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967 | 8 | Other cup fungi often found fruiting in the same area as G. carbonaria include those from the genera Aleuria\1 Anthracobia\1 Peziza\1 and Tarzetta\1 | [
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968 | 0 | The fungus is found in Europe \1from where it was originally described\1\1 and is widespread throughout North America\1 The North American distribution extends north to Alaska\1 | [
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968 | 1 | In 2010\1 it was reported for the first time from Turkey\1 | [
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970 | 0 | ## \1 | [
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972 | 0 | Although primarily a saprotrophic fungus involved in the post-fire breakdown of duff and coniferous roots\ | [
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972 | 1 | 1 Geopyxis carbonaria has been shown to be capable of forming ectomycorrhizae with Norway spruce \1Picea abies\1\1 | [
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972 | 2 | It had been demonstrated earlier in laboratory experiments that the fungus has a biotrophic interaction with lodgepole pine \1Pinus contorta\1\1 | [
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972 | 3 | The hyphae of G. carbonaria were able to infect the cortex of the tree seedling\1 but did not penetrate the endodermis\1 | [
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972 | 4 | These traits suggest that the fungus is a moderate pathogen\1 with limited ability to cause reductions in seed germination\1 Additionally\1 the fungus produces the enzyme polyphenol oxidase\1 and can break down the complex organic polymer lignin — features characteristic of saprotrophic fungi\1 | [
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972 | 5 | The formation of a rudimentary Hartig net\1 a characteristic of mycorrhizal fungi\1 indicated that G. carbonaria might be capable of forming mutualistic relationships under the right conditions\ | [
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972 | 6 | 1 Vrålstad and colleagues suggest that its below-ground association with spruce roots protects it from physical damage in the event of a fire\1 and the extensive fruitbody production after a fire may reflect " a successful fungal escape from a dying host where the fungus no longer can maintain its biotrophic association "\1 | [
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... |
973 | 0 | Large fruitings of the fungus are often associated with damage to the host tree\1 such as that which occurs with burning\1 | [
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973 | 1 | A field study conducted in Norway demonstrated that fruit bodies were more likely to be found in areas that were heavily burned\1 compared to locations with light to moderate burning where the trees remained viable\1 or in clearcut areas\1 | [
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] |
973 | 2 | Fruiting was much denser in spruce forests — with up to 700 – 1000 fruitbodies per square meter — than in pine forests\1 where fruitbodies were sporadic\1 Fruitbodies grew by the millions in the year following the Yellowstone fires of 1988\ | [
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... |
973 | 3 | 1 | [
"1"
] | [
"1"
] | [
"NUM"
] | [
"LS"
] | [
0
] | [
"root"
] | [
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976 | 0 | # \1 | [
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] | [
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] | [
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978 | 0 | The gold dollar or gold one-dollar piece was a coin struck as a regular issue by the United States Bureau of the Mint from 1849 to 1889\1 | [
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978 | 1 | The coin had three types over its lifetime\1 all designed by Mint Chief Engraver James B. Longacre\1 The Type 1 issue had the smallest diameter of any United States coin ever minted\1 | [
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979 | 0 | A gold dollar had been proposed several times in the 1830s and 1840s\1 but was not initially adopted\1 Congress was finally galvanized into action by the increased supply of bullion caused by the California gold rush\1 and in 1849 authorized a gold dollar\1 | [
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979 | 1 | In its early years\1 silver coins were being hoarded or exported\1 and the gold dollar found a ready place in commerce\1 Silver again circulated after Congress in 1853 required that new coins of that metal be made lighter\1 and the gold dollar became a rarity in commerce even before federal coins vanished from circulation because of the economic disruption caused by the American Civil War\1 | [
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... |
980 | 0 | Gold did not again circulate in most of the nation until 1879\1 once it did\1 the gold dollar did not regain its place\1 | [
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980 | 1 | In its final years\1 it was struck in small numbers\1 causing speculation by hoarders\1 | [
