prompt stringclasses 1 value | messages list | prompt_id int64 0 0 |
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nRecent studies have underlined causative links between microRNA (miRNA) deregulation and cancer development. However, the relevance of abnormally expressed miRNA to tumor biology has not been well understood in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). A bead-based miRNA expression profiling method was performed on 20 pairs of surgically removed HCC and adjacent non-tumorous tissue (NT). Special miR-338 downregulations and miR-338 associated with clinical characteristics was validated in an extended samples set of 36 paired HCC and adjacent non-tumorous liver tissues by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis. Out of our bead-based microarray data, 12 upregulated and 19 downregulated miRNA were found to be associated with HCC. Further characterization of miRNA-338, in which 20 pairs of the samples were clustered clearly into two groups according to expression of miR-338, revealed that the level of miR-338 expression can be associated with clinical aggressiveness, such as, tumor size, tumor-node-metastasis stage, vascular invasion and intrahepatic metastasis. These results were validated by real-time RT-PCR analysis.\n\nQuestion:\nIs bead-based microarray analysis of microRNA expression in hepatocellular carcinoma : miR-338 downregulated?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nLow concentrations of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) have been reported to promote osteogenic differentiation. In this study, a series of in vitro experiments was performed to investigate underlying molecular mechanisms involved. MC3T3-E1 murine preosteoblasts were treated with TNF-α at doses of 0, 0.1 or 1 ng/mL. The ephrinB2-EphB4 signalling pathway was activated using ephrinB2-fc, or inhibited using lentiviruses encoding siRNAs specifically targeting EphB4. Cell proliferation/survival was evaluated using the Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay, and expression levels of Runx2, BSP, ephrinB2 and EphB4 were determined using RT-PCR and Western blotting. ALP activity in these cells was also determined, and mineral nodule formation was evaluated with alizarin red S staining. Low concentrations of TNF-α had no influence on cell proliferation/survival. However, expression levels of Runx2, BSP, ephrinB2 and EphB4, as well as ALP activity and mineral nodule formation, were significantly enhanced in MC3T3-E1 cells treated with low concentrations of TNF-α. Moreover, activation of the ephrinB2-EphB4 signalling pathway by ephrinB2-fc enhanced TNF-α-induced osteogenic differentiation, while down-regulation of EphB4 level reversed the positive effect of TNF-α.\n\nQuestion:\nDo low concentrations of TNF-α promote osteogenic differentiation via activation of the ephrinB2-EphB4 signalling pathway?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nIn vivo experiments using a rat model of painful facet joint distraction. To determine whether tension of the facet capsular ligament is requisite for producing pain for joint loading and to define effects on spinal glial activation. Cervical facet joint loading may initiate pain for certain conditions. While facet capsule tension has been proposed as requisite for pain, this hypothesis has not been tested. Using an established rat model of painful C6-C7 distraction, tension was applied after transection of the left facet capsule; the right capsule remained intact. Each rat (n = 8) received the same distraction simultaneously applied across both the intact and cut capsules. Sham procedures were performed on separate rats (n = 4) with no joint distraction. Bilateral forepaw mechanical allodynia was measured as a pain outcome. Cervical spinal cord tissue (C7) was harvested on day 7 to detect glial reactivity using immunohistochemistry. Distraction mechanics were consistent with conditions eliciting persistent behavioral hypersensitivity. Allodynia was produced for an intact capsule and was significantly elevated over both the cut capsule (P < 0.004) and sham (P < 0.002). Transecting the capsule before distraction did not produce elevated allodynia, except on day 7. Spinal astrocytic reactivity paralleled allodynia; glial fibrillary acidic protein expression for an intact capsule was significantly greater than the cut and sham responses (P < 0.04), with no difference observed between the cut and sham spinal astrocytic reactivity. Spinal microglial activation did not differ between groups.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes an intact facet capsular ligament modulate behavioral sensitivity and spinal glial activation produced by cervical facet joint tension?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nDifferences in floral traits, such as petal color, scent, morphology, or nectar quality and quantity, can lead to specific interactions with pollinators and may thereby cause reproductive isolation. Petunia provides an attractive model system to study the role of floral characters in reproductive isolation and speciation. The night-active hawkmoth pollinator Manduca sexta relies on olfactory cues provided by Petunia axillaris. In contrast, Petunia exserta, which displays a typical hummingbird pollination syndrome, is devoid of scent. The two species can easily be crossed in the laboratory, which makes it possible to study the genetic basis of the evolution of scent production and the importance of scent for pollinator behavior. In an F2 population derived from an interspecific cross between P. axillaris and P. exserta, we identified two quantitative trait loci (QTL) that define the difference between the two species' ability to produce benzenoid volatiles. One of these loci was identified as the MYB transcription factor ODORANT1. Reciprocal introgressions of scent QTL were used for choice experiments under controlled conditions. These experiments demonstrated that the hawkmoth M. sexta prefers scented plants and that scent determines choice at a short distance. When exposed to conflicting cues of color versus scent, the insects display no preference, indicating that color and scent are equivalent cues.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes pollinator choice in Petunia depend on two major genetic Loci for floral scent production?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nVisuospatial processing (VSP) is impaired in schizophrenia. Recent studies showed significant associations between the Judgment of Line Orientation (JLO) test, a common test of VSP and Verbal (VWM) as well as Spatial (SWM) working memory. VWM and SWM show different associations with various genes so subgroups of patients with similar VSP but different WM impairment profiles may vary in genetic associations. In this study we investigated the relationship among VSP, VWM and SWM. Sixty seven men with schizophrenia and 51 healthy men completed computerized JLO and tests of VWM (digit span), and SWM (Dot test). Tests of attention (CPT) and psychomotor processing speed (Finger Tap) were also included. Patients' performance was impaired on all tests. Multivariate regression with JLO as the outcome variable and VWM, SWM, attention, psychomotor processing speed and interactions between group and these variables, as predictors showed significant contribution of VWM and SWM. The model explained 34.4% of the variance (R(2)=0.344).\n\nQuestion:\nDoes verbal as well as spatial working memory predict visuospatial processing in male schizophrenia patients?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nRadioactive iodine (RAI) is widely used in the management of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC). The impact of the time interval between total thyroidectomy (TT) and RAI administration on disease outcome remains controversial. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the impact of the time interval between TT and RAI. This study evaluated a cohort of DTC patients who received RAI therapy for whom data on disease status were available. Patients were allocated to one of two groups, according to the time interval between TT and RAI. \"Disease-free\" was defined as no clinical, imaging, or biochemical evidence of thyroid cancer. The study included 545 individuals. The TNM stages were: 322 (59.1%) patients in Stage I, 62 (11.4%) in Stage II, 65 (11.9%) in Stage III, and 82 (15.0%) in Stage IV. The median time interval between TT and RAI was six months (P25-75: 3-10 months). Patients were allocated to one of two groups according to RAI timing administration: group A ≤6 months after TT (median 3 months; n = 295), or group B >6 months after TT (median 10.5 months; n = 250). There were no differences for sex, histological type, tumor size, distant metastasis, or RAI dose between the groups (p > 0.1). Patients in group B were older (47.1 vs. 43.1 years; p = 0.02), had less cervical metastasis (73.6% vs. 59.3%; p = 0.002), and were more commonly classified as low ATA risk (48.0% vs. 36.6%; p = 0.027). One year after initial therapy, 59.3% and 65.6% of patients in groups A and B, respectively, were considered disease-free (p = 0.15). Remarkably, the percentage of patients classified as disease-free was similar, even when analyzing a subgroup of high-risk patients (n = 72; 9.5% vs. 10.0%; p = 1.0). These findings did not change after a median of six years of follow-up. Accordingly, further analysis by multiple logistic regression showed that timing of RAI was not associated with persistent disease (relative risk 0.97 [confidence interval 0.80-1.19]).\n\nQuestion:\nDoes timing of Radioactive Iodine Administration Influence Outcomes in Patients with Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "no",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nSchistosoma mansoni tetraspanin 2 (Sm-TSP-2) has been shown to be strongly recognized by IgG1 and IgG3 antibodies from individuals putatively resistant to schistosome infection, but not chronically infected people, and to induce high levels of protection against challenge infection in the murine model of schistosomiasis. Amplification by PCR of homologous sequences from male and female S. japonicum worms showed the presence of 7 different clusters or subclasses of S. japonicum TSP-2. We determined the protective efficacy of one subclass - Sj-TSP-2e. Following the alignment of 211 cDNAs, we identified 7 clusters encoding S. japonicum TSP-2 (Sj-TSP-2) based on sequence variation in the large extracellular loop (LEL) region with differing frequency of transcription in male and female worms. Quantitative PCR analysis revealed elevated expression of Sj-TSP-2 in adult worms compared with other life cycle stages. We expressed in E. coli the LEL region of one of the clusters which exhibited a high frequency of transcription in female worms, and showed the purified recombinant protein (Sj-TSP-2e) was recognised by 43.1% of sera obtained from confirmed schistosomiasis japonica patients. Vaccination of mice with the recombinant protein induced high levels of IgG1 and IgG2 antibodies, but no consistent protective efficacy against challenge infection was elicited in three independent trials.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes inconsistent protective efficacy and marked polymorphism limit the value of Schistosoma japonicum tetraspanin-2 as a vaccine target?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nDuchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is the most common single-gene lethal disorder. Substantial patient-patient variability in disease onset and progression and response to glucocorticoids is seen, suggesting genetic or environmental modifiers. Two DMD cohorts were used as test and validation groups to define genetic modifiers: a Padova longitudinal cohort (n = 106) and the Cooperative International Neuromuscular Research Group (CINRG) cross-sectional natural history cohort (n = 156). Single nucleotide polymorphisms to be genotyped were selected from mRNA profiling in patients with severe vs mild DMD, and genome-wide association studies in metabolism and polymorphisms influencing muscle phenotypes in normal volunteers were studied. Effects on both disease progression and response to glucocorticoids were observed with polymorphism rs28357094 in the gene promoter of SPP1 (osteopontin). The G allele (dominant model; 35% of subjects) was associated with more rapid progression (Padova cohort log rank p = 0.003), and 12%-19% less grip strength (CINRG cohort p = 0.0003).\n\nQuestion:\nIs sPP1 genotype a determinant of disease severity in Duchenne muscular dystrophy?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe progressive infiltration of pancreatic islets by lymphocytes is mandatory for development of autoimmune type 1 diabetes. This inflammatory process is mediated by several mediators that are potential therapeutic targets to arrest development of type 1 diabetes. In this study, we investigate the role of one of these mediators, interleukin-16 (IL-16), in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes in NOD mice. At different stages of progression of type 1 diabetes, we characterized IL-16 in islets using GEArray technology and immunoblot analysis and also quantitated IL-16 activity in cell migration assays. IL-16 expression was localized in islets by immunofluorescence and confocal imaging. In vivo neutralization studies were performed to assess the role of IL-16 in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes. The increased expression of IL-16 in islets correlated with the development of invasive insulitis. IL-16 immunoreactivity was found in islet infiltrating T-cells, B-cells, NK-cells, and dendritic cells, and within an insulitic lesion, IL-16 was derived from infiltrating cells. CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cells as well as B220(+) B-cells were identified as sources of secreted IL-16. Blockade of IL-16 in vivo protected against type 1 diabetes by interfering with recruitment of CD4(+) T-cells to the pancreas, and this protection required the activity of the chemokine CCL4.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes neutralization of interleukin-16 protect nonobese diabetic mice from autoimmune type 1 diabetes by a CCL4-dependent mechanism?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo evaluate the additional information of second trimester magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) compared with ultrasound in fetuses with identified or suspected non-CNS anomalies and to study the clinical impact of the MRI information on pregnancy management. Prospective study during 2003-2007. The fetal MRI examination was planned to be performed within 3 days after the ultrasound. Uppsala University hospital. Sixty-three women in whom the second trimester ultrasound identified or raised suspicion of fetal anomalies were included. Ultrasound was compared to MRI in relation to the final diagnosis, which was based on the assessment of all available data, including postpartum clinical follow-up and autopsy results. Evaluation of the additional information gained from MRI and the consequences it had on pregnancy management. The mean interval between ultrasound and MRI was 2.6 days (range 0-15 days). In 42 (67%) women MRI was performed within 3 days. All MRI examinations were assessable. In 43 (68%) fetuses MRI provided no additional information, in 17 (27%) MRI added information without changing the management and in three (5%) MRI provided additional information which changed the management. All these three cases had oligohydramnios. In all six cases of diaphragmatic hernia MRI provided additional information.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes second trimester fetal magnetic resonance imaging improve diagnosis of non-central nervous system anomalies?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTwin pregnancy is perceived as a suboptimal result of an IVF/ICSI cycle. The most effective way to reduce the number of twins in IVF/ICSI program is a single embryo transfer. The aim of our study was to compare the efficiency of elective single embryo transfer (eSET) and double embryo transfer (DET) in the couples with a very good prognosis of IVF/ICSI. Prospective case observational study. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Charles University, 1nd Medical Faculty and General Teaching Hospital, Prague, Czech republic. A prospective study focused on eSET was performed between 1. 1. 2003 and 31. 12. 2004. We offered eSET or eDET to 331 IVF/ICSI couples who met the following inclusion criteria: age of the women < 35 years, 3 and more top quality embryos on day 4 after oocyte pick up. Fifty seven (17.2%) couples have chosen eSET and 274 (82.7%) couples preferred eDET. We compared clinical pregnancy rates in two groups of patients: In a group of patients who have chosen eSET versus patients who have preferred double embryo transfer (eDET). Student's t-test and F test were used to compare both groups. Patients in both groups were not significantly different in age, number of oocytes retrieved and total number of quality embryos. In the eSET group, we achieved 30 clinical pregnancies and the pregnancy rate (PR) was 52.6%. In the eDET group, 151 clinical pregnancies were observed and the PR was 55.1%. Although the pregnancy rate in the eDET group was higher than in the eSET group, the difference between the two groups was not statistically significant. We have not observed any twin pregnancy (0.0%) in the eSET group while 57 (37.7%) twin pregnancies and 1 pregnancy with 3 embryos (0.4%) have been observed in the eDETgroup. This difference is statistically significant (P < 0.00001).\n\nQuestion:\nDoes [ Single embryo transfer compromise the pregnancy rate in patients with good IVF/ICSI prognosis ]?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "no",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe 5-alpha-reductase inhibitor finasteride is used for the treatment of androgenic alopecia, benign prostate hyperplasia and prostate cancer. Besides inhibiting the conversion of testosterone to the biologically more active 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone, it also inhibits the production of neurosteroids. Decreased neurosteroid levels are postulated to be involved in the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders such as depression. As neurosteroids metabolized by 5-alpha-reductase influence neural plasticity, we investigated whether finasteride treatment alters adult hippocampal neurogenesis, implicated in the pathophysiology of depression. Male C57BL/6N mice were treated subchronically (7 days) with finasteride or vehicle. Adult neurogenesis was assessed at two different time points after treatment (day 1; day 35) using immunohistochemistry. Finasteride treatment led to a significant decrease in brain 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone levels and induced a reversible reduction in the number of newborn cells and young neurons in the hippocampus. 35 days after the last finasteride injection, neurogenesis had returned to normal.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes finasteride treatment inhibit adult hippocampal neurogenesis in male mice?