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Binary Code Similarity Analysis (BCSA) has a wide spectrum of applications, including plagiarism detection, vulnerability discovery, and malware analysis, thus drawing significant attention from the security community. However, conventional techniques often face challenges in balancing both accuracy and scalability si... |
With the advance of technology, Criminal Justice agencies are being confronted with an increased need to investigate crimes perpetuated partially or entirely over the Internet. These types of crime are known as cybercrimes. |
Graph neural networks (GNNs) have achieved state-of-the-art performance in many graph learning tasks. However, recent studies show that GNNs are vulnerable to both test-time evasion and training-time poisoning attacks that perturb the graph structure. |
Based on fixed point theory, this paper proposes a new scheme for image integrity authentication, which is different from Digital Signature and Fragile Watermarking. A realization of the new scheme is given based on Gaussian Convolution and Deconvolution (GCD) functions. |
Blockchain technology has gained tremendous popularity both in practice and academia. The goal of this article is to develop a coherent overview of the state of the art in blockchain technology, using a systematic(i.e.,protocol-based, replicable), multivocal (i.e., featuring both white and grey literature alike) liter... |
The IoT is getting more and more pervasive. Even the simplest devices, such as a light bulb or an electrical plug, are made "smart" and controllable by our smartphone. |
The growing potential of modern communications needs the use of secure means to protect information from unauthorized access and use during transmission. In general, encryption a message using cryptography techniques and then hidden a message with a steganography methods provides an additional layer of protection. |
Lightweight block ciphers have been widely used in applications such as RFID tags, IoTs, and network sensors. Among them, with comparable parameters, the Light Encryption Device (LED) block cipher achieves the smallest area. |
The strong Lucas test is a widely used probabilistic primality test in cryptographic libraries. When combined with the Miller-Rabin primality test, it forms the Baillie-PSW primality test, known for its absence of false positives, undermining the relevance of a complete understanding of the strong Lucas test. |
Currently, PQC algorithms are being standardized to address the emerging threat to conventional asymmetric algorithms from quantum computing. These new algorithms must then be integrated into existing protocols, applications and infrastructures. |
Deep Learning-based Text Understanding (DLTU) is the backbone technique behind various applications, including question answering, machine translation, and text classification. Despite its tremendous popularity, the security vulnerabilities of DLTU are still largely unknown, which is highly concerning given its increa... |
Although organizations are continuously making concerted efforts to harden their systems against network attacks by air-gapping critical systems, attackers continuously adapt and uncover covert channels to exfiltrate data from air-gapped systems. For instance, attackers have demonstrated the feasibility of exfiltratin... |
Google's Android is a comprehensive software framework for mobile communication devices (i.e., smartphones, PDAs). The Android framework includes an operating system, middleware and a set of key applications. |
Zero-knowledge layer 2 protocols emerge as a compelling approach to overcoming blockchain scalability issues by processing transactions through the transaction finalization process. During this process, transactions are efficiently processed off the main chain. |
Securing information transmission is critical today. However, with rapidly developing powerful quantum technologies, conventional cryptography techniques are becoming more prone to attacks each day. |
The embedding and extraction of useful knowledge is a recent trend in machine learning applications, e.g., to supplement existing datasets that are small. Whilst, as the increasing use of machine learning models in security-critical applications, the embedding and extraction of malicious knowledge are equivalent to th... |
Natural language processing (NLP) has received unprecedented attention. While advancements in NLP models have led to extensive research into their backdoor vulnerabilities, the potential for these advancements to introduce new backdoor threats remains unexplored. |
In this work, we make \emph{systematic} optimizations of key encapsulation mechanisms (KEM) based on module learning-with-errors (MLWE), covering algorithmic design, fundamental operation of number-theoretic transform (NTT), approaches to expanding encapsulated key size, and optimized implementation coding. We focus o... |
This work is a part of the SHIVA (Secured Hardware Immune Versatile Architecture) project whose purpose is to provide a programmable and reconfigurable hardware module with high level of security. We propose a recursive double-size fixed precision arithmetic called RecInt. |
Widely used payment splitting apps allow members of a group to keep track of debts between members by sending charges for expenses paid by one member on behalf of others. While offering a great deal of convenience, these apps gain access to sensitive data on users' financial transactions. |