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980 | 2 | It was also in demand to be mounted in jewelry\1 | [
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980 | 3 | The regular issue gold dollar was last struck in 1889\1 the following year\1 Congress ended the series\1 | [
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982 | 0 | ## \1 | [
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] | [
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984 | 0 | In proposing his plan for a mint and a coinage system\1 Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton in 1791 proposed that the one-dollar denomination be struck both as a gold coin\1 and as one of silver\1 representative of the two metals which he proposed be made legal tender\1 Congress followed Hamilton 's recommendation only in part\1 authorizing a silver dollar\1 but no coin of that denomination in gold\1 | [
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... |
985 | 0 | In 1831\1 the first gold dollar was minted\1 at the private mint of Christopher Bechtler in North Carolina\1 Much of the gold then being produced in the United States came from the mountains of North Carolina and Georgia\1 and the dollars and other small gold coins issued by Bechtler circulated through that region\1 and were now and then seen further away\1 Additional one-dollar pieces were struck by August Bechtler\1 Christopher 's son\1 | [
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986 | 0 | Soon after the Bechtlers began to strike their private issues\1 Secretary of the Treasury Levi Woodbury became an advocate of having the Mint of the United States \1" Mint "\1 when described as an institution\1 strike the one-dollar denomination in gold\1 | [
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986 | 1 | He was opposed by the Mint Director\1 Robert M. Patterson\1 Woodbury persuaded President Andrew Jackson to have pattern coins struck\1 | [
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986 | 2 | In response\1 Patterson had Mint Second Engraver Christian Gobrecht break off work on the new design for the silver one-dollar coin and work on a pattern for the gold dollar\1 Gobrecht 's design featured a Liberty cap surrounded by rays on one side\1 and a palm branch arranged in a circle with the denomination\1 date\1 and name of the country on the other\1 | [
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"... |
987 | 0 | Consideration was given to including the gold dollar as an authorized denomination in the revisionary legislation that became the Mint Act of 1837\1 The Philadelphia newspaper Public Ledger\1 in December 1836\1 supported a gold dollar\1 stating that " the dollar is the smallest gold coin that would be convenient\1 and as it would be eminently so\1 neither silver nor paper should be allowed to take its place\1 " Nevertheless\1 after Mint Director Patterson appeared before a congressional committee\1 the provision authorizing the gold dollar was deleted from the bill\1 | [
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"... |
989 | 0 | ## \1 | [
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991 | 0 | In January 1844\1 North Carolina Representative James Iver McKay\1 the chairman of the Committee on Ways and Means\1 solicited the views of Director Patterson on the gold dollar\1 Patterson had more of Gobrecht 's pattern dollar struck to show to committee members\1 again advising against a coin that if issued would be only about a half inch \113 mm\1 in diameter\1 | [
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991 | 1 | He told Treasury Secretary John C. Spencer that the only gold coins of that size in commerce\1 the Spanish and Colombian half-escudos\1 were unpopular and had not been struck for more than twenty years\1 | [
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"... |
991 | 2 | This seemed to satisfy the committee as nothing more was done for the time\1 and when a gold dollar was proposed again in 1846\1 McKay 's committee recommended against it\1 | [
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992 | 0 | Even before 1848\1 record amounts of gold were flowing to American mints to be struck into coin\1 but the California Gold Rush vastly increased these quantities\1 | [
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992 | 1 | This renewed calls for a gold dollar\1 as well as for a higher denomination than the eagle \1$ 10 piece\1\1 then the largest gold coin\1 | [
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992 | 2 | In January 1849\1 McKay introduced a bill for a gold dollar\1 which was referred to his committee\1 | [
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992 | 3 | There was much discussion in the press about the proposed coin\1 one newspaper published a proposal for an annular gold dollar\1 that is\1 with a hole in the middle to increase its small diameter\1 McKay amended his legislation to provide for a double eagle \1$ 20 gold coin\1 and wrote to Patterson\1 who replied stating that the annular gold dollar would not work\1 and neither would another proposal to have dollar piece consisting of a gold plug in a silver coin\1 Nevertheless\1 Gobrecht 's successor as chief engraver\1 James B. Longacre\1 prepared patterns\1 including some with a square hole in the middle\ | [
