n = = Early life = = \n Wallenberg was born in 1912 in Lidingö , near Stockholm , where his maternal grandparents , professor Per Johan Wising and his wife Sophie Wising , had built a summer house in 1882 . His paternal grandfather , Gustaf Wallenberg , was a diplomat and envoy to Tokyo , Istanbul and Sofia . \n His parents , who married in 1911 , were Raoul Oscar Wallenberg ( 1888 – 1912 ) , a Swedish naval officer , and Maria \" Maj \" Sofia Wising ( 1891 – 1979 ) . His father died of cancer three months before he was born , and his maternal grandfather died of pneumonia three months after his birth . His mother and grandmother , now both suddenly widows , raised him together . In 1918 , his mother married Fredrik von Dardel ; they had a son , Guy von Dardel , and a daughter , Nina Lagergren . \n After high school and his compulsory eight months in the Swedish military , Wallenberg 's paternal grandfather sent him to study in Paris . He spent one year there , and then , in 1931 , he matriculated at the University of Michigan in the United States to study architecture . Although the Wallenberg family was rich , he worked at odd jobs in his free time and joined other young male students as a passenger rickshaw handler at Chicago 's Century of Progress . He used his vacations to explore the United States , with hitchhiking being his preferred method of travel . About his experiences , he wrote to his grandfather saying , \" When you travel like a hobo , everything ’ s different . You have to be on the alert the whole time . You ’ re in close contact with new people every day . Hitchhiking gives you training in diplomacy and tact . \" \n Wallenberg was aware of his one @-@ sixteenth Jewish ancestry , and proud of it . It came from his great @-@ great @-@ grandfather ( his maternal grandmother 's grandfather ) Michael Benedicks , who immigrated to Stockholm in 1780 . Professor Ingemar Hedenius ( one of the leading Swedish philosophers ) recalls a conversation with Raoul dating back to 1930 , when they were together in an army hospital during military service : \n We had many long and intimate conversations . He was full of ideas and plans for the future . Although I was a good deal older - you could choose when to do your service - I was enormously impressed by him . He was proud of his partial Jewish ancestry and , as I recall , must have exaggerated it somewhat . I remember him saying , ' A person like me , who is both a Wallenberg and half @-@ Jewish , can never be defeated ' . \n He graduated from university in 1935 , but upon his return to Sweden , he found his American degree did not qualify him to practice as an architect . Later that year , his grandfather arranged a job for him in Cape Town , South Africa , in the office of a Swedish company that sold construction material . After six months in South Africa , he took a new job at a branch office of the Holland Bank in Haifa . He returned to Sweden in 1936 and obtained a job in Stockholm with the help of his uncle and godfather , Jacob Wallenberg , at the Central European Trading Company , an export @-@ import company trading between Stockholm and central Europe , owned by Kálmán Lauer , a Hungarian Jew . \n = = World War II = = \n Beginning in 1938 , the Kingdom of Hungary , under the regency of Miklós Horthy , passed a series of anti @-@ Jewish measures modeled on the so @-@ called Nuremberg Race Laws enacted in Germany by the Nazis in 1935 . Like their German counterparts , the Hungarian laws focused heavily on restricting Jews from certain professions , reducing the number of Jews in government and public service jobs , and prohibiting intermarriage . Because of this , Wallenberg 's business associate , Kalman Lauer , found it increasingly difficult to travel to his native Hungary , which was moving still deeper into the German orbit , becoming a member of the Axis powers in November 1940 and later joining the German @-@ led invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941 . Out of necessity Wallenberg became Lauer 's personal representative , traveling to Hungary to conduct business on Lauer 's behalf and also to look in on members of Lauer 's extended family who remained in Budapest . He soon learned to speak Hungarian , and from 1941 made increasingly frequent travels to Budapest . Within a year , Wallenberg was a joint owner and the International Director of the company . In this capacity Wallenberg also made several business trips to Germany and Occupied @-@ France during the early years of World War II . It was during these trips that Wallenberg was able to closely observe the Nazis ' bureaucratic and administrative methods , knowledge which would prove quite valuable to him later . \n Meanwhile , the situation in Hungary had begun to deteriorate as the tide of the war began to turn decisively against Germany and its allies . Following the catastrophic Axis defeat at the Battle of Stalingrad ( in which Hungarian troops fighting alongside German forces suffered a staggering 84 % casualty rate ) the regime of Miklos Horthy began secretly pursuing peace talks with the United States and the United Kingdom . Upon learning of Horthy 's duplicity , Adolf Hitler ordered the occupation of Hungary by German troops in March 1944 . The Wehrmacht quickly took control of the country and placed Horthy under house arrest . A pro @-@ German puppet government was installed in Budapest , with actual power resting with the German military governor , SS @-@ Brigadeführer Edmund Veesenmayer . With the Nazis now in control , the relative security from the Holocaust enjoyed by the Jews of Hungary came to an end . In April and May 1944 the Nazi regime and its accomplices began the mass deportation of Hungary 's Jews to extermination camps in Nazi @-@ occupied Poland . Under the personal leadership of SS @-@ Obersturmbannführer Adolf Eichmann , who would later be tried and hanged in Israel for his major role in the implementation of the Nazis ' Final Solution , deportations took place at a rate of 12 @,@ 000 individuals per day . \n = = = Recruitment by the War Refugee Board = = = \n The persecution of the Jews in Hungary soon became well known abroad , unlike the full extent of the Holocaust . At the end of May 1944 , George Mantello publicized two important reports . One of the reports was probably Rabbi Chaim Michael Dov Weissmandl 's five @-@ page abridged version of the 33 @-@ page Auschwitz Protocols : both the Vrba – Wetzler report and Rosin @-@ Mordowicz report . The reports described in detail the operations of the Auschwitz @-@ Birkenau extermination camp . The second was a 6 @-@ page Hungarian report , that detailed the Ghettoization and deportation of 435 @,@ 000 already deported Hungarian Jews , updated to 19 June 1944 , town by town , to Auschwitz . The report 's publication resulted in Winston Churchill 's letter : \" There is no doubt that this persecution of Jews in Hungary and their expulsion from enemy territory is probably the greatest and most horrible crime ever committed in the whole history of the world .... \" \n Following the report 's publication , the administration of US President Franklin D. Roosevelt turned to the newly created War Refugee Board ( WRB ) established as a result of activism by the \" Bergson Group \" led by Hillel Kook and later by Treasury Secretary Henry Morgenthau , Jr and team in search of a solution to the humanitarian crisis in Hungary . In spring 1944 , President Roosevelt dispatched US Treasury Department official Iver C. Olsen to Stockholm as a representative of the WRB . Olsen was tasked specifically by the President with finding a way to aid the Hungarian Jews . This , however , was not the sole reason for Olsen being posted to Sweden . In addition to his duties with the WRB , Olsen was also secretly functioning as the chief of currency operations for the Stockholm branch of the Office of Strategic Services ( OSS ) , the United States ' wartime espionage service . \n In search of someone willing and able to go to Budapest to organize a rescue program for the nation 's Jews , Olsen established contact with a relief committee composed of many prominent Swedish Jews led by the Swedish Chief Rabbi Marcus Ehrenpreis to locate an appropriate person to travel to Budapest under diplomatic cover and lead the rescue operation . One member of the committee was Wallenberg 's business associate Kalman Lauer . \n The committee 's first choice to lead the mission was Count Folke Bernadotte , the vice @-@ chairman of the Swedish Red Cross and a member of the Swedish Royal Family . When Bernadotte 's proposed appointment was rejected by the Hungarians , Lauer suggested Wallenberg as a potential replacement . Olsen was introduced to Wallenberg by Lauer in June 1944 and came away from the meeting impressed and , shortly thereafter , appointed Wallenberg to lead the mission . Olsen 's selection of Wallenberg was initially met with objections from some US officials who doubted his reliability , in light of existing commercial relationships between businesses owned by the Wallenberg family and the German government . These differences were eventually overcome and the Swedish Ministry for Foreign Affairs agreed to the American request to assign Wallenberg to its legation in Budapest as part of an arrangement in which Wallenberg 's appointment was granted in exchange for a lessening of American diplomatic pressure on neutral Sweden to curtail their nation 's free @-@ trade policies toward Germany . \n = = Mission to Budapest = = \n When Wallenberg reached the Swedish legation in Budapest in July 1944 , the campaign against the Jews of Hungary had already been underway for several months . Between May and July 1944 , Eichmann and his associates had successfully deported over 400 @,@ 000 Jews by freight train . Of those deported all but 15 @,@ 000 were sent directly to the German Auschwitz @-@ Birkenau concentration camp in southern Poland . By the time of Wallenberg 's arrival there were only 230 @,@ 000 Jews remaining in Hungary . Together with fellow Swedish diplomat Per Anger , he issued \" protective passports \" ( German : Schutz @-@ Pass ) , which identified the bearers as Swedish subjects awaiting repatriation and thus prevented their deportation . Although not legal , these documents looked official and were generally accepted by German and Hungarian authorities , who sometimes were also bribed . The Swedish legation in Budapest also succeeded in negotiating with the German authorities so that the bearers of the protective passes would be treated as Swedish citizens and be exempt from having to wear the yellow badge required for Jews . \n With the money raised by the board , Wallenberg rented 32 buildings in Budapest and declared them to be extraterritorial , protected by diplomatic immunity . He put up signs such as \" The Swedish Library \" and \" The Swedish Research Institute \" on their doors and hung oversized Swedish flags on the front of the buildings to bolster the deception . The buildings eventually housed almost 10 @,@ 000 people . \n Sandor Ardai , one of the drivers working for Wallenberg , recounted what Wallenberg did when he intercepted a trainload of Jews about to leave for Auschwitz : \n .. he climbed up on the roof of the train and began handing in protective passes through the doors which were not yet sealed . He ignored orders from the Germans for him to get down , then the Arrow Cross men began shooting and shouting at him to go away . He ignored them and calmly continued handing out passports to the hands that were reaching out for them . I believe the Arrow Cross men deliberately aimed over his head , as not one shot hit him , which would have been impossible otherwise . I think this is what they did because they were so impressed by his courage . After Wallenberg had handed over the last of the passports he ordered all those who had one to leave the train and walk to the caravan of cars parked nearby , all marked in Swedish colours . I don 't remember exactly how many , but he saved dozens off that train , and the Germans and Arrow Cross were so dumbfounded they let him get away with it . \n At the height of the program , over 350 people were involved in the rescue of Jews . Sister Sára Salkaházi was caught sheltering Jewish women and was killed by members of the Arrow Cross Party . Swiss diplomat Carl Lutz also issued protective passports from the Swiss embassy in the spring of 1944 ; and Italian businessman Giorgio Perlasca posed as a Spanish diplomat and issued forged visas . Portuguese diplomats Sampaio Garrido and Carlos de Liz @-@ Texeira Branquinho rented houses and apartments to shelter and protect refugees from deportation and murder and issued safe conducts to approximately 1 @,@ 000 Hungarian Jews . Berber Smit ( Barbara Hogg ) , the daughter of Lolle Smit ( 1892 – 1961 ) , director of N.V. Philips Budapest and a Dutch spy working for the British MI6 , also assisted Wallenberg . According to her son , she had a romance with him . Smit 's other daughter , Reinderdina Petronella ( 1922 – 1945 ) , died on 18 August 1945 in Bucharest . \n Wallenberg started sleeping in a different house each night , to guard against being captured or killed by Arrow Cross Party members or by Adolf Eichmann 's men . Two days before the Soviet Army occupied Budapest , Wallenberg negotiated with both Eichmann and Major @-@ General Gerhard Schmidthuber , the supreme commander of German forces in Hungary . Wallenberg bribed Arrow Cross Party member Pál Szalai to deliver a note in which Wallenberg persuaded the occupying Germans to prevent a Fascist plan to blow up the Budapest ghetto and kill an estimated 70 @,@ 000 Jews and cancel a final effort to organize a death march of the remaining Jews in Budapest by threatening to have them prosecuted for war crimes once the war was over . \n People saved by Wallenberg include biochemist Lars Ernster , who was housed in the Swedish embassy , and Tom Lantos , later a member of the United States House of Representatives , who lived in one of the Swedish protective houses . \n = = Disappearance = = \n On 29 October 1944 , elements of the 2nd Ukrainian Front under Marshal Rodion Malinovsky launched an offensive against Budapest and by late December the city had been successfully encircled by Soviet forces . Despite this the German commander of Budapest , SS Lieutenant General Karl Pfeffer @-@ Wildenbruch , refused all offers to surrender , setting in motion a protracted and bloody siege of Budapest . At the height of the fighting , on 17 January 1945 , Wallenberg was called to General Malinovsky 's headquarters in Debrecen to answer allegations that he was engaged in espionage . Wallenberg 's last recorded words were , \" I 'm going to Malinovsky 's ... whether as a guest or prisoner I do not know yet . \" Documents recovered in 1993 from previously secret Soviet military archives and published in the Swedish newspaper Svenska Dagbladet show that an order for Wallenberg 's arrest was issued by Deputy Commissar for Defence ( and future Soviet Premier ) Nikolai Bulganin and transmitted to Malinovsky 's headquarters on the day of Wallenberg 's disappearance . In 2003 , a review of Soviet wartime correspondences indicated that Vilmos Böhm , a Hungarian politician who was also a Soviet intelligence agent , may have provided Wallenberg 's name to the SMERSH as a person to detain for possible involvement in espionage . \n Information about Wallenberg after his detention is mostly speculative ; there were many witnesses who claim to have met him during his imprisonment . Wallenberg was transported by train from Debrecen , through Romania , to Moscow . The Soviet authorities may have moved him to Moscow in the hope of exchanging him for defectors in Sweden . Vladimir Dekanozov notified the Swedish government on 16 January 1945 that Wallenberg was under the protection of Soviet authorities . On 21 January 1945 , Wallenberg was transferred to Lubyanka prison and held in cell 123 with fellow prisoner Gustav Richter , formerly a police attaché at the German embassy in Romania . Richter testified in Sweden in 1955 that Wallenberg was interrogated once for about an hour and a half , in early February 1945 . On 1 March 1945 , Richter was moved from his cell and never saw Wallenberg again . \n On 8 March 1945 , Soviet @-@ controlled Hungarian radio announced that Wallenberg and his driver had been murdered on their way to Debrecen , suggesting that they had been killed by the Arrow Cross Party or the Gestapo . Sweden 's foreign minister , Östen Undén , and its ambassador to the Soviet Union , Staffan Söderblom , wrongly assumed that they were dead . In April 1945 , W. Averell Harriman then of the U.S. State Department offered the Swedish government help in inquiring about Wallenberg ’ s fate , but the offer was declined . Söderblom met with Vyacheslav Molotov and Stalin in Moscow on 15 June 1946 . Söderblom , still believing Wallenberg to be dead , ignored talk of an exchange for Russian defectors in Sweden . \n = = = Death = = = \n On 6 February 1957 , the Soviet government released a document dated 17 July 1947 , which stated \" I report that the prisoner Wallenberg who is well @-@ known to you , died suddenly in his cell this night , probably as a result of a heart attack or heart failure . Pursuant to the instructions given by you that I personally have Wallenberg under my care , I request approval to make an autopsy with a view to establishing cause of death ... I have personally notified the minister and it has been ordered that the body be cremated without autopsy . \" The document was signed by Smoltsov , then the head of the Lubyanka prison infirmary , and addressed to Viktor Abakumov , the Soviet minister of state security . In 1989 , Wallenberg 's personal belongings were returned to his family , including his passport and cigarette case . Soviet officials said they found the materials when they were upgrading the shelves in a store room . \n In 1991 , Vyacheslav Nikonov was charged by the Russian government to investigate Wallenberg 's fate . He concluded that Wallenberg died in 1947 , executed while a prisoner in Lubyanka . He may have been a victim of the C @-@ 2 poison ( carbylamine @-@ choline @-@ chloride ) tested at the poison laboratory of the Soviet secret services . \n In Moscow in 2000 , Alexander Nikolaevich Yakovlev announced that Wallenberg had been executed in 1947 in Lubyanka prison . He claimed that Vladimir Kryuchkov , the former Soviet secret police chief , told him about the shooting in a private conversation . The statement did not explain why Wallenberg was killed or why the government had lied about it . General Pavel Sudoplatov claimed that Raoul Wallenberg died after being poisoned by Grigory Mairanovsky , a notorious NKVD assassin . In 2000 , Russian prosecutor Vladimir Ustinov signed a verdict posthumously rehabilitating Wallenberg and his driver , Langfelder , as \" victims of political repression \" . A number of files pertinent to Wallenberg were turned over to the chief rabbi of Russia by the Russian government in September 2007 . The items were slated to be housed at the Jewish Museum and Tolerance Center in Moscow , which opened in 2012 . \n = = = Disputes regarding his death = = = \n Several former prisoners have claimed to have seen Wallenberg after his reported death in 1947 . In February 1949 , former German Colonel Theodor von Dufving , a prisoner of war , provided evidentiary statements concerning Wallenberg . While in the transit camp in Kirov , en route to Vorkuta , Dufving encountered a prisoner with his own special guard and dressed in civilian clothes . The prisoner claimed that he was a Swedish diplomat and that he was there \" through a great error \" . \n Nazi hunter Simon Wiesenthal searched for Wallenberg and collected several testimonies . For example , British businessman Greville Wynne , who was imprisoned in the Lubyanka prison in 1962 for his connection to KGB defector Oleg Penkovsky , stated he talked to , but could not see the face of , a man who claimed to be a Swedish diplomat . Efim ( or Yefim ) Moshinsky claims to have seen Wallenberg on Wrangel Island in 1962 . An eyewitness asserted that she had seen Wallenberg in the 1960s in a Soviet prison . \n During a private conversation about the conditions of detention in Soviet prisons at a party reception in the mid @-@ 1970s , a KGB general is reported to have said that \" conditions could not be that harsh , given that in Lubyanka prison there is some foreign prisoner who had been there now for almost three decades . \" \n The last reported sightings of Wallenberg were by two independent witnesses who said they had evidence that he was in a prison in November 1987 . John Farkas was a resistance fighter during World War II and was the last man claiming to have seen Wallenberg alive . Farkas ' son has stated that there have been sightings of Wallenberg \" up into the 1980s in Russian prisons and psychiatric hospitals . \" \n Raoul Wallenberg 's half @-@ brother , Professor Guy von Dardel , a well @-@ known physicist , retired from CERN , was dedicated to finding out his half @-@ brother 's fate . He traveled to the Soviet Union about fifty times for discussions and research , including an examination of the Vladimir prison records . Over the years , Professor von Dardel had compiled a 50 @,@ 000 @-@ page archive of interviews , journal articles , letters , and other documents related to his quest . In 1991 , he initiated a Swedish @-@ Russian working group to search eleven separate military and government archives from the former Soviet Union for information about Wallenberg 's fate , but the group was not able to find conclusive information . Many , including Professor von Dardel and his daughters Louise and Marie , do not accept the various versions of Wallenberg 's death . They continue to request that the archives in Russia , Sweden and Hungary be opened to impartial researchers . \n In 2012 Russian lieutenant @-@ general Vasily Khristoforov , head of the registration branch of the Russian Federal Security Service said that the Wallenberg case is still open . He dismissed allegations of a continuing coverup ; referring to the legacy Soviet agency from which his department sprang , Khristoforov said : \" This is another state and a different special service . \" \n = = = Declared death in absentia = = = \n On 29 March 2016 , an announcement was made by the Swedish Tax Agency that a petition to have Wallenberg declared dead in absentia had been submitted . It stated that if he does not report to the Tax Agency before 14 October 2016 , he will be declared dead legally : \" Raoul Wallenberg kallas jämlikt 7 § ( 2005 : 130 ) om dödförklaring att senast den 14 oktober 2016 anmäla sig hos Skatteverket . \" \n = = Connection to US intelligence = = \n In May 1996 the Central Intelligence Agency ( CIA ) released thousands of previously classified documents regarding Raoul Wallenberg , in response to requests filed under the Freedom of Information Act . The documents , along with an investigation conducted by the newsmagazine US News and World Report , appeared to confirm the long @-@ held suspicion that Wallenberg was an American intelligence asset during his time in Hungary . In addition to Wallenberg 's name appearing on a roster found in the National Archives which listed the names of operatives associated with the CIA 's wartime predecessor , the Office of Strategic Services ( OSS ) , the documents also included a 1954 memo from an anonymous CIA source that identified a Hungarian @-@ exile living in Stockholm who , according to the author : \" assisted … in inserting Roul [ sic ] Wallenberg into Hungary during WWII as an agent of OSS . \" Another declassified memorandum written in 1990 by the curator of the CIA 's Historical Intelligence Collection William Henhoeffer , characterized the conclusion that Wallenberg was working for the OSS while in Budapest as being \" essentially correct \" . \n More telling was a communique sent on 7 November 1944 by the OSS , Secret Intelligence Branch in Bari , Italy which apparently acknowledged that Wallenberg was acting as an unofficial liaison between the OSS and the Hungarian Independence Movement ( MFM ) , an underground anti @-@ Nazi resistance organization . The OSS message notes Wallenberg 's contacts with Geza Soos , a high @-@ ranking MFM leader and further explains that Soos \" may only be contacted \" through the Swedish legation in Budapest , which was Wallenberg 's workplace and also served as the operational center for his attempts to aid the Hungarian Jews . The same message 's assertion that Wallenberg \" will know if he ( Soos ) is not in Budapest \" is also curious , in that by November 1944 Soos was in hiding and knowledge of his whereabouts would only have been available to individuals closely involved with the MFM . This conclusion is given further weight by additional evidence suggesting that communications from the MFM to US intelligence were transmitted first to Stockholm and then relayed to Washington via Iver C. Olsen , the American OSS operative who initially recruited Wallenberg to go to Budapest in June 1944 . \n This particular disclosure has given rise to speculation as to whether , in addition to his efforts to rescue the Hungarian Jews , Wallenberg may have also been pursuing a parallel clandestine mission aimed at politically destabilizing Hungary ’ s pro @-@ Nazi government on behalf of the OSS . This would also seem to add some credence to the potential explanation that it was his association with US intelligence that led to Wallenberg being targeted by Soviet authorities in January 1945 . Several other humanitarians who had helped refugees during World War II disappeared behind the Iron Curtain in the period 1949 / 50 , several years after Wallenberg ’ s disappearance . OSS ties may have been of interest to the Soviets , but are not a complete explanation because some of those detained , i.e. Hermann Field and Herta Field , had not worked for the OSS . All of these humanitarians , however , like Wallenberg , had interacted with a large number of anti @-@ fascist and socialist refugees during the War , and this experience was used in the Stalin regime ’ s factional politics and show trials . \n = = Family = = \n In 2009 , reporter Joshua Prager wrote an article in the Wall Street Journal profiling the long @-@ term toll that Raoul Wallenberg 's disappearance had on his family . His mother Maj and his stepfather Fredrik von Dardel spent the rest of their lives searching for their son . They both committed suicide by overdosing on pills two days apart in 1979 . Their daughter Nina Lagergren , Raoul 's half @-@ sister , attributed their suicide to their despair about never finding their son . Lagergren and Raoul 's half @-@ brother Guy von Dardel established organizations and worked to find their brother or confirmation of his death . At the request of their parents , they were to assume he was alive until the year 2000 . \n Nina 's daughter , Nane Maria Lagergren , married Kofi Annan , former secretary general of the United Nations , and is active in many humanitarian efforts . Another of Wallenberg 's nieces , Louise von Dardel , is the main activist in the family and dedicates much of her time to speaking about Wallenberg and lobbying various countries to help uncover information about her uncle . The extended Wallenberg family remains an influential part of Swedish society as major shareholders in banks and corporations including Saab and Scandinavian Airlines . \n = = Honours = = \n Wallenberg was nominated twice for the Nobel Peace Prize , in 1948 by more than 50 qualified nominators and in 1949 by a single nominator At the time , the prize could be awarded posthumously , but the concept of such awards was controversial . \n = = = Argentina = = = \n In Buenos Aires , there is a monument in honour of Wallenberg at a park . It is a replica of the London monument by Philip Jackson , was unveiled in 1998 and can be seen from the Figueroa Alcorta Avenue , in Recoleta neighbourhood . \n = = = Australia = = = \n In Melbourne , a small memorial in honour of Wallenberg stands at the Jewish Holocaust Museum and Research Centre ; a monument by the sculptor Karl Duldig dedicated to him is at Kew Junction on the corner of Princess Street and High Street , Kew ; and a tree and memorial seat are in Carlisle St at St Kilda Town Hall . The Australian Centre for Clinical Neuropharmacology in Melbourne adopted the name ' The Raoul Wallenberg Centre ' on the occasion of Raoul Wallenberg 's 89th birthday . In Sydney are a Raoul Wallenberg garden and sculpture in Woollahra , and a statue inside the Jewish Museum of Australia . Commemorative trees have been planted in front of the federal Parliament and in many other locations . \n Established in 1985 , Raoul Wallenberg Unit of B 'nai B 'rith in Melbourne , Australia , together with Max Stern & Co , a leading stamp dealer in Melbourne , and Australia Post , released a limited edition Raoul Wallenberg Stamp Sheet and Envelope Set to mark the Unit 's 25th anniversary in 2010 . The Stamp Sheet shows a photo of Raoul Wallenberg together with a brief outline of his life , a monument in honour of Raoul Wallenberg by artist , Karl Duldig , in the Raoul Wallenberg Garden at Kew Junction , Melbourne , and ten 60 cent Australia Post stamps with tabs of Raoul Wallenberg from early childhood to adult soldier . The Envelope has a transparent front to show the Stamp Sheet ; a Schutzpass is shown on the back accompanied by an explanation . \n To commemorate the Centenary Year , a limited number of the Raoul Wallenberg Stamp Sheet were stamped with a special Centenary cancellation . These are available from Raoul Wallenberg Unit of B 'nai B 'rith in Melbourne . \n Raoul Wallenberg Unit requested clergy around the world to speak about Raoul Wallenberg and his heroic deeds - ' One Person can Make a Difference ' - from their pulpits over the weekend 3 – 5 August 2012 which coincided with the date of his 100th birthday , 4 August 2012 . \n Raoul Wallenberg Reserve in the neighbourhood of Yokine in Perth was dedicated in honour of Raoul Wallenberg . The small park is located in close proximity to many of Perth 's Jewish institutions including a Jewish Day School , aged care facility , community centre , sports club and orthodox synagogue . \n Wallenberg was named Australia 's first honorary citizen in April 2013 , during his centenary year . Frank Vajda AM was saved by Wallenberg in 1944 from the pro @-@ Nazi Arrow Cross Party and campaigned for decades for him to be recognised with the award . A ceremony at Government House , Canberra , to mark the occasion was held on 6 May 2013 , and was attended by Governor @-@ General Quentin Bryce AC CVO , Prime Minister Julia Gillard , and Opposition Leader Tony Abbott . Vajda also attended the ceremony , as did the son of World War II resistance fighter John Farkas , who was the last person known to have seen Wallenberg alive . George Farkas described the award as \" recognition that some people can do unbelievable good in the face of reprehensible evil \" . \n A 70 cent Raoul Wallenberg postage stamp and associated philatelic items were released by Australia Post on 5 October 2015 , one of three to by honoured in this manner by Australia ; the other two are Mother Teresa and Nelson Mandela . \n = = = Austria = = = \n In the 22nd district of Vienna a street was named \" Raoul @-@ Wallenberg @-@ Gasse \" . \n = = = Canada = = = \n Wallenberg was made the first Honorary Citizen of Canada in 1985 ; and the government declared 17 January , the day he disappeared , as \" Raoul Wallenberg Day \" in Canada . \n Numerous memorials , parks , and monuments honouring Wallenberg can be found across Canada , including the Raoul Wallenberg Memorial in Queen Elizabeth Park in Vancouver , Raoul Wallenberg Corner in Calgary , Raoul Wallenberg Park in Saskatoon , Parc Raoul Wallenberg in Ottawa , Ontario , and a memorial behind Christ Church Cathedral in downtown Montreal , where a bust of Wallenberg and a caged metal box , styled as a barbed @-@ wire gate , stand beside each other . The main entrance to Earl Bales Park in Toronto , Ontario is named Raoul Wallenberg Road . \n On 17 January 2013 , which marked the 68th anniversary of Wallenberg 's arrest by Soviet troops , Canada released a postage stamp in honour of Wallenberg . \n In 2008 , the Tanenbaum Community Hebrew Academy of Toronto added \" Wallenberg \" to the name of the school , thus spawning the moniker , Tanebaum CHAT Wallenberg Campus . \n = = = Georgia = = = \n In the center of Batumi a street was named \" Raoul Wallenberg street \" . \n = = = Germany = = = \n Streets were named after Wallenberg in both East and West Germany . \n = = = Hungary = = = \n Budapest named Wallenberg as an honorary citizen in 2003 . Several sites honor him , including Raoul Wallenberg Memorial Park , which commemorates those who saved many of the city 's Jews from deportation to extermination camps , and the building that housed the Swedish Embassy in 1945 . \n In July 2012 , Hungary paid tribute to Raoul Wallenberg in a ceremony at Budapest 's Holocaust museum , marking 100 years since his birth . Zoltan Balog , minister for human resources and social affairs , said that \" evil must be rejected \" . \n = = = Israel = = = \n Israel granted Wallenberg honorary citizenship in 1986 and honored him at the Yad Vashem memorial as one of the Righteous Among the Nations . Other tributes to Wallenberg in Israel include at least five streets named after him . On Raoul Wallenberg Street in Tel Aviv , a statue identical to one in Budapest was installed in 2002 ( see below ) , made by the sculptor Imre Varga . \n = = = Peru = = = \n A memorial to his name was made in 2013 in the capital city of Lima . Taking the form of a park , it is situated on the coast of the San Miguel District . \n = = = Russia = = = \n A memorial to him stands in the courtyard of the Russian Rudomino Library of Foreign Languages in Moscow . In Saint Petersburg , the Institute of Special Pedagogy and Psychology bears Wallenberg 's name . \n = = = Sweden = = = \n In 2001 , a memorial was created in Stockholm to honor Wallenberg . It was unveiled by King Carl XVI Gustaf , at a ceremony attended by then UN Secretary General Kofi Annan and his wife Nane Maria Annan , Wallenberg 's niece At the unveiling , King Carl XVI Gustaf said Wallenberg is \" a great example to those of us who want to live as fellow humans \" . Kofi Annan praised him as \" an inspiration for all of us to act when we can and to have the courage to help those who are suffering and in need of help \" . The memorial 's design ( see photo ) has been considered inappropriate by some critics . \n A memorial to Wallenberg was installed in Gothenburg , near Hagakyrkan ( Haga Church ) . Kofi Annan attended the unveiling ceremony . \n = = = United Kingdom = = = \n A monument to Raoul Wallenberg by Scottish sculptor Philip Jackson is located at Great Cumberland Place in London 's Marble Arch district , outside the Western Marble Arch Synagogue . It was unveiled by Queen Elizabeth II in 1997 , in the presence of the President of Israel , Ezer Weizman , the Secretary General of the United Nations , Kofi Annan , and survivors of the Holocaust . A separate monument stands near the Welsh National War Memorial in Cathays Park , Cardiff . A bronze briefcase monument by Gustav Kraitz with the initials RW is located in the garden of the Beth Shalom Holocaust Centre near Laxton in Nottinghamshire . \n = = = United States = = = \n The US Congress made Wallenberg an Honorary Citizen of the United States in 1981 , the second person to be so honored , after Winston Churchill . In 1985 , the portion of 15th Street , SW in Washington , D.C. on which the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum is located , was renamed Raoul Wallenberg Place by Act of Congress . \n In 1997 , the United States Postal Service issued a stamp in his honor . Representative Tom Lantos , one of those saved by Wallenberg 's actions , said : \" It is most appropriate that we honor [ him ] with a U.S. stamp . In this age devoid of heroes , Wallenberg is the archetype of a hero – one who risked his life day in and day out , to save the lives of tens of thousands of people he did not know whose religion he did not share . \" \n In Manhattan , a monument honoring him was installed on Raoul Wallenberg Walk , named in his honor , across from the headquarters of the United Nations . The Swedish consulate commissioned the piece , created by Swedish sculptor Gustav Kraitz . The sculpture , Hope , is a replica of Wallenberg ’ s briefcase , a sphere , five pillars of black granite , and paving stones ( setts ) which were formerly used on the streets of the Budapest ghetto . There is also Wallenberg Forest in Riverdale , Bronx , established in 1990 and named Wallenberg Forest in 1996 . \n Another memorial stands in front of the Art and Architecture building at the University of Michigan , where he received his architecture degree in 1935 . \n Places named after Wallenberg include Raoul Wallenberg Traditional High School in San Francisco , the PS 194 Raoul Wallenberg School in Brooklyn , New York , Raoul Wallenberg Avenue in Trenton , New Jersey , and Raoul Wallenberg Blvd in Charleston , South Carolina . \n Since 2005 , the International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation has campaigned to establish 5 October as Raoul Wallenberg Day throughout the United States , as this was the day Wallenberg was awarded Honorary U.S. Citizenship . By 2010 , Raoul Wallenberg Day was being observed by the states of Colorado , Connecticut , Illinois , Iowa , Maine , Maryland , Michigan , Nebraska , Nevada , New Jersey , New Mexico , West Virginia , and Wyoming . \n Wallenberg was posthumously awarded the Train Foundation 's Civil Courage Prize , which recognizes \" extraordinary heroes of conscience \" . \n On 26 July 2012 , Wallenberg was posthumously awarded a Congressional Gold Medal by the United States Congress \" in recognition of his achievements and heroic actions during the Holocaust \" . \n = = Awards in his name = = \n The Raoul Wallenberg Committee of the United States bestows the Raoul Wallenberg Award \" on individuals , organizations and communities that reflect Raoul Wallenberg 's humanitarian spirit , personal courage and nonviolent action in the face of enormous odds \" . \n The University of Michigan awards the Wallenberg Medal annually to outstanding humanitarians who embody the humanitarian values and commitment of its distinguished alumnus . The first Wallenberg Medal was presented in 1990 to Elie Wiesel . The twentieth Wallenberg Medal was awarded in October 2010 to Dr. Denis Mukwege . Recently , the University also established the \" Wallenberg Fellowship \" , which grants students $ 25 @,@ 000 to pursue humanitarian projects to better humanity . The University 's Taubman College of Architecture and Urban Planning also awards Wallenberg Scholarships to exceptional undergraduate students in their final Senior @-@ Year studio class , which is given to enable students to broaden their study of architecture to include work in distant locations , following Wallenberg 's Grandfather 's wish for him to be a \" citizen of the world \" . The projects which won the scholarship in recent years addressed Chinese relations , nuclear accident cleanup , and the recent thaw of US @-@ Cuban relations . The Scholarship gives out on average anywhere between $ 10 @,@ 000 to $ 20 @,@ 000 for travel @-@ related expenses . \n The Raoul Wallenberg Academy has created the Raoul Wallenberg Prize , financed by Sweden 's Ministry of Employment . In 2013 , the jury was chaired by Olle Wästberg , and the award was presented by Minister for Integration Erik Ullenhag . The winner of the 2013 Raoul Wallenberg Award was Siavosh Derakhti , who founded ' Young People against Antisemitism and Xenophobia ' , an organization dedicated to promoting collaboration and respect for all . \n = = Schools named after him = = \n = = = Argentina = = = \n Raoul Wallenberg Educational Center \n = = = Brazil = = = \n The Raoul Wallenberg Integral High School \n = = = Canada = = = \n The Anne & Max Tanenbaum Community Hebrew Academy of Toronto Wallenberg Campus \n Wallenberg Academy ( formerly Wagar High School ) , Montreal , Quebec . \n = = = Ecuador = = = \n Raoul Wallenberg Kindergarten & Primary School \n = = = Germany = = = \n Raoul @-@ Wallenberg Schule , Dorsten \n Raoul @-@ Wallenberg @-@ Oberschule , Berlin \n = = = Hungary = = = \n Raoul Wallenberg Humán Szakközépiskola és Gimnázium \n = = = Sweden = = = \n Raoul Wallenberg School Bromma \n Raoul Wallenberg Preschool Bromma \n Raoul Wallenberg Preschool Skövde \n Raoul Wallenberg School Uppsala \n Raoul Wallenberg Institute of Human Rights and Humanitarian Law ( Lund University ) \n = = = Uruguay = = = \n Raoul Wallenberg Lyceum \n = = = United States = = = \n P.S. 194 Raoul Wallenberg School in Brooklyn , New York \n Raoul Wallenberg Traditional High School in San Francisco \n Raoul Wallenberg Avenue , Trenton , New Jersey . \n Raoul Wallenberg Playground , Washington Heights NYC \n = = = Venezuela = = = \n Raoul Wallenberg Pre @-@ School Educational Unit \n = = Films = = \n A number of films have been made of Wallenberg 's life , including the 1985 made @-@ for @-@ television movie Wallenberg : A Hero 's Story ( 1985 ) , starring Richard Chamberlain , the 1990 Swedish production Good Evening , Mr. Wallenberg , featuring Stellan Skarsgård , and various documentaries , such as Raoul Wallenberg : Buried Alive ( 1984 ) , the AFI Award winning Raoul Wallenberg , Between The Lines ( 1985 ) and Searching for Wallenberg ( 2003 ) . He also appears in the Spanish television series El ángel de Budapest and is played by Iván Fenyő . In 2006 , the film \" Raoul Wallenberg @-@ l 'ange de Budapest \" ( translated by Nigel Spencer as \" Raoul Wallenberg : the Angel of Budapest \" ) , featuring relatives and the Winnipeg lawyer still piloting inquiries into his case , was released in Canada and broadcast on the Bravo ! network . \n = = Art = = \n He is featured prominently in the work of esteemed painter and Holocaust survivor Alice Lok Cahana . Her father was saved by Wallenberg . \n = = Operas = = \n Wallenberg . Opera premiered at the Opernhaus Dortmund on 5 May 2001.Composer Erkki @-@ Sven Tüür , Libretto of Lutz Hübner \n Raoul . Opera premiered at the Theater Bremen on 21 February 2008.Composer Gershon Kingsley , Libretto of Michael Kunze \n = = Song = = \n Irish musician Andy Irvine wrote the song \" Raoul Wallenberg \" which features on his album Rude Awakening . \n = The Time Traveler 's Wife = \n The Time Traveler 's Wife is the debut novel of American author Audrey Niffenegger , published in 2003 . It is a love story about a man with a genetic disorder that causes him to time travel unpredictably , and about his wife , an artist , who has to cope with his frequent absences and dangerous experiences . Niffenegger , frustrated in love when she began the work , wrote the story as a metaphor for her failed relationships . The tale 's central relationship came to her suddenly and subsequently supplied the novel 's title . The novel , which has been classified as both science fiction and romance , examines issues of love , loss , and free will . In particular , it uses time travel to explore miscommunication and distance in relationships , while also investigating deeper existential questions . \n As a first @-@ time novelist , Niffenegger had trouble finding a literary agent . She eventually sent the novel to MacAdam / Cage unsolicited and , after an auction took place for the rights , Niffenegger selected them as her publishers . The book became a bestseller after an endorsement from author and family friend Scott Turow on The Today Show , and as of March 2009 had sold nearly 2 @.