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In 1960 Erd\H os and Rado published a paper that, in retrospect, became one of the most influential papers in extremal set theory. They proved a result of Ramsey theoretic flavour, stating that in any sufficiently large family of sets of bounded size there is a homogeneous substructure, called a $\Delta$-system (also ... |
We explain the notion of the {\em entropy} of a discrete random variable, and derive some of its basic properties. We then show through examples how entropy can be useful as a combinatorial enumeration tool. |
A generating set for the wreath product $\ZZ_r \wr S_n$ which leads to a nicely behaved weak order is presented, and properties of the resulting order are studied. |
A universal word for a finite alphabet $A$ and some integer $n\geq 1$ is a word over $A$ such that every word in $A^n$ appears exactly once as a subword (cyclically or linearly). It is well-known and easy to prove that universal words exist for any $A$ and $n$. |
We consider the expansion of the square of a complete homogeneous function $h_\lambda$, or of an elementary symmetric function $e_\lambda$, in the basis of Schur functions. This square also decomposes into two plethysms, $s_2[h_\lambda]$ and $s_{11}[h_\lambda]$ (resp. |
We show that the metric dimension of a finite projective plane of order $q\geq 23$ is $4q-4$, and describe all resolving sets of that size. Let $\tau_2$ denote the size of the smallest double blocking set in $\mathrm{PG}(2,q)$, the Desarguesian projective plane of order $q$. |
Let $(G,+)$ be an abelian group and consider a subset $A \subseteq G$ with $|A|=k$. Given an ordering $(a_1, \ldots, a_k)$ of the elements of $A$, define its {\em partial sums} by $s_0 = 0$ and $s_j = \sum_{i=1}^j a_i$ for $1 \leq j \leq k$. |
In [1] Peters and Regts confirmed a conjecture by Sokal by showing that for every $\Delta \in \mathbb{Z}_{\geq 3}$ there exists a complex neighborhood of the interval $\left[0, \frac{\left(\Delta - 1\right)^{\Delta - 1}}{\left(\Delta-2\right)^\Delta}\right)$ on which the independence polynomial is nonzero for all graph... |
\textsc{Cops and Robber} is one of the most studied two-player pursuit-evasion games played on graphs, where multiple \textit{cops}, controlled by one player, pursue a single \textit{robber}. The main parameter of interest is the \textit{cop number} of a graph, which is the minimum number of cops that can ensure the \... |
This paper studies, for a positive integer $m$, the subalgebra of the cohomology ring of the complex Grassmannians generated by the elements of degree at most $m$. We build in two ways upon a conjecture for the Hilbert series of this subalgebra due to Reiner and Tudose. |
In this paper, we consider a variant of the cops and robbers game on a graph, introduced by Kinnersley and Peterson, in which every time the robber uses an edge, it is removed from the graph, known as bridge-burning cops and robbers. In particular, we study the maximum time it takes the cops to capture the robber. |
Berstel proved that the Arshon sequence cannot be obtained by iteration of a morphism. An alternative proof of this fact is given here. |
We derive a simple proof, based on information theoretic inequalities, of an upper bound on the largest rates of $q$-ary $\overline{2}$-separable codes that improves recent results of Wang for any $q\geq 13$. For the case $q=2$, we recover a result of Lindström, but with a much simpler derivation. |
We show that there exists an absolute constant $A$ such that the size Ramsey number of a pair of cycles $(C_n$, $C_{2d})$, where $4\le 2d\le n$, is bounded from above by $An$. We also study the restricted size Ramsey number for such a pair. |
We determine how the flag f-vector of any graded poset changes under the Rees product with the chain, and more generally, any t-ary tree. As a corollary, the Möbius function of the Rees product of any graded poset with the chain, and more generally, the t-ary tree, is exactly the same as the Rees product of its dual w... |
A coset geometry representation of regular dessins is established, and employed to describe quotients and coverings of regular dessins and surfaces. A characterization is then given of face-quasiprimitive regular dessins as coverings of unicellular regular dessins. |
It is shown that, apart from the smallest Ree group, a flag-transitive automorphism group $G$ of a $2$-$(k^{2}, k, \lambda)$ design D, with $\lambda \mid k$, is either an affine group or an almost simple classical group. Moreover, when $G$ is the smallest Ree group, $\mathcal{D}$ is isomorphic either to the $2$-$(62, ... |
