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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nPatients with diabetes are at increased risk of ischemic events. Suv39h1 is a histone methyltransferase that catalyzes the methylation of histone 3 lysine 9, which is associated with the suppression of inflammatory genes in diabetes. However, the role of Suv39h1 in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury under diabetic condition has not been evaluated. To generate diabetic model, male SD rats were fed with 60% fat diet followed by intraperitoneal injection with 40mg/kg streptozotocin. Adenovirus encoding Suv39h1 gene was used for Suv39h1 overexpression. Each rat received injections of adenovirus at five myocardial sites. Three days after gene transfection, each rat was subjected to left main coronary artery occlusion and reperfusion. After 30 min ischemia and reperfusion for 4 h, the rats were euthanized for real-time PCR, Western blot, immunohistochemical staining, and morphometric analysis. Delivery of Ad-Suv39h1 into the hearts of diabetic rats could markedly increase Suv39h1 expression. Up-regulation of Suv39h1 significantly reduced infarct size and tissue damage after I/R injury, which was associated with protection from apoptosis of cardiac myocytes and reduction of inflammatory response. In addition, compared with injury group, Ad-Suv39h1 led to a decreased activity of mitogen-activated protein kinase family and its down-steam transcriptional factor NF-κB.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes suv39h1 protect from myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in diabetic rats?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe aim of this study was to detect the presence of IgG against Moraxella catarrhalis β-lactamase in healthy adults, and to determine whether outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) could protect the enzyme from inhibition by anti-β-lactamase IgG. Transmission electron microscopy was used to detect the presence of β-lactamase in OMVs. Sera were examined by ELISA for specific IgG directed against recombinant M. catarrhalis β-lactamase in addition to the outer membrane adhesins MID/Hag, UspA1 and A2. Binding of anti-β-lactamase IgG from serum to OMVs was analysed by flow cytometry. The chromogenic substrate nitrocefin was used to quantify β-lactamase enzyme activity. The presence of β-lactamase was determined in OMVs from a 9-year-old child suffering from M. catarrhalis sinusitis. Furthermore, anti-β-lactamase IgG was detected in sera obtained from healthy adults. Out of 40 adult blood donors (aged 18-65 years) tested, 6 (15.0%) carried anti-β-lactamase IgG. No correlation between IgG titres against β-lactamase and the adhesins was found. Flow cytometry analyses revealed that anti-β-lactamase IgG from serum bound to β-lactamase-positive OMVs. By comparing the β-lactamase activity of intact OMV with OMV that were permeabilized with saponin we found that OMVs shielded active β-lactamase from the anti-β-lactamase IgG.\n\nQuestion:\nDo outer membrane vesicles shield Moraxella catarrhalis β-lactamase from neutralization by serum IgG?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe aim was to describe rates of loss and assessment of representativeness during 43 years of a national birth cohort study. The study population is a class stratified random sample of all single, legitimate births that occurred during one single week in 1946; it has been studied at regular intervals, so far to 1989. Losses through death and emigration were comparable to those in the national population of the same age. Response rates from the population resident in Britain have remained high, and the responding population is in most respects representative of the native population born in the early postwar years. Response rates within some serious physical illnesses did not differ from those of the healthy population.\n\nQuestion:\nDo loss and representativeness in a 43 year follow up of a national birth cohort?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nInvolvement of mental health-care patients in the decision-making processes is considered to be an ethical requirement. Health-care systems worldwide are increasingly emphasizing the value of participatory approaches. There is, however, no consensus on the definition of patient involvement. The literature is particularly inconsistent and lacks clarity. The purpose of this article is to clarify the concept of patient involvement in mental health care (MHC), taking into account its multidimensional nature. We searched the literature in online databases from January 1998 until August 2010 using synonyms of 'patient involvement', combined with the terms 'mental health(care)'. Based on 45 different descriptions found in the literature, we constructed a definition of patient involvement and we drew up a model identifying its determinants and outcomes. We propose a comprehensive model of patient involvement to be used in MHC. This model can serve as a guide for policy makers and field workers to shape policies to stimulate involvement.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes patient involvement in mental health care : one size fit all?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "no",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nMesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy improves cardiac function after ischemia/reperfusion injury, but its effectiveness is limited by MSC survival in hypoxic environments. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) contributes to pro-apoptotic signaling under hypoxic conditions. Activation of intracellular AKT and ERK pathways opposes this signal and improves cell survival. It is unknown whether ablation of TLR4 affects these pathways after hypoxic injury in MSCs. We hypothesized that: 1) TLR4 knockout (TLR4KO) in MSCs improves survival after hypoxic injury; and 2) this survival difference is due to improved signaling in the AKT and ERK pathways. Murine wild-type (WT) and TLR4KO MSCs were harvested from bone marrow and grown in vitro. A total of 0.1 × 10(6) cells/well were incubated in hypoxic conditions versus normoxic controls. After 24 h, these groups were examined for cell survival via counting and compared using a t-test with P < 0.05 = statistical significance. AKT and ERK concentrations were measured in lysate using Western blot analysis. The morphology of WT and TLR4KO MSCs was similar. In line with our previous findings, hypoxia did significantly increase cell death in WT cells (1.79 × 10(5) living cells/mL control versus 0.88 × 10(5) hypoxia, P < 0.05). Hypoxic injury did not increase cell death in the TLR4KO group (1.68 × 10(5) control versus 1.82 × 10(5) hypoxia, P < 0.05). Increased AKT activation was observed in all TLR4KO groups. TLR4 did not affect phosphorylated ERK levels.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes toll-like receptor 4 ablation improve stem cell survival after hypoxic injury?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nBecause of the difficulties in preoperative diagnosis and controversies in the management, cecal diverticulitis has received much discussion in the literature. There, however, are still many questions that remain unanswered. During a 5-year period, 112 patients with a clinical diagnosis of cecal diverticulitis were treated. Twenty-seven patients were excluded because of uncertainty in diagnosis or incomplete data collection, leaving 85 patients as the study group. The diagnosis of cecal diverticulitis was made by pathology, surgical findings, or image study. Nonoperative management was applied to 18 patients initially. Three patients had recurrent diverticulitis during follow up. These patients responded satisfactorily to another course of medical treatment. Laparotomy was performed in 67 patients. Acute appendicitis was the preoperative diagnosis in 47 patients (70%). Of the other 20 patients, 6 received operation because of repeated attack of diverticulitis, 7 had preoperative computed tomography (CT) diagnosis of cecal diverticulitis with perforation, 5 had preoperative diagnosis of cecal tumor, and 2 had medical treatment failure. All these 20 patients received right hemicolectomy. In the 47 patients with a preoperative diagnosis of acute appendicitis, 24 received appendectomy, 9 received diverticulectomy, and 14 received right hemicolectomy. Overall, 34 patients received right hemicolectomy, 9 received diverticulectomy, and 24 received appendectomy only. In the right hemicolectomy group, there were 2 deaths with underlying diseases and 5 complications. In the appendectomy group, there was no postoperative mortality, but in 7 patients recurrent diverticulitis developed. Three of them required right hemicolectomy.\n\nQuestion:\nIs aggressive resection indicated for cecal diverticulitis?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nDietary supplements are often marketed to increase lipolysis and thermogenesis, with the proposed end result being weight loss and body fat reduction. It was the purpose of the present investigation to study the acute effects of a weight/fat loss supplement within a sample of healthy human subjects. Twelve subjects (men 24.8 ± 4.3 yrs; women 22.8 ± 0.4 yrs) ingested a dietary supplement (OxyELITE Pro™) or a placebo, on two separate days in a double-blind, cross-over design. Blood samples were collected immediately before ingestion, and at 60 and 120 minutes post ingestion, and analyzed for plasma glycerol and free fatty acids (FFA). Breath samples were collected immediately before ingestion and at 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes post ingestion, for a measure of kilocalorie expenditure using indirect calorimetry. Area under the curve (AUC) was calculated. Heart rate and blood pressure were recorded at all times and rate pressure product (RPP) was calculated. AUC was greater for supplement compared to placebo for glycerol (22.74 ± 1.98 μg · mL(-1) · 2 hr(-1) vs. 15.76 ± 1.36 μg · mL(-1) · 2 hr(-1); P = 0.001), FFA (1.62 ± 0.07 mmol · L(-1) · 2 hr(-1) vs. 0.78 ± 0.12 mmol · L(-1) · 2 hr(-1); P < 0.0001), and kilocalorie expenditure (149 ± 7 kcal · 2 hr(-1) vs. 122 ± 8 kcal · 2 hr(-1); P = 0.005). Heart rate (P = 0.02), systolic blood pressure (P < 0.0001), and RPP (P = 0.002) were higher for supplement compared to placebo.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes a finished dietary supplement stimulate lipolysis and metabolic rate in young men and women?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nAlthough quiescence (reversible cell cycle arrest) is a key part in the life history and fate of many mammalian cell types, the mechanisms of gene regulation in quiescent cells are poorly understood. We sought to clarify the role of microRNAs as regulators of the cellular functions of quiescent human fibroblasts. Using microarrays, we discovered that the expression of the majority of profiled microRNAs differed between proliferating and quiescent fibroblasts. Fibroblasts induced into quiescence by contact inhibition or serum starvation had similar microRNA profiles, indicating common changes induced by distinct quiescence signals. By analyzing the gene expression patterns of microRNA target genes with quiescence, we discovered a strong regulatory function for miR-29, which is downregulated with quiescence. Using microarrays and immunoblotting, we confirmed that miR-29 targets genes encoding collagen and other extracellular matrix proteins and that those target genes are induced in quiescence. In addition, overexpression of miR-29 resulted in more rapid cell cycle re-entry from quiescence. We also found that let-7 and miR-125 were upregulated in quiescent cells. Overexpression of either one alone resulted in slower cell cycle re-entry from quiescence, while the combination of both together slowed cell cycle re-entry even further.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes a microRNA network regulate proliferative timing and extracellular matrix synthesis during cellular quiescence in fibroblasts?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nReamed intramedullary nailing causes an increase of intramedullary pressure. A new rinsing-suction reamer (RSR) can reduce this problem, and it was evaluated in animal experiments in comparison with the AO reamer (AOR) to see its effects on intramedullary pressure and fat intravasation. Reamed intramedullary nailing was performed in 14 sheep using the RSR or AOR. The following parameters were evaluated: intramedullary pressure, hemodynamics, blood tests, lung histology, and radiographs of the femur that was operated on. Intramedullary pressure during reaming was significantly (p < 0.001) lower with RSR (9 mm, 34 mm Hg; 9.5 mm, 4 mm Hg; 10 mm, 1 mm Hg) than AOR (9 mm, 750 mm Hg; 9.5 mm, 292 mm Hg; 10 mm, 138 mm Hg). There was a significantly (p < 0.05) higher increase of pulmonary resistance in AOR (from 144 +/- 84 dyne x s x cm to 391 +/- 169 dyne x s x cm) than in RSR (from 137 +/- 51 dyne x s x cm to 258 +/- 105 dyne x s x cm) after nailing and less intravenous fat measured in RSR (0.9; AOR, 2.9; p < 0.05) at all stages of reaming, at nail insertion (RSR, 0.3; AOR, 2.7; p < 0.05), and 30 seconds after nail insertion (RSR, 0.2; AOR, 1.1; p < 0.05) proved by the Gurd test. Pco2 increased (p < 0.05) in AOR (AOR, 36 +/- 5 vs. 40 +/- 7 mm Hg; RSR, 33 +/- 4 vs. 32 +/- 3 mm Hg) and pH dropped significantly (AOR, 7.49 +/- 0.06 vs. 7.45 +/- 0.05; RSR, 7.53 +/- 0.04 vs. 7.54 +/- 0.04; p < 0.05). Semiquantitative histologic analysis proved a significant higher pulmonary fat load in AOR (13.1 +/- 13.4) versus RSR (3.9 +/- 1.5, p = 0.00002).\n\nQuestion:\nDoes rinsing-suction reamer attenuate intramedullary pressure increase and fat intravasation in a sheep model?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThere is an urgent need to identify genes involved in familial ALS (FALS), as mutations in the CuZn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) gene can account for 20% of FALS cases. The mechanisms by which the many mutations in the SOD1 gene lead to motoneuron degeneration are unknown, although current experimental evidence supports a toxic gain of function, possibly through copper-induced cytotoxicity. Copper is an integral component of a number of enzymes as well as SOD1. Since abnormalities in connective tissue cross-linking have been reported in ALS patients, an enzyme of possible relevance is lysyl oxidase (LOX), a copper-containing enzyme which catalyses the crosslinking of collagens and elastin. The aim of this study was to investigate the hypothesis that allelic variants or mutants of LOX gene result in altered function of LOX in ALS patients. The coding regions of the LOX gene were screened for polymorphism and mutations in a cohort of sporadic and familial ALS patients. A novel polymorphism, Pro159Gln, was identified in eight individuals with sporadic ALS (5.0%) and five controls (3.6%). The previously identified Arg158Gln polymorphism was also detected in ALS patients and controls. These polymorphisms were genotyped in 192 ALS patients, including 31 unrelated familial cases and 138 controls, and no association was found between any of these polymorphisms and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or its phenotype.\n\nQuestion:\nAre mutations in the lysyl oxidase gene associated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "no",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nInterleukin (IL)-18 is a proinflammatory cytokine involved in the regulation of cell-mediated and innate immune responses to infection, trauma, and inflammation. Elevated levels of IL-18 have been noted to correlate with organ dysfunction after injury. This study evaluates the relationship between IL-18 promoter polymorphisms and the development of sepsis after injury. DNA was extracted from peripheral leukocytes of trauma patients with an injury severity score of 16 or greater. Patient clinical course was followed for the development of sepsis as an endpoint. Two SNPs (-607bp and -137bp) were amplified using polymerase chain reaction. Alleles were identified via agarose gel separation. Genotypes were then determined and correlated with patient data. Postinjury IL-18 levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunoassay. Sixty-six patients were evaluated; 36 (52%) developed sepsis. Each SNP had 2 alleles and 3 genotypes. The SNP at -607bp had an allelic frequency of 59% for C and 41% for A; whereas -137bp was a G 79% of the time and a C 21% of the time. Individually, each SNP had no direct correlation between the patient's genotype and development of infection. However, when the -607bp CA genotype was combined with the -137bp GC genotype (CA/GC), only 4 patients (27%) developed sepsis (P =.02).\n\nQuestion:\nDo iL-18 promoter polymorphisms correlate with the development of post-injury sepsis?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nCurrent recommendations for the choice of antibiotic prophylaxis prior to percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) insertion may not be suitable in all situations. We sought to review the microbiology of PEG-wound infections at our institution locally and observe PEG infection rates following a change in antibiotic policy. A retrospective clinical and microbiological review of all PEG-wound infections resulted in a change in the choice of antibiotic. A further review was conducted 2 years later to examine the effect of this change. PEG-wound infection was detected in 33/103 (32.0%) patients between January 2002 and May 2004 with either second generation cephalosporins or co-amoxiclav antibiotic prophylaxis, with the commonest organisms being Pseudomonas aeruginosa (16.7%), Klebsiella species (9.9%) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (5.3%). Microbiological data revealed high levels of resistance to cefuroxime (60.7%) and co-amoxiclav (51%). A change of prophylaxis to cefoperazone (during the period June 2004-May 2006) resulted in a reduction of PEG-wound infections to 17/90 (18.9%) patients that required PEG tube insertion (p = 0.04). Together with a reduction in P. aeruginosa infections (18.4-10%, p = 0.10), a lower incidence of pyrexia (10.7% vs. 3.3%, p = 0.05), lower antibiotic administration (20.4% vs. 11.1%, p = 0.08) and lower rate of PEG removal (23.2% vs. 10.2%, p = 0.018) were noted following prophylaxis change.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes antibiotic prophylaxis tailored to local organisms reduce percutaneous gastrostomy site infection?