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EXOROBOURII
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Stanza-Wikitext-2

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1,024
2
By mid-1862\1 all federal coins\1 even the base metal cent\1 had vanished from commerce in much of the country\1
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1,024
3
The exception was the Far West\1 where for the most part\1 only gold and silver were acceptable currencies\1 and paper money traded at a discount\1
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1,024
4
In the rest of the nation\1 gold and silver coins could be purchased from banks\1 exchange agents\1 and from the Treasury for a premium in the new greenbacks the government began to issue to fill the gap in commerce and finance the war\1
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1,026
0
## \1
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1,028
0
Since gold did not circulate in the United States \1except on the West Coast\1 in the postwar period\1 much of the production of coins of that metal in the United States was double eagles for export\1 Accordingly\1 although 1 @,@ 361 @,@ 355 gold dollars were struck in 1862 — the last time production would exceed a million — the mintage fell to 6 @,@ 200 in 1863 and remained low for the rest of the coin 's existence\1 excepting 1873 and 1874\1
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1,028
1
The Mint felt it improper to suspend coinage of a coin authorized by Congress\1 and issued proof coins \1generally a few dozen to the tiny numismatic community\1 from specially-polished dies\1 also producing enough circulation strikes so that the proof coins would not be unduly rare\1
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1,028
2
In 1873 and 1874\1 old and worn gold dollars held by the government were melted and recoined\1 generating large mintages of that denomination\1
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1,028
3
This was done in anticipation of the resumption of specie payments\1 which did not occur until the end of 1878\1
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1,028
4
Once specie again circulated at face value\1 the gold dollar found no place in commerce amid large quantities of silver coinage\1 either released from hoarding or newly struck by the Mint\1
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1,028
5
The government expected that the resumption of specie payments would cause the dollar and other small gold coins to circulate again\1 but the public\1 allowed to redeem paper currency\1 continued to use it as more convenient than coins\1
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1,029
0
In the 1870s and 1880s\1 public interest grew in the low-mintage gold dollar\1 Collecting coins was becoming more popular\1 and a number of numismatists put aside some gold dollars and hoped for increases in value\1
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1,029
1
The Mint most likely channeled its production through some favored Philadelphia dealers\1 though proof coins could be purchased for $ 1 @.@ 25 at the cashier 's window at the Philadelphia facility\
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1,029
2
1 Banks charged a premium for circulation strikes\1
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[ 2, 3, 0, 5, 3, 8, 8, 5, 10, 3 ]
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[ "S-CARDINAL", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "S-CARDINAL" ]
1,029
3
They were popular in the jewelry trade\1 mounted into various items\1
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[ "they", "be", "popular", "in", "the", "jewelry", "trade", "\\1", "mount", "into", "various", "item", "\\1" ]
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[ 3, 3, 0, 8, 8, 8, 8, 3, 8, 12, 12, 9, 3 ]
[ "nsubj", "cop", "root", "case", "det", "compound", "compound", "obl", "acl", "case", "amod", "obl", "punct" ]
[ "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O" ]
1,029
4
The coins were often exported to China or Japan\1 where such jewelry was made\1