@ 5 million copies in the United States and the United Kingdom . Many reviewers were impressed with Niffenegger 's unique perspectives on time travel . Some praised her characterization of the couple , applauding their emotional depth ; others criticized her writing style as melodramatic and the plot as emotionally trite . The novel won the Exclusive Books Boeke Prize and a British Book Award . A film version was released in August 2009 . \n = = Plot summary = = \n Using alternating first @-@ person perspectives , the novel tells the stories of Henry DeTamble ( born 1963 ) , a librarian at the Newberry Library in Chicago , and his wife , Clare Anne Abshire ( born 1971 ) , an artist who makes paper sculptures . Henry has a rare genetic disorder , which comes to be known as Chrono @-@ Impairment , that causes him to involuntarily travel through time . When 20 @-@ year @-@ old Clare meets 28 @-@ year @-@ old Henry at the Newberry Library in 1991 at the opening of the novel , he has never seen her before , although she has known him most of her life . \n Henry begins time traveling at the age of five , jumping forward and backward relative to his own timeline . When he leaves , where he goes , or how long his trips will last are all beyond his control . His destinations are tied to his subconscious — he most often travels to places and times related to his own history . Certain stimuli such as stress can trigger Henry 's time traveling ; he often goes jogging to keep calm and remain in the present . He also searches out pharmaceuticals in the future that may be able to help control his time traveling . He also seeks the advice of a geneticist , Dr. Kendrick . Henry cannot take anything with him into the future or the past ; he always arrives naked and then struggles to find clothing , shelter , and food . He amasses a number of survival skills including lock @-@ picking , self @-@ defense , and pickpocketing . Much of this he learns from older versions of himself . \n Once their timelines converge \" naturally \" at the library — their first meeting in his chronology — Henry starts to travel to Clare 's childhood and adolescence in South Haven , Michigan , beginning in 1977 when she is six years old . On one of his early visits ( from her perspective ) , Henry gives her a list of the dates he will appear and she writes them in a diary so she will remember to provide him with clothes and food when he arrives . During another visit , he inadvertently reveals that they will be married in the future . Over time they develop a close relationship . At one point , Henry helps Clare frighten and humiliate a boy who abused her . Clare is last visited in her youth by Henry in 1989 , on her eighteenth birthday , during which they make love for the first time . They are then separated for two years until their meeting at the library . \n Clare and Henry marry , but Clare has trouble bringing a pregnancy to term because of the genetic anomaly Henry may presumably be passing on to the fetus . After six miscarriages , Henry wishes to save Clare further pain and has a vasectomy . However a version of Henry from the past visits Clare one night and they make love ; she subsequently gives birth to a daughter , Alba . Alba is diagnosed with Chrono @-@ Impairment as well but , unlike Henry , she has some control over her destinations when she time travels . Before she is born , Henry travels to the future and meets his ten @-@ year @-@ old daughter on a school field trip and learns that he dies when she is five years old . \n When he is 43 , during what is to be his last year of life , Henry time travels to a Chicago parking garage on a frigid winter night where he is unable to find shelter . As a result of the hypothermia and frostbite he suffers , his feet are amputated when he returns to the present . Henry and Clare both know that without the ability to escape when he time travels , Henry will certainly die within his next few jumps . On New Year 's Eve 2006 Henry time travels into the middle of the Michigan woods in 1984 and is accidentally shot by Clare 's brother , a scene foreshadowed earlier in the novel . Henry returns to the present and dies in Clare 's arms . \n Clare is devastated by Henry 's death . She later finds a letter from Henry asking her to \" stop waiting \" for him , but which describes a moment in her future when she will see him again . The last scene in the book takes place when Clare is 82 years old and Henry is 43 . She is waiting for Henry , as she has done most of her life . \n = = Composition and publication = = \n Niffenegger is an artist who teaches at the Center for Book and Paper Arts at Columbia College Chicago , where she prepares editions of handpainted books . She produced some of her earlier works in editions of ten copies , which were sold in art galleries . However , she decided that The Time Traveler 's Wife would have to be a novel : \" I got the idea for the title , and when I draw I have this big drawing table covered with brown paper , and I write ideas down on the paper . So I wrote down this title and after a while I started to think about it . I couldn 't think of a way to make it a picture book because still pictures don 't represent time very well , so I decided to write a novel . \" She was intrigued by the title because \" it immediately defined two people and their relationship to each other \" . Niffenegger said that its source was an epigraph to J. B. Priestley 's 1964 novel Man and Time : \" Clock time is our bank manager , tax collector , police inspector ; this inner time is our wife . \" Drawing her central theme from this image , she says , \" Henry is not only married to Clare ; he 's also married to time . \" Other authors whom Niffenegger has cited as influencing the book include Richard Powers , David Foster Wallace , Henry James , and Dorothy Sayers . \n She has said the story is a metaphor for her own failed love affairs and that \" I had kind of got the idea that there 's not going to be some fabulous perfect soulmate out there for me , so I 'll just make him up . \" She also drew on her parents ' marriage for inspiration — her father spent the bulk of each week traveling . Despite the story 's analogies to her own life , Niffenegger has forcefully stated that Clare is not a self @-@ portrait ; \" She 's radically different . I am much more willful and headstrong . ... I don 't think I could go through a lifetime waiting for someone to appear , no matter how fascinating he was . \" \n Niffenegger began writing the novel in 1997 ; the last scene , in which an aged Clare is waiting for Henry , was written first , because it is the story 's focal point . The narrative was originally structured thematically . Responding to comments from readers of early drafts of the manuscript , Niffenegger reorganized the narrative so that it largely followed Clare 's timeline . The work was finished in 2001 . With no history of commercial publication , Niffenegger had trouble finding interested literary agents — 25 rejected the manuscript . In 2002 , she sent it unsolicited to the small , San Francisco @-@ based publisher MacAdam / Cage , where it reached Anika Streitfeld . Streitfeld , who became Niffenegger 's editor , \" thought it was incredible . Right from the very beginning you feel like you are in capable hands , that this is someone who has a story to tell and who knows how to tell it . \" She gave it to David Poindexter , the founder of the publishing firm , \" who read it overnight and decided to buy the book \" . However , Niffenegger had acquired an agent by this time , and several publishing houses in New York City were interested in the novel . The manuscript was put up for auction and MacAdam / Cage bid US $ 100 @,@ 000 , by far the largest sum it had ever offered for a book . Although another publisher outbid them , Niffenegger selected MacAdam / Cage because they were so dedicated to her work . Also , Niffenegger explains that her \" own natural inclination is to go small . My background is in punk music — I 'd always pick the indie company over the giant corporation . \" \n = = Genre = = \n Reviewers have found The Time Traveler 's Wife difficult to classify generically : some categorize it as science fiction , others as a romance . Niffenegger herself is reluctant to label the novel , saying she \" never thought of it as science fiction , even though it has a science @-@ fiction premise \" . In Niffenegger 's view , the story is primarily about Henry and Clare 's relationship and the struggles they endure . She has said that she based Clare and Henry 's romance on the \" cerebral coupling \" of Dorothy Sayers 's characters Lord Peter Wimsey and Harriet Vane . \n Time travel stories to which the novel has been compared include Jack Finney 's Time and Again ( 1970 ) F.M. Busby 's short story \" If This Is Winnetka , You Must Be Judy \" and the film Somewhere in Time ( 1980 ) . Henry has been compared to Billy Pilgrim of Kurt Vonnegut 's Slaughterhouse @-@ Five ( 1969 ) . Science fiction writer Terence M. Green calls the novel a \" timeslip romance \" . The Time Traveler 's Wife is not as concerned with the paradoxes of time travel as is traditional science fiction . Instead , as critic Marc Mohan describes , the novel \" uses time travel as a metaphor to explain how two people can feel as if they 've known each other their entire lives \" . Robert Nathan 's Portrait of Jennie , as novel , or film , is another obvious comparison , although Jennie , as a ghost , travels time in one direction , not randomly . \n = = Themes = = \n Niffenegger identifies the themes of the novel as \" mutants , love , death , amputation , sex , and time \" . Reviewers have focused on love , loss , and time . As Charlie Lee @-@ Potter writes in The Independent , the novel is \" an elegy to love and loss \" . The love between Henry and Clare is expressed in a variety of ways , including through an analysis and history of the couple 's sex life . \n While much of the novel shows Henry and Clare falling in love , the end is darker and \" time travel becomes a means for representing arbitrariness , transience , [ and ] plain bad luck \" , according to The Boston Globe 's Judith Maas . As Andrew Billen argues in The Times , \" The book may even serve as a feminist analysis of marriage as a partnership in which only the male is conceded the privilege of absence . \" Several reviewers noted that time travel represents relationships in which couples cannot quite communicate with each other . Natasha Walter of The Guardian describes the story 's attention to \" the sense of slippage that you get in any relationship — that you could be living through a slightly different love story from the one your partner is experiencing . \" She points , for example , to the section of the book which describes the first time Clare and Henry make love . She is 18 and he is 41 , already married to her in his present . After this interlude , he returns to his own time and his own Clare , who says , \n Henry 's been gone for almost twenty @-@ four hours now , and as usual I 'm torn between thinking obsessively about when and where he might be and being pissed at him for not being here ... I hear Henry whistling as he comes up the path through the garden , into the studio . He stomps the snow off his boots and shrugs off his coat . He 's looking marvelous , really happy . My heart is racing and I take a wild guess : \" May 24 , 1989 ? \" \" Yes , oh , yes ! \" Henry scoops me up ... and swings me around . Now I 'm laughing , we 're both laughing . \n The novel raises questions about determinism and free will . For example , critic Dan Falk asks , \" Given that [ Henry 's ] journey has ' already happened , ' should he not simply be compelled to act precisely as he remembers seeing himself act ? ( Or perhaps he is compelled , and merely feels he has a choice ... ? ) . \" Although Henry seemingly cannot alter the future , the characters do not become \" cynical \" and , according to Lee @-@ Potter , the novel demonstrates that people can be changed through love . Walter notes that there is a \" quasi @-@ religious sense \" to the inevitability of Henry 's and Clare 's lives and deaths . Niffenegger , however , believes that the novel does not depict destiny but rather \" randomness and meaninglessness \" . \n = = Reception = = \n The hardback edition of The Time Traveler 's Wife was published in the United States in September 2003 by MacAdam / Cage and in the United Kingdom by Random House on 1 January 2004 . MacAdam / Cage initiated an \" extensive marketing drive \" , including advertising in The New York Times and The New Yorker and a promotional book tour by Niffenegger . As a result , the novel debuted at number nine on the New York Times bestseller list . After popular crime writer Scott Turow , whose wife is a friend of Niffenegger , endorsed it on The Today Show , the first print run of 15 @,@ 000 sold out and 100 @,@ 000 more copies were printed . In Britain , the book received a boost from its choice as a Richard & Judy book club recommendation — nearly 45 @,@ 000 copies were sold in one week . It was named the 2003 Amazon.com Book of the Year . A December 2003 article in The Observer reported that although \" a tiny minority of American reviewers \" felt that the novel was \" gimmicky \" , it was still \" a publishing sensation \" . At that point , the novel had been sold to publishers in 15 countries . As of March 2009 , it had sold almost 1 @.@ 5 million copies in the United States and 1 million in the United Kingdom . The success of The Time Traveler 's Wife prompted almost every major publishing firm to attempt to acquire Niffenegger 's second novel , Her Fearful Symmetry , which has been called \" one of the most eagerly sought @-@ after works in recent publishing history \" . It garnered her an advance of US $ 5 million from Scribner 's . \n Reviewers praised Niffenegger 's characterization of Henry and Clare , particularly their emotional depth . Michelle Griffin of The Age noted that although Henry \" is custom @-@ designed for the fantasy lives of bookish ladies \" , his flaws , particularly his \" violent , argumentative , depressive \" nature , make him a strong , well @-@ rounded character . Charles DeLint wrote in The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction that one of Niffenegger 's \" greatest accomplishments \" in the novel was her ability to convey the emotional growth of Clare and Henry in character arcs while at the same time alternating their perspectives . Stephen Amidon of The Times , however , questioned the selfishness of the central characters . \n Most reviewers were impressed with the premise of the novel , but critical of its melodramatic style . While Griffin praised the plot and concept as \" clever \" , she complained that Niffenegger 's writing is usually \" pedestrian \" and the story at times contrived . Heidi Darroch of the National Post agreed , contending that the story has an excess of overwrought emotional moments \" which never quite add up to a fully developed plot \" . Writing in The Chicago Tribune , Carey Harrison praised the originality of the novel , specifically the intersection of child @-@ bearing and time travel . Despite appreciating the novel 's premise , Amidon complained that the implications of Henry 's time @-@ traveling were poorly thought out . For example , Henry has foreknowledge of the September 11 attacks but does nothing to try to prevent them . Instead , on 11 September 2001 , he gets up early \" to listen to the world being normal for a little while longer \" . Amidon also criticized the novel 's \" overall clumsiness \" , writing that Niffenegger is \" a ham @-@ fisted stylist , long @-@ winded and given to sudden eruptions of cliche \" . Miriam Shaviv agreed to an extent , writing in The Jerusalem Post , \" There are no original or even non @-@ cliched messages here . True love , Niffenegger seems to be telling us , is timeless , and can survive even the worst circumstances . ... And yet , the book is a page @-@ turner , delicately crafted and psychologically sound . \" The Library Journal described the novel as \" skillfully written with a blend of distinct characters and heartfelt emotions \" ; it recommended that public libraries purchase multiple copies of the book . \n = = Sequel = = \n On September 23 , 2013 it was announced that a sequel to the novel is in the works . The sequel will focus on Henry and Clare 's daughter Alba as an adult . She finds herself in love with two different men : Zach , a normal man , and Oliver , a musician and fellow time @-@ traveler . The first 25 pages are currently available with the purchase of The Time Traveler 's Wife eBook . In February 2014 , Niffenegger estimated that the book \" should be ready in 2018 or so \" . \n = = Awards and nominations = = \n = = Adaptations = = \n = = = Audio book = = = \n BBC Audio published an audio book of The Time Traveler 's Wife that was narrated by William Hope and Laurel Lefkow , described as \" feisty readers \" in one review . \n HighBridge also produced an unabridged version in 2003 , which is twelve hours long and narrated by Maggi @-@ Meg Reed and Christopher Burns ; their performance has been described as \" sincere and passionate \" . \n The 2006 Audible / HighBridge version is narrated by Fred Berman and Phoebe Strole and is 17 : 43 in length . \n Audible.co.uk produced an unabridged version in 2008 , also narrated by Hope and Lefkow . \n = = = Film = = = \n The film rights for The Time Traveler 's Wife were optioned by Brad Pitt 's production company Plan B Entertainment , in association with New Line Cinema , before the novel was even published . The adaptation was written by Bruce Joel Rubin and directed by Robert Schwentke , and stars Rachel McAdams and Eric Bana . Filming began in September 2007 and the movie was released by Warner Bros. on 14 August 2009 . When asked about the prospect of her novel being turned into a film , Niffenegger said , \" I 've got my little movie that runs in my head . And I 'm kind of afraid that will be changed or wiped out by what somebody else might do with it . And it is sort of thrilling and creepy , because now the characters have an existence apart from me . \" In general , the film received mixed @-@ to @-@ negative reviews . For example , The New York Times wrote that the film was an \" often ridiculous , awkward , unsatisfying and dour melodramatic adaptation \" . \n = Silba @-@ class landing ship @-@ minelayer = \n The Silba class ( sometimes the Cetina class ) is a class of three landing ships , also used as minelayers , built for the Yugoslav ( JRM ) and Croatian Navy ( HRM ) during the 1980s and 1990s . The ships were built at the Brodogradilište specijalnih objekata shipyard in Split with slight differences in armament configuration between the last two ships . By the time the Croatian War of Independence started , one ship was in service with the JRM while another was being completed . \n The one in JRM service was relocated to Montenegro where it would be commissioned with the Navy of the new FR Yugoslavia . The second ship that was captured unfinished was completed by Croatian forces and entered service with the HRM , followed by a third that was laid down by Croatia in 1993 . The two ships commissioned with the HRM remain in active service , providing assistance to civilian institutions aside from their regular military tasks . The fate of the first ship in the class remains unknown . \n = = Development and building = = \n The Silba class was developed by the Brodarski institut ( BI ) from Zagreb as a replacement for a large number of aging barge @-@ like landing craft based on German World War II designs ( Marinefährprahm and Siebel ) . All three ships were completed at the Brodogradilište specijalnih objekata ( BSO ) in Split , Croatia . The first one , Krk ( DBM @-@ 241 ) , was commissioned with the JRM sometime between 1986 and 1990 . The keel for the second ship that was to be named Rab ( DBM @-@ 242 ) was laid down in 1990 . As the Croatian War of Independence started , unfinished Rab was captured by Croatian forces . It was completed and launched as Cetina ( DBM @-@ 81 ) on 18 July 1992 . A third and final ship was launched on 17 September 1994 as Krka ( DBM @-@ 82 ) . \n = = Description = = \n These ferry @-@ like ships feature a roll @-@ on / roll @-@ off design with two loading ramps located on the bow and the stern . Measuring 49 @.@ 69 m ( 163 ft 0 in ) in length , they have a 10 @.@ 2 m ( 33 ft 6 in ) beam with a 2 @.@ 6 m ( 8 ft 6 in ) draft . Propulsion consists of two 1 @,@ 140 kW ( 1 @,@ 530 hp ) Burmeister & Wain Alpha Diesel 10V 23L VO engines mounted on two shafts , enabling them a maximum speed of 12 @.@ 5 knots ( 23 @.@ 2 km / h ; 14 @.@ 4 mph ) and a cruising speed of 12 knots ( 22 km / h ; 14 mph ) . Traveling at their cruise speed they have a range of 1 @,@ 200 – 1 @,@ 400 nautical miles ( 2 @,@ 200 – 2 @,@ 600 km ; 1 @,@ 400 – 1 @,@ 600 mi ) with a 12 @-@ day endurance . The ships are manned by a crew of 32 . \n The Armament configuration differs between the first two ships and the last one ; DBM @-@ 241 and DBM @-@ 81 are armed with two AK @-@ 230 CIWS mounted on the sides , a single quadruple 20 mm ( 0 @.@ 79 in ) M @-@ 75 gun on the stern and a single quadruple MTU @-@ 4 9K32M Strela @-@ 2M ( SA @-@ 7b \" Grail \" ) anti @-@ aircraft missile launcher . The interior , which features two mine rails , can be used to carry up to 152 different naval mines , six medium tanks or 300 troops with equipment , a total cargo capacity of 460 t ( 450 long tons ) . DBM @-@ 82 was completed with a different gun armament ; in place of the AK @-@ 230 , DBM @-@ 82 has two 20 mm M @-@ 71 guns on the sides and a single Bofors D70 40 mm ( 1 @.@ 6 in ) gun on the bow . The ship was also completed as an auxiliary water carrier with a capacity of around 230 t ( 230 long tons ) of fresh water . The number of mines that DBM @-@ 82 can carry is a maximum of 114 . \n = = Ships = = \n = = Service history = = \n At the start of the Croatian War of Independence DBM @-@ 241 was relocated to Montenegro where it later entered service with the SR Yugoslav Navy . DBM @-@ 242 , now redesignated as DBM @-@ 81 was launched as Cetina and entered service with the Croatian Navy 19 February 1992 with Ivo Raffanelli in command . For the remainder of the war , Cetina was engaged in transporting troops and equipment along the coast , including supply runs for Croatian forces during Operation Maslenica in 1993 . The same year the ship participated in testing of the new MNS @-@ M90 naval mine . DBM @-@ 82 , the third and final ship of the class , was commissioned with the Croatian Navy on 9 March 1995 with Jerko Bošnjak in command . \n According to publications and news reports , DBM @-@ 241 was reported operational as late as 2005 . An article published in October 2012 reported that the Egyptian Navy bought DBM @-@ 241 a year earlier . Although the advance was paid , the official handover of the ship has not happened by the time the article was published . As of March 2014 , the official website of the Armed Forces of Montenegro does not list DBM @-@ 241 among its fleet and the ships status remains unknown . The two Silba @-@ class in Croatian hands continue to see service the Navy Flotilla performing traditional naval tasks as well as support missions for civilian institutions such water supply and transporting firefighters . \n In July 2006 Krka was damaged during an overhaul at the Šibenik Shipyard . While being lowered to the sea , the winch of the syncrolift pulled out of the concrete causing the ship to fall down , creating a hole in the hull and sinking the stern . Early reports of significant damage proved to be false and the ship was repaired soon after . Out of ten crew members that were on board at the time , only one sustained minor injuries . \n In 2015 , Krka and Cetina were tasked with transporting Croatian Army vehicles and personnel to Spain for the NATO \" Trident Juncture \" exercise . The ships departed the Lora Naval Base on 11 October 2015 , loaded with four Patria AMVs , two trucks , one motor vehicle and 14 soldiers scheduled to take part in the exercise . On 13 October they arrived in Catania where they rendezvoused with Andrija Mohorovičić deployed in support of Operation Triton . The two ships made another stop at Cagliari before continuing to Spain , arriving in Sagunto on 18 October after spending seven days at sea . The ships returned to the Lora Naval Base on 13 November , concluding their month long deployment during which they traversed a total of 2 @,@ 700 nautical miles ( 5 @,@ 000 kilometres ; 3 @,@ 100 miles ) . \n = Arthur Gould ( rugby union ) = \n Arthur Joseph \" Monkey \" Gould ( 10 October 1864 – 2 January 1919 ) was a Welsh international rugby union centre and fullback who was most associated as a club player with Newport Rugby Football Club . He won 27 caps for Wales , 18 as captain , and critics consider him the first superstar of Welsh rugby . A talented all @-@ round player and champion sprinter , Gould could side @-@ step and kick expertly with either foot . He never ceased practising to develop his fitness and skills , and on his death was described as \" the most accomplished player of his generation \" . \n Following the withdrawal of their regular fullback , Newport RFC first selected Gould in 1882 , when he was 18 . He was never dropped from the side thereafter and played regularly until he retired in 1898 . Gould played for Newport during their \" invincible \" season of 1891 – 92 , when they did not lose a match , and scored a record 37 tries in Newport 's 24 @-@ game 1893 – 94 season , a club record that still stands . Gould frequently travelled due to his job as a public contractor , and consequently turned out for a number of other sides during his career , including the clubs Richmond and London Welsh , and the county side Middlesex . \n Gould was first selected for Wales in 1885 when he played at fullback"},"length_category":{"kind":"string","value":"Very Long"},"source":{"kind":"string","value":"wikitext-103-excerpt"}}},{"rowIdx":6898,"cells":{"text":{"kind":"string","value":" Captain ( United States ) on September 19 , 1864 for Winchester , Virginia . \n Major ( United States ) on March 13 , 1865 for gallantry . \n Lieutenant colonel ( United States ) on March 13 , 1865 for meritorious service during the Civil War . \n Colonel ( United States ) on October 18 , 1868 for Beaver Creek , Kansas during the Indian Wars . \n = = = = U.S. Volunteers = = = = \n Lieutenant colonel on October 1 , 1864 , 5th US Colored Cavalry ( USCC ) \n Colonel on November 2 , 1865 , 5th USCC \n Brigadier general on May 4 , 1898 , 1st Corps , 3rd Division \n = = = Known commands = = = \n Commanded the 5th US Colored Cavalry Regiment 1865 – 1866 \n Commanded Fort Davis in West Texas 1878 – 1879 . \n Fort Robinson , Nebraska 1887 \n Fort Myer , Virginia 1887 – 1891 \n Director of Cavalry School Application , Fort Riley , Kansas 1892 \n Appointed to revise cavalry tactics 1896 \n Commanded Fort Sam Houston , Texas 1897 – 1898 \n Command of 1st Corps and 3rd Division , then 4th Corps in the Spanish – American War 1898 \n Military Governor of the Province of Puerto Principe , now Camagüey Province , Cuba 1898 – 1899 . \n = = = Memberships and clubs = = = \n Member of the Loyal Legion \n Veteran of Foreign Wars \n Society , American Numismatic ( 1897 ) . The Society of the Army of the Potomac . Retrieved October 4 , 2010 . \n Society , American Numismatic ( 1897 ) . The Cavalry Society of the Armies of the United States . Retrieved October 4 , 2010 . \n Historical Society of Pennsylvania \n Academy of Natural Sciences \n \" Army and Navy Club ( Washington D.C. ) \" . Retrieved October 4 , 2010 . \n \" Rittenhouse Club ( Philadelphia , Pennsylvania ) \" . Retrieved October 4 , 2010 . \n Union League of Philadelphia \n = Hurricane Erick ( 2013 ) = \n Hurricane Erick brought minor impact to the western coastline of Mexico in July 2013 . The fifth tropical cyclone and named storm , as well as the fourth hurricane of the annual hurricane season , Erick originated from a tropical wave that moved off the western coast of Africa on June 18 . The wave tracked swiftly westward with little development , emerging into the eastern Pacific on July 1 . As a result of favorable environmental conditions , the wave developed into a tropical depression on July 4 , and further into Tropical Storm Erick at 0000 UTC on July 5 . Steered generally west @-@ northwest , Erick intensified into a Category 1 hurricane and reached its peak intensity with winds of 80 mph ( 130 km / h ) on July 6 . Its proximity to land and track over increasingly cooler waters caused the storm to deteriorate into a tropical storm the following day , though it remained at such intensity until degenerating into a remnant low early on July 9 . The remnant circulation dissipated a few hours later , southwest of Baja California Sur . \n In preparation for the cyclone , numerous tropical cyclone warnings and watches were issued for various portions of the coastline of Mexico . Ports were closed and residents in low @-@ lying areas were asked to evacuate to higher grounds . In addition , shipping by means of boat was suspended . Though the center of Erick remained offshore , the outer bands of the system brought gusty winds and isolated heavy rainfall to Western Mexico . In Guerrero , minor flooding was reported in the cities of Acapulco and Puerto Marques . A river overflowed its banks in Nayarit , flooding several cities in the state . Numerous cars , streets , and homes were damaged by flooding . A woman died as she attempted to flee her house , while a man was killed after being swept away by the river . Hundreds of people were rescued by the Mexican military and Nayarit officials . Across Baja California Sur , the storm produced widespread precipitation , leading to flooding . \n = = Meteorological history = = \n On June 18 , a tropical wave emerged off the western coastline of Africa and into the eastern Atlantic . Tracking steadily westward , it maintained a small but organized area of convection — shower and thunderstorm activity — along its axis for the next several days . The wave crossed the Lesser Antilles on June 24 and Central America on June 29 , emerging into the eastern Pacific shortly thereafter . During the evening of July 1 , the National Hurricane Center ( NHC ) began monitoring the system , noting that environmental conditions were expected to become favorable for slow development . The wave interacted with a larger area of low pressure on July 2 , leading to an increase in convective coverage and the formation of a broad low @-@ pressure area . Continuing slowly westward , the system acquired enough organization to be declared a tropical depression at 1200 UTC on July 4 , while centered 205 mi ( 330 km ) southeast of Acapulco , Mexico . Despite the initially exposed center of circulation , a byproduct of moderate wind shear , the depression soon began to organize as convective banding increased and gained more curvature . This led to the classification of Tropical Storm Erick at 0000 UTC on July 5 . \n Under the influence of a mid @-@ level ridge over the northwestern Caribbean Sea and an upper @-@ level ridge over the southwestern United States , the newly upgraded Erick tracked west @-@ northwest parallel to the coastline of Mexico . A central dense overcast formed by the daylight hours of July 5 , with tight banding noted on satellite . In addition , microwave imagery indicated the formative stages of an eyewall . Initially vertically decoupled , the storm became more vertically aligned throughout the following hours . A ragged eye became intermittently visible on satellite , and Erick was upgraded to Category 1 hurricane status at 0600 UTC , located approximately 105 mi ( 170 km ) west @-@ southwest of Lázaro Cárdenas , Mexico . In conjunction with satellite intensity estimates , it is estimated that Erick attained its peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 80 mph ( 130 km / h ) and a minimum barometric pressure of 983 mb ( hPa ; 29 @.@ 03 inHg ) at 1200 UTC . Shortly thereafter , its proximity to the coastline of Mexico and track over increasingly cooler waters caused the storm to begin a weakening trend . At 1800 UTC on July 7 , Erick weakened to a tropical storm as its associated convective mass warmed and the eye deteriorated . Wind shear caused the center of circulation to become exposed on July 9 as the system passed just south of Baja California Sur , leading to degeneration into a remnant low @-@ pressure area at 0600 UTC . The remnant vortex persisted for a few more hours , before dissipating over cold sea surface temperatures at 0000 UTC on July 10 . \n = = Preparations and impact = = \n Following the system 's designation , a tropical storm watch was issued for the southwestern coastline of Mexico stretching from Acapulco to La Fortuna . By 0300 UTC on July 5 , the watch was extended from Acapulco to Manzanillo , while a tropical storm warning was issued from Lázaro Cárdenas to Manzanillo . Several hours later , the watch was discontinued for the coastline stretching from Acapulco to Lázaro Cárdenas and issued from La Fortuna to Cabo Corrientes . Meanwhile , the warning from Lázaro Cárdenas to Manzanillo was discontinued , with a new warning issued from Zihuatanejo to La Fortuna . All tropical storm watches in effect were discontinued by 0300 UTC the following morning , with the warning being extended from Zihuatanejo to Cabo Corrientes . After being upgraded to a hurricane , Erick prompted the issuance of hurricane watches stretching from Punta San Telmo to Cabo Corrientes . At 1500 UTC on July 6 , a tropical storm watch was issued from Santa Fe to La Paz , though this was upgraded to a warning several hours later . Following many other revisions , all tropical cyclone watches and warnings were discontinued after Erick degenerated into a remnant low early on July 9 . \n In preparation for the tropical cyclone , an \" orange \" alert was issued for southern Michoacán , southern Jalisco , and the entire state of Colima , while a \" yellow \" alert was posted for the rest of the Jalisco coastline . The ports of Acapulco , Zihuatanejo , and Manzanillio were closed . In fear of flash flooding , residents along low @-@ lying areas of Acapulco were urged to evacuate . Meanwhile , the government of Michoacán ordered the suspension of shipping by boat . \n Despite remaining offshore , the outer rainbands of the storm affected the southwestern coastline with gusty winds and heavy rainfall , with similar effects farther northwest . In Acapulco and Puerto Marques , the storm was responsible for minor flooding . Elsewhere across the state , damage was minor and mostly due to landslides . Along the coast of Colima , waves up to 9 ft ( 2 @.@ 7 m ) were recorded . Although some flooding was reported across the state , damage was considered minor . \n Further north , Erick brought extensive flood damage to Nayarit . A 74 @-@ year @-@ old woman died while trying to escape her flooded house , while dozens of vehicles were damaged and several other streets and homes were flooded . One river overflowed its banks , affecting numerous cities . Officials in Nayarit attempted to rescue hundreds of people affected by Hurricane Erick , many of whom waited on streets to be rescued . Dozens of families were directly affected by the storm . Substantial amounts of debris piled up on streets . Residents reported severe economical losses , especially in Xalisco , where a disaster declaration was necessary . Offshore , a waterspout was reported . In Tepic , Governor Roberto Sandoval ordered a state of emergency . Although the core of the system remained offshore , a \" yellow \" alert was issued for Baja California Sur . Heavy rain was recorded over much of the peninsula , resulting in flooding . The ports of La Paz , Cabo San Lucas , and San Jose del Cabo were closed due to high waves . Additionally , a \" green \" alert was issued for Baja California . In all , two people were killed while two others were missing . About 5 @,@ 500 people were homeless in Xalisco . \n = Mesa Verde National Park = \n Mesa Verde National Park is a National Park and World Heritage Site located in Montezuma County , Colorado . It protects some of the best preserved Ancestral Puebloan archeological sites in the United States . \n Created by President Theodore Roosevelt in 1906 , it occupies 52 @,@ 485 acres ( 21 @,@ 240 ha ) near the Four Corners region of the American Southwest , and with more than 4 @,@ 300 sites , including 600 cliff dwellings , it is the largest archeological preserve in the US . Mesa Verde ( Spanish for \" green table \" ) is best known for structures such as Cliff Palace , thought to be the largest cliff dwelling in North America . \n Starting c . 7500 BCE , Mesa Verde was seasonally inhabited by a group of nomadic Paleo @-@ Indians known as the Foothills Mountain Complex . The variety of projectile points found in the region indicates they were influenced by surrounding areas , including the Great Basin , the San Juan Basin , and the Rio Grande Valley . Later , Archaic people established semi @-@ permanent rockshelters in and around the mesa . By 1000 BCE , the Basketmaker culture emerged from the local Archaic population , and by 750 CE the Ancestral Puebloans had developed from the Basketmaker culture . \n The Mesa Verdeans survived using a combination of hunting , gathering , and subsistence farming of crops such as corn , beans , and squash . They built the mesa 's first pueblos sometime after 650 , and by the end of the 12th century , they began to construct the massive cliff dwellings for which the park is best known . By 1285 , following a period of social and environmental instability driven by a series of severe and prolonged droughts , they abandoned the area and moved south to locations in Arizona and New Mexico , including Rio Chama , Pajarito Plateau , and Santa Fe . \n = = Inhabitants = = \n = = = Paleo @-@ Indians = = = \n The first occupants of the Mesa Verde region , which spans from southeastern Utah to northwestern New Mexico , were nomadic Paleo @-@ Indians who arrived in the area c . 9500 BCE . They followed herds of big game and camped near rivers and streams , many of which dried up as the glaciers that once covered parts of the San Juan Mountains receded . The earliest Paleo @-@ Indians were the Clovis culture and Folsom tradition , defined largely by the way in which they fashioned projectile points . Although they left evidence of their presence throughout the region , there is little indication that they lived in central Mesa Verde during this time . \n After 9600 BCE , the area 's environment grew warmer and drier , a change that brought to central Mesa Verde pine forests and the animals that thrive in them . Paleo @-@ Indians began inhabiting the mesa in increasing numbers c . 7500 , though it is unclear whether they were seasonal occupants or year @-@ round residents . Development of the atlatl during this period made it easier for them to hunt smaller game , a crucial advance at a time when most of the region 's big game had disappeared from the landscape . \n = = = Archaic = = = \n 6000 BCE marks the beginning of the Archaic period in North America . Archeologists differ as to the origin of the Mesa Verde Archaic population ; some believe they developed exclusively from local Paleo @-@ Indians , called the Foothills Mountain Complex , but others suggest that the variety of projectile points found in Mesa Verde indicates influence from surrounding areas , including the Great Basin , the San Juan Basin , and the Rio Grande Valley . The Archaic people probably developed locally , but were also influenced by contact , trade , and intermarriage with immigrants from these outlying areas . \n The early Archaic people living near Mesa Verde utilized the atlatl and harvested a wider variety of plants and animals than the Paleo @-@ Indians had , while retaining their primarily nomadic lifestyle . They inhabited the outlying areas of the Mesa Verde region , but also the mountains , mesa tops , and canyons , where they created rockshelters and rock art , and left evidence of animal processing and chert knapping . Environmental stability during the period drove population expansion and migration . Major warming and drying from 5000 to 2500 might have led middle Archaic people to seek the cooler climate of Mesa Verde , whose higher elevation brought increased snowpack that , when coupled with spring rains , provided relatively plentiful amounts of water . \n By the late Archaic , more people were living in semi @-@ permanent rockshelters that preserved perishable goods such as baskets , sandals , and mats . They started to make a variety of twig figurines that usually resembled sheep or deer . The late Archaic is marked by increased trade in exotic materials such as obsidian and turquoise . Marine shells and abalone from the Pacific coast made their way to Mesa Verde from Arizona , and the Archaic people worked them into necklaces and pendants . Rock art flourished , and people lived in rudimentary houses made of mud and wood . Their early attempts at plant domestication eventually developed into the sustained agriculture that marked the end of the Archaic period , c . 1000 . \n = = = Basketmaker culture = = = \n With the introduction of corn to the Mesa Verde region c . 1000 BCE and the trend away from nomadism toward permanent pithouse settlements , the Archaic Mesa Verdeans transitioned into what archeologists call the Basketmaker culture . Basketmaker II people are characterized by their combination of foraging and farming skills , use of the atlatl , and creation of finely woven baskets in the absence of earthen pottery . By 300 , corn had become the preeminent staple of the Basketmaker II people 's diet , which relied less and less on wild food sources and more on domesticated crops . \n In addition to the fine basketry for which they were named , Basketmaker II people fashioned a variety of household items from plant and animal materials , including sandals , robes , pouches , mats , and blankets . They also made clay pipes and gaming pieces . Basketmaker men were relatively short and muscular , averaging less than 5 @.@ 5 feet ( 1 @.@ 7 m ) tall . Their skeletal remains reveal signs of hard labor and extensive travel , including degenerative joint disease , healed fractures , and moderate anemia associated with iron deficiency . They buried their dead near or amongst their settlements , and often included luxury items as gifts , which might indicate differences in relative social status . Basketmaker II people are also known for their distinctive rock art , which can be found throughout Mesa Verde . They depicted animals and people , in both abstract and realistic forms , in single works and more elaborate panels . A common subject was the hunchbacked flute player that the Hopi call Kokopelli . \n By 500 , CE atlatls were being supplanted by the bow and arrow and baskets by pottery , marking the end of the Basketmaker II Era and the beginning of the Basketmaker III Era . Ceramic vessels were a major improvement over pitch @-@ lined baskets , gourds , and animal hide containers , which had been the primary water storage containers in the region . Pottery also protected seeds against mold , insects , and rodents . By 600 , Mesa Verdeans were using clay pots to cook soups and stews . Year @-@ round settlements first appear around this time . The population of the San Juan Basin increased markedly after 575 , when there were very few Basketmaker III sites in Mesa Verde ; by the early 7th century , there were many such sites in the mesa . For the next 150 years , villages typically consisted of small groups of one to three residences . The population of Mesa Verde c . 675 was approximately 1 @,@ 000 to 1 @,@ 500 people . \n Beans and new varieties of corn were introduced to the region c . 700 . By 775 , some settlements had grown to accommodate more than one hundred people ; the construction of large , above @-@ ground storage buildings began around this time . Basketmakers endeavored to store enough food for their family for one year , but also retained residential mobility so they could quickly relocate their dwellings in the event of resource depletion or consistently inadequate crop yields . By the end of the 8th century , the smaller hamlets , which were typically occupied for ten to forty years , had been supplanted by larger ones that saw continuous occupation for as many as two generations . Basketmaker III people established a tradition of holding large ceremonial gatherings near community pit structures . \n = = = Ancestral Puebloans = = = \n = = = = Pueblo I : 750 to 900 = = = = \n 750 marks the end of the Basketmaker III Era and the beginning of the Pueblo I period . The transition is characterized by major changes in the design and construction of buildings and the organization of household activities . Pueblo I people doubled their capacity for food storage from one year to two and built interconnected , year @-@ round residences called pueblos . Many household activities that had previously been reserved for subterranean pithouses were moved to these above @-@ ground dwellings . This altered the function of pithouses from all @-@ purpose spaces to ones used primarily for community ceremonies , although they continued to house large extended families , particularly during winter months . During the late 8th century , Mesa Verdeans began building square pit structures that archeologists call protokivas . They were typically 3 or 4 feet ( 0 @.@ 91 or 1 @.@ 22 m ) deep and 12 to 20 feet ( 3 @.@ 7 to 6 @.