We prove that the signed counting (with respect to the parity of the ``$\operatorname{inv}$'' statistic) of partition matrices equals the cardinality of a subclass of inversion sequences. In the course of establishing this result, we introduce an interesting class of partition matrices called improper partitio... |
We give a complete characterization of mixed unit interval graphs, the intersection graphs of closed, open, and half-open unit intervals of the real line. This is a proper superclass of the well known unit interval graphs. |
Consider a bicolored point set $P$ in general position in the plane consisting of $n$ blue and $n$ red points. We show that if a subset of the red points forms the vertices of a convex polygon separating the blue points, lying inside the polygon, from the remaining red points, lying outside the polygon, then the point... |
The Grundy domination number, ${\gamma_{\rm gr}}(G)$, of a graph $G$ is the maximum length of a sequence $(v_1,v_2,\ldots, v_k)$ of vertices in $G$ such that for every $i\in \{2,\ldots, k\}$, the closed neighborhood $N[v_i]$ contains a vertex that does not belong to any closed neighborhood $N[v_j]$, where $j<i$. It... |
A graph $G$ consists of vertices $V(G)$ and edges $E(G)$. In this paper, we propose four new indices defined and named as first Rehan-Lanel index of $G$ $(RL_1)$, second Rehan-Lanel index of $G$ $(RL_2)$, second Rehan-Lanel index of $G$, third Rehan-Lanel index of $G$, $(RL_3)$ and fourth Rehan-Lanel index of $G$ $(RL... |
We investigate pattern avoidance in alternating permutations and generalizations thereof. First, we study pattern avoidance in an alternating analogue of Young diagrams. |
Tree-decompositions of graphs are of fundamental importance in structural and algorithmic graph theory. The main property of tree-decompositions is the width (the maximum size of a bag $-1$). |
We introduce the notion of combinatorial positivity of translation-invariant valuations on convex polytopes that extends the nonnegativity of Ehrhart h*-vectors. We give a surprisingly simple characterization of combinatorially positive valuations that implies Stanley's nonnegativity and monotonicity of h*-vectors... |
For a non-decreasing sequence $S=(s_1,s_2,\ldots)$ of positive integers, a partition of the vertex set of a graph $G$ into subsets $X_1,\ldots, X_\ell$, such that vertices in $X_i$ are pairwise at distance greater than $s_i$ for every $i\in\{1,\ldots,\ell\}$, is called an $S$-packing $\ell$-coloring of $G$. The minimu... |
A graph is locally irregular if any pair of adjacent vertices have distinct degrees. A locally irregular decomposition of a graph $G$ is a decomposition $\mathcal{D}$ of $G$ such that every subgraph $H \in \mathcal{D}$ is locally irregular. |
We study three combinatorial models for the lower-triangular matrix with entries $t_{n,k} = \binom{n}{k} n^{n-k}$: two involving rooted trees on the vertex set $[n+1]$, and one involving partial functional digraphs on the vertex set $[n]$. We show that this matrix is totally positive and that the sequence of its row-g... |
We count the number of vertices in plane trees and $k$-ary trees with given outdegree, and prove that the total number of vertices of outdegree $i$ over all plane trees with $n$ edges is ${2n-i-1 \choose n-1}$, and the total number of vertices of outdegree $i$ over all $k$-ary trees with $n$ edges is ${k\choose i}{kn\c... |
Let $F_{3,3}$ be the 3-graph on 6 vertices, labelled abcxyz, and 10 edges, one of which is abc, and the other 9 of which are all triples that contain 1 vertex from abc and 2 vertices from xyz. We show that for all $n \ge 6$, the maximum number of edges in an $F_{3,3}$-free 3-graph on $n$ vertices is $\binom{n}{3} - \b... |
In this note we count linear arrangements that avoid certain patterns and show their connection to the derangement numbers. We discuss the sequence Dn, which counts linear arrangements that avoid patterns 12, 23, ..., (n-1)n, n1, and show that this sequence almost follows the derangement sequence itself since the numb... |
Huang proved that every set of more than half the vertices of the $d$-dimensional hypercube $Q_d$ induces a subgraph of maximum degree at least $\sqrt{d}$, which is tight by a result of Chung, Füredi, Graham, and Seymour. Huang asked whether similar results can be obtained for other highly symmetric graphs. |
