DexHeim/plaything · Datasets at Hugging Face

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power supply and just as important a low latency data
collection design is needed. As with any optical capturing
instrument a higher frame rate will lead to lower capture
time. This is important when needing to transmit images
quickly as the compression and encoding times are greatly
reduced. Using industry standard compression format of
H.264 will enable this encoding to be initiated quicker with
limited visible loss in quality of the image. The research
conducted by Texas Instruments proposes to fully utilise
low latency and H.264 compression. This is achieved by
introducing the concept of “slices” composed of severalindependently encoded macroblocks which can thus be
decoded by itself without any interference of the data
capture. This would also naturally decrease the render time
of any image. To permit the drone to capture video the
camera must be interfaced to the digital processor using one
of the dedicated camera interfaces. The feed is then
transmitted to a ground control unit using either 2.4 or
5.8GHz Wi -Fi which in turn will be shown on a display
unit for the operator to view the FPV image.
The use of video capturing sensors is a multi -faceted
problem, as with any broadcast a reliable transmission
signal is a must. As the wireless communication link must be able to cope with long range transmission and reception.
The research looks at several ways in which this can be
achieved with either antenna diversity, maximum ratio
combing (MRC) and Multi -Input and Multi Output
(MIMO) and finally rate adaption. This would obviouslydepend on which wireless network would be available in
the area at the time of where the operation is to be flown.
VII. CONCLUSION
The technology for safe and efficient BVLOS mission
completion is already available and seems likely to become
common place. There are however, a number of factors
which still need to be addressed to ensure the maximum
safety for BVLOS operations. The most important of which
is UAS communications technology supporting command
and control, navigation, surveillance, situation awareness
and the integration with Air Traffic Management (ATM)
systems for remotely piloted and autonomous aircraft.
Development in these technologies and their
miniaturisation remains an enabler of future UAS BVLOS
capabilities.
The regulations surrounding BVLOS are currently
subject to revision as the new European airspace U -Space
develops. As BVLOS technology grows and improves so
too should the airworthiness regulations to facilitate andguide the industry sector and the deployment of drones in
our society.
Autonomous flight capability is not only fundamental to
BVLOS operations for UAS but also likely to have a
significant impact on the future development of passenger
carrying autonomous aircraft. Minimising the Human
Factor in aircraft flight has always been a major safety goal
and also provides the potential to reduce operational costs.
It would therefore appear that the benefits of achieving
BVLOS capabilities are likely to outweigh the risks that are
currently attributed to an UAS flying beyond an operator’s
line of sight.
REFERENCES
[1] Civil Aviation Authority. (2015, March 31). CAP 722 Unmanned
Aircraft System Operations in UK Airspace —Guidance . (6th ed.)
[Online]. Available: https://publicapps.caa.co.uk/docs/33/CAP%
20722%20Sixth%20Edition%20March%202015.pdf
[2] C. Stocker, R. Bennett, F. Nex, M. Gerke, and J. Zevenbergen,“Review of the current state of UAV regulations,” Remote Sensing ,
vol. 9, no. 5, article 459, 2017.
[3] European Commission. Press Release. (2017, June 16). Aviation:
Commission is Taking the European Drone Sector to New Heights .
[Online]. Available: http://europa.eu/rapid/press -release_IP -17-
1605_en.pdf
[4] A. Perlman (2017, Feb. 16). “Inside BVLOS, the drone industry's
next game -changer”, UAV Coach . [Online]. Available: https://
uavcoach.com/inside -bvlos
[5] Imperial War Museums. (2018, Jan. 30). A Brief History of Drones .
[Online]. Available: http://www.iwm.org.uk/history/a -brief -history -
of-drones
[6] Civil Aviation Authority, CAP 1612 Airspace Change Decision:
Beyond Visual Line of Sight Unmanned Aircraft Systems Operations
in EG D128 – Everleigh , Gatwick: CAA, 2017.
[7] Defence Infrastructure Organisation. (2017, Dec. 6). Proposal for
Beyond Visual Line of Sight Formal (BVLOS) Remotely Piloted AirSystems (RPAS) Operations in EDG 128 – Everleigh . [Online].
Available: https://www.caa.co.uk/uploadedFiles/CAA/Content/
Standard_Content/Commercial_industry/Airspace/
Airspace_change/20171016 -FORMAL%20PROPOSAL%20FOR%
Fig. 7. Black Hornet Nano [38].20BVLOS%20RPAS%20OPERATIONS%20IN%20D128%
20EVERLEIGH.pdf
[8] H. Gonzalez -Jorge, J. Martinez -Sanchez, M. Bueno, and P. Arias,
“Unmanned aerial systems for civil applications: A review,” Drones ,
vol. 1, no. 1, article 2, 2017.
[9] D. Day, “Drones for transmission infrastructure inspection and
mapping improve efficiency,” Natural Gas and Electricity , vol. 33,
no.12, pp. 7 –11, July 2017.
[10] M. Pappota, and R.J. de Boera, “The integration of drones in today’s
society,” Procedia Engineering , vol. 128, pp. 54 -63, 2015.
[11] J.-L. Liardon, L. Hostettler, L. Zulliger, K. Kangur, N.G. Shaik, and
D.A. Barry, “Lake imaging and monitoring aerial drone,”
HardwareX , 2018, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ohx.2017.10.003
[12] V.E. Hovstein, A. Sægrov, and T.A. Johansen, “Experiences with
coastal and maritime UAS BLOS operation with phased -array
antenna digital payload data link,” in Proc. Int. Conf. on UnmannedAircraft Systems (ICUAS) , Orlando, FL, USA, 27 -30 May 2014, pp.
261-266.
[13] J. Plaza (2017, March 29). “First commercial drone flight conducted
beyond visual line of sight in Canada,” Commercial UAV News .
[Online]. Available: https://www.expouav.com/news/latest/first -