@ 1 m ) wide . \n The first pueblos appeared at Mesa Verde sometime after 650 ; by 850 more than half of Mesa Verdeans lived in them . As local populations grew , Puebloans found it difficult to survive on hunting , foraging , and gardening , which made them increasingly reliant on domesticated corn . This shift from semi @-@ nomadism to a \" sedentary and communal way of life changed ancestral Pueblo society forever \" . Within a generation the average number of households in these settlements grew from one to three to fifteen to twenty , with average populations of two hundred people . Population density increased dramatically , with as many as a dozen families occupying roughly the same space that had formerly housed two . This brought increased security against raids and encouraged greater cooperation amongst residents . It also facilitated trade and intermarriage between clans , and by the late 8th century , as Mesa Verde 's population was being augmented by settlers from the south , four distinct cultural groups occupied the same villages . \n Large Pueblo I settlements laid claim to the resources found within 15 to 30 square miles ( 39 to 78 km2 ) . They were typically organized in groups of at least three and spaced about 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) apart . By 860 , there were approximately 8 @,@ 000 people living in Mesa Verde . Within the plazas of larger villages , the Pueblo I people dug massive pit structures of 800 square feet ( 74 m2 ) that became central gathering places . These structures represent early architectural expressions of what would eventually develop into the Pueblo II Era great houses of Chaco Canyon . Despite robust growth during the early and mid @-@ 9th century , unpredictable rainfall and periodic drought led to a dramatic reversal of settlement trends in the area . Many late Pueblo I villages were abandoned after less than forty years of occupation , and by 880 Mesa Verde 's population was in steady decline . The beginning of the 10th century saw widespread depopulation of the region , as people emigrated south of the San Juan River to Chaco Canyon in search of reliable rains for farming . As Mesa Verdeans migrated south , to where many of their ancestors had emigrated two hundred years before , the influence of Chaco Canyon grew , and by 950 Chaco had supplanted Mesa Verde as the region 's cultural center . \n = = = = Pueblo II : 900 to 1150 = = = = \n The Pueblo II Period is marked by the growth and outreach of communities centered around the great houses of Chaco Canyon . Despite their participation in the vast Chacoan system , Mesa Verdeans retained a distinct cultural identity while melding regional innovation with ancient tradition , inspiring further architectural advancements ; the 9th century Mesa Verdean pueblos influenced two hundred years of Chacoan great house construction . Droughts during the late 9th century rendered Mesa Verdean dry land farming unreliable , which led to their growing crops only near drainages for the next 150 years . Crop yields returned to healthy levels by the early 11th century . By 1050 the population of the area began to rebound ; as agricultural prosperity increased , people immigrated to Mesa Verde from the south . \n Mesa Verdean farmers increasingly relied on masonry reservoirs during the Pueblo II Era . During the 11th century , they built check dams and terraces near drainages and slopes in an effort to conserve soil and runoff . These fields offset the danger of crop failures in the larger dry land fields . By the mid @-@ 10th and early 11th centuries , protokivas had evolved into smaller circular structures called kivas , which were usually 12 to 15 feet ( 3 @.@ 7 to 4 @.@ 6 m ) across . These Mesa Verde @-@ style kivas included a feature from earlier times called a sipapu , which is a hole dug in the north of the chamber and symbolizes the Ancestral Puebloan 's place of emergence from the underworld . At this time , Mesa Verdeans began to move away from the post and mud jacal @-@ style buildings that marked the Pueblo I Period toward masonry construction , which had been utilized in the region as early as 700 , but was not widespread until the 11th and 12th centuries . \n The expansion of Chacoan influence in the Mesa Verde area left its most visible mark in the form of Chaco @-@ style masonry great houses that became the focal point of many Mesa Verdean villages after 1075 . Far View House , the largest of these , is considered a classic Chaco \" outlier , \" on which construction likely began between 1075 and 1125 , although some archaeologists argue that it was begun as early as 1020 . The era 's timber and earth unit pueblos were typically inhabited for about twenty years . During the early 12th century , the locus of regional control shifted away from Chaco to Aztec , New Mexico , in the southern Mesa Verde region . By 1150 , drought had once again stressed the region 's inhabitants , leading to a temporary cessation of great house construction at Mesa Verde . \n = = = = Pueblo III : 1150 to 1300 = = = = \n A severe drought from 1130 to 1180 led to rapid depopulation in many parts of the San Juan Basin , particularly at Chaco Canyon . As the extensive Chacoan system collapsed , people increasingly migrated to Mesa Verde , causing major population growth in the area . This led to much larger settlements of six to eight hundred people , which reduced mobility for Mesa Verdeans , who had in the past frequently relocated their dwellings and fields as part of their agriculture strategy . In order to sustain these larger populations , they dedicated more and more of their labor to farming . Population increases also led to expanded tree felling that reduced habitat for many wild plant and animal species that the Mesa Verdeans had relied on , further deepening their dependency on domesticated crops that were susceptible to drought @-@ related failure . \n The Chacoan system brought large quantities of imported goods to Mesa Verde during the late 11th and early 12th centuries , including pottery , shells , and turquoise , but by the late 12th century , as the system collapsed , the amount of goods imported by the mesa quickly declined , and Mesa Verde became isolated from the surrounding region . For approximately six hundred years , most Mesa Verdean farmers had lived in small , mesa @-@ top homesteads of one or two families . They were typically located near their fields and walking distance to sources of water . This practice continued into the mid- to late 12th century , but by the start of the 13th century they began living in canyon locations that were close to water sources and within walking distance of their fields . \n Mesa Verdean villages thrived during the mid @-@ Pueblo III Era , when architects constructed massive , multi @-@ story buildings , and artisans adorned pottery with increasingly elaborate designs . Structures built during this period have been described as \" among the world 's greatest archaeological treasures \" . Pueblo III masonry buildings were typically occupied for approximately fifty years , more than double the usable lifespan of the Pueblo II jacal structures . Others were continuously inhabited for two hundred years or more . Architectural innovations such as towers and multi @-@ walled structures also appear during the Pueblo III Era . Mesa Verde 's population remained fairly stable during the 12th century drought . At the start of the 13th century , approximately 22 @,@ 000 people lived there . The area saw moderate population increases during the following decades , and dramatic ones from 1225 to 1260 . Most of the people in the region lived in the plains west of the mesa at locations such as Yellow Jacket Pueblo , near Cortez , Colorado . Others colonized canyon rims and slopes in multi @-@ family structures that grew to unprecedented size as populations swelled . By 1260 , the majority of Mesa Verdeans lived in large pueblos that housed several families and more than one hundred people . \n The 13th century saw 69 years of below average rainfall in the Mesa Verde region , and after 1270 the area suffered from especially cold temperatures . Dendrochronology indicates that the last tree felled for construction on the mesa was cut in 1281 . There was a major decline in ceramic imports to the region during this time , but local production remained steady . Despite challenging conditions , the Puebloans continued to farm the area until a severely dry period from 1276 to 1299 ended seven hundred years of continuous human occupation at Mesa Verde . Archeologists refer to this period as the \" Great Drought \" . The last inhabitants of the mesa left the area c . 1285 . \n = = = = Warfare = = = = \n During the Pueblo III period ( 1150 to 1300 ) , Mesa Verdeans built numerous stone masonry towers that likely served as defensive structures . They often incorporated hidden tunnels connecting the towers to associated kivas . Warfare was conducted using the same tools the Mesa Verdeans used for hunting game , including bows and arrows , stone axes , and wooden clubs and spears . They also crafted hide and basket shields that were used only during battles . Periodic warfare occurred on the mesa throughout the 13th century . Civic leaders in the region likely attained power and prestige by distributing food during times of drought . This system probably broke down during the \" Great Drought \" , leading to intense warfare between competing clans . Increasing economic and social uncertainty during the century 's final decades led to widespread conflict . Evidence of partly burned villages and post @-@ mortem trauma has been uncovered , and the residents of one village appear to have been the victims of a site @-@ wide massacre . \n Evidence of violence and cannibalism has been documented in the central Mesa Verde region . While most of the violence , which peaked between 1275 and 1285 , is generally ascribed to in @-@ fighting amongst Mesa Verdeans , archeological evidence found at Sand Canyon Pueblo , in Canyons of the Ancients National Monument , suggests that violent interactions also occurred between Mesa Verdeans and people from outside the region . Evidence of the attacks was discovered by members of the Crow Canyon Archaeological Center during the 1990s . The assaults , which also occurred at the national monument 's Castle Rock Pueblo , were dated to c . 1280 , and are considered to have effectively ended several centuries of Puebloan occupation at those sites . Many of the victims showed signs of skull fractures , and the uniformity of the injuries suggest that most were inflicted with a small stone axe . Others were scalped , dismembered , and cannibalized . The anthropophagy ( cannibalism ) might have been undertaken as a survival strategy during times of starvation . The archeological record indicates that , rather than being isolated to the Mesa Verde region , violent conflict was widespread in North America during the late 13th and early 14th centuries , and was likely exacerbated by global climate changes that negatively affected food supplies throughout the continent . \n = = = = Migration = = = = \n The Mesa Verde region saw unusually cold and dry conditions during the beginning of the 13th century . This might have driven emigration to Mesa Verde from less hospitable locations . The added population stressed the mesa 's environment , further straining an agricultural society that was suffering from drought . The region 's bimodal precipitation pattern , which brought rainfall during spring and summer and snowfall during autumn and winter , began to fail post @-@ 1250 . After 1260 , there was a rapid depopulation of Mesa Verde , as \" tens of thousands of people \" emigrated or died from starvation . Many smaller communities in the Four Corners region were also abandoned during this period . The Ancestral Puebloans had a long history of migration in the face of environmental instability , but the depopulation of Mesa Verde at the end of the 13th century was different in that the region was almost completely emptied , and no descendants returned to build permanent settlements . While drought , resource depletion , and overpopulation all contributed to instability during the last two centuries of Ancestral Puebloan occupation , their overdependence on maize crops is considered the \" fatal flaw \" of their subsistence strategy . \n The vacating Mesa Verdeans left almost no direct evidence of their migration , but they left behind household goods , including cooking utensils , tools , and clothing , which gave archeologists the impression that the emigration was haphazard or hurried . An estimated 20 @,@ 000 people lived in the region during the 13th century , but by the start of the 14th century the area was nearly uninhabited . Many emigrants relocated to southern Arizona and New Mexico . Although the rate of settlement is unclear , increases in sparsely populated areas , such as Rio Chama , Pajarito Plateau , and Santa Fe , correspond directly with the period of migration from Mesa Verde . Archeologists believe the Mesa Verdeans who settled in the areas near the Rio Grande , where Mesa Verde black @-@ on @-@ white pottery became widespread during the 14th century , were likely related to the households they joined and not unwelcome intruders . Archeologists view this migration as a continuation , versus a dissolution , of Ancestral Puebloan society and culture . Many others relocated to the banks of the Little Colorado River , in western New Mexico and eastern Arizona . While archeologists tend to focus on the \" push \" factors that drove the Mesa Verdeans away from the region , there were also several environmental \" pull factors \" , such as warmer temperatures , better farming conditions , plentiful timber , and bison herds , which incentivized relocation to the area near the Rio Grande . In addition to numerous settlements along the Rio Grande , contemporary descendants of the Mesa Verdeans live in pueblos at Acomo , Zuni , Jemez , and Laguna . \n = = = = Organization = = = = \n Although Chaco Canyon might have exerted regional control over Mesa Verde during the late 11th and early 12th centuries , most archeologists view the Mesa Verde region as a collection of smaller communities based on central sites and related outliers that were never fully integrated into a larger civic structure . Several ancient roads , averaging 15 to 45 feet ( 4 @.@ 6 to 13 @.@ 7 m ) wide and lined with earthen berms , have been identified in the region . Most appear to connect communities and shrines ; others encircle great house sites . The extent of the network is unclear , but no roads have been discovered leading to the Chacoan Great North Road , or directly connecting Mesa Verde and Chacoan sites . \n Ancestral Puebloan shrines , called herraduras , have been identified near road segments in the region . Their purpose is unclear , but several C @-@ shaped herraduras have been excavated , and they are thought to have been \" directional shrines \" used to indicate the location of great houses . \n = = = = Architecture = = = = \n Mesa Verde is best known for a large number of well @-@ preserved cliff dwellings , houses built in alcoves , or rock overhangs along the canyon walls . The structures contained within these alcoves were mostly blocks of hard sandstone , held together and plastered with adobe mortar . Specific constructions had many similarities but were generally unique in form due to the individual topography of different alcoves along the canyon walls . In marked contrast to earlier constructions and villages on top of the mesas , the cliff dwellings of Mesa Verde reflected a region @-@ wide trend towards the aggregation of growing regional populations into close , highly defensible quarters during the 13th century . \n Pueblo buildings were built with stone , windows facing south , and in U , E and L shapes . The buildings were located more closely together and reflected deepening religious celebration . Towers were built near kivas and likely used for lookouts . Pottery became more versatile , including pitchers , ladles , bowls , jars and dishware for food and drink . White pottery with black designs emerged , the pigments coming from plants . Water management and conservation techniques , including the use of reservoirs and silt @-@ retaining dams , also emerged during this period . Styles for these sandstone / mortar constructions , both surface and cliff dwellings , included T @-@ shaped windows and doors . This has been taken by some archaeologists , including Stephen H. Lekson , as evidence of the continuing reach of the Chacoan system . Other researchers see these elements as part of a more generalized Puebloan style and / or spiritual significance , rather than evidence of a continuing specific elite socioeconomic system . \n While much of the construction in these sites is consistent with common Pueblo architectural forms , including kivas , towers , and pit @-@ houses , the space constrictions of these alcoves necessitated what seems to have been a far denser concentration of their populations . Mug House , a typical cliff dwelling of the period , was home to around 100 people who shared 94 small rooms and eight kivas built against each other and sharing many of their walls ; builders in these areas maximized space in any way they could , with no areas considered off @-@ limits to construction . \n = = = = Astronomy = = = = \n Mesa Verdeans used astronomical observations to plan their farming and religious ceremonies , drawing on both natural features in the landscape and masonry structures built for this purpose . Several great houses in the region were aligned to the cardinal directions , which positioned windows , doors , and walls along the path of the sun , whose rays would indicate the passing of seasons . Mesa Verde 's Sun Temple is thought to have been an astronomical observatory . \n The temple is D @-@ shaped , and its alignment is 10 @.@ 7 degrees off true east @-@ west . Its location and orientation indicate that its builders understood the cycles of both the sun and the moon . It is aligned to the major lunar standstill , which occurs once every 18 @.@ 6 years , and the sunset during the winter solstice , which can be viewed setting over the temple from a platform at the south end of Cliff Palace , across Fewkes Canyon . At the bottom of the canyon is the Sun Temple fire pit , which is illuminated by the first rays of the rising sun during the winter solstice . Sun Temple is one of the largest exclusively ceremonial structures ever built by the Ancestral Puebloans . \n = = = = Agriculture and water @-@ control systems = = = = \n Starting in the 6th century , the farmers living in central Mesa Verde cultivated corn , beans , squash , and gourds . The combination of corn and beans provided the Mesa Verdeans with the amino acids of a complete protein . When conditions were good , 3 or 4 acres ( 1 @.@ 2 or 1 @.@ 6 ha ) of land would provide enough food for a family of three or four individuals for one year , providing they supplemented with game and wild plants . As Mesa Verdeans increasingly relied on corn as a dietary staple , the success or failure of crop yields factored heavily into their lives . The mesa tilts slightly to the south , which increased its exposure to the sun . Before the introduction of pottery , foods were baked , roasted , and parched . Hot rocks dropped into containers could bring water to a brief boil , but because beans must be boiled for an hour or more their use was not widespread until after pottery had disseminated throughout the region . With the increased availability of ceramics after 600 , beans became much easier to cook . This provided a high quality protein that reduced reliance on hunting . It also aided corn cultivation , as legumes add much needed nutrients to soils they are grown in , which likely increased corn yields . \n The most Mesa Verdeans practiced dry farming , which relied on rain to water their crops , but others utilized runoff , springs , seeps , and natural collection pools . Starting in the 9th century , they dug and maintained reservoirs that caught runoff from summer showers and spring snowmelt ; some crops were watered by hand . Archeologists believe that prior to the 13th century , springs and other sources of water were considered shared public resources , but as Mesa Verdeans moved into increasingly larger pueblos built near or around water supplies control was privatized and limited to members of the surrounding community . \n Between 750 and 800 , Mesa Verdeans began constructing two large water containment structures in canyon bottoms – the Morefield and Box Elder reservoirs . Soon afterward , work began on two more : the Far View and Sagebrush reservoirs , which were approximately 90 feet ( 27 m ) across and constructed on the mesa top . The reservoirs lie on an east @-@ west line that runs for approximately 6 miles ( 9 @.@ 7 km ) , which suggests builders followed a centralized plan for the system . In 2004 , the American Society of Civil Engineers designated these four structures as National Civil Engineering Historic Landmarks . A 2014 geospatial analyses suggested that neither collection nor retention of water was possible in the Far View Reservoir . This interpretation views the structure as a ceremonial space with procession roads in an adaptation of Chacoan culture . \n = = = = Hunting and foraging = = = = \n Mesa Verdeans typically harvested local small game , but sometimes organized hunting parties that traveled long distances . Their main sources of animal protein came from mule deer and rabbits , but they occasionally hunted Bighorn sheep , antelope , and elk . They began to domesticate turkeys starting around 1000 , and by the 13th century consumption of the animal peaked , supplanting deer as the primary protein source at many sites . These domesticated turkeys consumed large amounts of corn , which further deepened reliance on the staple crop . Puebloans wove blankets from turkey feathers and rabbit fur , and made implements such as awls and needles from turkey and deer bones . Despite the availability of fish in the area 's rivers and streams , archeological evidence suggests that they were rarely eaten . \n Mesa Verdeans supplemented their diet by gathering the seeds and fruits of wild plants , searching large expanses of land while procuring these resources . Depending on the season , they collected piñon nuts and juniper berries , weedy goosefoot , pigweed , purslane , tomatillo , tansy mustard , globe mallow , sunflower seeds , and yucca , as well as various species of grass and cacti . Prickly pear fruits provided a rare source of natural sugar . Wild seeds were cooked and ground up into porridge . They used sagebrush and mountain mahogany , along with piñon and juniper , for firewood . They also smoked wild tobacco . Because the Ancestral Puebloans considered all material consumed and discarded by their communities as sacred , their midden piles were viewed with reverence . Starting during the Basketmaker III period , c . 700 , Mesa Verdeans often buried their dead in these mounds . \n = = = = Pottery = = = = \n Scholars are divided as to whether pottery was invented in the Four Corners region or introduced from the south . Specimens of shallow , unfired clay bowls found at Canyon de Chelly indicate the innovation might have been derived from using clay bowls to parch seeds . Repeated uses rendered these bowls hard and impervious to water , which might represent the first fired pottery in the region . An alternate theory suggests that pottery originated in the Mogollon Rim area to the south , where brown @-@ paste bowls were used during the first few centuries of the common era . Others believe pottery was introduced to Mesa Verde from Mexico , c . 300 CE . There is no evidence of ancient pottery markets in the region , but archeologists believe that local potters exchanged decorative wares between families . Cooking pots made with crushed igneous rock tempers from places like Ute Mountain were more resilient and desirable , and Puebloans from throughout the region traded for them . \n Neutron activation analysis indicates that much of the black @-@ on @-@ white pottery found at Mesa Verde was produced locally . Cretaceous clays from both the Dakota and Menefee Formations were used in black @-@ on @-@ white wares , and Mancos Formation clays for corrugated jars . Evidence that pottery of both types moved between several locations around the region suggests interaction between groups of ancient potters , or they might have shared a common source of raw materials . The Mesa Verde black @-@ on @-@ white pottery was produced at three locations : Sand Canyon , Castle Rock , and Mesa Verde . Archeological evidence indicates that nearly every household had at least one member who worked as a potter . Trench kilns were constructed away from pueblos and closer to sources of firewood . Their sizes vary , but the larger ones were up to 24 feet ( 7 @.@ 3 m ) long and thought to have been shared kilns that served several families . Designs were added to ceramic vessels with a Yucca @-@ leaf brush and paints made from iron , manganese , beeplant , and tansy mustard . \n Most of the pottery found in 9th century pueblos was sized for individuals or small families , but as communal ceremonialism expanded during the 13th century , many larger , feast – sized vessels were produced . Corrugated decorations appear on Mesa Verde grey wares after 700 , and by 1000 entire vessels were crafted in this way . The technique created a rough exterior surface that was easier to hold on to than regular grey wares , which were smooth . By the 11th century these corrugated vessels , which dissipated heat more efficiently than smoother ones , had largely replaced the older style , whose tendency to retain heat made them prone to boiling over . Corrugation likely developed as ancient potters attempted to mimic the visual properties of coiled basketry . Corrugated wares were made using clay from formations other than Menefee , which suggests that ancient potters selected different clays for different styles . Potters also selected clays and altered firing conditions to achieve specific colors . Under normal conditions , pots made of Mancos shale turned grey when fired , and those made of Morrison Formation clay turned white . Clays from southeastern Utah turned red when fired in a high @-@ oxygen environment . \n = = = = Rock art and murals = = = = \n Rock art is found throughout the Mesa Verde region , but its dispersion is uneven and periodic . Some locations have numerous examples ; others have none , and some periods saw prolific creation , while others saw little . Styles also vary over time . Examples are relatively rare on Mesa Verde proper , but abundant in the middle San Juan River area , which might indicate the river 's importance as a travel route and key source of water . Common motifs in the rock art of the region include , anthropomorphic figures in procession and during copulation or childbirth , handprints , animal and people tracks , wavy lines , spirals , concentric circles , animals , and hunting scenes . As the region 's population plummeted during the late 13th century , the subject of Mesa Verdean rock art increasingly shifted to depictions of shields , warriors , and battle scenes . Modern Hopi have interpreted the petroglyphs at Mesa Verde 's Petroglyph Point as depictions of various clans of people . \n Starting during the late Pueblo II period ( 1020 ) and continuing through Pueblo III ( 1300 ) , the Ancestral Puebloans of the Mesa Verde region created plaster murals in their great houses , particularly in their kivas . The murals contained both painted and inscribed images depicting animals , people , and designs used in textiles and pottery dating back as far as Basketmaker III , c . 500 . Others depict triangles and mounds thought to represent mountains and hills in the surrounding landscape . The murals were typically located on the face of the kiva bench and usually encircled the room . Geometric patterns that resemble symbols used in pottery and zigzag that represent stitches used in basket making are common motifs . The painted murals include the colors red , green , yellow , white , brown , and blue . The designs were still in use by the Hopi during the 15th and 16th centuries . \n = = Anthropogenic ecology , geography , and climate = = \n Anthropogenic ecology refers to the human impact on animals and plants in an ecosystem . A shift from medium and large game animals , such as deer , bighorn sheep , and antelope , to smaller ones like rabbits and turkey during the mid @-@ 10th to mid @-@ 13th centuries might indicate that Mesa Verdean subsistence hunting had dramatically altered faunal populations on the mesa . Analysis of pack rat midden indicates that , with the exception of invasive species such as tumbleweed and clover , the flora and fauna in the area have remained relatively consistent for the past 4 @,@ 000 years . \n Mesa Verde 's canyons were created by streams that eroded the hard sandstone that covers the area . This resulted in Mesa Verde National Park elevations ranging from about 6 @,@ 000 to 8 @,@ 572 feet ( 1 @,@ 829 to 2 @,@ 613 m ) , the highest elevation at Park Point . The terrain in the park is now a transition zone between the low desert plateaus and the Rocky Mountains . \n The region 's precipitation pattern is bimodal , meaning agriculture is sustained through snowfall during winter and autumn and rainfall during spring and summer . The climate is semi @-@ arid . Water for farming and consumption was provided by summer rains , winter snowfall , and seeps and springs in and near the Mesa Verde villages . At 7 @,@ 000 feet ( 2 @,@ 100 m ) , the middle mesa areas were typically ten degrees cooler than the mesa top , which reduced the amount of water needed for farming . The cliff dwellings were built to take advantage of solar energy . The angle of the sun in winter warmed the masonry of the cliff dwellings , warm breezes blew from the valley , and the air was ten to twenty degrees warmer in the canyon alcoves than on the top of the mesa . In the summer , with the sun high overhead , much of the village was protected from direct sunlight in the high cliff dwellings . \n = = Geology = = \n Although the area 's first Spanish explorers named the feature Mesa Verde , the term is a misnomer , as true mesas are almost perfectly flat . Because Mesa Verde is slanted to the south , the proper geological term is cuesta , not mesa . The park is made up of several smaller cuestas located between canyons . Mesa Verde 's slant contributed to the formation of the alcoves that have preserved the area 's cliff dwellings . \n In the late Cretaceous Period , the Mancos Shale was deposited on top of the Dakota Sandstone , which is the rock formation that can be found under much of Colorado . The beds of the Mancos Shale are \" fine @-@ grained sand @-@ stones , mudstones , and shales \" which accumulated in the deep water of the Cretaceous Sea . It has a high clay content which causes it to expand when wet leading to sliding of the terrain . On top of this shale , there are three formations in the Mesaverde group which reflect the changes in depositional environment in the area over time . The first is the Point Lookout Sandstone , which is named for the Point Lookout feature in the park ( elevation 8427 feet ) . This sandstone , which formed in the marine environment of shallow water when the Cretaceous sea was receding , is \" massive , fine @-@ grained , cross @-@ bedded , and very resistant \" , in its layers reflecting waves and currents that were present during the time of its formation . Its sediments are approximately 400 feet thick , and its upper layers feature fossiliferous invertebrates . \n Next is the Menefee Formation , the middle formation whose content features interbedded carbonaceous shales , siltstones , and sandstones . These were deposited in semi @-@ marine environments of brackish water , such as swamps and lagoons . Due to its depositional environment and the organic material in its composition , there are thin coal seams running through the Menefee Formation . At the top , this formation is intruded upon by the Cliff House Sandstone . \n The Cliff House Sandstone is the area 's youngest rock layer . It was formed after the Cretaceous sea had completely receded and as a result has a high sand content from beaches , dunes , etc. and from this receives its characteristic yellow tint to its canyon faces . Like the Point Lookout Sandstone , it is about 400 feet thick . It contains numerous fossil beds of different types of shells , fish teeth , and other invertebrate leftovers from the receded sea . The shale zones in this feature determine where alcoves formed where the Ancestral Puebloans constructed their dwellings . \n Continuing through the Cretaceous period and into the early Tertiary , there was uplifting in the area of the Colorado Plateau , the San Juan Mountains , and the La Plata Mountains , which led to the formation of the Mesa Verde pediment with the help of erosion . Small channels of water ran across this formation depositing gravel . Later in the tertiary , the last period of uplift and rock tilting towards the south caused these streams to cut rapidly into the rock removing loose sediment and forming the vast canyons seen today . This caused the isolation of the Mesa Verde pediment from surrounding rock . Today , since the climate is more arid , these erosional processes are slowed . \n = = Rediscovery = = \n Mexican @-@ Spanish missionaries and explorers Francisco Atanasio Domínguez and Silvestre Vélez de Escalante , seeking a route from Santa Fe to California , faithfully recorded their travels in 1776 . They reached Mesa Verde ( green plateau ) region , which they named after its high , tree @-@ covered plateaus , but they never got close enough , or into the needed angle , to see the ancient stone villages . They were the first white men to travel the route through much of the Colorado Plateau into Utah and back through Arizona to New Mexico . \n The Mesa Verde region has long been occupied by the Utes , and an 1868 treaty between them and the United States government recognized Ute ownership of all Colorado land west of the Continental Divide . After there had become an interest in land in western Colorado , a new treaty in 1873 left the Ute with a strip of land in southwestern Colorado between the border with New Mexico and 15 miles north . Most of Mesa Verde lies within this strip of land . The Ute wintered in the warm , deep canyons and found sanctuary there and the high plateaus of Mesa Verde . Believing the cliff dwellings to be sacred ancestral sites , they did not live in the ancient dwellings . \n Occasional trappers and prospectors visited , with one prospector , John Moss , making his observations known in 1873 . The following year , Moss led eminent photographer William Henry Jackson through Mancos Canyon , at the base of Mesa Verde . There , Jackson both photographed and publicized a typical stone cliff dwelling . Geologist William H. Holmes retraced Jackson 's route in 1875 . Reports by both Jackson and Holmes were included in the 1876 report of the Hayden Survey , one of the four federally financed efforts to explore the American West . These and other publications led to proposals to systematically study Southwestern archeological sites . \n In her quest to find Ancestral Puebloan settlements , Virginia McClurg , a journalist for the New York Daily Graphic , visited Mesa Verde in 1882 and 1885 . Her party rediscovered Echo Cliff House , Three Tier House , and Balcony House in 1885 ; these discoveries inspired her to protect the dwellings and artifacts . \n = = = The Wetherills = = = \n A family of cattle ranchers , the Wetherills , befriended members of the Ute tribe near their ranch southwest of Mancos , Colorado . With the Ute tribe 's approval , the Wetherills were allowed to bring cattle into the lower , warmer plateaus of the present Ute reservation during winter . Word of the Ancestral Puebloan great houses had spread , and Acowitz , a member of the Ute tribe , told the Wetherills of a special cliff dwelling in Mesa Verde : \" Deep in that canyon and near its head are many houses of the old people – the Ancient Ones . One of those houses , high , high in the rocks , is bigger than all the others . Utes never go there , it is a sacred place . \" On December 18 , 1888 , Richard Wetherill and cowboy Charlie Mason rediscovered Cliff Palace after spotting the ruins from the top of Mesa Verde . Wetherill gave the ruin its present @-@ day name . Richard Wetherill , family and friends explored the ruins and gathered artifacts , some of which they sold to the Historical Society of Colorado and much of which they kept . Among the people who stayed with the Wetherills and explored the cliff dwellings was mountaineer , photographer , and author Frederick H. Chapin , who visited the region during 1889 and 1890 . He described the landscape and ruins in an 1890 article and later in an 1892 book , The Land of the Cliff @-@ Dwellers , which he illustrated with hand @-@ drawn maps and personal photographs . \n = = = Gustaf Nordenskiöld = = = \n The Wetherills also hosted Gustaf Nordenskiöld , the son of polar explorer Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld , in 1891 . Nordenskiöld was a trained mineralogist who introduced scientific methods to artifact collection , recorded locations , photographed extensively , diagrammed sites , and correlated what he observed with existing archeological literature as well as the home @-@ grown expertise of the Wetherills . He removed a lot of artifacts and sent them to Sweden , where they eventually went to the National Museum of Finland . Nordenskiöld published , in 1893 , The Cliff Dwellers of the Mesa Verde . When Nordenskiöld shipped the collection that he made of Mesa Verde artifacts , the event initiated concerns about the need to protect Mesa Verde land and its resources . \n = = National Park = = \n In 1889 , Goodman Point Pueblo became the first pre @-@ Columbian archeological site in the Mesa Verde region to gain federal protection . It was the first such site to be protected in the US . Virginia McClurg was diligent in her efforts between 1887 and 1906 to inform the United States and European community of the importance of protecting the important historical material and dwellings in Mesa Verde . Her efforts included enlisting support from 250 @,@ 000 women through the Federation of Women 's Clubs , writing and having published poems in popular magazines , giving speeches domestically and internationally , and forming the Colorado Cliff Dwellers Association . The Colorado Cliff Dwellers ' purpose was to protect the resources of Colorado cliff dwellings , reclaiming as much of the original artifacts as possible and sharing information about the people who dwelt there . A fellow activist for protection of Mesa Verde and prehistoric archeological sites included Lucy Peabody , who , located in Washington , D.C. , met with members of Congress to further the cause . Former Mesa Verde National Park superintendent Robert Heyder communicated his belief that the park might have been far more significant with the hundreds of artifacts taken by Nordenskiöld . \n By the end of the 19th century , it was clear that Mesa Verde needed protection from people in general who came to Mesa Verde and created or sold their own collection of artifacts . In a report to the Secretary of the Interior , Smithsonian Institution Ethnologist Jesse Walter Fewkes described vandalism at Mesa Verde 's Cliff Palace : \n Parties of \" curio seekers \" camped on the ruin for several winters , and it is reported that many hundred specimens there have been carried down the mesa and sold to private individuals . Some of these objects are now in museums , but many are forever lost to science . In order to secure this valuable archeological material , walls were broken down ... often simply to let light into the darker rooms ; floors were invariably opened and buried kivas mutilated . To facilitate this work and get rid of the dust , great openings were broken through the five walls which form the front of the ruin . Beams were used for firewood to so great an extent that not a single roof now remains . This work of destruction , added to that resulting from erosion due to rain , left Cliff Palace in a sad condition . \n Many artifacts from Mesa Verde are now located in museums and private collections in the USA and across the world . A representative selection of pottery vessels and other objects , for example , is now in the British Museum in London . In 1906 , President Theodore Roosevelt approved creation of the Mesa Verde National Park and the Federal Antiquities Act of 1906 . The park was an effort to \" preserve the works of man \" and was the first of its kind . The park was named with the Spanish term for green table because of its forests of juniper and piñon trees . \n = = = Excavation and protection = = = \n From 1908 to 1922 , Spruce Tree House , Cliff Palace , and Sun Temple ruins were stabilized . Most of the early efforts were led by Jesse Walter Fewkes . During the 1930s and 40s , Civilian Conservation Corps workers , starting in 1932 , played key roles in excavation efforts , building trails and roads , creating museum exhibits and constructing buildings at Mesa Verde . From 1958 to 1965 , Wetherill Mesa Archeological Project included archeological excavations , stabilization of sites , and surveys . With excavation and study of eleven Wetherill Mesa sites , it is considered the largest archeological effort in the US . The project oversaw the excavation of Long House and Mug House . \n In 1966 , as with all historical areas administered by the National Park Service , Mesa Verde was listed on the National Register of Historic Places , and in 1987 , the Mesa Verde Administrative District was listed on the register . It was designated a World Heritage Site in 1978 . In its 2015 travel awards , Sunset magazine named Mesa Verde National Park \" the best cultural attraction \" in the Western United States . \n = = = Services = = = \n The entrance to Mesa Verde National Park is on U.S. Route 160 , approximately 9 miles ( 14 km ) east of the community of Cortez and 7 miles ( 11 km ) west of Mancos , Colorado . The park covers 52 @,@ 485 acres ( 21 @,@ 240 ha ) It contains 4 @,@ 372 documented sites , including more than 600 cliff dwellings . It is the largest archeological preserve in the US . It protects some of the most important and best preserved archeological sites in the country . The park initiated the Archeological Site Conservation Program in 1995 . It analyses data pertaining to how sites are constructed and utilized . \n The Mesa Verde Visitor and Research Center is located just off of Highway 160 and is before the park entrance booths . The Visitor and Research Center opened in December 2012 . Chapin Mesa ( the most popular area ) is 20 miles ( 32 km ) beyond the visitor center . Mesa Verde National Park is an area of federal exclusive jurisdiction . Because of this all law enforcement , emergency medical service , and wildland / structural fire duties are conducted by federal National Park Service Law Enforcement Rangers . The Mesa Verde National Park Post Office has the ZIP code 81330 . Access to park facilities vary by season . Three of the cliff dwellings on Chapin Mesa are open to the public . The Chapin Mesa Archeological Museum is open all year . Spruce Tree House is also open all year , weather permitting . Balcony House , Long House and Cliff Palace require tour tickets for ranger @-@ guided tours . Many other dwellings are visible from the road but not open to tourists . The park offers hiking trails , a campground , and , during peak season , facilities for food , fuel , and lodging ; these are unavailable in the winter . \n = = = Wildfires and culturally modified trees = = = \n During the years 1996 to 2003 , the park suffered from several wildfires . The fires , many of which were started by lightning during times of drought , burned 28 @,@ 340 acres ( 11 @,@ 470 ha ) of forest , more than half the park . The fires also damaged many archeological sites and park buildings . They were named : Chapin V ( 1996 ) , Bircher and Pony ( 2000 ) , Long Mesa ( 2002 ) , and the Balcony House Complex fires ( 2003 ) , which were five fires that began on the same day . The Chapin V and Pony fires destroyed two rock art sites , and the Long Mesa fire nearly destroyed the museum – the first one ever built in the National Park System – and Spruce Tree House , the third largest cliff dwelling in the park . \n Prior to the fires of 1996 to 2003 , archeologists had surveyed approximately ninety percent of the park . Dense undergrowth and tree cover kept many ancient sites hidden from view , but after the Chapin V , Bircher and Pony fires , 593 previously undiscovered sites were revealed – most of them date to the Basketmaker III and Pueblo I periods . Also uncovered during the fires were extensive water containment features , including 1 @,@ 189 check dams , 344 terraces , and five reservoirs that date to the Pueblo II and III periods . In February 2008 , the Colorado Historical Society decided to invest a part of its $ 7 million budget into a culturally modified trees project in the National Park . \n = = = Ute Mountain Tribal Park = = = \n The Ute Mountain Tribal Park , adjoining Mesa Verde National Park to the east of the mountains , is approximately 125 @,@ 000 acres ( 51 @,@ 000 ha ) along the Mancos River . Hundreds of surface sites , cliff dwellings , petroglyphs , and wall paintings of Ancestral Puebloan and Ute cultures are preserved in the park . Native American Ute tour guides provide background information about the people , culture , and history of the park lands . National Geographic Traveler chose it as one of \" 80 World Destinations for Travel in the 21st Century \" , one of only nine places selected in the US . \n = = Key sites = = \n In addition to the cliff dwellings , Mesa Verde boasts a number of mesa @-@ top ruins . Examples open to public access include the Far View Complex and Cedar Tree Tower on Chapin Mesa , and Badger House Community , on Wetherill Mesa . \n = = = Balcony House = = = \n Balcony House is set on a high ledge facing east . Its 45 rooms and 2 kivas would have been cold during the winter . Visitors on ranger @-@ guided tours enter by climbing a 32 @-@ foot ladder and a crawling through a 12 @-@ foot tunnel . The exit , a series of toe @-@ holds in a cleft of the cliff , was believed to be the only entry and exit route for the cliff dwellers , which made the small village easy to defend and secure . One log was dated at 1278 , so it was likely built not long before the Mesa Verde people migrated out of the area . It was officially excavated in 1910 by Jesse Nusbaum , one of the first Superintendents of Mesa Verde National Park . Visitors can enter Balcony House through ranger @-@ guided tours . \n = = = Cliff Palace = = = \n This multi @-@ storied ruin , the best @-@ known cliff dwelling in Mesa Verde , is located in the largest alcove in the center of the Great Mesa . It was south- and southwest @-@ facing , providing greater warmth from the sun in the winter . Dating back more than 700 years , the dwelling is constructed of sandstone , wooden beams , and mortar . Many of the rooms were brightly painted . Cliff Palace was home to approximately 125 people , but was likely an important part of a larger community of sixty nearby pueblos , which housed a combined six hundred or more people . With 23 kivas and 150 rooms , Cliff Palace is the largest cliff dwelling in Mesa Verde National Park . \n = = = Long House = = = \n Located on the Wetherill Mesa , Long House is the second @-@ largest Mesa Verdean village ; approximately 150 people lived there . The location was excavated from 1959 through 1961 , as part of the Wetherhill Mesa Archeological Project . Long House was built c . 