In this paper, we consider ensemble classifiers, that is, machine learning based classifiers that utilize a combination of scoring functions. We provide a framework for categorizing such classifiers, and we outline several ensemble techniques, discussing how each fits into our framework. |
Synthetic time series generated by diffusion models enable sharing privacy-sensitive datasets, such as patients' functional MRI records. Key criteria for synthetic data include high data utility and traceability to verify the data source. |
While person Re-identification (Re-ID) has progressed rapidly due to its wide real-world applications, it also causes severe risks of leaking personal information from training data. Thus, this paper focuses on quantifying this risk by membership inference (MI) attack. |
This research highlights the rapid development of technology in the industry, particularly Industry 4.0, supported by fundamental technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), cloud computing, big data, and data analysis. Despite providing efficiency, these developments also bring negative impacts, such as increa... |
Deep neural networks (DNNs) have significantly boosted the performance of many challenging tasks. Despite the great development, DNNs have also exposed their vulnerability. |
Secure Function Evaluation (SFE) has received recent attention due to the massive collection and mining of personal data, but remains impractical due to its large computational cost. Garbled Circuits (GC) is a protocol for implementing SFE which can evaluate any function that can be expressed as a Boolean circuit and ... |
The complexity of computing the solutions of a system of multivariate polynomial equations by means of Groebner bases computations is upper bounded by a function of the solving degree. In this paper, we discuss how to rigorously estimate the solving degree of a system, focusing on systems arising within public-key cry... |
The shuffle model of differential privacy has gained significant interest as an intermediate trust model between the standard local and central models [EFMRTT19; CSUZZ19]. A key result in this model is that randomly shuffling locally randomized data amplifies differential privacy guarantees. |
A crucial technical challenge for cybercriminals is to keep control over the potentially millions of infected devices that build up their botnets, without compromising the robustness of their attacks. A single, fixed C&C server, for example, can be trivially detected either by binary or traffic analysis and immedi... |
The spirit of "blockchain technology" is a distributed database in which saved data is transparent, accountable, public, immutable, and traceable. This base-level disruptive technology can boost the security and privacy-related efficiency of various domains. |
It is obligatory that organizations by law safeguard the privacy of individuals when handling data sets containing personal identifiable information (PII). Nevertheless, during the process of data privatization, the utility or usefulness of the privatized data diminishes. |
The transfer-based black-box adversarial attack setting poses the challenge of crafting an adversarial example (AE) on known surrogate models that remain effective against unseen target models. Due to the practical importance of this task, numerous methods have been proposed to address this challenge. |
Logic locking "hides" the functionality of a digital circuit to protect it from counterfeiting, piracy, and malicious design modifications. The original design is transformed into a "locked" design such that the circuit reveals its correct functionality only when it is "unlocked" with a secret ... |
We present novel and sharp lower bounds for higher load moments in the classical problem of mapping $M$ balls into $N$ bins by $q$-universal hashing, specialized to the case when $M=N$. As a corollary we prove a tight counterpart for the result about min-entropy condensers due to Dodis, Pietrzak and Wichs (CRYPTO'... |
We compute the revenue ratio of the Trail Stubborn mining strategy in the Bitcoin network and compare its profitability to other block-withholding strategies. We use for this martingale techniques and a classical analysis of the hiker problem. |
Cyber-systems are under near-constant threat from intrusion attempts. Attacks types vary, but each attempt typically has a specific underlying intent, and the perpetrators are typically groups of individuals with similar objectives. |
Audio Language Models (ALMs) have made significant progress recently. These models integrate the audio modality directly into the model, rather than converting speech into text and inputting text to Large Language Models (LLMs). |
Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have recently been widely adopted in multiple domains. Yet, they are notably vulnerable to adversarial and backdoor attacks. |
Differential privacy (DP) has been widely used to protect the privacy of confidential cyber physical energy systems (CPES) data. However, applying DP without analyzing the utility, privacy, and security requirements can affect the data utility as well as help the attacker to conduct integrity attacks (e.g., False Data... |
Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) technologies like the Long Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) standard provide the foundation of applications realizing communication and intelligent interaction between almost any kind of object. These applications are commonly called Smart Cities and the Internet of Things (IoT). |
