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The large-scale deployment of modern phishing attacks relies on the automatic exploitation of vulnerable websites in the wild, to maximize profit while hindering attack traceability, detection and blacklisting. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work that specifically leverages this adversarial behavior f... |
Serverless computing is the latest paradigm in cloud computing, offering a framework for the development of event driven, pay-as-you-go functions in a highly scalable environment. While these traits offer a powerful new development paradigm, they have also given rise to a new form of cyber-attack known as Denial of Wa... |
In this paper, we present a secure multiparty computation (SMC) protocol for single-source shortest distances (SSSD) in undirected graphs, where the location of edges is public, but their length is private. The protocol works in the Arithmetic Black Box (ABB) model on top of the separator tree of the graph, achieving ... |
Organizations such as government departments and financial institutions provide online service facilities accessible via an increasing number of internet connected devices which make their operational environment vulnerable to cyber attacks. Consequently, there is a need to have mechanisms in place to detect cyber sec... |
Determining the trust of an individual Bitcoin wallet is a difficult problem. There are no ratings, that offer vendors or exchanges meaningful information about the level of the taint of Bitcoins they are receiving. |
Phishing websites are everywhere, and countermeasures based on static blocklists cannot cope with such a threat. To address this problem, state-of-the-art solutions entail the application of machine learning (ML) to detect phishing websites by checking if they visually resemble webpages of well-known brands. |
The distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attack stands out as a highly formidable cyber threat, representing an advanced form of the denial-of-service (DoS) attack. A DDoS attack involves multiple computers working together to overwhelm a system, making it unavailable. |
In shaping the Internet of Money, the application of blockchain and distributed ledger technologies (DLTs) to the financial sector triggered regulatory concerns. Notably, while the user anonymity enabled in this field may safeguard privacy and data protection, the lack of identifiability hinders accountability and cha... |
Nowadays team workspaces are widely adopted for multi-user collaboration and digital resource management. To further broaden real-world applications, mainstream team workspaces platforms, such as Google Workspace and Microsoft OneDrive, allow third-party applications (referred to as add-ons) to be integrated into thei... |
As Augmented Reality (AR) devices become more prevalent and commercially viable, the need for quick, efficient, and secure schemes for pairing these devices has become more pressing. Current methods to securely exchange holograms require users to send this information through large data centers, creating security and ... |
In this paper, a collision avoidance system is presented to detect red light running and warn nearby vehicles and pedestrians in real time in order to prevent possible accidents. No complex infrastructure-based solution such as those based on radars or cameras is here required. |
The Hardware Trojan (HT) problem can be thought of as a continuous game between attackers and defenders, each striving to outsmart the other by leveraging any available means for an advantage. Machine Learning (ML) has recently played a key role in advancing HT research. |
In the secure two-party computation problem, two parties wish to compute a (possibly randomized) function of their inputs via an interactive protocol, while ensuring that neither party learns more than what can be inferred from only their own input and output. For semi-honest parties and information-theoretic security... |
The vulnerability of cyber-physical systems to cyber attack is well known, and the requirement to build cyber resilience into these systems has been firmly established. The key challenge this paper addresses is that maturing this discipline requires the development of techniques, tools, and processes for objectively, ... |
A fundamental assumption in software security is that a memory location can only be modified by processes that may write to this memory location. However, a recent study has shown that parasitic effects in DRAM can change the content of a memory cell without accessing it, but by accessing other memory locations in a h... |
The traditional two-factor authentication (2FA) methods primarily rely on the user manually entering a code or token during the authentication process. This can be burdensome and time-consuming, particularly for users who must be authenticated frequently. |
In the digital age, users store personal data in corporate databases, making data security central to enterprise management. Given the extensive attack surface, assets face challenges like weak authentication, vulnerabilities, and malware. |
This paper primarily focuses on analyzing the problems and proposing solutions for the probabilistic truncation protocol in existing PPML works from the perspectives of accuracy and efficiency. In terms of accuracy, we reveal that precision selections recommended in some of the existing works are incorrect. |
Network intrusion attacks are a known threat. To detect such attacks, network intrusion detection systems (NIDSs) have been developed and deployed. |