power supply and just as important a low latency data

collection design is needed. As with any optical capturing

instrument a higher frame rate will lead to lower capture

time. This is important when needing to transmit images

quickly as the compression and encoding times are greatly

reduced. Using industry standard compression format of

H.264 will enable this encoding to be initiated quicker with

limited visible loss in quality of the image. The research

conducted by Texas Instruments proposes to fully utilise

low latency and H.264 compression. This is achieved by

introducing the concept of “slices” composed of severalindependently encoded macroblocks which can thus be

decoded by itself without any interference of the data

capture. This would also naturally decrease the render time

of any image. To permit the drone to capture video the

camera must be interfaced to the digital processor using one

of the dedicated camera interfaces. The feed is then

transmitted to a ground control unit using either 2.4 or

5.8GHz Wi -Fi which in turn will be shown on a display

unit for the operator to view the FPV image.

The use of video capturing sensors is a multi -faceted

problem, as with any broadcast a reliable transmission

signal is a must. As the wireless communication link must be able to cope with long range transmission and reception.

The research looks at several ways in which this can be

achieved with either antenna diversity, maximum ratio

combing (MRC) and Multi -Input and Multi Output

(MIMO) and finally rate adaption. This would obviouslydepend on which wireless network would be available in

the area at the time of where the operation is to be flown.

VII. CONCLUSION

The technology for safe and efficient BVLOS mission

completion is already available and seems likely to become

common place. There are however, a number of factors

which still need to be addressed to ensure the maximum

safety for BVLOS operations. The most important of which

is UAS communications technology supporting command

and control, navigation, surveillance, situation awareness

and the integration with Air Traffic Management (ATM)

systems for remotely piloted and autonomous aircraft.

Development in these technologies and their

miniaturisation remains an enabler of future UAS BVLOS

capabilities.

The regulations surrounding BVLOS are currently

subject to revision as the new European airspace U -Space

develops. As BVLOS technology grows and improves so

too should the airworthiness regulations to facilitate andguide the industry sector and the deployment of drones in

our society.