The advent of Web 3.0, underpinned by blockchain technologies, promises to transform the internet's landscape by empowering individuals with decentralized control over their data. However, this evolution brings unique security challenges that need to be addressed. |
Credit card plays a very important rule in today's economy. It becomes an unavoidable part of household, business and global activities. |
With the rapid technological advancements, organizations need to rapidly scale up their information technology (IT) infrastructure viz. hardware, software, and services, at a low cost. However, the dynamic growth in the network services and applications creates security vulnerabilities and new risks that can be exploi... |
CI/CD systems have become privileged automation agents in modern infrastructure, but their identity is still based on secrets or temporary credentials passed between systems. In enterprise environments, these platforms are centralized and shared across teams, often with broad cloud permissions and limited isolation. |
This report summarizes the results of our evaluation of antennas of contactless and dual interface smartcards and our ideas for user-switchable NFC antennas. We show how to disassemble smartcards with contactless capabilities in order to obtain the bare chip module and the bare antenna wire. |
Suppliers (including companies and individual prosumers) may wish to protect their private information when selling items they have in stock. A market is envisaged where private information can be protected through the use of differential privacy and option contracts, while privacy-aware suppliers deliver their stock ... |
A widespread design approach in distributed applications based on the service-oriented paradigm, such as web-services, consists of clearly separating the enforcement of authorization policies and the workflow of the applications, so that the interplay between the policy level and the workflow level is abstracted away. ... |
This paper introduces a new attack on recent messaging systems that protect communication metadata. The main observation is that if an adversary manages to compromise a user's friend, it can use this compromised friend to learn information about the user's other ongoing conversations. |
Cooperative information systems typically involve various entities in a collaborative process within a distributed environment. Blockchain technology offers a mechanism for automating such processes, even when only partial trust exists among participants. |
Intrusion detection systems (IDS) are crucial security measures nowadays to enforce network security. Their task is to detect anomalies in network communication and identify, if not thwart, possibly malicious behavior. |
Recently, several cryptosystems have been proposed based semidirect products of various algebraic structures. Efficient attacks against several of them have already been given, along with a very general attack. |
In democratic countries such as India, voting is a fundamental right given to citizens of their countries. Citizens need to physically present and cast their vote in ballot-paper-based voting systems. |
Key establishment is any process whereby a shared secret key becomes available to two or more parties, for subsequent cryptographic use such as symmetric-key encryption. Though it is widely known that the primitive of encryption is different from key establishment, we find some researchers have confused the two primit... |
Artificial Intelligence (AI) models are vulnerable to information leakage of their training data, which can be highly sensitive, for example in medical imaging. Privacy Enhancing Technologies (PETs), such as Differential Privacy (DP), aim to circumvent these susceptibilities. |
Post-quantum cryptography (PQC) aims to develop cryptographic algorithms that are secure against attacks from quantum computers. This paper compares the leading postquantum cryptographic algorithms, such as Kyber, sntrup761, and FrodoKEM, in terms of their security, performance, and real-world applicability. |
Recently, inference privacy has attracted increasing attention. The inference privacy concern arises most notably in the widely deployed edge-cloud video analytics systems, where the cloud needs the videos captured from the edge. |
In the past decades, Ethernet has become an alternative technology for the field buses traditionally used in industrial control systems and distributed measurement systems. Among different transmission media in Ethernet standards, optical fiber provides the best bandwidth, excellent immunity to electromagnetic interfe... |
We consider differentially private counting when each data point consists of $d$ bits satisfying a partial order. Our main technical contribution is a problem-specific $K$-norm mechanism that runs in time $O(d^2)$. |
LLM agents have begun to appear as personal assistants, customer service bots, and clinical aides. While these applications deliver substantial operational benefits, they also require continuous access to sensitive data, which increases the likelihood of unauthorized disclosures. |
For data isolated islands and privacy issues, federated learning has been extensively invoking much interest since it allows clients to collaborate on training a global model using their local data without sharing any with a third party. However, the existing federated learning frameworks always need sophisticated con... |
This paper analyzes the performance of Kak's quantum cryptography protocol when intensity monitoring is used to detect the presence of Eve during transmission. Some difficulties related to interception to obtain useful data from the transmission are discussed. |