Contact tracing is an essential tool for public health officials and local communities to fight the spread of novel diseases, such as for the COVID-19 pandemic. The Singaporean government just released a mobile phone app, TraceTogether, that is designed to assist health officials in tracking down exposures after an in... |
We present the first Systematization of Knowledge (SoK) on constructing Layer Two (L2) solutions for Bitcoin. <br>We carefully examine a representative subset of ongoing Bitcoin L2 solutions (40 out of 335 extensively investigated cases) and provide a concise yet impactful identification of six classic design patterns... |
Browser fingerprinting is a stateless identification technique based on browser properties. Together, they form an identifier that can be collected without users' notice and has been studied to be unique and stable. |
Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) heavily rely on sensors and communication networks like Global Positioning System (GPS) to navigate autonomously. Prior research has indicated that networks like GPS are vulnerable to cyber-attacks such as spoofing and jamming, thus posing serious risks like navigation errors and system failu... |
Embedded Systems (ES) development has been historically focused on functionality rather than security, and today it still applies in many sectors and applications. However, there is an increasing number of security threats over ES, and a successful attack could have economical, physical or even human consequences, sin... |
Wireless physical-layer security is an emerging field of research aiming at preventing eavesdropping in an open wireless medium. In this paper, we propose a novel waveform design approach to minimize the likelihood that a message transmitted between trusted single-antenna nodes is intercepted by an eavesdropper. |
In order to assess the risks of a network system, it is important to investigate the behaviors of attackers after successful exploitation, which is called post-exploitation. Although there are various efficient tools supporting post-exploitation implementation, no application can automate this process. |
Internet of Things (IoT) has become a popular paradigm to fulfil needs of the industry such as asset tracking, resource monitoring and automation. As security mechanisms are often neglected during the deployment of IoT devices, they are more easily attacked by complicated and large volume intrusion attacks using advan... |
With the development of the fourth industrial revolution technology, the type and scope of use of drones are rapidly increasing. As interest in drones increases, research on related security vulnerabilities is actively being conducted, and discussions on security measures have also been developed to prevent them. |
Disassembly is a crucial yet challenging step in binary analysis. While emerging neural disassemblers show promise for efficiency and accuracy, they frequently generate outputs violating fundamental structural constraints, which significantly compromise their practical usability. |
Malware classifiers are subject to training-time exploitation due to the need to regularly retrain using samples collected from the wild. Recent work has demonstrated the feasibility of backdoor attacks against malware classifiers, and yet the stealthiness of such attacks is not well understood. |
In 2002, Chien&#8211;Jan&#8211;Tseng introduced an efficient remote user authentication scheme using smart cards. Further, in 2004, W. C. Ku and S. M. Chen proposed an efficient remote user authentication scheme using smart cards to solve the security problems of Chien et al. |
Traffic systems are multi-agent cyber-physical systems whose performance is closely related to human welfare. They work in open environments and are subject to uncertainties from various sources, making their performance hard to verify by traditional model-based approaches. |
As a disruptive technology that originates from cryptocurrency, blockchain provides a trusted platform to facilitate industrial IoT (IIoT) applications. However, implementing a blockchain platform in IIoT scenarios confronts various security challenges due to the rigorous deployment condition. |
Location trajectories provide valuable insights for applications from urban planning to pandemic control. However, mobility data can also reveal sensitive information about individuals, such as political opinions, religious beliefs, or sexual orientations. |
Cloud storage provides the simpler way to share the files privately and publicly. A good Cloud Storage Provider (SCP) is not only measured by the access speed or file size that can be shared to others, but also regarding the security issues in file sharing itself. |
With the emergence of 5G low latency applications, such as haptics and V2X, low complexity and low latency security mechanisms are sought. Promising lightweight mechanisms include physical unclonable functions (PUF) and secret key generation (SKG) at the physical layer, as considered in this paper. |
To reduce the communication cost of differential privacy mechanisms, we introduce a novel construction, called Poisson private representation (PPR), designed to compress and simulate any local randomizer while ensuring local differential privacy. Unlike previous simulation-based local differential privacy mechanisms, ... |
Software sandboxing or software-based fault isolation (SFI) is a lightweight approach to building secure systems out of untrusted components. Mozilla, for example, uses SFI to harden the Firefox browser by sandboxing third-party libraries, and companies like Fastly and Cloudflare use SFI to safely co-locate untrusted ... |
In this paper we will look at the distribution with which passwords are chosen. Zipf's Law is commonly observed in lists of chosen words. |