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nDiabetic retinopathy is a long-term complication of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Non-diabetic retinopathy may be present in T2D patients as well and non-T2D patients with hypertension and/or atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to identify linkage of the proteasome modulator 9 (PSMD9) T2D risk variants IVS3+nt460, IVS3+nt437, E197G to diabetic retinopathy and retinopathy including also atherosclerotic or hypertensive retinopathy in Italian T2D families. A total of 126 siblings of our 200 T2D siblings/families were characterized for diabetic retinopathy or retinopathy. The clinical characterization is based on a fundus oculi exam and on fluorangiography of the participating subjects. Diabetic retinopathy includes both pre-proliferative and proliferative retinopathy. The common gene variants were directly amplified by PCR and by fluorescent-based automation. A parametric and non-parametric linkage study of the gene variants with diabetic retinopathy and retinopathy was then performed using Merlin software. Finally, 1000 simulation analyses were performed to test for the statistical power of the significant results (P-value ≤ 0.05). This study shows a linkage of the PSMD9 IVS3+nt460 (rs74421874), IVS3+nt437 (rs3825172) and E197G (rs14259) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to diabetic and non-diabetic retinopathy by using the non-parametric as well as the parametric linkage analysis. The strongest signal is present for the PSMD9 variants with the diabetic retinopathy, in particular under the additive model. The 1,000 simulations performed for each significant test confirmed that the results are not due to random chance.\n\nQuestion:\nIs proteasome modulator 9 gene linked to diabetic and non-diabetic retinopathy in T2D?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nMany pediatric diseases are characterized by excessive tissue contraction. Because of a poor understanding of contraction, few therapies exist. We developed a murine fetal excisional wound model of contraction and theorize that wound closure is associated with changes in transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) expression. Pregnant FVB mice underwent hysterotomy at midgestational (E15) or late-gestational (E18) ages. Three-millimeter excisional wounds were made in fetuses and harvested at 32 hours. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed for TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2, TGF-beta3, TbetaR-1, and TbetaR-2 in wounds and normal skin and normalized to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Data were analyzed by paired t test (P < .05). H&E staining of wounds was performed. E15 wounds (80.5% +/- 4.4%) were smaller than E18 wounds (10.4% +/- 10.5%; P < .001) at 32 hours. E15 wounds expressed higher levels of TGF-beta1 compared with normal skin (P = .001). TbetaR-2 levels were elevated in E15 and E18 wounds compared with their respective normal skin (P = .02, P = .01) and in E18 normal skin compared with E15 normal skin (P = .002).\n\nQuestion:\nIs rapid closure of midgestational excisional wounds in a fetal mouse model associated with altered transforming growth factor-beta isoform and receptor expression?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe involvement of p38 MAPK in mediating factors that may produce aortic valve disease is unknown. Angiotensin II (Ang II) has been implicated in the development of aortic stenosis through either the generation of free radicals and/or the modulation of inflammatory responses. A variety of proinflammatory factors utilize Toll-like receptors, and these may also play a role in the development of aortic valve disease. Valve interstitial cells (VICs) were cultured from porcine aortic valves. Cells were treated with Ang II, 3-morpholinosydnonimine (SIN-1), which liberates NO and superoxide anion generating peroxynitrite, or the lipopetide Toll-like receptor-2 (TLR-2) agonist Pam3CSK4. In response to Ang II (1 microM), MAPK phosphorylation levels were increased by 3.5-fold after 15 min, peaked at 4.6-fold after 60 min, and decreased to 1.9-fold greater than control after 120 min of treatment. In response to SIN-1, phosphorylation levels were increased progressively throughout the 90 min of treatment and were significantly (p < 0.05) twofold (1.9 +/- 0.3) greater than control or native p38 MAPK (2.3 +/- 0.4) after 90 min. SB202190, a relatively selective inhibitor of the p38a MAPK isoform, reduced SIN-1-induced p38 MAPK phosphorylation. In contrast, there was a rapid and marked decline in phosphorylated p38 MAPK, in response to Pam3CSK4 that was evident at 30 min; after 90 min, the p38 MAPK level was 85% lower than baseline.\n\nQuestion:\nIs p38 MAP kinase in valve interstitial cells activated by angiotensin II or nitric oxide/peroxynitrite , but reduced by Toll-like receptor-2 stimulation?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe introduction of fat and carbohydrates replacers has been a revolutionary advance in treating obesity and diabetes mellitus. Since these materials have shown to have beneficial effects on the metabolic profiles of diabetic patients, they should be useful in designing specific foods for patients with diabetes. To compare metabolic and anthropometric improvements elicited by a diet based on the American Diabetic Association's nutrition recommendations with a modified, low-energy diet incorporating fat replacers and non-sucrose sweeteners. A total of 16 male, well controlled type 2 diabetes patients were divided into two groups of eight; one group received the diet based on the American Diabetic Association's nutrition recommendations, and the other was fed a modified, low-calorie diet containing a fat replacer (beta-glucans derived from oats) and the sweeteners, sucralose and fructose. Both groups were maintained on their respective diets for 4 weeks. All patients performed daily aerobic exercise consisting of walking for 60 minutes. Body weight, body mass index, basal glycemia, hemoglobin HbA1C, and lipid profile were determined in each patient before starting the diets and after 4 weeks of dietary intervention. Both diets produced significant improvements in weight, body mass index, lipid profile, basal glucose, and HbA1C. However, the experimental diet was superior to the American Diabetic Association's diet in improving metabolic and anthropometric profile: greater increase in HDL cholesterol and larger decreases in HbA1C, weight, and body mass index.\n\nQuestion:\nDo sweeteners and beta-glucans improve metabolic and anthropometrics variables in well controlled type 2 diabetic patients?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nPreoperative electrocardiograms (ECGs) are routinely performed on older patients before surgery. Whether patients with abnormalities on preoperative ECGs have an increased likelihood of developing postoperative cardiac complications is unknown. This study was designed to determine whether abnormalities on preoperative ECGs were predictive of postoperative cardiac complications. Prospective observational study. One of the teaching hospitals of the University of California, San Francisco, Medical Center. Five hundred thirteen patients aged 70 and older undergoing noncardiac surgery. Preoperative ECGs were analyzed using the Minnesota Codes. Predefined preoperative risk factors and in-hospital postoperative cardiac complications were measured. The association between ECG abnormalities and postoperative cardiac complications was determined by multivariate logistic regression after controlling for clinical covariates. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were reported. Three hundred eighty-six of 513 patients (75.2%) had at least one abnormality on their preoperative ECGs. On multivariate analysis, the predictors of postoperative cardiac complications included American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status classification of 3 or greater (OR = 2.5, 95%CI = 1.28-4.89, P = .007) and a history of congestive heart failure (OR = 2.1, 95% CI = 1.1-5.1, P = .034). The presence of abnormalities on preoperative ECGs was not associated with an increased risk of postoperative cardiac complications (OR = 0.63, 95% CI = 0.28-1.40, P = .26).\n\nQuestion:\nDo preoperative electrocardiogram abnormalities predict postoperative cardiac complications in geriatric surgical patients?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "no",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nNOD1/CARD4, a member of the pattern-recognition receptor family, is a perfect candidate as a susceptibility gene for Crohn's disease. Since only limited and conflicting data are available on G796A polymorphisms in inflammatory bowel disease patients, we set out to study the effect of this polymorphism on the susceptibility and course of Crohn's disease in the Hungarian population. Four hundred thirty-four unrelated Crohn's disease patients (age at presentation: 28.6+/-9.6 years, female/male: 210/224, duration of Crohn's disease: 8.2+/-6.9 years) and 200 healthy subjects (blood donors) and 136 non-inflammatory bowel disease gastrointestinal controls with chronic gastritis were investigated. NOD1 G796A was detected by using polymerase chain reaction/restriction fragment length polymorphism. Detailed clinical phenotypes were determined by reviewing the medical charts. The frequencies of the variant alleles of NOD1 G796A differed significantly between the Crohn's disease patients and both healthy (GG 49.5% vs. 67%; AG 41.5% vs. 28%; and AA 9.0% vs. 5.2%; p<0.0001) and non-inflammatory bowel disease controls with chronic gastritis. Carriage of the single nucleotide polymorphism of NOD1 G796A proved to be a highly significant risk factor for Crohn's disease compared to both healthy (p<0.0001, OR: 2.1, 95% CI: 1.5-2.9) and non-inflammatory bowel disease controls with chronic gastritis (p=0.008). Significant associations were not found between the different genotypes and the demographic data on the patients or the clinical characteristics of Crohn's disease. The different polymorphisms of pattern-recognition receptors (e.g. NOD2/CARD15 SNP8, SNP12 and SNP13 mutations, the TLR4 D299G polymorphism and NOD1 G796A) did not reveal a mutual basis.\n\nQuestion:\nIs nOD1 gene E266K polymorphism associated with disease susceptibility but not with disease phenotype or NOD2/CARD15 in Hungarian patients with Crohn 's disease?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nPheochromocytomas and paragangliomas are genetically heterogeneous tumors of neural crest origin. Approximately half of these tumors activate a pseudohypoxic transcription response, which is due in a minority of the cases to germline mutations of the VHL gene or the genes encoding subunits of the metabolic enzyme succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), SDHB, SDHC, or SDHD. However, the genetic basis of the hypoxic-like profile of the remaining tumors is undetermined. Mutations in genes involved in the energy metabolism, isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) and -2 (IDH2) and SDHAF2, a component of SDH, can mimic a pseudohypoxic state. We examined the sequence spanning the mutation-susceptible codons 132 of IDH1 and 172 of IDH2, and the entire coding region of SDHAF2, in 104 pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas, including tumors with a pseudohypoxic expression profile. We did not find mutations in IDH1, IDH2, or SDHAF2 in any of the tumors in this cohort.\n\nQuestion:\nAre mutations of the metabolic genes IDH1 , IDH2 , and SDHAF2 major determinants of the pseudohypoxic phenotype of sporadic pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "no",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nRecent research suggests that alcohol acutely impairs prospective memory (PM), and this impairment can be overcome using a strategy called 'future event simulation' (FES). Impairment in event-based PM found in detoxifying alcohol-dependent participants is reversed through FES. However, the impact of the most common problematic drinking patterns that do not involve alcohol dependence on PM remains unclear. Here, we examine the impact of frequent heavy drinking on PM and the degree to which any impairments can be reversed through FES. PM was assessed in 19 heavy drinkers (AUDIT scores ≥ 15) and 18 matched control participants (AUDIT scores ≤ 7) using the 'Virtual Week' task both at baseline and again following FES. Heavy drinkers performed significantly worse than controls on regular and irregular time-based PM tasks. FES improved the performance of controls but not of heavy drinkers on time-based tasks. In contrast, FES improved heavy drinkers' performance on event-based PM tasks.\n\nQuestion:\nAre prospective memory impairments in heavy social drinkers partially overcome by future event simulation?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nSignificant controversy exists regarding the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) \"time to first antibiotics dose\" (TFAD) quality measure. The objective of this study was to determine whether hospital performance on the TFAD measure for patients admitted from the emergency department (ED) for pneumonia is associated with decreased mortality. This was a cross-sectional analysis of 95,704 adult ED admissions with a principal diagnosis of pneumonia from 530 hospitals in the 2007 Nationwide Inpatient Sample. The sample was merged with 2007 CMS Hospital Compare data, and hospitals were categorized into TFAD performance quartiles. Univariate association of TFAD performance with inpatient mortality was evaluated by chi-square test. A population-averaged logistic regression model was created with an exchangeable working correlation matrix of inpatient mortality adjusted for age, sex, comorbid conditions, weekend admission, payer status, income level, hospital size, hospital location, teaching status, and TFAD performance. Patients had a mean age of 69.3 years. In the adjusted analysis, increasing age was associated with increased mortality with odds ratios (ORs) of >2.3. Unadjusted inpatient mortality was 4.1% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 3.9% to 4.2%). Median time to death was 5 days (25th-75th interquartile range = 2-11). Mean TFAD quality performance was 77.7% across all hospitals (95% CI = 77.6% to 77.8%). The risk-adjusted OR of mortality was 0.89 (95% CI = 0.77 to 1.02) in the highest performing TFAD quartile, compared to the lowest performing TFAD quartile. The second highest performing quartile OR was 0.94 (95% CI = 0.82 to 1.08), and third highest performing quartile was 0.91 (95% CI = 0.79 to 1.05).\n\nQuestion:\nAre hospital-reported data on the pneumonia quality measure `` Time to First Antibiotic Dose '' associated with inpatient mortality : results of a nationwide cross-sectional analysis?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "no",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo study the prevalence and clinical significance of hyperhomocysteinemia (hHcys), an independent factor for arterial and venous thrombosis, in a group of patients with ulcerative colitis (UC). Fasting homocysteine (Hcys), folate, and vitamin B(12) serum levels were measured in 40 UC patients and 50 healthy controls. Clinical data regarding UC were gathered. Median serum Hcys levels in UC patients were similar to controls (12.26 micromol/L vs 12.32 micromol/L), but the prevalence of hHcys was higher in UC patients than in controls (30% vs 10%, P = 0.028). UC significantly increased the risk of hHcys (adjusted odds ratio: 4.125; 95%CI: 1.26-13.44). Multivariate regression analysis showed that male sex, folate and vitamin B(12) deficiency or lower serum values were significant independent predictors of higher Hcys levels in UC patients (r(2) = 0.4; P<0.001).\n\nQuestion:\nIs hyperhomocysteinemia in ulcerative colitis related to folate levels?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe aim was to evaluate the relationship between the presence of an enterocoele and grade of rectal prolapse (RP). Defaecating proctograms of consecutive patients presenting to the Oxford Pelvic Floor Clinic between January 2004 and November 2008 were analysed. Patients were included if they had full thickness internal (grades 1-4 prolapse) or external RP (grade 5 prolapse). All those included were analysed with regards to the presence of an enterocoele. Three hundred and seventy-one patients [322 (87%) women and 49 (23%) men] were found to have a degree of RP. One out of eight (12.5%) patients with grade 1 RP, 10/42 (18.5%) with grade 2 RP, 34/125 (27%) with grade 3 RP, 62/135 (46%) with grade 4 RP and 23/49 (47%) with grade 5 full thickness external RP had an enterocoele present. This was a statistically significant trend (Pearson chi(2) test P < 0.0002). There was a significantly higher proportion of enterocoeles in women [125/322 (39%) than in men (5/49 (10%)] (P < 0.0001) and a higher likelihood of having an enterocoele with advancing age (P < 0.0001). Within the study, there was no significant difference in the proportion of nulliparous and parous women with enterocoeles (P = 0.8); there were a significantly higher proportion of enterocoeles in hysterectomized women (P = 0.015).\n\nQuestion:\nIs enterocoele a marker of severe pelvic floor weakness?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nMitochondria are known to play a central role in adrenocortical steroidogenesis. Recently, hydrogen sulfide (H2S), a gaseous transmitter endogenously produced by cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS) and cystathionine-γ-lyase (CSE), has been found to improve mitochondrial function. The present study aimed at examining whether CBS and CSE are expressed in adrenal glands, and investigated the role of these enzymes in the maintenance of mitochondrial function and the production of glucocorticoids in adrenocortical cells. Both CBS and CSE are present in murine adrenocortical cells and account for H2S generation in adrenal glands. Using a combination of both in vivo and in vitro approaches, we demonstrated that either CBS/CSE inhibitors or small interfering RNAs led to mitochondrial oxidative stress and dysfunction, which meanwhile resulted in blunted corticosterone responses to adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). These effects were significantly attenuated by the treatment of H2S donor GYY4137. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) also caused mitochondrial damage, thereby resulting in adrenal insufficiency. Moreover, LPS inhibited CBS/CSE expression and H2S production in adrenal glands, while H₂S donor GYY4137 protected against LPS-induced mitochondrial damage and hyporesponsiveness to ACTH. Local suppression of CBS or CSE in adrenal glands significantly increased the mortality in endotoxemic mice, which was also improved by GYY4137. The identification of endogenous H2S generation as critical regulators of adrenocortical responsiveness might result in the development of new therapeutic approaches for the treatment of relative adrenal insufficiency during sepsis.\n\nQuestion:\nAre cBS and CSE critical for maintenance of mitochondrial function and glucocorticoid production in adrenal cortex?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo assess the effects of nepafenac ophthalmic suspension 0.1% for control of pain in patients undergoing pterygium surgery. This randomized, double-masked placebo-controlled study included 62 adults undergoing pterygium surgery. Patients were randomly assigned to receive nepafenac ophthalmic suspension 0.1% or balanced salt solution placebo. They were asked to assess the level of pain using an 11-point numeric rating scale at 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hr after surgery. Patients also were evaluated daily for the progression of corneal epithelial healing until complete closure was observed. Except at 72 hr after surgery, the patients reported significantly less pain in eyes receiving nepafenac than in eyes receiving placebo. There was no statistical difference between the two groups in corneal epithelial healing.