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... |
992 | 4 | 1 | [
"1"
] | [
"1"
] | [
"NUM"
] | [
"LS"
] | [
0
] | [
"root"
] | [
"S-CARDINAL"
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993 | 0 | McKay got his fellow Democrat\1 New Hampshire Senator Charles Atherton\1 to introduce the bill to authorize the gold dollar and the double eagle in the Senate on February 1\1 1849 — Atherton was chairman of the Senate Finance Committee\1 McKay introduced a version into the House on February 20\1 debate began the same day\1 | [
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993 | 1 | The dollar was attacked by congressmen from the Whig Party\1 then in the minority\1 on the grounds that it would be too small\1 would be counterfeited and in bad light might be mistakenly spent as a half dime\1 the coins being similar in size\1 McKay did not respond substantively\1 but stated that if no one wanted these denominations\1 they would not be called for at the Mint\1 and would not be coined\ | [
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993 | 2 | 1 Pennsylvania Representative Joseph Ingersoll\1 a Whig\1 spoke against the bill\1 noting that Patterson opposed the new denominations\1 and that the idea had been repeatedly turned down\1 whenever considered\ | [
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993 | 3 | 1 Another Whig\1 Massachusetts 's Charles Hudson\1 related that Patterson had sent a real and a counterfeit gold dollar to his committee and the majority of members had been unable to tell the difference\1 McKay made no answer to these claims\1 but others did\1 including New York Congressman Henry Nicoll\1 who assured the House that the counterfeiting allegations were greatly exaggerated\1 | [
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993 | 4 | The point was\1 he indicated\1 that the double eagle and gold dollar were wanted by the public\1 and\1 in the case of the gold dollar could help money circulate in small communities where banknotes were not accepted\1 Connecticut Representative John A. Rockwell\1 a Whig\1 tried to table the bill\1 but his motion was defeated\1 | [
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993 | 5 | The bill passed easily\1 and met only minimal opposition in the Senate\1 becoming law on March 3\1 1849\1 | [
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995 | 0 | ## \1 | [
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997 | 0 | The officers at the Philadelphia Mint\1 including Chief Coiner Franklin Peale\1 were mostly the friends and relations of Director Patterson\1 | [
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997 | 1 | The outsider in their midst was Chief Engraver James B. Longacre\1 successor to Gobrecht \1who had died in 1844\1\1 A former copper-plate engraver\1 Longacre had been appointed through the political influence of South Carolina Senator John C. Calhoun\1 | [
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998 | 0 | When Longacre began work on the two new coins in early 1849\1 he had no one to assist him\1 Longacre wrote the following year that he had been warned by a Mint employee that one of the officers \1undoubtedly Peale\1 planned to undermine the chief engraver 's position by having the work of preparing designs and dies done outside Mint premises\1 Accordingly\1 when the gold coin bill became law\1 Longacre apprised Patterson that he was ready to begin work on the gold dollar\1 The Mint Director agreed\1 and after viewing a model of the head on the obverse\1 authorized Longacre to proceed with preparation of dies\1 According to Longacre\1 | [
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999 | 0 | The engraving was unusually minute and required very close and incessant labor for several weeks\1 I made the original dies and hubs for making the working dies twice over\1 to secure their perfect adaptation to the coining machinery\1 I had a wish to execute this work single handed\1 that I might thus silently reply to those who had questioned my ability for the work\1 | [
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999 | 1 | The result\1 I believe\1 was satisfactory\1 | [
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1,001 | 0 | ## \1 | [
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] | [
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1,003 | 0 | The Type 1 gold dollar depicts a head of Liberty\1 facing left\1 with a coronet or tiara on her head bearing her name\1 | [
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1,003 | 1 | Her hair is gathered in a bun\1 she is surrounded by 13 stars representing the original states\1 | [
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1,003 | 2 | The reverse features the date and denomination within a wreath\1 with the name of the nation near the rim\1 | [