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nMutational activation of BRAF leading to expression of the BRAF(V600E) oncoprotein was recently identified in a high percentage of specific hematopoietic neoplasms in monocyte/histiocyte and mature B-cell lineages. Although BRAF(V600E) is a driver oncoprotein and pharmacologic target in solid tumors such as melanoma, lung, and thyroid cancer, it remains unknown whether BRAF(V600E) is an appropriate therapeutic target in hematopoietic neoplasms. To address this critical question, we generated a mouse model expressing inducible BRAF(V600E) in the hematopoietic system, and evaluated the efficacy of pathway-targeted therapeutics against primary hematopoietic cells. In this model, BRAF(V600E) expression conferred cytokine-independent growth to monocyte/macrophage-lineage progenitors leading to aberrant in vivo and in vitro monocyte/macrophage expansion. Furthermore, transplantation of BRAF(V600E)-expressing bone marrow cells promoted an in vivo pathology most notable for monocytosis in hematopoietic tissues and visceral organs. In vitro analysis revealed that MAP-ERK kinase inhibition, but not RAF inhibition, effectively suppressed cytokine-independent clonal growth of monocyte/macrophage-lineage progenitors. However, combined RAF and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibition effectively inhibited cytokine-independent colony formation, suggesting autocrine PI3K pathway activation. Taken together, these results provide evidence that constitutively activated BRAF(V600E) drives aberrant proliferation of monocyte-lineage cells.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes hematopoietic expression of oncogenic BRAF promote aberrant growth of monocyte-lineage cells resistant to PLX4720?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nUterus didelphys with obstructed hemivagina (UDWOH) and ipsilateral renal agenesis is a distinct but rare entity. To demonstrate the association between UDWOH and a multicystic dysplastic kidney (MCDK) in neonates. To demonstrate the usefulness of sonography with vaginal fluid instillation in the early and reliable diagnosis of this genital anomaly in girls with MCDK. Our patients were five female neonates with a MCDK, which had been detected in utero. We performed sonography of the internal genitalia in all patients before and after filling the vagina with saline. In all five girls, sonographic examination revealed uterus didelphys with obstruction of the vagina ipsilateral to the MCDK. In three girls, a dilated ureter originating from the MCDK and extending to the level of the vagina could be clearly demonstrated, with one of these including the ureteric insertion into the atretic vagina.\n\nQuestion:\nIs uterus didelphys with unilateral vaginal atresia : multicystic dysplastic kidney the precursor of `` renal agenesis '' and the key to early diagnosis of this genital anomaly?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nNicotine has a wide range of effects. Several studies are being undertaken investigating the positive effects on inflammation and apoptosis. Recently, nicotine has been investigated in a piglet model of perinatal asphyxia, where the question has been raised whether nicotine's effect on the sympathetic nervous system can explain some of the positive effects. We hypothesized that nicotine in small-to-moderate doses would not cause a significant increase in plasma catecholamine levels, whereas a higher dose would give a significant effect, confirming the believed dose-dependent matter in which nicotine exerts its effect on the sympathetic nervous system. Seventeen anesthetized newborn piglets were randomized to one of three doses of nicotine (130, 260 or 1,000 microg/kg/h) that was given intravenously for 1 h. Blood samples for catecholamine analyzes were drawn at baseline and at the end of the infusion. Catecholamines were determined using HPLC. No significant increase in catecholamines was detected in the animals treated with the small or moderate nicotine doses, whereas the higher dose gave a significant increase in adrenaline (p = 0.019).\n\nQuestion:\nDoes nicotine in a small-to-moderate dose cause a significant increase in plasma catecholamine levels in newborn piglets?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "no",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nPulmonary hypertension is a clinically useful predictor of death in patients with heart failure. Whether pulmonary hypertension has the same prognostic value among specific underlying causes of cardiomyopathy is unknown. Using a diverse cohort of cardiomyopathy patients, we tested the hypotheses that (1) elevated mean pulmonary arterial pressure is the most important hemodynamic predictor of death and (2) the prognostic value of mean pulmonary pressure varies among different cardiomyopathies. Patients (n=1134) with new cardiomyopathy were prospectively assigned a specific diagnosis on the basis of clinical evaluation and endomyocardial biopsy. All patients underwent right heart catheterization at baseline and were followed for an average of 4.4 years. In multivariate Cox models that allowed for nonlinear relations between hemodynamics and death, mean systemic pressure (mSP) and mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPA) emerged as the most important hemodynamic predictors of death. Moreover, there was a statistically significant positive interaction between mPA and the diagnosis of myocarditis. For each 5-mm Hg increase in baseline mSP, mortality rates decreased with relative hazard (RH) of 0.89 (0.86 to 0.92). For a 5-mm Hg increase in baseline mPA, mortality rates increased in patients who did not carry the diagnosis of myocarditis with RH 1.23 (1.17 to 1.29); among patients with myocarditis, mortality rates increased substantially with RH of 1.85 (1.50 to 2.29; P<0.001 for interaction).\n\nQuestion:\nAre pulmonary hypertension and risk of death in cardiomyopathy : patients with myocarditis at higher risk?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe development of tissue microarray (TMA) technology has provided the opportunity to perform analyses of tissue samples on a large scale in an uniform fashion. This study was designed with the use of TMA to explore the Yes-associated protein (YAP) status in breast cancer. YAP expression in tumor and tumor-free samples from 94 patients with primary breast cancer was analyzed by TMA. The clinicopathological data for age, estrogen receptor status, histological grading and TNM staging were also collected. There were 29 patients (30.8%) with 1(+) expression, in YAP, 59 patients (62.8%) with 2(+) expression and 6 (6.4%) with 3(+) expression. There was no significant relationship between YAP expression and the other clinicopathological variables. By multivariate analysis, YAP expression failed to produce any significant relationship with the overall survival rate.\n\nQuestion:\nIs yes-associated protein an independent prognostic marker in breast cancer?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "no",
"role": "assistant"
}
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nSelective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are the most commonly chosen antidepressants in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). The aim of our study was to assess the influence of fluoxetine (Flu) on motor functions in patients with PD. In this prospective, controlled, open-label study, 18 patients with PD and mild depression [(10 < or = Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HDRS) < or = 23)] without dementia [(25 < or = Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE)] were treated with Flu. Both single and repeated dose effects of Flu were assessed on days 1-80. Plasma concentrations of Flu and norfluoxetine (NORFlu) were correlated with the results of selected motor function performance scores: The Unified Parkinsons Disease Rating Score (UPDRS), Finger Tapping Test (FTT) and Purdue Pegboard Test (PPT). Severity of PD, depression and dementia were evaluated using standard tests [(Hoehn and Yahr stages (HY), activity of daily living (ADL), UPDRS, HDRS, MMSE)]. Steady-state for Flu/NORFlu was reached after 18 days of treatment. Such a plateau correlated with significant improvements in both scores of depression and Parkinson's disability (HDRS, UPDRS and ADL, respectively). In addition, FTT and PPT scores also increased until day 18, with further slight fluctuations around the plateau. Optimal motor performances correlated with Flu concentrations of approximately 60-110 microg/L.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes fluoxetine impair motor function in patients with Parkinson 's disease : correlation between mood and motor functions with plasma concentrations of fluoxetine/norfluoxetine?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "no",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo determine whether the epirubicin and vinorelbine regimen in the adjuvant (neoadjuvant) treatment of breast cancer has minimum adverse effects on menstrual function. Thirty-six premenopausal women with a median age of 32 (25-47) years received epirubicin and vinorelbine. Twenty-eight received only epirubicin and vinorelbine without any other neo/adjuvant chemotherapy agents. Amenorrhoea was defined as absence of periods 6 months after the completion of chemotherapy. The medical records of all patients were reviewed retrospectively. Twenty-six patients were assessable for effects of epirubicin and vinorelbine on menstruation. All the 26 patients resumed menstruation within 6 months of completing epirubicin and vinorelbine treatment. Epirubicin and vinorelbine was well tolerated. After a median follow-up of 38.5 (11-78) months, six (21%) patients had developed disease relapse and three (11%) had died. The 6.5-year disease-free survival and overall survival probabilities were 77 and 86%, respectively.\n\nQuestion:\nIs epirubicin/vinorelbine adjuvant chemotherapy in young women with breast cancer associated with preservation of menstrual function?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nPrevious work has shown that rates of cerebral microemboli downstream of high-grade internal carotid artery stenosis are higher in recently symptomatic compared with asymptomatic patients. In addition, microembolic rates decline after carotid endarterectomy. We conducted a prospective investigation of 40 consecutive asymptomatic or recently symptomatic patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy for 70% to 95% internal carotid artery stenosis to determine the relationship between microembolic rate and pathoanatomic features of the carotid plaque. Transcranial Doppler monitoring including automated emboli detection was performed preoperatively to assess the rate of cerebral microemboli of the ipsilateral middle cerebral artery. The corresponding endarterectomy specimens were evaluated histologically with respect to the occurrence of plaque fissuring, intraplaque hemorrhage, plaque ulceration, or intraluminal thrombosis. There were strong associations between plaque ulceration, intraluminal thrombosis, and downstream cerebral microemboli (P < or = .005, respectively). There were no correlations of microembolism with plaque fissuring or intraplaque hemorrhage (P = .82 and P = .28, respectively).\n\nQuestion:\nAre plaque ulceration and lumen thrombus the main sources of cerebral microemboli in high-grade internal carotid artery stenosis?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nGranulomas contain multinucleated giant cells (MGCs), the function of which remains largely unknown. In patients with autoimmune granulomatous disease, the granulomas can be resolved during treatment with glucocorticosteroid (GCS). However, little is known about the influence of GCSs on the formation of MGCs. Monocytes isolated from buffy coats were stimulated with IFN-γ and Concanavalin A to form MGCs either in presence or absence of TNF-α, methylprednisolone (MP), adalimumab or human immunoglobulin G. The concentrations of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12p70 and TNF-α in the culture supernatants were measured after 18 h of stimulation. MP, at a concentration of 0.1 µM, inhibited monocyte fusion (P < 0.05), and abrogated the formation of MGCs completely at higher concentrations. The production of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α that accompanied MGC formation was reduced significantly by 10 µM MP. Recombinant TNF-α, at a concentration of 50 ng/ml, increased the number of formed MGCs and counteracted the inhibitory effect of 0.1 µM MP, while higher concentrations of MP still blocked MGC formation completely. Blockade of TNF-α with adalimumab within 16 h after stimulation significantly reduced the number MGCs formed (P < 0.05).\n\nQuestion:\nDoes methylprednisolone prevent tumour necrosis factor-alpha-dependent multinucleated giant cell formation?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nEffective therapeutic strategies that can achieve long-term improvement in patients with castration resistant prostate cancer are urgently needed. We recently reported that the activated PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway induced by docetaxel explains resistance to docetaxel in castration resistant prostate cancer. In this study we explored the efficacy of NVP-BEZ235, a dual PI3K and mTORC1/2 inhibitor, for docetaxel resistant castration resistant prostate cancer. We used the 2 human castration resistant prostate cancer cell lines C4-2 and C4-2AT6. At our laboratory C4-2AT6 cells were established from C4-2 under androgen ablated treatment for 6 months. We investigated the efficacy of NVP-BEZ235 monotherapy and NVP-BEZ235 combined with docetaxel in vitro and in vivo. Increased phosphorylated Akt in C4-2AT6 cells was significantly inhibited by NVP-BEZ235 in a dose and time dependent manner. WST cell proliferation assay results in C4-2AT6 cells revealed that combined administration of NVP-BEZ235 and docetaxel had significant, synergistically greater cytotoxicity than NVP-BEZ235 or docetaxel monotherapy. Combined NVP-BEZ235 (40 mg/kg) and docetaxel (4 mg/kg) in vivo in a castrated mouse xenograft model inhibited C4-2AT6 tumor growth to a greater degree than in the monotherapy groups. Also, NVP-BEZ235 showed significant efficacy with docetaxel at a low concentration in vivo, suggesting that NVP-BEZ235 effectively decreased resistance to docetaxel.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor NVP-BEZ235 sensitize docetaxel in castration resistant prostate cancer?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo evaluate the impact of infliximab therapy on the employment status of patients with early rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methotrexate (MTX)-naive patients with active early RA were randomly allocated to receive MTX plus placebo or MTX plus infliximab (3 mg/kg or 6 mg/kg) at weeks 0, 2, and 6 and then every 8 weeks through week 46. Data for patients younger than age 65 years were included in the analyses. A patient was categorized as employable if he or she was employed or felt well enough to work if a job were available. The change in actual employment was not significantly different between patients receiving MTX plus infliximab and those receiving MTX plus placebo (0.5% versus 1.3%; P > 0.5). However, the proportion of patients whose status changed from employable at baseline to unemployable at week 54 was smaller in the group receiving MTX plus infliximab compared with that in the group receiving MTX alone (8% versus 14%; P = 0.05). Patients who were treated with infliximab plus MTX had a significantly greater likelihood of improvement rather than deterioration in employability (odds ratio 2.4; P < 0.001); this likelihood was not significantly greater in patients receiving MTX alone. The proportion of employed patients who lost workdays during the trial was smaller in the MTX plus infliximab group than in the MTX-alone group (P = 0.010).\n\nQuestion:\nDoes infliximab treatment maintain employability in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common tumor in the adult liver, with high relapse and mortality rates despite diverse treatment modalities. In this study, nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT), a key enzyme in drug metabolism, was investigated as a potential prognostic factor. Frozen tumors and non-cancerous surrounding tissues from 120 patients with primary HCC were studied. Expressions of NNMT and internal control genes were measured by real-time reverse-transcription PCR (RT-PCR). The relationship of NNMT mRNA level with clinicopathologic parameters and clinical outcome was evaluated. NNMT mRNA level is markedly reduced in HCCs compared to non-cancerous surrounding tissues (P < 0.0001), and NNMT expression in tumors was significantly correlated with tumor stage (P = 0.010). Moreover, stratification of patients based on tumor NNMT mRNA levels revealed that the patients who expressed higher NNMT mRNA levels tended to have a shorter overall survival (OS) time (P = 0.053) and a significantly shorter disease-free survival (DFS) time (P = 0.016). Both NNMT expression (P = 0.0096) and tumor stage (P = 0.0017) were found to be significant prognostic factors for DFS in a multivariate analysis.\n\nQuestion:\nIs expression of nicotinamide N-methyltransferase in hepatocellular carcinoma associated with poor prognosis?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nIschemia/reperfusion injury is an inflammatory process involving cytokine release, Kupffer cell activation, and sinusoidal endothelial cell activation. GMP-140 is synthesized by endothelial cells. We analyzed by Western blotting the expression of GMP-140 in a syngeneic rat liver transplantation model using grafts preserved for different periods of time. Compared with prereperfusion samples, expression did not change significantly in freshly harvested and 4-hr preserved livers. In grafts preserved for 24 hr (100% survival), GMP-140 levels increased dramatically at 1 hr, then returned to baseline at 24 hr after transplantation. Forty-eight hour preserved grafts (0% survival) showed a decreasing expression. To identify possible mediators, the effects of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1beta on GMP-140 expression in primary sinusoidal endothelial cells were analyzed. These cytokines increased both the percentage of stained cells as well as their mean staining fluorescence.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes expression of GMP-140 ( P-selectin ) correlate with graft viability in cold-preserved rat livers?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe impacts of weight loss on prognosis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) remain unclear. The present study was therefore undertaken to investigate the association between critical weight loss and long-term survival in NPC patients. The eligible 2399 NPC patients were reviewed. Weight change was categorized into critical weight loss (CWL) and non-critical weight loss (Non-CWL). The associations of CWL with long-term survival were analyzed by Cox regression in the entire patient and two subsets. Propensity score matching was performed to reduce the effects of confounding factors. CWL was defined as body weight loss of ≥4.6 %. Compared with patients without CWL, patients with CWL had significantly lower 5-year OS (72.4 vs. 79.3 %, P < 0.001), FFS (71.1 vs. 78.4 %, P <0.001), and LR-FFS (78.1 vs. 84.8 %, P <0.001), respectively. After adjustment for potential confounders, CWL remained an independence prognostic factor for OS (HR = 1.352; 95 % CI 1.160-1.576; P < 0.001), FFS (HR = 3.275; 95 % CI 1.101-9.740; P = 0.033), and LR-FFS (HR = 6.620; 95 % CI 2.990-14.658; P < 0.001), respectively. Furthermore, subgroup analysis in the cohort of patients received concurrent chemoradiotherapy or radiotherapy alone confirmed the results in the entire patient even after the propensity-score matching. In IMRT cohort, CWL was also significantly associated with a lower OS (P = 0.04) and FFS (P = 0.04).