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes effect of nepafenac eye drop on pain associated with pterygium surgery?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThere is little known on the involvement of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in the metastatic cascade of human prostate cancer, that is, cell proliferation, cell-cell adhesion, extracellular-matrix degradation, and migration/invasion. Here we evaluated the expression of related biomarker proteins (cyclin D1, metalloproteinases MMP-2 and MMP-9, and E-cadherin) in human androgen-dependent (LNCaP) and independent (PC3) prostate cancer cells. Reverse transcriptase (RT)-polymerase chain reaction (PCR), gelatin zymography, Western blotting, confocal immunofluorescence microscopy, and assays on cell proliferation, adhesion, wound-healing, migration and random homing were performed. VIP increased cell proliferation and cyclin D1 expression whereas it decreased cell adhesion and E-cadherin expression in LNCaP and PC3 cells. VIP enhanced the gelatinolytic activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9. Semiquantitative RT-PCR assays showed that VIP stimulated mRNA levels of these MMPs and suppressed mRNA levels of its inhibitory protein RECK. VIP promoted cell invasion and migration, and the responses were faster according to the most aggressive status in cancer progression (androgen-independence). The involvement of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) was demonstrated since the anti-inflammatory agent curcumin blocked VIP effects on the above biomarkers in both cell lines.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes vasoactive intestinal peptide behave as a pro-metastatic factor in human prostate cancer cells?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nCancer stem cells make up a subpopulation of cells within tumours that drive tumour initiation, growth and recurrence. They are resistant to many current types of cancer treatment, causing failure of such therapeutic approaches, including chemotherapy and radiotherapy. In the study described here, anti-proliferative effects of 3-O-methylfunicone (OMF), a metabolite from Penicillium pinophilum, were investigated on human breast cancer MCF-7 cells and cancer stem cells selected as mammospheres derived from MCF-7s. Stemness markers were analysed on isolated mammospheres showing positive expression of CD24, CD29, CD44, CD133, CD184 and CD338. Cell proliferation and apoptosis were analysed by flow cytometry and RT-PCR. Cell colony formation assays were performed to evaluate colony formation of mammospheres.\n\nQuestion:\nIs 3-O-methylfunicone , from Penicillium pinophilum , a selective inhibitor of breast cancer stem cells?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nPCOS (polycystic ovarian syndrome) is a clinically heterogeneous endocrine disorder which affects up to 4-10% of women of reproductive age. A standardized definition is still difficult because of a huge variety of different phenotypes. The aim of this study was to evaluate possible correlations between the degree of cycle irregularity and the grade of endocrine and metabolic abnormalities. A cross-sectional study was carried out. Hyperandrogenic and/or hirsute women with regular menstrual cycles and polycystic ovaries on ultrasound (PCOS eumenorr, n=45), PCOS patients with oligomenorrhea (PCOS oligo, n=42) and PCOS patients with amenorrhea (PCOS amenorr, n=31) were recruited from the Department of Gynecological Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine of the Women's University Hospital Heidelberg (Heidelberg, Germany). Normocyclic patients demonstrated significantly better metabolic parameters (BMI, fasting insulin, HOMA-IR) than patients with oligo/amenorrhea. Hormonal parameters (LH, FSH, FAI and testosterone) were significantly different between patients with different menstrual patterns and patients with regular cycles.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes the degree of cycle irregularity correlate with the grade of endocrine and metabolic disorders in PCOS patients?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nMast cells are key effector cells in the early-phase allergic inflammation and in diverse immunological and pathological processes. Sopoongsan (SPS), a traditional Korean medicine, has been used as therapeutics for allergic diseases such as atopic dermatitis (AD). The precise effect in experimental models of SPS, however, remains unknown. In this report, we investigated the effect of SPS on mast cell-mediated anaphylactic reactions and cytokine production in in vivo and in vitro murine models. Compound 48/80-induced histamine and ear swelling were measured with the various concentrations of SPS. The amount of dye was determined colorimetrically after antidinitrophenyl IgE antibody-induced passive cutaneous anaphylaxis reaction. Secretion of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-8 (IL-8) and IL-6 in supernatants from HMC-1 cells was measured by a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The expression level of nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB/Rel A in the nucleus and the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) were examined by Western blot analysis. SPS inhibited the degranulation and histamine release from the rat peritoneal mast cells activated by compound 48/80. Compound 48/80-induced ear swelling was significantly reduced. SPS also showed an inhibitory effect of passive cutaneous anaphylaxis reaction. Significantly reduced levels (p < 0.05) of TNF-alpha, IL-8 and IL-6 were observed in the human mast cell line with SPS and SPS components. In addition, SPS inhibited an increase of NF-kappaB and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 activity.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes sopoongsan inhibit mast cell-mediated anaphylactic reactions and inflammatory cytokine secretion?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo follow up in vitro evidence that Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabivarin extracted from cannabis (eDelta(9)-THCV) is a CB(1) receptor antagonist by establishing whether synthetic Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabivarin (O-4394) and Delta(8)-tetrahydrocannabivarin (O-4395) behave as CB(1) antagonists in vivo. O-4394 and O-4395 were compared with eDelta(9)-THCV as displacers of [(3)H]-CP55940 from specific CB(1) binding sites on mouse brain membranes and as antagonists of CP55940 in [(35)S]GTPgammaS binding assays performed with mouse brain membranes and of R-(+)-WIN55212 in mouse isolated vasa deferentia. Their ability to antagonize in vivo effects of 3 or 10 mg kg(-1) (i.v.) Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol in mice was then investigated. O-4394 and O-4395 exhibited similar potencies to eDelta(9)-THCV as displacers of [(3)H]-CP55940 (K (i)=46.6 and 64.4 nM, respectively) and as antagonists of CP55940 in the [(35)S]GTPgammaS binding assay (apparent K (B)=82.1 and 125.9 nM, respectively) and R-(+)-WIN55212 in the vas deferens (apparent K (B)=4.8 and 3.9 nM respectively). At i.v. doses of 0.1, 0.3, 1.0 and/or 3 mg kg(-1) O-4394 and O-4395 attenuated Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol-induced anti-nociception (tail-flick test) and hypothermia (rectal temperature). O-4395 but not O-4394 also antagonized Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol-induced ring immobility. By themselves, O-4395 and O-4394 induced ring immobility at 3 or 10 mg kg(-1) (i.v.) and antinociception at doses above 10 mg kg(-1) (i.v.). O-4395 also induced hypothermia at 3 mg kg(-1) (i.v.) and above.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the psychoactive plant cannabinoid , Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol , antagonized by Delta8- and Delta9-tetrahydrocannabivarin in mice in vivo?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nHippocampus is the brain center for memory formation, a process that requires synaptogenesis. However, hippocampus is dramatically compromised in Alzheimer's disease due to the accumulation of amyloid β-peptide, whose production is initiated by β-site APP Cleaving Enzyme 1 (BACE1). It is known that pathological stressors activate BACE1 translation through the phosphorylation of the eukaryotic initiation factor-2α (eIF2α) by GCN2, PERK, or PKR kinases, leading to amyloidogenesis. However, BACE1 physiological regulation is still unclear. Since nitric oxide (NO) participates directly in hippocampal glutamatergic signaling, we investigated the neuronal role of the heme-regulated eukaryotic initiation factor eIF2α kinase (HRI), which can bind NO by a heme group, in BACE1 translation and its physiological consequences. We found that BACE1 is expressed on glutamate activation with NO being the downstream effector by triggering eIF2α phosphorylation, as it was obtained by Western blot and luciferase assay. It is due to the activation of HRI by NO as assayed by Western blot and immunofluorescence with an HRI inhibitor and HRI siRNA. BACE1 expression was early detected at synaptic spines, contributing to spine growth and consolidating the hippocampal memory as assayed with mice treated with HRI or neuronal NO synthase inhibitors. We provide the first description that HRI and eIF2α are working in physiological conditions in the brain under the control of nitric oxide and glutamate signaling, and also that BACE1 has a physiological role in hippocampal function.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes physiological Control of Nitric Oxide in Neuronal BACE1 Translation by Heme-Regulated eIF2α Kinase HRI induce Synaptogenesis?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo assess the effect of between-meal weekly risedronate and daily calcium 630 mg and vitamin D 400 IU on bone turnover markers. Randomized,double-blind,placebo-controlled trial. Skilled nursing home (NH). Sixty skilled-NH residents (46 men, 14 women), mean age+/-standard deviation of 76+/-6, were randomized to receive risedronate 30 mg (n=31) or matching placebo (n=29) once weekly for 12 weeks. All received 315 mg calcium with 200 IU vitamin D twice daily. Bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BSAP), N-telopeptide of type 1 collagen (NTx), 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD), and parathyroid hormone were measured at baseline and 6 and 12 weeks. Risedronate reduced BSAP significantly more than placebo (P<.05) at 6 weeks but not at 12 weeks; no treatment effect on serum NTx was observed. Defining hypovitaminosis D as a serum 25OHD concentration below 32 ng/mL, 50 of 53 (94%) study participants were low at baseline (mean 25OHD 19 ng/mL). Vitamin D levels remained insufficient in 74% of participants after 12 weeks.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes between-meal risedronate alter bone turnover in nursing home residents?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "no",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nAntidepressant drugs are used as first-line treatment in depression, but response has been shown to be highly heterogeneous, with drugs often failing to have the desired therapeutic effect. We report on an integrative analysis from the Genome-Based Therapeutic Drugs for Depression (GENDEP) study using gene expression from mice to inform prioritization in a human pharmacogenetic study. The same two antidepressants were used in mice and humans: escitalopram (a serotonin reuptake inhibitor) and nortriptyline (a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor). The animal study used four inbred strains of mice (129S1/SvlmJ, C57LB/6J, DBA/2J, and FVB/NJ). Hippocampus mRNA levels were measured in 144 animals using the Affymetrix MOE 430 v2 chip. Based on gene-expression analysis of strain-by-drug interactions, 17 genes differentially expressed with nortriptyline or escitalopram versus saline were prioritized in the human pharmacogenetic analysis. Single nucleotide polymorphisms tagging common sequence variation in human orthologs of these genes were tested for association with response to antidepressants in 706 participants of the GENDEP human pharmacogenetic study, treated with escitalopram or nortriptyline for 12 weeks, with available high-quality Illumina 610 quad array genotyping. Several polymorphisms in the protein phosphatase 1A gene (PPM1A) remained significantly associated with response to nortriptyline in humans after correction for multiple comparisons within the gene. PPM1A encodes a phosphatase involved in mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling and cell stress response.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes convergent animal and human evidence suggest a role of PPM1A gene in response to antidepressants?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nIn uveal melanoma, different predictors of poor prognosis have been identified, including monosomy of chromosome 3, HLA expression, and the presence of infiltrating leukocytes and macrophages. Each of these parameters can be used to differentiate prognostically the favorable tumors from the unfavorable ones, and thus the hypothesis for the present study was that they are related, and that monosomy of chromosome 3 occurs in the same tumors as the unfavorable inflammatory phenotype. Tumor tissue was obtained from 50 cases of uveal melanoma treated between 1999 and 2004. After enucleation, nuclei were isolated from paraffin-embedded tissue for fluorescence in situ hybridization, to determine the chromosome 3 copy number. Each tumor-containing globe was further processed for conventional histopathologic examination and for immunohistochemical analysis with HLA class I and II-specific antibodies and with macrophage marker CD68. Of 50 uveal melanomas, 62% (31/50) were categorized as having monosomy of chromosome 3. Monosomy 3 was associated with the presence of epithelioid cells, an increased density of tumor-infiltrating macrophages, and a higher HLA class I and II expression. Survival analyses showed a correlation between monosomy 3 and decreased survival and identified monosomy 3, ciliary body involvement, and largest basal tumor diameter as the best prognostic markers.\n\nQuestion:\nDo monosomy of chromosome 3 and an inflammatory phenotype occur together in uveal melanoma?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nRandomised trials have shown that direct stenting (DS) is associated with improved markers of reperfusion during primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) for ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). However, data evaluating its impact on long-term clinical outcomes are lacking. We set out to evaluate the effect of DS on mortality in a contemporary population of patients undergoing PPCI for STEMI. Consecutive patients undergoing PPCI for STEMI at two high-volume UK heart attack centres between September 2008- December 2010 (n=1562) were included in the analysis. Local databases were analysed for patient demographics, as well as details on PPCI strategy, including use of DS versus predilatation (PD) followed by stenting, manual thrombus aspiration (MT) and glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors (GPIs). National databases were interrogated for in-hospital, 30-day and one-year mortality. To determine the impact of PPCI strategy on one-year survival, multivariate logistic analysis was performed. Altogether 489 patients underwent DS (31.3%) and 1073 (68.7%) received PD prior to stenting. Patients receiving DS had reduced mortality at 30 days (2.04 versus 4.66%, p=0.01) and one year (3.27 versus 8.48%, p=0.0001). After multivariate adjustment, PD remained an independent predictor of one-year mortality (odds ratio 2.42, 95% confidence interval 1.08-5.45, p=0.032) along with age, cardiogenic shock, number of diseased vessels, and left main or proximal left anterior descending artery intervention. However, neither GPI use nor MT improved survival in either univariate or multivariate analyses.\n\nQuestion:\nIs direct stenting an independent predictor of improved survival in patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention for ST elevation myocardial infarction?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo investigate the possibility of a different prevalence of subclinical Cushing's syndrome (SCS) and potentially related morbidities between patients with unilateral adrenal incidentalomas (UAI) and bilateral adrenal incidentalomas (BAI), as existing data are few and controversial. Prospective observational study. Clinical examination, biochemical tests, and hormonal evaluation were performed in 298 consecutive patients with adrenal incidentalomas, unilateral in 224 patients (75.2%), bilateral in 74 patients (24.8%), with apparently benign masses based on imaging characteristics and after exclusion of overt endocrine disease. The diagnosis of SCS was based on a post-dexamethasone suppression test (2 mg dexamethasone/24 h for 48 h), with serum cortisol level ≥1.8 μg/dl combined with at least one abnormal result of the other hormonal measurements. SCS was diagnosed in 66 out of 298 (22.1%) patients, being more frequent in patients with BAI (35.1 vs 17.9%, P=0.003, for BAI and UAI respectively). Hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, impaired glucose tolerance, and dyslipidemia were of a similar frequency in both groups. SCS patients with UAI and BAI did not differ in age, gender, BMI, waist circumference, and mass size. Factors related to SCS were the presence of BAI (OR, 3.24; 95% CI, 2.31-4.54) and mass size (OR, 2.63; 95% CI, 1.31-5.26).\n\nQuestion:\nDo bilateral adrenal incidentalomas differ from unilateral adrenal incidentalomas in subclinical cortisol hypersecretion but not in potential clinical implications?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nIntracranial hemorrhage (ICH) is a rare and devastating complication of carotid revascularization. We sought to determine the prevalence of, type of, and risk factors associated with ICH among recipients of carotid endarterectomy (CEA) and carotid angioplasty and stenting (CAS) within the National Inpatient Sample (NIS). Postoperative cases of ICH after CEA (International Classification of Disease 9th edition [ICD-9]: 38.12) or CAS (ICD-9: 00.63) were retrieved from the 2001 to 2008 NIS. Clinical presentation (asymptomatic versus symptomatic), discharge status, in-hospital mortality, demographics, and hospital characteristics were extracted from NIS data. Charlson indices of comorbidity were determined based on ICD-9 and clinical classification software codes. Multivariate regression was used to determine the impact of revascularization procedure type and symptom status on adverse outcomes, including ICH, in-hospital mortality, and unfavorable discharge status. Among 57,663,486 NIS hospital admissions, 215,012 CEA and 13,884 CAS procedures were performed. Symptomatic presentations represented the minority of CEA (N=10,049; 5%) and CAS cases (N=1251; 10%). ICH occurred significantly more frequently after CAS than CEA in both symptomatic (4.4% versus 0.8%; P<0.0001) and asymptomatic presentations (0.5% versus 0.06%; P<0.0001). Multivariate regression suggested that symptomatic presentations (versus asymptomatic) and CAS procedures (versus CEA) were both independently predictive of 6-fold to 7-fold increases in the frequency of postoperative ICH. ICH was independently predictive in a 30-fold increased risk of mortality before discharge.