1200 ; it was occupied until 1280 . The cliff dwelling features 150 rooms , a kiva , a tower , and a central plaza . Its rooms are not clustered like typical cliff dwellings . Stones were used without shaping for fit and stability . Two overhead ledges contain storage space for grain . One ledge seems to include an overlook with small holes in the wall to see the rest of the village below . A spring is accessible within several hundred feet , and seeps are located in the rear of the village . \n = = = Mug , Oak Tree , Spruce Tree , and Square Tower houses = = = \n Mug House is located on Wetherill Mesa ; it contains 94 rooms , a large kiva , and a nearby reservoir . It received its name from four mugs the Charles Mason and the Wetherill brothers found strung together at the site . Oak Tree House and neighboring Fire Temple can be visited via a 2 @-@ hour ranger @-@ guided hike . Spruce Tree House is the third @-@ largest village , within several hundred feet of a spring , and had 130 rooms and eight kivas . It was constructed sometime between 1211 and 1278 . It is believed anywhere from 60 to 80 people lived there at one time . Because of its protective location , it is well preserved . The short trail to Spruce Tree House begins at the Chapin Mesa Archeological Museum . The Square Tower House is one of the stops on the Mesa Top Loop Road driving tour . The tower is the tallest structure in Mesa Verde . \n = Soedjatmoko = \n Soedjatmoko ( born Soedjatmoko Mangoendiningrat ; 10 January 1922 – 21 December 1989 ) , familiarly called Bung Koko , was an Indonesian intellectual and diplomat . Born to a noble father and mother in Sawahlunto , West Sumatra , after finishing his primary education , he went to Batavia ( modern day Jakarta ) to study medicine ; in the city 's slums , he saw much poverty , which became an academic interest later in life . After being expelled from medical school by the Japanese in 1943 for his political activities , Soedjatmoko moved to Surakarta and practised medicine with his father . In 1947 , after Indonesia proclaimed its independence , Soedjatmoko and two other youths were deployed to Lake Success , New York , to represent Indonesia at the United Nations ( UN ) . They helped secure international recognition of the country 's sovereignty . \n After his work at the UN , Soedjatmoko attempted to study at Harvard 's Littauer Center for Public Administration ( now the John F. Kennedy School of Government ) ; however , he was forced to resign due to pressure from other work , including serving as Indonesia 's first chargé d 'affaires in London for three months as well as establishing the political desk at the Embassy of Indonesia in Washington , D.C. By 1952 he had returned to Indonesia , where he became involved in the socialist press and joined the Socialist Party of Indonesia . He was elected as a member of the Constitutional Assembly of Indonesia in 1955 , serving until 1959 ; he married Ratmini Gandasubrata in 1958 . However , as President Sukarno 's government became more authoritarian Soedjatmoko began to criticise the government . To avoid censorship , he spent two years as a guest lecturer at Cornell University in Ithaca , New York , and another three in self @-@ imposed unemployment in Indonesia . \n After Sukarno was replaced by Suharto , Soedjatmoko returned to public service . In 1966 he was sent as one of Indonesia 's representatives at the UN , and in 1968 he became Indonesia 's ambassador to the US ; during this time he received several honorary doctoral degrees . He also advised foreign minister Adam Malik . After returning to Indonesia in 1971 , Soedjatmoko held a position in several think tanks . After the Malari incident in January 1974 , Soedjatmoko was held for interrogation for two and a half weeks and accused of masterminding the event . Although eventually released , he could not leave Indonesia for two and a half years . In 1978 Soedjatmoko received the Ramon Magsaysay Award for International Understanding , and in 1980 he was chosen as rector of the United Nations University in Tokyo . Two years after returning from Japan , Soedjatmoko died of cardiac arrest while teaching in Yogyakarta . \n = = Early life = = \n Soedjatmoko was born on 10 January 1922 in Sawahlunto , West Sumatra , with the name Soedjatmoko Mangoendiningrat . He was the eldest son of Saleh Mangoendiningrat , a Javanese physician of noble descent from Madiun , and Isnadikin , a Javanese housewife from Ponorogo ; the couple had three other children , as well as two adopted children . Soedjatmoko 's younger brother , Nugroho Wisnumurti , went on to work at the United Nations . When he was two years old , he and his family moved to the Netherlands after his father received a five @-@ year scholarship . After returning to Indonesia , Soedjatmoko continued his studies at an elementary school for European called ELS in Manado , North Sulawesi . \n Soedjatmoko later attended the Surabaya HBS ( secondary school ) and graduated in 1940 . The school introduced him to Latin and Greek , and one of his teachers introduced him to European art ; he later recalled that this introduction had allowed him to see Europeans as more than colonists . He then continued to medical school in Batavia ( modern day Jakarta ) . Upon seeing the slums of Jakarta , he was drawn to the issue of poverty ; this later became an academic interest of his . However , during the Japanese occupation , in 1943 , he was expelled from the city due to his relationship with Sutan Sjahrir – who had married Soedjatmoko 's sister Siti Wahyunah – and participation in protests against the occupation . \n After his expulsion , Soedjatmoko moved to Surakarta and studied Western history and political literature , which led to an interest in socialism . Some figure that affected him besides Karl Marx were Ortega y Gasset and Jan Romein . While in Surakarta he also worked at his father 's hospital . After Indonesia proclaimed its independence , Soedjatmoko was asked to become Deputy Head of the Foreign Press Department in the Ministry of Information . In 1946 , at the request of Prime Minister Sjahrir , he and two friends established a Dutch @-@ language weekly , Het Inzicht ( Inside ) , as a counter to the Dutch @-@ sponsored Het Uίtzicht ( Outlook ) . The next year , they launched a socialist @-@ oriented journal , Siasat ( Tactics ) , which was published weekly . During this period Soedjatmoko dropped the name Mangoendiningrat , as it reminded him of the feudal aspects of Indonesian culture . \n = = Work in the US = = \n In 1947 , Sjahrir sent Soedjatmoko to New York as a member of the Indonesian Republic 's \" observer \" delegation to the United Nations ( UN ) . The delegation travelled to the United States via the Philippines after a two @-@ month stay in Singapore ; while in the Philippines , President Manuel Roxas guaranteed support of the nascent nation 's case at the United Nations . Soedjatmoko stayed in Lake Success , New York , the temporary location of the UN , and participated in debates over international recognition of the new country . Towards the end of his stay in New York , Soedjatmoko enrolled at Harvard 's Littauer Center ; as , at the time , he was still part of the UN delegation , he commuted between New York and Boston for seven months . After being released from the delegation , he spent most of a year at the Center ; for a period of three months , however , he was chargé d 'affaires – the nation 's first – at the Dutch East Indies desk of the Dutch embassy in London , serving in a temporary capacity while the Indonesian embassy was being established . \n In 1951 , Soedjatmoko moved to Washington D.C. to establish the political desk at the Indonesian embassy there ; he also became Alternate Permanent Representative of Indonesia at the UN . This busy schedule , demanding a commute between three cities , proved to be too much for him and he dropped out of the Littauer Center . In late 1951 , he resigned from his positions and went to Europe for nine months , seeking political inspiration . In Yugoslavia , he met Milovan Djilas , who impressed him greatly . \n = = Return to Indonesia = = \n Upon returning to Indonesia , Soedjatmoko once again became an editor of Siasat . In 1952 , he was one of the founders of Socialist Party daily Pedoman ( Guidance ) ; this was followed by a political journal , Konfrontasi ( Confrontation ) . He also helped to establish the Pembangunan publishing house , which he directed until 1961 . Soedjatmoko joined the Indonesian Socialist Party ( Partai Sosialis Indonesia , or PSI ) in 1955 , and was elected as a member of Constitutional Assembly of Indonesia in the 1955 elections until the dissolution of the assembly in 1959 . He served with the Indonesian delegation at the Bandung Conference in 1955 . Later the same year , he founded the Indonesian Institute of World Affairs and became its Secretary General for four years . Soedjatmoko married Ratmini Gandasubrata in 1958 . Together they had three daughters . \n Towards the end of the 1950s , Soedjatmoko and President Sukarno , with whom he had had a warm working relationship , had a falling out over the president 's increasingly authoritarian policies . In 1960 Soedjatmoko co @-@ founded and headed the Democratic League , which attempted to promote democracy in the country ; he also opposed Sukarno 's Guided Democracy policy . When the effort failed , Soedjatmoko went to the US and took a position as guest lecturer at Cornell University . When he returned to Indonesia in 1962 , he discovered that key members of the PSI had been arrested and the party banned ; both Siasat and Pedoman were closed . To avoid trouble with the government , Soedjatmoko voluntarily left himself unemployed until 1965 , when he became co @-@ editor of An Introduction to Indonesian Historiography . \n = = Ambassadorship and academic activities = = \n After the failed coup d 'état in 1965 and the replacement of Sukarno by Suharto , Soedjatmoko returned to public service . He served as vice @-@ chairman of the Indonesian delegation at the UN in 1966 , becoming the delegation 's adviser in 1967 . Also in 1967 , Soedjatmoko became adviser to foreign minister Adam Malik , as well as a member of the International Institute for Strategic Studies , a London @-@ based think tank ; the following year he became Indonesian ambassador to the United States , a position which he held until 1971 . During his time as ambassador , Soedjatmoko received honorary doctorates from several American universities , including Cedar Crest College in 1969 and Yale in 1970 . He also published another book , Southeast Asia Today and Tomorrow ( 1969 ) . \n Soedjatmoko returned to Indonesia in 1971 ; upon his return he became Special Adviser on Social and Cultural Affairs to the Chairman of the National Development Planning Agency . That same year , he became a board member of the London @-@ based International Institute for Environment and Development , a position which he held until 1976 ; he also joined the Club of Rome . In 1972 Soedjatmoko was selected to the board of trustees of the Ford Foundation , in which position he served 12 years ; also in 1972 he became a governor of the Asian Institute of Management , a position which he held for two years . The following year he became a governor of the International Development Research Center . In 1974 , based on falsified documents , he was accused of planning the Malari incident of January 1974 , in which students protested and eventually rioted during a state visit by Prime Minister of Japan Kakuei Tanaka . Held for interrogation for two and a half weeks , Soedjatmoko was not allowed to leave Indonesia for two and a half years for his suspected involvement . \n In 1978 Soedjatmoko received the Ramon Magsaysay Award for International Understanding , often called Asia 's Nobel Prize . The citation read , in part : \n Encouraging both Asians and outsiders to look more carefully at the village folkways they would modernize , [ Sodjatmoko ] is fostering awareness of the human dimension essential to all development . [ ... ] [ H ] is writings have added consequentially to the body of international thinking on what can be done to meet one of the greatest challenges of our time ; how to make life more decent and satisfying for the poorest 40 percent in Southeastern and southern Asia . \n In response , Soedjatmoko said he felt \" humbled , because of [ his ] awareness that whatever small contribution [ he ] may have made is dwarfed by the magnitude of the problem of persistent poverty and human suffering in Asia , and by the realization of how much still remains to be done . \" \n = = Later life and death = = \n In 1980 Soedjatmoko moved to Tokyo , Japan . In September of that year he began service as the rector of the United Nations University , replacing James M. Hester ; he remained in that position until 1987 . In Japan he published two further books , The Primacy of Freedom in Development and Development and Freedom . He received the Asia Society Award in 1985 , and the Universities Field Staff International Award for Distinguished Service to the Advancement of International Understanding the following year . Soedjatmoko died of cardiac arrest on 21 December 1989 when he was lecturing at Muhammadiyah University of Yogyakarta . \n = Instinct ( Orphan Black ) = \n \" Instinct \" is the second episode of the first season of the Canadian science fiction television series Orphan Black . It first aired in Canada on Space and the United States on BBC America on 6 April 2013 . The episode was written by Graeme Manson and directed by John Fawcett . \n The plot follows Sarah Manning ( played by Tatiana Maslany ) as she continues to impersonate Beth Childs , a woman who looks identical to Sarah , in order to take Beth 's money after seeing her commit suicide . In the episode , Sarah deals with the aftermath of the death of another identical woman , Katja Obinger , and begins to discover more lookalikes . Maslany plays each of the identical women ; \" Instinct \" marked the first episode in which more than one of Maslany 's characters was present in a single shot , which necessitated specific planning and technology to film and edit these scenes . The episode received positive reviews from critics , who praised the episode 's plot development and Maslany 's performance . \n = = Plot = = \n After Katja is shot , Sarah flees in Beth 's car and receives a call from a woman on Beth 's phone . The woman , after hearing that Katja is dead , instructs Sarah to dispose of the body and retrieve Katja 's briefcase . While burying Katja 's body , Sarah finds a hotel key in her pocket and keeps it . She visits her foster brother Felix 's apartment and discovers that the $ 75 @,@ 000 she stole from Beth 's bank account has been taken by Beth 's detective partner Art . When she returns to Beth 's apartment she is surprised to find Beth 's boyfriend , Paul , who seems confused by Sarah 's demeanour but does not realise that she is not Beth . The next day , Sarah prepares to meet Art , and lies that the $ 75 @,@ 000 belongs to Paul , but Art says he will return the money only after the hearing Beth must attend about a suspicious shooting in which she was involved . \n Sarah disguises herself as Katja and gains entrance to her hotel room in order to find Katja 's briefcase . The room has been ransacked by the time she arrives but a hotel employee gives her the briefcase , which had been left with security . Inside the briefcase Sarah finds medical images , vials of blood , and evidence of more lookalikes , including a woman named Alison Hendrix , whose address is written on a note . Believing Alison to be the woman on the phone , Sarah drives to her address and follows her van to a soccer field , where she discovers that Alison is another of her lookalikes . Alison confronts Sarah , assuming that she is Beth , and refuses to believe Sarah when she explains that Beth killed herself , telling her to leave and wait for another call . \n At the police station , pretending to be Beth , Sarah manipulates the resident psychiatrist into approving her return to duty , but Art refuses to give Sarah the money until she is fully reinstated . She receives a call from Alison , who tells her to bring the briefcase to her house that night . When Sarah and Felix arrive at Alison 's house , Alison threatens them with a gun before relenting and introducing Sarah to another lookalike named Cosima . \n = = Production = = \n \" Instinct \" was filmed in a block with the series ' first episode , \" Natural Selection \" , under the direction of Orphan Black co @-@ creator John Fawcett . It was filmed in Canada , although it is never made clear where in North America the show takes place . The episode refers to the fictional suburb of Bailey Downs , where Alison is said to live , which is a homage to the setting of the 2000 Canadian horror film Ginger Snaps , which was directed by Fawcett . One of the filming locations used for the episode was the office used by the show 's writers , which served as Beth 's psychiatrist 's office . \n The episode featured one of the first scenes in which Maslany plays multiple characters interacting in the same shot . To construct the scene in which Sarah and Alison meet in the soccer field shed , Maslany and her stunt double Kathryn Alexandre first shot a master version of the scene using a Technodolly , a programmable camera crane that can memorise camera movements . Two versions of the scene were then re @-@ filmed without Alexandre , with Maslany playing each of the characters . To simulate Alison placing her hand on Sarah 's shoulder , a grip stand was used in the place of Sarah 's shoulder for Maslany to hold when playing Alison , and to simulate Sarah slapping Alison 's arm away , Maslany slapped the air when playing Sarah and reacted as if she had been hit when playing Alison . The final scene was created through digital compositing , whereby both versions of the scene — with Maslany playing both characters separately — are combined to produce a single shot . Maslany felt that , as one of her early attempts at sharing a scene with herself , she over @-@ thought the process : \" I think I was trying too hard to get it right . Nobody 's there when you 're shooting these things , so you overcompensate . \" \n = = Reception = = \n Overall , \" Instinct \" was well received by critics . Caroline Framke of The A.V. Club gave the episode an A – grade , writing that the series \" continues to walk a fine line with extraordinary subtlety and confidence \" . She gave particular praise to Maslany 's acting , saying that she \" handles every curveball , new character , and impersonation upon impersonation with extraordinary deftness \" . Tor.com 's Robert H. Bedford commended the way the different storylines were integrated and particularly enjoyed the interactions between Art and Sarah . Den of Geek critic Rob Kemp thought that the episode was well developed and felt that it stood out from \" the current crop of TV science fiction \" . He praised the serious nature of the episode as well as \" the effort that has gone into grounding the show into reality \" . Simon Cocks of CultBox gave \" Instinct \" 4 out of 5 stars , describing it as \" riveting television \" . He found Maslany 's performance \" incredible \" and \" effortless \" , and felt that her scenes with Art at the police station provided the strongest material . In a more mixed review for Twitch Film , Todd Brown opined that \" Instinct \" sometimes crossed \" the line between camp and believability \" . He praised the development of the story and the characters but felt that while Maslany 's acting was \" remarkably strong as both Sarah and Sarah @-@ Being @-@ Beth her performance as Alison ... feels a bit shrill \" . \n = Pilot ( The X @-@ Files ) = \n \" Pilot \" is the pilot episode of the science fiction television series The X @-@ Files . The episode aired on September 10 , 1993 on the Fox network in the United States and Canada , and subsequently aired in the United Kingdom and Ireland on Sky1 . The episode was written by series creator Chris Carter , and directed by Robert Mandel . As the pilot , it would set up the mythology storyline for the series . The episode earned a Nielsen rating of 7 @.@ 9 and was viewed by 7 @.@ 4 million households and 12 @.@ 0 million viewers . The episode itself was generally well received by fans and critics alike , which led to a growing cult following for the series before it hit the mainstream . \n The pilot introduced the two main characters , Fox Mulder and Dana Scully who were portrayed by David Duchovny and Gillian Anderson respectively . The episode also featured William B. Davis , Charles Cioffi and Zachary Ansley as the recurring characters of the Smoking Man , Scott Blevins and Billy Miles . The Smoking Man would go on to become the series ' signature antagonist , appearing in every season except the eighth . The episode follows FBI Special Agents Mulder and Scully on their first X @-@ File case together , investigating a string of deaths which Mulder believes to be alien experiments . \n Inspired by Kolchak : The Night Stalker , the series was conceived by Chris Carter in an attempt to \" scare people 's pants off \" . When creating the characters of Fox Mulder and Dana Scully , Carter decided to play against established stereotypes , making the male character a believer and the female a skeptic , as the latter role had traditionally been a male one on television . Principal photography for \" Pilot \" took place over fourteen days during March 1993 ; using a budget of $ 2 million , the scenes were filmed in and around the Vancouver area . Vancouver would remain the area for production for the next five years , although production would move to Los Angeles from the beginning of the sixth season at the behest of David Duchovny . \n = = Plot = = \n In Bellefleur , Oregon , teenager Karen Swenson is seen fleeing through the forest . When she falls , a dark figure approaches , and they both become enveloped in light . Swenson 's body is later found by Bellefleur detectives , with two small marks on her back . \n Later , in Washington , D.C. , FBI special agent Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) is summoned to a meeting with Division Chief Scott Blevins ( Charles Cioffi ) and a seemingly anonymous government official , The Smoking Man ( William B. Davis ) . Scully is assigned to work with Special Agent Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) on the X @-@ Files , an obscure FBI section covering purportedly paranormal cases . Blevins has assigned Scully for the implicit purpose of using her scientific knowledge to discredit Mulder 's work , although Blevins never directly tells Scully this and is evasive when she asks if such is his intent . \n Scully introduces herself to her new partner , who shows her evidence from the Swenson case . He notes that she was the fourth member of her high school class to die under mysterious circumstances . Mulder also notes an unknown chemical compound found on Swenson 's body , as well as similarities between her death and others from across the country . Mulder believes that Swenson 's death is due to extraterrestrial activity . However , the skeptical Scully expresses disbelief in Mulder 's theory . \n When Mulder and Scully 's plane flies over Bellefleur , it encounters unexplained turbulence . As they drive in the woods near the town , the agents ' car radio malfunctions ; Mulder marks the spot of this event by spray @-@ painting an \" X \" onto the road . Mulder arranges for the exhumation of the third victim , Ray Soames , despite the protests of Dr. Jay Nemman , the county medical examiner . When Soames ' coffin is opened , a deformed body is found inside , which Scully concludes is not Soames , but an orangutan . However , she finds a metal implant in the body 's nasal cavity . \n Mulder and Scully visit the psychiatric hospital where Soames was committed before his death and meet two of Soames ' former classmates — the comatose Billy Miles ( Zachary Ansley ) ; and the wheelchair @-@ using Peggy O 'Dell . O 'Dell suffers from a nosebleed during the agents ' visit , and is seen to bear marks similar to Swenson 's . Outside the hospital , Mulder explains to Scully that he believes Miles , O 'Dell , and the victims to be alien abductees . \n That night , the agents investigate the forest ; Scully discovers strange ash on the ground , leading her to suspect cult activity . However , a local detective arrives and orders them to leave . Driving back to their motel , Mulder and Scully encounter a flash of light at the spot their car had malfunctioned earlier . When the car loses power , Mulder realizes that nine minutes disappeared after the flash , a phenomenon reported by alien abductees . \n At the motel , Mulder tells Scully that his sister Samantha vanished when he was twelve , which has driven his work in the paranormal . The agents receive an anonymous call telling them that O 'Dell was killed in traffic while on foot . They visit the scene , finding O 'Dell 's body and no wheelchair . They return to find the motel on fire and their evidence destroyed . Nemman 's daughter Theresa contacts the agents for help . She tells them that she has awakened in the middle of the woods several times , though her father and Detective Miles arrive and take her away . \n Mulder and Scully return to the cemetery to exhume the other victims only to find the graves already dug up and the coffins missing . Mulder realizes that Billy Miles is responsible for bringing the victims to the woods . Returning to the woods , they again encounter Detective Miles , but hear a scream and find Billy nearby with Theresa in his arms . There is a flash of light , and Billy and Theresa are recovered unharmed . \n Several months later , Miles is put under hypnosis . He recalls how he and his classmates were abducted in the forest as they celebrated their graduation ; they were subjected to tests by the aliens , and killed when the tests failed . Scully provides Blevins with the metal implant , the only remaining piece of evidence . However , she later learns from Mulder that Miles ' case files are missing . Meanwhile , The Smoking Man stores the implant away in a vast evidence room within the Pentagon . \n = = Production = = \n = = = Pre @-@ production = = = \n When conceiving the episode , Chris Carter wanted to \" scare people 's pants off \" . A noted influence on the episode 's conception was Kolchak : The Night Stalker , a series from the 1970s . This led to an idea of two agents investigating paranormal events . When creating the characters of Fox Mulder and Dana Scully , Carter decided to play against established stereotypes , making the male character a believer and the female a skeptic , as the latter role had traditionally been a male one on television . \n When casting the actors for the two main parts , Carter had difficulties finding an actor for Scully . When he cast Gillian Anderson for the part , the network wanted to replace her . Carter believed they responded negatively towards the casting because \" she didn 't have the obvious qualities that network executives have come to associate with hit shows \" . Calling her a \" terrific actress \" , Carter reacted overall positively towards Anderson 's audition saying \" she came in and read the part with a seriousness and intensity that I knew the Scully character had to have and I knew [ ... ] she was the right person for the part \" . David Duchovny on the other hand , was met with more positive response from the network , Carter even saying he was an \" early favorite \" . William B. Davis , who made his first appearance as the recurring villain The Smoking Man in this episode , had originally auditioned for a larger part in the episode , saying \" I auditioned for the senior FBI agent who had three lines . I didn 't get that part — I got the part with no lines \" . \n = = = Filming = = = \n Principal photography for \" Pilot \" took place over fourteen days during March 1993 ; using a budget of $ 2 million . Filming of the episode took place in and around Vancouver , British Columbia . The series would use the area for production for the next five years , although production would move to Los Angeles from the beginning of the sixth season at the behest of David Duchovny . \n The scene set in the town 's graveyard was shot in Queen Elizabeth Park , marking the first time the location had been used to represent a graveyard ; the location would later be used for the same purpose in the fourth season episode \" Kaddish \" . The interior shots of the psychiatric hospital were filmed in a disused building owned by Riverview Hospital in Coquitlam , and marked the first time that the crew met with producer R. W. Goodwin . The episode 's final warehouse scene was filmed in a document warehouse belonging to the headquarters of the Canadian television network Knowledge . An office in the same building was also used for the boardroom meeting at the beginning of the episode . The scenes involving the Smoking Man required special permission to be filmed , in order to allow for actor William B. Davis to smoke in a public building . All of the interior shots of the FBI headquarters were filmed in the main newsroom of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation , as the production crew found that the open plan offices they wished to represent no longer existed , having typically been converted into cubicles . However , it was found that working around the CBC 's broadcast schedule was too unwieldy , and later episodes of the series replicated the location on a sound stage . The forest scenes were shot on location in Lynn Valley , in the Lower Seymour Conservation Reserve — formerly known as the Seymour Demonstration Forest . The crew spent $ 9 @,@ 000 building wooden pathways for equipment , cast and crew to move easily through the area . Additional scenes were filmed at the headquarters for BC Hydro ; whilst Scully 's apartment was represented by a location used only in this episode and the third episode , \" Squeeze \" — use of this location was discontinued once it became apparent that most reverse angles would show a large car park across the street . \n Make @-@ up effects artist Toby Lindala was tasked with creating a prop which would allow actress Sarah Koskoff to simulate a nosebleed on @-@ camera , rather than through the use of off @-@ screen make @-@ up and editing tricks . However , during test shots , the prop 's tubing burst , causing the stage blood to begin dripping down Koskoff 's forehead , rather than from her nose . Gillian Anderson has expressed displeasure over the scene in which her character , Dana Scully , visits Fox Mulder in his motel room in her underwear to have him examine a suspicious wound which turns out to be insect bites . The actress felt that the scene was too gratuitous , saying \" there really wasn 't a reason for it . The bites could have been on my shoulder or something . \" However , Carter has explained that the scene was simply intended to highlight the platonic relationship between the two lead roles . \n = = = Post @-@ production = = = \n Post @-@ production work on the episode was finished by May 1993 , with the final version of the episode being assembled only three hours before its preview screening for the network 's executives . Stock footage of the exterior of the J. Edgar Hoover Building was added to the episode , although later episodes would film new exterior shots using Simon Fraser University as a stand @-@ in location . The climactic abduction scene featuring Billy Miles in a forest clearing featured a swirling vortex of leaves created using computer imagery by the series ' visual designer Mat Beck ; which Carter has described as being more complicated to achieve than the Normandy landings . \n = = = Deleted scenes = = = \n The original script gives more insight into Scully 's visit to Scott Blevins ' office . The scene that introduces Scully in the script is set just before her visit and takes place at the FBI Academy in Quantico , Virginia , where she teaches a small group of trainees about the physiology of homicide , specifically electrocution and death by cattle prod . Her attention is distracted by an agent who enters the room and hands her a note that reads , \" Your attendance is required in Washington at 1600 hrs. sharp \" . Scully checks her digital watch , which reads 1 : 03 . The majority , at the least , of this scene was actually filmed but the scene was omitted from the final version of the episode . The next scene is that in which Scully reports to the receptionist at FBI headquarters ; the script includes Scully showing her badge to the receptionist and dialogue for the role of the receptionist as she tells Scully , \" See Section Chief Blevins . Third floor , violent crime division . \" In the final version of the episode , Scully 's badge does not appear in any of the scenes and the receptionist does not speak . \n Two filmed scenes were cut from the final version of the episode . Both featured Tim Ransom as Scully 's boyfriend Ethan Minette . In the first , Minette and Scully meet , with Scully cancelling plans for a holiday the two had arranged , due to her assignment to the Oregon case . The second scene briefly shows Scully answering a telephone call from Mulder whilst asleep in bed with Minette , though the latter has no dialogue . The addition of Scully 's boyfriend was an attempt by the Fox executives to create the romantic interest that they felt was not there between Mulder and Scully . Chris Carter ultimately found that it was \" very easy \" to remove the character from the episode , both because his appearances seemed to slow down the scenes in which Mulder and Scully are together and due to the fact that Carter found Scully 's relationship with her FBI partner to actually be more interesting and exciting than her relationship with her boyfriend . \n = = Broadcast and reception = = \n \" Pilot \" premiered on the Fox network on September 10 , 1993 , and was first broadcast in the United Kingdom on BBC Two on September 19 , 1994 . The episode earned a Nielsen household rating of 7 @.@ 9 , with a 15 share , meaning that roughly 7 @.@ 9 percent of all television @-@ equipped households , and 15 percent of households watching television , were tuned in to the episode . It was viewed by 7 @.@ 4 million households and 12 @.@ 0 million viewers . \n \" Pilot \" was well received by several of the series ' future crew members . Producer and writer Glen Morgan felt that the episode 's \" merging of Silence of the Lambs and Close Encounters of the Third Kind \" was impressive ; he also felt that it was the only truly scary series on television at the time . Writer Howard Gordon stated that \" the pilot set the tone of the show really successfully \" , noting the difficulty inherent in introducing both a series ' premise and its main cast in \" forty @-@ eight minutes \" and finding that the episode had achieved both , being \" a tremendous synthesis of all the parts \" . Chris Carter also recounted that the episode 's test screening for Rupert Murdoch and other Fox executives was met with \" spontaneous applause \" . \n The episode was generally well received by fans and critics alike . Variety magazine criticized the episode for \" using reworked concepts \" , but praised the production and noted its potential . Of the acting , Variety stated , \" Duchovny 's delineation of a serious scientist with a sense of humor should win him partisans , and Anderson 's wavering doubter connects well . They 're a solid team ... \" . Variety also praised the writing and direction : \" Mandel 's cool direction of Carter 's ingenious script and the artful presentation itself give TV sci @-@ fi a boost . \" The magazine concluded , \" Carter 's dialogue is fresh without being self @-@ conscious , and the characters are involving . Series kicks off with drive and imagination , both innovative in recent TV . \" Entertainment Weekly noted that Scully \" was set up as a scoffing skeptic \" in the pilot but progressed toward belief throughout the season . After the airing of just four episodes , the magazine called The X @-@ Files \" the most paranoid , subversive show on TV \" , noting the \" marvelous tension between Anderson — who is dubious about these events — and Duchovny , who has the haunted , imploring look of a true believer \" . Keith Phipps , writing for The A.V. Club , praised the episode , rating it an A – . He felt that the episode 's premise worked well to \" set a template \" for future episodes , and noted that the chemistry between Duchovny and Anderson was \" already there \" from the outset . Matt Haigh , writing for Den of Geek , reviewed the episode positively , praising the chemistry between the lead roles and the quality of the script . In 2012 , SFX named it the tenth best TV pilot in the science fiction and fantasy genre , saying that it \" brought us everything we came to expect from the show \" . The plot for \" Pilot \" was also adapted as a novel for young adults in 1995 by Les Martin , under the title X Marks the Spot . \n = ODB + + = \n ODB + + is a proprietary CAD @-@ to @-@ CAM data exchange format used in the design and manufacture of electronic devices . Its purpose is to exchange printed circuit board design information between design and manufacturing and between design tools from different EDA / ECAD vendors . It was originally developed by Valor Computerized Systems , Ltd . ( acquired in 2010 by Mentor Graphics ) as the job description format for their CAM system . \n ODB stands for open database , but its openness is disputed , as discussed below . The ' + + ' suffix , evocative of C + + , was added in 1997 with the addition of component descriptions . There are two versions of ODB + + : the original ( now controlled by Mentor ) and an XML version called ODB + + ( X ) that Valor developed and donated to the IPC organization in an attempt to merge GenCAM ( IPC @-@ 2511 ) and ODB + + into Offspring ( IPC @-@ 2581 ) . \n = = Introduction = = \n Inside almost every electronic device is a PCB onto which the semiconductor and other components are mechanically and electrically connected by soldering . These PCBs are designed using a computer @-@ aided design ( CAD ) system . To physically realize the design , the computerized design information must be transferred to a photolithographic computer @-@ aided manufacturing ( CAM ) system . Since the CAD and CAM systems are generally produced by different companies , they have to agree on a CAD @-@ to @-@ CAM data exchange format to transfer the data . ODB + + is one such file format for performing this transfer . Other formats are compared and contrasted below . After the bare board is manufactured , the electronic components are placed and soldered , for example by SMT placement equipment and wave or reflow soldering . \n = = File structure = = \n When in use , ODB + + data is stored in a hierarchy of files and file folders . However , for transmission it is convenient to use common operating system commands that create a single , compressed file that preserves the hierarchy information . For example , on Unix tar and gzip commands can be used . In ODB + + ( X ) , the database is contained in a single XML file by default . \n ODB + + covers the specification of not only conductor layer artwork and drill data , but also material stack up , netlist with test points , component bill of materials , component placement , fabrication data , and dimension data . \n = = History = = \n Valor was founded in 1992 and it released ODB in 1995 . It added the + + suffix when component names were added in 1997 . The XML version was developed beginning 2000 , and ended in 2008 with the donation to IPC . Valor was acquired by Mentor in 2010 . \n = = Adoption = = \n In the late 1990s it became clear to industry participants that a second @-@ generation data transfer format would be more efficient than the prevalent , first @-@ generation Gerber format . However , it was very difficult to reach a consensus over which of two candidates should be selected : \n ODB + + : proven but proprietary \n IPC @-@ 2511 GenCAM : not widely used but open \n In 2002 , a compromise format , ODB + + ( X ) , was recommended by National Electronics Manufacturing Initiative ( NEMI ; an industry body , subsequently renamed International Electronics Manufacturing Initiative , iNEMI ) after a two @-@ year mediation effort between the GenCAM and ODB + + camps . Companies that supported the recommendation at the time included Cadence , Hewlett @-@ Packard , Lucent , Easylogix , Mentor ( which acquired Valor some eight years later ) , Nokia and Xerox . But in fact adoption to date has been minimal . As a result , and as detailed below , the industry is still divided . \n = = = Advocacy = = = \n Lists of EDA tools that support import and / or export of ODB + + have been compiled by Artwork Conversion Software , Mentor itself , and on the Comparison of EDA packages table . Some companies that have adopted the ODB + + format are advocates for its use . Streamline Circuits reports that ODB + + provides much greater efficiency than the competing Gerber format , stating that \" an 8 @-@ layer printed circuit board can take up to 5 hours to plan and tool using Gerber and only 1 hour when using ODB + + . \" According to Streamline , manufacturers are adopting it to overcome the limitations of the simpler Gerber format . DownStream Technologies calls ODB + + \" the defacto standard for intelligent data exchange in EDA \" In 2002 , Dana Korf of Sanmina / SCI called ODB + + \" the prevalent non @-@ Gerber format . \" Kent Balius of Viasystems , states of ODB + + \" ... really we don ’ t need anything else . \" \n = = = Opposition = = = \n = = = = Lack of need = = = = \n Ucamco , the developers of the Gerber format , argue that the prevalent Gerber @-@ based flow ( with some additions ) can be as complete and efficient as ODB + + . \n = = = = Concerns = = = = \n ODB + + is a proprietary format controlled by Valor and now Mentor , and so , like all proprietary standards , it comes with the risk of vendor lock @-@ in . CAD companies had some concerns about this when ODB + + was controlled by Valor , a CAM company , but these concerns were magnified when a rival CAD company , Mentor , acquired Valor . Although Mentor claims that it \" ... openly supports inclusion of ODB + + and updates for other EDA tool vendors , \" it used to restrict access to the specification and required a non @-@ disclosure agreement . The application form used to include a requirement to : \" ... Demonstrate a customer need for this integration through references from mutual customers . Provide a recommendation from a Mentor Graphics product division or demonstrate the incremental value of this integration to both Mentor Graphics and the partner company . \" Some direct competitors inferred this meant restricted access . This was a source of frustration not only for competitors but also for the Mentor user community . \n In 2012 , Julian Coates , director of business development at Mentor 's Valor division claimed that , so far , all ODB + + partners , including competitors to Mentor , who have applied for assistance to build and maintain ODB + + interfaces via the ODB + + Solutions Alliance have been accepted without reservation or cost . In addition , the format specification is now openly available via the ODB + + Solutions Alliance without the need for NDA . Membership of the ODB + + Solutions Alliance is free of charge and open to anybody who registers . A no @-@ charge ODB + + Viewer and other software utilities are available to registrants . \n = = = = Potential resolution = = = = \n Critics of the proprietary nature of ODB + + point to several more open formats as models for a future consensus format : \n RS @-@ 274X ( \" extended Gerber format \" ) : Although it is nominally proprietary to Ucamco , the specification can be downloaded freely making it de facto an open standard . \n IPC @-@ 2511 ( \" GenCAM \" ) which resulted from a donation of certain technologies by Teradyne / GenRAD to IPC . \n IPC @-@ 2581 ( \" Offspring \" ) an attempt to merge GenCAM with ODB + + ( X ) . The specification can be downloaded freely . In 2011 , an industry consortium was created to support it , motivated in part by frustration with the proprietary nature of ODB + + . Cadence Design Systems , Zuken , Artwork Conversion Software and the owners of Gerber format , Ucamco , joined it , but , initially , not Mentor . However , in 2012 , Mentor did join . This , combined with the 2012 announcement by Zuken that it would join the ODB + + Solutions Alliance , creates the possibility that PCB designers will have a choice of format no matter which EDA tool they choose . \n OpenAccess , which resulted from a transfer of certain technologies by Cadence to the Si2 organization . Although it was originally designed for integrated circuits , it is now finding application for IC package and PCB design also . \n JPCA @-@ EB02 ( \" Fujiko \" ) based on work by Prof. Tomokage of Fukuoka University . \n EDIF - Electronic Design Interchange Format \n = 2009 Sony Ericsson Open = \n The 2009 Sony Ericsson Open ( also known as 2009 Miami Masters ) was a men 's and women 's tennis tournament held from March 23 to April 5 , 2009 . It was the 25th edition of the Miami Masters event and was played on outdoor hard courts at the Tennis Center at Crandon Park in Key Biscayne , Florida , located near Miami . The tournament was part of 2009 ATP World Tour and 2009 WTA Tour , classified as ATP World Tour Masters 1000 and Premier Mandatory event respectively . \n The men 's singles event was won by British player Andy Murray , who defeated Novak Djokovic in the final . Victoria Azarenka of Belarus won the women 's singles event by defeating defending champion Serena Williams . Both Murray and Azarenka were first @-@ time winners at the tournament and also the first to win from their respective countries . In the doubles events , Max Mirnyi and Andy Ram won the men 's title by defeating the team of Ashley Fisher and Stephen Huss . The women 's doubles title was won by Svetlana Kuznetsova and Amélie Mauresmo who overcame Květa Peschke and Lisa Raymond in the final match . \n = = Tournament = = \n The 2009 Sony Ericsson Open was the 25th edition of the Miami Masters tournament and was held at Tennis Center at Crandon Park , Key Biscayne near Miami , Florida . The tournament was a joint event between the Association of Tennis Professionals ( ATP ) and the Women 's Tennis Association ( WTA ) and was part of the 2009 ATP World Tour and the 2009 WTA Tour calendars . The tournament consisted of both men 's and women 's singles and doubles events which were played on 12 Laykold Cushion Plus hard courts . The total prize money for the tournament was US $ 9 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 with $ 4 @,@ 500 @,@ 000 assigned equally to ATP and WTA events . Singles winners received $ 605 @,@ 500 each and doubles winning teams received $ 225 @,@ 000 each . \n The tournament was conducted from March 23 to April 5 , with qualifying draws played on March 23 – 24 and main draws from March 25 to April 5 . Both the men 's and women 's singles draws consisted of 96 players and the doubles draws consisted of 32 teams . The qualifying draw consisted of 43 men and 42 women who competed for 12 positions each in the men 's and women 's final draw . \n = = Players = = \n 47 of the top 50 players in the ATP rankings entered the men 's singles event at the tournament with Rafael Nadal seeded first , followed by Roger Federer , Novak Djokovic and Andy Murray . Defending champion Nikolay Davydenko withdrew ahead of the tournament due to a foot injury . Richard Gasquet , who was initially going to play , withdrew prior to his first match after suffering from right shoulder injury . Gasquet was replaced by lucky loser Björn Phau . 