The Digital Signature Algorithm (DSA) has become the de facto standard for authentication of transacting entities since its inception as a standard by NIST. An integral part of the signing process in DSA is the generation of a random number called a nonce or an ephemeral key. |
The growing use of large language model (LLM)-based conversational agents to manage sensitive user data raises significant privacy concerns. While these agents excel at understanding and acting on context, this capability can be exploited by malicious actors. |
Spatial queries like range queries, nearest neighbor, circular range queries etc. are the most widely used queries in the location-based applications. Building secure and efficient solutions for these queries in the cloud computing framework is critical and has been an area of active research. |
Text-to-Image (T2I) models, represented by DALL$\cdot$E and Midjourney, have gained huge popularity for creating realistic images. The quality of these images relies on the carefully engineered prompts, which have become valuable intellectual property. |
Blockchain is a linearly linked, distributed, and very robust data structure. Originally proposed as part of the Bitcoin distributed stack, it found a number of applications in a number of fields, most notably in smart contracts, social media, secure IoT, and cryptocurrency mining. |
Collaborative learning enables two or more participants, each with their own training dataset, to collaboratively learn a joint model. It is desirable that the collaboration should not cause the disclosure of either the raw datasets of each individual owner or the local model parameters trained on them. |
To strengthen the anonymity of Bitcoin, several centralized coin-mixing providers (mixers) such as <a href="http://BitcoinFog.com" rel="external noopener nofollow" class="link-external link-http">this http URL</a>, <a href="http://BitLaundry.com" rel="external noopener nofollow" class="link-external link-http">this htt... |
The Internet of Things is an essential component in the growth of an ecosystem that enables quick and precise judgments to be made for communication on the battleground. The usage of the battlefield of things (BoT) is, however, subject to several restrictions for a variety of reasons. |
Key Encapsulation Mechanisms (KEMs) are a set of cryptographic techniques that are designed to provide symmetric encryption key using asymmetric mechanism (public key). In the current study, we concentrate on design and analysis of key encapsulation mechanism from low density lattice codes (KEM-LDLC) to go down the ke... |
In this paper, we consider the problem of verifying anonymity and unlinkability in the symbolic model, where protocols are represented as processes in a variant of the applied pi calculus, notably used in the ProVerif tool. Existing tools and techniques do not allow to verify directly these properties, expressed as be... |
Modern password hashing remains a critical defense against credential cracking, yet the transition from theoretically secure algorithms to robust real-world implementations remains fraught with challenges. This paper presents a dual analysis of Argon2, the Password Hashing Competition winner, combining attack simulati... |
We explore the fundamental properties that are necessary to ensure that election schemes behave as expected. The exploration reveals how our understanding of those expectations has evolved, culminating in the emergence of formal definitions of properties necessary to fulfil expectations. |
The rapid growth in web-based services has significantly increased security risks related to user information, as web-based attacks become increasingly sophisticated and prevalent. Traditional security methods frequently struggle to detect previously unknown (zero-day) web attacks, putting sensitive user data at signi... |
Biometric key generation techniques are used to reliably generate cryptographic material from biometric signals. Existing constructions require users to perform a particular activity (e.g., type or say a password, or provide a handwritten signature), and are therefore not suitable for generating keys continuously. |
The last decade has seen a rise of Deep Learning with its applications ranging across diverse domains. But usually, the datasets used to drive these systems contain data which is highly confidential and sensitive. |
We introduce seven new versions of the Kirchhoff-Law-Johnson-(like)-Noise (KLJN) classical physical secure key exchange scheme and a new transient protocol for practically-perfect security. While these practical improvements offer progressively enhanced security and/or speed for the non-ideal conditions, the fundament... |
The expansion of the open source community and the rise of large language models have raised ethical and security concerns on the distribution of source code, such as misconduct on copyrighted code, distributions without proper licenses, or misuse of the code for malicious purposes. Hence it is important to track the ... |
In the past years, industrial networks have become increasingly interconnected and opened to private or public networks. This leads to an increase in efficiency and manageability, but also increases the attack surface. |
Today's proliferation of powerful facial recognition systems poses a real threat to personal privacy. As <a href="http://Clearview.ai" rel="external noopener nofollow" class="link-external link-http">this http URL</a> demonstrated, anyone can canvas the Internet for data and train highly accurate facial recognitio... |