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1,004 | 0 | Contemporary reviews of the Type 1 design were generally favorable\1 The New York Weekly Tribune on May 19\1 1849 described the new dollar as " undoubtedly the neatest\1 tiniest\1 lightest\1 coin in this country\1.. it is too delicate and beautiful to pay out for potatoes\1 and sauerkraut\1 and salt pork\1 Oberon might have paid Puck with it for bringing the blossom which bewitched Titania\1 " Willis ' Bank Note List stated that " there is no probability of them ever getting into general circulation\1 they are altogether too small\1 " The North Carolina Standard hoped that they would be struck at the Charlotte Mint and circulated locally to eliminate the problem of small-denomination bank notes from out of state\1 Coin dealer and numismatic author Q. David Bowers notes that the head of Liberty on the Type 1 dollar is a scaled-down version of that on the double eagle\1 and " a nicely preserved gold dollar is beautiful to behold "\1 | [
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"O",
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"O",
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"O",
"O",
"O",
"O",
"O",
"O",
"O",
"O",
"O",
"O",
"O",
... |
1,006 | 0 | ## \1 | [
"##",
"\\1"
] | [
"##",
"\\1"
] | [
"SYM",
"SYM"
] | [
"SYM",
"NFP"
] | [
0,
1
] | [
"root",
"discourse"
] | [
"O",
"O"
] |
1,008 | 0 | Mint records indicate the first gold dollars were produced on May 7\1 1849\1 Longacre 's diary notes state instead that the first were struck on May 8\1 A few coins in proof condition were struck on the first day\1 along with about 1 @,@ 000 for circulation\1 | [
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"O",
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... |
1,008 | 1 | There are five major varieties of the 1849 gold dollar from Philadelphia\1 made as Longacre continued to fine-tune the design\1 Mintmarked dies were sent by Longacre 's Engraving Department at the Philadelphia Mint to the branch mints at Charlotte\1 Dahlonega \1in Georgia\1\1 and New Orleans\1 coins struck at the branches resemble some of the types issued from Philadelphia\1 depending on when the dies were produced\1 | [
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... |
1,008 | 2 | Of the coins struck at the branch mints in 1849\1 only pieces struck at Charlotte \11849-C\1 exist in multiple varieties\1 most are of what is dubbed the " Closed Wreath " variety\1 | [
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] |
1,008 | 3 | Approximately five of the 1849-C Open Wreath are known\1 one\1 believed the finest surviving specimen\1 sold at auction for $ 690 @,@ 000 in 2004\1 remaining a record for the gold dollar series as of 2013\1 One of the changes made during production was the inclusion of Longacre 's initial " L " on the truncation of Liberty 's neck\1 the first time a U.S. coin intended for full-scale production had borne the initial of its designer\1 | [
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... |
1,008 | 4 | All issues beginning in 1850 bear the Closed Wreath\1 Beginning in 1854\1 the gold dollar was also struck at the new San Francisco Mint\1 | [
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] |
1,009 | 0 | The continued flow of gold from California made silver expensive in terms of gold\1 and U.S. silver coins began to flow out of the country for melting in 1849\1 a flow that accelerated over the next several years as the price of the metal continued to rise\1 | [
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... | [
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... |
1,009 | 1 | By 1853\1 a thousand dollars in silver coin contained $ 1 @,@ 042 worth of bullion\1 | [
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] |
1,009 | 2 | As silver coins vanished\1 the gold dollar became the only federal coin in circulation between the cent and the quarter eagle \1$ 2 @.@ 50 piece\1\1 | [
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] |
1,009 | 3 | As such\1 it was struck in large numbers and widely circulated\1 According to Bowers in his book on the denomination\1 " the years 1850 to 1853 were the high-water mark of the gold dollar\1 the glory years of the denomination when the little gold coins took the place of half dollars and silver dollars in everyday transactions\1 " This time came to an end in 1853 when Congress passed an act reducing the weight of most silver coins\1 allowing new issues of them to circulate\ | [
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1,009 | 4 | 1 | [
"1"
] | [
"1"
] | [
"NUM"
] | [
"LS"
] | [
0
] | [
"root"
] | [
"S-CARDINAL"
] |
1,010 | 0 | As early as 1851\1 New York Congressman William Duer alleged that that Patterson had made the gold dollar too small in diameter on purpose to provoke criticism\1 Patterson retired that year after 16 years in his position\1 and under his successor\1 George N. Eckert\1 annular gold dollar and half dollar patterns were struck\1 Public Ledger reported that although gold dollars would not be struck in annular form\1 gold half dollars would be\1 to help fill the need for change\1 | [