12 players progressed from the qualifying draws to the main draw and six players , including Lleyton Hewitt and Marcos Baghdatis , were given wildcard entries . \n In the women 's singles field , defending champion Serena Williams was top seeded , with number two Dinara Safina only 311 points behind her in the WTA rankings at the start of the tournament . Maria Sharapova was expected to return to singles tennis at this tournament after playing doubles matches in the previous tournament , the 2009 BNP Paribas Open . Sharapova , who had not played singles matches since August 2008 , withdrew due to a continued lack of fitness . Jelena Dokić , Sania Mirza and Alexa Glatch were among the eight players who received wildcard entries . 12 players progressed from qualifying draws to main draw . \n The doubles draws were led by defending champions Bob and Mike Bryan on the men 's side and Cara Black and Liezel Huber on the women 's side . Katarina Srebotnik , one of the women 's doubles defending champions , had not recovered from an injury picked up in December 2008 and did not participate . Her partner from the previous year , Ai Sugiyama partnered with Russian Daniela Hantuchová . Marina Erakovic – Sun Tiantian and Francesca Schiavone – Chan Yung @-@ jan withdrew from the tournament due to respective injuries to Erakovic and Chan . The doubles draws included five wildcard entries in total . \n = = Events = = \n = = = Men 's singles = = = \n All the seeded players received a bye into the second round . Wildcards Marcos Baghdatis and Lleyton Hewitt were among the players progressing into the second round , while Germans Philipp Kohlschreiber and former World no . 2 Tommy Haas were the major upsets . Most seeded players continued their progress into the third round with eighth seed Fernando Verdasco winning his 200th ATP tour match in his career . Ivo Karlović and David Nalbandian were among the seeded players defeated in second round . Lucky loser Björn Phau was promoted into the third round after his opponent Albert Montañés suffered a hamstring injury during the second set of the match and was forced to withdraw . Frenchman Gaël Monfils took a hard @-@ fought win over 22nd seed and former world number 1 Marat Safin in a third round match played for nearly three hours . Qualifier Taylor Dent continued his successful run by defeating Tommy Robredo in the third round . Czechs Tomáš Berdych and Radek Štěpánek overcame higher seeded players James Blake and Fernando González en route to the fourth round . \n Top seed Rafael Nadal faced an uphill battle against Stanislas Wawrinka in the fourth round match , facing a tiebreak in each set and eventually defeating him . Second seed Roger Federer defeated Dent in the fourth round to set up a quarterfinal match with longtime rival Andy Roddick , who overcame Gaël Monfils in a two @-@ set match . Novak Djokovic , Andy Murray , Juan Martín del Potro , Verdasco and Jo @-@ Wilfried Tsonga made it into the quarterfinals . Del Potro defeated Nadal in the three @-@ set quarterfinal match to reach the first ATP Masters semifinal of his career . Del Potro took the final set on a tiebreak after losing the second set . Murray faced Verdasco in the second quarterfinal in a rematch of 2009 Australian Open fourth round . Verdasco suffered an injury in the second game of the match and had to be seen by his physio . He was not in good enough shape to compete with Murray and eventually lost . Federer defeated Roddick while Djokovic moved past Tsonga to advance to the semifinals . Djokovic rallied back to defeat Federer in the first semifinal after losing the first set . The third seed however kept his consistency in the next two sets and won them . Murray edged past del Potro in the second semifinal to enter his second straight Masters final . Murray faltered in the second set of the match conceding two service breaks . However he recovered in the final set , gaining an early break of serve , to win the match . \n Djokovic and Murray appeared in their seventh and fourth Masters final and 19th and 17th career finals respectively . Djokovic led the head @-@ to @-@ head tally against Murray , but Murray had won the last two encounters between them . In the match , Murray moved into a 4 – 0 lead in the first set . Djokovic improved his serve from that point but lost the set . A role reversal in the second set saw Djokovic move into a 4 – 1 lead . Murray fought back , however , to level the score to 5 – 5 and won the set to secure the victory . This was Murray 's third title win of the season and eleventh of his career . It was also his third Masters win of the career . Murray credited his improved fitness for his win . Djokovic , who had struggled with excessive heat in the past , struggled once again to assimilate with the temperature . He admitted that he was impatient early in the match , which resulted in him making too many unforced errors . \n Final score \n Andy Murray defeated Novak Djokovic , 6 – 2 , 7 – 5 . \n = = = Women 's singles = = = \n All the seeded players received a bye into the second round . Seven seeded players were ousted from the second round including third seed Jelena Janković , who was defeated by Gisela Dulko , and eighth seed Marion Bartoli , who lost to qualifier Anastasiya Yakimova . Second seed Dinara Safina , Vera Zvonareva and Ana Ivanovic were among the nine seeded players who were eliminated in the third round . Three times former champion and fifth seed Venus Williams faced stiff competition from Agnieszka Radwańska in fourth round . Williams lost the first set but prevailed in later sets to win the match . Li Na and Ekaterina Makarova also fought hard for a place in the quarterfinals , with Li coming out strong in the three set match , winning . \n Svetlana Kuznetsova beat Caroline Wozniacki in the first of the quarterfinals . Kuznetsova looked good to win the match in straight sets after building a big lead , however Wozniacki fought back to win the second set on a tiebreak . Kuznetsova ultimately won . Victoria Azarenka defeated Samantha Stosur in the second quarterfinal . Williams sisters Serena and Venus set up the second semifinal after defeating Li Na and Iveta Benešová respectively . The Williams sisters had met 19 times before their semifinal meeting , Venus leading the head @-@ to @-@ head tally 10 – 9 . Serena won this time in a closely fought match . Azarenka came on top in the second semifinal defeating Kuznetsova . \n Serena and Azarenka met in their careers ' 46th and seventh career finals respectively , with Serena appearing in her third consecutive final at the event , having won on the last two occasions . Azarenka dominated the final match , as Serena was playing while nursing a leg injury . Azarenka won the match , securing third title of her career . Azarenka stated that she was very nervous in the final game of the match and described her win as \" the biggest moment in [ her ] career \" . Serena mentioned that it was difficult for her to move to the left , but she still played with maximum effort . \n Final score \n Victoria Azarenka defeated Serena Williams , 6 – 3 , 6 – 1 . \n = = = Men 's doubles = = = \n Four seeded teams were eliminated in the first round of the event . Daniel Nestor and Nenad Zimonjić were the highest ranked team to lose , falling to Nicolás Almagro and David Ferrer , along with third seeds Mahesh Bhupathi and Mark Knowles , who lost to French duo Julien Benneteau and Jo @-@ Wilfried Tsonga . Bennetau and Tsonga continued their progress into the third round defeating Rik de Voest and Bobby Reynolds . They were joined by Julian Knowle and Jürgen Melzer , who triumphed over Almagro and Ferrer . Only two seeded teams , those of Bob Bryan and Mike Bryan and of Bruno Soares and Kevin Ullyett , made it into the quarterfinals , and faced each other in that round . The Bryan brothers , who were the defending champions , overcame Soares and Ullyett in a two @-@ set match . Ashley Fisher and Stephen Huss , Knowle and Melzer and Max Mirnyi and Andy Ram were the other teams who made it into the semifinals . \n The Bryan brothers faced Fisher and Huss in the first semifinal and lost , ending their streak of winning 13 consecutive matches . Mirnyi and Ram encountered much harder competition against Knowle and Melzer and saved five match points before winning . In the final , there were no service breaks in the first set , with Fisher and Huss winning it in the tiebreak . Mirnyi and Ram came back strong to win the second set . The match @-@ tiebreak decided the outcome of the final , with Mirnyi and Ram winning the tiebreak and the match . It was Mirnyi 's 36th and Ram 's 16th men 's doubles title of the career and their second title as a team . \n Final score \n Max Mirnyi / Andy Ram defeated Ashley Fisher / Stephen Huss , 6 – 7 ( 4 – 7 ) , 6 – 2 , [ 10 – 7 ] . \n = = = Women 's doubles = = = \n Daniela Hantuchová and Ai Sugiyama , who lost to wildcard entrants Petra Martić and Coco Vandeweghe , were the only seeded pair to drop out in the first round . Another wildcard team of Svetlana Kuznetsova and Amélie Mauresmo defeated the top seeds Cara Black and Liezel Huber in"},"length_category":{"kind":"string","value":"Very Long"},"source":{"kind":"string","value":"wikitext-103-excerpt"}}},{"rowIdx":6899,"cells":{"text":{"kind":"string","value":" the second round . Eighth seeds Maria Kirilenko and Flavia Pennetta were also eliminated in second round , losing to Chuang Chia @-@ jung and Sania Mirza . Chuang and Mirza continued their march into the semifinal defeating second seeds Anabel Medina Garrigues and Virginia Ruano Pascual . They were joined by Kuznetsova and Mauresmo , Anna @-@ Lena Grönefeld and Patty Schnyder , and Květa Peschke and Lisa Raymond , the only seeded team left in the draw . \n Kuznetsova and Mauresmo defeated Grönefeld and Schnyder to enter their third final as a team . Peschke and Raymond overcame Chuang and Mirza to secure the second spot in the final . Kuznetsova and Mauresmo continued their winning streak in the final , defeating Peschke and Raymond . The title was Kuznetsova 's 14th , Mauresmo 's third and their second as a team . \n Final score \n Svetlana Kuznetsova / Amélie Mauresmo defeated Květa Peschke / Lisa Raymond , 4 – 6 , 6 – 3 , [ 10 – 3 ] . \n = = Viewership = = \n = = = Broadcasting = = = \n The tournament was broadcast on television channels worldwide . The British television station Sky Sports held rights to broadcast the tournament from the first round through to the final . Both the men 's and women 's finals were shown on CBS in the United States . The tournament also had around 44 hours of live coverage in the United States . The tournament was broadcast for more than 2000 hours and seen by over 153 million people worldwide . \n = = = Attendance = = = \n According to the event organisers , 293 @,@ 228 people attended the 22 sessions across the 12 days of the tournament . This was the second highest attendance in the tournament 's history and four sessions were sellouts . \n = Thomas Trueblood = \n Thomas Clarkson Trueblood ( April 6 , 1856 – June 5 , 1951 ) was an American professor of elocution and oratory and the first coach of the University of Michigan golf and debate teams . He was affiliated with the University of Michigan for 67 years from 1884 to 1951 , and was a nationally known writer and speaker on oratory and debate . He founded UM 's Department of Elocution and Oratory as well as the campus debate program . He became the subject of national media attention in 1903 when the Chicago Tribune ran an article stating that he was offering a new \" course in love making . \" His golf teams won two NCAA National Championships and five Big Ten Conference championships . He was posthumously inducted into the University of Michigan Athletic Hall of Honor in 1981 . \n = = Professor of Elocution and Oratory = = \n Trueblood was a native of Salem , Indiana . He attended Earlham College in Richmond , Indiana and received an A.M. degree . In 1878 , Trueblood and Robert I. Fulton established the Fulton and Trueblood School of Oratory in Kansas City , Missouri , which became \" one of the largest and best known institutions of its kind in the United States . \" In 1884 , Trueblood came to Ann Arbor as a lecturer on public speaking , intending to give a six @-@ week course . The next year he was invited back . At the time he also was lecturing at Missouri , Kentucky and Ohio Wesleyan , and working out of Fulton and Trueblood School . Michigan asked him to join the faculty , and he stayed for 67 years . In 1892 , he founded the Department of Elocution and Oratory and became its first chairman . Michigan 's Oratory and Elocution Department was the first such unit in any major university or college in the country . He also established the first credit course in speech at any American university . At the turn of the century , speech and oratory played an important role in American society and academia , so much so that Trueblood was the highest paid professor on the University of Michigan faculty , and students were required to take Trueblood 's courses . \n In addition , Trueblood organized and coached the competitive debate and oratory contests at Michigan . He established the Northern Oratorical League , and later the Central Debating League , for the purpose of conducting competitive debates among Midwestern Universities , including Michigan , the University of Chicago , Northwestern , Oberlin College , Iowa , and Minnesota . In 1903 , an Iowa newspaper noted : \" It was due to his zeal in organization , his success in persuading students to enter the competitive contests , and his skill in drilling them , that has enabled Michigan to take so high a rank in oratory in these league contests , with seven first honors to her credit in ten years , and nine of the twelve victories in debate . \" \n Trueblood also delivered speeches and gave dramatic readings on tours all over the world . One newspaper noted : \" As a reader Prof. Trueblood is well known throughout the west . His readings are taken from the best literature , with special attention to Shakespearean work . It is his plan to give the principal scenes of the play , narrating the unimportant parts , thus providing an entertainment acceptable to those who do not attend the theater . \" After a performance of Hamlet in 1908 , an Iowa newspaper wrote : \" Prof. Trueblood is a man of remarkable personality . His cuttings of the play were taken from the most dramatic parts , giving a wide range of understanding of all the characters . Not only were the different parts interpreted with extremely keen judgment of the most real kind , but the speaker introduced each division with a brief description and delineation of the men and women who appeared . Prof. Trueblood 's manner of speaking and his diction are acquirements of a very high character and he held the interest of his hearers from beginning to end . \" \n Trueblood was president of the National Association of Elocutionists when they met in June 1899 for their annual convention at Chautauqua Institute , New York . He brought with him Charles Casper Simons , a law student who coached the debate team for Trueblood . Simons had won first honors in a speech contest with his oration on abolitionist John Brown . Knowing that Southern elocutionists would be in attendance , Trueblood asked Simons to deliver his tribute to Brown at the conference . One account of the conference states : \" The introduction was delivered without much reaction ; but when Simons intoned , ' The South had slain the man , but the spirit which animated him was beyond the reach of earthly power , ' the Southerners were distressed . Simons went on to proclaim that John Brown ' taught the South that a new era had begun , that not by persuasion , threat or rant , but by force was slavery to be exterminated . ' The Southern members of the association walked out of the amphitheater in angry protest . \" \n = = Michigan 's first African @-@ American debate champion = = \n In the early 1900s , Michigan 's athletic teams ( and those throughout the country ) were re @-@ segregated . While George Jewett had played for the Michigan football team in 1890 and 1892 , the next African @-@ American to play on the football team was Willis Ward , forty years later in 1932 . During this period of athletic segregation , an African @-@ American , Eugene Joseph Marshall , was permitted to compete in Trueblood 's debate competitions and won the university debate championship in 1903 . The Ann Arbor Argus reported : \" For the first time in the history of American universities , a colored man has won his highest honors in oratory in fair and free competition with all comers . The announcement of his victory will be read with pleasure by all who are working for the betterment of the colored race . \" Trueblood entertained Marshall at his home and presented him with the Chicago Alumni Medal . Marshall subsequently placed second in the Midwest regional collegiate competition . \n = = The Jam Handy incident = = \n In May 1903 , Trueblood became the subject of national media attention as a result of a newspaper article written by a 17 @-@ year @-@ old freshman student claiming Trueblood was teaching a new \" course in lovemaking . \" The student , Jam Handy , was a campus correspondent for the Chicago Tribune . In the class , Trueblood taught \" the delivery of short extracts from masterpieces of oratory . \" One such extract involved a scene from a play in which a man kneels in front of a woman pleading for her hand . In his 1893 textbook Practical Elements of Elocution , Trueblood used the scene to illustrate the \" aspirate explosive \" form of speech . \n After watching Trueblood act out the kneeling scene , Handy wrote an article that was published on the front page of the Chicago Tribune on May 8 , 1903 , with a headline stating : \" Learn Sly Cupid 's Tricks ; Students at Ann Arbor Take Lessons in Love Making . \" The article suggested that Trueblood was instructing his male students on romance rather than oratory technique . The next day , the Chicago Record @-@ Herald published a three @-@ panel cartoon of \" Professor Foxy Truesport \" dreaming up ways to \" teach his class how to properly make love . \" Newspapers across the country picked up the story . The Daily Northwestern wrote : \" Professor Trueblood of Michigan University has inaugurated a course in love making , his motive being to stimulate interest in his classes . The oratorical students are compelled to kneel and make fervid declarations to lady students . \" The Newark Advocate 's headline read : \" Lovemaking Lessons : Novel Course In the University of Michigan ; Sly Cupid 's Tricks Taught . \" The Salt Lake Tribune reported : \n \" Lessons in Lovemaking . The University of Michigan has added a new course to the curriculum , one that may best be styled a course in love making . Prof. Trueblood is the inventor of the novel scheme , and his course , which has been hitherto shunned as one of the toughest at the university , now seems likely to become the most popular on campus ... Early this week he hit upon the successful plan , and now the many visitors who attend his classes are spectators of thrilling love scenes . Fifty times a day Prof. Trueblood is forced to kneel to some maiden and show his pupils the right way to declare their devotion to their sweethearts ... Each budding orator takes his place before a blushing maid , and no matter how smoothly the pair may have progressed in private the professor finds some fault with the public demonstration . ' No , kneel on both knees — now hold her hand , it impresses her more @-@ so , ' and the old professor again kneels and goes through it all over again . \" \n On May 12 , the Chicago Tribune ran a photograph of Trueblood with the caption : \" Trueblood has nearly worn out his trousers at the knees , showing young men how to kneel , and has strained his voice and eyes in efforts to show his pupils how to throw fire and passion into their appeals . \" \n The story was an embarrassment for Trueblood and the university . In his memoirs , Handy recalled being summoned to Trueblood 's office : \" His desk was piled high with letters ... and clippings ... from around the country ... and he also had a copy of the McCutcheon cartoon . ( He ) was taking all of this as ridicule , although I had publicized the story with sincere enthusiasm for a new advance in education of which I felt the University of Michigan should be proud . \" The faculty voted unanimously to suspend Handy for a year for \" publishing false and injurious statements affecting the character of the work of one of the Professors . \" In addition to the suspension , Handy was charged as a \" faker \" in the press : \n Henry J. Handy , the student @-@ correspondent at the University of Michigan who sent a sensational story to the Chicago newspapers , relating how Professor Thomas C. Trueblood had a class in love @-@ making , has been suspended for one year and the story has been branded as a ' fake . ' Handy based the story on an incident that occurred during the rehearsal of a drama , when Professor Trueblood showed one of the students how to kneel to propose . \n Shortly after the incident , Trueblood left for a trip giving dramatic readings on the West Coast . Handy went on to become a successful public relations man . \n = = Golf coach = = \n Trueblood was the faculty tennis champion , but at age 40 his doctor told him to give up the game because it was too strenuous . He took up golf , and enjoyed success in that sport , too . \" I took it up in August and in October I won the Ann Arbor Golf Club championship , \" he said . In 1901 , Trueblood organized the first Michigan golf team . On October 24 – 25 , 1902 , Michigan defeated the University of Chicago 16 @-@ 12 in \" the first intercollegiate golf match held in the West . \" \n In 1921 , golf became a varsity sport , and Trueblood was the school 's first official coach . In 1926 , Trueblood retired as a professor emeritus at age 70 . At that time , he turned his attention full @-@ time to coaching . His coaching record at Michigan was 71 @-@ 9 @-@ 2 . During his 15 official seasons as golf coach , his teams won two NCAA National Championships ( 1934 @-@ 1935 ) and five Big Ten Conference championships ( 1932 @-@ 1936 ) , and were Big Ten runners @-@ up eight times . He coached two NCAA individual champions , John Fischer ( 1932 ) and Chuck Kocsis ( 1936 ) . Trueblood continued as golf coach until he was 80 , when athletic director Fielding H. Yost named him emeritus coach . \n In 1932 , Chuck Kocsis ( the first golfer inducted into the University of Michigan Athletic Hall of Honor ) , enrolled at the university . When a promised alumni pledge to pay his expenses fell through , Trueblood agreed to make a loan ( at five percent interest ) so Kocsis could pay his tuition . The Wolverines with Kocsis won the NCAA championship twice . Kocsis recalled that the team often traveled to tournaments in Trueblood 's car . \" Professor Trueblood had a seven @-@ passenger Buick , \" Kocsis said . \" He designated me as the chauffeur . So if we had a golf match , we 'd all get into the car and go to Chicago , or go to Ohio , wherever we were going to play . \" Another teammate recalled the trips in Trueblood 's car : \" It wasn 't a very big Buick , as I recall . We rode with six guys . Chuck used to do most of the driving . I remember that trip down to Washington ( for the 1935 national championship at Congressional , which Michigan won ) . We started in the morning and drove all the way down there . Professor Trueblood was a big guy , too . \" Trueblood took the team on a side trip to Mount Vernon , where one of the players accidentally bumped the shifter into gear and hit the accelerator as he exited Trueblood 's car . The car lurched forward ; the open door hit something and was torn off its hinges . \n Ralph M. Cole , a member of the golf team of 1926 @-@ 1928 , later wrote of a humorous incident involving the septuagenarian Coach Trueblood . Cole recalled : \" As golf coach he could add very little about the mechanics of the game . But he added one piece of advice which was very helpful when followed , and which he drilled into us at every practice session . It was : ' Up and out in two , boys . ' As any golfer would know , it meant , when hitting a short approach shot , get it close enough to the pin to make the next putt . Now for the humorous part of that admonition . We had played Purdue in Lafayette on a Thursday and were to play Illinois on Friday . The Professor was to call us at 4 : 30 a.m. to catch a 5 : 30 train for Urbana . Well , he got confused on our room number and awakened a man who called the front desk and told the night clerk that there must be some nut calling at 4 : 30 a.m. and shouting , ' Up and out in two boys ! ' We did make the train , anyway . \" \n A.H. Jolly , Jr . , captain of the 1933 golf team , noted : \" Truby , as he was referred to when out of earshot , was still a most active and attentive coach . But the only club or clubs I recall seeing him handle in those days , was a Left @-@ Handed Putter ! \" \n = = Death and honors = = \n Trueblood died in Bradenton , Florida in 1951 at age 95 . At the time , the Associated Press noted : \" He pioneered the teaching of speech in the nation 's colleges during his 42 years on the University of Michigan faculty . \" His brother , Professor Edwin P. Trueblood , also a speech professor at Earlham College , died earlier the same year . Thomas Trueblood 's obituary reported that he \" devised the famous college cheer ' The Locomotive . ' \" He devised the University 's famous \" locomotive \" cheer in 1903 while returning to Ann Arbor on a train from a Big Ten football game . However , other sources indicate that the locomotive cheer began at Princeton in the 1890s . \n Trueblood 's papers are at the Bentley Historical Library in Ann Arbor . Trueblood has been the subject of two articles by Linda Robinson Walker in the University of Michigan alumni publication Michigan Today . Much of the factual information in this article is distilled from Walker 's articles . \n In 1921 , students of Professor Trueblood honored him by establishing the Trueblood Fund . Today , the Trueblood Fellowship is open to students majoring in Screen Arts & Cultures . In 1981 , Trueblood was inducted into the University of Michigan Athletic Hall of Honor as part of the fourth induction class . The Trueblood Theater was located in the Henry S. Frieze Building at the University of Michigan School of Music , Theater and Dance and named in Trueblood 's honor . The Trueblood Theater closed its doors in 2006 when the Frieze Building was razed to make room for the North Quad Residential and Academic Complex . \n A portrait of Trueblood painted in 1920 by Merton Grenhagen was originally hung first in Alumni Hall ( now the Museum of Art ) and then in the Theater Library in the Frieze Building . In 1998 , the Trueblood portrait was hung at the University of Michigan Golf Course . At the time of the installation , the University Record noted : \" Known as ' Chief ' to his teaching associates and ' Trueby ' to his students , Thomas C. Trueblood now resides among U @-@ M 's golf history . \" \n = = Books by Trueblood = = \n Robert I. Fulton and Thomas C. Trueblood , \" Choice Readings From Standard and Popular Authors \" ( Ginn and Company 1890 ) \n Thomas C. Trueblood and Robert I. Fulton , \" Practical Elements of Elocution : Designed as a Text @-@ Book for the Guidance of Teachers and Students of Expression \" ( Ginn & Company Publishers / The Anthenaeum Press 1893 ) \n Robert I. Fulton and Thomas C. Trueblood , \" Patriotic Eloquence Relating to the Spanish @-@ American War and Its Issues \" ( Charles Scribner 's Sons 1900 ) \n Robert I. Fulton , Thomas C. Trueblood , and Edwin P. Trueblood , \" Standard Selections \" ( Ginn & Company 1907 ) \n Thomas C. Trueblood , William G. Caskey , and Henry E. Gordon , \" Winning Speeches in the Contests of the Northern Oratorical League \" ( American Book Company 1909 ) \n Robert I. Fulton , Thomas C. Trueblood , \" Essentials of Public Speaking for Secondary Schools \" ( Ginn & Company 1910 ) \n Robert Irving Fulton and Thomas Clarkson Trueblood , \" British and American Eloquence \" ( Ginn and Company 1912 ) \n Robert I. Fulton and Thomas C. Trueblood , \" Choice Readings from Standard and Popular Authors Embracing a Complete Classification of Selections , a Comprehensive Diagram of the Principles of Vocal Expression , and Indexes to the Choicest Readings from Shakespeare , The Bible , and Hymn @-@ Books \" ( Ginn & Company 1912 ) \n = The Red and the Black ( The X @-@ Files ) = \n \" The Red and the Black \" is the fourteenth episode of the fifth season of American science fiction television series The X @-@ Files . It was written by series creator Chris Carter and Frank Spotnitz , directed by Carter and aired in the United States on March 8 , 1998 on the Fox network . The episode earned a Nielsen household rating of 12 @.@ 0 , being watched by 19 @.@ 98 million people in its initial broadcast . The episode received moderately positive reviews from critics . \n The show centers on FBI special agents Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) and Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) who work on cases linked to the paranormal , called X @-@ Files . Mulder is a believer in the paranormal , while the skeptical Scully has been assigned to debunk his work . In this episode , Mulder has Scully put under hypnosis to learn the truth about her abduction after Cassandra Spender ( Veronica Cartwright ) goes missing and her son Jeffrey ( Chris Owens ) angrily attempts to push his way up in the FBI . The Syndicate , meanwhile , quicken their tests for the black oil vaccine , sacrificing their own to do so . \n \" The Red and the Black \" continues from the previous episode , \" Patient X \" and features the return of Mulder 's belief in extraterrestrials , a belief he initially lost in the season opener \" Redux \" . Director Rob Bowman was originally slated to direct the episode , but filming issues resulted in Carter directing it . Carter later described the episode , along with \" Patient X \" , as being \" the most challenging and logically complex projects of the season . \" \n = = Plot = = \n In the mountain wilderness of Canada , someone in a cabin writes a letter , addressed to \" Son \" and expresses hopes that they may reconcile . The envelope is addressed to the FBI , and is given to a boy courier for mailing . \n Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) arrives at the Ruskin Dam and finds a number of burned corpses , including those belonging to Quiet Willy and Dmitri . Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) is found with only minor burns , one of approximately fifty survivors who were found nearby in the woods . Jeffrey Spender arrives looking for his mother , Cassandra ( Veronica Cartwright ) , who is missing . Mulder meets with Scully about the incident , but she does not remember anything . Jeffrey sees Mulder and warns him not to get involved with his mother , who remains missing . \n The Well @-@ Manicured Man ( John Neville ) and other Syndicate Elders watch as their black oil vaccine is administered to Marita Covarrubias ( Laurie Holden ) , which has yet to work . Later , The Well @-@ Manicured Man meets with Alex Krycek ( Nicholas Lea ) , who is being held captive aboard a Russian freighter . The Well @-@ Manicured Man believes that the Russians possess a functional vaccine to the black oil , or else Krycek would not have infected the boy . With a working vaccine , resistance to the alien Colonists is possible . \n A spacecraft crashes at Wiekamp Air Force base in West Virginia , and the surviving Rebel passenger is captured by the military . Mulder shows Scully more photos of the victims and , having found more implants in them , believes the implant in Scully may be able to answer all of their questions . The Syndicate meets over the capture of the Rebel . The Well @-@ Manicured Man wants to align with the Rebels , but the other Syndicate members are reluctant and want to make sure the Russian vaccine from Krycek works . \n Under hypnosis , Scully recalls the Rebels burning her fellow abductees , and recalls a Colonist spacecraft killing the Rebels and abducting Cassandra . During a meeting with Walter Skinner , Mulder continues to insist that the events have been orchestrated by the military and not by aliens . Meanwhile , the Russian vaccine seems to have no effect on Marita . The First Elder tells the Well @-@ Manicured Man that they have already decided to turn the Rebel over to the Colonists . Jeffrey shows Scully a video of him talking about aliens while under hypnosis while he was a child , claiming his mother had forced him to make those statements . \n Krycek is released and attacks Mulder in his apartment . He claims that a war is raging between the aliens and that the Rebel immolations are meant to halt the impending colonization of Earth . He also claims that the captured Rebel is critical to their plans and must not die . Mulder and Scully head to Wiekamp Air Force Base , where the Alien Bounty Hunter — who is disguised as Quiet Willy — has come to kill the Rebel . However , Mulder witnesses a second Rebel arriving to seemingly kill the Bounty Hunter and rescue the captured Rebel . The Well @-@ Manicured Man watches as the Russian vaccine is revealed to have been successful on Marita . Mulder is released by the military but is confused by what he saw . At FBI Headquarters , Spender receives the letter from Canada . In Canada we see the boy return the unopened letter to the cabin and the sender is revealed to be The Smoking Man ( William B. Davis ) . \n = = Production = = \n = = = Casting and filming = = = \n Series creator Chris Carter explained that the cast listing for the episode , along with \" Patient X \" was \" longer than most cast lists you 'll ever see on a TV series \" . In order to allow for the increased expenses of hiring additional actors , Carter and the producers of the series talked Fox into allowing the episodes to be slightly more expensive because they would lead into the soon @-@ to @-@ be @-@ released X @-@ Files movie . Carter explained , \" we convinced them to spend the extra money to do this extra special work because it was all leading up to [ ... ] when the X @-@ Files movie would be released . \" In addition , the child he gave the message to was a young boy and the son of production manager J.P. Finn . Rob Bowman originally intended to direct the episode but , due to reshoots , he was unable to do it , resulting in Carter directing . Bowman later recounted , \" I was supposed to direct ' The Red and the Black ' [ … ] but we were prepping for the reshoots [ of The X @-@ Files movie ] so I couldn 't do it . [ … ] Chris had to direct this episode . He was so mad at me . \" When filming the scene where Mulder and Scully go to a medic station , Carter made homage to the medical drama ER , filming it entirely with a Steadicam . \n The opening scene was filmed at Grouse Mountain , above the city of Vancouver , Canada . Most of the scenes at the Ruskin Dam were shot approximately 50 miles east of Vancouver , while the abduction sequence involved a full @-@ scale replica of the dam . The various scenes with the Syndicate testing the black oil vaccine on Marita Covarrubias were filmed at an abandoned hospital in Vancouver . Carter commented that they chose it because it had \" an interesting observation space above it that we used \" , which was difficult to shoot in . \n = = = Effects = = = \n \" The Red and the Black \" was a technically difficult episode , which Carter later described , along with \" Patient X \" , as \" the most challenging and logically complex projects of the season . \" The scene where Cassandra Spender was elevated into the colonist craft was shot by having a stuntwoman sit in Cassandra 's wheelchair and be lifted upward via a crane , which was removed from the shot during post @-@ production . The lights of the alien spacecraft were shot using a lighting rig combined with computer effects by Special Effects Supervisor Laurie Kalisen @-@ George . The crashed alien spacecraft was sixty feet in diameter , twice the length of any other spaceship seen before on the show , and dragged along the ground to create a skidmark . Twenty @-@ five explosions were set off to simulate the saucer crash ; the remains of the wreckage were then burned to create the rest of the footage . The scene took an entire night to film . \n The opening scene featuring the alien rebels incinerating a group of Russian alien abductees was filmed without actual Russian cars . Picture car coordination Bigel Habgood noted , \" I couldn 't get real Russian cars , so I decided to get creative and go seriously European . We burned a couple Saabs , and a BMW 2002 . I 'm sorry we couldn 't get any Yugos . \" For the scene after the intro wherein Mulder discovers the charred remains of abductees , the prop and the production design departments had to create specialized fake bodies . Carter later noted that it 's \" harder than it looks to create a charred , dead body . \" The stage for the alien abduction scene was built from scratch : construction supervisor Rob Maier was tasked with creating a full @-@ scale replica of the Ruskin Dam bridge in order to ease up the shots . The tagline for this episode is \" Resist or Serve \" . The tagline was later used for The X @-@ Files game , The X @-@ Files : Resist or Serve as well as the official book covering the fifth season of the show . The list of victims viewed by Scully in her hospital room was made up of X @-@ Files staffers . \n = = Reception = = \n \" The Red and the Black \" premiered on the Fox network in the United States on March 8 , 1998 . This episode earned a Nielsen rating of 12 @.@ 0 , with an 18 share , meaning that roughly 12 @.@ 0 percent of all television @-@ equipped households , and 18 percent of households watching television , were tuned in to the episode . It was viewed by 19 @.