\n\nQuestion:\nIs intracranial hemorrhage much more common after carotid stenting than after endarterectomy : evidence from the National Inpatient Sample?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nCathepsin L, a lysosomal cysteine proteinase, is exclusively elevated in a variety of malignancies, including gliomas. In this study we investigated the relationship between cathepsin L and NF-κB, two radiation-responsive elements, in regulating the sensitivity of human glioma cells ionizing radiation (IR) in vitro. Human glioma U251 cells were exposed to IR (10 Gy), and the expression of cathepsin L and NF-κB was measured using Western blotting. The nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 and p50 was analyzed with immunofluorescence assays. Cell apoptosis was examined with clonogenic assays. NF-κB transcription and NF-κB-dependent cyclin D1 and ATM transactivation were monitored using luciferase reporter and ChIP assays, respectively. DNA damage repair was investigated using the comet assay. IR significantly increased expression of cathepsin L and NF-κB p65 and p50 in the cells. Furthermore, IR significantly increased the nuclear translocation of NF-κB, and NF-κB-dependent cyclin D1 and ATM transactivation in the cells. Knockdown of p65 did not change the expression of cathepsin L in IR-treated cells. Pretreatment with Z-FY-CHO (a selective cathepsin L inhibitor), or knockdown of cathepsin L significantly attenuated IR-induced nuclear translocation of NF-κB and cyclin D1 and ATM transactivation, and sensitized the cells to IR. Pretreatment with Z-FY-CHO, or knockdown of p65 also decreased IR-induced DNA damage repair and clonogenic cell survival, and sensitized the cells to IR.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes inhibition of cathepsin L sensitize human glioma cells to ionizing radiation in vitro through NF-κB signaling pathway?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nOur purpose is to examine levels of Fas mRNA expression in blood during human corneal transplant rejection. Fas mRNA expression was detected by reverse transcription-PCR in blood from normal controls, corneal recipients at the time of transplantation and during episodes of rejection. Samples taken at the time of a corneal rejection episode showed Fas mRNA levels were significantly lower in these patients than either normal controls (P = 0.017) or corneal transplant recipients not undergoing graft rejection (P = 0.00052). Serial samples from five patients who suffered an episode of rejection showed that the level of Fas mRNA is reduced during the rejection episode and subsequently recovers.\n\nQuestion:\nIs fas mRNA expression in blood reduced during episodes of human corneal graft rejection?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nRecently, Motor Imagery (MI) has been associated with the execution of movements miming in part the mentally represented action (dynamic MI, dMI). Preliminary studies have reported as dMI may improve trainings in sport, with imagery timing close to the physical execution one. This study was aimed to investigate time and spatial parameters of dMI with actual locomotion in people with stroke. Twelve patients (stroke group, SG) were compared with twelve healthy elderly (elderly group, EG) and twenty young adults (young group, YG). Subjects performed mental representations of different walking (forward, FW; lateral, LW, backward, BW), accompanied or not by movements imitating walking (dMI and static MI, sMI). Then, they performed actual locomotion (AL). Outcome measures were related to the time and the number of steps spent for completing the tasks for all the given locomotor conditions. Significant differences were found in patients with respect to healthy subjects, with time in sMI significantly shorter than in dMI (p < 0.004) and AL (p < 0.002), but not between dMI and AL in FW (p = 0.806). In patients, times obtained in sMI and dMI was significantly shorter with respect to those of AL in LW and BW. Patients performed imagery tasks with similar times in all locomotion. Healthy groups did not reveal differences among tasks in BW, while significant differences were found in LW. Analogous results were found in terms of number of performed steps.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the dynamic motor imagery of locomotion task-dependent in patients with stroke?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe aim of this study was to screen affected members of glaucoma families for mutations in the Trabecular Meshwork Inducible Glucocorticoid Response (TIGR) gene also known by the name myocilin (MYOC) or by combined names such as TIGR/MYOC. Our primary objectives were (1) to identify mutations responsible for glaucoma in members of three families for which we have shown linkage between chromosome 1 GLC1A-region markers and the primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) phenotype, and (2) to determine the relationship of these and other mutations to key points of predicted function and structure of the TIGR/MYOC protein. DNA sequence determination was used to identify sequence changes in sections of the TIGR/MYOC gene that were PCR-amplified from genomic DNA from the probands of three previously-reported GLC1A juvenile-onset POAG families, UM:JG1, UM:JG3, UM:GL57, and unmapped family UM:JG5. Allele-specific oligonucleotide hybridization was used to screen for the identified mutations in PCR-amplified DNA from individual members of each pedigree and from a panel of 11 additional juvenile glaucoma family probands, 42 adult POAG family probands, and 43 normal individuals. Computerized algorithms were used to identify functional motifs and predict structures of normal and mutant forms of the protein. Sequence changes were found that alter amino acids in the olfactomedin-like domain near the carboxy terminal end of the TIGR protein in affected members of families UM:JG1 (Pro370Leu), UM:JG3 (Val426Phe), UM:GL57 (Glu323Lys) and UM:JG5 (Gly252Arg). Co-segregation of glaucoma and Pro370Leu, Val426Phe, and Gly252Arg in known GLC1A families suggests that these are mutations. Although the Gly252Arg substitution observed in UM:JG5 is non-conservative, it was not possible to distinguish whether it is a mutation or a polymorphism. None of the sequence changes described in these families were observed in other juvenile glaucoma cases in this study, nor in any of the POAG or phenotypically normal individuals tested here. Analysis of amino acid sequence changes resulting from mutations described in this and other works demonstrate localization of many mutations in the vicinity of predicted functional motifs in the olfactomedin-like domain. Identification of rat latrophilin (LPH1/CIRL) as a new member of the olfactomedin-like protein family to which TIGR/MYOC belongs suggests that the region of olfactomedin homology is a protein domain that can occur in different protein contexts.\n\nQuestion:\nDo gLC1A mutations point to regions of potential functional importance on the TIGR/MYOC protein?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe purpose of our study was to determine the management and cancer outcome of incidental cancer-related findings reported on CT radiation treatment planning scans. We conducted a retrospective review of CT planning scans performed from 2004 to 2006 with diagnostic radiology reports. We previously found 45 (8%) cancer-related findings, defined as any previously unknown radiologic finding that could potentially change the staging or treatment of the cancer, in the 580 CT scans reviewed. This study further examines the cancer-related findings to identify their clinical significance, management, and cancer outcomes. Eight (18%) of the 45 cancer-related findings prompted additional imaging, with negative findings and no cancer failure at the site of the cancer-related findings. Three (7%) cancer-related findings resulted in changes in cancer management without further imaging, including initiating induction chemotherapy instead of localized radiation, increasing the radiation dose to identified lymphadenopathy, and changing the sequence of local management to initial surgery followed by radiation. Two of these findings had local recurrence at the site of cancer-related findings. The remaining 34 (76%) cancer-related findings did not result in any additional action. With a median follow-up of 17 months (range, 2-67 months) from CT, there was a similar failure rate at the site of cancer-related findings in the groups without (15%) and with (18%) additional action.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes clinical correlation of previously undetected cancer-related incidental findings on CT planning scan for radiation therapy?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nCereals naturally contain a great variety of polyphenols, which exert a wide range of physiological effects both in vitro and in vivo. Many of their protective effects, including an improvement of the function and redox state of immune cells in unhealthy or aged subjects come from their properties as powerful antioxidant compounds. However, whether cereal-based dietary supplementation positively affects the immune function and cellular redox state of healthy subjects remains unclear. To investigate the effects of supplementation (20% wt/wt) for 5 weeks with four different cereal fractions on healthy mice. Several parameters of function and redox state of peritoneal leukocytes were measured. The cereals, named B (wheat germ), C (buckwheat flour), D (fine rice bran) and E (wheat middlings) contained different amounts of gallic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, sinapic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, quercetin, catechin, rutin and oryzanol as major polyphenols. In general, all cereal fractions caused an improvement of the leukocyte parameters studied such as chemotaxis capacity, microbicidal activity, lymphoproliferative response to mitogens, interleukin-2 (IL-2) and tumor necrosis factor (TNFalpha) release, as well as oxidized glutathione (GSSG), GSSG/GSH ratio, catalase (CAT) activity and lipid oxidative damage. We observed similar effects among the cereal fractions.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes diet supplementation for 5 weeks with polyphenol-rich cereals improve several functions and the redox state of mouse leucocytes?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nIt is unknown if cannabis recreates the negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Healthy male volunteers (n = 22) completed two experimental sessions in which they received intravenous (IV) delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) 2.5 mg or placebo in a randomised counterbalanced order. Negative symptoms were rated using the self-reported community assessment of psychic experiences scale (CAPE). Sedation was rated using the mood-adjective check-list (UMACL). Plasma concentrations of THC were measured over the course of the study. Data were analysed by non-parametric tests. Participants reported an increase in negative symptoms from baseline under THC but not placebo conditions (p < 0.001). Negative symptoms showed no relationship with self-rated sedation or plasma concentrations of THC.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes synthetic delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol elicit schizophrenia-like negative symptoms which are distinct from sedation?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe purpose of the current study was to investigate the effect of topical administration of KH906 on corneal neovascularization (NV). To induce corneal neovascularization, chemical cauterization of the corneas of the right eyes of forty-eight New Zealand white rabbits was performed by touching the central cornea with an 8-mm-diameter NaOH-soaked Whatman filter paper for 60 s. On the next day after modeling, the rabbits were randomly and equally divided into six groups: PBS control group, 0.1% dexamethasone group, 10 mg/ml Avastin group, 5 mg/ml KH906 group, 10 mg/ml KH906 group, and 20 mg/ml KH906 group. The rabbits in the six groups received topical administration of 50 μl of the different solutions on the cornea four times per day for 14 days. Corneal neovascularization was analyzed by slit-lamp biomicroscopy 10 and 14 days after chemical cauterization. Corneal fluorescein staining was performed to evaluate the extent of corneal epithelial defect on the 7th, 10th, and 14th days. The VEGF level of the cornea was evaluated by ELISA assay. On the 10th and 14th days after chemical cauterization, the length of the longest new vessel and the areas of corneal neovascularization in all KH906-treated groups were significantly reduced compared to those of the PBS-treated group (p<0.05). The VEGF level of the cornea in all KH906-treated groups was significantly decreased compared to that of the PBS-treated group (p<0.05). Corneal fluorescein staining showed that KH906 had no effect on corneal epithelial healing.\n\nQuestion:\nIs kH906 , a recombinant human VEGF receptor fusion protein , a new effective topical treatment for corneal neovascularization?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nPhenotypic modulation of adventitial fibroblasts (AFs) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of proliferative vascular diseases. The current study aimed to identify the role of cellular repressor E1A-stimulated genes (CREG), a critical mediator in the maintenance of vascular homeostasis, in AF phenotypic modulation and adventitial remodeling. Using in situ double-immunofluorescence staining, we ascertained that CREG expression was significantly down-regulated in the adventitia after vascular injury, and its expression pattern was conversely correlated with the expression of smooth muscle α-actin (α-SMA), a marker for differentiation of AFs into myofibroblasts. In vitro data confirmed the association of CREG in angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced AF differentiation. Additionally, overexpression of CREG attenuated Ang II-induced α-SMA expression in AFs. CREGoverexpressing AFs showed decreased levels of proliferation on days 2-5 following stimulation by Ang II compared with controls, with changes in the cell cycle profile as shown by BrdU incorporation assay and fluorescence activated cell sorting analysis. Moreover, wound healing assay and transwell migration model demonstrated that upregulation of CREG expression inhibited Ang II-induced AF migration. We found that CREG-mediated its counterbalancing effects in Ang II-induced phenotypic modulation, proliferation and migration by inhibition of the p38MAPK signaling pathway, validated by pharmacological blockade of p38MAPK with SB 203580 and by overexpression of p38MAPK with transfectants expressing constitutively active p38αMAPK.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes cellular repressor E1A-stimulated genes control phenotypic switching of adventitial fibroblasts by blocking p38MAPK activation?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nVascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and circulating mesenchymal progenitor cells (MSCs) with a VSMC phenotype contribute to neointima formation and lumen loss after angioplasty and during allograft arteriosclerosis. We hypothesized that phosphoinositol-Akt-mammalian target of rapamycin-p70S6 kinase (PI3K/Akt/mTOR/p70S6K) pathway activation regulates VSMC differentiation from MSCs. We studied effects of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling on phenotypic modulation of MSC and VSMC marker expression, including L-type Ca(2+) channels. Phosphorylation of Akt and p70S6K featured downregulation of VSMC markers in dedifferentiated MSCs. mTOR inhibition with rapamycin at below pharmacological concentrations blocked p70S6K phosphorylation and induced a differentiated contractile phenotype with smooth muscle (sm)-calponin, sm-alpha-actin, and SM protein 22-alpha (SM22alpha) expression. The PI3K inhibitor Ly294002 abolished Akt and p70S6K phosphorylation and reversed the dedifferentiated phenotype via induction of sm-calponin, sm-alpha-actin, SM22alpha, and myosin light chain kinase. Rapamycin acted antiproliferative without impairing MSC viability. In VSMCs, rapamycin increased a homing chemokine for MSCs, stromal cell-derived factor-1-alpha, at mRNA and protein levels. The CXCR4-mediated MSC migration toward conditioned medium of rapamycin-treated VSMCs was enhanced.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes mTOR regulate vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation from human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal progenitors?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nShort leg length has been associated with increased disease risk. We investigated (1) whether taller childhood stature predicts longer adult leg than trunk length; (2) the effects of early life factors on adult leg/trunk length. We used data from the 1958 British birth cohort on height in childhood and at 45 years, leg and trunk length at 45 years and early life factors (n approximately 5,900). For a SD increase in height at 7 years, adult leg length increased more than trunk length (2.5-2.8 cm vs. 1.9 cm). Parental height had a stronger association with adult than childhood height, and leg than trunk length. Prenatal factors were associated with leg (maternal smoking) and trunk length (birth order); birth weight had a similar effect on leg and trunk lengths. Large family size, overcrowding, and social housing were more strongly associated with leg than trunk length: deficits in adult height (0.4-0.8 cm) were mostly due to shorter legs.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes early life influence on adult leg and trunk length in the 1958 British birth cohort?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nAirway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) is associated with persistent air flow limitation and accelerated FEV(1) decline. AHR can influence diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. We assessed the value of pulmonary function variables, symptoms, and history as selection criteria for methacholine bronchoprovocation testing to detect AHR in symptomatic subjects. Over a 4-year period we conducted a prospective study of consecutive subjects who underwent methacholine bronchoprovocation testing. Baseline pulmonary function testing (PFT) and a questionnaire were obtained prior to methacholine bronchoprovocation testing. PFT and symptom and history variables were assessed as AHR predictors in univariate and multiple logistic regression analyses for the whole group and for 4 different age groups. There were 530 subjects, with ages ranging from 5 to 87 years, and 232 (44%) were positive for methacholine AHR. AHR was more prevalent among subjects < or = 25 years old (59%) and > 65 years old (47%) than among the other age groups. PFT values, symptom, and history variables had different AHR predictive values among the different age groups. Symptom and history variables had no AHR predictive value among subjects < or = 25 or > 65 years old.