\n\nQuestion:\nDoes critical weight loss predict poor prognosis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nLaparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) is an increasingly performed procedure in the bariatric surgery armamentarium. This study evaluates our experience with LSG at Dwight D. Eisenhower Army Medical Center (DDEAMC) during the time period of 2008-2010. We found that the inclusion of formal nutritional education significantly increased our weight loss results following LSG. This is a retrospective review from our LSG caseload from 2008 to 2010. During that time, we performed 159 LSG. In our review, we performed comparative data of all operative years during 2008-2010 for up to 3 years postoperatively. Our main focus was in regard to weight loss as measured by percentage of excess body weight loss (%EWL), percentage of total weight loss (%TWL), and percentage of excess BMI loss (%EBL). We also evaluated the effect of LSG on diabetes mellitus (DM) and hypertension (HTN) postoperatively. We found an improvement in our %EWL, %TWL, and %EBL rates in our LSG cases following the inclusion of formal nutritional education. There was a mean increase in %EWL of 15 %, %TWL of 7 %, and %EBL of 21 %, which were statistically significant, that was present at all postoperative years of follow-up. We determined the only variable that changed in our bariatric program starting in 2010 was the inclusion of formal nutritional education. We also found a statistically significant improvement in resolution of HTN with the inclusion of formal nutritional education.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes formal Nutritional Education improve Weight Loss in Bariatric Patients Following Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo summarize the findings of methodological studies on the RAND/University of California Los Angeles (RAND/UCLA) appropriateness method, which was developed to assess if variation in the use of surgical procedures is because of overuse and/or underuse. A MEDLINE literature search was performed. Studies were included if they assessed the reliability or validity of the RAND/UCLA appropriateness method for a surgical procedure or the effect of altering panelist composition or eliminating in-person discussion between rating rounds. Information was abstracted on procedure, study design, and findings. One thousand six hundred one titles were identified, and 37 met the inclusion criteria. The test-retest reliability is good to very good (kappa, 0.64-0.81) for total knee and hip joint replacement, coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), and carotid endarterectomy (CEA). The interpanel reliability is moderate to very good (kappa, 0.52-0.83) for CABG and hysterectomy. Construct validity has been demonstrated by comparing the appropriateness method with guidelines and/or evidence-based approaches for endoscopy, colonoscopy, CABG, hysterectomy, and CEA. Predictive validity has been studied for cardiac revascularization, in which concordance with appropriateness classification is associated with better clinical outcomes.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes the appropriateness method have acceptable reliability and validity for assessing overuse and underuse of surgical procedures?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe haptic perception of ground compliance is used for stable regulation of dynamic posture and the control of locomotion in diverse natural environments. Although rarely investigated in relation to walking, vibrotactile sensory channels are known to be active in the discrimination of material properties of objects and surfaces through touch. This study investigated how the perception of ground surface compliance is altered by plantar vibration feedback. Subjects walked in shoes over a rigid floor plate that provided plantar vibration feedback, and responded indicating how compliant it felt, either in subjective magnitude or via pairwise comparisons. In one experiment, the compliance of the floor plate was also varied. Results showed that perceived compliance of the plate increased monotonically with vibration feedback intensity, and depended to a lesser extent on the temporal or frequency distribution of the feedback. When both plate stiffness (inverse compliance) and vibration amplitude were manipulated, the effect persisted, with both factors contributing to compliance perception. A significant influence of vibration was observed even for amplitudes close to psychophysical detection thresholds.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes vibration influence haptic perception of surface compliance during walking?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nDisparities in the prevalence, morbidity, and mortality of multiple mental health conditions have been described between rural and urban populations. However, there is limited information regarding differences in exposure to trauma and trauma-related mental health conditions in these populations. Given the number of veterans who are returning to rural communities after serving in Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom, differences in trauma exposure are of particular relevance. Trauma exposure is related to a variety of mental health disorders including substance use disorders (SUD). The objectives of this preliminary study were to describe lifetime military and nonmilitary trauma and to compare trauma history between rural and urban veterans in SUD treatment. Sixty adults in SUD treatment were enrolled at 3 Veterans Health Administration sites in Nebraska over a 3-month period in 2008. Subjects completed an interview with study staff, which assessed SUD diagnoses and childhood, lifetime, and military trauma. Rural or urban status was determined by self-report of childhood residence. Childhood trauma, lifetime trauma, and response to military trauma were compared between rural and urban veterans. Although there were no significant differences in trauma exposure between rural and urban groups, there was an association between specific types of trauma and measures typically associated with increased substance abuse severity and poorer SUD treatment outcome.\n\nQuestion:\nDo trauma and substance use disorders in rural and urban veterans?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe long-term effect of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors on serum lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) levels has been poorly investigated. This study sought to examine the effect of 24 months' administration of pravastatin on serum Lp(a) levels. 23 patients with coronary artery disease and serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels of 120 mg/dl or above were included. Serum levels of lipids and Lp(a) were serially determined after the administration of pravastatin for 24 months. Serum LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) levels significantly decreased from 1 month after the drug administration and the reduction persisted for 24 months, whereas Lp(a) levels did not decrease at 3 months after the administration but significantly decreased at 12 months or more. The reduction in the Lp(a) levels was not related to the dose of pravastatin.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes long-term administration of pravastatin reduce serum lipoprotein ( a ) levels?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nIschemia-reperfusion (IR) injury is a significant problem in the management of patients with acute limb ischemia. Despite rapid restoration of blood flow after technically successful open and endovascular revascularization, complications secondary to IR injury continue to occur and limit clinical success. Our aim was to create a murine model of hind limb IR injury to examine the role of Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) and to determine whether inactive TLR4 led to a decrease in the detection of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), which are known to be highly thrombogenic and may mediate microvascular injury. A calibrated tension tourniquet was applied to unilateral hind limb of wild-type (WT) and TLR4 receptor mutant (TLR4m) mice for 1.5 hours to induce ischemia and then removed to initiate reperfusion. At the end of 48 hours of reperfusion, mice were euthanized and hind limb tissue and serum specimens were collected for analysis. Hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections of hind limb skeletal muscle tissue were examined for fiber injury. For immunohistochemistry, mouse monoclonal antihistone H2A/H2B/DNA complex antibody to detect NETs and rabbit polyclonal antimyeloperoxidase antibody were used to identify infiltrating cells containing myeloperoxidase. Muscle adenosine triphosphate levels, nuclear factor (NF)-κB activity, the α-subunit of inhibitor of NF-κB light polypeptide gene enhancer, poly (adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase activity, and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression were measured. Systemic levels of keratinocyte-derived chemokine, monocyte chemotactic protein-1, and vascular endothelial growth factor in the serum samples were also examined. IR injury in the hind limb of WT mice demonstrated significant levels of muscle fiber injury, decreased energy substrates, increased NF-κB activation, decreased levels of α-subunit of inhibitor of NF-κB light polypeptide gene enhancer, increased inducible nitric oxide synthase expression, and increased poly (adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase activity levels compared with the TLR4m samples. Additionally, there was marked decrease in the level of neutrophil and monocyte infiltration in the TLR4m mice, which corresponded to similar levels of decreased NET detection in the interstitial space and in microvascular thrombi. In situ nuclease treatment of WT tissue sections significantly diminished the level of NET immunostaining, demonstrating the specificity of the antibody to detect NETs and suggesting a potential role for nuclease treatment in IR injury.\n\nQuestion:\nIs reduced hind limb ischemia-reperfusion injury in Toll-like receptor-4 mutant mice associated with decreased neutrophil extracellular traps?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nLiquid lung ventilation has been demonstrated to improve cardiorespiratory function after cardiopulmonary bypass. We hypothesized that liquid lung ventilation (LLV) would decrease the pulmonary inflammatory response after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Prospective, randomized, experimental, controlled, nonblinded study. Animal research laboratory at a university setting. A total of 24 neonatal piglets. After intubation with a cuffed endotracheal tube, swine were conventionally ventilated. After surgical cannulation, each piglet was placed on conventional nonpulsatile CPB and cooled to 18 degrees C (64.4 degrees F). Subsequently, the animals were exposed to 90 mins of low-flow CPB (35 mL/kg/min). Animals were rewarmed to 37 degrees C (98.6 degrees F), removed from CPB, and ventilated for 90 min. Ten animals received conventional gas ventilation only (control), seven received initiation of LLV before CPB (prevention), and seven received initiation of LLV during the rewarming phase of CPB (treatment). After the animals were killed, the lungs were removed en bloc. The left lobe was dissected and formalin-fixed at 20 cm H2O overnight, followed by paraffin embedding. Sections were taken from the paraffin-embedded lungs. Neutrophil accumulation and lung injury were assessed by histochemical staining with leukocyte esterase and morphometrics, respectively. One hundred microscopic images were digitized from each tissue sample for lung morphometrics, and neutrophil counts were obtained from every fifth image. Lung tissue sections showed a significantly lower number of neutrophils per alveolar area in the prevention and treatment groups than in the control group (control 681 +/- 65, prevention 380 +/- 49, treatment 412 +/- 101 neutrophils per alveolar area [cells/mm2]; p <.05 for both prevention and treatment compared with control). There were no differences in lung injury as assessed with morphometrics or hemodynamic measurements between any of the three groups.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes liquid lung ventilation reduce neutrophil sequestration in a neonatal swine model of cardiopulmonary bypass?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nCell invasion represents one of the major determinants that treatment has failed for patients suffering from glioblastoma. Contrary findings have been reported for cell migration upon exposure to ionizing radiation. Here, the migration and invasion capability of glioblastoma cells on and in collagen type I were evaluated upon irradiation with X-rays or carbon ions. Migration on and invasion in collagen type I were evaluated in four established human glioblastoma cell lines exposed to either X-rays or carbon ions. Furthermore, clonogenic radiation survival, proliferation (5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine positivity), DNA double-strand breaks (γH2AX/53BP1-positive foci), and expression of invasion-relevant proteins (eg, β1 integrin, FAK, MMP2, and MMP9) were explored. Migration and invasion assays for primary glioblastoma cells also were carried out with X-ray irradiation. Neither X-ray nor carbon ion irradiation affected glioblastoma cell migration and invasion, a finding similarly observed in primary glioblastoma cells. Intriguingly, irradiated cells migrated unhampered, despite DNA double-strand breaks and reduced proliferation. Clonogenic radiation survival was increased when cells had contact with extracellular matrix. Specific inhibition of the β1 integrin or proliferation-associated signaling molecules revealed a critical function of JNK, PI3K, and p38 MAPK in glioblastoma cell invasion.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes three-dimensional invasion of human glioblastoma cells remain unchanged by X-ray and carbon ion irradiation in vitro?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nSkeletal muscle sodium channel (Nav1.4) expression in border zone myocardium increases action potential upstroke velocity in depolarized isolated tissue. Because resting membrane potential in the 1-week canine infarct is reduced, we hypothesized that conduction velocity (CV) is greater in Nav1.4 dogs compared with in control dogs. The purpose of this study was to measure CV in the infarct border zone border in dogs with and without Nav1.4 expression. Adenovirus was injected in the infarct border zone in 34 dogs. The adenovirus incorporated the Nav1.4- and a green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene (Nav1.4 group, n = 16) or only GFP (n = 18). After 1 week, upstroke velocity and CV were measured by sequential microelectrode recordings at 4 and 7 mM [K(+)] in superfused epicardial slabs. High-density in vivo epicardial activation mapping was performed in a subgroup (8 Nav1.4, 6 GFP) at three to four locations in the border zone. Microscopy and antibody staining confirmed GFP or Nav1.4 expression. Infarct sizes were similar between groups (30.6% +/- 3% of left ventricle mass, mean +/- standard error of the mean). Longitudinal CV was greater in Nav1.4 than in GFP sites (58.5 +/- 1.8 vs. 53.3 +/- 1.2 cm/s, 20 and 15 sites, respectively; P <.05). Transverse CV was not different between the groups. In tissue slabs, dV/dt(max) was higher and CV was greater in Nav1.4 than in control at 7 mM [K(+)] (P <.05). Immunohistochemical Nav1.4 staining was seen at the longitudinal ends of the myocytes.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes cardiac expression of skeletal muscle sodium channels increase longitudinal conduction velocity in the canine 1-week myocardial infarction?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nExogenous surfactant derived from animal lungs is applied for treatment of surfactant deficiency. By means of its rapid spreading properties, it could transport pharmaceutical agents to the terminal air spaces. The antimicrobial peptide Polymyxin B (PxB) is used as a topical antibiotic for inhalation therapy. Whereas it has been shown that PxB mixed with surfactant is not inhibiting surface activity while antimicrobiotic activity is preserved, little is known concerning the effects on synthesis of endogenous surfactant in alveolar type II cells (ATIIC). To investigate ATIIC viability and surfactant-exocytosis depending on PxB and/or surfactant exposure. ATIIC were isolated from rat lungs as previously described and were cultivated for 48 h. After incubation for a period of 1-5 h with either PxB (0.05 or 0.1 mg/ml), modified porcine surfactant (5 or 10 mg/ml) or mixtures of both, viability and exocytosis (spontanously and after stimulation) were determined by fluorescence staining of intracellular surfactant. PxB 0.1 mg/ml, but not porcine surfactant or porcine surfactant plus PxB reduces ATIIC-viability. Only PxB alone, but not in combination with porcine surfactant, rapidly reduces fluorescence in ATIIC at maximum within 3 h, indicating stimulation of exocytosis. Subsequent ionomycin-stimulation does not further increase exocytosis of PxB incubated ATIIC. In presence of surfactant, stimulating effects of PxB and ionomycin on exocytosis are reduced.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes pulmonary surfactant preserve viability of alveolar type II cells exposed to polymyxin B in vitro?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe very high cardiovascular (CV) mortality and morbidity rates in hemodialysis (HD) patients are greatly related to atherosclerosis. CCN2 (connective tissue growth factor/CTGF) is a profibrotic factor that is secreted by endothelial cells, involved in atherogenesis, promoting fibroblast proliferation and matrix production. CCN2 protein is significantly increased in complicated fibrous plaques and enhances monocyte migration into atherosclerotic lesions. The aim of this study was to investigate a possible association between CCN2 gene polymorphism and CV morbidity and mortality in HD patients. 98 HD patients, followed for 24 months, were genotyped for the common polymorphism on the CCN2 gene (G-945C). HD patient characteristics were: age 64 ± 13 years, males 64%, diabetes 24%, hypertension 62%, smokers 38%, dyslipidemia 28%, all undergoing standard HD three times weekly. All-cause mortality was not associated with CCN2 polymorphism (G-945C). In contrast, however, the GG genotype was strongly associated with CV mortality: OR 13 (1.49-155), p = 0.0048. Interestingly, the GG genotype was also greatly associated with the serious CV events of stroke and myocardial infarction in surviving HD patients: OR 13.3 (2.5-87.08), p = 0.0001.