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[ "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "S-GPE", "O", "S-GPE", "O", "S-CARDINAL", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O" ]
1,029
5
The dollars were often damaged in the process\1 the Mint refused to sell into this trade and did its best to hinder it\1 Nevertheless\1 Mint officials concluded that jewelers were successful at getting the majority of each issue\1 Proof mintages exceeded 1 @,@ 000 by 1884\1 and remained above that mark for the remainder of the series\1 numbers likely inflated by agents of jewelers\
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1,029
6
1 willing to pay the Mint 's premium of $\125 per coin\1
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[ "S-CARDINAL", "O", "O", "O", "O", "S-ORG", "O", "O", "O", "O", "S-MONEY", "O", "O" ]
1,029
7
Another use for the gold dollar was as a holiday gift\1 after its abolition the quarter eagle became a popular present\1
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[ "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O" ]
1,030
0
James Pollock\1 in his final report as Mint Director in 1873\1 advocated limiting striking of gold dollars to depositors who specifically requested it\1 " The gold dollar is not a convenient coin\1 on account of its small size\1 and it suffers more proportionately from abrasion than larger coins\1 " His successors called for its abolition\1 with James P. Kimball\1 before he left office in 1889\1 writing to Congress that except as jewelry\1 " little practical use has been found for this coin "\1 Later that year\1 the new director\1 Edward O. Leech\1 issued a report stating that the gold dollar " is too small for circulation\1 and\1.. \1is\1 used almost exclusively for the purposes of ornament\1
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1,030
1
The last year in which the gold dollar was struck was 1889\1 Congress abolished the gold dollar\1 along with the three-cent nickel and three-dollar piece\1 by the Act of September 26\1 1890\
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1,030
2
1
[ "1" ]
[ "1" ]
[ "NUM" ]
[ "LS" ]
[ 0 ]
[ "root" ]
[ "S-CARDINAL" ]
1,031
0
A total of 19 @,@ 499 @,@ 337 gold dollars were coined\1 of which 18 @,@ 223 @,@ 438 were struck at Philadelphia\1 1 @,@ 004 @,@ 000 at New Orleans\1 109 @,@ 138 at Charlotte\1 90 @,@ 232 at San Francisco and 72 @,@ 529 at Dahlonega\1
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1,031
1
According to an advertisement in the February 1899 issue of The Numismatist\1 gold dollars brought $ 1 @.@ 80 each\1 still in demand as a birthday present and for jewelry\1
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1,031
2
That journal in 1905 carried news of a customer depositing 100 gold dollars into a bank\1 the teller\1 aware of the value\1 credited the account with $ 1 @.@ 60 per coin\1
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1,031
3
In 1908\1 a dealer offered $ 2 each for any quantity\1
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[ "O", "S-DATE", "O", "O", "O", "O", "S-MONEY", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "S-CARDINAL" ]
1,031
4
As coin collecting became a widespread pastime in the early 20th century\1 gold dollars became a popular specialty\1 a status they retain\1
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1,031
5
The 2014 edition of R.S. Yeoman 's A Guide Book of United States Coins rates the least expensive gold dollar in very fine condition \1VF-20\1 at $ 300\1 a value given for each of the Type 1 Philadelphia issues from 1849 to 1853\1
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1,031
6
Those seeking one of each type will find the most expensive to be a specimen of the Type 2\1 with the 1854 and 1855 estimated at $ 350 in that condition\1 the other two types have dates valued at $ 300 in that grade\
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1,031
7
1
[ "1" ]
[ "1" ]
[ "NUM" ]
[ "LS" ]
[ 0 ]
[ "root" ]
[ "S-CARDINAL" ]
1,033
0
## \1
[ "##", "\\1" ]
[ "##", "\\1" ]
[ "SYM", "SYM" ]
[ "SYM", "NFP" ]
[ 0, 1 ]
[ "root", "discourse" ]
[ "O", "O" ]
1,035
0
The gold dollar had a brief resurrection during the period of Early United States commemorative coins\1 Between 1903 and 1922 nine different issues were produced\1 with a total mintage of 99 @,@ 799\1