\n\nQuestion:\nAre clinical variables poor selection criteria for the use of methacholine bronchoprovocation in symptomatic subjects?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nWe sought to assess the potential of a widely available source of electronic medication data to prevent medication history errors and resultant inpatient order errors. We used admission medication history (AMH) data from a recent clinical trial that identified 1017 AMH errors and 419 resultant inpatient order errors among 194 hospital admissions of predominantly older adult patients on complex medication regimens. Among the subset of patients for whom we could access current Surescripts electronic pharmacy claims data (SEPCD), two pharmacists independently assessed error severity and our main outcome, which was whether SEPCD (1) was unrelated to the medication error; (2) probably would not have prevented the error; (3) might have prevented the error; or (4) probably would have prevented the error. Seventy patients had both AMH errors and current, accessible SEPCD. SEPCD probably would have prevented 110 (35%) of 315 AMH errors and 46 (31%) of 147 resultant inpatient order errors. When we excluded the least severe medication errors, SEPCD probably would have prevented 99 (47%) of 209 AMH errors and 37 (61%) of 61 resultant inpatient order errors. SEPCD probably would have prevented at least one AMH error in 42 (60%) of 70 patients.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes potential benefit of electronic pharmacy claim data to prevent medication history errors and resultant inpatient order errors?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nHerba Cistanches (Roucongrong) is effective in treating Shenxu Zheng ('kidney-deficiency syndrome'). However, the mechanisms and systemic metabolic responses to the herbal intervention are unclear. Using GC-MS-based metabolic profiling, we investigated the metabolic responses to Herba Cistanches intervention in a rat model of the hydrocortisone-induced 'kidney-deficiency syndrome'. The metabolic profiles of the rats after hydrocortisone injection deviated from the pre-dose metabolic state at different time points, ranging from day 1 to day 10, whereas the metabolic profiles of the rats treated with both hydrocortisone and water extract of Herba Cistanches returned to the pre-dose state on day 10.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes metabolic profiling reveal therapeutic effects of Herba Cistanches in an animal model of hydrocortisone-induced 'kidney-deficiency syndrome '?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nRecent publications have reported contradictory data regarding mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variation and its association with body mass index. The aim of the present study was to compare the frequencies of mtDNA haplogroups as well as control region (CR) polymorphisms of obese juveniles (n = 248) and obese adults (n = 1003) versus normal weight controls (njuvenile = 266, nadults = 595) in a well-defined, ethnically homogenous, age-matched comparative cohort of Austrian Caucasians. Using SNP analysis and DNA sequencing, we identified the nine major European mitochondrial haplogroups and CR polymorphisms. Of these, only the T haplogroup frequency was increased in the juvenile obese cohort versus the control subjects [11.7% in obese vs. 6.4% in controls], although statistical significance was lost after adjustment for sex and age. Similar data were observed in a local adult cohort, in which haplogroup T was found at a significantly higher frequency in the overweight and obese subjects than in the normal weight group [9.7% vs. 6.2%, p = 0.012, adjusted for sex and age]. When all obese subjects were considered together, the difference in the frequency of haplogroup T was even more clearly seen [10.1% vs. 6.3%, p = 0.002, OR (95% CI) 1.71 (1.2-2.4), adjusted for sex and age]. The frequencies of the T haplogroup-linked CR polymorphisms C16294T and the C16296T were found to be elevated in both the juvenile and the adult obese cohort compared to the controls. Nevertheless, no mtDNA haplogroup or CR polymorphism was robustly associated with any of several investigated metabolic and cardiovascular parameters (e.g., blood pressure, blood glucose concentration, triglycerides, cholesterol) in all obese subjects.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes mitochondrial Haplogroup T be Associated with Obesity in Austrian Juveniles and Adults?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nReducing central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs) poses a set of unique challenges in long-term acute care hospitals (LTACHS). Patients are often admitted to LTACHs with central lines in place from the previous hospitalization; thus, LTACHs lack control over insertion techniques and respective central line care and maintenance. This study aimed to demonstrate the impact of a methodical bathing approach with 2% chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) cloths and a correlation with a reduced prevalence of CLABSIs in our LTACH population. This retrospective observational quality initiative conducted in a 105-bed LTACH used plan-do-study-act methodology to assess the effects of a revised bathing approach using 2% CHG. Statistical significance demonstrated a 65% reduction in CLABSI on the pilot unit after the 6-month initial trial. The results of the quality initiative were evaluated through the end of 2012.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes quality improvement intervention reduce episodes of long-term acute care hospital central line-associated infections?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nResveratrol is a popular ingredient in dietary supplements. Some patients concomitantly use dietary supplements and medicines in Japan. In the present study, we determined whether trans-resveratrol and melinjo (Gnetum gnemon L.) seed extract (MSE), which contains resveratrol dimers, interacted with drugs using a mouse model. Male C57BL/6J mice were fed experimental diets containing 0.005%, 0.05%, or 0.5% (w/w) trans-resveratrol or MSE for 1 or 12 weeks. The expression of liver cytochrome P-450 (CYP) mRNA and activity of liver microsomal CYP were measured. To determine the influence of resveratrol or MSE on drug efficacy, the anticoagulant activity of warfarin was examined in mice that were fed diets containing trans-resveratrol or MSE for 12 weeks. When the mice were fed experimental diets for 1 week, none of the doses of trans-resveratrol and MSE affected body weight, liver weight, or plasma AST and ALT levels. Trans-resveratrol also did not affect CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP2C, or CYP3A activities. In contrast, 0.5% MSE slightly increased CYP1A1 activity. When the mice were fed experimental diets for 12 weeks, 0.05% trans-resveratrol increased CYP1A1, CYP2C, and CYP3A activities, whereas 0.5% MSE suppressed CYP3A activity. Under these conditions, 0.5% trans-resveratrol enhanced the anticoagulant activity of warfarin, although CYP2C activity increased. However, MSE did not affect the anticoagulant activity of warfarin.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes trans-Resveratrol enhance the Anticoagulant Activity of Warfarin in a Mouse Model?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo assessed the clinical significance of protocol liver biopsy (PLB) in pediatric liver transplantation (LT). Between July 2008 and August 2012, 89 and 55 PLBs were performed in pediatric patients at two and five years after LT, respectively. We assessed the histopathological findings using the Metavir scoring system, including activity (A) and fibrosis (F), and we identified factors associated with scores of ≥ A1 and ≥ F1. Our results clarified the timing and effectiveness of PLB. The incidences of scores of ≥ A1 and ≥ F1 were 24.7% and 24.7%, respectively, at two years after LT and 42.3% and 34.5%, respectively, at five years. Independent risk factors in a multivariate analysis of a score of ≥ A1 at two years included ≥ 2 h of cold ischemic time, no acute cellular rejection and an alanine amino transaminase (ALT) level of ≥ 20 IU/L (P = 0.028, P = 0.033 and P = 0.012, respectively); however, no risk factors were identified for a score of ≥ F1. Furthermore, no independent risk factors associated with scores of ≥ A1 and ≥ F1 at five years were identified using multivariate analysis. A ROC curve analysis of ALT at two years for a score of ≥ A1 demonstrated the recommended cutoff value for diagnosing ≥ A1 histology to be 20 IU/L. The incidence of scores of ≥ A2 or ≥ F2 at two years after LT was 3.4% (three cases), and all patients had an absolute score of ≥ A2. In contrast to that observed for PLBs at five years after LT, the incidence of scores of ≥ A2 or ≥ F2 was 20.0% (11 cases), and all patients had an absolute score of ≥ F2. In all cases, the dose of immunosuppressants was increased after the PLB, and all ten patients who underwent a follow-up liver biopsy improved to scores of ≤ A1 or F1.\n\nQuestion:\nIs protocol liver biopsy the only examination that can detect mid-term graft fibrosis after pediatric liver transplantation?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo examine the association between frequency of family member accompaniment to medical visits and heart failure (HF) self-care maintenance and management and to determine whether associations are mediated through satisfaction with provider communication. Cross-sectional survey of 150 HF patients seen in outpatient clinics. HF self-care maintenance and management were assessed using the Self-Care of Heart Failure Index. Satisfaction with provider communication was assessed using a single question originally included in the American Board of Internal Medicine Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire. Frequency of family member accompaniment to visits was assessed using a single-item question. We performed regression analyses to examine associations between frequency of accompaniment and outcomes. Mediation analysis was conducted using MacKinnon's criteria. Overall, 61% reported accompaniment by family members to some/most/every visit. Accompaniment to some/most/every visit was associated with higher self-care maintenance (β = 6.4, SE 2.5; p = 0.01) and management (β = 12.7, SE 4.9; p = 0.01) scores. Satisfaction with provider communication may mediate the association between greater frequency of accompaniment to visits and self-care maintenance (1.092; p = 0.06) and self-care management (1.428; p = 0.13).\n\nQuestion:\nIs family member accompaniment to routine medical visits associated with better self-care in heart failure patients?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nPrevious studies indicate that spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) have an exaggerated renal vascular response to angiotensin II (Ang II). Inasmuch as angiotensin receptors are coupled to diverse signalling mechanisms via G-proteins, the purpose of this study was to determine whether the enhanced renal vascular response to Ang II in SHR is due to signalling pathways that involve Gi and/or Go. Age-matched SHR and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats were administered an intravenous injection of either pertussis toxin (10 micrograms/kg) or vehicle, and 6 days later were prepared for study. Renal vascular responses to Ang II were determined by infusing Ang II into the aorta just above the left renal artery while monitoring renal blood flow and arterial blood pressure. Inhibition of the bradycardic response to N6-cyclopentyladenosine (an adenosine A1 receptor agonist) verified that pertussis toxin interrupted Gi coupled pathways. Renovascular responses to Ang II were significantly greater (p = 0.0009) in vehicle-treated hypertensive rats when compared with vehicle-treated normotensive rats. Pertussis toxin significantly decreased renovascular responses to Ang II in both hypertensive (p < 0.0001) and normotensive (p = 0.0101) rats, but more so in hypertensive rats. In pertussis toxin-treated rats renovascular responses to Ang II were similar in hypertensive versus normotensive rats.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes pertussis toxin normalize enhanced renovascular responses to angiotensin II in spontaneously hypertensive rats?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nObesity and insulin resistance predispose patients with the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) to abnormalities in blood pressure regulation. Our objective was to evaluate the impact of obesity on the blood pressure profiles of PCOS patients. PATIENTS, SETTING, AND DESIGN: Thirty-six PCOS patients and 20 healthy women participated in a case-control study at an academic hospital. We conducted ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and office blood pressure determinations. Hypertension (defined as increased office blood pressure confirmed by ambulatory blood pressure monitoring or by masked hypertension) was present in 12 PCOS patients and eight controls (P = 0.618). No differences between patients and controls were found in office and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring values and heart rate, yet the nocturnal decrease in mean blood pressure was smaller in patients (P = 0.038). Obese women (13 patients and eight controls) had increased frequencies of office hypertension (29% compared with 3% in lean plus overweight women, P = 0.005), increased diastolic (P = 0.009) and mean (P = 0.015) office blood pressure values, and increased heart rate values during the daytime (P = 0.038), nighttime (P = 0.002), and 24-h (P = 0.009) periods, independently of having PCOS or not. The frequency of a nocturnal nondipper pattern was 62% in obese PCOS patients, compared with 26% in lean plus overweight PCOS patients (P = 0.036) and 25% in obese and in lean plus overweight controls.\n\nQuestion:\nIs obesity the major determinant of the abnormalities in blood pressure found in young women with the polycystic ovary syndrome?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo test whether oleoyl-estrone affects body weight when given orally, which may help curtail the secondary growth-boosting effects of derived estrone. The rats were fed for 15 days with a powdered hyperlipidic diet (16.97 MJ/kg metabolizable energy) in which 46.6% was lipid-derived and 16.1% protein-derived energy (HL group), containing 1.23+/-0.39micromol/kg of fatty-acyl esters of estrone. This diet was supplemented with additional oleoyl-estrone to produce diets with 2.5 micromol/kg (diet OE2.5), 4.4 micromol/kg (diet OE4.4), and 33.3 micromol/kg content in fatty-acyl estrone (diet OE33). Twelve-week old female Zucker lean (Fa/?) rats initially weighing 200-235g. Food intake and body weight changes; urine and droppings production and nitrogen content. Body composition (water, lipid, protein) and total energy. Energy and nitrogen balances. Plasma chemistry including free amino acids. Oral administration of oleoyl-estrone in a hyperlipidic diet resulted in significant losses of fat, energy and, ultimately, weight, which were dependent on the dose of oleoyl-estrone ingested. Treatment induced the maintenance of energy expenditure combined with lower food intake, creating an energy gap that was filled with internal fat stores whilst preserving body protein. The decrease in food intake was not a consequence of food aversion but of diminished appetite. Energy expenditure was practically constant for all groups except for the OE33, which showed values about 25% lower than the controls. In most of the groups studied, there was a net protein deposition in spite of severe lipid and energy drainage. Amino acid levels agreed with this N-sparing shift. In spite of lowered energy intake, the N balance was positive or near zero in all groups, with a sizeable N-gap in controls and in lower-dose groups that disappeared in the OE33 group.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes oral oleoyl-estrone induce the rapid loss of body fat in Zucker lean rats fed a hyperlipidic diet?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nEndothelial dysfunction and inflammation play a key role in the development of atherosclerosis. The present study evaluated endothelial function, inflammatory parameters, and carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) in dyslipidemic patients with or without coronary artery disease (CAD). Metabolic profile and inflammatory parameters were determined in dyslipidemic patients with (+CAD, n = 33) and without (-CAD, n = 69) symptomatic CAD. Endothelial function was evaluated by flow mediated dilatation (FMD) and plasma concentration of nitrites and nitrates. Carotid IMT was measured by ultrasound. No significant differences were observed in anthropometric hemodynamic or metabolic parameters between the groups. After adjusting by age and medication usage, some inflammatory markers were significantly higher in +CAD; however no significant differences in FMD or plasma levels of nitrites were observed.\n\nQuestion:\nIs inflammation but not endothelial dysfunction associated with the severity of coronary artery disease in dyslipidemic subjects?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nAutomated clinical decision support (CDS) has shown promise in improving safe medication use. The authors performed a trial of CDS, given both during computerized physician order entry (CPOE) and in response to new laboratory results, comparing the time courses of clinician behaviors related to digoxin use before and after implementation of the alerts. Alerts were implemented to notify of the potential risk from low electrolyte concentrations or unknown digoxin or electrolyte concentrations during CPOE. Alerts were also generated in response to newly reported hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia in patients given digoxin. Clinician responses to the alerts for six months were compared with responses to similar situations for six months prior to implementation. During CPOE, checking for unknown serum values increased after implementation compared with control at one hour: 19% vs. 6% for digoxin, 57% vs. 9% for potassium, and 40% vs. 12% for magnesium as well as at 24 hours (p < 0.01 for all comparisons). Electrolyte supplementation increased with newly reported hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia after implementation at one hour: 35% vs. 6% and 49% vs. 5% for potassium and magnesium, respectively, as well as at 24 hours (p < 0.01 for all comparisons). During CPOE, supplementation for hypokalemia was not improved, whereas supplementation for hypomagnesemia improved at one hour (p < 0.05).\n\nQuestion:\nDoes a trial of automated safety alert for inpatient digoxin use with computerized physician order entry?