@ 98 million viewers . The episode was later included on The X @-@ Files Mythology , Volume 3 – Colonization , a DVD collection that contains episodes involved with the alien Colonist 's plans to take over the earth . \n Critical reception to the episode was largely positive . The A.V. Club reviewer Zack Handlen gave \" The Red and the Black \" an A – , and wrote positively of the \" galactic war \" between the colonists and the rebels that is referenced in the episode , noting that it marked the point where \" shit is about to get real \" . Despite this , Handlen criticized the series for not following through on its tale of alien war , noting that the premise \" never really [ took off ] --at least [ … ] I 've never heard anyone refer to [ the last seasons of the show ] as ' the seasons when the The X @-@ Files mythology finally paid off . ' \" Handlen , however noted that \" The Red and the Black \" worked because \" the performances are great as always , and because the second part of this two parter rarely feels bogged down or draggy . \" Robert Shearman and Lars Pearson , in their book Wanting to Believe : A Critical Guide to The X @-@ Files , Millennium & The Lone Gunmen , rated the episode three stars out of five . The two called the episode a \" typical mythology runaround \" and noted that the plot was \" complicated but the simpler scenes of confrontation are very well handled . \" Paula Vitaris from Cinefantastique gave the episode a positive review and awarded it three stars out of four . Vitaris praised the episode 's premise and wrote that it represented \" a second half of a two @-@ parter that is as strong as the first half . \" \n A variety of critics praised the hypnotism scene . Robert Shearman called the scene \" gorgeous \" and praised Gillian Anderson 's acting abilities . Paula Vitaris was extremely impressed with the scene 's blocking , calling the rendition \" virtually orgasmic in intensity \" and concluded that \" Anderson is marvelous \" . \n = Port Authority of New York and New Jersey = \n The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey ( PANYNJ ) is a joint venture between the U.S. states of New York and New Jersey , established in 1921 through an interstate compact authorized by the United States Congress . The Port Authority oversees much of the regional transportation infrastructure , including bridges , tunnels , airports , and seaports , within the geographical jurisdiction of the Port of New York and New Jersey . This 1 @,@ 500 @-@ square @-@ mile ( 3 @,@ 900 km ² ) port district is generally encompassed within a 25 @-@ mile ( 40 km ) radius of the Statue of Liberty National Monument . The Port Authority is headquartered at 4 World Trade Center . \n The Port Authority operates the Port Newark @-@ Elizabeth Marine Terminal , which handled the third @-@ largest volume of shipping among all ports in the United States in 2004 and the largest on the Eastern Seaboard . The Port Authority also operates Hudson River crossings , including the Holland Tunnel , Lincoln Tunnel , and George Washington Bridge connecting New Jersey with Manhattan , and three crossings that connect New Jersey with Staten Island . The Port Authority Bus Terminal and the PATH rail system are also run by the Port Authority , as well as LaGuardia Airport , John F. Kennedy International Airport , Newark Liberty International Airport , Teterboro Airport , Stewart International Airport and Atlantic City International Airport . The agency has its own 1 @,@ 600 @-@ member Port Authority Police Department . \n Although the Port Authority manages much of the transportation infrastructure in the area , most bridges , tunnels , and other transportation facilities are not included . The New York City Department of Transportation is responsible for the Staten Island Ferry and for the majority of bridges in the city . The Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority is responsible for other bridges and tunnels in the area . New York City Transit Authority buses and subways , Metro North and Long Island Rail Road ( all four are divisions of the Metropolitan Transportation Authority ) , and buses , commuter rail , and light rail operated by NJ Transit are also independent of PANYNJ . \n It is a member of REBNY . \n = = History = = \n The Port of New York and New Jersey comprised the main point of embarkation for U.S. troops and supplies sent to Europe during World War I , via the New York Port of Embarkation . The congestion at the port led experts to realize the need for a port authority to supervise the extremely complex system of bridges , highways , subways , and port facilities in the New York @-@ New Jersey area . The solution was the 1921 creation of the Port Authority under the supervision of the governors of the two states . By issuing its own bonds , it was financially independent of either state ; the bonds were paid off from tolls and fees , not from taxes . It became one of the major agencies of the metropolitan area for large @-@ scale projects . \n = = = Previous disputes = = = \n In the early years of the 20th century , there were disputes between the states of New Jersey and New York over rail freights and boundaries . At the time , rail lines terminated on the New Jersey side of the harbor , while ocean shipping was centered on Manhattan and Brooklyn . Freight had to be shipped across the Hudson River in barges . In 1916 , New Jersey launched a lawsuit against New York over issues of rail freight , with the Interstate Commerce Commission ( ICC ) issuing an order that the two states work together , subordinating their own interests to the public interest . The Harbor Development Commission , a joint advisory board set @-@ up in 1917 , recommended that a bi @-@ state authority be established to oversee efficient economic development of the port district . The Port of New York Authority was established on April 30 , 1921 , through an interstate compact between the states of New Jersey and New York . This was the first such agency in the United States , created under a provision in the Constitution of the United States permitting interstate compacts . The idea for the Port Authority was conceived during the Progressive Era , which aimed at the reduction of political corruption and at increasing the efficiency of government . With the Port Authority at a distance from political pressures , it was able to carry longer @-@ term infrastructure projects irrespective of the election cycles and in a more efficient manner . In 1972 it was renamed the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey to better reflect its status as a partnership between the two states . \n Throughout its history , there have been concerns about democratic accountability , or lack thereof at the Port Authority . The Port District is irregularly shaped but comprises a 1 @,@ 500 @-@ square @-@ mile ( 3 @,@ 900 km2 ) area roughly within a 25 @-@ mile ( 40 km ) radius of the Statue of Liberty . \n = = = Interstate crossings = = = \n At the beginning of the 20th century , there were no road bridge or tunnel crossings between the two states . The initial tunnel crossings were completed privately by the Hudson and Manhattan Railroad in 1908 and 1909 ( \" Hudson Tubes \" ) , followed by the Pennsylvania Railroad in 1910 ( \" North River Tunnels \" ) . Under an independent agency , the Holland Tunnel was opened in 1927 , with some planning and construction pre @-@ dating the Port Authority . With the rise in automobile traffic , there was demand for more Hudson River crossings . Using its ability to issue bonds and collect revenue , the Port Authority has built and managed major infrastructure projects . Early projects included bridges across the Arthur Kill , which separates Staten Island from New Jersey . The Goethals Bridge , named after chief engineer of the Panama Canal Commission General George Washington Goethals , connected Elizabeth , New Jersey and Howland Hook , Staten Island . At the south end of Arthur Kill , the Outerbridge Crossing was built and named after the Port Authority 's first chairman , Eugenius Harvey Outerbridge . Construction of both bridges was completed in 1928 . The Bayonne Bridge , opened in 1931 , was built across the Kill van Kull , connecting Staten Island with Bayonne , New Jersey . \n Construction began in 1927 on the George Washington Bridge , linking the northern part of Manhattan with Fort Lee , New Jersey , with Port Authority chief engineer , Othmar Ammann , overseeing the project . The bridge was completed in October 1931 , ahead of schedule and well under the estimated costs . This efficiency exhibited by the Port Authority impressed President Franklin D. Roosevelt , who used this as a model in creating the Tennessee Valley Authority and other such entities . \n In 1930 , the Holland Tunnel was placed under control of the Port Authority , providing significant toll revenues . During the late 1930s and early 1940s , the Lincoln Tunnel was built , connecting New Jersey and Midtown Manhattan . \n In 1962 , the bankrupt Hudson & Manhattan Railroad was absorbed by the Port Authority , the Hudson Tubes restyled PATH ( Port Authority Trans @-@ Hudson ) and Hudson & Manhattan Railroad ( Hudson Terminal ) razed for the future World Trade Center . \n = = = Austin J. Tobin era = = = \n = = = = Airports = = = = \n In 1942 , Austin J. Tobin became the Executive Director of the Port Authority . In the post @-@ World War II period , the Port Authority expanded its operations to include airports , and marine terminals , with projects including Newark Liberty International Airport and Port Newark @-@ Elizabeth Marine Terminals . Meanwhile , the city @-@ owned La Guardia Field was nearing capacity in 1939 , and needed expensive upgrades and expansion . At the time , airports were operated as loss leaders , and the city was having difficulties maintaining the status quo , losing money and unable to undertake needed expansions . The city was looking to hand the airports over to a public authority , possibly to Robert Moses ' Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority . After long negotiations with the City of New York , a 50 @-@ year lease , commencing on May 31 , 1947 , went to the Port Authority of New York to rehabilitate , develop , and operate La Guardia Airport ( La Guardia Field ) , John F. Kennedy International Airport ( Idlewild Airport ) , and Floyd Bennett Field . The Port Authority transformed the airports into fee @-@ generating facilities , adding stores and restaurants . \n = = = = World Trade Center = = = = \n David Rockefeller , president of Chase Manhattan Bank , who envisioned a World Trade Center for lower Manhattan , realizing he needed public funding in order to construct the massive project , approached Tobin . Although many questioned the Port Authority 's entry into the real estate market , Tobin saw the project as a way to enhance the agency 's power and prestige , and agreed to the project . The Port Authority was the overseer of the World Trade Center , hiring the architect Minoru Yamasaki and engineer Leslie Robertson . \n Yamasaki ultimately settled on the idea of twin towers . To meet the Port Authority 's requirement to build 10 million square feet ( 930 @,@ 000 m ² ) of office space , the towers would each be 110 @-@ stories tall . The size of the project raised ire from the owner of the Empire State Building , which would lose its title of tallest building in the world . Other critics objected to the idea of this much \" subsidized \" office space going on the open market , competing with the private sector . Others questioned the cost of the project , which in 1966 had risen to $ 575 million . Final negotiations between The City of New York and the Port Authority centered on tax issues . A final agreement was made that the Port Authority would make annual payments in lieu of taxes , for the 40 % of the World Trade Center leased to private tenants . The remaining space was to be occupied by state and federal government agencies . In 1962 , the Port Authority signed the United States Customs Service as a tenant , and in 1964 they inked a deal with the State of New York to locate government offices at the World Trade Center . \n In August 1968 , construction on the World Trade Center 's north tower started , with construction on the south tower beginning in January 1969 . When the World Trade Center twin towers were completed , the total cost to the Port Authority had reached $ 900 million . The buildings were dedicated on April 4 , 1973 , with Tobin , who had retired the year before , absent from the ceremonies . \n In 1986 , Port Authority sold rights to the World Trade Center name for $ 10 to an organization run by an outgoing executive , Guy F. Tozzoli . He in turn made millions of dollars selling the use of the name in up to 28 different states . \n = = = September 11 attacks = = = \n The terrorist attacks of September 11 , 2001 , and the subsequent collapse of the World Trade Center buildings impacted the Port Authority . With the Port Authority 's headquarters located in 1 World Trade Center , it became deprived of a base of operations and sustained a great number of casualties . An estimated 1 @,@ 400 Port Authority employees worked in the World Trade Center . Eighty @-@ four employees , including 37 Port Authority police officers , its Executive Director , Neil D. Levin , and police superintendent , Fred V. Morrone , died . In rescue efforts following the collapse , two Port Authority police officers , John McLoughlin and Will Jimeno , were pulled out alive after spending nearly 24 hours beneath 30 feet ( 9 @.@ 1 m ) of rubble . Their rescue was later portrayed in the Oliver Stone film World Trade Center . \n = = = Fort Lee lane closure scandal = = = \n The Fort Lee lane closure scandal was a U.S. political scandal that concerns New Jersey Governor Chris Christie 's staff and his Port Authority political appointees conspiring to create a traffic jam in Fort Lee , New Jersey as political retribution , and their attempts to cover up these actions and suppress internal and public disclosures . Dedicated toll lanes for one of the Fort Lee entrances ( used by local traffic from Fort Lee and surrounding communities ) to the upper level on the George Washington Bridge , which connects to Manhattan , were reduced from three to one from September 9 – 13 , 2013 . The toll lane closures caused massive Fort Lee traffic back @-@ ups , which affected public safety due to extensive delays by police and emergency service providers and disrupted schools due to the delayed arrivals of students and teachers . Two Port Authority officials ( who were appointed by Christie and would later resign ) claimed that reallocating two of the toll lanes from the local Fort Lee entrance to the major highways was due to a traffic study evaluating \" traffic safety patterns \" at the bridge , but the Executive Director of the Port Authority was unaware of a traffic study . \n As of March 2014 , the repercussions and controversy surrounding these actions continue to be under investigation by the Port Authority , federal prosecutors , and a New Jersey legislature committee . The Port Authority 's chairman , David Samson , who was appointed by Governor Christie , resigned on March 28 , 2014 amid allegations of his involvement in the scandal and other controversies . \n = = Governance = = \n The Port Authority is jointly controlled by the governors of New York and New Jersey , who appoint the members of the agency 's Board of Commissioners and retain the right to veto the actions of the Commissioners from his or her own state . Each governor appoints six members to the Board of Commissioners , who are subject to state senate confirmation and serve overlapping six @-@ year terms without pay . An Executive Director is appointed by the Board of Commissioners to deal with day @-@ to @-@ day operations and to execute the Port Authority 's policies . Under an informal power @-@ sharing agreement , the Governor of New Jersey chooses the chairman of the board and the deputy executive director , while the Governor of New York selects the vice @-@ chairman and Executive Director . \n As of March 2014 , the appointed commissioners are as follows : \n Meetings of the Board of Commissioners are public . Members of the public may address the Board at these meetings , subject to a prior registration process via email . Public records of the Port Authority may be requested via the Office of the Secretary according to an internal Freedom of Information policy which is intended to be consistent with and similar to the state Freedom of Information policies of both New York and New Jersey . \n Members of the Board of Commissioners are typically business titans and political power brokers who maintain close relationships with their respective Governors . On February 3 , 2011 , Former New Jersey Attorney General David Samson was named new chairman of the Port Authority . \n Financially , the Port Authority has no power to tax and does not receive tax money from any local or state governments . Instead , it operates on the revenues it makes from its rents , tolls , fees , and facilities . \n Patrick J. Foye became Executive Director on November 1 , 2011 . Prior to joining the Port Authority , he served as Deputy Secretary for Economic Development for Governor Andrew M. Cuomo . \n = = = List of Executive Directors = = = \n John E. Ramsey ( CEO 1926 – 1930 , General Manager 1930 – 1942 ) \n Austin J. Tobin ( 1942 – 1972 ) \n Matthias Lukens ( acting , 1972 – 1973 ) \n A. Gerdes Kuhbach ( 1973 – 1977 ; acting 1973 – August 1974 ) \n Peter C. Goldmark , Jr . ( 1977 – 1985 ) \n Patrick J. Falvey ( acting , 1985 ) \n Stephen Berger ( 1986 – 1990 ) \n Stanley Brezenoff ( 1990 – 1995 ) \n George Marlin ( 1995 – 1997 ) \n Robert E. Boyle ( 1997 – 2001 ) \n Neil D. Levin ( March 2001 – Sep 11 , 2001 ) \n Joseph J. Seymour ( 2002 – 2004 ) \n Kenneth J. Ringler , Jr . ( 2004 – 2006 ) \n Anthony Shorris ( 2006 – 2008 ) \n Christopher O. Ward ( 2008 – 2011 ) \n Patrick J. Foye ( 2011 – Present ) \n = = Facilities = = \n The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey manages and maintains infrastructure critical to the New York / New Jersey region ’ s trade and transportation network — five of the region ’ s airports , the New York / New Jersey seaport , the PATH rail transit system , six tunnels and bridges between New York and New Jersey , the Port Authority Bus Terminal and George Washington Bridge Bus Station in Manhattan and The World Trade Center site . \n = = = Seaports = = = \n The Port of New York and New Jersey is the largest port complex on the East Coast of North America and is located at the hub of the most concentrated and affluent consumer market in the world , with immediate access to the most extensive interstate highway and rail networks in the region . In addition , The Port Authority directly oversees the operation of seven cargo terminals in the New York – New Jersey region . Each terminal offers comprehensive shipping services , rail and trucking services . \n The Port Authority operates the following seaports : \n Port Jersey Marine Terminal in Bayonne and Jersey City \n Brooklyn Port Authority Marine Terminal comprising the Brooklyn Piers and Red Hook Container Terminal in Red Hook , Brooklyn \n Howland Hook Marine Terminal on Staten Island . \n Port Newark @-@ Elizabeth Marine Terminal in Newark and Elizabeth . \n The Port Newark @-@ Elizabeth Marine Terminal was the first in the nation to containerize , As of 2004 , Port Authority seaports handle the third largest amount of shipping of all U.S. ports , as measured in tonnage . \n ExpressRail is a rail network supporting intermodal freight transport at the major container terminals including dockside trackage and railyards for transloading . Various switching and terminal railroads , including the Conrail Shared Assets Operations ( CRCX ) on the Chemical Coast Secondary , connect to the East Coast rail freight network carriers Norfolk Southern ( NS ) , CSX Transportation ( CSX ) , and Canadian Pacific ( CP ) . From January through October 2014 the system handled 391 @,@ 596 rail lifts . As of 2014 , three ExpressRail systems ( Elizabeth , Newark , Staten Island ) were in operation with the construction of a fourth at Port Jersey underway . \n New York New Jersey Rail , LLC ( NYNJ ) is a switching and terminal railroad operates a car float operation across Upper New York Bay between the Greenville Yard in Jersey City and Brooklyn . \n = = = Airports = = = \n The Port Authority operates the following airports : \n Atlantic City International Airport , ( Egg Harbor Township , New Jersey ) ( performs select management duties ) \n John F. Kennedy International Airport ( Queens , New York ) \n LaGuardia Airport ( Queens , New York ) \n Newark Liberty International Airport ( Newark and Elizabeth , New Jersey ) \n Stewart International Airport , ( Newburgh , New York ) \n Teterboro Airport ( Teterboro , New Jersey ) \n Both Kennedy and LaGuardia airports are owned by the City of New York and leased to the Port Authority for operating purposes . Newark Liberty is owned by the City of Newark and also leased to the Authority . In 2007 , Stewart International Airport , owned by the State of New York , was leased to the Port Authority . The Port Authority officially took over select management functions of the Atlantic City International Airport on July 1 , 2013 , in conjunction with the South Jersey Transportation Authority , which leases the airport site from the FAA . \n JFK , LaGuardia , and Newark Liberty as a whole form the largest airport system in the United States , second in the world in terms of passenger traffic , and first in the world by total flight operations , with JFK being the 19th busiest in the world and the 6th busiest in the US . Unfortunately , the three airports also share the dubious distinction of being consistently rated as some of the worst in the US and even the world . Frommer 's recently picked JFK 's Terminal 3 as the worst airport terminal in the world . \n = = = Heliports = = = \n The Authority operates the Downtown Manhattan Heliport ( Manhattan , New York ) . \n = = = Bridges and tunnels = = = \n Other facilities managed by the Port Authority include the George Washington Bridge , the Lincoln Tunnel , and the Holland Tunnel , which all connect Manhattan and Northern New Jersey ; the Goethals Bridge , the Bayonne Bridge , and the Outerbridge Crossing which connect Staten Island and New Jersey . \n = = = Bus and rail transit = = = \n The Port Authority operates the PATH rapid transit system linking lower and midtown Manhattan with New Jersey , the AirTrain Newark system linking Newark International Airport with NJ Transit and Amtrak via a station on the Northeast Corridor rail line , and the AirTrain JFK system linking JFK with Howard Beach ( subway ) and Jamaica ( subway and Long Island Rail Road ) . \n Major bus depots include the Port Authority Bus Terminal at 42nd Street , the George Washington Bridge Bus Station , and the Journal Square Transportation Center in Jersey City . \n = = = Real estate = = = \n The Port Authority also participates in joint development ventures around the region , including the Teleport business park on Staten Island , Bathgate Industrial Park in the Bronx , the Essex County Resource Recovery Facility , Newark Legal Center , Queens West in Queens , and the South Waterfront in Hoboken . However , by April 2015 , the agency was considering divesting itself of the properties to raise run and return to core mission of supporting transportation infrastructure . \n = = = Current and future projects = = = \n Major projects by the Port Authority include the One World Trade Center and other construction at the World Trade Center site . Other projects include a new passenger terminal at JFK International Airport , and redevelopment of Newark Liberty International Airport 's Terminal B , and replacement of the Goethals Bridge . The Port Authority also has plans to buy 340 new PATH cars and begin major expansion of Stewart International Airport . \n As owner of the World Trade Center site , the Port Authority has worked since 2001 on plans for reconstruction of the site , along with Silverstein Properties , and the Lower Manhattan Development Corporation . In 2006 , the Port Authority reached a deal with Larry Silverstein , which ceded control of One World Trade Center to the Port Authority . The deal gave Silverstein rights to build three towers along the eastern side of the site , including 150 Greenwich Street , 175 Greenwich Street , and 200 Greenwich Street . Also part of the plans is the World Trade Center Transportation Hub , which will replace the temporary PATH station that opened in November 2003 . \n = = Law enforcement = = \n The Port Authority has its own police department . The department currently employs approximately 1 @,@ 700 police officers and supervisors who have full police status in New York and New Jersey . \n = Flesh and Stone = \n \" Flesh and Stone \" is the fifth episode of the fifth series of British science fiction television series Doctor Who . Written by showrunner Steven Moffat and directed by Adam Smith , the episode was first broadcast on 1 May 2010 on BBC One . It is the conclusion of a two @-@ episode story that began with \" The Time of Angels \" that features the Weeping Angels as primary villains and sees the return of the character River Song ( Alex Kingston ) . \n Following the cliffhanger of the previous episode , alien time traveller the Doctor ( Matt Smith ) , his companion Amy Pond ( Karen Gillan ) , River Song , and Father Octavian ( Iain Glen ) and his militarised clerics have escaped entrapment by the Weeping Angels , creatures who only move when unobserved by others . They take refuge inside the crashed starship Byzantium , but the Angels pursue them and Amy is on the brink of dying from the imprint of an Angel in her eye . Both the Angels and the Doctor 's team face danger from a widening crack in space and time which has the power to erase persons from history . \n Moffat wrote the two @-@ part story as a more action @-@ packed sequel to his 2007 episode \" Blink \" , inspired by the relationship between the film Alien and its sequel , Aliens . The episode contains vital information concerning the main story arc of the cracks in time , and contains many instances which are character @-@ motivated . \" The Time of Angels \" and \" Flesh and Stone \" were the first two episodes to be filmed ; filming for \" Flesh and Stone \" took place in late July , with location filming in Puzzlewood and Southerndown beach . The episode was watched by 8 @.@ 495 million viewers in the United Kingdom and received mostly positive reviews from critics , though many commented that it did not live up to the quality to the first part and disagreed about the decision to show the Angels moving . Additionally , a scene in which Amy attempts to seduce the Doctor generated some complaints to the BBC . \n = = Plot = = \n Continuing from the cliffhanger of the previous episode , the destruction of the gravity globe allows the Doctor , Amy , Dr. River Song , and Father Octavian and his clerics to jump into the localised gravity well of the starship Byzantium and escape the horde of approaching Weeping Angels . The Angels follow them into the ship and the Doctor directs everyone into the ship 's oxygen factory , a forest contained within the starship . While in the secondary control room , the Doctor observes a familiar crack in the wall and realizes that it is the same one from Amy 's bedroom ( \" The Eleventh Hour \" ) . He determines that it is leaking time energy from which the Angels are attempting to feed . \n In the forest , the Doctor and River find Amy struggling with an image of an Angel imprinted in her brain . Amy has been counting down backwards and is close to being killed by the Angel when The Doctor instructs her to keep her eyes closed to starve the angel . With Amy unable to move , The Doctor , River and Octavian attempt to reach the primary control room on the other side of the forest . River and Octavian reveal to the Doctor that she is a prisoner in Octavian 's custody , with a pardon promised should she help them complete their mission . Octavian is captured and killed by an Angel as the Doctor and River enter the control room . As Amy and the clerics wait for rescue , the crack in the secondary control room opens further and the Angels move away from it . When some of the clerics approach it to investigate , they disappear completely ; while Amy remembers them , the remaining clerics have no knowledge of their existence . Amy is soon left alone as the remaining clerics also disappear investigating the crack . The Doctor instructs Amy to begin moving towards the primary control room , keeping her eyes closed but acting as if she is still able to see in order to fool the Angels . Amy trips and reveals her blindness to the Angels , but before they can kill her River teleports her to the control room . \n The Doctor reveals that the crack is due to an explosion somewhere in time , a date that he and River are able to determine . The Doctor warns that anything that falls into it is erased from time ; this is why the Angels fear the crack . The only way of temporarily closing the crack is to send a \" complicated space @-@ time event \" such as the Doctor himself or the whole of the Angels into the crack . The Angels continue to drain power from the Byzantium until they cause the artificial gravity to fail , dropping the Angels into the crack and sealing it while the Doctor , Amy , and River hang on to the controls . With the Angels gone , the Angel in Amy 's mind never existed , and she is able to recover . River is teleported away by the clerics ; she tells the Doctor that they will meet again soon when the \" Pandorica \" opens , which is dismissed by the Doctor as a fairy tale . \n Aboard the TARDIS , Amy asks the Doctor to return her to Earth on the night they left because she wants to show him something . In her room , she shows the Doctor her engagement ring and wedding dress and tells him that she is to wed Rory the next day . Amy then attempts to seduce the Doctor . Alarmed by this , the Doctor tries to deter her by pointing out that kind of relationship she is suggesting will not work between them , and that she is engaged . He then realises that Amy 's wedding the next day , 26 June 2010 , happens on the same day as the time explosion epicenter and he takes Amy away so that he can figure out what is going on . \n = = Production = = \n = = = Writing = = = \n Writer Steven Moffat came up with the concept for \" The Time of Angels \" and \" Flesh and Stone \" when he was thinking of the worst possible situations to be in with the Weeping Angels and thought of the inability to see . His first idea was blindness , though this developed into the situation that Amy ends up in . Moffat designed the two @-@ part story to be a more action @-@ oriented sequel to \" Blink \" , an episode he wrote for the third series that introduced the Weeping Angels . He was inspired by the relationship between the film Alien and its sequel , Aliens , which he referred to as \" the best conceived movie sequel ever \" , describing it as being more \" highly coloured \" as opposed to Alien 's more low @-@ key tone . He also intended for the Angels to have a plan that could become \" almost like a war \" , in contrast to the way they were struggling to survive in \" Blink \" . The title \" Flesh and Stone \" was suggested by Moffat 's son . \n The episode is also important in the main story arc concerning the cracks in time and space . The idea of the crack was inspired by a similar crack in the wall of Moffat 's son . As the crack reappears , several facts about it are revealed . In the episode , the Doctor speculates that they are connected to the fact that Amy could not remember the events of several previous episodes , as well as events in history that had occurred in \" The Next Doctor \" . He also discovers that the time explosion that caused the crack is 26 June 2010 , which is also the original airdate of the final episode of the series , \" The Big Bang \" . Before the Doctor , River , and Octavian leave Amy and the other clerics , the Doctor briefly returns to console Amy and to ask her to trust him and remember what he told her when she was younger ; however , the Doctor in this scene is shown wearing his jacket , which he had lost to the Angels earlier in the episode , as well as a different wristwatch . It is revealed in \" The Big Bang \" that this was in fact the Doctor from later in his timeline , setting up events in Amy 's past to try to help her remember him after he has rebooted the universe . River Song tells the Doctor she will see him again when the Pandorica opens ; the Pandorica was previously referred to by Prisoner Zero in \" The Eleventh Hour \" and is revealed in \" The Pandorica Opens \" , which also sees the return of River Song . \n Many instances in the episode were character @-@ driven . The action of the Angel to torture Amy \" for fun \" was met with anger from the Doctor but also gave him courage to defeat the Angels and save Amy . Moffat stated that in the scene in which the Doctor must figure out how to save Amy in a matter of seconds he was \" very basic ... very pure , simple Doctor \" and did not have time to comfort Amy because his compassion would get in the way of his thinking process . River was also meant to understand this and explain to Amy that he needed to think . Moffat believed that Amy was \" passionate and a fighter and ... also really smart \" which he showcased in the scene where Amy could not open her eyes for more than a second but was determined to do it for less than one . Moffat also believed that Amy 's decision to attempt to seduce the Doctor was consistent with the character he had built up from her first episode . It was also a reflection of how the two had just escaped from death and shared a hard time together , and Amy 's tendency to do things \" in the heat of the moment \" . The Doctor 's reaction was intended to be a reflection of how he often acted embarrassed and flustered when women behaved that way . \n = = = Filming and effects = = = \n \" The Time of Angels \" and \" Flesh and Stone \" were the first two episodes to be produced in the series . The read @-@ through for \" Flesh and Stone \" took place on 15 July 2009 following the read @-@ through of \" The Time of Angels \" . The forest scenes in the Byzantium were filmed at Puzzlewood , in the Forest of Dean over nine nights in July 2009 . The final scenes on a beach were shot at Southerndown , Vale of Glamorgan in Wales during 20 – 21 July 2009 , the first filming done for the new series . \n Most of the Weeping Angels are not statue props but young women wearing masks , costumes , and paint that took two to three hours to apply . Director Adam Smith called them \" an absolute nightmare to film with \" because it took a long time for them to get ready and they had to stand still for long periods of time . In the climactic scene Gillan had to walk with her eyes closed , which she said was difficult and challenging as the ground was uneven and muddy . She stated that \" it was the most scary thing \" when she had to trip over a step and fall , even though she was aware of the crash mat . As she was not able to express herself through her eyes , Gillan had to make herself more animated to convey emotion . The scene in which the Doctor , Amy and River are horizontal in mid @-@ air when the gravity field fails on the Byzantium was achieved by using wires and powerful wind machines . The blue in Amy 's bedroom was an idea of Adam Smith to show that it was inspired by the TARDIS from Amy 's encounter with the Doctor when she was young . \n = = Broadcast and reception = = \n \" Flesh and Stone \" was first broadcast on BBC One and simulcast on BBC HD on 1 May 2010 . Overnight figures showed that \" Flesh and Stone \" was watched by 6 @.@ 87 million viewers ; 6 @.@ 53 million watched on BBC One , with a further 0 @.@ 34 on BBC HD . This was a slight increase from the previous episode , but \" Flesh and Stone \" was still second for the night behind Britain 's Got Talent . Final consolidated ratings showed that 8 @.@ 495 million viewers had watched the episode , with 8 @.@ 019 on BBC One and 476 @,@ 000 on BBC HD , the fifth and first most @-@ watched programme on each channel respectively . It achieved an Appreciation Index of 86 , considered \" excellent \" . \n A Region 2 DVD and Blu @-@ ray containing \" Flesh and Stone \" together with the episodes \" The Time of Angels \" and \" The Vampires of Venice \" was released on 5 July 2010 . It was re @-@ released as part of the complete series five DVD on 8 November 2010 . \n = = = Critical reception = = = \n \" Flesh and Stone \" has received mostly positive reviews . Daniel Martin gave the episode a positive review on The Guardian 's guardian.co.uk , saying that it \" can lay credible claim to being the greatest episode of Doctor Who there has ever been \" . He went on to declare : \" It 's just ridiculously good — so much that there 's scarcely any point in picking out moments because there was an iconic sequence every couple of seconds . \" In particular he praised Father Octavian 's death scene , noting how \" despair creeps over Matt Smith 's face as he realises he is going to have to leave him to die ; Octavian 's final speech weeps with honour and elegance \" . IGN 's Matt Wales gave the episode a 10 out of 10 rating , saying it was \" packed with huge , iconic moments \" and stated , \" by the end of it , we were left with more questions than answers and a far better sense of Moffat 's meticulous planning \" . \n Gavin Fuller , writing for The Daily Telegraph 's website , described the episode as \" a rollercoaster ride of thrills and spills \" . He praised the forest scenes , saying they were \" easily the highlight of the episode , taking in a whole range of emotions as the nature and scale of the threat facing the Doctor , Amy , River and the clerics shifted as the episode progressed . \" However he expressed uncertainty over Amy 's \" attempted seduction of the Doctor \" , claiming that it \" did seem out of keeping with the usual tone of the series \" , and that \" Given the number of young children who watch , it may not have been the most appropriate of scenes to screen \" . Patrick Mulkern , writing for the Radio Times , gave the episode a positive review , describing it and its predecessor \" The Time of Angels \" as \" two episodes of Who that deserve 10 out of 10 in anybody 's scorebook \" , although he felt that of the two \" The Time of Angels \" was \" marginally more dazzling \" , as he found the Angels in that episode more \" macabre \" , but he still thought that \" Flesh and Stone \" \" bombards us with shudders and tension \" . He also stated that he was \" much amused by Amy 's amorous antics at the end \" . \n Steven Cooper of Slant Magazine called it \" an exciting , action @-@ packed roller coaster \" and praised director Adam Smith 's \" top @-@ notch visuals \" as well of the performances of Smith , Gillan , and Kingston . He noted the difference between Moffat 's more obvious story arc as opposed to others in the revived series , believing it to be possibly a \" long @-@ overdue innovation \" for the show . Though he praised the final defeat of the Angels for making use of what the viewer had forgotten , he thought that being able to see the Angels moving was \" creepy and well @-@ done \" , but made them \" much less original and interesting \" and the reason behind it weak , considering that the scene had \" no significance at all \" and was just to fill up time . SFX Magazine 's Dave Golder agreed , calling the scene \" very creepy \" and the Angels moving \" effective \" , but feeling that \" these once great monsters come across a bit wussy and stupid \" . He also thought that it did not live up the \" brilliant first part \" , feeling \" a bit one @-@ note \" and lacking \" a really good jawdropping revelation \" . However , he thought it was \" a solid , exciting , pulse @-@ pounding 45 minutes \" that was \" tense , action @-@ packed , and stuffed with memorable one @-@ liners and touching character moments \" , particularly praising Amy 's countdown and Octavian 's death , and gave the episode four out of five stars . \n The Daily Mail claimed that the seduction scene led to complaints from some viewers who accused the BBC of trying to \" ' sex up ' the show to attract more adult viewers . \" The article quotes a representative from pressure group Mediawatch @-@ uk and an anonymous contributor to an internet message board . A BBC spokesman confirmed they had received 43 complaints of the scene out of the millions who watched the episode . \n = = = Reviews = = = \n \" The Time of Angels \" / \" Flesh and Stone \" reviews at The Doctor Who Ratings Guide \n = HD 217107 b = \n HD 217107 b is an extrasolar planet approximately 64 light @-@ years away from Earth in the constellation of Pisces ( the Fish ) . The planet was discovered orbiting the star HD 217107 approximately every seven days , classifying the planet as a hot Jupiter . Because of the planet 's somewhat eccentric orbit , scientists were able to confirm another planet within the system ( HD 217107 c ) . \n = = Discovery = = \n As with the majority of extrasolar planet discoveries so far , it was found by detecting small variations in the radial velocity of the star it orbits , caused by the tug of its gravity . A study of the radial velocity of HD 217107 carried out in 1998 revealed that its motion along the line of sight varied over a 7 @.