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1,035
1
These were minted for various public events\1 did not circulate\1 and none used Longacre 's design\1
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1,038
0
# \1
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[ "#", "\\1" ]
[ "SYM", "SYM" ]
[ "NN", "NFP" ]
[ 0, 1 ]
[ "root", "discourse" ]
[ "O", "O" ]
1,040
0
The Johnson – Corey – Chaykovsky reaction \1sometimes referred to as the Corey – Chaykovsky reaction or CCR\1 is a chemical reaction used in organic chemistry for the synthesis of epoxides\1 aziridines\1 and cyclopropanes\1
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1,040
1
It was discovered in 1961 by A. William Johnson and developed significantly by E. J. Corey and Michael Chaykovsky\1
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1,040
2
The reaction involves addition of a sulfur ylide to a ketone\1 aldehyde\1 imine\1 or enone to produce the corresponding 3-membered ring\1
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1,040
3
The reaction is diastereoselective favoring trans substitution in the product regardless of the initial stereochemistry\1
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1,040
4
The synthesis of epoxides via this method serves as an important retrosynthetic alternative to the traditional epoxidation reactions of olefins\1
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1,041
0
The reaction is most often employed for epoxidation via methylene transfer\1 and to this end has been used in several notable total syntheses \1See Synthesis of epoxides below\
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1,041
1
1\1 Additionally detailed below are the history\1 mechanism\1 scope\1 and enantioselective variants of the reaction\1 Several reviews have been published\1
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1,043
0
## \1
[ "##", "\\1" ]
[ "##", "\\1" ]
[ "SYM", "SYM" ]
[ "SYM", "NFP" ]
[ 0, 1 ]
[ "root", "discourse" ]
[ "O", "O" ]
1,045
0
The original publication by Johnson concerned the reaction of 9-dimethylsulfonium fluorenylide with substituted benzaldehyde derivatives\1
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[ 3, 3, 6, 5, 3, 0, 8, 6, 13, 13, 10, 13, 8, 17, 17, 17, 13, 19, 6 ]
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1,045
1
The attempted Wittig-like reaction failed and a benzalfluorene oxide was obtained instead\1 noting that " Reaction between the sulfur ylid and benzaldehydes did not afford benzalfluorenes as had the phosphorus and arsenic ylids\1 "
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1,046
0
The subsequent development of \1dimethyloxosulfaniumyl\1 methanide\1 \1CH3\1 2SOCH2 and \1dimethylsulfaniumyl\1 methanide\1 \1CH3\1 2SCH2 \1known as Corey – Chaykovsky reagents\1 by Corey and Chaykovsky as efficient methylene-transfer reagents established the reaction as a part of the organic canon\1
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1,048
0
## \1
[ "##", "\\1" ]
[ "##", "\\1" ]
[ "SYM", "SYM" ]
[ "SYM", "NFP" ]
[ 0, 1 ]
[ "root", "discourse" ]
[ "O", "O" ]
1,050
0
The reaction mechanism for the Johnson – Corey – Chaykovsky reaction consists of nucleophilic addition of the ylide to the carbonyl or imine group\1 A negative charge is transferred to the heteroatom and because the sulfonium cation is a good leaving group it gets expelled forming the ring\1
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1,050
1
In the related Wittig reaction\1 the formation of the much stronger phosphorus-oxygen double bond prevents oxirane formation and instead\1 olefination takes place through a 4-membered cyclic intermediate\
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1,050
2
1
[ "1" ]
[ "1" ]
[ "NUM" ]
[ "LS" ]
[ 0 ]
[ "root" ]
[ "S-CARDINAL" ]
1,051
0
The trans diastereoselectivity observed results from the reversibility of the initial addition\1 allowing equilibration to the favored anti betaine over the syn betaine\1 Initial addition of the ylide results in a betaine with adjacent charges\1 density functional theory calculations have shown that the rate-limiting step is rotation of the central bond into the conformer necessary for backside attack on the sulfonium\1