The refined inertia of a square real matrix $A$ is the ordered $4$-tuple $(n_+, n_-, n_z, 2n_p)$, where $n_+$ (resp., $n_-$) is the number of eigenvalues of $A$ with positive (resp., negative) real part, $n_z$ is the number of zero eigenvalues of $A$, and $2n_p$ is the number of nonzero pure imaginary eigenvalues of $A... |
Fix a color-critical graph $H$ with $\chi(H)=r+1\geq 3$. Simonovits' chromatic critical edge theorem and Nikiforov's spectral chromatic critical edge theorem imply that $T_{n,r}$ is the extremal graph with the maximum size and the maximum spectral radius over all $H$-free graphs of order $n$, respectively. |
In this paper we introduce and investigate rank-metric intersecting codes, a new class of linear codes in the rank-metric context, inspired by the well-studied notion of intersecting codes in the Hamming metric. A rank-metric code is said to be intersecting if any two nonzero codewords have supports intersecting non t... |
Let $N(m,n)$ denote the number of partitions of $n$ with rank $m$, and let $M(m,n)$ denote the number of partitions of $n$ with crank $m$. Chan and Mao proved that for any nonnegative integers $m$ and $n$, $N(m,n)\geq N(m+2,n)$ and for any nonnegative integers $m$ and $n$ such that $n\geq12$, $n\neq m+2$, $N(m,n)\geq ... |
A graph $G$ is called \emph{symmetric with respect to a functional $F_G(P)$} defined on the set of all the probability distributions on its vertex set if the distribution $P^*$ maximizing $F_G(P)$ is uniform on $V(G)$. Using the combinatorial definition of the entropy of a graph in terms of its vertex packing polytope... |
We consider the problem of computing $R(c,a)$, the number of unlabeled graded lattices of rank $3$ that contain $c$ coatoms and $a$ atoms. More specifically we do this when $c$ is fairly small, but $a$ may be large. |
The (ordinary) representation theory of the symmetric group is fascinating and has rich connections to combinatorics, including the Frobenius correspondence to the self-dual graded Hopf algebra of symmetric functions. The $0$-Hecke algebra (of type $A$) is a deformation of the group algebra of the symmetric group, and... |
Consider algorithms with unbounded computation time that probe the entries of the adjacency matrix of an $n$ vertex graph, and need to output a clique. We show that if the input graph is drawn at random from $G_{n,\frac{1}{2}}$ (and hence is likely to have a clique of size roughly $2\log n$), then for every $\delta &l... |
The main result of this paper is that, if $\Gamma$ is a finite connected $4$-valent arc-transitive graph, then either $\Gamma$ is part of a well-understood family of graphs, or every non-identity automorphism of $\Gamma$ fixes at most $1/3$ of the vertices. As a corollary, we get a similar result for $3$-valent vertex... |
We prove that the directed treewidth, DAG-width and Kelly-width of a digraph are bounded above by its circumference plus one. |
A word is \emph{square-free} if it does not contain non-empty factors of the form $XX$. In 1906 Thue proved that there exist arbitrarily long square-free words over $3$-letter alphabet. |
Andrews and El Bachraoui recently studied integer partitions where the smallest part is repeated a specified number of times and any other parts are distinct. Their results included two ``surprising identities'' for which they requested combinatorial proofs. |
Cubic planar $n$-vertex graphs with faces of length at most $6$, e.g., fullerene graphs, have diameter in $\Omega(\sqrt{n})$. It has been suspected, that a similar result can be shown for cubic planar graphs with faces of bounded length. |
The 2022 Fibonacci Conference held in Sarajevo introduced the Circuit Array, a two-dimensional array associated with the resistance labels of electrical circuits whose underlying graph when embedded in the Cartesian plane has the form of a triangular n-grid. The presentation used row reduction, a computational method ... |
We solve the conjecture posed by Fill, Scheinerman and Singer-Cohen and show the equivalence of the sharp threshold functions of the random intersection graph G(n,m,p) with $m >= n^3$ and a graph in which each edge appears independently. Moreover we prove sharper equivalence results under some additional assumption... |
We construct Andrews-Gordon type evidently positive series as generating functions of partitions satisfying certain difference conditions in six conjectures by Kanade and Russell. We construct generating functions for missing partition enumerants, naturally without claiming new partition identities. |
Consider a lattice in a real finite dimensional vector space. Here, we are interested in the lattice polytopes, that is the convex hulls of finite subsets of the lattice. |