\n\nQuestion:\nIs cCN2 ( CTGF ) gene polymorphism a novel prognostic risk factor for cardiovascular outcomes in hemodialysis patients?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nBecause we recently identified Akt activation as a novel poor prognostic indicator in neuroblastoma, we investigated whether phosphoinositide 3'-kinase (PI3K) inhibition sensitizes neuroblastoma cells for TRAIL-induced apoptosis. The effect of pharmacological or genetic inhibition of PI3K or mTOR was analyzed on apoptosis induction, clonogenic survival, and activation of apoptosis signaling pathways in vitro and in a neuroblastoma in vivo model. The functional relevance of individual Bcl-2 family proteins was examined by knockdown or overexpression experiments. The PI3K inhibitor PI103 cooperates with TRAIL to synergistically induce apoptosis (combination index < 0.1), to suppress clonogenic survival, and to reduce tumor growth in a neuroblastoma in vivo model. Similarly, genetic silencing of PI3K significantly increases TRAIL-mediated apoptosis, whereas genetic or pharmacological blockage of mTOR fails to potentiate TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Combined treatment with PI103 and TRAIL enhances cleavage of Bid and the insertion of tBid into mitochondrial membranes, and reduces phosphorylation of Bim(EL). Additionally, PI103 decreases expression of Mcl-1, XIAP, and cFLIP, thereby promoting Bax/Bak activation, mitochondrial perturbations, and caspase-dependent apoptosis. Knockdown of Bid or Noxa or overexpression of Bcl-2 rescues cells from PI103- and TRAIL-induced apoptosis, whereas Mcl-1 silencing potentiates apoptosis. Bcl-2 overexpression also inhibits cleavage of caspase-3, caspase-8, and Bid pointing to a mitochondria-driven feedback amplification loop.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes targeting aberrant PI3K/Akt activation by PI103 restore sensitivity to TRAIL-induced apoptosis in neuroblastoma?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nIn preclinical studies, surgery/anesthesia contribute to cognitive decline and enhance neuropathologic changes underlying Alzheimer's disease (AD). Nevertheless, the link between surgery, anesthesia, apolipoprotein E ε4 (APOE ε4), and AD remains unclear. We performed a retrospective cohort analysis of two prospective longitudinal aging studies. Mixed-effects statistical models were used to assess the relationship between surgical/anesthetic exposure, the APOE genotype, and rate of change in measures of cognition, function, and brain volumes. The surgical group (n = 182) experienced a more rapid rate of deterioration compared with the nonsurgical group (n = 345) in several cognitive, functional, and brain magnetic resonance imaging measures. Furthermore, there was a significant synergistic effect of anesthesia/surgery exposure and presence of the APOE ε4 allele in the decline of multiple cognitive and functional measures.\n\nQuestion:\nIs surgery associated with ventricular enlargement as well as cognitive and functional decline?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nAngiogenesis is regulated by a balance of pro-angiogenic and anti-angiogenic factors. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and endostatin respectively represents a frequent component of inducers and inhibitors in the process of angiogenesis. The ratio of VEGF/endostatin may reflect the balance of angiogenic switch. This study aimed to determine whether an imbalance between VEGF/endostatin exists in operable non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients and to assess the correlation, if any, between the imbalance and the prognosis. Preoperative serum levels of VEGF and endostatin were simultaneously determined by quantitiative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the ratio of them was calculated among 98 NSCLC patients and 51 healthy controls. The relationship between these factors and clinicopathological features, including prognosis, was examined. The ratio of VEGF/endostatin levels was significantly higher in operable NSCLC patients [median, 10.4; interquartile range (IQR), 5.9-19.8] than in normal controls [median, 5.1; IQR, 3.3-9.7] (P = 0.002). While the ratio in patients who were still alive for more than 60 months was 8.3 (IQR, 4.3-17.9), the ratio in those who died was 12.9 (IQR, 8.0-22.1) (p = 0.017). In subgroup analysis of patients with pathological stage N0, there was a statistically significant increase of the survival time in the group with a lower ratio than in the group with a higher ratio (p = 0.032). Multivariate analysis confirmed that the VEGF/endostatin ratio was an independent prognostic factor (p = 0.018).\n\nQuestion:\nDoes imbalance between vascular endothelial growth factor and endostatin correlate with the prognosis of operable non-small cell lung cancer?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo investigate and report the clinicopathological characteristics and outcomes after radical prostatectomy (RP) in patients with prostate cancer and previous exposure to Agent Orange (AO), particularly in relationship to race. In 1495 veterans who had undergone RP the clinicopathological characteristics, biochemical progression rates, and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) doubling time (DT) after recurrence between AO-exposed and unexposed men were compared using logistic and linear regression and Cox proportional hazards analyses, and stratified by race. The 206 (14%) men with AO exposure were more likely to be black (P = 0.001), younger (P < 0.001), treated more recently (P < 0.001), have a higher body mass index (P = 0.001), have clinical stage T1 disease (P < 0.001), and have lower preoperative PSA levels (P = 0.001). After adjusting for several clinical characteristics, AO exposure was not significantly related to adverse pathological features but was significantly associated with biochemical progression risk (relative risk 1.55, 95% confidence interval 1.15-2.09, P = 0.004) and shorter PSADT (P < 0.001) after recurrence (8.2 vs 18.6 months). When stratified by race, these associations were present and similar in both races, with no significant interaction between race and AO exposure for predicting biochemical recurrence or mean adjusted PSADT (P interaction >0.20).\n\nQuestion:\nIs exposure to Agent Orange a significant predictor of prostate-specific antigen ( PSA ) -based recurrence and a rapid PSA doubling time after radical prostatectomy?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nDiastolic dysfunction is a frequent cause of heart failure, particularly in dialysis patients. Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) are increased in dialysis patients and are suggested to play a role in the development of diastolic dysfunction. The aim of our study was to assess whether AGE accumulation in dialysis patients is related to the presence of diastolic dysfunction. Data were analyzed from 43 dialysis patients, age 58 +/- 15 years, of whom 65% were male. Diastolic function was assessed using tissue velocity imaging (TVI) on echocardiography. Tissue AGE accumulation was measured using a validated skin-autofluorescence (skin-AF) reader. Plasma N(epsilon)-(carboxymethyl)lysine (CML) and N(epsilon)-(carboxyethyl)lysine (CEL) were measured by stable-isotope-dilution tandem mass spectrometry. Plasma pentosidine was measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. Skin-AF correlated with mean E' (r = -0.51, P < .001), E/A ratio (r = -0.39, P = .014), and E/E' (r = 0.38, P = .019). Plasma AGEs were not significantly associated with diastolic function. Multivariable linear regression analysis revealed that 54% of the variance of average E' was explained by age (P = .007), dialysis type (P = 0.016), and skin-AF (P = .013).\n\nQuestion:\nIs skin-autofluorescence , a measure of tissue advanced glycation end-products ( AGEs ) , related to diastolic function in dialysis patients?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nWe hypothesized that keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) would reduce cellular proliferation and effect apoptosis of melanoma cell lines in vitro. Two human melanoma cell lines (HTB68 and HTB72) were subjected to a dose-response treatment regimen of KLH (0.4 microg to 100 microg/well). Cell viability was tested by MTT assay (SIGMA, St Louis, MO) at 72 hours. Apoptosis and necrosis were measured by the Annexin V FITC assay (Biovision Inc, Mountain View, CA). Melanoma cell proliferation was significantly reduced in the HTB68 cell line treated with 6.3 microg or higher doses of KLH. A significant reduction in cell growth was also observed in the HTB72 cells at 50 and 100 microg of KLH. KLH increased early apoptotic activity, whereas both late apoptosis and necrosis were decreased by the addition of KLH.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes inhibition of melanoma growth by hemocyanin occur via early apoptotic pathways?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nWe studied new-onset diabetes after transplantation (NODAT) in liver transplantation with grafts donated after brain death (DBD) or circulatory death (DCD), focusing on the early post-transplant period. A total of 430 non-diabetic primary liver transplant recipients [DCD, n = 90 (21%)] were followed up for 30 months (range 5-69). NODAT was defined as the composite endpoint of one of following: (i) Two non-fasting plasma glucose levels > 11.1 mmol/L ≥ 30 days apart, (ii) oral hypoglycaemic drugs ≥ 30 days consecutively (iii) insulin therapy ≥ 30 days and (iv) HbA1c ≥ 48 mmol/L. Resolution of NODAT was defined as cessation of treatment or hyperglycaemia. Total of 81/430 (19%) patients developed NODAT. Incidence and resolution of NODAT over time showed significantly different patterns between DCD and DBD liver graft recipients; early occurrence, high peak incidence and early resolution were seen in DCD. In multivariate logistic regression including age, ethnicity, HCV, tacrolimus level and pulsed steroids, only DCD was independently associated with NODAT at day 15 post-transplant (OR 6.5, 95% CI 2.3-18.4, P < 0.001), whereas age and pulsed steroids were significant factors between 30-90 days. Combined in multivariate Cox regression model for NODAT-free survival, graft type, age and pulsed steroids were each independent predictor for decreased NODAT-free survival in the first 90-postoperative days.\n\nQuestion:\nIs early occurrence of new-onset diabetes after transplantation related to type of liver graft and warm ischaemic injury?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe relationships between endogenous sex hormone levels and cardiovascular disease risk in women are contentious. Our aim was to systematically investigate the relationships between sex steroids and lipid levels in postmenopausal women, taking into account other potential risk factors. This is a cross-sectional study of 624 naturally and surgically postmenopausal women not using any systemic hormones or lipid-lowering therapy, with a mean (SD) age of 53.9 (5.8) years, who were recruited in the United States, Canada, Australia, UK, and Sweden between July 2004 and February 2005. The relationships between total testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, estrone, estradiol, sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), the homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and each lipid variable were explored using multivariable linear regression. None of the sex steroids measured made an independent contribution to the multivariable models for total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, non-HDL cholesterol, or triglycerides (TG). The best model for total cholesterol included race and age, and that for LDL cholesterol included race and blood pressure, with each model only explaining 4.8% and 3.3% of the variation in each lipid, respectively. About 7.7% of the variation in non-HDL cholesterol was explained by HOMA-IR, race, and SHBG. HOMA-IR, SHBG, age, and surgical menopause explained 22.8% of the variation in HDL cholesterol, whereas HOMA-IR, SHBG, race, and surgical menopause explained 25.4% of the variation in TG.\n\nQuestion:\nAre endogenous estrogen and androgen levels independent predictors of lipid levels in postmenopausal women?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "no",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe number of elderly workers has also been increasing and poor psychological well-being in elderly workers has been reported. The aim of this study is to elucidate the factors that are related to poor psychological well-being in elderly workers. We administered General Health Questionnaire-12 (GHQ-12) as an indicator of psychological well-being to 330 male elderly workers in the age range of 50-69, and analyzed different psychological factors, namely sense of coherence (SOC), and physical and lifestyle variables such as blood pressure, serum total cholesterol, smoking frequency, alcohol intake, exercise frequency, and body mass index (BMI) that are related to GHQ-12. When the cut-off point of GHQ-12 was 2/3, 97 workers who showed high GHQ-12 score were classified as one group having poor psychological well-being. A statistically significantly lower SOC score, higher stress score, lower frequency of exercise, higher smoking score and higher BMI, but not longer working hours or higher shift work score in the workers with higher GHQ-12 scores were observed than in the workers with normal GHQ-12 scores. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that the low SCO score, low frequency of exercise, high smoking frequency and high BMI significantly contributed to the high GHQ-12 score.\n\nQuestion:\nAre psychological factors including sense of coherence and some lifestyles related to general health questionnaire-12 ( GHQ-12 ) in elderly workers in Japan?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\n1H-MRS is widely regarded as the most accurate noninvasive method to quantify hepatic fat content (HFC). When practical period of breath holding, and acquisition of HFC over multiple liver areas is considered, a fast MR spectroscopic imaging technique is desired. The aim of this study is to examine the feasibility and reproducibility of echo planar spectroscopic imaging (EPSI) on the quantification of HFC in subject with various HFCs. Twenty two volunteers were examined in a 3T MR system. The acquisition time of proposed EPSI protocol was 18 seconds. The EPSI scans were repeated 8 times for each subject to test reproducibility. The peak of water and individual peaks of fat including methyl, methylene, and allylic peaks at 0.9, 1.3, and 2.0 ppm were fitted. Calculated amount of water and fat content were corrected for T2 relaxation. The total HFC was defined as the combination of individual peaks. Standard deviation (SD), coefficient of variance (COV) and fitting reliability of HFC quantified by LCModel were calculated. Our results show that the SDs of total HFC for all subjects are less than 2.5%. Fitting reliability is mostly under 10% and positively correlates with COV. Subjects separated into three subgroups according to quantified total HFC show that improved fitting reliability and reproducibility can be achieved on subjects with higher total HFC.\n\nQuestion:\nDo feasibility and reproducibility of echo planar spectroscopic imaging on the quantification of hepatic fat?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo determine the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C) in the synovial fluid of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and to investigate the regulation of VEGF-C production by major proinflammatory cytokines in fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS). The concentrations of VEGF-C, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and interleukin 1beta (IL-1beta) were measured using an ELISA method in synovial fluids obtained from 20 patients with RA and 20 with osteoarthritis (OA). Primary cultured RA FLS were stimulated with TNF-alpha or IL-1beta, and the expression levels of VEGF-C mRNA and protein were assessed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and ELISA. Significantly higher levels of VEGF-C were found in RA synovial fluids compared to OA synovial fluids. VEGF-C levels showed a highly significant correlation with the levels of both TNF-alpha and IL-1beta in the synovial fluid of patients with RA. TNF-alpha stimulation significantly increased VEGF-C mRNA and protein expression in RA FLS in a dose-dependent manner. A tendency to increased expression of VEGF-C was also observed after IL-1beta stimulation in FLS.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes tumor necrosis factor-alpha induce vascular endothelial growth factor-C expression in rheumatoid synoviocytes?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nWe investigated subsequent vascular events in patients with transient ischemic attack (TIA) and determined the predictors of such events among vascular risk factors including large-artery disease, TIA-symptom duration, and acute ischemic lesions on diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI). We identified 98 consecutive patients with TIA who visited a tertiary university hospital and underwent DWI and brain magnetic resonance angiography within 48 hours of symptom onset. We reviewed the medical records to assess the clinical characteristics of TIA, demographics, and the subsequent vascular events including acute ischemic stroke, TIA, and myocardial infarction. Large-artery disease was detected in 55 patients (56%). Ten patients (10%) experienced TIA symptoms for longer than 1 hour, and acute infarctions on DWI were identified in 30 patients (31%). During the mean follow-up period of 19 months, seven patients (7%) had an acute ischemic stroke and 20 patients (20%) had TIA. Retinal artery occlusion in two patients, spinal cord infarction in one patient, and peripheral vascular claudication in one patient were also recorded. Cox proportional-hazards multivariate analysis revealed that large-artery disease was an independent predictor of subsequent cerebral ischemia (hazard ratio [HR], 2.8; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1-7.1; p=0.02) and subsequent vascular events (HR, 2.9; 95% CI, 1.2-6.7; p=0.01).\n\nQuestion:\nDoes large-artery stenosis predict subsequent vascular events in patients with transient ischemic attack?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe aim of this study was to assess pregnancy loss patterns in women with repeated miscarriage (RM), according to fetal chromosome karyotypes and aetiologies of RM. In this cohort study, 168 fetal chromosome karyotypes of miscarriages were investigated. The pregnancy loss patterns were compared between 75 miscarriages from RM women who had a history of two or more consecutive miscarriages and 93 miscarriages from control women whose previous pregnancies ended in live births without a history of RM. By serial ultrasonography, embryo loss (EL) was defined as miscarriage before fetal heat movement was identified and fetal loss (FL) as miscarriage after fetal heat movement was identified. The EL rate was calculated as EL/(EL+FL). The EL rate (66.7%) in miscarriages with normal karyotypes among RM women (n=42) was higher (P<0.05) than that (45.7%) in controls (n=46), while the EL rate (30.3%) in miscarriages with abnormal karyotypes among RM women (n=33) did not differ from that (25.5%) in the controls (n=47). The EL rate (71.4%) in miscarriages with normal karyotypes among unexplained RM women (n=21) was much higher (P<0.05) than that in the controls.