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1,052
0
The degree of reversibility in the initial step \1and therefore the diastereoselectivity\1 depends on four factors\1 with greater reversibility corresponding to higher selectivity\
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1,052
1
1
[ "1" ]
[ "1" ]
[ "NUM" ]
[ "LS" ]
[ 0 ]
[ "root" ]
[ "S-CARDINAL" ]
1,053
0
Stability of the substrate with higher stability leading to greater reversibility by favoring the starting material over the betaine\1
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1,054
0
Stability of the ylide with higher stability similarly leading to greater reversibility\1
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1,055
0
Steric hindrance in the betaine with greater hindrance leading to greater reversibility by disfavoring formation of the intermediate and slowing the rate-limiting rotation of the central bond\1
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1,056
0
Solvation of charges in the betaine by counterions such as lithium with greater solvation allowing more facile rotation in the betaine intermediate\1 lowering the amount of reversibility\
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1,056
1
1
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1,058
0
## \1
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1,060
0
The application of the Johnson – Corey – Chaykovsky reaction in organic synthesis is diverse\1
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1,060
1
The reaction has come to encompass reactions of many types of sulfur ylides with electrophiles well beyond the original publications\1
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1,060
2
It has seen use in a number of high-profile total syntheses\1 as detailed below\1 and is generally recognized as a powerful transformative tool in the organic repertoire\
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1,060
3
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1,062
0
### \1
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1,064
0
Many types of ylides can be prepared with various functional groups both on the anionic carbon center and on the sulfur\1
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1,064
1
The substitution pattern can influence the ease of preparation for the reagents \1typically from the sulfonium halide\1 e.g. trimethylsulfonium iodide\1 and overall reaction rate in various ways\1
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1,064
2
The general format for the reagent is shown on the right\1
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1,065
0
Use of a sulfoxonium allows more facile preparation of the reagent using weaker bases as compared to sulfonium ylides\1 \1The difference being that a sulfoxonium contains a doubly bonded oxygen whereas the sulfonium does not\1\1
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1,065
1
The former react slower due to their increased stability\1
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1,065
2
In addition\1 the dialkylsulfoxide by-products of sulfoxonium reagents are greatly preferred to the significantly more toxic\1 volatile\1 and odorous dialkylsulfide by-products from sulfonium reagents\1
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1,066
0
The vast majority of reagents are monosubstituted at the ylide carbon \1either R1 or R2 as hydrogen\
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1,066
1
1\1 Disubstituted reagents are much rarer but have been described\1
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1,067
0
If the ylide carbon is substituted with an electron-withdrawing group \1EWG\1\1 the reagent is referred to as a stabilized ylide\1 These\1 similarly to sulfoxonium reagents\1 react much slower and are typically easier to prepare\1
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1,067
1
These are limited in their usefulness as the reaction can become prohibitively sluggish\1 examples involving amides are widespread\1 with many fewer involving esters and virtually no examples involving other EWG 's\1 For these\1 the related Darzens reaction is typically more appropriate\