We give a combinatorial description for the weak order on the hyperoctahedral group. This characterization is then used to analyze the order-theoretic properties of the shifted products of hyperoctahedral groups. |
A common tool in the theory of numerical semigroups is to interpret a desired class of semigroups as the integer lattice points in a rational polyhedron in order to leverage computational and enumerative techniques from polyhedral geometry. Most arguments of this type make use of a parametrization of numerical semigro... |
We introduce a parametrization of the conjugates of Christoffel words based on the integer Ostrowski numeration system. We use it to give a precise description of the borders (prefixes which are also suffixes) of the conjugates of Christoffel words and to revisit the notion of Sturmian graph introduced by Epifanio et ... |
In this paper, we explore the relationship between one of the most elementary and important properties of graphs, the presence and relative frequency of triangles, and a combinatorial notion of Ricci curvature. We employ a definition of generalized Ricci curvature proposed by Ollivier in a general framework of Markov ... |
The iterative absorption method has recently led to major progress in the area of (hyper-)graph decompositions. Amongst other results, a new proof of the Existence conjecture for combinatorial designs, and some generalizations, was obtained. |
With the help of the partial derivative operator and several summation formulas for hypergeometric series, we find three double series for $\pi$. In terms of the operator just stated and several summation formulas for basic hypergeometric series, we also establish $q$-analogues of these double series. |
We consider lifting eigenvalues and eigenvectors of graphs to their {\em factored lifts}, derived by means of a {\em combined voltage assignment} in a group. The latter extends the concept of (ordinary) voltage assignments known from regular coverings and corresponds to the cases of generalized covers of Potočnik and ... |
We show that if $D$ is an $n$-vertex digraph with more than $(k-1)n$ arcs that does not contain any of three forbidden digraphs, then $D$ contains every antidirected tree on $k$ arcs. The forbidden digraphs are those orientations of $K_{2, \lceil k/12\rceil}$ where each of the vertices in the class of size two has eit... |
This paper gives two sharp bounds for the generalized ballot problem with candidate A receiving at least \mu times as candidate B for an arbitrary real number \mu. |
A typical theme for many well-known decomposition problems is to show that some obvious necessary conditions for decomposing a graph $G$ into copies $H_1, \ldots, H_m$ are also sufficient. One such problem was posed in 1987, by Alavi, Boals, Chartrand, Erdős, and Oellerman. |
We show that the class of multigraphs with at most $p$ connected components and bonds of size at most $k$ is well-quasi-ordered by edge contraction for all positive integers $p,k$. (A bond is a minimal non-empty edge cut.) |
A $\mu$-way $(v, k, t)$ trade $T = \{T_{1} , T_{2}, . . . |
A graph is $t$-tough if the deletion of any set of, say, $m$ vertices from the graph leaves a graph with at most $\frac{m}{t}$ components. In 1973, Chvátal suggested the problem of relating toughness to factors in graphs. |
Let $G=(V,E)$ be a simple graph. A dominating set of $G$ is a subset $S\subseteq V$ such that every vertex not in $S$ is adjacent to at least one vertex in $S$. |
We prove that every 3-connected 2-indivisible infinite planar graph has a 1-way infinite 2-walk. (A graph is 2-indivisible if deleting finitely many vertices leaves at most one infinite component, and a 2-walk is a spanning walk using every vertex at most twice.) |
The Randic (connectivity) index is one of the most successful molecular descriptors in structure-property and structure-activity relationships studies. J. Gao found the sharp upper bound for the Randic index of apex trees. |
Baker and Rumely's tau lower bound conjecture claims that if the tau constant of a metrized graph is divided by its total length, this ratio must be bounded below by a positive constant for all metrized graphs. We construct several families of metrized graphs having small tau constants. |
We count tilings of a rectangle of integer sides m-1 and n-1 by a special set of tiles. The result is obtained fron the study of the kernel of the adjacency matrix of an n x n rectangular graph of Z x Z. |