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1,010 | 1 | With the new Pierce administration\1 Thomas M. Pettit took office as Mint Director on March 31\1 1853\1 In April\1 Treasury Secretary James Guthrie wrote to Pettit that there were complaints that the gold dollar was too small\1 often lost or mistaken for a small silver coin\1 and enquiring about reports the Mint had experimented with annular dollars\1 Pettit replied\1 stating that none had been preserved\1 but enclosed a silver piece of equivalent size\1 | [
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... |
1,010 | 2 | He noted that while there would be technical difficulties in the production of the annular dollar\1 these could be overcome\1 | [
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"O",
"O"
] |
1,010 | 3 | In a letter dated May 10\1 Pettit proposed an oval-shaped holed piece\1 or an angular-shaped coin\1 which would lessen the production problems\1 Pettit died suddenly on May 31\1 Guthrie did not let the issue fall\1 but queried Pettit 's replacement\1 James Ross Snowden\1 concerning the issue on June 7\1 As U.S. coins were required to bear some device emblematic of liberty\1 the secretary hoped that artists could be found who could find some such design for an annular coin\1 | [
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1,011 | 0 | The Act of February 21\1 1853\1 that had lightened the silver coins also authorized a gold three-dollar piece\1 which began to be produced in 1854\1 | [
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] |
1,011 | 1 | To ensure that the three-dollar piece was not mistaken for other gold coins\1 it had been made thinner and wider than it would normally be\1 and Longacre put a distinctive design with an Indian princess on it\1 Longacre adapted both the technique and the design for the gold dollar\1 which was made thinner\1 and thus wider\1 | [
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"... | [
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1,011 | 2 | An adaptation of Longacre 's princess for the larger gold coin was placed on the dollar\1 and a similar agricultural wreath on the reverse\1 | [
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] |
1,011 | 3 | The idea of making the gold dollar larger in this way had been suggested in Congress as early as 1852\1 and had been advocated by Pettit\1 but Guthrie 's desire for an annular coin stalled the matter\1 In May 1854\1 Snowden sent Guthrie a letter stating that the difficulties with an annular coin\1 especially in getting the coins to eject properly from the press\1 were more than trivial\ | [
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1,011 | 4 | 1 | [
"1"
] | [
"1"
] | [
"NUM"
] | [
"LS"
] | [
0
] | [
"root"
] | [
"S-CARDINAL"
] |
1,012 | 0 | Nevertheless\1 the Type 2 gold dollar \1as it came to be known\1 proved unsatisfactory as the mints had difficulty in striking the new coin so that all details were brought out\1 | [
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] |
1,012 | 1 | This was due to the high relief of the design — the three Southern branch mints especially had trouble with the piece\1 Many of the Type 2 pieces quickly became illegible\1 and were sent back to Philadelphia for melting and recoinage\1 | [
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"O",
"S-GPE",
"O",
"O",
"O",
... |
1,012 | 2 | On most surviving specimens\1 the " 85 " in the date is not fully detailed\1 The Type 2 gold dollar was struck only at Philadelphia in 1854 and 1855\1 at the three Southern branch mints in the latter year\1 and at San Francisco in 1856\1 after the design was designated for replacement\1 | [
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24,
37,
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37,
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31,
41,
41,
41,
37,
41,
45,
45,
37,
45,
48,
45,
53,
51,
53,
53,
45,
55,
5... | [
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... | [
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"O",
"O",
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"O",
"O",
"O",
"O",
"B-DATE",
"I-DAT... |
1,012 | 3 | To correct the problems\1 Longacre enlarged the head of Liberty\1 making it a scaled-down version of the three-dollar piece\1 and moved the lettering on the obverse closer to the rim\1 | [
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... | [
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"on",
"the"... | [
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2,
7,
4,
2,
2,
7,
0,
9,
7,
12,
12,
9,
7,
13,
19,
19,
18,
16,
13,
26,
26,
24,
22,
26,
26,
19,
28,
7,
30,
28,
33,
33,
28,
28,
37,
37,
34
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... | [
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"O",
"O",
"O",
"O",
"O",
"O",
"O",
"O",
"O",
"O"
] |
1,012 | 4 | This improved the metal flow and design sharpness so much that early numismatic scholars assumed the reverse was also altered\1 though in fact no change was made and the Type 2 and Type 3 reverses are identical\ | [