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[ "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "S-CARDINAL", "O", "O", "S-PRODUCT", "O", "O", "O", ...
1,067
2
1
[ "1" ]
[ "1" ]
[ "NUM" ]
[ "LS" ]
[ 0 ]
[ "root" ]
[ "S-CARDINAL" ]
1,068
0
If the ylide carbon is substituted with an aryl or allyl group\1 the reagent is referred to as a semi-stabilized ylide\1
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1,068
1
These have been developed extensively\1 second only to the classical methylene reagents \1R1 = R2 = H\1\1
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[ "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O" ]
1,068
2
The substitution pattern on aryl reagents can heavily influence the selectivity of the reaction as per the criteria above\
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1,068
3
1
[ "1" ]
[ "1" ]
[ "NUM" ]
[ "LS" ]
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1,069
0
If the ylide carbon is substituted with an alkyl group the reagent is referred to as an unstabilized ylide\1
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1,069
1
The size of the alkyl groups are the major factors in selectivity with these reagents\1
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1,070
0
The R-groups on the sulfur\1 though typically methyls\1 have been used to synthesize reagents that can perform enantioselective variants of the reaction \1See Variations below\1\1
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1,070
1
The size of the groups can also influence diastereoselectivity in alicyclic substrates\
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1,070
2
1
[ "1" ]
[ "1" ]
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[ "LS" ]
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1,072
0
### \1
[ "###", "\\1" ]
[ "###", "\\1" ]
[ "SYM", "SYM" ]
[ "NFP", "NFP" ]
[ 0, 1 ]
[ "root", "discourse" ]
[ "O", "O" ]
1,074
0
Reactions of sulfur ylides with ketones and aldehydes to form epoxides are by far the most common application of the Johnson – Corey – Chaykovsky reaction\1 Examples involving complex substrates and ' exotic ' ylides have been reported\1 as shown below\1
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1,075
0
The reaction has been used in a number of notable total syntheses including the Danishefsky Taxol total synthesis\1 which produces the chemotherapeutic drug taxol\1 and the Kuehne Strychnine total synthesis which produces the pesticide strychnine\
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1,075
1
1
[ "1" ]
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[ "NUM" ]
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1,077
0
### \1
[ "###", "\\1" ]
[ "###", "\\1" ]
[ "SYM", "SYM" ]
[ "NFP", "NFP" ]
[ 0, 1 ]
[ "root", "discourse" ]
[ "O", "O" ]
1,079
0
The synthesis of aziridines from imines is another important application of the Johnson – Corey – Chaykovsky reaction and provides an alternative to amine transfer from oxaziridines\1
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[ 2, 10, 4, 2, 6, 4, 10, 10, 10, 0, 18, 18, 18, 13, 18, 15, 18, 10, 20, 10, 22, 20, 25, 25, 22, 27, 25, 27, 28 ]
[ "det", "nsubj", "case", "nmod", "case", "nmod", "cop", "det", "amod", "root", "case", "det", "compound", "punct", "compound", "punct", "compound", "nmod", "cc", "conj", "det", "obj", "case", "compound", "nmod", "case", "nmod", "dep", "nummod" ]
[ "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "S-PERSON", "O", "S-PERSON", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O" ]
1,079
1
Though less widely applied\1 the reaction has a similar substrate scope and functional group tolerance to the carbonyl equivalent\1
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[ "though", "less", "widely", "apply", "\\1", "the", "reaction", "have", "a", "similar", "substrate", "scope", "and", "functional", "group", "tolerance", "to", "the", "carbonyl", "equivalent", "\\", "1" ]
[ "SCONJ", "ADV", "ADV", "VERB", "NOUN", "DET", "NOUN", "VERB", "DET", "ADJ", "NOUN", "NOUN", "CCONJ", "ADJ", "NOUN", "NOUN", "ADP", "DET", "NOUN", "NOUN", "SYM", "NUM" ]
[ "IN", "RBR", "RB", "VBN", "NN", "DT", "NN", "VBZ", "DT", "JJ", "NN", "NN", "CC", "JJ", "NN", "NN", "IN", "DT", "NN", "NN", "SYM", "CD" ]