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe aim of the present study was to evaluate the relationship between the angle of His in Roux-en-Y (RY) or Billroth I (BI) reconstruction and reflux esophagitis after distal gastrectomy for gastric cancer. Results for 47 patients undergoing BI reconstruction and 38 patients undergoing RY reconstruction were examined retrospectively. The angle of His and the incidence of reflux esophagitis were determined, and the quality of life (QOL) was evaluated with the Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale (GSRS). The angle of His was significantly greater in patients who underwent BI compared with RY reconstruction, as well as in patients with reflux esophagitis. Scores for reflux, diarrhea, and total symptoms on the GSRS were significantly better in the RY group than in the BI group.\n\nQuestion:\nIs roux-en-Y reconstruction superior to billroth I reconstruction in reducing reflux esophagitis after distal gastrectomy : special relationship with the angle of his?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nPositive surgical margins (PSM) during robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (RALP) are generally considered an adverse event. We attempted to identify the factors associated with PSM and their location. Records of patients undergoing RALP between 2003 and 2009 were retrospectively reviewed. We collected demographic (age, race, body mass index [BMI]), cumulative surgical experience (years from RALP introduction at our center), clinical (prostate-specific antigen [PSA] levels, and biopsy Gleason sums), nerve-sparing technique (yes/no), and pathological variables, including stage (organ-confined vs. non), Gleason sums, prostate weight, status, and location of the surgical margins. Multivariate regression models were constructed to identify the factors associated with PSM at prostate apex, periphery, proximal, and all locations. A total of 560 patients were analyzed. Median age was 60.1 (interquartile range [IQR] 55.1-64.7), 19% were African-Americans, median BMI was 28.1 (25.8-30.8 kg/m(2)), PSA levels were 5.3 (3.9-7.1 ng/mL), and prostate weight was 45.2 (36.8-57.0 g). Gleason sums were as follows: ≤6 in 42.5%, 7 in 53.4%, and >7 in 3.1%. Overall, PSM were reported in 130 (23.2%), including 58 (44.6%) apical, 81 (62.3%) peripheral, and 20 (15.4%) proximal. The overall rate of PSM was associated with surgical experience, PSA, prostate weight, and Gleason sums. Apical PSM were independently associated only with surgical experience. Peripheral PSM were associated with PSA, stage, Gleason sums, and prostate weight. Finally, proximal margin status showed an association with PSA levels only.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes apical surgical margins status in robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy depend on disease characteristics?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "no",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nWe address the quality of chest compressions and the impact on initial defibrillation or initial chest compressions after sudden death. Ventricular fibrillation was induced by occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery in 24 domestic pigs with a mean (+/- SD) weight of 40 +/- 2 kg. Cardiac arrest was left untreated for 5 min. Animals were then randomized to receive chest compressions-first or defibrillation-first and were further randomized to \"optimal\" or \"conventional\" chest compressions. A total of four groups of animals were investigated using a factorial design. For optimal chest compressions, the anterior posterior diameter of the chest was reduced by 25%, representing approximately 6 cm. Only 70% of this depth, or approximately 4.2 cm, represented conventional chest compressions. Chest compressions were delivered with a mechanical chest compressor. Defibrillation was attempted with a single biphasic 150-J shock. Postresuscitation myocardial function was echocardiographically assessed. Coronary perfusion pressures and end-tidal Pco(2) were significantly lower with conventional chest compressions. With optimal chest compressions, either as an initial intervention or after defibrillation, each animal was successfully resuscitated. Fewer shocks were required prior to the return of spontaneous circulation after initial optimal chest compressions. No animals were resuscitated when conventional chest compressions preceded the defibrillation attempt. When defibrillation was attempted as the initial intervention followed by conventional chest compressions, two of six animals were resuscitated.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes the quality of chest compressions during cardiopulmonary resuscitation override importance of timing of defibrillation?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nAlcohol is a common cause of hepatic liver injury with steatosis and fibrosis. Cannabinoid receptors (CB) modulate steatosis, inflammation and fibrogenesis. To investigate the differences between CB(1) and CB(2) in the hepatic response to chronic alcohol intake, we examined CB knockout mice (CB(1)(-/-), CB(2)(-/-)). Eight- to 10-week-old CB(1)(-/-), CB(2)(-/-) and wild-type mice received 16% ethanol for 35 weeks. Animals receiving water served as controls. We analysed triglyceride and hydroxyproline contents in liver homogenates. mRNA levels of CBs, pro-inflammatory cytokines [tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1, interleukin (IL)-1β] and profibrotic factors [α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), procollagen-Ia, platelet-derived growth factor β receptor (PDGFβ-R)] were analysed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Histology (hemalaun and eosin, oil-red O, CD3, CD45R, CD45, F4/80, Sirius red) characterized hepatic steatosis, inflammation and fibrosis. Activation of lipogenic pathways, activation and proliferation of hepatic stellate cell (HSC) were assessed by western blot [fatty acid synthase (FAS), sterol regulatory element binding protein 1c (SREBP-1c), α-SMA, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), cathepsin D]. Hepatic mRNA levels of the respective CBs were increased in wild-type animals and in CB(1)(-/-) mice after ethanol intake. Ethanol intake in CB(2)(-/-) mice induced much higher steatosis (SREBP-1c mediated) and inflammation (B-cell predominant infiltrates) compared with wild-type animals and CB(1)(-/-) mice. HSC activation and collagen production were increased in all groups after forced ethanol intake, being most pronounced in CB(2)(-/-) mice and least pronounced in CB(1)(-/-) mice.\n\nQuestion:\nAre role of cannabinoid receptors in alcoholic hepatic injury : steatosis and fibrogenesis increased in CB2 receptor-deficient mice and decreased in CB1 receptor knockouts?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nAsbestos-induced chronic inflammation is implicated in the pathogenesis of malignant mesothelioma (MM). We have investigated blood neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), an index of systemic inflammation, as a prognostic factor in MM patients. Patients with MM who had systemic therapy at participating institutes were studied. Potential prognostic factors such as age, gender, performance status, histologic subtype, and baseline laboratory parameters, including NLR, were analyzed. Overall survival from commencement of therapy was determined by the Kaplan-Meier method. Multivariate analyses using Cox Regression model were performed with significant factors (P ≤ 0.05) to determine their independent effect. A total of 173 MM patients undergoing systemic therapy including 119 patients receiving first-line therapy and 54 patients receiving second- or third-line therapy were included in this retrospective evaluation. Forty-two percent of patients had an elevated NLR at baseline. The following variables were predictive of survival: female gender (P = 0.044), epithelioid histologic subtype (P < 0.001), baseline white blood cell count less than 8.3 × 10⁹/L (P = 0.008), baseline platelet count 400 × 10⁹/L or less (P = 0.05), and NLR of 5 or less (P < 0.001). After multivariate analysis, histologic epithelioid subtype [hazard ratio (HR) = 2.0; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.3-2.9; P = 0.001], and NLR less than 5 (HR = 2.7; 95% CI = 1.8-3.9; P < 0.001) remained independent predictors. The 1-year survival rate was 60% versus 26%, whereas the 2-year survival rate was 34% versus 10% for NLR less than 5 and 5 or greater, respectively. In the separate analyses of chemotherapy-naive and previously treated patient groups, NLR was an independent predictor of survival in both groups.\n\nQuestion:\nIs high blood neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio an indicator of poor prognosis in malignant mesothelioma patients undergoing systemic therapy?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo investigate the efficacy of nasal sumatriptan in migraine attacks of children and adolescents. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, two-way crossover trial was conducted in three hospital outpatient departments, with 8 to 17 year olds diagnosed with migraine serving as subjects (International Headache Society 1988). A single dose of sumatriptan nasal spray and a matching placebo were administered at home during two attacks. The sumatriptan dose was 10 mg for a body weight of 20 to 39 kg and 20 mg for those with a body weight of >/==\" BORDER=\"0\">40 kg. The primary efficacy endpoint was headache relief by two grades on a 5-grade face scale at 2 hours. Eighty-three patients used both treatments and 11 only the first. At 2 hours, the primary endpoint was reached nearly twice as often after sumatriptan (n = 53/83; 64%) as after placebo (n = 32/83; 39%) (p = 0.003). Already at 1 hour, headache relief was seen more often after sumatriptan (n = 42/83; 51%) than after placebo (n = 24/83; 29%) (p = 0.014). The difference was even more obvious in patients who received the 20-mg dose as well as in the intention-to-treat analyses (n = 94). Other endpoints, including child's preference and using rescue medication, also favored sumatriptan. The most common adverse effect was a bad taste after sumatriptan, reported in 29% (n = 26/90) of the attacks. No serious adverse effects were observed.\n\nQuestion:\nIs nasal sumatriptan effective in treatment of migraine attacks in children : A randomized trial?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nOestrogen depletion may influence onset and/or progression of osteoarthritis. We investigated in an ovariectomized mouse model the impact of oestrogen loss and oestrogen supplementation on articular cartilage and subchondral bone in tibia and patella, and assessed bone changes in osteoarthritis development. C3H/HeJ mice were divided into four groups: sham-operated, oestrogen depletion by ovariectomy (OVX), OVX with estradiol supplementation (OVX+E) and OVX with bisphosphonate (OVX+BP). Each mouse had one knee injected with low-dose iodoacetate (IA), and the contralateral knee was injected with saline. Cartilage was analysed histologically 12 weeks postsurgery; bone changes were monitored over time using in vivo micro-computed tomography. In tibiae, OVX alone failed to induce cartilage damage, but OVX and IA combination significantly induced cartilage damage. In patellae, OVX alone induced significant cartilage damage, which was enhanced by IA. In both tibiae and patellae, OVX in combination with IA significantly decreased subchondral cortical thickness in an additive manner. OVX+E and OVX+BP inhibited tibial and patellar subchondral cortical thinning, inhibited patellar and tended to diminish tibial cartilage damage. In patellae, IA interacted with BP, leading to increased subchondral cortical and trabecular bone.\n\nQuestion:\nIs oestrogen important for maintenance of cartilage and subchondral bone in a murine model of knee osteoarthritis?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo identify the factors that facilitate the diagnosis of pediatric appendicitis. Institutionally approved retrospective, single center analysis of all patients with acute abdominal pain was done. Medical history, symptoms, laboratory and radiologic findings of all children presenting with abdominal pain were evaluated. To identify the best predictors, uni- and multi-variate analysis were used. In 2 years, 431 patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Data was complete in all subjects. Of these, 156 (36.2 %) suffered from appendicitis. The best discriminators for appendicitis were clinical and ultrasound features. The four best factors were identified by CART analysis (continuous abdominal pain, tenderness on the right lower quadrant, rebound tenderness and conspicuous ultrasound) and combined to the Heidelberg Appendicitis score. A positive score (>3 features) is highly predictive for acute appendicitis (PPV 89.3 %, NPV 94.9 %) and includes all cases of perforated appendicitis.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes the Heidelberg Appendicitis Score simplify Identification of Pediatric Appendicitis?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nMen with azoospermia, markedly elevated serum follicle-stimulating hormone levels and testicular atrophy were previously considered irreversibly infertile. Thus, testicular biopsy in this patient population was considered unnecessary. However, presently men with even the most severe infertility disorders are potentially able to initiate a pregnancy with intracytoplasmic sperm injection provided sperm can be recovered in even relatively few numbers directly from the testicular tissue. For these reasons we sought to reevaluate the findings from testicular biopsies in these men in the era of advanced micromanipulation techniques. Chart review identified men with azoospermia, confirmed on a pelleted specimen, and a serum follicle-stimulating hormone level of 3 or more times normal. Mature sperm in the touch preparation cytology and testis biopsy specimen were confirmed. A total of 57 men, most with testicular atrophy, underwent a testicular biopsy and in 17 (30%) mature sperm were identified. The most common diagnosis in these men was severe hypospermatogenesis. Men without sperm most commonly had a pure Sertoli-cell-only pattern.\n\nQuestion:\nDo testis biopsies frequently demonstrate sperm in men with azoospermia and significantly elevated follicle-stimulating hormone levels?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nEndoscopic procedures on Vater's papilla are related to pancreatic damage with or without pathologic increase of pancreatic enzymes. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) with endoscopic sphincterotomy is a standard treatment for common bile duct stones, performed sequentially before or after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The \"rendezvous\" (RV) procedure combines laparoscopic cholecystectomy, intra-operative cholangiography, and endoscopic bile duct clearance and is an alternative to the sequential treatment. We tried to analyze relevant differences between the two options concerning the main parameters of pancreatic damage. Thirty-eight patients treated for biliary stones were divided into two groups of 19 patients depending on the type of treatment (RV vs. ERCP) and were compared for post-procedural amylase and lipase levels; the duration of the endoscopic procedures, effectiveness, and complications were also recorded. A pathologic increase of serum amylase occurred in 15.7% of the RV group and 47.3% of the ERCP group with significant differences regarding amylase levels in the 6- and 66-hour samples (p < 0.003; p < 0.006). The mean duration of endoscopic procedure was significantly shorter in the RV group (17 vs. 26 minutes, p < 0.0001). RV was effective in common bile duct clearance in 100% of cases, while ERCP was effective in only 89.5%. Minor morbidity affected one patient in each group.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes rendezvous technique versus endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography to treat bile duct stones reduce endoscopic time and pancreatic damage?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nAdvanced age is known to impair neovascularization. Because endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) participate in this process, we examined the effects of aging on EPC recruitment and vascular incorporation. Murine neovascularization was examined by use of an ischemic flap model, which demonstrated aged mice (19 to 24 months) had decreased EPC mobilization (percent mobilized 1.4+/-0.2% versus 0.4+/-0.1%, P<0.005) that resulted in impaired gross tissue survival compared with young mice (2 to 6 months). This decrease correlated with diminished tissue perfusion (P<0.005) and decreased CD31+ vascular density (P<0.005). Gender-mismatched bone marrow transplantation demonstrated significantly fewer chimeric vessels in aged mice (P<0.05), which confirmed a deficit in bone marrow-mediated vasculogenesis. Age had no effect on total EPC number in mice or humans. Reciprocal bone marrow transplantations confirmed that impaired neovascularization resulted from defects in the response of aged tissue to hypoxia and not from intrinsic defects in EPC function. We demonstrate that aging decreased hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha stabilization in ischemic tissues because of increased prolyl hydroxylase-mediated hydroxylation (P<0.05) and proteasomal degradation. This resulted in a diminished hypoxia response, including decreased stromal cell-derived factor 1 (P<0.005) and vascular endothelial growth factor (P<0.0004). This effect can be reversed with the iron chelator deferoxamine, which results in hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha stabilization and increased tissue survival.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes age decrease endothelial progenitor cell recruitment through decreases in hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha stabilization during ischemia?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo identify the specific serine/threonine residues in the C-terminal tail of thromboxane receptor alpha (TPalpha) being phosphorylated and desensitized, and various alanine mutants of these serine/threonine residues were checked for their ability to serve as substrates. To facilitate the identification of the intracellular domains involved in phosphorylation, glutathione S-transferase (GST)-intracellular domain fusion proteins were used as substrates for the purified PKC, and then the cDNA of phosphorylated protein was mutagenized to localize the major site of receptor phosphorylation induced by protein kinase C. Human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells stably transfected with the His-tagged wild type or mutant TPalpha were used to study the phosphorylation and desensitization. Only the C-terminal tail can be used as a substrate for the purified PKC. Ser-331 (mP4) was demonstrated to be heavily phosphorylated, Ser-324 (mP1) was shown to be slightly phosphorylated, Ser-329 was illustrated to be faintly phosphorylated, and other Ser/Thr residues were not found to be phosphorylated. Phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) induced receptor phosphorylation in HEK 293 cells expressing the wild type TPalpha. However, PMA did not significantly trigger receptor phosphorylation in HEK 293 cells expressing the S331A mutant receptor. Pretreatment of the cells expressing the wild type with PMA inhibited I-BOP induced Ca2+ release, however, pretreatment of the cells expressing the S331A mutant receptor with PMA did not abolish I-BOP induced Ca2+ release.