While recognized as a theoretical and practical concept for over 20 years, only now ransomware has taken centerstage as one of the most prevalent cybercrimes. Various reports demonstrate the enormous burden placed on companies, which have to grapple with the ongoing attack waves. |
Vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) are one of the most important components in Intelligent Transportation System (ITS), which aims to provide secure and efficient communication between vehicles. Safety-critical vehicular communication requires security, privacy, and auditability. |
Industrial Internet-of-Things (IIoT) is a powerful IoT application which remodels the growth of industries by ensuring transparent communication among various entities such as hubs, manufacturing places and packaging units. Introducing data science techniques within the IIoT improves the ability to analyze the collect... |
Tabletop exercises are a crucial component of many company's strategy to test and evaluate its preparedness for security incidents in a realistic way. Traditionally led by external firms specializing in cybersecurity, these exercises can be costly, time-consuming, and may not always align precisely with the client... |
We show that Thompson Sampling with Gaussian Prior as detailed by Algorithm 2 in (Agrawal & Goyal, 2013) is already differentially private. Theorem 1 show that it enjoys a very competitive privacy loss of only $\mathcal{O}(\ln^2 T)$ after T rounds. |
Memory hard functions (MHFs) are an important cryptographic primitive that are used to design egalitarian proofs of work and in the construction of moderately expensive key-derivation functions resistant to brute-force attacks. Broadly speaking, MHFs can be divided into two categories: data-dependent memory hard funct... |
Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly integrated with external systems through the Model Context Protocol (MCP), which standardizes tool invocation and has rapidly become a backbone for LLM-powered applications. While this paradigm enhances functionality, it also introduces a fundamental security shift: LLMs t... |
Tamper-resistance is a fundamental software security research area. Many approaches have been proposed to thwart specific procedures of tampering, e.g., obfuscation and self-checksumming. |
Deep neural networks are known to be vulnerable to adversarial examples which are carefully crafted instances to cause the models to make wrong predictions. While adversarial examples for 2D images and CNNs have been extensively studied, less attention has been paid to 3D data such as point clouds. |
The introduction of 6G technology into the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) promises to revolutionize connectivity with ultra-high data rates and seamless network coverage. However, this technological leap also brings significant challenges, particularly for the dynamic and diverse IoV landscape, which must meet the rigorou... |
Providing a provable privacy guarantees while maintaining the utility of data is a challenging task in many real-world applications. Recently, a new framework called One-Sided Differential Privacy (OSDP) was introduced that extends existing differential privacy approaches. |
The increasing use of Internet of Things (IoT) devices has led to a rise in security related concerns regarding IoT Networks. The surveillance cameras in IoT networks are vulnerable to security threats such as brute force and zero-day attacks which can lead to unauthorized access by hackers and potential spying on the... |
Cloud computing platforms are progressively adopting Field Programmable Gate Arrays to deploy specialized hardware accelerators for specific computational tasks. However, the security of FPGA-based bitstream for Intellectual Property, IP cores from unauthorized interception in cloud environments remains a prominent co... |
Fairness is an important trait of open, free markets. Ethereum is a platform meant to enable digital, decentralized markets. |
The purpose of this work is to design and implement a plugin-based environment that allows to integrate forensic tools working together to support programming tasks and addition of new tools. Integration is done through GUI components. |
In 1998, Blaze, Bleumer, and Strauss suggested a cryptographic primitive named proxy re-signatures where a proxy turns a signature computed under Alice's secret key into one from Bob on the same message. The semi-trusted proxy does not learn either party's signing key and cannot sign arbitrary messages on beha... |
We propose and define a recursive Merkle structure with q-mercurial commitments, in order to create a concise B-Merkle tree. This Merkle B-Tree builds on previous work of q-ary Merkle trees which use concise, constant size, q-mercurial commitments for intranode proofs. |
Android is among the popular platforms running on millions of smart devices, like smartphones and tablets, whose widespread adoption is seen as an opportunity for spreading malware. Adding malicious payloads to cracked applications, often popular ones, downloaded from untrusted third markets is a prevalent way for ach... |
Speculative execution techniques have been a cornerstone of modern processors to improve instruction-level parallelism. However, recent studies showed that this kind of techniques could be exploited by attackers to leak secret data via transient execution attacks, such as Spectre. |
Digital image forensics is a young but maturing field, encompassing key areas such as camera identification, detection of forged images, and steganalysis. However, large gaps exist between academic results and applications used by practicing forensic analysts. |
Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) consist of distributed engineered environments where the monitoring and surveillance tasks are governed by tightly integrated computing, communication and control technologies. CPS are omnipresent in our everyday life. |
Deep image steganography is a data hiding technology that conceal data in digital images via deep neural networks. However, existing deep image steganography methods only consider the visual similarity of container images to host images, and neglect the statistical security (stealthiness) of container images. |
In an increasingly interconnected and data-driven world, the importance of robust security measures cannot be overstated. A knowledge graph constructed with information extracted from the system along with the desired security behavior can be utilized to identify complex security vulnerabilities hidden underneath the ... |
Data privacy and ownership are significant in social data science, raising legal and ethical concerns. Sharing and analyzing data is difficult when different parties own different parts of it. |
IT-security experts engage in behavior-based malware analysis in order to learn about previously unknown samples of malicious software (malware) or malware families. For this, they need to find and categorize suspicious patterns from large collections of execution traces. |
Website fingerprinting (WF) is a well-know threat to users' web privacy. New internet standards, such as QUIC, include padding to support defenses against WF. |
Watermarking of deep neural networks (DNN) can enable their tracing once released by a data owner. In this paper, we generalize white-box watermarking algorithms for DNNs, where the data owner needs white-box access to the model to extract the watermark. |
Secret sharing is a new alternative for outsourcing data in a secure <a href="http://way.It" rel="external noopener nofollow" class="link-external link-http">this http URL</a> avoids the need for time consuming encryption decryption process and also the complexity involved in key <a href="http://management.The" rel="ex... |
Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans Apart, short for CAPTCHA, is an essential and relatively easy way to defend against malicious attacks implemented by bots. The security and usability trade-off limits the use of massive geometric transformations to interfere deep model recognition an... |
The ability to enforce robust and dynamic access controls on cloud-hosted data while simultaneously ensuring confidentiality with respect to the cloud itself is a clear goal for many users and organizations. To this end, there has been much cryptographic research proposing the use of (hierarchical) identity-based encr... |
Like most modern software, secure messaging apps rely on third-party components to implement important app functionality. Although this practice reduces engineering costs, it also introduces the risk of inadvertent privacy breaches due to misconfiguration errors or incomplete documentation. |
We live in a time when billions of IoT devices are being deployed and increasingly relied upon. This makes ensuring their availability and recoverability in case of a compromise a paramount goal. |
Blockchains are widely recognized for their immutability, which provides robust guarantees of data integrity and transparency. However, this same feature poses significant challenges in real-world situations that require regulatory compliance, correction of erroneous data, or removal of sensitive information. |
Blockchain technology has been attracting much attention from both academia and industry. It brings many benefits to various applications like Internet of Things. |
Denial of Service (DoS) attacks are a growing threat in network services. The frequency and intensity of DoS attacks are rapidly increasing day by day. |
Radio frequency identification (RFID) is a technology that employs basic identifier of an object embedded in a chip, transmitted via radio wave, for identification. An RFID Card responds to query or interrogation irrespective of "Who" holds the Card; like a key to a door. |
We introduce cryptographic protocols for securely and efficiently computing the cardinality of set union and set intersection. Our private set-cardinality protocols (PSC) are designed for the setting in which a large set of parties in a distributed system makes observations, and a small set of parties with more resour... |
We propose an adaptive threshold multi secret sharing scheme based solely on cryptographically secure hash functions. We show that the proposed scheme is also: perfect, ideal, verifiable, and proactive. |
A donation-tracking system leveraging smart contracts and blockchain technology holds transformative potential for reshaping the landscape of charitable giving, especially within the context of Web 3.0. This paper explores how smart contracts and blockchain can be used to create a transparent and secure ledger for tra... |
The area of Machine Learning as a Service (MLaaS) is experiencing increased implementation due to recent advancements in the AI (Artificial Intelligence) industry. However, this spike has prompted concerns regarding AI defense mechanisms, specifically regarding potential covert attacks from third-party providers that ... |
Large language models (LLMs) have show great ability in various natural language tasks. However, there are concerns that LLMs are possible to be used improperly or even illegally. |
Privacy computing involves the extensive exchange and processing of encrypted data. For the parties involved in these interactions, how to determine the consistency of exchanged data without accessing the original data, ensuring tamper resistance, non-repudiation, quality traceability, indexing, and retrieval during t... |
