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power supply and just as important a low latency data
collection design is needed. As with any optical capturing
instrument a higher frame rate will lead to lower capture
time. This is important when needing to transmit images
quickly as the compression and encoding times are greatly
reduced. Using industry standard compression format of
H.264 will enable this encoding to be initiated quicker with
limited visible loss in quality of the image. The research
conducted by Texas Instruments proposes to fully utilise
low latency and H.264 compression. This is achieved by
introducing the concept of “slices” composed of severalindependently encoded macroblocks which can thus be
decoded by itself without any interference of the data
capture. This would also naturally decrease the render time
of any image. To permit the drone to capture video the
camera must be interfaced to the digital processor using one
of the dedicated camera interfaces. The feed is then
transmitted to a ground control unit using either 2.4 or
5.8GHz Wi -Fi which in turn will be shown on a display
unit for the operator to view the FPV image.
The use of video capturing sensors is a multi -faceted
problem, as with any broadcast a reliable transmission
signal is a must. As the wireless communication link must be able to cope with long range transmission and reception.
The research looks at several ways in which this can be
achieved with either antenna diversity, maximum ratio
combing (MRC) and Multi -Input and Multi Output
(MIMO) and finally rate adaption. This would obviouslydepend on which wireless network would be available in
the area at the time of where the operation is to be flown.
VII. CONCLUSION
The technology for safe and efficient BVLOS mission
completion is already available and seems likely to become
common place. There are however, a number of factors
which still need to be addressed to ensure the maximum
safety for BVLOS operations. The most important of which
is UAS communications technology supporting command
and control, navigation, surveillance, situation awareness
and the integration with Air Traffic Management (ATM)
systems for remotely piloted and autonomous aircraft.
Development in these technologies and their
miniaturisation remains an enabler of future UAS BVLOS
capabilities.
The regulations surrounding BVLOS are currently
subject to revision as the new European airspace U -Space
develops. As BVLOS technology grows and improves so
too should the airworthiness regulations to facilitate andguide the industry sector and the deployment of drones in
our society.
Autonomous flight capability is not only fundamental to
BVLOS operations for UAS but also likely to have a
significant impact on the future development of passenger
carrying autonomous aircraft. Minimising the Human
Factor in aircraft flight has always been a major safety goal
and also provides the potential to reduce operational costs.
It would therefore appear that the benefits of achieving
BVLOS capabilities are likely to outweigh the risks that are
currently attributed to an UAS flying beyond an operator’s
line of sight.
REFERENCES
[1] Civil Aviation Authority. (2015, March 31). CAP 722 Unmanned
Aircraft System Operations in UK Airspace —Guidance . (6th ed.)
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20722%20Sixth%20Edition%20March%202015.pdf
[2] C. Stocker, R. Bennett, F. Nex, M. Gerke, and J. Zevenbergen,“Review of the current state of UAV regulations,” Remote Sensing ,
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[3] European Commission. Press Release. (2017, June 16). Aviation:
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[4] A. Perlman (2017, Feb. 16). “Inside BVLOS, the drone industry's
next game -changer”, UAV Coach . [Online]. Available: https://
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[5] Imperial War Museums. (2018, Jan. 30). A Brief History of Drones .
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of-drones
[6] Civil Aviation Authority, CAP 1612 Airspace Change Decision:
Beyond Visual Line of Sight Unmanned Aircraft Systems Operations
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[7] Defence Infrastructure Organisation. (2017, Dec. 6). Proposal for
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Standard_Content/Commercial_industry/Airspace/
Airspace_change/20171016 -FORMAL%20PROPOSAL%20FOR%
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