\n\nQuestion:\nIs serine 331 major site of phosphorylation and desensitization induced by protein kinase C in thromboxane receptor alpha?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe design of a highly effective anti-cancer immune-engager would include targeting of highly drug refractory cancer stem cells (CSC). The design would promote effective antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and simultaneously promote costimulation to expand and self-sustain the effector NK cell population. Based on our bispecific NK cell engager platform we constructed a tetraspecific killer engager (TetraKE) comprising single-chain variable fragments (scFvs) binding FcγRIII (CD16) on NK cells, EpCAM on carcinoma cells and CD133 on cancer stem cells in order to promote ADCC. Furthermore, an Interleukin (IL)-15-crosslinker enhanced NK cell related proliferation resulting in a highly active drug termed 1615EpCAM133. Proliferation assays showed TetraKE promoted proliferation and enhanced NK cell survival. Drug-target binding, NK cell related degranulation, and IFN-γ production was specific for both tumor related antigens in EpCAM and CD133 bearing cancer cell lines. The TetraKE showed higher killing activity and superior dose dependent degranulation. Cytokine profiling showed a moderately enhanced IFN-γ production, enhanced GM-CSF production, but no evidence of induction of excessive cytokine release. Assembly and synthesis of hybrid genes encoding the TetraKE were performed using DNA shuffling and ligation. The TetraKE was tested for efficacy, specificity, proliferation, survival, and cytokine production using carcinoma cell lines and functional assays measuring NK cell activity.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes tetraspecific scFv construct provide NK cell mediated ADCC and self-sustaining stimuli via insertion of IL-15 as a cross-linker?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nWe assessed the impact of detecting anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies (anti-TPO-Ab) in the first trimester of pregnancy on pregnancy outcomes and maternal thyroid function during the postpartum period. In a prospective study consisting 400 pregnant women (8-12 weeks pregnant) were screened for their thyroid profile and followed-up to 12 weeks postpartum. Patients with abnormal thyroid function at 12 weeks postpartum were further followed-up with repeated assessment of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and serum-free thyroxine-4 levels at 8 weeks interval up to 12 months postpartum. 11.5% of the subjects were positive for anti-TPO-Ab who had mean TSH level of 2.31 μIU/ml, which was significantly (P- 0.0001) higher than pregnant women negative for anti-TPO-Ab (1.73 μIU/ml). Increased incidence of miscarriage was observed in anti-TPO positive mothers when compared to antibody negative mothers. Postpartum thyroid dysfunction developed in 4.7% cases at 12 weeks, among them antibody positivity was observed in 81.25% of subjects. In 18.75% mothers positive for anti-TPO-Ab, the thyroid dysfunction persisted up to 12 months postpartum.\n\nQuestion:\nIs anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody positivity during early pregnancy associated with pregnancy complications and maternal morbidity in later life?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTemperature-sensitive transient receptor potential ion channels (thermoTRPs) expressed in primary sensory neurons and skin keratinocytes play a crucial role as peripheral pain detectors. Many natural and synthetic ligands have been found to act on thermoTRPs, but little is known about endogenous compounds that inhibit these TRPs. Here, we asked whether resolvin D1 (RvD1), a naturally occurring anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving lipid molecule is able to affect the TRP channel activation. We examined the effect of RvD1 on the six thermoTRPs using Ca(2+) imaging and whole cell electrophysiology experiments using the HEK cell heterologous expression system, cultured sensory neurons and HaCaT keratinocytes. We also checked changes in agonist-specific acute licking/flicking or flinching behaviours and TRP-related mechanical and thermal pain behaviours using Hargreaves, Randall-Selitto and von Frey assay systems with or without inflammation. RvD1 inhibited the activities of TRPA1, TRPV3 and TRPV4 at nanomolar and micromolar levels. Consistent attenuations in agonist-specific acute pain behaviours by immediate peripheral administration with RvD1 were also observed. Furthermore, local pretreatment with RvD1 significantly reversed mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity in inflamed tissues.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes resolvin D1 attenuate activation of sensory transient receptor potential channels leading to multiple anti-nociception?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nc-kit is expressed in various cell types during development and it has been linked to the promotion of cellular migration, proliferation and/or survival of melanoblasts, hematopoietic progenitors and primordial germ cells. Several reports have proposed a role for the c-kit gene on carcinogenesis. Gain-of-function mutations are associated with diseases such as mastocytosis and gastrointestinal stromal tumors among others. However, very little is known about pathologies associated with loss-of-function mutations. Regarding breast cancer, c-kit protein and mRNA are highly expressed in normal breast but their expression decreases or is absent in the presence of breast cancer. We studied the role of c-kit in mammary carcinogenesis in the Ws/Ws rats carrying spontaneous lack-of-function mutation in the c-kit gene. Fifty day-old virgin female Ws/Ws rats and their wild type counterparts were injected with either 50 mg/kg body weight of the chemical carcinogen N-nitrosomethylurea or with vehicle. The animals were followed-up for 6 months. Fisher 344 rats were used as positive controls for tumor development. Eleven weeks after treatment, palpable tumors were detected in the Ws/Ws rats. The tumor incidence was 80% in Ws/Ws rats, while no tumors were observed in the wild type rats (p = 0.006). Our data show that the lack of c-kit is permissive for the development of mammary tumor in Ws/Ws rats treated with carcinogen.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes lack of c-kit receptor promote mammary tumors in N-nitrosomethylurea-treated Ws/Ws rats?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe aim of this study was to decide whether bicuspid aortic valves (BAVs) with fused right and noncoronary leaflets (R-N) and BAVs with fused right and left leaflets (R-L) have different etiologies or are the product of a single diathesis. The BAV is the most common congenital cardiac malformation. The R-N and R-L BAVs are the most frequent BAV subtypes. The study was carried out in adult and embryonic hearts of endothelium nitric oxide synthase knock-out mice and inbred Syrian hamsters with a high incidence of R-N and R-L BAVs, respectively. The techniques used were histochemistry, immunohistochemistry, and scanning electron microscopy. The R-N BAVs result from a defective development of the cardiac outflow tract (OT) endocardial cushions that generates a morphologically anomalous right leaflet. The left leaflet develops normally. The R-L BAVs are the outcome of an extrafusion of the septal and parietal OT ridges that thereby engenders a sole anterior leaflet. The noncoronary leaflet forms normally.\n\nQuestion:\nAre bicuspid aortic valves with different spatial orientations of the leaflets distinct etiological entities?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nIn the general population, pulse pressure (PP) is a correlate of cardiovascular outcomes. Few data are available regarding the links between PP and documented coronary artery disease (CAD). From July 2000 to January 2002, a total of 1337 patients referred for a first diagnostic coronary angiogram at 75 participating centers were prospectively included. Of these individuals, 280 patients receiving no hypertensive therapy constituted the study population. Pulse pressure was recorded in the aortic root before angiography, and baseline characteristics, medical history, treatment used, and data from coronary angiography were recorded. In the whole population, aortic PP strongly correlated with the presence and extent of CAD in univariate analyses. However, the correlation disappeared in multivariate analysis, and a strong interaction with gender was found. In women (n = 82), aortic PP was not an independent predictor of CAD. However, in men (n = 198) an independent correlation between aortic PP and CAD was found, together with age and hypercholesterolemia. In addition, PP was strongly correlated with the extent of CAD (no disease, 51 +/- 16 mm Hg; one or two stenoses, 54 +/- 18 mm Hg; and more than two stenoses: 64 +/- 20 mm Hg).\n\nQuestion:\nIs aortic pulse pressure related to the presence and extent of coronary artery disease in men undergoing diagnostic coronary angiography : a multicenter study?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nYoung patients with an ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack (TIA) often have no vascular risk factors. Hyper-homocysteinaemia is an established risk factor for stroke in elderly patients but it is uncertain whether it is also important for the prognosis of young ischaemic stroke and TIA patients. We examined the possible effect of the plasma homocysteine level on the risk of recurrent vascular events in patients between 18 and 45 years of age. The study population consisted of 161 consecutive patients with a recent cerebral infarction or TIA. Data on the primary event and the homocysteine level were collected retrospectively from hospital records. General practitioners and patients were contacted by telephone to record vascular events and the type of medication used during the follow-up period. Vascular events included cerebral infarction, TIA, pulmonary embolism, venous thrombosis, myocardial infarction and peripheral arterial disease. A Kaplan- Meier curve showed a dose effect relationship between event-free survival time and tertiles of the homocysteine level (Log rank statistic 5.91; p=0.05). The Cox hazard ratio, after adjustment for homocysteine lowering treatment, was 1.7 (95 % CI, 1.1 to 2.8) for any vascular outcome event, 1.9 (95% CI, 1.1 to 3.0) for arterial outcome events and 1.8 (95 % CI, 1.1 to 2.9) for cerebral outcome events.\n\nQuestion:\nIs plasma homocysteine a risk factor for recurrent vascular events in young patients with an ischaemic stroke or TIA?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nBased on large genomic sequence polymorphisms, several haplotypes belonging to two major lineages of the human pathogen Mycobacterium ulcerans could be distinguished among patient isolates from various geographic origins. However, the biological relevance of insertional/deletional diversity is not understood. Using comparative genomics, we have investigated the genes located in regions of difference recently identified by DNA microarray based hybridisation analysis. The analysed regions of difference comprise approximately 7% of the entire M. ulcerans genome. Several different mechanisms leading to loss of functional genes were identified, ranging from pseudogenization, caused by frame shift mutations or mobile genetic element interspersing, to large sequence polymorphisms. Four hot spot regions for genetic instability were unveiled. Altogether, 229 coding sequences were found to be differentially inactivated, constituting a repertoire of coding sequence variation in the rather monomorphic M. ulcerans.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes differential gene repertoire in Mycobacterium ulcerans identify candidate genes for patho-adaptation?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nDendritic cells (DCs) are important in allergic diseases such as asthma, although little is known regarding the mechanisms by which DCs induce T(H)2-polarized responses in atopic individuals. It has been suggested that intrinsic properties of allergens can directly stimulate T(H)2 polarizing functions of DCs, but little is known of the underlying mechanisms. To identify novel genes expressed by house dust mite (HDM) allergen-exposed DCs. We screened for allergen-induced gene expression by microarray, and validated differentially expressed genes at the mRNA and protein levels. Thrombomodulin (CD141, blood dendritic cell antigen 3) expression by microarray was higher on HDM-stimulated DCs from atopic (relative to nonatopic) individuals. These findings were confirmed at both the mRNA and protein levels in an independent group. Purified thrombomodulin(+) DCs induced a strongly T(H)2-polarized cytokine response by allergen-specific T cells compared with DCs lacking thrombomodulin. In vivo, thrombomodulin(+) circulating DCs were significantly more frequent in subjects with HDM allergy and asthma, compared with control subjects. Furthermore, thrombomodulin expression in blood leukocytes was higher in children with acute asthma than at convalescence 6 weeks later.\n\nQuestion:\nIs allergen-enhanced thrombomodulin ( blood dendritic cell antigen 3 , CD141 ) expression on dendritic cells associated with a TH2-skewed immune response?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nHigh dietary fructose has structural and metabolic cardiac impact, but the potential for fructose to exert direct myocardial action is uncertain. Cardiomyocyte functional responsiveness to fructose, and capacity to transport fructose has not been previously demonstrated. The aim of the present study was to seek evidence of fructose-induced modulation of cardiomyocyte excitation-contraction coupling in an acute, in vitro setting. The functional effects of fructose on isolated adult rat cardiomyocyte contractility and Ca²⁺ handling were evaluated under physiological conditions (37°C, 2 mM Ca²⁺, HEPES buffer, 4 Hz stimulation) using video edge detection and microfluorimetry (Fura2) methods. Compared with control glucose (11 mM) superfusate, 2-deoxyglucose (2 DG, 11 mM) substitution prolonged both the contraction and relaxation phases of the twitch (by 16 and 36% respectively, p<0.05) and this effect was completely abrogated with fructose supplementation (11 mM). Similarly, fructose prevented the Ca²⁺ transient delay induced by exposure to 2 DG (time to peak Ca²⁺ transient: 2 DG: 29.0±2.1 ms vs. glucose: 23.6±1.1 ms vs. fructose +2 DG: 23.7±1.0 ms; p<0.05). The presence of the fructose transporter, GLUT5 (Slc2a5) was demonstrated in ventricular cardiomyocytes using real time RT-PCR and this was confirmed by conventional RT-PCR.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes fructose modulate cardiomyocyte excitation-contraction coupling and Ca²⁺ handling in vitro?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe Medtronic Sprint Fidelis defibrillator lead is at an increased risk for failure and was recalled in October 2007. Approximately 268,000 leads were implanted, and more than 100,000 patients still have active Fidelis leads. A number of studies have examined the rate and clinical predictors of lead failure, but none has addressed the effect of an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator generator exchange on subsequent lead failure. Although the manufacturer asserts that \"Sprint Fidelis performance after device change-out is similar to lead performance without device change-out,\" published data are lacking. To assess the effect of implantable cardioverter-defibrillator generator exchange on the rate of Fidelis lead failure. A chart review was conducted in patients who underwent implantation of a Fidelis lead. Patients with a functioning Fidelis lead at generator exchange were compared with controls with leads implanted for a comparable amount of time not undergoing ICD replacement. A total of 1366 patients received a Fidelis lead prior to the recall, of which 479 were still actively followed. Seventy-two patients with a functioning lead underwent generator exchange without lead replacement. Following generator replacement, 15 leads failed. Sixty percent of the Fidelis leads failed within 3 months. Generator exchange increased the rate of lead failure compared with matched controls (20.8% vs 2.54%; P < .001).\n\nQuestion:\nIs generator exchange associated with an increased rate of Sprint Fidelis lead failure?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nSkeletal muscle atrophy is caused by a variety of diseases and conditions. In particular, skeletal muscle atrophy in the elderly contributes to a loss of independence with advanced age and increases the risk of falling. However, the effect of food consumed on a daily basis on skeletal muscle atrophy has been the focus of little research. In this study, the effects of dietary supplementation with shiikuwasha extract or grape extract on dexamethasone-induced skeletal muscle atrophy were evaluated in aged rats. Aged male rats (15-month-old) were fed a diet supplemented with either 1 % shiikuwasha extract or 1 % grape extract for 19 days. During the last 5 days of the feeding period, rats were injected with dexamethasone to induce muscle atrophy. Body weight and hind-limb muscle weight were significantly decreased by dexamethasone treatment. The supplementation of shiikuwasha extract showed no effect on body weight loss, but markedly attenuated tibialis anterior muscle weight loss induced by dexamethasone. On the other hand, grape extract did not affect muscle weight loss. Furthermore, shiikuwasha extract significantly reduced dexamethasone-induced expression of atrogin-1 and MuRF1 mRNA, but did not reduce LC3B-II protein levels.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes dietary supplementation with shiikuwasha extract attenuate dexamethasone-induced skeletal muscle atrophy in aged rats?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nBacterial translocation from the intestinal tract plays an important role in severe acute pancreatitis (AP). Human β-defensins are a family of antimicrobial peptides present at the mucosal surface. The aim of this study was to investigate the relevance of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the DEFB1 gene and copy number polymorphisms of the DEFB4 genes in AP. 124 AP patients (30 with mild and 94 with severe disease) and 100 healthy controls were enrolled in the study. Three SNPs of the DEFB1 gene [G-20A (c.-20G→A), C-44G (c.-44C→G) and G-52A (c.-52G→A)] were genotyped by Custom TaqMan assay. The DEFB4 gene copy number was determined by means of a TaqMan real-time PCR assay. Significantly higher frequencies of the AA genotype of G-20A (c.-20G→A) and the AA genotype of G-52A (c.-52G→A) were observed among the patients with severe AP (SAP) compared with the healthy controls (38 vs. 20 and 41 vs. 18%, respectively). The GG protective genotype of C-44G (c.-44C→G) SNP was much less frequent (1%) among the patients than among the controls (9%). A higher frequency of a lower (<4) copy number of the DEFB4 gene was observed in the patients with SAP compared with the healthy controls (62 vs. 24%, respectively).