A recent trend in multi-party computation is to achieve cryptographic fairness via monetary penalties, i.e. each honest player either obtains the output or receives a compensation in the form of a cryptocurrency. We pioneer another type of fairness, financial fairness, that is closer to the real-world valuation of fin... |
Indian Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs) will be fitted with printers that produce Voter-Verifiable Paper Audit Trails (VVPATs) in time for the 2019 general election. VVPATs provide evidence that each vote was recorded as the voter intended, without having to trust the perfection or security of the EVMs. |
GHOST, like the longest-chain protocol, is a chain selection protocol and its capability in resisting selfish mining attack has been validated in imperfect blockchains of Bitcoin and its variants (Bitcoin-like). This paper explores an analytical-model-based method to investigate the impact of stubborn mining attack in... |
As machine learning (ML) classifiers increasingly oversee the automated monitoring of network traffic, studying their resilience against adversarial attacks becomes critical. This paper focuses on poisoning attacks, specifically backdoor attacks, against network traffic flow classifiers. |
Many existing timed-release encryption schemes uses time-lock puzzles to avoid relying on a trusted timeserver or a key holder which could be a weak spot in data security. However, it is unavoidable to consume massive computing power for solving time-lock puzzles and it is difficult for encryptors to predict the amoun... |
In the last decade, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) and Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices are proliferated in many domains including critical infrastructures such as energy, transportation and manufacturing. Consequently, most of the daily operations now rely on the data coming from wireless sensors or IoT devices and ... |
Recently, Bennett and Riedel (BR) (<a href="http://arxiv.org/abs/1303.7435v1" class="link-internal link-http">http://arxiv.org/abs/1303.7435v1</a>) argued that thermodynamics is not essential in the Kirchhoff-law-Johnson-noise (KLJN) classical physical cryptographic exchange method in an effort to disprove the security... |
The very nature of operations in peer-to-peer systems such as BitTorrent exposes information about participants to their peers. Nodes desiring anonymity, therefore, often chose to route their peer-to-peer traffic through anonymity relays, such as Tor. |
Position scrambling (permutation) is widely used in multimedia encryption schemes and some international encryption standards, such as the Data Encryption Standard and the Advanced Encryption Standard. In this article, the authors re-evaluate the security of a typical image-scrambling encryption algorithm (ISEA). |
Phishing is one of the most prevalent and expensive types of cybercrime faced by organizations and individuals worldwide. Most prior research has focused on various technical features and traditional representations of text to characterize phishing emails. |
We present Security Relaxed Separation Logic (SecRSL), a separation logic for proving information-flow security of C11 programs in the Release-Acquire fragment with relaxed accesses. SecRSL is the first security logic that (1) supports weak-memory reasoning about programs in a high-level language; (2) inherits separat... |
This paper presents LinBFT, a novel Byzantine fault tolerance (BFT) protocol for blockchain systems that achieves amortized O(n) communication volume per block under reasonable conditions (where n is the number of participants), while satisfying determinist guarantees on safety and liveness. This significantly improve... |
It is becoming more common that adversary attacks consist of more than a standalone executable or script. Often, evidence of an attack includes conspicuous process heritage that may be ignored by traditional static machine learning models. |
There are two strategic and longstanding questions about cyber risk that organizations largely have been unable to answer: What is an organization's estimated risk exposure and how does its security compare with peers? Answering both requires industry-wide data on security posture, incidents, and losses that, unti... |
The popularity of Electric Vehicles (EVs) has been rising across the globe in recent years. Smart grids will be the backbone for EV charging and enable efficient consumption of electricity by the EVs. |
This report presents attack analysis results of the first adversarial engagement event stream for the first engagement of the DARPA TC program conducted in October 2016. The analysis was performed by Stony Brook University and University of Illinois at Chicago. |
In this paper we give the first examples of low-conductance permutations. The notion of conductance of permutations was introduced in the paper "Indifferentiability of Confusion-Diffusion Networks" by Dodis et al., where the search for low-conductance permutations was initiated and motivated. |
Cayley hash functions are based on a simple idea of using a pair of semigroup elements, A and B, to hash the 0 and 1 bit, respectively, and then to hash an arbitrary bit string in the natural way, by using multiplication of elements in the semigroup. The main advantage of Cayley hash functions compared to, say, hash f... |
In this paper, we study the vulnerability of anti-spoofing methods based on deep learning against adversarial perturbations. We first show that attacking a CNN-based anti-spoofing face authentication system turns out to be a difficult task. |
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