\n\nQuestion:\nIs embryo loss pattern predominant in miscarriages with normal chromosome karyotype among women with repeated miscarriage?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe endocannabinoid (eCB) system is implicated in several psychiatric disorders. Investigating emotional-motivational dysfunctions as underlying mechanisms, a study in humans revealed that in the C385A polymorphism of the fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), the degrading enzyme of the eCB anandamide (AEA), A carriers, who are characterized by increased signaling of AEA as compared to C/C carriers, exhibited reduced brain reactivity towards unpleasant faces and enhanced reactivity towards reward. However, the association of eCB system with emotional-motivational reactivity is complex and bidirectional due to upcoming compensatory processes. Therefore, we further investigated the relationship of the FAAH polymorphism and emotional-motivational reactivity in humans. We assessed the affect-modulated startle, and ratings of valence and arousal in response to higher arousing pleasant, neutral, and unpleasant pictures in 67 FAAH C385A C/C carriers and 45 A carriers. Contrarily to the previous functional MRI study, A carriers compared to C/C carriers exhibited an increased startle potentiation and therefore emotional responsiveness towards unpleasant picture stimuli and reduced startle inhibition indicating reduced emotional reactivity in response to pleasant pictures, while both groups did not differ in ratings of arousal and valence.\n\nQuestion:\nIs a polymorphism in the gene of the endocannabinoid-degrading enzyme FAAH ( FAAH C385A ) associated with emotional-motivational reactivity?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nPolymorphism Ala54Thr of the intestinal fatty acid-binding protein 2 (FABP2) has been reported to have an effect on the protein's affinity for long chain fatty acids and to be associated with serum lipid and insulin levels in fasting and especially postprandial states. We wanted to test whether this genetic variation is associated with fasting and postprandial glucose, insulin or lipid levels in 666 male university students participating in the second European Atherosclerosis Study (EARS II). We also studied whether the subgroup of 330 students with paternal history of myocardial infarction (MI) before the age of 55 have different genotype distribution than 336 matched controls. No difference in genotype distribution was observed between offspring with and without paternal history of MI or between populations from 11 European countries. The frequency of the threonine encoding allele was 0.276 in cases and 0.266 in controls. There were no differences in fasting or postprandial serum lipid, glucose or insulin levels between subjects having different genotypes.\n\nQuestion:\nIs intestinal fatty acid binding protein polymorphism at codon 54 associated with postprandial responses to fat and glucose tolerance tests in healthy young Europeans . Results from EARS II participants?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "no",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nAlthough preformed donor-specific anti-human leukocyte antigen antibodies (DSA) can be overcome by plasmapheresis-based strategies with some success in renal transplantation, kidney paired donation (KPD) is a more effective strategy to avoid DSA. In contrast, ABO incompatibility can be crossed with outcomes equivalent to ABO-compatible transplantation. Here, we report the ability of accepting human leukocyte antigen-compatible but ABO-incompatible donors to increase the number of exchanges in a KPD program. In the Australian KPD program, virtual crossmatch is used to allocate suitable donors to recipients. Acceptance of ABO-incompatible donors is allowed in cases where anti-blood group antibody titres are deemed amenable to removal by apheresis or immunoabsorption. The number of matched recipients, identified chains, and transplants performed with and without acceptance of ABO incompatibility was analyzed. In 2 years, 115 pairs were included in nine quarterly match runs. Incompatibility due to DSA accounted for 86% of the listed pairs and 52% were also blood group incompatible to their coregistered donor. Median calculated panel-reactive antibody in registered recipients was 83% (mean, 67%±37%). ABO-incompatible donors were accepted for 36 patients. Two waitlist recipients and 48 KPD candidates were matched and transplanted. Ten recipients (20%) of an ABO-incompatible donor kidney were distributed across 8 chains that resulted in 21 recipients being transplanted. Thus, without ABO-incompatible matching, only 27 recipients in 12 chains would have been transplanted.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes aBO-incompatible matching significantly enhance transplant rates in kidney paired donation?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo verify the practicability of performing escharectomy on extensively burned patients during shock stage following the clinical guidelines only. Sixty-five burn patients with total body surface area(TBSA) over 30% received resuscitation to prevent and treat burn shock without hemodynamic monitoring. Clinical indexes of optimal resuscitation, such as a urine volume 80 to 100 ml/h, heart rate around 100 to 110/min, respiration rate 20 to 24/min, significant alleviation of thirst, sense of nausea and vomiting, clear mentality, Hb < or = 150 g/l and Hct < or = 0.50 were adopted as guidelines, under which thirty-three patients underwent escharectomy and grafting during burn shock stage (group A). For comparison, other 32 patients received escharectomy 96 hr after injury(group B). The incidences of sepsis and MODS were analyzed. Plasma samples from 12 patients in group A and 9 patients in group B were assayed at interval for LPS, TNF, IL-6 and IL-8. All 33 patients in group A were in stable condition, and the incidence of sepsis was lower (34.4%) than that in group B(56.3%). The incidence of MODS and the mortality of patients in group A was lower than those in group B. Levels of LPS, TNF, IL-6 and IL-8 in plasma were lower in group A as compared with those in group B.\n\nQuestion:\nDo [ Performing escharectomy following `` clinical guidelines '' in extensively burned patients during burn shock stage ]?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nHomozygous mutations in fibroblast growth factor (FGF23) have recently been described as the genetic cause of one form of hyperphosphatemic tumoral calcinosis (HFTC). However, it remained unclear to date how these mutations lead to loss of biologically active FGF23 in the circulation. We here report a novel homozygous mutation, c.385T>C in FGF23 exon 2, which changes codon 129 from serine to proline (S129P) in a previously described individual affected by HFTC. The S129P mutation as well as two known FGF23 mutations, S71G and S129F, were introduced into an expression vector encoding wild-type (wt) human (h) FGF23 to yield [P129]hFGF23, [F129]hFGF23, and [G71]hFGF23; whole lysates, glycoprotein fractions, and conditioned media from HEK293 and COS-7 cells expressing these constructs were subjected to Western blot analysis using affinity-purified goat anti-hFGF23(51-69) and anti-hFGF23(206-222) antibodies. We detected 25- and 32-kDa protein species in total lysates of HEK293 cells expressing wt-hFGF23. The 32-kDa band, representing O-glycosylated hFGF23, was not detectable in the glycoprotein fraction of lysates from HEK293 cells expressing [P129]hFGF23, and in comparison with wt-FGF23 only small amounts of [P129]hFGF23 were secreted into the medium. Similar results were obtained for cells expressing [G71]hFGF23 and [F129]hFGF23.\n\nQuestion:\nIs defective O-glycosylation due to a novel homozygous S129P mutation associated with lack of fibroblast growth factor 23 secretion and tumoral calcinosis?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nRecent studies have demonstrated that the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) are prognostic for various malignancies; however, there are limited data to date demonstrating their usefulness for gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs). The aim of this study was to determine whether NLR and PLR are prognostic for GIST. Three hundred patients who underwent operative resection for primary localized GIST with preoperative results for neutrophil, platelet, and lymphocyte counts available were retrospectively reviewed. Optimal cutoff values for high NLR (≥ 3.0) and PLR (≥ 275) in predicting recurrence-free survival (RFS) were determined. Prognostic factors of RFS were determined using univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses for the 266 patients who did not receive adjuvant imatinib. On univariate analyses, tumor size, mitotic count, location, and both a high NLR and PLR were significant prognostic indicators of decreased RFS (hazard ratio [HR], 2.89 [95% CI; 1.609-5.179 P < .001] and HR, 3.572 [95% CI, 2.094-6.096; P < .001], respectively). On multivariate analyses, tumor size, mitotic count, tumor location, and both high NLR and PLR were independent prognostic factors of RFS in GIST. Both a high NLR and PLR were significant prognostic factors for GISTs within the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (AFIP) high-risk categories. Addition of NLR or PLR to the NIH or AFIP improved the accuracy of these systems.\n\nQuestion:\nAre blood neutrophil-to-lymphocyte and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratios independent prognostic factors for surgically resected gastrointestinal stromal tumors?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe sympathetic nervous system plays a central role in cardiac growth but its overstimulation is associated with increased mortality in patients with chronic heart failure. Pre-synaptic alpha2-adrenoceptors are essential feedback regulators to control the release of norepinephrine from sympathetic nerves. In this study we tested whether a deletion polymorphism in the human alpha2C-adrenoceptor gene (alpha2CDel322-325) affects progression of heart failure in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). We genotyped and phenotyped 345 patients presenting with DCM in the heart transplant unit of the German Heart Institute, starting in 1994. Patients were treated according to guidelines (99% ACEI, 76% beta-blockers) and were followed until December 2002 or until a first event [death, heart transplantation, or implantation of a left ventricular assist device (LVAD) for a life-threatening condition] occurred. Mean follow-up time was 249 weeks (4.9 years) in event-free patients and 104 weeks (2 years) in patients with events. During follow-up, 51% of the patients exhibited an event: death (18%), implantation of LVAD as bridging for transplantation (7%), or heart transplantation (25%). By Kaplan-Meier analysis, DCM patients with the deletion variant Del322-325 in the alpha2C-adrenoceptor showed significantly decreased event rates (P=0.0043). Cox regression analysis revealed that the presence of the deletion was associated with reduced death rate (relative risk: 0.129, 95% CI: 0.18-0.9441, P=0.044) and event rates (relative risk: 0.167, 95% CI: 0.041-0.685, P=0.012).\n\nQuestion:\nIs alpha2C-adrenoceptor polymorphism associated with improved event-free survival in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe purpose of this study was to determine whether contrast enhancement features on 3D volumetric gradient-recalled echoMR images allow differentiation of benign from malignant solitary pulmonary nodules. Forty patients with solitary pulmonary nodules (range of greatest diameter, 7-40 mm) detected on CT underwent unenhanced MRI and contrast-enhanced MRI performed in 10 consecutive dynamic 3D volumetric gradient-recalled echo sequences every 30 seconds. Contrast enhancement patterns (homogeneous, heterogeneous, rim, peripheral, and central) of the lesions were visually evaluated, and time-intensity curves of the lesions were drawn. Twenty patients had benign lesions (nine, tuberculoma; one, aspergilloma; nine, round atelectasis; one, postinflammatory nodule). The other 20 patients had malignant lesions (18, primary lung cancer; two, metastasis). At visual analysis, all 20 malignant lesions displayed peripheral enhancement with progressive heterogeneous fill-in on the late images. All nine tuberculomas and the aspergilloma had rim enhancement, and all nine round atelectasis lesions and the postinflammatory nodule had early intense homogeneous enhancement. Regarding the time-intensity curves, all malignant lesions except one lung cancer lesion had early peak enhancement with rapid washout. All benign lesions displayed early increasing enhancement with an early plateau in the second minute after contrast administration (nine tuberculomas and one aspergilloma) or a late plateau in the fourth minute (nine round atelectasis lesions and one postinflammatory nodule).\n\nQuestion:\nDo dynamic contrast enhancement patterns of solitary pulmonary nodules on 3D gradient-recalled echo MRI?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nVascular endothelial cells synthesize and release vasodilators such as nitric oxide (NO) and epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs). NO is known to inhibit EET-induced smooth muscle hyperpolarization and relaxation. This study investigates the underlying mechanism of this inhibition. Through measurements of membrane potential and arterial tension, we show that 11,12-EET induced membrane hyperpolarization and vascular relaxation in endothelium-denuded porcine coronary arteries. These responses were suppressed by S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP) and 8-Br-cGMP, an NO donor and a membrane-permeant analogue of cGMP, respectively. The inhibitory actions of SNAP and 8-Br-cGMP on 11,12-EET-induced membrane hyperpolarization and vascular relaxation were reversed by hydroxocobalamin, an NO scavenger; ODQ, a guanylyl cyclase inhibitor; and KT5823, a protein kinase G (PKG) inhibitor. The inhibitory actions of SNAP and 8-bromo cyclic GMP (8-Br-cGMP) on the EET responses were also abrogated by shielding TRPC1-PKG phosphorylation sites with an excessive supply of exogenous PKG substrates, TAT-TRPC1(S172) and TAT-TRPC1(T313). Furthermore, a phosphorylation assay demonstrated that PKG could directly phosphorylate TRPC1 at Ser(172) and Thr(313). In addition, 11,12-EET failed to induce membrane hyperpolarization and vascular relaxation when TRPV4, TRPC1, or KCa1.1 was selectively inhibited. Co-immunoprecipitation studies demonstrated that TRPV4, TRPC1, and KCa1.1 physically associated with each other in smooth muscle cells.\n\nQuestion:\nDo nitric oxide and protein kinase G act on TRPC1 to inhibit 11,12-EET-induced vascular relaxation?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nPancreatic stellate cells have some similarities to hepatic stellate cells and an intrinsic renin-angiotensin system is present in the pancreas and is enhanced in acute pancreatitis and chronic pancreatic hypoxia. We assessed the effects of lisinopril, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, on spontaneously occurring chronic pancreatitis. Lisinopril in drinking water (20, 50, or 200 mg/L) was administered to 10-week-old male Wistar Bonn/Kobori (WBN/Kob) rats for 10 weeks and then the inflammatory parameters, fibrosis, serum and pancreatic ACE activity, and expression of transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) messenger RNA (mRNA) as well as positive immunostaining for alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) were assessed. Lisinopril attenuated gross alterations in the pancreas. This protective effect was confirmed quantitatively by significant increases in pancreatic weights and decreases in pancreatic myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity (an index of granulocyte infiltration), pancreatic hydroxyproline content (an index of collagen deposition), ratio of fibrous tissue, and histologic scores. Lisinopril significantly reduced serum ACE activity but it did not affect pancreatic activity. High doses of lisinopril suppressed the overexpression of TGF-beta1 mRNA measured by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and decreased the number of alpha-SMA-positive cells (activated pancreatic stellate cells) in the pancreas.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor attenuate pancreatic inflammation and fibrosis in male Wistar Bonn/Kobori rats?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo evaluate the ability of preoperative manometric examinations to predict temporary or permanent dysphagia after antireflux procedures. Retrospective study. Teaching hospital, Sweden. 191 patients who had partial fundoplication. Stationary manometry with a perfused catheter system. Correlation between preoperative manometric examinations and the incidence of dysphagia before and after operation. 98 of 191 patients had dysphagia preoperatively (51%), but 52 of the 98 had no stricture or motor disorder to explain it; 25 of 59 patients with motor disorders shown manometrically (42%) did not complain of dysphagia. The number of patients with dysphagia was reduced to 43 postoperatively. 8 who did not complain of dysphagia preoperatively did so postoperatively; 4 of 8 had defective peristalsis and 4 had normal preoperative tracings.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes preoperative oesophageal motor activity predict postoperative dysphagia?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "no",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nProstate-specific antigen (PSA) is the well-used marker in the diagnosis, prognosis, and follow-up for prostate cancer patients. Although reports have focused on the importance of pretreatment PSA levels, doubling time, and posttreatment nadirs, there is little information on the value of PSA during the course of radiotherapy. Retrospective review of PSA values obtained midway through a course of radiotherapy treatment for prostate cancer. Patients had a PSA (midPSA) measured after a course of external beam radiation (EBRT) before planned transperineal low-dose-rate brachytherapy implant (LDR). A total of 717 patients were analyzed with a median follow-up of 5.8 years, all censored patients had a minimum follow-up of 2 years. A total of 277 patients had low-risk disease, 267 patients had intermediate risk, and 173 patients had high-risk disease. Androgen blockade was used in 512 patients. A total of 653 patients had a midPSA decrease after EBRT, the median decrease was 6.2 ng/mL. Patients who had a midPSA decrease ≥25% compared with pretreatment PSA had improved overall survival of 10.0 vs. 7.4 years (p < 0.0004) and improved disease-free survival of 9.8 vs. 7.3 years (p < 0.01). When stratified by use of androgen blockade, midPSA remained significant for both androgen and non-androgen patients.