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"th... | [
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"... | [
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"."... | [
2,
0,
5,
5,
2,
8,
8,
5,
10,
2,
15,
14,
14,
15,
10,
17,
20,
20,
20,
15,
20,
28,
24,
28,
26,
28,
28,
15,
38,
36,
36,
31,
34,
36,
34,
38,
38,
28,
2
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"ccom... | [
"O",
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"O",
"S-CARDINAL",
"O",
"O",
"S-CARDINAL",
"O",
"O",
"O",
"O"
] |
1,012 | 5 | 1 | [
"1"
] | [
"1"
] | [
"NUM"
] | [
"LS"
] | [
0
] | [
"root"
] | [
"S-CARDINAL"
] |
1,014 | 0 | ### \1 | [
"###",
"\\1"
] | [
"###",
"\\1"
] | [
"SYM",
"SYM"
] | [
"NFP",
"NFP"
] | [
0,
1
] | [
"root",
"discourse"
] | [
"O",
"O"
] |
1,016 | 0 | The Type 2 and 3 gold dollars depict Liberty as a Native American princess\1 with a fanciful feathered headdress not resembling any worn by any Indian tribe\1 | [
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"3",
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"Native",
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"feathered",
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"worn",
"by",
"any",
"Indian",
"tribe",
"\\1"
] | [
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"Indian",
"tribe",
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] | [
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] | [
7,
7,
2,
7,
3,
7,
8,
0,
8,
14,
14,
14,
14,
8,
8,
20,
20,
20,
20,
15,
22,
8,
22,
23,
28,
28,
28,
24,
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"O",
"O",
"O",
"O",
"O",
"O",
"O",
"O",
"S-NORP",
"O",
"O"
] |
1,016 | 1 | This image is an inexact copy of the design Longacre had made for the three-dollar piece\1 and is one of a number of versions of Liberty Longacre created based on the Venus Accroupie or Crouching Venus\1 a sculpture then on display in a Philadelphia museum\1 | [
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... | [
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"IN",
"DT",
"NNP",
"NNP",
"CC",
"VBG",... | [
2,
6,
6,
6,
6,
0,
9,
9,
6,
12,
12,
9,
19,
19,
17,
15,
18,
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12,
22,
22,
6,
25,
25,
22,
27,
25,
30,
30,
27,
27,
36,
36,
36,
36,
31,
38,
36,
36,
39,
42,
39,
45,
45,
42,
49,
49,
49,
45,
6
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"O",
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"... |
1,016 | 2 | For the reverse\1 Longacre adapted the " agricultural wreath " he had created for the reverse of the three-dollar piece\1 composed of cotton\1 corn\1 tobacco\1 and wheat\1 blending the produce of North and South\1 | [
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"corn\\1",
"tobacco\\1",... | [
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"NN",
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"C... | [
4,
4,
4,
6,
6,
0,
10,
10,
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6,
10,
14,
14,
10,
17,
17,
14,
24,
24,
22,
20,
24,
24,
17,
24,
30,
28,
30,
30,
25,
33,
33,
30,
25,
36,
34,
38,
36,
40,
38
] | [
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"O",
"O",
"O",
"O",
"O",
"O",
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] |
1,016 | 3 | This wreath would appear\1 later in the 1850s\1 on the Flying Eagle cent\1 | [
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2,
4,
4,
0,
4,
4,
9,
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4,
4,
15,
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15,
15,
4
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"B-DATE",
"E-DATE",
"O",
"O",
"B-PRODUCT",
"I-PRODUCT",
"E-PRODUCT",
"O"
] |
1,017 | 0 | Art historian Cornelius Vermeule deprecated the Indian princess design used by Longacre for the obverses of the Types 2 and 3 gold dollar\1 and for the three-dollar piece\1 " the ' princess ' of the gold coins is a banknote engraver 's elegant version of folk art of the 1850s\1 | [
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12,
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23,
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5,
50,
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53,
53,
50,
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"O",
"O",
"O",
"O",
"O",
"O",
"O",
... |
1,017 | 1 | The plumes or feathers are more like the crest of the Prince of Wales than anything that saw the Western frontiers\1 save perhaps on a music hall beauty\1 " | [
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... | [
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18,
16,
21,
21,
18,
24,
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18,
30,
30,
30,
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"O",
"O",
"O",
"O",
"O",
"O",
"O",
"S-CARDINAL",
"O"
] |
1,019 | 0 | ## \1 | [
"##",
"\\1"
] | [
"##",
"\\1"
] | [
"SYM",
"SYM"
] | [
"SYM",
"NFP"
] | [
0,
1
] | [
"root",
"discourse"
] | [
"O",
"O"
] |
1,021 | 0 | The gold dollar continued to be produced in the late 1850s\1 though mintages declined from the figures of two million or more each year between 1850 and 1854\1 | [