@ 1 day cycle . The period and amplitude of this variation indicated that it was caused by a planetary companion in orbit around the star , with a minimum mass slightly greater than that of Jupiter . The planet 's mean distance from the star is less than one fifth of Mercury 's distance from the Sun . \n = = = Indication of second planet = = = \n While most planets with orbital periods of less than 10 days have almost circular orbits , HD 217107 b has a somewhat eccentric orbit , and its discoverers hypothesized that this could be due to the gravitational influence of a second planet in the system at a distance of several astronomical units ( AU ) . Confirmation of the existence of a second planet , HD 217107 c , followed in 2005 . \n = Stephen Colbert at the 2006 White House Correspondents ' Association Dinner = \n On April 29 , 2006 , American comedian Stephen Colbert appeared as the featured entertainer at the 2006 White House Correspondents ' Association Dinner , which was held in Washington , D.C. , at the Hilton Washington hotel . Colbert 's performance , consisting of a 16 @-@ minute podium speech and a 7 @-@ minute video presentation , was broadcast live across the United States on the cable television networks C @-@ SPAN and MSNBC . Standing a few feet from U.S. President George W. Bush , in front of an audience of celebrities , politicians , and members of the White House Press Corps , Colbert delivered a controversial , searing routine targeting the president and the media . He spoke in the persona of the character he played on Comedy Central 's The Colbert Report , a parody of conservative pundits such as Bill O 'Reilly and Sean Hannity . \n Colbert 's performance quickly became an Internet and media sensation . Commentators remarked on the humor of Colbert 's performance , the political nature of his remarks , and speculated as to whether there was a cover @-@ up by the media in the way the event was reported . James Poniewozik of Time noted that whether or not one liked the speech , it had become a \" political @-@ cultural touchstone issue of 2006 — like whether you drive a hybrid or use the term ' freedom fries ' \" . \n = = Performance at the dinner = = \n American comedian Stephen Colbert was the featured entertainer at the White House Correspondents ' Association Dinner , held at the Hilton Washington hotel in Washington , D.C. on April 29 , 2006 . He was invited to speak by Mark Smith , the outgoing president of the White House Press Corps Association . Smith later told reporters that he had not seen much of Colbert 's work . Since 1983 , the event has featured well @-@ known stand @-@ up comics . Previous performances included President Gerald Ford and Chevy Chase making fun of Ford 's alleged clumsiness in 1975 , and Ronald Reagan and Rich Little performing together in 1981 . \n Colbert gave his after @-@ dinner remarks in front of an audience described by the Associated Press as a \" Who 's Who of power and celebrity \" . More than 2 @,@ 500 guests attended the event , including First Lady Laura Bush , Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Peter Pace , U.S. Attorney General Alberto Gonzales , China 's Ambassador Zhou Wenzhong , AOL co @-@ founder Steve Case , model and tennis player Anna Kournikova , and actor George Clooney . Colbert spoke directly to President Bush several times , satirically praising his foreign policy , lifestyle , and beliefs , and referring to his declining approval rating and popular reputation . \n Colbert spoke in the persona of the character he played on Comedy Central 's The Colbert Report , a parody of a conservative pundit in the fashion of Bill O 'Reilly and Sean Hannity . He began by satirizing mass surveillance , joking \" If anybody needs anything else at their tables , just speak slowly and clearly into your table numbers . Someone from the NSA will be right over with a cocktail . \" While many of his jokes were directed at President Bush , he also lampooned the journalists and other figures present at the dinner . Most of the speech was prepared specifically for the event , but several segments were lifted — largely unchanged — from The Colbert Report , including parts of the \" truthiness \" monologue from the first episode of the show , where Colbert advocated speaking from \" the gut \" rather than the brain and denounced books as \" all fact , no heart \" . Colbert framed this part of the speech as though he were agreeing with Bush 's philosophies , saying that he and Bush are \" not brainiacs on the nerd patrol \" , implicitly criticizing the way Bush positioned himself as an anti @-@ intellectual . \n Following this introduction to his style and philosophy , Colbert listed a series of absurd \" beliefs that I live by \" , such as \" I believe in America . I believe it exists . \" He alluded to outsourcing to China and satirized the traditional Republican opposition to \" big government \" by referencing the Iraq War . \" I believe the government that governs best is the government that governs least . And by these standards , we have set up a fabulous government in Iraq . \" \n Colbert then mocked Bush 's sinking approval ratings : \n Now , I know there are some polls out there saying this man has a 32 percent approval rating . But guys like us , we don 't pay attention to the polls . We know that polls are just a collection of statistics that reflect what people are thinking in reality . And reality has a well @-@ known liberal bias ... Sir , pay no attention to the people who say the glass is half empty , [ ... ] because 32 percent means it 's two @-@ thirds empty . There 's still some liquid in that glass , is my point . But I wouldn 't drink it . The last third is usually backwash . \n He continued his mock defense of Bush by satirizing Bush 's appearances aboard the USS Abraham Lincoln , at the site of the collapsed World Trade Center , and in cities devastated by Hurricane Katrina : \n I stand by this man . I stand by this man because he stands for things . Not only for things , he stands on things . Things like aircraft carriers , and rubble , and recently flooded city squares . And that sends a strong message : that no matter what happens to America , she will always rebound — with the most powerfully staged photo ops in the world . \n Colbert ended the monologue specifically directed at Bush by parodying his energy policy . He then used Laura Bush 's reading initiative as a springboard to mock @-@ criticize books for being \" elitist \" , and harshly criticized the White House Press Corps — hosts of the event — and the media in general . Addressing the audience , he remarked : \n Over the last five years , you people were so good — over tax cuts , WMD intelligence , the effect of global warming . We Americans didn 't want to know , and you had the courtesy not to try to find out , [ ... ] And then you write , [ ... ] \" Oh , they 're just rearranging the deck chairs on the Titanic . \" First of all , that is a terrible metaphor . This administration is not sinking . This administration is soaring . If anything , they are rearranging the deck chairs on the Hindenburg ! \n Colbert also criticized the White House Press Corps for what was widely perceived as its reluctance to question the administration 's policies , particularly in regards to the lead up to the 2003 invasion of Iraq , saying : \n But , listen , let 's review the rules . Here 's how it works . The President makes decisions . He 's the decider . The press secretary announces those decisions , and you people of the press type those decisions down . Make , announce , type . Just put ' em through a spell check and go home . Get to know your family again . Make love to your wife . Write that novel you got kicking around in your head . You know , the one about the intrepid Washington reporter with the courage to stand up to the administration ? You know , fiction ! \n For the remainder of his speech , Colbert joked about other people in the audience , including Peter Pace , Antonin Scalia , John McCain , and Joe Wilson . During this section , he made another reference to global warming while talking about interviewing Jesse Jackson : \" You can ask him anything , but he 's going to say what he wants , at the pace that he wants . It 's like boxing a glacier . Enjoy that metaphor , by the way , because your grandchildren will have no idea what a glacier is . \" \n Colbert received a chilly reception from the audience . His jokes were often met with silence and muttering , although some in the audience , such as Scalia , laughed heartily as Colbert teased them . This was in stark contrast to the warm reception accorded to a skit featuring Bush and his look @-@ alike , Steve Bridges , which immediately preceded Colbert 's monologue . \n At the end of his monologue , Colbert introduced what he characterized as an \" audition \" video to become the new White House Press Secretary — Scott McClellan had recently left the position . The video spliced clips of difficult questions from the White House press corps with responses from Colbert as Press Secretary . Colbert 's podium included controls marked \" eject \" , \" Gannon \" ( a reference to erstwhile White House reporter Jeff Gannon , who was suspected of asking planted questions ) , and \" volume \" , which he used to silence a critical question from journalist David Gregory . The video continued with Colbert fleeing the briefing room and the White House , only to be pursued by White House correspondent Helen Thomas , who had been a vocal critic of the Bush administration . At one point , Colbert picks up an emergency phone and explains that Thomas \" won 't stop asking why we invaded Iraq \" . The dispatcher responds with , \" Hey , why did we invade Iraq ? \" The entire second half of the video is a spoof of horror film clichés , particularly the film Westworld , with melodramatic music accompanying Thomas 's slow , unwavering pursuit of Colbert , and Colbert loudly screaming \" No ! \" at intervals . Widely available online , a portion of the mock audition tape aired on The Colbert Report on May 2 , 2006 . \n Although President Bush shook Colbert 's hand after his presentation , several of Bush 's aides and supporters walked out during Colbert 's speech , and one former aide commented that the President had \" that look that he 's ready to blow \" . Colbert recalled that \" not a lot of people laughed in the front row \" during the speech , and that \" when it was over , no one was even making eye contact with me ... no one is talking to me in the whole damn room \" ; only Scalia came to him afterward , praising Colbert 's imitation of a gesture the justice had recently been photographed doing . \n = = Early press coverage and allegations of a media blackout = = \n Cable channel C @-@ SPAN broadcast the White House Correspondents ' Dinner live , and rebroadcast the event several times in the next 24 hours , but aired a segment that excluded Colbert 's speech . The trade journal Editor & Publisher was the first news outlet to report in detail on Colbert 's performance , calling it a \" blistering comedy ' tribute ' \" that did not make the Bushes laugh . The reviewer noted that others on the podium were uncomfortable during the speech , \" perhaps feeling the material was a little too biting — or too much speaking ' truthiness ' to power \" . \n The New York Times and the Chicago Tribune covered the dinner , but not Colbert 's remarks . The wire services Reuters and the Associated Press each devoted three paragraphs to discuss Colbert 's routine in their coverage of the event , and The Washington Post mentioned Colbert several times throughout its article . The most extensive print coverage came from USA Today , which dedicated more space to Colbert 's performance than to President Bush 's skit . The day after the dinner , Howard Kurtz played clips of Colbert 's performance on his CNN show Reliable Sources . On the Fox News show Fox & Friends , the hosts mentioned Colbert 's performance , criticizing him for going \" over the line \" . Tucker Carlson , a frequent target of The Colbert Report before and after the event , criticized Colbert as being \" unfunny \" on his MSNBC show Tucker . \n Much of the initial coverage of the event highlighted the difference between the reaction to Bush and Bridges ( very positive ) and that for Colbert ( far more muted ) . \" The president killed . He 's a tough act to follow — at all times , \" said Colbert . On his show , Colbert joked that the unenthusiastic reception was actually \" very respectful silence \" and added that the crowd \" practically carried me out on their shoulders \" even though he was not ready to leave . On the May 1 , 2006 , episode of The Daily Show , on which Colbert had formerly been a correspondent , host Jon Stewart called Colbert 's performance \" balls @-@ alicious \" and stated , \" We 've never been prouder of our Mr. Colbert , and , ah — holy shit ! \" \n Lloyd Grove , gossip columnist for the New York Daily News , said that Colbert \" bombed badly \" , and BET founder Bob Johnson remarked , \" It was an insider crowd , as insider a crowd as you 'll ever have , and [ Colbert ] didn 't do the insider jokes \" . Congressional Quarterly columnist and CBS commentator Craig Crawford found Colbert 's performance hilarious , but observed that most other people at the dinner did not find the speech amusing . Time magazine TV critic James Poniewozik thought that Colbert 's critics missed the point : \" Colbert wasn 't playing to the room , I suspect , but to the wide audience of people who would later watch on the Internet . If anything , he was playing against the room . \" Poniewozik called the pained , uncomfortable reactions to Colbert 's jokes \" the money shots . They were the whole point . \" \n Some commentators , while noting the popularity of Colbert 's dinner speech , were critical of the perceived snubbing he was receiving from the press corps , even though he was the featured entertainer for the evening . The Washington Post columnist Dan Froomkin , calling it \" The Colbert Blackout \" , lambasted the traditional media for ignoring Colbert while focusing on the \" much safer \" topic of President Bush 's routine with Bridges . Amy Goodman of Democracy Now noted that initial coverage ignored Colbert entirely . Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism professor Todd Gitlin remarked , \" It 's too hot to handle . [ Colbert ] was scathing toward Bush and it was absolutely devastating . [ The mainstream media doesn 't ] know how to handle such a pointed and aggressive criticism . \" \n Others saw no intentional snub of Colbert by the press . Responding to a question about why The Washington Post 's article about the dinner did not go into any detail about Colbert 's speech , Media Backtalk writer Howard Kurtz responded , \" The problem in part is one of deadline . The presses were already rolling by the time Colbert came on at 10 : 30 , so the story had to be largely written by then . \" Asked why television news favored Bush 's performance over Colbert 's , Elizabeth Fishman , an assistant dean at the Columbia School of Journalism and a former 60 Minutes producer , told MTV that the \" quick hit \" for television news shows would have been to use footage of Bush standing beside his impersonator . \" It 's an easier set up for visual effect \" , she noted . Steve Scully , president of the White House Correspondents ' Association ( which hosted the dinner ) and political editor of C @-@ SPAN ( which broadcast the dinner ) , scoffed at the whole idea of the press intentionally ignoring Colbert : \" Bush hit such a home run with Steve Bridges that he got all of the coverage . I think that exceeded expectations . There was no right @-@ wing conspiracy or left @-@ wing conspiracy . \" Time columnist Ana Marie Cox dismissed allegations of a deliberate media blackout , because Colbert 's performance received coverage in The New York Times , The Washington Post , and the major wire services . Fellow commentator Kurtz concurred , noting that the video was carried on C @-@ SPAN and was freely available online ; he also played two clips on his own show . \" Apparently I didn 't get the memo , \" he said . \n In an article published on May 3 , 2006 , The New York Times addressed the controversy . The paper acknowledged that the mainstream media — itself included — had been criticized for focusing on Bush 's act with Bridges while ignoring Colbert 's speech . The paper then quoted several passages of Colbert 's more substantial criticism of the president and discussed various reactions to the event . On May 15 , The New York Times ' public editor , Byron Calame , wrote on his blog that more than two hundred readers had written to complain about the exclusion of any mention of Colbert from the paper 's initial lengthy article covering the dinner . Calame quoted his deputy bureau chief in Washington , who said that a mention of Colbert in the first article could not have been long enough to do his routine justice . But he also noted that the paper should have printed an in @-@ depth article specifically covering Colbert 's speech in the same issue , rather than waiting until days after the fact . \n = = Internet popularity = = \n Even though Colbert 's performance \" landed with a thud \" among the live audience , clips of Colbert at the dinner were an overnight sensation , becoming viral videos that appeared on numerous web sites in several forms . Sites offering the video experienced massive increases in traffic . According to CNET 's News.com site , Colbert 's speech was \" one of the Internet 's hottest acts \" . Searches for Colbert on Yahoo ! were up 5 @,@ 625 percent . During the days after the speech , there were twice as many Google searches for \" C @-@ SPAN \" as for \" Jennifer Aniston \" — an uncommon occurrence — as well as a surge in Colbert @-@ related searches . Nielsen BuzzMetrics ranked the post of the video clip as the second most popular blog post for all of 2006 . Clips of Colbert 's comic tribute climbed to the number 1 , 2 , and 3 spots atop YouTube 's \" Most Viewed \" video list . The various clips of Colbert 's speech had been viewed 2 @.@ 7 million times in less than 48 hours . In an unprecedented move for the network , C @-@ SPAN demanded that YouTube and iFilm remove unauthorized copies of the video from their sites . Google Video subsequently purchased the exclusive rights to retransmit the video , and it remained at or near the top of Google 's most popular videos for the next two weeks . \n Both Editor and Publisher and Salon , which published extensive and early coverage of the Colbert speech , drew record and near @-@ record numbers of viewers to their web sites . 70 @,@ 000 articles were posted to blogs about Colbert 's roast of Bush on the Thursday after the event , the most of any topic , and \" Colbert \" remained the top search term at Technorati for days . Chicago Sun @-@ Times TV critic Doug Elfman credited the Internet with promoting an event that would have otherwise been overlooked , stating that \" Internet stables for liberals , like the behemoth dailykos.com , began rumbling as soon as the correspondents ' dinner was reported in the mainstream press , with scant word of Colbert 's combustive address \" . Three weeks after the dinner , audio of Colbert 's performance went on sale at the iTunes Music Store and became the No. 1 album purchased , outselling new releases by the Red Hot Chili Peppers , Pearl Jam , and Paul Simon . The CEO of Audible.com , which provided the recording sold at iTunes , explained its success by saying , \" you had to not be there to get it \" . It continued to be a top download at iTunes for the next five months . \n = = Response = = \n Colbert 's performance received a variety of reactions from the media . In Washington , the response from both politicians and the press corps was negative — both groups having been targets of Colbert 's satire . The Washington press corps felt that Colbert had bombed . The Washington Post columnist Richard Cohen found that Colbert 's jokes were \" lame and insulting \" and wrote that Colbert was \" rude \" and a \" bully \" . Politician Steny Hoyer felt that Colbert had gone too far , telling the newspaper The Hill that \" [ Bush ] is the President of the United States , and he deserves some respect \" . Conservative pundit Mary Matalin called Colbert 's performance a \" predictable , Bush @-@ bashing kind of humor \" . Columnist Ana Marie Cox chastised those who praised Colbert as a hero : \" I somehow doubt that Bush has never heard these criticisms before \" . She added , \" Comedy can have a political point but it is not political action \" . \n On The Daily Show , Jon Stewart remarked , tongue in cheek , \" apparently [ Colbert ] was under the impression that they 'd hired him to do what he does every night on television \" . While comics were expected to tell jokes about the administration , the 2006 dinner was held at a time when the relationship between the administration and the media was under great strain , and the administration was sensitive to criticism . Attorney and columnist Julie Hilden concluded that Colbert 's \" vituperative parody \" might have been unfair under different circumstances , but noted that Bush 's record of controlling bad press created a heightened justification for people to criticize him when they got the chance . Media Matters and Editor & Publisher came to Colbert 's defense , calling his detractors hypocrites . They contrasted the critical reaction to Colbert to the praise that many in the press had for a controversial routine that Bush performed at a similar media dinner in 2004 , where Bush was shown looking for WMDs in the Oval Office and joking , \" Those weapons of mass destruction must be somewhere ! \" and \" Nope , no weapons over there ! \" \n Canadian Broadcasting Corporation News Online columnist Heather Mallick wrote , \" Colbert had the wit and raw courage to do to Bush what Mark Antony did to Brutus , murderer of Caesar . As the American media has self @-@ destructed , it takes Colbert to damn Bush with devastatingly ironic praise . \" Comedian and eventual Democratic U.S. Senator Al Franken , who performed at similar dinners twice during the Bill Clinton administration , admired what Colbert had done . In its year @-@ end issue , New York magazine described Colbert 's performance as one of the most \" brilliant \" moments of 2006 . Time 's James Poniewozik noted that in the \" days after Stephen Colbert performed at the White House Correspondents ' Dinner , this has become the political @-@ cultural touchstone issue of 2006 — like whether you drive a hybrid or use the term ' freedom fries ' \" . \n For the 2007 dinner , the White House Correspondents ' Association brought back the less controversial Rich Little . Arianna Huffington reported that Colbert told her he had specifically avoided reading any reviews of his performance , and remained unaware of the public 's reaction . On June 13 , 2007 , he was presented with a Spike TV Guys ' Choice Award for \" Gutsiest Move \" . He accepted the award via video conference . Six months later , New York Times columnist Frank Rich called Colbert 's after @-@ dinner speech a \" cultural primary \" , christening it the \" defining moment \" of the United States ' 2006 midterm elections . Three and a half years after the speech , Frank Rich referenced it again , calling it \" brilliant \" and \" good for the country \" , while columnist Dan Savage referred to it as \" one of the things that kept people like me sane during the darkest days of the Bush years \" . The editor of the The Realist , Paul Krassner , later put Colbert 's performance in historical context , saying that it stands out among contemporary US satire as the only example of the spirit of the satire by Lenny Bruce , George Carlin , and Richard Pryor , which took risks and broke barriers to free speech , \" rather than just proudly exercising it as comedians do now . \" \n = Chrono Trigger = \n Chrono Trigger ( Japanese : クロノ ・ トリガー , Hepburn : Kurono Torigā ) is a role @-@ playing video game developed and published by Square ( now Square Enix ) for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System in 1995 . Chrono Trigger 's development team included three designers that Square dubbed the \" Dream Team \" : Hironobu Sakaguchi , the creator of Square 's Final Fantasy series ; Yuji Horii , a freelance designer and creator of Enix 's popular Dragon Quest series ; and Akira Toriyama , a freelance manga artist famed for his work with Dragon Quest and Dragon Ball . Kazuhiko Aoki produced the game , Masato Kato wrote most of the plot , while composer Yasunori Mitsuda scored most of the game before falling ill and deferring the remaining tracks to Final Fantasy series composer Nobuo Uematsu . The game 's story follows a group of adventurers who travel through time to prevent a global catastrophe . \n Square re @-@ released a ported version by Tose in Japan for the PlayStation in 1999 , later repackaged with a Final Fantasy IV port as Final Fantasy Chronicles in 2001 for the North American market . A slightly enhanced Chrono Trigger , again ported by Tose , was released for the Nintendo DS on November 25 , 2008 , in North America and Japan , and went on sale in Australia on February 3 , 2009 , and in Europe on February 6 , 2009 . The game was never released in PAL territories before the Nintendo DS version . \n Chrono Trigger was a critical and commercial success upon release and is frequently cited as one of the best video games of all time . Nintendo Power magazine described aspects of Chrono Trigger as revolutionary , including its multiple endings , plot @-@ related sidequests focusing on character development , unique battle system , and detailed graphics . Chrono Trigger was the third best @-@ selling game of 1995 , and the game 's SNES and PlayStation iterations have shipped 2 @.@ 65 million copies as of March 2003 . The version for the Nintendo DS sold 790 @,@ 000 copies as of March 2009 . Chrono Trigger was also ported to mobile phones , Virtual Console , the PlayStation Network , iOS devices , and Android devices . \n = = Gameplay = = \n Chrono Trigger features standard role @-@ playing video game gameplay . The player controls the protagonist and his companions in the game 's two @-@ dimensional fictional world , consisting of various forests , cities , and dungeons . Navigation occurs via an overworld map , depicting the landscape from a scaled @-@ down overhead view . Areas such as forests , cities , and similar places are depicted as more realistic scaled @-@ down maps , in which players can converse with locals to procure items and services , solve puzzles and challenges , or encounter enemies . Chrono Trigger 's gameplay deviates from that of traditional Japanese RPGs in that , rather than appearing in random encounters , many enemies are openly visible on field maps or lie in wait to ambush the party . Contact with enemies on a field map initiates a battle that occurs directly on the map rather than on a separate battle screen . \n Players and enemies may use physical or magical attacks to wound targets during battle , and players may use items to heal or protect themselves . Each character and enemy has a certain number of hit points ; successful attacks reduce that character 's hit points , which can be restored with potions and spells . When a playable character loses all hit points , he or she faints ; if all the player 's characters fall in battle , the game ends and must be restored from a previously saved chapter , except in specific storyline @-@ related battles that allow or force the player to lose . Between battles , the player can equip his / her characters with weapons , armor , helmets , and accessories that provide special effects ( such as increased attack power or defense against magic ) , and various consumable items can be used both in and out of battles . Items and equipment can be purchased in shops or found on field maps , often in treasure chests . By exploring new areas and fighting enemies , players progress through Chrono Trigger 's story . \n Chrono Trigger uses an Active Time Battle system — a staple of Square 's Final Fantasy game series designed by Hiroyuki Ito for Final Fantasy IV — named \" Active Time Battle 2 @.@ 0 . \" Each character can take action in battle once a personal timer dependent on the character 's speed statistic counts to zero . Magic and special physical techniques are handled through a system called \" Techs . \" Techs deplete a character 's magic points ( a numerical meter like hit points ) , and often have special areas of effect ; some spells damage huddled monsters , while others can harm enemies spread in a line . Enemies often change positions during battle , creating opportunities for tactical Tech use . A unique feature of Chrono Trigger 's Tech system is that numerous cooperative techniques exist . Each character receives eight personal Techs which can be used in conjunction with others ' to create Double and Triple Techs for greater effect . For instance , Crono 's sword @-@ spinning Cyclone Tech can be combined with Lucca 's Flame Toss to create Flame Whirl . When characters with compatible Techs have enough magic points available to perform their techniques , the game automatically displays the combo as an option . \n Chrono Trigger features several other unique gameplay traits , including time travel . Players have access to seven eras of the game world 's history , and past actions affect future events . Throughout history , players find new allies , complete side quests , and search for keynote villains . Time travel is accomplished via portals and pillars of light called \" time gates \" , as well as a time machine named Epoch . The game contains thirteen unique endings ; the ending the player receives depends on when and how he or she reaches and completes the game 's final battle . Chrono Trigger DS features a new ending that can be accessed from the End of Time upon completion of the final extra dungeon and optional final boss . Chrono Trigger also introduces a New Game + option ; after completing the game , the player may begin a new game with the same character levels , techniques , and equipment , excluding money , with which he or she ended the previous play through . However , certain items central to the storyline are removed and must be found again , such as the sword Masamune . Square has since employed the New Game + concept in later titles , including Chrono Cross , Parasite Eve , Vagrant Story , Final Fantasy X @-@ 2 , and Lightning Returns : Final Fantasy XIII . \n = = Plot = = \n = = = Setting = = = \n Chrono Trigger takes place in a world familiar to Earth , with eras such as the prehistoric age , in which primitive humans and dinosaurs share the earth ; the Middle Ages , replete with knights , monsters , and magic ; and the post @-@ apocalyptic future , where destitute humans and sentient robots struggle to survive . The characters frequently travel through time to obtain allies , gather equipment , and learn information to help them in their quest . The party also gains access to the End of Time ( represented as year ∞ ) , which serves as a hub to travel back to other time periods . The party eventually acquires a time @-@ machine vehicle known as the Wings of Time , nicknamed the Epoch . The vehicle is capable of time travel between any time period without first having to travel to the End of Time . \n = = = Characters = = = \n Chrono Trigger 's six playable characters ( plus one optional character ) come from different eras of history . Chrono Trigger begins in AD 1000 with Crono , Marle and Lucca . Crono is the silent protagonist , characterized as a fearless young man who wields a katana in battle . Marle ( Princess Nadia ) lives in Guardia Castle ; though sheltered , at heart she 's a princess who enjoys hiding her royal identity . Lucca is a friend of Crono 's and a mechanical genius ; her home is filled with laboratory equipment and machinery . From the era of AD 2300 comes Robo , or Prometheus ( designation R @-@ 66Y ) , a robot with near @-@ human personality created to assist humans . Lying dormant in the future , Robo is found and repaired by Lucca , and joins the group out of gratitude . The fiercely confident Ayla dwells in 65 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 BC . Unmatched in raw strength , Ayla is the chief of Ioka Village and leads her people in war against a species of humanoid reptiles known as Reptites . \n The last two playable characters are Frog and Magus . Frog originated in AD 600 . He is a former squire once named Glenn , who was turned into an anthropomorphic frog by Magus , who also killed his friend Cyrus . Chivalrous but mired in regret , Frog dedicates his life to protecting Leene , the queen of Guardia , and avenging Cyrus . Meanwhile , Guardia in AD 600 is in a state of conflict against the Mystics ( known as Fiends in the US / DS port ) , a race of demons and intelligent animals who wage war against humanity under the leadership of Magus , a powerful sorcerer . Magus 's seclusion conceals a long @-@ lost past ; he was formerly known as Janus , the young prince of the Kingdom of Zeal , which was destroyed by Lavos in 12 @,@ 000 BC . The incident sent him forward through time , and as he ages , he plots revenge against Lavos and broods over the fate of his sister , Schala . Lavos , the game 's main antagonist who awakens and ravages the world in AD 1999 , is an extraterrestrial , parasitic creature that harvests DNA and the Earth 's energy for its own growth . \n = = = Story = = = \n In AD 1000 , Crono and Marle watch Lucca and her father demonstrate her new teleporter at the Millennial Fair . When Marle volunteers to be teleported , her pendant interferes with the device and creates a time portal into which she is drawn . After Crono and Lucca separately recreate the portal and find themselves in AD 600 , they find Marle only to see her vanish before their eyes . Lucca realizes that this time period 's kingdom has mistaken Marle for an ancestor of hers who had been kidnapped , thus putting off the recovery effort for her ancestor and creating a grandfather paradox . Crono and Lucca , with the help of Frog , restore history to normal by recovering the kidnapped queen . After the three part ways with Frog and return to the present , Crono is arrested on charges of kidnapping the princess and sentenced to death by the current chancellor of Guardia . Lucca and Marle help Crono to flee , haphazardly using another time portal to escape their pursuers . This portal lands them in AD 2300 , where they learn that an advanced civilization has been wiped out by a giant creature known as Lavos that appeared in 1999 . The three vow to find a way to prevent the future destruction of their world . After meeting and repairing Robo , Crono and his friends find Gaspar , an old sage at the End of Time , who helps them acquire magical powers and travel through time by way of several pillars of light . \n Their party expands to include Ayla and Frog after they visit the prehistoric era to repair Frog 's sword . They return to AD 600 to challenge Magus , believing him to be the source of Lavos ; after the battle , a summoning spell causes a time gate that throws Crono and his friends to the past . In prehistory , the group battle the Reptites and witness the origin of Lavos . They learn that Lavos was an alien being that arrived on the planet millions of years in the past , and began to absorb DNA and energy from every living creature before arising and razing the planet 's surface in 1999 so that it could spawn a new generation . In 12 @,@ 000 BC , Crono and friends find that the Kingdom of Zeal recently discovered Lavos and seeks to drain its power to achieve immortality through the Mammon Machine . However Zeal 's leader , Queen Zeal imprisons Crono and friends . Though Zeal 's daughter Schala frees them , the Prophet , a mysterious figure who has recently begun advising the queen , forces her to banish them from the realm and seal the time gate they used to travel to the Dark Ages . They return next to AD 2300 to find a time machine called the Wings of Time ( or Epoch ) , which can access any time period without using a time gate . They travel back to Zeal for the Mammon Machine 's activation at the Ocean Palace . Lavos awakens , disturbed by the Mammon Machine , and the Prophet reveals himself to be Magus and tries to kill the creature . Crono stands up to Lavos but is vaporized by a powerful blast , after which Lavos destroys the Kingdom of Zeal . \n Crono 's friends awake in a village and find Magus , who confesses that he used to be prince Janus of Zeal . In his memories , it is revealed that the disaster at the Ocean Palace scattered the Gurus of Zeal across time and sent him to the Middle Ages . Janus took the alias of Magus and gained a cult of followers while plotting to summon and kill Lavos in revenge for the death of his sister , Schala , but when Lavos appeared after his battle with Crono and his allies he was cast back to the time of Zeal and presented himself to them as a prophet . As Crono 's friends depart , the Ocean Palace rises into the air as the Black Omen . The group turns to Gaspar for help , and he gives them a \" Chrono Trigger , \" an egg @-@ shaped device that allows the group to replace Crono just before the moment of death with a Dopple Doll . Crono and his friends then gather power by helping people across time with Gaspar 's instructions . Their journeys involve defeating the remnants of the Mystics , stopping Robo 's maniacal AI creator , addressing Frog 's feelings towards Cyrus , locating and charging up the mythical Sun Stone , retrieving the Rainbow Shell , and helping restore a forest destroyed by a desert monster . The group enters the Black Omen and defeats Queen Zeal , then successfully battles Lavos , saving the future of their world . \n If Magus joined the party , he departs to search for Schala . Crono 's mother accidentally enters the time gate at the fair before it closes , prompting Crono , Marle , and Lucca to set out in the Epoch to find her while fireworks light up the night sky . Alternatively , if the party used the Epoch to break Lavos 's outer shell , Marle will help her father hang Nadia 's bell at the festival and accidentally get carried away by several balloons . Crono jumps on to help her , but cannot bring them down to earth . Hanging on in each other 's arms , the pair travel through the cloudy , moonlit sky . \n Chrono Trigger DS added two new scenarios to the game . In the first , Crono and his friends can help a \" lost sanctum \" of Reptites , who reward powerful items and armor . The second scenario adds ties to Trigger 's sequel , Chrono Cross . In a New Game + , the group can explore several temporal distortions to combat shadow versions of Crono , Marle , and Lucca , and to fight Dalton , who promises in defeat to raise an army in the town of Porre to destroy the Kingdom of Guardia . The group can then fight the Dream Devourer , a prototypical form of the Time Devourer — a fusion of Schala and Lavos seen in Chrono Cross . A version of Magus pleads with Schala to resist ; though she recognizes him as her brother , she refuses to be helped and sends him away . Schala subsequently erases his memories and Magus awakens in a forest , determined to find what he had lost . \n = = Development = = \n Chrono Trigger was conceived in 1992 by Hironobu Sakaguchi , producer and creator of the Final Fantasy series ; Yuji Horii , director and creator of the Dragon Quest series ; and Akira Toriyama , creator of the Dragon Ball comics series . Traveling to the United States to research computer graphics , the three decided to create something that \" no one had done before \" . After spending over a year considering the difficulties of developing a new game , they received a call from Kazuhiko Aoki , who offered to produce . The four met and spent four days brainstorming ideas for the game . Square convened 50 – 60 developers , including scenario writer Masato Kato , whom Square designated story planner . Development started in early 1993 . An uncredited Square employee suggested that the team develop a time travel @-@ themed game , which Kato initially opposed , fearing repetitive , dull gameplay . Kato and Horii then met several hours per day during the first year of development to write the game 's plot . Square intended to license the work under the Seiken Densetsu franchise and gave it the working title of \" Maru Island \" ; Hiromichi Tanaka ( the future director of Chrono Cross ) monitored Toriyama 's early designs . The team hoped to release it on Nintendo 's planned Super Famicom Disk Drive ; when Nintendo canceled the project , Square reoriented the game for release on a Super Famicom cartridge and rebranded it as Chrono Trigger . Tanaka credited the ROM catridge platform for enabling seamless transition to battles on the field map . \n Aoki ultimately produced Chrono Trigger , while director credits were attributed to Akihiko Matsui , Yoshinori Kitase and Takashi Tokita . Toriyama designed the game 's aesthetic , including characters , monsters , vehicles , and the look of each era . Masato Kato also contributed character ideas and designs . Kato planned to feature Gaspar as a playable character and Toriyama sketched him , but he was cut early in development . The development staff studied the drawings of Toriyama to approximate his style . Sakaguchi and Horii supervised ; Sakaguchi was responsible for the game 's overall system and contributed several monster ideas . Other notable designers include Tetsuya Takahashi , the graphic director , and Yasuyuki Honne , Tetsuya Nomura , and Yusuke Naora , who worked as field graphic artists . Yasuhika Kamata programmed graphics , and cited Ridley Scott 's visual work in the film Alien as an inspiration for the game 's lighting . Kamata made the game 's luminosity and color choice lay between that of Secret of Mana and the Final Fantasy series . Features originally intended to be used in Secret of Mana or Final Fantasy IV , also under development at the same time , were appropriated by the Chrono Trigger team . \n Yuji Horii , a fan of time travel fiction ( such as the TV series The Time Tunnel ) , fostered a theme of time travel in his general story outline of Chrono Trigger with input from Akira Toriyama . Horii liked the scenario of the grandfather paradox surrounding Marle . Concerning story planning , Horii commented , \" If there 's a fairground , I just write that there 's a fairground ; I don 't write down any of the details . Then the staff brainstorm and come up with a variety of attractions to put in . \" Sakaguchi contributed some minor elements , including the character Gato ; he liked Marle 's drama and reconciliation with her father . Masato Kato subsequently edited and completed the outline by writing the majority of the game 's story , including all the events of the 12 @,@ 000 BC era . He took pains to avoid what he described as \" a long string of errands ... [ such as ] ' do this ' , ' take this ' , ' defeat these monsters ' , or ' plant this flag ' . \" Kato and other developers held a series of meetings to ensure continuity , usually attended by around 30 personnel . Kato and Horii initially proposed Crono 's death , though they intended he stay dead ; the party would have retrieved an earlier , living version of him to complete the quest . Square deemed the scenario too depressing and asked that Crono be brought back to life later in the story . Kato also devised the system of multiple endings because he could not branch the story out to different paths . Yoshinori Kitase and Takashi Tokita then wrote various subplots . Kato became friends with composer Yasunori Mitsuda during development , and they would collaborate on several future projects . Katsuhisa Higuchi programmed the battle system , which hosted combat on the map without transition to a special battleground as most previous Square games had done . Higuchi noted extreme difficulty in loading battles properly without slow @-@ downs or a brief , black loading screen . The game 's use of animated monster sprites consumed much more memory than previous Final Fantasy games , which used static enemy graphics . \n Hironobu Sakaguchi likened the development of Chrono Trigger to \" play [ ing ] around with Toriyama 's universe , \" citing the inclusion of humorous sequences in the game that would have been \" impossible with something like Final Fantasy . \" When Square Co. suggested a non @-@ human player character , developers created Frog by adapting one of Toriyama 's sketches . The team created the End of Time to help players with hints , worrying that they might become stuck and need to consult a walkthrough . The game 's testers had previously complained that Chrono Trigger was too difficult ; as Horii explained , \" It 's because we know too much . The developers think the game 's just right ; that they 're being too soft . They 're thinking from their own experience . The puzzles were the same . Lots of players didn 't figure out things we thought they 'd get easily . \" Sakaguchi later cited the unusual desire of beta testers to play the game a second time or \" travel through time again \" as an affirmation of the New Game + feature : \" Wherever we could , we tried to make it so that a slight change in your behavior caused subtle differences in people 's reactions , even down to the smallest details ... I think the second playthrough will hold a whole new interest . \" The game 's reuse of locations due to time traveling made bug @-@ fixing difficult , as corrections would cause unintended consequences in other eras . \n = = = Music = = = \n Chrono Trigger was scored primarily by Yasunori Mitsuda , with contributions from veteran Final Fantasy composer Nobuo Uematsu , and one track composed by Noriko Matsueda . A sound programmer at the time , Mitsuda was unhappy with his pay and threatened to leave Square if he could not compose music . Hironobu Sakaguchi suggested he score Chrono Trigger , remarking , \" maybe your salary will go up . \" Mitsuda composed new music and drew on a personal collection of pieces composed over the previous two years . He reflected , \" I wanted to create music that wouldn 't fit into any established genre ... music of an imaginary world . The game 's director , Masato Kato , was my close friend , and so I 'd always talk with him about the setting and the scene before going into writing . \" Mitsuda slept in his studio several nights , and attributed certain pieces — such as the game 's ending theme , To Far Away Times — to inspiring dreams . He later attributed this song to an idea he was developing before Chrono Trigger , reflecting that the tune was made in dedication to \" a certain person with whom [ he ] wanted to share a generation \" . He also tried to use leitmotifs of the Chrono Trigger main theme to create a sense of consistency in the soundtrack . Mitsuda wrote each tune to be around two minutes long before repeating , unusual for Square 's games at the time . Mitsuda suffered a hard drive crash that lost around forty in @-@ progress tracks . After Mitsuda contracted stomach ulcers , Uematsu joined the project to compose ten pieces and finish the score . Mitsuda returned to watch the ending with the staff before the game 's release , crying upon seeing the finished scene . \n At the time of the game 's release , the number of tracks and sound effects was unprecedented — the soundtrack spanned three discs in its 1995 commercial pressing . Square also released a one @-@ disc acid jazz arrangement called \" The Brink of Time \" by Guido that year . 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the U.S. to Italy , he was upset with the modernist dialogue . Vidal agreed to work on the script for three months so that he would come off suspension and fulfill his contract with MGM , although Zimbalist pushed him to stay throughout the entire production . Vidal was researching a book on the 4th century Roman empe... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
@,@ 000 copies . USgamer 's Jeremy Parish said that Mother 's script was " as sharp as EarthBound 's " , but felt that the original 's game mechanics were subpar , lacking the " rolling HP counter " and non @-@ random encounters for which later entries in the series were known . Parish wrote earlier for 1UP.com that i... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
worked exclusively on the Sagrada Família until his death .