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes pSA decrease during combined-modality radiotherapy predict for treatment outcome?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo assess and document the need for nutrition and wellness patient education materials. The results of open-ended interviews and focus groups were used to develop a mail-type survey. The 46-item survey addressed barriers to using nutrition and wellness education materials as well as format, education/reading level, foreign languages, and topics needed. North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service (NCCES) family and consumer education agents distributed surveys to family and general practices throughout North Carolina. Of the 721 primary care providers surveyed, 303 (42%) returned usable surveys. Respondents practiced in 89 of the 100 counties of the state served by NCCES family and consumer education agents. Descriptive statistics and independent sample t tests were used to analyze survey results. Limited time with patients and inability to obtain materials because of cost or being unsure of sources were most often identified as barriers to using nutrition and wellness materials. Of the 26 topics surveyed, 6 had mean levels of need greater than or equal to high need (mean score > or = 4): weight control for adults, smoking cessation, changing dietary fat intake, exercise guidelines for healthy adults, general stress management guidelines, and healthful eating for older adults. Twenty-four of the 26 topics had mean levels of need greater than or equal to moderate need (mean score > or = 3). Topics with moderate need included guidelines for overweight children and adolescents, nutrition for chronic disease prevention, and healthful eating for various stages of the life cycle. The combined mean score for topics dealing with weight control and exercise for adults, adolescents, and children was greater than the score for high need (mean score > 4). Eighty-three percent of respondents preferred 1-page, printed handouts. Forty-five percent requested materials in Spanish.\n\nQuestion:\nDo primary care providers need a variety of nutrition and wellness patient education materials?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nDoes nm23 have functional significance in decidualization in mice and humans?\n\nQuestion:\nDoes nm23 regulate decidualization through the PI3K-Akt-mTOR signaling pathways in mice and humans?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nSeveral clinical studies suggested that antipsychotic-based medications could ameliorate cognitive functions impaired in certain schizophrenic patients. Accordingly, we investigated the effects of various dopaminergic receptor antagonists--including atypical antipsychotics that are prescribed for the treatment of schizophrenia--in a model of toxicity using cultured hippocampal neurons, the hippocampus being a region of particular relevance to cognition. Hippocampal cell death induced by deprivation of growth medium constituents was strongly blocked by drugs including antipsychotics (10(-10)-10(-6) M) that display nM affinities for D2 and/or D4 receptors (clozapine, haloperidol, (+/-)-sulpiride, domperidone, clozapine, risperidone, chlorpromazine, (+)-butaclamol and L-741,742). These effects were shared by some caspases inhibitors and were not accompanied by inhibition of reactive oxygen species. In contrast, (-)-raclopride and remoxipride, two drugs that preferentially bind D2 over D4 receptors were ineffective, as well as the selective D3 receptor antagonist U 99194. Interestingly, (-)-raclopride (10(-6) M) was able to block the neuroprotective effect of the atypical antipsychotic clozapine (10(-6) M).\n\nQuestion:\nDo prototypical antipsychotic drugs protect hippocampal neuronal cultures against cell death induced by growth medium deprivation?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTasquinimod (a quinoline-3-carboxyamide) is a small molecule immunotherapy with demonstrated effects on the tumor microenvironment (TME) involving immunomodulation, anti-angiogenesis and inhibition of metastasis. A target molecule of tasquinimod is the inflammatory protein S100A9 which has been shown to affect the accumulation and function of suppressive myeloid cell subsets in tumors. Given the major impact of myeloid cells to the tumor microenvironment, manipulation of this cell compartment is a desirable goal in cancer therapeutics. To understand the consequences of tasquinimod treatment on the TME, we evaluated early treatment effects in tumor infiltrating myeloid cells. Cellular phenotypes were studied by flow cytometry while gene expression both in tumor tissue and in isolated CD11b(+) cells or tumor cells were measured by real time-PCR. Effects on angiogenesis were monitored by changes in CD31 levels and by gene expression in tumor tissue. Effects on cytokine levels in tumor tissue and serum were determined by multiplex analysis. The MC38-C215 colon carcinoma tumors showed a substantial infiltration of primarily myeloid cells that were dominated by Ly6C(low)F4/80(+)CD206(+) M2-polarized tumor associated macrophages (TAMs), an immuno-suppressive and pro-angiogenic cell population. Here, we show that tasquinimod treatment induces an anti-tumor effect which is subsequent to a reduction in tumor infiltrating CD206(+) M2 macrophages and a simultaneous increase in M1 macrophages expressing MHC class II and CD86. The tasquinimod-induced changes in TAM polarization were evident within 24 h of exposure, emphasizing the ability of tasquinimod to rapidly reprogram the tumor microenvironment. This change in the tumor associated myeloid compartment preceded an increased IL12-production within the tumor and a decrease in tumor neovascularization. The switch in TAM polarization by tasquinimod was confirmed in the 4T1 breast cancer model where tasquinimod also reduce lung metastasis development.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes tasquinimod trigger an early change in the polarization of tumor associated macrophages in the tumor microenvironment?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo test the hypothesis that physical inactivity is an independent risk factor for hip fracture in the elderly. Population based, case-control study. Metropolitan borough of Newcastle upon Tyne. A total of 197 patients aged 50 years and over, resident in Newcastle, and admitted consecutively with a hip fracture, and 382 community controls, matched by age and sex, who had not suffered a hip fracture. Validated methods were used to assess customary physical activity. Information on body build, cigarette smoking, and alcohol consumption was also obtained. Grip strength was measured. Physical inactivity was strongly associated with the risk of hip fracture in men and women. Subjects who did not regularly weight-bear, perform muscle-loading activities such as climbing stairs, and perform productive activities such as gardening, were all more than twice as likely to sustain a hip fracture, when compared with subjects at the higher end of the activity spectrum. These increases in risk remained after adjusting for body mass index, smoking, alcohol consumption, and dependence in daily living activities.\n\nQuestion:\nIs physical inactivity an independent risk factor for hip fracture in the elderly?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nAccumulation and infiltration by neutrophil granulocytes is a prominent feature in the local inflammatory process in ulcerative colitis (UC). The present study was performed to evaluate human neutrophil lipocalin (HNL) as a specific neutrophil marker in the inflamed lesions of the colon and rectum in patients with colitis and proctitis. The activity of intestinal neutrophils with respect to release of granule proteins was studied in 18 patients with UC (10 with colitis and eight with isolated proctitis) and in 18 healthy controls using perfusion fluid and biopsies from the sigmoid colon and rectum. The released amounts of the neutrophil granule proteins HNL and myeloperoxidase (MPO) were determined by radioimmunoassays, and the location of HNL and MPO in biopsies from colonic mucosa was examined by immunohistochemistry. Mucosal release of HNL and MPO was increased 10-55-fold in patients with colitis and proctitis compared with controls. Their bowel biopsies demonstrated that only neutrophils were stained with anti-HNL. We also found correlations between HNL and levels of granulocyte/macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin 8 (IL-8) in perfusion fluids from the sigmoidal segments of patients with proctitis, between HNL and GM-CSF in rectal segments in patients with proctitis, and in sigmoidal segments in patients with colitis.\n\nQuestion:\nIs human neutrophil lipocalin a unique marker of neutrophil inflammation in ulcerative colitis and proctitis?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe malaria vector Anopheles gambiae is polymorphic for chromosomal inversions on the right arm of chromosome 2 that segregate nonrandomly between assortatively mating populations in West Africa. One such inversion, 2Rj, is associated with the BAMAKO chromosomal form endemic to southern Mali and northern Guinea Conakry near the Niger River. Although it exploits a unique ecology and both molecular and chromosomal data suggest reduced gene flow between BAMAKO and other A. gambiae populations, no molecular markers exist to identify this form. To facilitate study of the BAMAKO form, a PCR assay for molecular karyotyping of 2Rj was developed based on sequences at the breakpoint junctions. The assay was extensively validated using more than 700 field specimens whose karyotypes were determined in parallel by cytogenetic and molecular methods. As inversion 2Rj also occurs in SAVANNA populations outside the geographic range of BAMAKO, samples were tested from Senegal, Cameroon and western Guinea Conakry as well as from Mali. In southern Mali, where 2Rj polymorphism in SAVANNA populations was very low and most of the 2Rj homozygotes were found in BAMAKO karyotypes, the molecular and cytogenetic methods were almost perfectly congruent. Elsewhere agreement between the methods was much poorer, as the molecular assay frequently misclassified 2Rj heterozygotes as 2R+j standard homozygotes.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes pCR-based karyotyping of Anopheles gambiae inversion 2Rj identify the BAMAKO chromosomal form?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nAlthough asthma is recognized as a heterogeneous disease associated with clinical phenotypes, the molecular basis of these phenotypes remains poorly understood. Although genomic studies have successfully broadened our understanding in diseases such as cancer, they have not been widely used in asthma studies. To link gene expression patterns to clinical asthma phenotypes. We used a microarray platform to analyze bronchial airway epithelial cell gene expression in relation to the asthma biomarker fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) in 155 subjects with asthma and healthy control subjects from the Severe Asthma Research Program (SARP). We first identified a diverse set of 549 genes whose expression correlated with FeNO. We used k-means to cluster the patient samples according to the expression of these genes, identifying five asthma clusters/phenotypes with distinct clinical, physiological, cellular, and gene transcription characteristics-termed \"subject clusters\" (SCs). To then investigate differences in gene expression between SCs, a total of 1,384 genes were identified that highly differentiated the SCs at an unadjusted P value < 10(-6). Hierarchical clustering of these 1,384 genes identified nine gene clusters or \"biclusters,\" whose coexpression suggested biological characteristics unique to each SC. Although genes related to type 2 inflammation were present, novel pathways, including those related to neuronal function, WNT pathways, and actin cytoskeleton, were noted.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes gene expression in relation to exhaled nitric oxide identify novel asthma phenotypes with unique biomolecular pathways?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nSmall ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) is a group of proteins that participates in post-translational modifications. One known SUMO target is the transcription factor nuclear factor-kB (NF-kB) that plays a pivotal role in many disease processes; sumoylation inactivates NF-kB by conjugation with inhibitors of NF-kB (IkB). Our laboratory demonstrated previously that transcriptional upregulation of nitric oxide synthase II (NOS II) by NF-kB, leading to nitrosative stress by the formation of peroxynitrite in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), underpins the defunct brain stem cardiovascular regulation that precedes brain death. Based on an experimental endotoxemia model, this study evaluated the hypothesis that sumoylation plays a pro-life role in brain death by interacting with the NF-kB/NOS II/peroxynitrite signaling pathway in the RVLM. In Sprague-Dawley rats, intravenous administration of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 10 mg kg\n\nQuestion:\nDoes sumoylation of IkB attenuate NF-kB-induced nitrosative stress at rostral ventrolateral medulla and cardiovascular depression in experimental brain death?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nExtracellular ATP stabilizes the endothelial barrier and inactivates the contractile machinery of endothelial cells. This inactivation relies on dephosphorylation of the regulatory myosin light chain (MLC) due to an activation of the MLC phosphatase (MLCP). To date, activation and function of MLCP in endothelial cells are only partially understood. Here, the mechanism of extracellular ATP-mediated activation of MLCP was analyzed in human endothelial cells from umbilical veins. Cells were transfected with the endogenous protein phosphatase 1 (PP1)-specific inhibitor-2 (I-2). Overexpression of I-2 led to inhibition of PP1 activity and abrogation of the ATP-induced dephosphorylation of MLC. This indicates that the PP1 catalytic subunit is the principal phosphatase catalyzing the MLC dephosphorylation induced by extracellular ATP. As demonstrated by immunoprecipitation analysis, extracellular ATP recruits the PP1delta catalytic subunit and the myosin phosphatase targeting subunit (MYPT1) to form a complex. ATP stimulated dephosphorylation of MYPT1 at the inhibitory phosphorylation sites threonine 850 and 696. However, extracellular ATP failed to stimulate MYPT1 dephosphorylation in I-2-overexpressing cells.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes extracellular ATP induce assembly and activation of the myosin light chain phosphatase complex in endothelial cells?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nMost recently described human platelet antigens (HPAs) have been detected in cases of fetomaternal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (FMAIT) where the mother has been immunized against a low-frequency antigen that the fetus has inherited from the father. Low-frequency antigens are not represented in normal panel platelets (PLTs) and antibody detection and identification in such cases requires incubation of maternal serum with paternal PLTs and definition of the causative mutation. A suspected case of FMAIT was investigated for PLT-specific antibodies using a panel of both HPA-typed and paternal PLTs. HPA typing was performed by polymerase chain reaction with sequence-specific primers and further DNA analysis was performed using direct sequencing of the coding regions of the ITGA2B and ITGB3 genes. Maternal antibodies reactive only with paternal PLTs were localized to glycoprotein (GP)IIb/IIIa using the monoclonal antibody immobilization of PLT antibody assay. A single-nucleotide polymorphism was detected in Exon 23 of ITGA2B in the father and affected child, which predicted a V740L substitution in the mature protein. Recombinant V740L mutated GPIIb expressed in HEK293 cells was specifically recognized by maternal antibodies. The polymorphism was not detected either in the mother or in a cohort of 100 donors.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes a V740L mutation in glycoprotein IIb define a novel epitope ( War ) associated with fetomaternal alloimmune thrombocytopenia?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nHsp72 found in the extracellular milieu has been shown to play an important role in immune regulation. The impact of common cancer therapies on extracellular release of Hsp72 however, has been to date undefined. Serum from 13 patients undergoing radiation therapy (XRT) for prostate cancer with or without hormonal therapy (ADT) was measured for levels of circulating serum Hsp72 and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-alpha) using the classical sandwich ELISA technique and the relative expression of CD8(+) T lymphocytes and natural killer (NK) cells was measured using flow cytometry. Mouse orthotopic xenograft of human prostate cancer tumors (DU-145 and PC-3) were used to validate and further characterize the response noted in the clinical setting. The biological significance of tumor released Hsp72 was studied in human dendritic cells (DC) in vitro. Circulating serum Hsp72 levels increased an average of 3.5-fold (median per patient 4.8-fold) with XRT but not with ADT (p=0.0002). Increases in IL-6 (3.3-fold), TNF-alpha (1.8-fold), CD8(+) CTL (2.1-fold) and NK cells (3.2-fold) also occurred. Using PC-3 and DU-145 human prostate cancer xenograft models in mice, we confirmed that XRT induces Hsp72 release primarily from implanted tumors. In vitro studies using supernatant recovered from irradiated human prostate cancer cells point to exosomes containing Hsp72 as a possible stimulator of pro-inflammatory cytokine production and costimulatory molecules expression in human DC.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes radiation therapy induce circulating serum Hsp72 in patients with prostate cancer?