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7,
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7,
18,
18,
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21,
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] |
1,021 | 1 | Only about 51 @,@ 000 gold dollars were produced in 1860\1 with over two-thirds of that figure at Philadelphia\1 just under a third at San Francisco\1 and 1 @,@ 566 at Dahlonega\1 Roughly a hundred are known of the last\1 creating one of the great rarities from Dahlonega in the series\1 | [
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1,022 | 0 | The other candidate for the rarest from that mint is the 1861-D\1 with an estimated mintage of 1 @,@ 000 and perhaps 45 to 60 known\1 | [
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18,
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30,
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"O",
"O",
"S-CARDINAL",
"O",
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"O",
"O"
] |
1,022 | 1 | Two pairs of dies were shipped from Philadelphia to Dahlonega on December 10\1 1860\1 they arrived on January 7\1 1861\1 two weeks before Georgia voted to secede from the Union\1 as the American Civil War began\1 Under orders from Governor Joseph E. Brown\1 state militia secured the mint\1 and at some point\1 small quantities of dollars and half eagles were produced\1 Records of how many coins were struck and when have not survived\1 Since dies crack in time\1 and all the mints were supplied with them from Philadelphia\1 coining could not last\1 and in May 1861\1 coins and supplies remaining at Dahlonega were turned over to the treasury of the Confederate States of America\1 which Georgia had by then joined\1 Gold coins with a face value of $ 6 were put aside for assay\1 Normally\1 they would have been sent to Philadelphia to await the following year 's meeting of the United States Assay Commission\1 when they would be available for testing\1 Instead\1 these were sent to the initial Confederate capital of Montgomery\1 Alabama\1 though what was done with them there\1 and their ultimate fate\1 are unknown\1 | [
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"10\\1",
"1860\\1",
"they",
"arrive",
"on",
"January",
"7\\1",
"1861\\1",
"two",
"week",
"before",
"Georgia",
"vote",
"to",
"secede",
"from",
"the",
"Union... | [
"NUM",
"NOUN",
"ADP",
"NOUN",
"AUX",
"VERB",
"ADP",
"PROPN",
"ADP",
"PROPN",
"ADP",
"PROPN",
"NUM",
"NUM",
"PRON",
"VERB",
"ADP",
"PROPN",
"NUM",
"NUM",
"NUM",
"NOUN",
"SCONJ",
"PROPN",
"VERB",
"PART",
"VERB",
"ADP",
"DET",
"PROPN",
"NOUN",
"SCONJ",
"D... | [
"CD",
"NNS",
"IN",
"NNS",
"VBD",
"VBN",
"IN",
"NNP",
"IN",
"NNP",
"IN",
"NNP",
"CD",
"CD",
"PRP",
"VBD",
"IN",
"NNP",
"CD",
"CD",
"CD",
"NNS",
"IN",
"NNP",
"VBD",
"TO",
"VB",
"IN",
"DT",
"NNP",
"NN",
"IN",
"DT",
"NNP",
"NNP",
"NNP",
"VBD",
"C... | [
2,
6,
4,
2,
6,
0,
8,
6,
10,
6,
12,
6,
12,
12,
16,
6,
18,
22,
18,
18,
22,
16,
25,
25,
6,
27,
25,
31,
31,
31,
27,
37,
36,
36,
36,
37,
6,
37,
40,
37,
48,
43,
48,
43,
43,
48,
48,
49,
6,
51,
49,
65,
55,
55,
65,
... | [
"nummod",
"nsubj:pass",
"case",
"nmod",
"aux:pass",
"root",
"case",
"obl",
"case",
"obl",
"case",
"obl",
"nummod",
"nummod",
"nsubj",
"parataxis",
"case",
"compound",
"nummod",
"nummod",
"nummod",
"obl:unmarked",
"mark",
"nsubj",
"advcl",
"mark",
"xcomp",
"case"... | [
"S-CARDINAL",
"O",
"O",
"O",
"O",
"O",
"O",
"S-GPE",
"O",
"S-GPE",
"O",
"B-DATE",
"I-DATE",
"E-DATE",
"O",
"O",
"O",
"B-DATE",
"I-DATE",
"I-DATE",
"I-DATE",
"E-DATE",
"O",
"S-GPE",
"O",
"O",
"O",
"O",
"O",
"S-ORG",
"O",
"O",
"B-EVENT",
"I-EVENT",
"... |
1,022 | 2 | The rarity of the 1861-D dollar\1 and the association with the Confederacy\1 make it especially prized\1 | [
"The",
"rarity",
"of",
"the",
"1861",
"-",
"D",
"dollar\\1",
"and",
"the",
"association",
"with",
"the",
"Confederacy",
"\\",
"1",
"make",
"it",
"especially",
"prized",
"\\1"
] | [
"the",
"rarity",
"of",
"the",
"1861",
"-",
"D",
"dollar\\1",
"and",
"the",
"association",
"with",
"the",
"Confederacy",
"\\",
"1",
"make",
"it",
"especially",
"prize",
"\\1"
] | [
"DET",
"NOUN",
"ADP",
"DET",
"NUM",
"PUNCT",
"PROPN",
"NOUN",
"CCONJ",
"DET",
"NOUN",
"ADP",
"DET",
"PROPN",
"PUNCT",
"NUM",
"VERB",
"PRON",
"ADV",
"VERB",
"SYM"
] | [
"DT",
"NN",
"IN",
"DT",
"CD",
"HYPH",
"NNP",
"NN",
"CC",
"DT",
"NN",
"IN",
"DT",
"NNP",
",",
"CD",
"VB",
"PRP",
"RB",
"VBN",
"NFP"
] | [
2,
17,
8,
8,
7,
5,
8,
2,
11,
11,
8,
14,
14,
11,
2,
14,
0,
17,
20,
17,
17
] | [
"det",
"nsubj",
"case",
"det",
"compound",
"punct",
"compound",
"nmod",
"cc",
"det",
"conj",
"case",
"det",
"nmod",
"punct",
"nummod",
"root",
"obj",
"advmod",
"xcomp",
"discourse"
] | [
"O",
"O",
"O",
"O",
"B-DATE",
"I-DATE",
"I-DATE",
"E-DATE",
"O",
"O",
"O",
"O",
"O",
"O",
"O",
"S-CARDINAL",
"O",
"O",
"O",
"O",
"O"
] |
1,023 | 0 | Dahlonega\1 like the other two branch mints in the South\1 closed its doors after the 1861 strikings\1 | [
"Dahlonega\\1",
"like",
"the",
"other",
"two",
"branch",
"mints",
"in",
"the",
"South",
"\\1",
"closed",
"its",
"doors",
"after",
"the",
"1861",
"strikings",
"\\",
"1"
] | [
"Dahlonega\\1",
