Datasets:
DexHeim
/
plaything

Dataset card Data Studio Files
xet
 Community
2
text
stringlengths
5
149
small UAV’s in a civilian airspace presents its own
challenges, for example in the event that there is a need to
avoid a forced landing due to collision or due to failings of
an aircraft’s control system. Their research is based on
lessons learned through aviation history and how they can
implement that into present day aviation. They believe that
it is expected that all UAS will have the ability to operatesafely in variable weather conditions and in both controlled
and uncontrolled airspace due to the advancement in
technologies. All UAS will stay clear of each other as well
as manned aircraft and all UAV operators and systems will
be required to have up to date awareness of traffic
constraints from the ground upwards. The aims of the UTM
model is to be flexible in certain areas but vigorously
structured in other areas when it is required. It is a risk -
based model that is currently aimed at low risk
environments and will eventually progress in to higher risk
scenarios and environments.
One of the key attributes of NASA’s UAS UTM system
design is that it would not require any human operators to
monitor the vehicles closely at all times. It is proposed that
in its fully developed form the system could be further
developed to have the following autonomous programming
characteristics that include; self -configuration, self -protection from airborne hazards, land hazards and self -
optimisation during the mission in relation to current and
predicted weather conditions. NASA also hopes to deliver
two types of UTM systems with one being a portable UTM
system that can be transported between areas to support
operations. Whilst the second proposed concept would be
in constant availability for a geographical area. This would
enable the possibility of BVLOS applications to be
delivered safely within this area [20]. Working with NASA
in this development is Gryphon Sensors who at present
have developed a sensor system that detects, identifies and
tracks UAS. By using their main product Skylight, it
provides an integrated picture consisting of radar for long
range detection, spectrum sensing, controllers transiting
radio frequency signals and Electro -Optical/Infrared (EO/
IR) cameras for visual detection of potential hazards [22].
Sense and avoid technologies are a must and arefundamental part of any equipment that is to be used for
BVLOS applications.
IV . RADAR FOR UAS A PPLICATIONS
Radar is a prerequisite for UTM applications for
unmanned aircraft. One of the most notable is the Foretem
DroneHunter UAV (Fig. 4), which operates a BVLOS as a
defence for day and night aerial security and boast as being
the first counter drone system that can operate BLOS
(Beyond Line of Sight) [23]. The UAV is equipped with a novel piece of hardware
called the Fortem TrueView radar model R20 and is based
on radar technology used by the US department of defence
drone programme. It provides the pilot the ability to detect
objects from the air at long ranges to enhance the avoidance
of other aircraft, aerial objects and other structures. One of
the main additions of this device is the option for complete
end to end integration which in turn allows for command
and controlled autopilots [24]. It is also proposed thatautopilots will be able to execute mission safely even in
more crowded spaces due to TrueView Radar as it can
detect obstacles in its surroundings with sufficient time to
determine the potential of an incident and then in turn stay
well clear by manoeuvring to a safe place or to a safe
distance.
As well as the Foretem TrueView radar, Sematica
Aerospace have developed the Zeus Radar System that has
been specifically designed for UAS [25]. The system has
been described to enhance situational awareness of any air
bound craft entering the nearby airspace by using state of
the art solid state radar and advanced signal processing
techniques. Solid state radar has the ability to conduct
‘sweeps’ that can be adjusted in real time by the operator
and embodies a range of different signals can be employed
for more efficient signal processing [26]. This type of radar
can use Doppler radar as well as pulsed radar without theneed for extra equipment so that it cannot only see objects
within its airspace but also calculate and determine if the
objects are moving. Although not a new technique the fact
that it has been developed and engineered for UAS means
that BVLOS could be one step closer.
Another company that has been working with NASA to
develop sense and avoid (SAA) systems is Vigilant
Aerospace who have completed successful testing of its
new and recently developed FlightHorizon detect and
avoidance system [27].
This software provides the operator and autopilots with
complete situational awareness, detect and avoid system.
By gathering data from various sources such as aviation
transponders, ground based radar pulses and air traffic
warnings. Vigilant Aerospace also incorporated an
exclusive NASA patent software, which forms the
backbone of the FlightHorizon product. The invention and
patent by Arteaga [28] which is basically an ADS -B systemdetails that traffic information will be included in the
transmission and through telemetry communication that is
transmitted to a remote ground system. The invention goes
Fig. 4. Foretem DroneHunter in action [23].further to propose the methods for displaying a general
layout of aviation traffic information in possibly three or
four-dimensional trajectories using an industry standard
Earth Browser for heightened situational awareness and an
enhanced visual range of possible traffic and obstacles in its
flight path. It is also claimed that the novel invention can
enable and enhance visual acquisition of traffic and traffic
alerts [28].
V. BVLOS M ISSIONS AND ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI)
In France BVLOS has been permitted since 2012 and