An $r$-uniform \textit{linear cycle} of length $\ell$, denoted by $C_{\ell}^r$, is an $r$-graph with edges $e_1, \ldots, e_{\ell}$ such that for every $i\in [\ell-1]$, $|e_i\cap e_{i+1}|=1$, $|e_{\ell}\cap e_1|=1$ and $e_i\cap e_j=\emptyset$ for all other pairs $\{i, j\},\ i\neq j$. For every $r\geq 3$ and $\ell\geq 4... |
This article presents new enumerative results related to symmetric planar maps. In the first part a new way of enumerating rooted simple quadrangulations and rooted simple triangulations is presented, based on the description of two different quotient operations on symmetric simple quadrangulations and triangulations.... |
The Wythoff construction takes a $d$-dimensional polytope $P$, a subset $S$ of $\{0,..., d\}$ and returns another $d$-dimensional polytope $P(S)$. If $P$ is a regular polytope, then $P(S)$ is vertex-transitive. |
Graovac-Ghorbani index is a new version of the atom-bond connectivity index. D. Pacheco et al. |
A packing of a graph G with Hamilton cycles is a set of edge-disjoint Hamilton cycles in G. Such packings have been studied intensively and recent results imply that a largest packing of Hamilton cycles in G_n,p a.a.s. has size \lfloor delta(G_n,p) /2 \rfloor. Glebov, Krivelevich and Szabó recently initiated research ... |
Denote by $K_p(n,k)$ the random subgraph of the usual Kneser graph $K(n,k)$ in which edges appear independently, each with probability $p$. Answering a question of Bollobás, Narayanan, and Raigorodskii,we show that there is a fixed $p<1$ such that a.s. (i.e., with probability tending to 1 as $k \to \infty$) the max... |
This paper proposes seven combinatorial problems around formulas for the characteristic polynomial and the spectral numbers of a quasihomogeneous singularity. One of them is a new conjecture on the characteristic polynomial. |
In a recent paper Baker and Bowler introduced matroids over hyperfields, offering a common generalization of matroids, oriented matroids, and linear subspaces of based vector spaces. This paper introduces the notion of a topological hyperfield and explores the generalization of Grassmannians and realization spaces to ... |
Motivated by the Beck-Fiala conjecture, we study discrepancy bounds for random sparse set systems. Concretely, these are set systems $(X,\Sigma)$, where each element $x \in X$ lies in $t$ randomly selected sets of $\Sigma$, where $t$ is an integer parameter. |
The notion of $(\sigma,\rho)$-dominating set generalizes many notions including dominating set, induced matching, perfect codes or independent sets. Bounds on the maximal number of such (maximal, minimal) sets were established for different $\sigma$ and $\rho$ and different classes of graphs. |
In the system of approval voting, individuals vote for all candidates they find acceptable. Many approval voting situations can be modeled geometrically, and thus geometric concepts such as the piercing number have a natural interpretation. |
For which graphs $F$ is there a sparse $F$-counting lemma in $C_4$-free graphs? We are interested in identifying graphs $F$ with the property that, roughly speaking, if $G$ is an $n$-vertex $C_4$-free graph with on the order of $n^{3/2}$ edges, then the density of $F$ in $G$, after a suitable normalization, is approxi... |
It is proved that with finitely many possible exceptions, each cyclotomic scheme over finite field is determined up to isomorphism by the tensor of 2-dimensional intersection numbers; for infinitely many schemes, this result cannot be improved. As a consequence, the Weisfeiler-Leman dimension of a Paley graph or tourn... |
For two graphs $F,H$ and a positive integer $n$, the function $f_{F,H}(n)$ denotes the largest $m$ such that every $H$-free graph on $n$ vertices contains an $F$-free induced subgraph on $m$ vertices. This function has been extensively studied in the last 60 years when $F$ and $H$ are cliques and became known as the E... |
In this paper we determine the parity of some sequences which are related to Catalan numbers. Also we introduce a combinatorical object called, \Catalan tree", and discuss its properties. |
The topological vertex is a universal series which can be regarded as an object in combinatorics, representation theory, geometry, or physics. It encodes the combinatorics of 3D partitions, the action of vertex operators on Fock space, the Donaldson-Thomas theory of toric Calabi-Yau threefolds, or the open string part... |
Let $\mathbb N_0$ be the set of non-negative integers, and let $P(n,l)$ denote the set of all weak compositions of $n$ with $l$ parts, i.e., $P(n,l)=\{ (x_1,x_2,\dots, x_l)\in\mathbb N_0^l\ :\ x_1+x_2+\cdots+x_l=n\}$. For any element $\mathbf u=(u_1,u_2,\dots, u_l)\in P(n,l)$, denote its $i$th-coordinate by $\mathbf u... |