[ 4, 3, 4, 8, 4, 7, 8, 0, 12, 12, 12, 8, 16, 16, 16, 12, 20, 20, 20, 8, 22, 8 ]
[ "mark", "advmod", "advmod", "advcl", "advmod", "det", "nsubj", "root", "det", "amod", "compound", "obj", "cc", "amod", "compound", "conj", "case", "det", "compound", "obl", "punct", "dep" ]
[ "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O" ]
1,079
2
The examples shown below are representative\1 in the latter\1 an aziridine forms in situ and is opened via nucleophilic attack to form the corresponding amine\1
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[ "the", "example", "show", "below", "be", "representative", "\\1", "in", "the", "latter", "\\1", "a", "aziridine", "form", "in", "situ", "and", "be", "open", "via", "nucleophilic", "attack", "to", "form", "the", "corresponding", "amine", "\\1" ]
[ "DET", "NOUN", "VERB", "ADV", "AUX", "ADJ", "NOUN", "ADP", "DET", "ADJ", "NOUN", "DET", "NOUN", "NOUN", "ADP", "NOUN", "CCONJ", "AUX", "VERB", "ADP", "ADJ", "NOUN", "PART", "VERB", "DET", "VERB", "NOUN", "NOUN" ]
[ "DT", "NNS", "VBN", "RB", "VBP", "JJ", "NN", "IN", "DT", "JJ", "NN", "DT", "NN", "NNS", "IN", "NN", "CC", "VBZ", "VBN", "IN", "JJ", "NN", "TO", "VB", "DT", "VBG", "NN", "NN" ]
[ 2, 7, 2, 3, 7, 7, 0, 11, 11, 11, 14, 14, 14, 7, 16, 14, 19, 19, 7, 22, 22, 19, 24, 19, 28, 27, 24, 24 ]
[ "det", "nsubj", "acl", "advmod", "cop", "amod", "root", "case", "det", "amod", "nmod", "det", "compound", "nmod", "case", "nmod", "cc", "aux:pass", "conj", "case", "amod", "obl", "mark", "advcl", "det", "amod", "obj", "obj" ]
[ "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O" ]
1,081
0
### \1
[ "###", "\\1" ]
[ "###", "\\1" ]
[ "SYM", "SYM" ]
[ "NFP", "NFP" ]
[ 0, 1 ]
[ "root", "discourse" ]
[ "O", "O" ]
1,083
0
For addition of sulfur ylides to enones\1 higher 1 @,@ 4-selectivity is typically obtained with sulfoxonium reagents than with sulfonium reagents\
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[ "for", "addition", "of", "sulfur", "ylide", "to", "enone", "\\1", "high", "1", "@", ",", "@", "4", "-", "selectivity", "be", "typically", "obtain", "with", "sulfoxonium", "reagent", "than", "with", "sulfonium", "reagent", "\\" ]
[ "ADP", "NOUN", "ADP", "NOUN", "NOUN", "ADP", "NOUN", "NUM", "ADJ", "NUM", "ADP", "PUNCT", "ADP", "NUM", "PUNCT", "NOUN", "AUX", "ADV", "VERB", "ADP", "NOUN", "NOUN", "ADP", "ADP", "NOUN", "NOUN", "PUNCT" ]
[ "IN", "NN", "IN", "NN", "NNS", "IN", "NNS", "CD", "JJR", "CD", "IN", ",", "IN", "CD", "HYPH", "NN", "VBZ", "RB", "VBN", "IN", "NN", "NNS", "IN", "IN", "NN", "NNS", "." ]
[ 2, 19, 5, 5, 2, 7, 2, 9, 19, 19, 16, 11, 16, 16, 14, 19, 19, 19, 0, 22, 22, 19, 26, 26, 26, 19, 19 ]
[ "case", "obl", "case", "compound", "nmod", "case", "nmod", "obl:unmarked", "advmod", "nsubj:pass", "case", "punct", "case", "nummod", "punct", "nsubj:pass", "aux:pass", "advmod", "root", "case", "compound", "obl", "mark", "case", "compound", "obl", "punct" ]
[ "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "B-QUANTITY", "E-QUANTITY", "O", "O", "S-CARDINAL", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O" ]
1,083
1
1
[ "1" ]
[ "1" ]
[ "NUM" ]
[ "LS" ]
[ 0 ]
[ "root" ]
[ "S-CARDINAL" ]
1,083
2
Many electron-withdrawing groups have been shown compatible with the reaction including ketones\1 esters\1 and amides \1the example below involves a Weinreb amide\1\1 With further conjugated systems 1 @,@ 6-addition tends to predominate over 1 @,@ 4-addition\1
[ "Many", "electron", "-", "withdrawing", "groups", "have", "been", "shown", "compatible", "with", "the", "reaction", "including", "ketones", "\\1", "esters\\1", "and", "amides", "\\1", "the", "example", "below", "involves", "a", "Weinreb", "amide", "\\", "1\\1", ...
[ "many", "electron", "-", "withdraw", "group", "have", "be", "show", "compatible", "with", "the", "reaction", "include", "ketone", "\\1", "esters\\1", "and", "amide", "\\1", "the", "example", "below", "involve", "a", "Weinreb", "amide", "\\", "1\\1", "with", ...
[ "ADJ", "NOUN", "PUNCT", "NOUN", "NOUN", "AUX", "AUX", "VERB", "ADJ", "ADP", "DET", "NOUN", "VERB", "NOUN", "NOUN", "NOUN", "CCONJ", "NOUN", "NOUN", "DET", "NOUN", "ADV", "VERB", "DET", "PROPN", "NOUN", "SYM", "NUM", "ADP", "ADJ", "VERB", "NOUN", "NUM",...