= = Collaborators = =
The enormous task which Gaudí faced , not in terms of the number of works , but in terms of their complexity , required the collaboration of a large number of assistants , artists , architects and craftsmen . Gaudí always led the way... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
dedicated single role aircraft for specialist purposes such as battlefield reconnaissance , maritime patrol duties , or dedicated electronic countermeasures ( ECM ) were phased out – either by standard Tornados or modified variants , such as the Tornado ECR . The most extensive modification from the base Tornado desig... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
through Mangalore . NH @-@ 66 ( previously known as NH @-@ 17 till April 2011 ) , which runs from Panvel ( in Maharashtra ) to Edapally Junction ( near Cochin in Kerala ) , passes through Mangalore in a north – south direction , while NH @-@ 48 ( presently known as NH @-@ 75 ) runs eastward to Bangalore . NH @-@ 13 ( ... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
Archive Collection .
= Galveston Bay Area =
The Galveston Bay Area ( known as the Bay Area ) is a region that surrounds the Galveston Bay estuary of Southeast Texas in the United States , within Houston – The Woodlands – Sugar Land metropolitan area . Normally the term refers to the mainland communities around the... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
2009 . His first season at the club was a successful one , finishing the season as the club 's top goalscorer , as well as helping the Hertfordshire outfit earn promotion to the Football League for the first time in the club 's history . In January 2011 , Odubade joined Newport County on loan until the end of the 2010... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
Civil War , likely by a soldier returning to the area from North Carolina . Had White not separated the records and sent the bound volumes away for safekeeping , Hampshire County would have lost all its records during the course of the war , as those that remained in the courthouse were destroyed .
In addition to th... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
counsel from the hearings .
In a 5 – 4 opinion written by Justice Samuel Alito , the Supreme Court held that even if the trial court committed error , the error was harmless and that Ayala did not suffer any actual prejudice . Justice Sonia Sotomayor wrote a dissenting opinion in which she argued that Ayala 's sente... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
ower showed object permanence in 3 @-@ month @-@ olds . This goes against Piaget 's coordination of secondary circular reactions stage because infants aren 't supposed to understand that a completely hidden object still exists until they are eight to twelve months old . The two studies below demonstrate this idea .
T... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
album since Tug of War . Flaming Pie debuted at number 2 , with 121 @,@ 000 copies sold in its first week , behind Spice , which sold just 16 @,@ 500 more copies that week .
In both the UK and the US , Flaming Pie was the most commercially successful new entry , and was certified gold in both countries . It was also... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
but a reconstruction of the night – and a single night – as experienced by ' one stable somebody ' whose ' earwitness ' on the real world is coherently chronological . " Bishop has laid the path for critics such as Eric Rosenbloom , who has proposed that the book " elaborates the fragmentation and reunification of ide... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
hung in the school 's Rupp Arena .
= = Early life = =
Hayden was born in Stanford , Kentucky ; his father Joseph was a grocer , and his mother Annie ( née : Brown ) was a tutor . He moved to Paris , Kentucky at an early age and began playing basketball in the sixth grade , which he continued upon entering Paris Hi... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
im Soltani and helped Iraklis to record its first away win in eleven months .
= = = Karlsruher SC = = =
In 2011 , he returned to Germany , signing with Karlsruher SC . He made his league debut on 10 September 2011 , where he scored the club 's second consulation goal , in a 2 – 4 away defeat against Fortuna Düsseld... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
hubs in the region have spurred economic growth and attracted foreign investments and job seekers from other parts of the country . Software exports from South India grossed over ₹ 640 billion ( US $ 9 @.@ 5 billion ) in fiscal 2005 – 06 . Chennai , known as the " Detroit of Asia " , accounts for about 35 % of India '... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
@,@ 500 and 15 @,@ 000 total individuals ; these numbers are in decline . The species has been classified as vulnerable by the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) .
= St Mary 's Church , Astbury =
St Mary 's Church is an Anglican parish church in the village of Newbold Astbury , Cheshire , Engl... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
in part because of the residential areas north of the line . From 1959 , the ministry denied jet aircraft from using the then longer runway . In the 1950s , SAS started using Convair 440s , while Braathens SAFE took into use Fokker F @-@ 27s . Both companies later also took into use Douglas DC @-@ 6s .
In 1952 , SAS... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
" . NDH authorities , led by the Ustaše Militia , immediately launched a campaign of mass killings , expulsions and forced religious conversions to Catholicism targeting the Serbian Orthodox population living within the borders of the new state .
Despite Pavelić 's assurances of equality with the predominantly Catho... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
klət / , or / ˈhækəlwɪt / ; 1553 – 23 November 1616 ) was an English writer . He is known for promoting the British colonisation of North America by the English through his works , notably Divers Voyages Touching the Discoverie of America ( 1582 ) and The Principal Navigations , Voiages , Traffiques and Discoueries of ... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
@-@ Sarra . This attack was part of a plan to remove the threat of Libyan airpower before a renewed offensive on Aouzou .
The projected attack on Aouzou never took place , as the dimensions of the victory obtained at Maaten made France fear that the attack on the Libyan base was only the first stage of a general off... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
0 from North American Airlines for the same purpose . In 2008 , British heavy metal band Iron Maiden chartered and customized a 757 ( nicknamed " Ed Force One " , and of which singer Bruce Dickinson was the pilot ) for their " Somewhere Back in Time World Tour " . Since the 2000s , Dallas Mavericks owner Mark Cuban has... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
total . The Australians were to be frustrated in the next three Tests . In the Second Test at Lord ’ s , Hassett made 104 , top @-@ scoring in Australia ’ s 346 despite being hindered by a bandaged right arm and cramps . England took a 26 @-@ run first innings lead , but Australia replied with 368 . Hassett ’ s bowler... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
south to Bunbury by renaming much of Old Coast Road as well as Australind Bypass as part of the highway .
= = Route description = =
Forrest Highway is the southern section of State Route 2 , continuing south from Kwinana Freeway at a folded diamond interchange with Pinjarra Road . All other intersections with the ... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
Christmas Day , the Los Angeles Times ran a critical article entitled " Suppression of the Facts Grants Stone a Broad Brush . " New York Newsday followed suit the next day with two articles – " The Blurred Vision of JFK " and " The Many Theories of a Jolly Green Giant . " A few days later , the Chicago Sun @-@ Times f... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
Shea praised the visuals , boss battles and collectable swords , but found few other activities outside combat , which itself lacked depth . GamePro 's Andy Burt called the visuals " gorgeous " and praised the combat and multiple storylines , but found its linearity and occations where combat got " bogged down " hamper... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
team , however , was upset by the 6 – 3 New York Jets in the second round of the 1982 @-@ 83 NFL Playoffs . The 1984 Raiders went 11 – -5 and also made the 1984 @-@ 85 NFL playoffs . The Raiders teams of Muransky 's years went 31 – 10 in the regular season and 4 – 2 in the playoffs under Flores .
= = = USFL Orlando ... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
the Panic of 1873 , he was financially successful enough to build a grand new home in Indianapolis in 1874 . He continued to make speeches on behalf of Republican candidates and policies .
In 1876 , the original Republican nominee for governor dropped out of the race and Harrison accepted the Republicans ' invitatio... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
history books ? "
= Skylon ( spacecraft ) =
Skylon is a design for a single @-@ stage @-@ to @-@ orbit spaceplane by the British company Reaction Engines Limited ( REL ) , using SABRE , a combined @-@ cycle , air @-@ breathing rocket propulsion system , potentially reusable for 200 flights . In paper studies , the... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
" After Pearl Jam finished the recording of Vitalogy , drummer Dave Abbruzzese was fired . The band cited political differences between Abbruzzese and the other members ; for example , Abbruzzese disagreed with the Ticketmaster boycott . He was replaced by Jack Irons , a close friend of Vedder and the former and origi... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
the race . As Villeneuve approached to pass his rival , Schumacher attempted to provoke an accident , but got the short end of the stick , retiring from the race . Villeneuve went on and scored four points to take the championship . Schumacher was punished for unsportsmanlike conduct for the collision and was disquali... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
1997 also saw lineup changes ; bassist Victor Damiani and guitarist Greg Brown both left , prompting speculation about the band 's survival ; McCrea noted that " Musically , there was a really great symbiosis and I really felt that it ( their departures , especially Brown 's ) was the most stupid thing in the world " ... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
village of Lauterbrunnen , Bond finds Tracy and they escape Bunt and her men after a car chase . A blizzard forces them to a remote barn , where Bond professes his love to Tracy and proposes marriage to her , which she accepts . The next morning , as the flight resumes , Blofeld sets off an avalanche ; Tracy is captur... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
York Mets , Houston Astros , Philadelphia Phillies , St. Louis Cardinals , Milwaukee Brewers , and Pittsburgh Pirates . All scheduled games were played that day except for several games – notably the Washington Nationals @-@ New York Mets , the Houston Astros @-@ Philadelphia Phillies ( the game and the ceremony was h... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
linear — doubling the number of processing elements should halve the runtime , and doubling it a second time should again halve the runtime . However , very few parallel algorithms achieve optimal speedup . Most of them have a near @-@ linear speedup for small numbers of processing elements , which flattens out into a... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
of the bourgeoisie . " Since the " antagonistic classes " were said to have been defeated with the achievement of socialism , these methods were no longer necessary . Reform was needed , for the Czechoslovak economy to join the " scientific @-@ technical revolution in the world " rather than relying on Stalinist @-@ e... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
over the California Golden Seals . Rookie defenseman Hajt was injured with a broken bone in his foot during a 5 – 1 loss to the Chicago Blackhawks on March 26 . The Sabres would lose the next two games for the season 's only three @-@ game losing streak . The Sabres ended the season by winning all three regular season... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
= = =
The Castle is the main location in the series . It is situated by a river on a piece of land , circular in shape , which has been cut off from the surrounding forest by an artificial moat . The Wizard Tower , the Palace and the Ramblings are located in the Castle . Sage based the structure on that of ancient w... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
around the Aleutian Islands and in the Gulf of Alaska and schooling fish in the northern Bering Sea and off Kamchatka . In the northern Bering Sea ( north of 58 ° N ) , their main prey species were capelin ( Mallotus villosus ) , Alaska pollock ( Theragra chalcogramma ) and Pacific herring ( Clupea pallasii ) ; they a... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
recently they have been re @-@ classified as a family , Siboglinidae , within the polychaetes .
The Echiura have a checkered taxonomic history : in the 19th century they were assigned to the phylum " Gephyrea " , which is now empty as its members have been assigned to other phyla ; the Echiura were next regarded as ... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
, however , much simpler insignia are used whenever a member of the Order attends an event at which decorations are worn .
The star of the Order consists of a silver St Andrew 's saltire , with clusters of rays between the arms thereof . In the centre is depicted a green circle bearing the motto of the Order in gold... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
the World in 80 Minutes with Douglas Fairbanks , in one scene of which he filmed himself wrestling a stuffed tiger doll , then a tiger @-@ skin rug . Opposing these films was the travelogue which was shown before features and served as a short saccharine form of cinematic tourism .
= = End of an era = =
Pre @-@ Co... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
Organisation and National Support Division . The DMO purchases all forms of equipment and services used by the ADF and is also responsible for maintaining this equipment throughout its life of type .
The DMO is not responsible for directly supplying deployed ADF units ; this is the responsibility of the Joint Logist... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
rogothic administrative models , as in Late Antiquity the comes civitatis ( city count ) was the main local authority , with full administrative powers in his region . But the shift from count ( comes ) to duke ( dux ) and from county ( comitatus ) to duchy ( ducatus ) also signalled the progressive militarization of I... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
nier M.S.406 and Fiat G.50 aircraft .
1944 also saw the return of the HZL fighter squadron to the NDH from service on the Eastern Front . It was redesignated Kroat . JGr 1 and its operational fighter squadron was redesignated 2 . / ( Kroat . ) JGr . Soon after arrival 2 . / ( Kroat . ) JGr sent its ZNDH pilots to col... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
. Located on the Bowery , it exhibited a Grim Reaper riding a bumper car in circles to an elaborate light show , fog machine and Blue Öyster Cult 's ( Don 't Fear ) The Reaper . The accompanying audio guide offered a self @-@ mockery interpretation , with Banksy stating that often " the role of art is to remind us of ... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
, which had brought a great change in the genetic history of the species .
= = Ecology and behavior = =
Common elands are nomadic and crepuscular . They eat in the morning and evening , rest in shade when hot and remain in sunlight when cold . They are commonly found in herds of up to 500 , with individual members... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
5 – 1997 ) , had been born in Southwark before training as an acrobatic dancer and working on the music hall circuit prior to the Second World War . Ken 's Scottish father , Robert " Bob " Moffat Livingstone ( 1915 – 1971 ) , had been born in Dunoon before joining the Merchant Navy in 1932 and becoming ship 's master .... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
loaded their results into Soyuz TM @-@ 29 and departed Mir on 28 August 1999 , ending a run of continuous occupation , which had lasted for eight days short of ten years . The station 's gyrodines and main computer were shut down on 7 September , leaving Progress M @-@ 42 to control Mir and refine the station 's orbit... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
2003 , Biden believed this plan would have helped his campaign among the electorate had he been nominated . The key points included :
Giving Iraq 's major groups a measure of autonomy in their own regions . A central government would be left in charge of interests such as defending the borders and distributing oil r... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
. It compared the South American revolution , still in its early stages , with the French and North American ones , and even the revolution in Spain itself , pointing out that none of those relied solely in conspiracies or secret meetings . The document proposes to favor patriots , and fill the state offices with them... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
cephalitis killed about 40 horses , or approximately 18 % of the herd . The population on Cumberland Island is one of seven feral horse herds on US barrier islands .
= = Characteristics = =
A 2009 resource assessment of the Cumberland Island National Seashore by the National Parks Conservation Association ( NPCA ) ... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
hells return to the world an emaciated , deformed , will @-@ less , shipwrecked crew of humanity , with the Cain mark on their foreheads , their hopes crushed , all their natural inclinations thwarted . With nothing but hunger and inhumanity to greet them , these victims soon sink back into crime as the only possibili... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
. Kriplespac then reveals that they are all actually inside a spaceship , which he activates and takes into low orbit . From there , he instructs Heinrich to attack and kill Conker as revenge for destroying the Tediz , which were also his creations . Conker pulls a switch that opens an air lock , pulling Von Kriplespa... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
Marion County , Kentucky on August 29 , 1830 . He was the son of Joseph Percy and Maria Irvine ( McElroy ) Knott . He was tutored by his father from an early age , and later attended public school in Marion and Shelby counties . In 1846 , he began to study law . In May 1850 , he relocated to Memphis , Missouri , where... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
visually challenged people . She also was the brand ambassador Celebrity Cricket League for its two first seasons .
= = Early life and background = =
Shriya Saran Bhatnagar was born on 11 September 1982 in the Haridwar in Northern India , to Pushpendra Saran Bhatnagar and Neeraja Saran Bhatnagar . Her father worke... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
y within the context of Canada 's participation in the First World War . The Canadian National Vimy Memorial and Beaumont @-@ Hamel Newfoundland Memorial sites comprise close to 80 percent of conserved First World War battlefields in existence and between them receive over one million visitors each year .
= = = Vimy ... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
the Union army eastward to the river . The corps of Hardee and Bragg began the assault with their divisions in one line , nearly 3 miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) wide and about 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) from its front to its rear column . As these units advanced , they became intermingled and difficult to control . Corps commander... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
home to RNC 's teaching , residential and leisure facilities . Students live in halls of residence , which enable them to gain a level of independence within the college environment . RNC operates a leisure facility , thePoint4 , which is open to the public , and conferencing and hotel accommodation under the name Gar... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
orley was the club ’ s sole selection for Australia in the Super League Test series against Great Britain .
= = = 1997 World Club Championship = = =
The Super League had also begun a rugby league competition in England , and they had created a mixed competition , encompassing Super League clubs from Australia , New... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
010 )
= Charles A. May =
Charles Augustus May ( 1818 – 1864 ) was an American officer of the United States Army who served in the Mexican War and other campaigns over a 25 @-@ year career . He is best known for successfully leading a cavalry charge against Mexican artillery at the Battle of Resaca de la Palma .
M... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
dreadnought battleships of the early 20th century . The design proved impractical for its time , however , and only three udemas were built between 1760 and 1776 .
= = Background = =
In the early 18th century , the establishment of Russian naval power in the Baltic challenged the interests of Sweden , one of the m... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
ticket . Nevertheless , Gold Democrats began plans to hold their own convention , which took place in September . Many Cleveland supporters decried Bryan as no true Democrat , but a fanatic and socialist , his nomination procured through demagoguery . Some of the Democratic political machines , such as New York 's Tam... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
ly lighted by a single lamp at either end . The room in which the Committee sat round a table of green cloth was incongruously gay with the clocks , the bronzes , the mirrors , the tapestries , of the ruined country .
= = = First Empire = = =
Pope Pius VII stayed in the building while preparing to crown Napoléon I ... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
, and U.S. News & World Report ranks NYU 9th for social psychology and 9th for behavioral neuroscience .
U.S. News & World Report ranks the New York University School of Law 1st for tax law and 1st for international law . The publication also ranks The Robert F. Wagner Graduate School of Public Service 6th in public... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
or stewed blackcurrants .
The Cabernet grape variety has thriven in a variety of vineyard soil types , making the consideration of soil less of concern particularly for New World winemakers . In Bordeaux , the soil aspect of terroir was historically an important consideration in determining which of the major Bordea... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
, while Carabane with a C would suggest a Latin derivation , most probably through Portuguese or French .
= = Geography = =
= = = Location = = =
With a total area of 57 square kilometres ( 22 sq mi ) , Carabane is the last major island in the mouth of the Casamance River in south @-@ west Senegal . It is situate... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
eating fish you would not have said that . "
= = Research = =
There is relatively little published on or in the Nafaanra language . The first linguistic publication to mention Nafaanra is Delafosse ( 1904 ) , containing some notes on the Nafana people and a fairly extensive comparative Senufo word list , though it... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
Tuscan state , provided that nothing was ever removed from Florence .
= = = Death and legacy = = =
The " Lorrainers , " as the occupying forces were dubbed , were popularly loathed . The Viceroy , the Prince de Craon , whom the Electress disliked for his " vulgar " court , allowed the Electress to live undisturbed... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
missions were built near the beginning of development , which revealed some of the team 's planning mistakes . For example , the early tests of the conversation system and user interface were flawed , but the team had time to revise them before the game 's release . The team also found augmentations and skills to be l... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
capable of mating every year . Mating occurs from November to January , and the young are born the following year after a gestation period of 9 – 12 months . The litter size ranges from 3 to 32 , increasing with the size of the female .
The electric organs first appear when the embryo is 1 @.@ 9 – 2 @.@ 3 cm ( 0 @.@... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
@-@ orders .
A demo version of the game was released on Xbox Live on March 20 , 2009 , with four playable songs : Metallica 's " Sad but True " and " Seek & Destroy " , Alice in Chains ' " No Excuses " and Queen 's " Stone Cold Crazy " . All four instruments are playable . There is no Expert + for the drums in the d... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
resher sharks ( Oliver et al.2013 ) . While smaller dorsal sails or fins make the dorsal water volume better accessible for slashing , it can be speculated that their smaller stabilization effect makes lateral slashing less efficient ( e.g. for thresher sharks ) . Forming a hydrodynamic fulcrum and hydrodynamically sta... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
Tammany faction of the Democratic party was currently at odds with the Tilden machine there . After the party rift caused the defeat of the Democratic governor in New York 's 1879 election , many Tilden adherents began to think their candidate could not win his home state , and drifted to Bayard , among others . Tilde... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
1 , 7 @.@ 20 ERA in 25 innings ) , Greinke followed up with four consecutive starts of at least seven innings and two or fewer runs — all of them wins . In those starts , he produced a 1 @.@ 88 ERA in 281 ⁄ 3 innings .
Greinke became the first pitcher since 1920 to record 13 strikeouts in five innings or less in a g... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
observed normally . Eventually , stored acetylcholine is made available , and the amplitudes increase again . In LEMS this remains insufficient to reach a level sufficient for transmission of an impulse from nerve to muscle ; all can be attributed to insufficient calcium in the nerve terminal . A similar pattern is wi... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
most commonly used antidote , acetylcysteine .
Calcitriol , the active metabolite of vitamin D3 , appears to be a catalyst for glutathione production . Calcitriol was found to increase glutathione levels in rat astrocyte primary cultures on average by 42 % , increasing glutathione protein concentrations from 29 nmol... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
had spoken to his wife about the affair . She had told Helen that Corbett had received the information from Bradman . Mant believed that while Corbett may have played a joke on Fingleton in naming the culprit , he would not have done so with his wife .
= = = Aftermath = = =
Many commentators and cricketers deplore... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
s songs " Devil 's Son " and " Driving Down the Darkness " were featured in the TV show Scrubs , and in 2008 they covered the Iron Maiden song " Wasted Years " for the Kerrang ! compilation Maiden Heaven : A Tribute to Iron Maiden . The song " Clouds Over California " became available as a download for the music video ... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
the Center for Class Action Fairness ( CCAF ) , established in 2009 . The New York Times calls him the " leading critic of abusive class @-@ action settlements " ; the Wall Street Journal has referred to him as " a leading tort @-@ reform advocate . "
Frank graduated from Brandeis University in 1991 , and the Univer... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
as he was then substituted by Ljungberg in the 65th minute .
United then went back downfield and Ronaldo took on Lauren , who dared not dive in for a tackle and risk a second yellow card . Ronaldo got past the Cameroonian full @-@ back and then chipped a cross into the penalty area , but Van Nistelrooy was unable to... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
harbour them .
= = = Predators and parasites = = =
Earwigs are regularly preyed upon by birds , and like many other insect species they are prey for insectivorous mammals , amphibians , lizards , centipedes , assassin bugs , and spiders . European naturalists have observed bats preying upon earwigs . Their primary... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
, scoring 17 @.@ 9 % – the best showing ever for the FN .
In the 2012 legislative election , the National Front won two seats ; Gilbert Collard and Marion Maréchal @-@ Le Pen .
In two polls about presidential favourites in April and May 2013 , Marine le Pen polled ahead of president François Hollande but behind Ni... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
her debut solo album Embers . The single peaked at No. 4 on Billboard 's Hot Dance Club Play Chart . Embers was released in September 2009 . Co @-@ produced by Sultan & Ned Shepard , Alex Sayz and Scott Fritz , Ali self @-@ released the album on her own label , Smile in Bed Records . Embers generally received positive... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
Hot Latin Songs chart , while the single fell to number four on the Regional Mexican Airplay chart . In its fifth week , the song reclaimed the second position on the Regional Mexican Airplay chart , while remaining at number two for a third consecutive week on the Hot Latin Songs chart . Staying at number two for its... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
X formats . Legend 's colorized version is also available from Amazon Video on Demand , without Nelson 's commentary .
In November 2006 , the film was issued by Buena Vista Home Entertainment in a double feature with The Cry Baby Killer ( billed as a Jack Nicholson double feature ) as part of the Roger Corman Classic... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
jumps from a cliff and dives , was done at Greenpoint Warehouse , in Brooklyn with Lee and video producer Justin Diener . Also working with Eminem on the video included Dennis Dennehy and Chris Clancy for marketing . The final scene filmed on the first day was where Eminem would try to escape from a dark basement ; sh... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
scopic characteristics = = =
The spores are broadly ellipsoid , smooth , colorless , amyloid ( staining bluish to blue @-@ black when treated with Melzer 's reagent ) , thin @-@ walled , and measure 8 – 9 by 5 – 6 µm . The basidia are 40 – 60 by 10 – 12 µm , club @-@ shaped , and four @-@ spored . The cheilocystidia ... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
of England , Nash thought he could impress Woodfull by bowling him a series of short pitched deliveries , eventually hitting him over the heart ( Woodfull had been hit just under the heart by Harold Larwood during the Bodyline series ) . Nash dismissed Woodfull caught and bowled later that over for 15 but did not real... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
" , with its " angular , descending line " , were written specifically for this album . On " Caravan " , Ellington plays the melody in low octaves , adding " Webern @-@ like notes on the top " , imitating an orchestral sound . " Warm Valley " and " Solitude " are ballads , the latter being a piano solo piece until Min... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
month . For most of its short operational life , 381 was used on the Kensington and Henley North lines ( which were through routed the same year 381 was built ) . 381 was also the last tram to operate over the Kensington line before closure in February 1957 . It was withdrawn from revenue service in December 1957 when... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
8 September 1915 , while also commanding I ANZAC Corps on the Western Front .
Meanwhile , Colonel Godfrey Irving was appointed temporary CGS on 24 May 1915 , replacing Legge . His chief responsibility was overseeing the expansion of the training establishment in Australia to provide reinforcements for the AIF units o... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
Martha Plimpton . Pearl Jam musician Mike McCready helped write the music for the episode .
" Northwest Passage " first aired in the United States on May 6 , 2010 to an estimated 5 @.@ 82 million viewers . It received generally positive reviews , as many critics praised the writers ' decision to focus on Peter in a ... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
the breast and the spot on the crown above the bill is more prominent and white rather than off @-@ white .
The flame robin 's calls are grouped into louder and quieter calls ; the former can be heard from 150 m ( 490 ft ) away , the latter , which are often briefer , from 30 m ( 98 ft ) . Loud songs make up almost ... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
singing due to his bad voice and says , " Don 't feel sorry for me , Rosa Lee , I 'm not dead yet . " In several lasting shots , the vast sky dwarfs Mac , Rosa Lee and Sonny , starkly symbolizing their isolation , as well as the fragility of human existence . The fact that Mac sustains his newfound life with Rosa Lee ... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
most innocent of the [ Junimea ] megalomaniacs . " Rosetti 's paper was hosting its own campaign against Caragiale , headed by Caragiale 's former employer Frédéric Damé . Meanwhile , Caragiale found his core group of journalist sympathizers in the Junimist fief of Moldavia .
Caragiale had by then proceeded to resea... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
to Europe via Singapore . In December 1998 , the Tokyo @-@ based Asia Foundation for Human Rights awarded Sarumpaet the Female Human Rights Special Award .
By 2002 Sarumpaet had returned to Indonesia , where she debuted a stageplay entitled Alia , Luka Serambi Mekah ( Alia , Wound of Serambi Mekah ) at Ismail Marzuk... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
that half of the country should not have been yielded to the communists .
In mid @-@ 1954 , General Nguyễn Văn Hinh , the head of the State of Vietnam 's VNA , announced that he did not respect the leadership of Prime Minister Diệm , and vowed to overthrow him . The coup never materialised and Hinh was forced into e... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
year , contested by both club and school crews .
= Alan Julian =
Alan John Julian ( born 11 March 1983 ) is a semi @-@ professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for National League club Bromley .
Julian started his career at Brentford , progressing through the youth side and making his first @-@ team deb... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
Captain ( United States ) on September 19 , 1864 for Winchester , Virginia .
Major ( United States ) on March 13 , 1865 for gallantry .
Lieutenant colonel ( United States ) on March 13 , 1865 for meritorious service during the Civil War .
Colonel ( United States ) on October 18 , 1868 for Beaver Creek , Kansas d... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
the second round . Eighth seeds Maria Kirilenko and Flavia Pennetta were also eliminated in second round , losing to Chuang Chia @-@ jung and Sania Mirza . Chuang and Mirza continued their march into the semifinal defeating second seeds Anabel Medina Garrigues and Virginia Ruano Pascual . They were joined by Kuznetsov... | Very Long | wikitext-103-excerpt |
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