Autonomous flight capability is not only fundamental to

BVLOS operations for UAS but also likely to have a

significant impact on the future development of passenger

carrying autonomous aircraft. Minimising the Human

Factor in aircraft flight has always been a major safety goal

and also provides the potential to reduce operational costs.

It would therefore appear that the benefits of achieving

BVLOS capabilities are likely to outweigh the risks that are

currently attributed to an UAS flying beyond an operator’s

line of sight.

REFERENCES

[1] Civil Aviation Authority. (2015, March 31). CAP 722 Unmanned

Aircraft System Operations in UK Airspace —Guidance . (6th ed.)

[Online]. Available: https://publicapps.caa.co.uk/docs/33/CAP%

20722%20Sixth%20Edition%20March%202015.pdf

[2] C. Stocker, R. Bennett, F. Nex, M. Gerke, and J. Zevenbergen,“Review of the current state of UAV regulations,” Remote Sensing ,

vol. 9, no. 5, article 459, 2017.

[3] European Commission. Press Release. (2017, June 16). Aviation:

Commission is Taking the European Drone Sector to New Heights .

[Online]. Available: http://europa.eu/rapid/press -release_IP -17-

1605_en.pdf

[4] A. Perlman (2017, Feb. 16). “Inside BVLOS, the drone industry's

next game -changer”, UAV Coach . [Online]. Available: https://

uavcoach.com/inside -bvlos

[5] Imperial War Museums. (2018, Jan. 30). A Brief History of Drones .

[Online]. Available: http://www.iwm.org.uk/history/a -brief -history -

of-drones

[6] Civil Aviation Authority, CAP 1612 Airspace Change Decision:

Beyond Visual Line of Sight Unmanned Aircraft Systems Operations

in EG D128 – Everleigh , Gatwick: CAA, 2017.

[7] Defence Infrastructure Organisation. (2017, Dec. 6). Proposal for

Beyond Visual Line of Sight Formal (BVLOS) Remotely Piloted AirSystems (RPAS) Operations in EDG 128 – Everleigh . [Online].

Available: https://www.caa.co.uk/uploadedFiles/CAA/Content/

Standard_Content/Commercial_industry/Airspace/

Airspace_change/20171016 -FORMAL%20PROPOSAL%20FOR%

Fig. 7. Black Hornet Nano [38].20BVLOS%20RPAS%20OPERATIONS%20IN%20D128%

20EVERLEIGH.pdf

[8] H. Gonzalez -Jorge, J. Martinez -Sanchez, M. Bueno, and P. Arias,

“Unmanned aerial systems for civil applications: A review,” Drones ,

vol. 1, no. 1, article 2, 2017.

[9] D. Day, “Drones for transmission infrastructure inspection and

mapping improve efficiency,” Natural Gas and Electricity , vol. 33,

no.12, pp. 7 –11, July 2017.

[10] M. Pappota, and R.J. de Boera, “The integration of drones in today’s

society,” Procedia Engineering , vol. 128, pp. 54 -63, 2015.

[11] J.-L. Liardon, L. Hostettler, L. Zulliger, K. Kangur, N.G. Shaik, and

D.A. Barry, “Lake imaging and monitoring aerial drone,”

HardwareX , 2018, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ohx.2017.10.003

[12] V.E. Hovstein, A. Sægrov, and T.A. Johansen, “Experiences with

coastal and maritime UAS BLOS operation with phased -array

antenna digital payload data link,” in Proc. Int. Conf. on UnmannedAircraft Systems (ICUAS) , Orlando, FL, USA, 27 -30 May 2014, pp.

261-266.

[13] J. Plaza (2017, March 29). “First commercial drone flight conducted

beyond visual line of sight in Canada,” Commercial UAV News .

[Online]. Available: https://www.expouav.com/news/latest/first -