The concept of graph compositions is related to several number theoretic concepts, including partitions of positive integers and the cardinality of the power set of finite sets. This paper examines graph compositions where the total number of components is restricted and illustrates a connection between graph composit... |
A signed graph is a pair $(G,\Sigma)$, where $G=(V,E)$ is a graph (in which parallel edges are permitted, but loops are not) with $V={1,...,n}$ and $\Sigma\subseteq E$. By $S(G,\Sigma)$ we denote the set of all symmetric $V\times V$ matrices $A=[a_{i,j}]$ with $a_{i,j}<0$ if $i$ and $j$ are connected by only even e... |
In this paper we explore a relationship between the topology of the complex hyperplane complements $\mathcal{M}_{BC_n} (\mathbb{C})$ in type B/C and the combinatorics of certain spaces of degree-$n$ polynomials over a finite field $\mathbb{F}_q$. This relationship is a consequence of the Grothendieck trace formula and... |
A graph $G = (V, E)$ is word-representable, if there exists a word $w$ over the alphabet $V$ such that for letters $\{x,y\}\in V$, $x$ and $y$ alternate in $w$ if and only if $xy \in E$. A graph is co-bipartite if its complement is a bipartite graph. |
Two graphs $G_1$ and $G_2$ on $n$ vertices are said to pack if there exist injective mappings of their vertex sets into $[n]$ such that the images of their edge sets are disjoint. A longstanding conjecture due to Bollobás and Eldridge and, independently, Catlin, asserts that, if $(\Delta_1(G)+1) (\Delta_2(G)+1) \le n+... |
In 1984, Andrews introduced the family of partition functions $c\phi_k(n)$, the number of generalized Frobenius partitions of $n$ with $k$ colors. In 2016, Gu, Wang, and Xia proved some congruences about $c\phi_6(n)$ and gave a conjecture on congruences modulo powers of 3 for $c\phi_6(n)$. |
In this article, we investigate bijections on various classes of set partitions of classical types that preserve openers and closers. On the one hand we present bijections that interchange crossings and nestings. |
We study the structure of anticodes in the sum-rank metric for arbitrary fields and matrix blocks of arbitrary sizes. Our main result is a complete classification of optimal linear anticodes. |
Extremal graph theory studies the maximum or minimum number of subgraphs isomorphic to a prescribed graph under given constraints. \textit{Localization} has recently emerged as a framework that refines such problems by assigning extremal quantities locally (to vertices or edges) and then aggregating them. |
Let $D=(V,A)$ be a digraphs without isolated vertices. The first Zagreb index of a digraph $D$ defined as a summation over all arcs, $M_1(D)=\frac{1}{2}\sum\limits_{uv\in A}(d^{+}_{u}+d^{-}_v)$, where $d^{+}_u$(resp. $d^{-}_u$) denotes the out-degree (resp. in-degree) of the vertex $u$. |
This paper completes the project of constructing combinatorial models (called frameworks) for the exchange graph and g-vector fan associated to any exchange matrix B whose Cartan companion is of finite or affine type, using the combinatorics and geometry of Coxeter-sortable elements and Cambrian lattices/fans. Specifi... |
Let $N=\binom{n}{2}$ and $s\geq 2$. Let $e_{i,j},\,i=1,2,\ldots,N,\,j=1,2,\ldots,s$ be $s$ independent permutations of the edges $E(K_n)$ of the complete graph $K_n$. |
Let $P$ be a set of $n$ points in general position in the plane. Let $R$ be a set of $n$ points disjoint from $P$ such that for every $x,y \in P$ the line through $x$ and $y$ contains a point in $R$ outside of the segment delimited by $x$ and $y$. |
Inspired by Manjul Bhargava's theory of generalized factorials, Fedor Petrov and the author have defined the "Bhargava greedoid" -- a greedoid (a matroid-like set system on a finite set) assigned to any "ultra triple" (a somewhat extended variant of a finite ultrametric space). Here we show that th... |
Let $\mathcal{C}_n$ denote the set of words $w=w_1\cdots w_n$ on the alphabet of positive integers satisfying $w_{i+1}\leq w_i+1$ for $1 \leq i \leq n-1$ with $w_1=1$. The members of $\mathcal{C}_n$ are known as Catalan words and are enumerated by the $n$-th Catalan number $C_n$. |
Graph operations are crucial for building complicated network architectures from simple graphs. In [7], authors defined two new variants of Corona product and investigated some topological indices. |
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