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThis study's objective was to determine whether offering dietary advice was effective in supporting patients in adjusting energy intake. We performed a prospective, randomized, controlled trial of dietary intervention involving 59 patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis over a 4-month follow-up period. The study involved outpatients on home-based renal replacement therapy. All participants were adult patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. All eligible patients were invited to take part. Subjects were randomized into two groups: control and intervention. Those with diabetes mellitus, malabsorption, malignancy, or eating disorders were excluded. Baseline measurements to assess current dietary intake and nutritional status were performed in all subjects. Measurements included a 5-day food diary, subjective global assessment (SGA), anthropometry, and serum biochemistry. After analysis of the food diaries, the participants in the control group were given follow-up dietary advice that would enable them to match intake with current dietary recommendations for this group of 1.2 g of protein per kilogram of ideal body weight, 25 cal/kg ideal body weight. Participants in the intervention group were given follow-up dietary advice that would encourage them to match energy intake with an estimate of total energy expenditure based on their calculated basal metabolic rate and physical activity level as designated using information from SGA, with a significantly lower protein intake of 0.8 to 1.0 g/kg ideal body weight and an emphasis on calories from carbohydrate and fat. Both groups completed further 5-day food diaries at 2 and 4 months to assess their ability to make the recommended changes. SGA, anthropometry, and biochemistry were all remeasured at the end of the study period. Differences in energy and protein intakes between and within the two groups from baseline to 4 months were assessed. Protein and energy intakes did not change during 4 months in either group, and there was no significant difference in intake between the two groups. In the control group (n = 27), 18 subjects (69%) matched their reported dietary energy intake to the recommended intake. In the intervention group (n = 28), 17 subjects (63%) matched their reported dietary intake to their estimated total energy expenditure. In the control group (n = 27), 8 subjects (28%) achieved the protein intake recommended to them of 1.2 g/kg. In the intervention group (n = 28), 23 subjects (85%) achieved the protein intake recommended to them of greater than 0.8 g/kg.\n\nQuestion:\nAre continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients unable to increase dietary intake to recommended levels?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nIt has been demonstrated that dynamic electrochemistry can be used to correct blood glucose measurement results for potentially interfering conditions, such as humidity, hematocrit (HCT) variations, and ascorbic acid. The purpose of this laboratory investigation was to assess the potential influence of hematocrit variations on a variety of blood glucose meters applying different measurement technologies. Venous heparinized whole blood was drawn, immediately aliquoted, and manipulated to contain three different blood glucose concentrations (80, 155, and 310 mg/dl) and five different hematocrit levels (25%, 37%, 45%, 52%, and 60%). After careful oxygenation to normal blood oxygen pressure, each of the resulting 15 different samples was measured 8 times with the following devices: BGStar, Contour, Accu-Chek Aviva, Accu-Chek Aviva Nano, Breeze 2, Precision Xceed, OneTouch Ultra 2, OneTouch Verio, FreeStyle Freedom Lite, Glucocard G+, GlucoMen LX, GlucoMen GM, and StatStrip [point-of-care (POC) device]. Cobas (Roche Diagnostics, glucose hexokinase method) served as laboratory plasma reference method. Stability to hematocrit influence was assumed when less than 10% bias occurred between the highest and lowest hematocrit levels when analyzing mean deviations for all three glucose concentrations. Besides the POC StatStrip device, which is known to measure and correct for hematocrit (resulting in <2% bias), four self-test meters also showed a stable performance in this investigation: dynamic electrochemistry, BGStar (8%), and static electrochemistry, Contour (6%), Glucocard G+ (2%), and OneTouch Verio (6%). The other meters failed this test: colorimetry, FreeStyle Freedom Lite (16%), and static electrochemistry, Accu-Chek Aviva (23%), Accu-Chek Aviva Nano (18%), Breeze 2 (36%), OneTouch Ultra 2 (34%), Precision Xceed (34%), GlucoMen LX (24%), and GlucoMen GM (31%).\n\nQuestion:\nDoes dynamic electrochemistry correct for hematocrit interference on blood glucose determinations with patient self-measurement devices?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nEpidemiological studies have suggested that the dietary pattern may be associated with the prevalence of asthma. We previously reported that an increased intake of foods of animal origin was associated with the occurrence of allergic rhinitis and asthma in adolescents. Here we examined the effect of dietary cholesterol in a murine model of allergic pulmonary inflammation. Weanling C57BL/6 mice were fed a control diet containing 0.02% cholesterol or a diet supplemented with 1% or 2% cholesterol. Four weeks later the mice were sensitized with intraperitoneal ovalbumin (OVA) followed by OVA or saline inhalation 2 weeks later. OVA aerosol-induced inflammation was significantly enhanced by dietary supplementation of 1% or 2% cholesterol. Among OVA-challenged mice, leukocyte numbers, particularly those of eosinophils, in the bronchoalveolar space increased by 3- to 5-fold with the cholesterol supplement. Among OVA aerosol-challenged mice, the levels of interleukin-5 and cysteinyl leukotrienes in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were significantly higher in those fed the 2% cholesterol diet compared with mice on the control diet.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes dietary cholesterol enhance pulmonary eosinophilic inflammation in a murine model of asthma?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nPatients with stage IV neuroblastoma over the age of 500 days without MYCN amplification have a survival rate of <30% and there are currently no reliable means of predicting which of these patients will survive or succumb to the disease. The goal of this study is to develop a DNA copy number-based prognostic profile for these patients. We have used comparative genomic hybridization to identify genome copy number changes that can predict outcome in patients with stage IV neuroblastoma without MYCN amplification. A strong correlation of patient survival with the presence of whole chromosome changes (WCC >or=2) was observed, even in the group of patients older than 500 days at time of diagnosis. This novel prognostic marker showed a significant dependence on the date of diagnosis; patients with WCC >or=2 diagnosed after 1998 had a significantly higher probability of survival compared with those diagnosed earlier. At the same time, no such time dependence was found among the samples with WCC <2, suggesting that medical progress patients in recent years has particularly benefited those patients with a stage IV non-MYCN-amplified disease if WCC >or=2 were present.\n\nQuestion:\nDo whole chromosome alterations predict survival in high-risk neuroblastoma without MYCN amplification?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nKorean Red Ginseng (KRG) is known to have antianxiety properties. This study was conducted to investigate the anxiolytic effects of KRG extract (KRGE) during ethanol withdrawal (EW) and the involvement of the mesoamygdaloid dopamine (DA) system in it. Rats were treated with 3 g/kg/d of ethanol for 28 d, and subjected to 3 d of withdrawal. During EW, KRGE (20 mg/kg/d or 60 mg/kg/d, p.o.) was given to rats once/d for 3 d. Thirty min after the final dose of KRGE, anxiety-like behavior was evaluated in an elevated plus maze (EPM), and plasma corticosterone (CORT) levels were determined by a radioimmunoassay (RIA). In addition, concentrations of DA and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) in the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) were also measured by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The EPM test and RIA revealed KRGE inhibited anxiety-like behavior and the over secretion of plasma CORT during EW. Furthermore, the behavioral effect was blocked by a selective DA D2 receptor (D2R) antagonist (eticlopride) but not by a selective DA D1 receptor (D1R) antagonist (SCH23390). HPLC analyses showed KRGE reversed EW-induced decreases of DA and DOPAC in a dose-dependent way. Additionally, Western blotting and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays showed that KRGE prevented the EW-induced reductions in tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) protein expression in the CeA and TH mRNA expression in the ventral tegmental area (VTA).\n\nQuestion:\nDoes korean Red Ginseng attenuate anxiety-like behavior during ethanol withdrawal in rats?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nOccasionally after a craniotomy, the bone flap is discarded (as in the case of osteomyelitis) or is resorbed (especially after trauma), and an artificial implant must be inserted in a delayed fashion. Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) implants and hard-tissue replacement patient-matched implants (HTR-PMI) are both commonly used in such cases. This study sought to compare the failure rate of these 2 implants and identify risk factors of artificial implant failure in pediatric patients. This was a retrospective cohort study examining all pediatric patients who received PEEK or HTR-PMI cranioplasty implants from 2000 to 2013 at a single institution. The authors examined the following variables: age, sex, race, mechanism, surgeon, posttraumatic hydrocephalus, time to cranioplasty, bone gap width, and implant type. The primary outcome of interest was implant failure, defined as subsequent removal and replacement of the implant. These variables were analyzed in a bivariate statistical fashion and in a multivariate logistic regression model for the significant variables. The authors found that 78.3% (54/69) of implants were successful. The mean patient age was 8.2 years, and a majority of patients were male (73%, 50/69); the mean follow-up for the cohort was 33.3 months. The success rate of the 41 HTR-PMI implants was 78.1%, and the success rate of the 28 PEEK implants was 78.6% (p = 0.96). Implants with a bone gap of > 6 mm were successful in 33.3% of cases, whereas implants with a gap of < 6 mm had a success rate of 82.5% (p = 0.02). In a multivariate model with custom-type implants, previous failed custom cranial implants, time elapsed from previous cranioplasty attempt, and bone gap size, the only independent risk factor for implant failure was a bone gap > 6 mm (odds ratio 8.3, 95% confidence interval 1.2-55.9).\n\nQuestion:\nIs minimizing bone gaps when using custom pediatric cranial implants associated with implant success?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nAdenosine is believed to be cardioprotective; however, it has not been elucidated whether the plasma adenosine level is increased in chronic heart failure. Seventy-one patients attending a specialized heart failure clinic during a 6-month period were grouped according to the cause of chronic heart failure and the New York Heart Association function class. There were 40 patients with chronic heart failure due to ischemic heart diseases and 31 patients with valvular heart diseases and dilated cardiomyopathy. Control subjects consisted of 64 healthy laboratory staff members and patients without chronic heart failure. We found that the plasma adenosine levels were increased in patients with ischemic and nonischemic heart failure (218 +/- 23 and 211 +/- 21 nmol/L, respectively, versus 62 +/- 3 nmol/L for healthy subjects) and that the extent of increases in adenosine levels correlated well with the severity of chronic heart failure.\n\nQuestion:\nDo plasma adenosine levels increase in patients with chronic heart failure?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nDifferences in cognition and brain structure have been found in youth with type 1 diabetes compared with controls, even after relatively short disease duration. To determine whether severity of clinical presentation contributes to these differences, we obtained structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans in youth ages 7-17 who were either newly diagnosed with type 1 diabetes (<3.5 months from diagnosis, n = 46) or a sibling without diabetes (n = 28). Severity of presentation was measured by the presence of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and degree of hyperglycemia exposure [hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c)] at diagnosis. MRI were obtained using T1-weighted, T2-weighted, and diffusion-weighted sequences. Within the group with type 1 diabetes, 12 subjects presented in DKA and 34 did not. After controlling for age, sex, and multiple comparisons, the type 1 diabetes group had lower volume in the left temporal-parietal-occipital cortex compared with controls. Within the type 1 diabetes group, DKA at presentation was associated with lower radial, axial, and mean diffusivity (MD) throughout major white matter tracts and higher HbA1c was associated with lower hippocampal, thalamic, and cerebellar white matter volumes, lower right posterior parietal cortical thickness, and greater right occipital cortical thickness.\n\nQuestion:\nIs severity of clinical presentation in youth with type 1 diabetes associated with differences in brain structure?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nWe retrospectively investigated prognostic factors to be used in selecting the patients with stage IV gastric cancer (GC) who have an unfavorable prognosis after palliative gastrectomy. A total of 146 GC patients at stage IV who had undergone palliative gastrectomy were enrolled. Various clinicopathological parameters were evaluated for prognosis. Surgical morbidity and hospital mortality occurred in 35 (23.9 %) and 4 (2.7 %) patients, respectively. The overall 5-year survival rate and the median survival time were 11.2 % and 13.2 months, respectively. Of the 146 patients, 64 had uncomfortable symptoms associated with GC and 76 had no such symptoms. Of the 64 patients with uncomfortable symptoms, 60 (93.7 %) experienced relief of these symptoms after palliative surgery. Multivariate analysis for patients without uncomfortable symptoms associated with GC revealed that the number of incurable factors and serum SPan-1 level were independent prognostic factors.\n\nQuestion:\nIs sPan-1 a useful prognostic marker for patients with stage IV gastric cancer who underwent palliative gastrectomy : a retrospective multivariate study?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nIntragenic deletions of the dystrophin-encoding and muscular dystrophy-associated DMD gene have been recently described in gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST), rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) and leiomyosarcoma (LMS). We evaluated the copy numbers and gene expression levels of DMD in our series of GIST patients who were already studied with wide genome assays, to investigate more fully a correlation between dystrophin status and disease annotations. Our study highlighted a recurrent intragenic deletion on chromosome X, involving the DMD gene that codes for human dystrophin in GIST patients. Of 29 KIT/PDGFRA mutant GIST samples, 9 (31%) showed deletions of the DMD gene, which were focal and intragenic in 8 cases, and involved loss of an entire chromosome in one case (GIST_188). DMD loss was seen in only 5 patients with metastasis, whereas 18 out of 20 patients with localized disease had wild-type DMD (P = 0.0004, Fisher exact test). None of the 6 KIT/PDGFRA WT GIST showed DMD alterations.\n\nQuestion:\nIs dystrophin deregulation associated with tumor progression in KIT/PDGFRA mutant gastrointestinal stromal tumors?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nPlatelets contain several growth factors, including platelet-derived growth factor and hepatocyte growth factor. We examined the effects of platelet increment on liver regeneration after 70% hepatectomy. Hepatectomies were carried out in male BALB/c mice, and subsequently divided into three groups: (i) untreated mice, (ii) thrombocytotic mice induced with thrombopoietin, and (iii) thrombocytopenic mice induced with anti-platelet antibody. Growth kinetics in the liver were analyzed as a function of the liver/body weight ratio, the mitotic index, the proliferating cell nuclear antigen labeling index and Ki-67 labeling index. Activation of signal transduction pathways relating to cell proliferation were examined, including the STAT3, Akt, and ERK1/2 pathways. Platelet accumulation in the residual liver was quantified by immunohistochemistry and transmission electron microscopy. In thrombocytotic and thrombocytopenic mice, liver/body weight ratios and Ki-67 labeling indices were significantly increased and significantly decreased, respectively, compared with untreated mice 48 hours post-hepatectomy. The Akt pathway was strongly activated, and platelet accumulation was significantly increased in thrombocytotic group 5 minutes post-hepatectomy compared with normal and thrombocytopenic groups. After hepatectomy platelets accumulated in the sinusoids of liver and promoted hepatocyte proliferation in early period after hepatectomy.\n\nQuestion:\nDo platelets promote liver regeneration in early period after hepatectomy in mice?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe aim was to examine the influence of extremely low sperm count on intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) outcome. Over 1000 consecutive unselected ICSI cycles were divided into four groups according to sperm concentration of their patients: A, cryptozoospermia, 107 patients; B, sperm concentration of < or = 1 x 10(4), 146 patients; C, sperm count of 1 x 10(4)-1 x 10(5), 135 patients; and concentration of > 1 x 10(5) and < 10 x 10(6)/ml (control group), 688 patients. A significant decrease in pregnancy rate was noticed in the cryptozoospermic group in comparison to the control group (20% vs. 31%). Fertilization rate in group A was significantly lower in comparison to all other groups, respectively (46% vs. 52%, 54%, 61%). Embryo quality was inferior in group A in comparison to the control group. A higher yet not statistically significant abortion rate was observed in the cryptozoospermic group (as well as in group C) (30%, 27%) compared to the control group (15%).\n\nQuestion:\nDoes very low sperm count affect the result of intracytoplasmic sperm injection?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nFrailty is an important geriatric syndrome. Adiponectin is an important adipokine that regulates energy homeostasis. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between plasma adiponectin levels and frailty in elders. The demographic data, body weight, metabolic and inflammatory parameters, including plasma glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), c-reactive protein (CRP) and adiponectin levels, were assessed. The frailty score was assessed using the Fried Frailty Index (FFI). The mean (SD) age of the 168 participants [83 (49.4%) men and 85 (50.6%) women] was 76.86 (6.10) years. Judged by the FFI score, 42 (25%) elders were robust, 92 (54.7%) were pre-frail, and 34 (20.3%) were frail. The mean body mass index was 25.19 (3.42) kg/m(2). The log-transformed mean (SD) plasma adiponectin (µg/mL) level was 1.00 (0.26). The log-transformed mean plasma adiponectin (µg/mL) levels were 0.93 (0.23) in the robust elders, 1.00 (0.27) in the pre-frail elders, and 1.10 (0.22) in the frail elders, and the differences between these values were statistically significant (p = 0.012). Further analysis showed that plasma adiponectin levels rose progressively with an increasing number of components of frailty in all participants as a whole (p for trend = 0.024) and males (p for trend = 0.037), but not in females (p for trend = 0.223).\n\nQuestion:\nDo plasma adiponectin levels correlate positively with an increasing number of components of frailty in male elders?