[ "JJ", "NN", "HYPH", "NN", "NNS", "VBP", "VBN", "VBN", "JJ", "IN", "DT", "NN", "VBG", "NNS", "NN", "NN", "CC", "NNS", "NN", "DT", "NN", "RB", "VBZ", "DT", "NNP", "NN", "SYM", "CD", "IN", "JJ", "VBN", "NNS", "CD", "IN", ",", "IN", "CD", "HYPH",...
[ 5, 4, 2, 5, 8, 8, 8, 0, 8, 12, 12, 9, 14, 12, 16, 14, 18, 16, 16, 21, 23, 21, 8, 26, 26, 23, 26, 26, 32, 32, 32, 23, 32, 39, 34, 39, 39, 37, 40, 23, 42, 40, 49, 49, 49, 45, 48, 44, 42, 8 ]
[ "amod", "compound", "punct", "compound", "nsubj:pass", "aux", "aux:pass", "root", "xcomp", "case", "det", "obl", "case", "nmod", "compound", "conj", "cc", "conj", "conj", "det", "nsubj", "advmod", "parataxis", "det", "compound", "obj", "appos", "nummod", "case...
[ "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "S-CARDINAL", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "S-CARDINAL", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O",...
1,085
0
### \1
[ "###", "\\1" ]
[ "###", "\\1" ]
[ "SYM", "SYM" ]
[ "NFP", "NFP" ]
[ 0, 1 ]
[ "root", "discourse" ]
[ "O", "O" ]
1,087
0
In addition to the reactions originally reported by Johnson\1 Corey\1 and Chaykovsky\1 sulfur ylides have been used for a number of related homologation reactions that tend to be grouped under the same name\1
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[ "in", "addition", "to", "the", "reaction", "originally", "report", "by", "Johnson", "\\1", "Corey", "\\1", "and", "Chaykovsky", "\\", "1", "sulfur", "ylide", "have", "be", "use", "for", "a", "number", "of", "related", "homologation", "reaction", "that", "ten...
[ "ADP", "NOUN", "ADP", "DET", "NOUN", "ADV", "VERB", "ADP", "PROPN", "NOUN", "PROPN", "PROPN", "CCONJ", "PROPN", "SYM", "NUM", "NOUN", "NOUN", "AUX", "AUX", "VERB", "ADP", "DET", "NOUN", "ADP", "ADJ", "NOUN", "NOUN", "PRON", "VERB", "PART", "AUX", "VERB...
[ "IN", "NN", "IN", "DT", "NNS", "RB", "VBN", "IN", "NNP", "NN", "NNP", "NNP", "CC", "NNP", "SYM", "CD", "NN", "NNS", "VBP", "VBN", "VBN", "IN", "DT", "NN", "IN", "JJ", "NN", "NNS", "WDT", "VBP", "TO", "VB", "VBN", "IN", "DT", "JJ", "NN", "." ]
[ 2, 21, 5, 5, 2, 7, 5, 10, 7, 7, 10, 11, 14, 11, 14, 14, 18, 21, 21, 21, 0, 24, 24, 21, 28, 28, 28, 24, 30, 28, 33, 33, 30, 37, 37, 37, 33, 21 ]
[ "case", "obl", "case", "det", "nmod", "advmod", "acl", "case", "obl:agent", "obl:agent", "flat", "flat", "cc", "conj", "dep", "nummod", "compound", "nsubj:pass", "aux", "aux:pass", "root", "case", "det", "obl", "case", "amod", "compound", "nmod", "nsubj", "a...