"like",
"the",
"other",
"two",
"branch",
"mint",
"in",
"the",
"South",
"\\1",
"close",
"its",
"door",
"after",
"the",
"1861",
"striking",
"\\",
"1"
] | [
"PROPN",
"ADP",
"DET",
"ADJ",
"NUM",
"NOUN",
"NOUN",
"ADP",
"DET",
"PROPN",
"NOUN",
"VERB",
"PRON",
"NOUN",
"ADP",
"DET",
"NUM",
"NOUN",
"PUNCT",
"NUM"
] | [
"NNP",
"IN",
"DT",
"JJ",
"CD",
"NN",
"NNS",
"IN",
"DT",
"NNP",
"NN",
"VBD",
"PRP$",
"NNS",
"IN",
"DT",
"CD",
"NNS",
",",
"CD"
] | [
12,
7,
7,
7,
7,
7,
1,
11,
11,
11,
7,
0,
14,
12,
18,
18,
18,
12,
20,
12
] | [
"nsubj",
"case",
"det",
"amod",
"nummod",
"compound",
"nmod",
"case",
"det",
"compound",
"nmod",
"root",
"nmod:poss",
"obj",
"case",
"det",
"nummod",
"obl",
"punct",
"dep"
] | [
"O",
"O",
"O",
"O",
"S-CARDINAL",
"O",
"O",
"O",
"B-LOC",
"I-LOC",
"E-LOC",
"O",
"O",
"O",
"O",
"O",
"S-DATE",
"O",
"O",
"S-CARDINAL"
] |
1,023 | 1 | It and the Charlotte facility never reopened\1 the New Orleans Mint again struck coins from 1879 to 1909\1 but did not strike gold dollars again\1 After 1861\1 the only issuance of gold dollars outside Philadelphia was at San Francisco\1 in 1870\1 | [
"It",
"and",
"the",
"Charlotte",
"facility",
"never",
"reopened",
"\\1",
"the",
"New",
"Orleans",
"Mint",
"again",
"struck",
"coins",
"from",
"1879",
"to",
"1909\\1",
"but",
"did",
"not",
"strike",
"gold",
"dollars",
"again",
"\\1",
"After",
"1861\\1",
"the"... | [
"it",
"and",
"the",
"Charlotte",
"facility",
"never",
"reopen",
"\\1",
"the",
"New",
"Orleans",
"Mint",
"again",
"strike",
"coin",
"from",
"1879",
"to",
"1909\\1",
"but",
"do",
"not",
"strike",
"gold",
"dollar",
"again",
"\\1",
"after",
"1861\\1",
"the",
"... | [
"PRON",
"CCONJ",
"DET",
"PROPN",
"NOUN",
"ADV",
"VERB",
"NOUN",
"DET",
"ADJ",
"PROPN",
"PROPN",
"ADV",
"VERB",
"NOUN",
"ADP",
"NUM",
"ADP",
"NUM",
"CCONJ",
"AUX",
"PART",
"VERB",
"NOUN",
"NOUN",
"ADV",
"NUM",
"ADP",
"NUM",
"DET",
"ADJ",
"NOUN",
"ADP",
... | [
"PRP",
"CC",
"DT",
"NNP",
"NN",
"RB",
"VBD",
"NN",
"DT",
"NNP",
"NNP",
"NNP",
"RB",
"VBD",
"NNS",
"IN",
"CD",
"IN",
"CD",
"CC",
"VBD",
"RB",
"VB",
"NN",
"NNS",
"RB",
"CD",
"IN",
"CD",
"DT",
"JJ",
"NN",
"IN",
"NN",
"NNS",
"IN",
"NNP",
"VBD",
... | [
7,
5,
5,
5,
1,
7,
0,
7,
12,
11,
12,
14,
14,
7,
14,
17,
14,
19,
14,
23,
23,
23,
7,
25,
23,
23,
23,
29,
23,
32,
32,
40,
35,
35,
32,
37,
35,
40,
40,
23,
40,
40,
44,
40
] | [
"nsubj",
"cc",
"det",
"compound",
"conj",
"advmod",
"root",
"obj",
"det",
"amod",
"compound",
"nsubj",
"advmod",
"ccomp",
"obj",
"case",
"obl",
"case",
"obl",
"cc",
"aux",
"advmod",
"conj",
"compound",
"obj",
"advmod",
"obl:unmarked",
"case",
"obl",
"det",
... | [
"O",
"O",
"O",
"S-GPE",
"O",
"O",
"O",
"O",
"B-ORG",
"I-ORG",
"I-ORG",
"E-ORG",
"O",
"O",
"O",
"O",
"B-DATE",
"I-DATE",
"E-DATE",
"O",
"O",
"O",
"O",
"O",
"O",
"O",
"O",
"O",
"S-DATE",
"O",
"O",
"O",
"O",
"O",
"O",
"O",
"S-GPE",
"O",
"O",
... |
1,024 | 0 | The outbreak of the Civil War shook public confidence in the Union\1 and citizens began hoarding specie\1 gold and silver coins\1 | [
"The",
"outbreak",
"of",
"the",
"Civil",
"War",
"shook",
"public",
"confidence",
"in",
"the",
"Union\\1",
"and",
"citizens",
"began",
"hoarding",
"specie\\1",
"gold",
"and",
"silver",
"coins\\1"
] | [
"the",
"outbreak",
"of",
"the",
"Civil",
"War",
"shake",
"public",
"confidence",
"in",
"the",
"Union\\1",
"and",
"citizen",
"begin",
"hoard",
"specie\\1",
"gold",
"and",
"silver",
"coins\\1"
] | [
"DET",
"NOUN",
"ADP",
"DET",
"ADJ",
"PROPN",
"VERB",
"ADJ",
"NOUN",
"ADP",
"DET",
"PROPN",
"CCONJ",
"NOUN",
"VERB",
"VERB",
"NOUN",
"NOUN",
"CCONJ",
"NOUN",
"NOUN"
] | [
"DT",
"NN",
"IN",
"DT",
"NNP",
"NNP",
"VBD",
"JJ",
"NN",
"IN",
"DT",
"NNP",
"CC",
"NNS",
"VBD",
"VBG",
"NN",
"NN",
"CC",
"NN",
"NN"
] | [
2,
7,
6,
6,
6,
2,
0,
9,
7,
12,
12,
9,
14,
12,
7,
15,
18,
16,
21,
21,
18
] | [
"det",
"nsubj",
"case",
"det",
"amod",
"nmod",
"root",
"amod",
"obj",
"case",
"det",
"nmod",
"cc",
"conj",
"conj",
"xcomp",
"compound",
"obj",
"cc",
"compound",
"conj"
] | [
"O",
"O",
"O",
"B-EVENT",
"I-EVENT",
"E-EVENT",
"O",
"O",
"O",
"O",
"O",
"S-NORP",
"O",
"O",
"O",
"O",
"O",
"O",
"O",
"O",
"O"
] |
1,024 | 1 | In late December 1861\1 banks and then the federal Treasury stopped paying out gold at face value\1 | [
"In",
"late",
"December",
"1861\\1",
"banks",
"and",
"then",
"the",
"federal",
"Treasury",
"stopped",
"paying",
"out",
"gold",
"at",
"face",
"value\\1"
] | [
"in",
"late",
"December",
"1861\\1",
"bank",
"and",
"then",
"the",
"federal",
"Treasury",
"stop",
"pay",
"out",
"gold",
"at",
"face",
"value\\1"
] | [
"ADP",
"ADJ",
"PROPN",
"NUM",
"NOUN",
"CCONJ",
"ADV",
"DET",
"ADJ",
"PROPN",
"VERB",
"VERB",
"ADP",
"NOUN",
"ADP",
"NOUN",
"NOUN"
] | [
"IN",
"JJ",
"NNP",
"CD",
"NNS",
"CC",
"RB",
"DT",
"JJ",
"NNP",
"VBD",
"VBG",
"RP",
"NN",
"IN",
"NN",
"NN"
] | [
3,
3,
5,
3,
11,
11,
11,
10,
10,
11,
0,
11,
12,
12,
17,
17,
12
] | [
"case",
"amod",
"compound",
"nummod",
"obl",
"cc",
"advmod",
"det",
"amod",
"nsubj",
"root",
"xcomp",
"compound:prt",
"obj",
"case",
"compound",
"obl"
] | [
"O",
"B-DATE",
"I-DATE",
"E-DATE",
"O",
"O",
"O",
"O",
"O",
"S-ORG",
"O",
"O",
"O",
"O",
"O",
"O",
"O"
] |
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