Secure aggregation is widely used in horizontal Federated Learning (FL), to prevent leakage of training data when model updates from data owners are aggregated. Secure aggregation protocols based on Homomorphic Encryption (HE) have been utilized in industrial cross-silo FL systems, one of the settings involved with pr... |
In the digital age, individuals increasingly maintain active presences across multiple platforms ranging from social media and messaging applications to professional and communication tools. However, the current model for managing user level privacy and abuse is siloed, requiring users to block undesirable contacts in... |
In this paper, we design and implement a web crawler system based on the Solana blockchain for the automated collection and analysis of market data for popular non-fungible tokens (NFTs) on the chain. Firstly, the basic information and transaction data of popular NFTs on the Solana chain are collected using the Seleni... |
Actually Information security becomes a very important part for the organization's intangible assets, so level of confidence and stakeholder trusted are performance indicator as successes organization. Since information security has a very important role in supporting the activities of the organization, we need a ... |
Concolic execution is a powerful program analysis technique for exploring execution paths in a systematic manner. Compare to random-mutation-based fuzzing, concolic execution is especially good at exploring paths that are guarded by complex and tight branch predicates (e.g., (a*b) == 0xdeadbeef). |
The Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVE) represent standard means for sharing publicly known information security vulnerabilities. One or more CVEs are grouped into the Common Weakness Enumeration (CWE) classes for the purpose of understanding the software or configuration flaws and potential impacts enabled by ... |
Authentication forms the gateway to any secure system. Together with integrity, confidentiality and authorization it helps in preventing any sort of intrusions into the system. |
We develop a theory for state-based noninterference in a setting where different security policies---we call them local policies---apply in different parts of a given system. Our theory comprises appropriate security definitions, characterizations of these definitions, for instance in terms of unwindings, algorithms f... |
In this paper we propose a novel way of deploying vulnerable architectures for defense and research purposes, which aims to generate deception platforms based on the formal description of a scenario. An attack scenario is described by an attack graph in which transitions are labeled by ATT&CK techniques or procedu... |
Being a crucial part of networked systems, packet classification has to be highly efficient; however, software switches in cloud environments still face performance challenges. The recently proposed Tuple Space Explosion (TSE) attack exploits an algorithmic deficiency in Open vSwitch (OVS). |
The escalating threat of phishing emails has become increasingly sophisticated with the rise of Large Language Models (LLMs). As attackers exploit LLMs to craft more convincing and evasive phishing emails, it is crucial to assess the resilience of current phishing defenses. |
Autonomous vehicle platooning promises many benefits such as fuel efficiency, road safety, reduced traffic congestion, and passenger comfort. Platooning vehicles travel in a single file, in close distance, and at the same velocity. |
Android malware detection is a significat problem that affects billions of users using millions of Android applications (apps) in existing markets. This paper proposes PetaDroid, a framework for accurate Android malware detection and family clustering on top of static analyses. |
The increased capabilities of modern real-time systems (RTS) expose them to various security threats. Recently, frameworks that integrate security tasks without perturbing the real-time tasks have been proposed, but they only target single core systems. |
Language-based ecosystems (LBE), i.e., software ecosystems based on a single programming language, are very common. Examples include the npm ecosystem for JavaScript, and PyPI for Python. |
We introduce the use, monitoring, and enforcement of integrity constraints in trust management-style authorization systems. We consider what portions of the policy state must be monitored to detect violations of integrity constraints. |
As the computing landscape evolves towards distributed architectures such as Internet of Things (IoT),enterprises are moving away from traditional perimeter based security models toward so called zero trust networking (ZTN) models that treat both the intranet and Internet as equally untrustworthy. Such security models... |
Multi-modal models have gained significant attention due to their powerful capabilities. These models effectively align embeddings across diverse data modalities, showcasing superior performance in downstream tasks compared to their unimodal counterparts. |
In this paper, we propose a robust health record storage and management system built on blockchain technology to address the challenges faced by traditional healthcare record systems. The primary advantage of employing blockchain in healthcare record management is its ability to provide a secure and decentralized plat... |
We show a version of Qi et al. 2023's simple fine-tuning poisoning technique strips GPT-4o's safety guardrails without degrading the model. The BadGPT attack matches best white-box jailbreaks on HarmBench and StrongREJECT. |
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