[ "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "S-PERSON", "O", "B-PERSON", "E-PERSON", "O", "S-ORG", "O", "S-CARDINAL", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O" ]
1,088
0
With epoxides and aziridines the reaction serves as a ring-expansion to produce the corresponding oxetane or azetidine\1
[ "With", "epoxides", "and", "aziridines", "the", "reaction", "serves", "as", "a", "ring", "-", "expansion", "to", "produce", "the", "corresponding", "oxetane", "or", "azetidine", "\\", "1" ]
[ "with", "epoxide", "and", "aziridine", "the", "reaction", "serve", "as", "a", "ring", "-", "expansion", "to", "produce", "the", "corresponding", "oxetane", "or", "azetidine", "\\", "1" ]
[ "ADP", "NOUN", "CCONJ", "NOUN", "DET", "NOUN", "VERB", "ADP", "DET", "NOUN", "PUNCT", "NOUN", "PART", "VERB", "DET", "VERB", "NOUN", "CCONJ", "NOUN", "SYM", "NUM" ]
[ "IN", "NNS", "CC", "NNS", "DT", "NN", "VBZ", "IN", "DT", "NN", "HYPH", "NN", "TO", "VB", "DT", "VBG", "NN", "CC", "NN", "SYM", "CD" ]
[ 2, 7, 4, 2, 6, 7, 0, 12, 12, 12, 10, 7, 14, 7, 17, 17, 14, 19, 17, 7, 20 ]
[ "case", "obl", "cc", "conj", "det", "nsubj", "root", "case", "det", "compound", "punct", "obl", "mark", "advcl", "det", "amod", "obj", "cc", "conj", "dep", "nummod" ]
[ "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O" ]
1,088
1
The long reaction times required for these reactions prevent them from occurring as significant side reactions when synthesizing epoxides and aziridines\
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[ "DET", "ADJ", "NOUN", "NOUN", "VERB", "ADP", "DET", "NOUN", "VERB", "PRON", "SCONJ", "VERB", "ADP", "ADJ", "NOUN", "NOUN", "ADV", "VERB", "NOUN", "CCONJ", "NOUN", "PUNCT" ]
[ "DT", "JJ", "NN", "NNS", "VBN", "IN", "DT", "NNS", "VBP", "PRP", "IN", "VBG", "IN", "JJ", "NN", "NNS", "WRB", "VBG", "NNS", "CC", "NNS", "." ]
[ 4, 4, 4, 9, 4, 8, 8, 5, 0, 9, 12, 9, 16, 16, 16, 12, 18, 12, 18, 21, 19, 9 ]
[ "det", "amod", "compound", "nsubj", "acl", "case", "det", "obl", "root", "obj", "mark", "advcl", "case", "amod", "compound", "obl", "advmod", "advcl", "obj", "cc", "conj", "punct" ]
[ "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O" ]
1,088
2
1
[ "1" ]
[ "1" ]
[ "NUM" ]
[ "LS" ]
[ 0 ]
[ "root" ]
[ "S-CARDINAL" ]
1,089
0
Several cycloadditions wherein the ylide serves as a " nucleophilic carbenoid equivalent " have been reported\1
[ "Several", "cycloadditions", "wherein", "the", "ylide", "serves", "as", "a", "\"", "nucleophilic", "carbenoid", "equivalent", "\"", "have", "been", "reported", "\\1" ]
[ "several", "cycloaddition", "wherein", "the", "ylide", "serve", "as", "a", "\"", "nucleophilic", "carbenoid", "equivalent", "\"", "have", "be", "report", "\\1" ]
[ "ADJ", "NOUN", "SCONJ", "DET", "NOUN", "VERB", "ADP", "DET", "PUNCT", "ADJ", "NOUN", "NOUN", "PUNCT", "AUX", "AUX", "VERB", "NOUN" ]
[ "JJ", "NNS", "IN", "DT", "NN", "VBZ", "IN", "DT", "``", "JJ", "NN", "NN", "''", "VBP", "VBN", "VBN", "NN" ]
[ 2, 16, 6, 5, 6, 2, 12, 12, 12, 12, 12, 6, 12, 16, 16, 0, 16 ]
[ "amod", "nsubj:pass", "mark", "det", "nsubj", "acl", "case", "det", "punct", "amod", "compound", "obl", "punct", "aux", "aux:pass", "root", "punct" ]
[ "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O", "O" ]