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nOver the past few decades, a large number of rural residents have migrated to cities in China and left their children behind. This study estimated how many 10- to 14-year-old children in rural Anhui drank alcohol and examined the association between parental migration and children's alcohol use. A cross-sectional study was conducted in six cities in Anhui between July and August 2012. All participants had lived in the study villages for at least six months during the previous year and were interviewed face-to-face using a standardised questionnaire. More than half (57%) of the 1367 subjects were left-behind children, 43% lived with both parents and 9.6% currently drank alcohol. When we controlled for other variables, the rate of alcohol use was statistically higher among left-behind children if both parents had migrated (14.0%) than among children living with both parents (7.8%) (p = 0.002). Boys, children with siblings and those with a poorer academic performance were more likely to drink.\n\nQuestion:\nIs alcohol consumption higher among left-behind Chinese children whose parents leave rural areas to work?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nCircadian rhythms play an integral role in human behavior, physiology and health. Individual differences in daily rhythms (chronotypes) can affect individual sleep-wake cycles, activity patterns and behavioral choices. Diurnal preference, the tendency towards morningness or eveningness among individuals, has been associated with interpersonal variation in circadian clock-related output measures, including body temperature, melatonin levels and clock gene mRNA in blood, oral mucosa, and dermal fibroblast cell cultures. Here we report gene expression data from two principal clock genes sampled from hair follicle cells, a peripheral circadian clock. Hair follicle cells from fourteen individuals of extreme morning or evening chronotype were sampled at three time points. RNA was extracted and quantitative PCR assays were used to measure mRNA expression patterns of two clock genes, Per3 and Nr1d2. We found significant differences in clock gene expression over time between chronotype groups, independent of gender or age of participants. Extreme evening chronotypes have a delay in phase of circadian clock gene oscillation relative to extreme morning types. Variation in the molecular clockwork of chronotype groups represents nearly three-hour phase differences (Per3: 2.61 hours; Nr1d2: 3.08 hours, both: 2.86) in circadian oscillations of these clock genes.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes diurnal Preference predict Phase Differences in Expression of Human Peripheral Circadian Clock Genes?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nRecent investigations have demonstrated a positive association between periodontitis and pregnancy complications. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of periodontitis and the subgingival microbial composition on preeclampsia. A case-control study was carried out in Cali, Colombia that included 130 preeclamptic and 243 non-preeclamptic women between 26 to 36 weeks of pregnancy. Sociodemographic data, obstetric risk factors, periodontal status, and subgingival microbial composition were determined in both groups. Preeclampsia was defined as blood pressure>or=140/90 mm Hg, and >or=2+ proteinuria, confirmed by 0.3 g proteinuria/24 hours of urine specimens. Controls were healthy pregnant women. Odds ratios (ORs) for periodontitis and subgingival microbiota compositions were calculated. A total of 83 out of 130 preeclamptic women (63.8%) and 89 out of 243 controls (36.6%) had chronic periodontitis (OR: 3.0; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.91 to 4.87; P<0.001). Clinical attachment loss increased in the case group (4.0+/-0.10 mm) compared to the control group (3.0+/-0.08 mm) (P<0.001). The average newborn birth weight from preeclamptic mothers was 2.453 g, whereas in controls was 2.981 g (P<0.001). Two red complex microorganisms, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythensis, and the green complex microorganism Eikenella corrodens were more prevalent in the preeclamptic group than in controls (P<0.01).\n\nQuestion:\nIs periodontitis associated with preeclampsia in pregnant women?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe prevalence of anti-HCV in the population of a village, which is located in China's Putian County, was 28.9%. To investigate whether intrafamilial transmission is the main cause of the high prevalence of HCV infection in the village. This study surveyed the prevalence of anti-HCV antibody and HCV RNA and analyzed the risk factors for infection. Twenty-seven families consisting of 2 or more cases who were HCV RNA-positive were selected. Genotyping of HCV isolates was performed using a restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of 5'-NCR. The identity of the nucleotide sequence, the Kimura distance, and the phylogenetic trees between HCV 1b isolates from the same family were compared with that from different families using BioEdit and MEGA4.0 software. Of 303 anti-HCV-positive subjects, 113 subjects were HCV RNA-positive. The frequency of some risk factors was significantly different between HCV RNA-positive and anti-HCV-negative subjects. Twenty-two pairs had subjects who were both infected with genotype 1b strains. The sequence identities between the 2 isolates from the family pairs ranged from 78.9% to 98.5% for HVR1 and from 92.4% to 97.6% for NS5B, which were not higher than the pairs from different families. The Kimura distances for family pairs ranged from 0.014 to 0.357 for HVR1 and from 0.024 to 0.081 for NS5B. They were not shorter than that from non-family pairs. Only 2 family pairs clustered in the same branch in the dendrogram obtained with NS5B sequences.\n\nQuestion:\nIs intrafamilial viral transmission the main cause of the high prevalence of hepatic C virus infection in a village , Putian county , China?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "no",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nAcute vertebral collapse is common, and it is sometimes difficult to determine whether the cause is benign or malignant. Recently, diffusion-weighted imaging has been reported to be useful for differentiating the two types. The purpose of this study was to evaluate diffusion abnormalities quantitatively in benign and malignant compression fractures using line scan diffusion-weighted imaging. SUBJECTS AND METHODS. Line scan diffusion-weighted imaging was prospectively performed in 17 patients with 20 acute vertebral compression fractures caused by osteoporosis or trauma, in 12 patients with 16 vertebral compression fractures caused by malignant tumors, and in 35 patients with 47 metastatic vertebrae without collapse. Images were obtained at b values of 5 and 1,000 sec/mm(2). The apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) was measured in vertebral compression fractures and metastatic vertebrae without collapse. The ADC (mean +/- SD) was 1.21 +/- 0.17 x 10(-3) mm(2)/sec in benign compression fractures, 0.92 +/- 0.20 x 10(-3) mm(2)/sec in malignant compression fractures, and 0.83 +/- 0.17 x 10(-3) mm(2)/sec in metastatic vertebral lesions without collapse. The ADC was significantly higher in benign compression fractures than in malignant compression fractures (p < 0.01), although the two types showed considerable overlap.\n\nQuestion:\nDo quantitative assessment of diffusion abnormalities in benign and malignant vertebral compression fractures by line scan diffusion-weighted imaging?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe intravenous anesthetic etomidate exhibits structural similarities to specific alpha2-adrenoceptor agonists of the type such as dexmedetomidine. The current study was performed to elucidate the possible interaction of etomidate with alpha2-adrenoceptors in mice lacking individual alpha2-adrenoceptor subtypes (alpha2-KO). Sedative and cardiovascular responses to etomidate and the alpha2-agonist, dexmedetomidine, were determined in mice deficient in alpha2-receptor subtypes. Inhibition of binding of the alpha2-receptor antagonist [3H]RX821002 to recombinant alpha2-receptors by etomidate was tested in human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells in vitro. In vivo, loss and recovery of the righting reflex required similar times after intraperitoneal injection of etomidate in wild-type and in alpha2A-receptor-deficient mice, indicating that the hypnotic effect of etomidate in mice does not require the alpha2A-receptor subtype. Intravenous injection of etomidate resulted in a transient increase (duration 2.4 +/- 0.2 min) in arterial blood pressure in wild-type mice (17 +/- 3 mmHg). Etomidate did not affect blood pressure in alpha2B-KO or alpha2AB-KO mice. In membranes from HEK293 cells transfected with alpha2-receptors, etomidate inhibited binding of the alpha2-antagonist, [3H]RX821002, with higher potency from alpha2B- and alpha2C-receptors than from alpha2A-receptors (Ki alpha2A 208 microm, alpha2B 26 microm, alpha2C 56 microm). In alpha2B-receptor-expressing HEK293 cells, etomidate rapidly increased phosphorylation of the extracellular signal-related kinases ERK1/2.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes activation of alpha 2B-adrenoceptors mediate the cardiovascular effects of etomidate?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nAs the second leading cause of cancer morbidity and death in women, cervical cancer remains an important public health problem worldwide. Novel biomarkers with high sensitivity and specificity for the early detection and diagnosis of cervical cancer are urgently needed. Increasing evidence shows that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are differentially expressed in cancer tissues and may serve as diagnostic markers. In multiple tumor types, exosomes harboring lncRNAs are actively released from tumor cells. In this study, we investigate the potential association of exosomal lncRNA expression with cervical cancer. Cervicovaginal lavage specimens were collected from patients with cervical cancer and cancer-free volunteers who are HPV-positive or HPV-negative. Exosomes in these specimens were isolated by ultracentrifugation and confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. The exosomal lncRNAs HOTAIR, MALAT1, and MEG3 were quantified by qRT-PCR. Expression of HOTAIR, MALAT1 and MEG3 was predominantly observed in cervical cancer-derived exosomes in cervicovaginal lavage samples. The expression levels of lncRNAs were significantly different in exosomes isolated from cervical cancer patients compared to normal controls.\n\nQuestion:\nAre exosomal Long Noncoding RNAs Differentially Expressed in the Cervicovaginal Lavage Samples of Cervical Cancer Patients?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nEarlier studies have suggested that a common genetic architecture underlies the clinically heterogeneous polygenic Fredrickson hyperlipoproteinemia (HLP) phenotypes defined by hypertriglyceridemia (HTG). Here, we comprehensively analyzed 504 HLP-HTG patients and 1213 normotriglyceridemic controls and confirmed that a spectrum of common and rare lipid-associated variants underlies this heterogeneity. First, we demonstrated that genetic determinants of plasma lipids and lipoproteins, including common variants associated with plasma triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) from the Global Lipids Genetics Consortium were associated with multiple HLP-HTG phenotypes. Second, we demonstrated that weighted risk scores composed of common TG-associated variants were distinctly increased across all HLP-HTG phenotypes compared with controls; weighted HDL-C and LDL-C risk scores were also increased, although to a less pronounced degree with some HLP-HTG phenotypes. Interestingly, decomposition of HDL-C and LDL-C risk scores revealed that pleiotropic variants (those jointly associated with TG) accounted for the greatest difference in HDL-C and LDL-C risk scores. The APOE E2/E2 genotype was significantly overrepresented in HLP type 3 versus other phenotypes. Finally, rare variants in 4 genes accumulated equally across HLP-HTG phenotypes.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes an increased burden of common and rare lipid-associated risk alleles contribute to the phenotypic spectrum of hypertriglyceridemia?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nUnhealthy eating habits in adolescence lead to a wide variety of health problems and disorders. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of absence of parental rules on eating and unhealthy eating behaviour and to explore the relationships between parental rules on eating and a wide range of unhealthy eating habits of boys and girls. We also explored the association of sociodemographic characteristics such as gender, family affluence or parental education with eating related parental rules and eating habits of adolescents. The data on 2765 adolescents aged 13-15 years (mean age: 14.4; 50.7 % boys) from the Slovak part of the Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children (HBSC) study 2014 were assessed. The associations between eating-related parental rules and unhealthy eating patterns using logistic regression were assessed using logistic regression. Unhealthy eating habits occurred frequently among adolescents (range: 18.0 % reported skipping breakfast during weekends vs. 75.8 % for low vegetables intake). Of all adolescents, 20.5 % reported a lack of any parental rules on eating (breakfast not mandatory, meal in front of TV allowed, no rules about sweets and soft drinks). These adolescents were more likely to eat unhealthily, i.e. to skip breakfast on weekdays (odds ratio/95 % confidence interval: 5.33/4.15-6.84) and on weekends (2.66/2.12-3.34), to report low consumption of fruits (1.63/1.30-2.04) and vegetables (1.32/1.04-1.68), and the frequent consumption of sweets (1.59/1.30-1.94), soft drinks (1.93/1.56-2.38) and energy drinks (2.15/1.72-2.70).\n\nQuestion:\nIs lack of parental rule-setting on eating associated with a wide range of adolescent unhealthy eating behaviour both for boys and girls?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nChronic ulcerative conditions in the gastrointestinal tract result in the appearance of the ulcer associated cell lineage (UACL). The glands of this new cell lineage secrete epidermal growth factor, transforming growth factor alpha, and the trefoil factor family (TFF) peptides, which are known to participate in repair processes. Pouchitis is the most frequent complication of ileal pouch-anal anastomosis. Our aim was to determine whether the mucosal ulceration present in pouchitis can induce the development of UACL glands. Biopsies from ileal pouches with pouchitis (n=10), healthy pouches (n=5), and normal terminal ileum (n=5) were studied. Expression of TFF mRNA was assessed by in situ hybridisation. TFF1 and TFF2 proteins were localised by immunochemistry. UACL glands containing TFF1 and TFF2 were observed in six patients with pouchitis. In some glands, there was TFF3 mRNA as has been reported for Crohn's UACL. None of the biopsies from ileal reservoirs without pouchitis showed UACL glands (p<0.05). Neither TFF1 nor TFF2 expression was detected in ileal reservoirs without pouchitis.\n\nQuestion:\nAre ulcer associated cell lineage glands expressing trefoil peptide genes induced by chronic ulceration in ileal pouch mucosa?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe contribution of Pregnancy-specific glycoproteins (PSG), the major variant of PSG released into the circulation during pregnancy, to the pregnancy-dependent improvement of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has still not been elucidated. Collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) was used to test the hypothesis that PSG1a when released into circulation has a modulatory role on the Th1-pathogenic response, thus improving the CIA symptoms. In vivo expression of PSG1a was induced by injection of the vaccinia (Vac)-based expression vector harboring the complete open-reading frame of PSG1a cDNA. In vivo PSG1a expression during the induction of CIA ameliorated the clinical symptoms, thereby reducing the arthritis score and incidence. Significantly lower levels of IL-17, IL-6, and IFN-γ, but higher levels of TGF-β and IL-10 were secreted by collagen type II-stimulated spleen mononuclear cells from Vac-PSG1a-treated mice compared with control mice. Moreover, Vac-PSG1a treatment promoted the increase in splenic CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Treg cells.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes in vivo expression of recombinant pregnancy-specific glycoprotein 1a inhibit the symptoms of collagen-induced arthritis?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nClassical Hodgkin's lymphoma is characterized by a minority of neoplastic cells surrounded by a heterogeneous background population of non-neoplastic cells including lymphoma-associated macrophages. High levels of expression of both the monocyte/macrophage lineage-associated antigens CD68 and CD163 have been suggested to have pro-tumor effects. The aim of our study was to correlate expression of CD68 and CD163 with the clinico-pathological features and prognosis of a cohort of patients with previously untreated Hodgkin's lymphoma. A tissue microarray was constructed from paraffin-embedded tumor tissues from 288 cases of classical Hodgkin's lymphoma. CD68 and CD163 expression was assessed immunohistochemically and the degree of macrophage infiltration within the tumor was scored using point grid counting. Clinical data were obtained from clinical records. The patients' median age was 37 years (range, 6-86 years). The male to female ratio was 1.2. In classical Hodgkin's lymphoma (n = 288) high CD68 and CD163 expression correlated, at the univariate level, with poorer overall survival (P=0.002 and P=0.03, respectively) and event-free survival (P=0.03 and P=0.04, respectively). At the multivariate level, high CD68 expression remained significantly predictive of overall survival (P=0.004). In addition, we demonstrated that both high CD68 and CD163 expression were associated with the presence of Epstein-Barr virus in the neoplastic cells (P=0.001 and P=0.0002, respectively).\n\nQuestion:\nDo tumor-infiltrating macrophages correlate with adverse prognosis and Epstein-Barr virus status in classical Hodgkin 's lymphoma?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nIntake of red and processed meat confers risk of colorectal cancer (CRC). We wanted to test whether heme in meat promotes carcinogenesis. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1, HMOX1) A-413T (rs2071746) was assessed in a nested case-cohort study of 383 CRC cases and 763 randomly selected participants from a prospective study of 57 053 individuals. Incidence rate ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated. No association was found between the HO-1 polymorphism and CRC (P value for trend for the fully adjusted estimates = 0.29). No interaction with meat intake was found (P value for interaction = 0.55).\n\nQuestion:\nIs heme oxygenase-1 polymorphism associated with risk of colorectal cancer : a Danish prospective study?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "no",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
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