\n\nQuestion:\nAre polymorphisms of beta defensins associated with the risk of severe acute pancreatitis?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nOlopatadine hydrochloride ophthalmic solutions are treated for allergic conjunctival diseases that are a selective histamine H1 receptor antagonist and an inhibitor of the release of mediators including histamine from the human mast cells. Substance P (SP) levels are increased in tears of patients with allergic conjunctivitis. However, little is known about the regulation of SP release by anti-allergic ophthalmic solutions. We investigated that the effect of olopatadine hydrochloride ophthalmic solutions (olopatadine 0.1% and olopatadine 0.2%) on rat conjunctivitis models compared with other anti-allergic ophthalmic solutions. Conjunctivitis was induced by subconjunctival injection of histamine or intravenous injection of ovalbumin in rats passively sensitized with anti-ovalbumin anti-serum. The releases of SP were determined in the conjunctiva and tears using rat antigen-induced conjunctivitis models. Olopatadine 0.1% and 0.2% significantly inhibited the increased conjunctival dye leaked in the histamine- or antigen-induced hyperpermeability. The inhibitory effects by olopatadine were more potent than by other tested anti-allergic ophthalmic solutions. Moreover, olopatadine significantly inhibited the release of SP from the conjunctiva.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes olopatadine ophthalmic solution suppress substance P release in the conjunctivitis models?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo investigate the clinical efficacy of estrogen in preventing postpartum hemorrhage and shortening the birth process during induced abortion. Totally 320 puerperants for termination of pregnancy for medical reasons were randomly assigned into 2 groups, the estrogen group (n=175) and the control group (n=145), and the former were given oral estrostilben 3 mg thrice a day from the day before acrinol injection to the end of delivery. The amount of blood loss 2 h after delivery, cases of postpartum hemorrhage, and the duration of total birth process were recorded. Significant differences were noted in blood loss 2 h after delivery between estrodiol and control groups (123.3-/+81.8 vs 206.3-/+114.4 ml). Two cases of postpartum hemorrhage were found in estrogen group and 10 in control group. The duration from acrinol injection to delivery was similar between the two groups (31-/+11 vs 33-/+12 h), but the former had significant shorter duration from contraction onset to delivery than the latter (6.03-/+3.19 vs 9.7-/+5.9 h). No side-effects were found in either group.\n\nQuestion:\nDo [ Value of estrogen for preventing postpartum hemorrhage and shortening birth process in induce abortion ]?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nHaemodilution has been associated with neurological morbidity in surgical patients. This study tests the hypothesis that inhibition of cerebral vasodilatation by systemic beta2 adrenergic blockade would impair cerebral oxygen delivery leading to tissue hypoxia in severely haemodiluted rats. Under general anaesthesia, cerebral tissue probes were placed to measure temperature, regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and tissue oxygen tension (P(Br)O2) in the parietal cerebral cortex or hippocampus. Baseline measurements were established before and after systemic administration of either a beta2 antagonist (10 mg kg(-1) i.v., ICI 118, 551) or saline vehicle. Acute haemodilution was then performed by simultaneously exchanging 50% of the estimated blood volume (30 ml kg(-1)) with pentastarch. Arterial blood gases (ABGs), haemoglobin concentration (co-oximetry), mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were also measured. Data were analysed using a two-way anova and post hoc Tukey's test [mean (sd)]. Haemodilution reduced the haemoglobin concentration comparably in all groups [71 (9) g litre(-1)]. There were no differences in ABGs, co-oximetry, HR and MAP measurements between control and beta2 blocked rats, either before or 60 min after drug or vehicle administration. In rats treated with the beta2 antagonist there was a significant reduction in parietal cerebral cortical temperature, regional blood flow and tissue oxygen tension, relative to control rats, 60 min after haemodilution (P<0.05 for each). These differences were not observed when probes were placed in the hippocampus.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes beta2 adrenergic antagonist inhibit cerebral cortical oxygen delivery after severe haemodilution in rats?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo assess the effects of cystic fibrosis transmembrane-conductance regulator (CFTR) gene mutations on sperm function and fertility in men with bilateral congenital absence of the vas deferens. Prospective. Division of urologic microsurgery and associated hospital-based IVF unit. Fertilization and pregnancy rates. Men referred to our fertility unit for treatment of bilateral congenital absence of the vas deferens, using sperm surgically retrieved from the epididymis with IVF and micromanipulation. Of 45 men with bilateral congenital absence of the vas, 54% (19/35) tested were found to be carriers of CFTR gene mutations, with one compound heterozygote. Epididymal sperm from men affected with CFTR mutations fertilized 19% (29/152) of oocytes, whereas men without mutations fertilized 22% (44/204) of oocytes. Pregnancy rates (PRs) were 36% (5/14) for cycles involving men with CFTR mutations and 33% (5/15) for other patients with congenital absence of the vas deferens but without detectable CFTR mutations.\n\nQuestion:\nDo cystic fibrosis gene mutations affect sperm function during in vitro fertilization with micromanipulation for men with bilateral congenital absence of vas deferens?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "no",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nPlatelet-activating factor-acether (PAF-acether) presence was investigated in 27 human follicular fluids (FFs). Aggregation of washed rabbit platelets was used to measure PAF-acether. Data were compared using Student's t-test. Follicular fluids came from the in vitro fertilization program at Antoine Béclère Hospital, and PAF-acether was assayed at Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unités 187 and 200, Clamart, France. The study concerned five infertile women 29 to 39 years of age. Ovaries were stimulated with human menopausal gonadotropin under gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRH-a) action. The height of platelet aggregation was compared between FFs and synthetic PAF-acether. Mean FF concentration of PAF-acether was 1,367 to 3,467 pg/mL among women. Values were higher for patients in a long than in a short GnRH-a protocol (P less than 0.05). However, PAF-acether concentration was not related to fertilization rate.\n\nQuestion:\nIs platelet-activating factor-acether a component of human follicular fluid?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nBeta-adrenergic receptor antagonists (beta-antagonists) have long been used to control perioperative tachyarrhythmias. The effects of a beta(1)-antagonist, landiolol, on perioperative hemodynamics are unknown. We aimed to determine the appropriate dosage of landiolol for the treatment of hemodynamic changes in response to endotracheal intubation. Sixty-four patients without heart disease or hypertension, were assigned to receive saline (group C) or landiolol (0.1 or 0.3 mg.kg(-1); groups L1 and L3). Anesthesia was induced with propofol (2 mg.kg(-1) iv) followed by saline or landiolol iv. After ventilation with facemask using 2% sevoflurane in 100% oxygen for 90 sec, endotracheal intubation was performed. After intubation, anesthesia was maintained using 1% sevoflurane in combination with 50% nitrous oxide. Values of heart rate and mean arterial blood pressure were recorded before induction to five minutes after intubation. In group C, heart rate and mean blood pressure increased simultaneously after tracheal intubation, compared with baseline values. Heart rate values were attenuated immediately before as well as after intubation in group L3, compared with groups C and L1. Heart rate did not increase after tracheal intubation in group L1, compared with baseline. In contrast, mean arterial blood pressure values did not differ among groups.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes landiolol attenuate tachycardia in response to endotracheal intubation without affecting blood pressure?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nMedian arcuate ligament syndrome (MALS) is a rare disorder characterized by postprandial abdominal pain, weight loss, and celiac stenosis. Diagnosis can be challenging, leading to a delay in treatment. We report on our continued experience using a laparoscopic approach for this uncommon diagnosis. This is an Institutional Review Board-approved, prospectively collected retrospective analysis of patients treated with laparoscopic MAL release at our institution. Data collected included patient demographics, preoperative symptoms, operative approach, and postoperative outcomes. Patients were then contacted to complete a postoperative survey designed to assess the improvement of symptoms and overall patient satisfaction. A total of 39 patients (33 women and 6 men) underwent laparoscopic MAL release from March 2007 to July 2014. Mean age was 40.6 years (range, 17-77 years). Thirty of 39 patients had a postoperative celiac axis ultrasound. Twenty-three had a patent celiac axis on postoperative duplex. Of the remaining 7, 5 with residual celiac axis stenosis and 1 with occlusion, reported complete resolution of their symptoms. One remaining patient with occlusion remained symptomatic. Thirty-three of 39 (84.6%) reported symptom relief after surgery. Nine of 33 (27.3%) responders had cardiovascular risk factors versus 4 of 6 (67%) nonresponders. Five patients with atypical presentations underwent preoperative diagnostic celiac plexus block using local anesthetic, with 4 reporting symptom reliefs after block. These 4 patients also reported postoperative symptom relief. One patient of 39 received a postoperative celiac stent placement and remained symptomatic. There were 4 conversions to open surgery (10.3%) and no deaths.\n\nQuestion:\nIs median Arcuate Ligament Syndrome a Vascular Disease?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "no",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo investigate the predictive value of the RENAL Nephrometry Score (RNS) on operative outcomes during both laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (LPN) and robotic-assisted partial nephrectomy (RPN). We reviewed 67 consecutive patients with suspicious renal lesions and available radiographic data who underwent LPN or RPN by a single surgeon. Data included operative type, body mass index (BMI), gender, age, and side of tumor. RNSs were recorded using either magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography scans. Warm ischemia time (WIT), estimated blood loss (EBL), and collecting system entry (CSE) were the endpoints for the analyses. Total RNS entered as a continuous or dichotomous variable (<7 or ≥ 7), R-score, and N-score were independent predictors of WIT on multivariable analyses (P <.001, P = .001, P = .026, and P <.01, respectively). The total RNS and N-score were predictive of CSE in univariate analysis (P <.001). Neither total RNS nor its individual components were predictive of EBL.\n\nQuestion:\nIs higher RENAL Nephrometry Score predictive of longer warm ischemia time and collecting system entry during laparoscopic and robotic-assisted partial nephrectomy?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nCritically ill patients often demonstrate extremely unusual volumes of distribution (Vd) and half-lives (t1/2) of drugs. Imipenem is a widely used antibiotic in critically ill patients. We performed high-performance liquid chromatography analysis of imipenem in samples from 50 critically ill patients treated with either 500 or 1,000 mg. Peak imipenem levels varied from 1.56 microg/mL to 58.8 microg/mL. Trough levels varied between 0.0 microg/mL and 15.62 microg/mL. Only 54% of patients maintained a trough level greater than 4 microg/mL. Both the Vd and the t1/2 of imipenem were much greater than observed in other patient populations.\n\nQuestion:\nAre imipenem levels predictable in the critically ill patient?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "no",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nExposure to air pollution from traffic is associated with adverse cardiovascular events. The mechanisms for this association are unknown. We conducted a controlled exposure to dilute diesel exhaust in patients with stable coronary heart disease to determine the direct effect of air pollution on myocardial, vascular, and fibrinolytic function. In a double-blind, randomized, crossover study, 20 men with prior myocardial infarction were exposed, in two separate sessions, to dilute diesel exhaust (300 mug per cubic meter) or filtered air for 1 hour during periods of rest and moderate exercise in a controlled-exposure facility. During the exposure, myocardial ischemia was quantified by ST-segment analysis using continuous 12-lead electrocardiography. Six hours after exposure, vasomotor and fibrinolytic function were assessed by means of intraarterial agonist infusions. During both exposure sessions, the heart rate increased with exercise (P<0.001); the increase was similar during exposure to diesel exhaust and exposure to filtered air (P=0.67). Exercise-induced ST-segment depression was present in all patients, but there was a greater increase in the ischemic burden during exposure to diesel exhaust (-22+/-4 vs. -8+/-6 millivolt seconds, P<0.001). Exposure to diesel exhaust did not aggravate preexisting vasomotor dysfunction, but it did reduce the acute release of endothelial tissue plasminogen activator (P=0.009; 35% decrease in the area under the curve).\n\nQuestion:\nDo ischemic and thrombotic effects of dilute diesel-exhaust inhalation in men with coronary heart disease?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nPrevious studies investigating the correlation between plasma sialic acid and the severity of atherosclerosis present conflicting results. In atherosclerosis patients, plasma levels of N-acetylneuraminic acid (NANA) are increased; however, the underlying mechanisms have not yet been clarified. We assume the increased NANA level may be a compensatory mechanism due to oxidative stress and/or inflammation. The aim of this study is to investigate whether supplementation of NANA could attenuate the progression of atherosclerosis. Exogenous NANA was used to determine its effect on apolipoprotein E-deficient (apoE(-/-)) mice taking natural quercetin as a positive control. The effect of NANA on lipid lowering, antioxidant activity and anti-inflammation was investigated by methods of molecular biology. 1) NANA administration decreased 18.9% of the atherosclerotic plaque formation in the aorta and 26.7% of the lipid deposition in the liver of high-fat diet apoE(-/-) mice; 2) notably, NANA treatment reduced 62.6% of the triglyceride by improving lipoprotein lipase activity; 3) NANA lowered 17.5% of the plasma total cholesterol by up-regulating reverse cholesterol transport (RCT)-related protein expression such as ATP-binding cassette transporter (ABC) G1 and ABCG5 in liver or small intestine; 4) NANA administration notably decreased oxidative stress by increasing antioxidant enzymes activity and protein expression of paraoxonase 1 and 2; 5) NANA markedly reduced tumour necrosis factor-α and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression in aorta and liver.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes exogenous supplement of N-acetylneuraminic acid ameliorate atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nCongenital stromal corneal dystrophy (CSCD) is characterized by stromal opacities that morphologically are seen as interlamellar layers of amorphous substance with small filaments, the nature of which has hitherto been unknown. CSCD is associated with truncating mutations in the decorin gene (DCN). To understand the molecular basis for the corneal opacities we analyzed the expression of decorin in this disease, both at the morphologic and the molecular level. Corneal specimens were examined after contrast enhancement with cuprolinic blue and by immunoelectron microscopy. Decorin protein from corneal tissue and keratocyte culture was studied by immunoblot analysis before and after O- and N-deglycosylation. The relative level of DCN mRNA expression was examined using Q-RT-PCR, and cDNA was sequenced. Recombinant wild-type and truncated decorin transiently expressed in HEK293 cells were analyzed by gel filtration and immunoblotting. The areas of interlamellar filaments were stained by cuprolinic blue. Immunoelectron microscopy using decorin antibodies revealed intense labeling of these areas. Both wild-type and truncated decorin protein was expressed in corneal tissue and keratocytes of affected persons. When decorin expressed in HEK293 cells was examined by gel filtration, the truncated decorin eluted as high molecular weight aggregates.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes decorin accumulation contribute to the stromal opacities found in congenital stromal corneal dystrophy?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nWe identified the far upstream element binding protein 1 (FBP1), an activator of transcription of the proto-oncogene c-myc, in a functional yeast survival screen for tumor-related antiapoptotic proteins and demonstrated strong overexpression of FBP1 in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Knockdown of the protein in HCC cells resulted in increased sensitivity to apoptotic stimuli, reduced cell proliferation, and impaired tumor formation in a mouse xenograft transplantation model. Interestingly, analysis of gene regulation in these cells revealed that c-myc levels were not influenced by FBP1 in HCC cells. Instead, we identified the cell cycle inhibitor p21 as a direct target gene repressed by FBP1, and in addition, expression levels of the proapoptotic genes tumor necrosis factor alpha, tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand, Noxa, and Bik were elevated in the absence of FBP1.\n\nQuestion:\nIs overexpression of the far upstream element binding protein 1 in hepatocellular carcinoma required for tumor growth?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo examine early results in patients with incision lines closed only along the skin and subcutaneous tissue after removal of the great saphenous vein during coronary artery bypass surgery. We enrolled 82 patients who underwent elective operations in our clinic between December 2008 and April 2009. The patients had similar demographic characteristics, and the method of incision closure was chosen randomly. Three patients were excluded due to in-hospital mortality. The saphenous incision lines were closed using continuous skin sutures in 41 patients (Group 1) or using continuous subcutaneous sutures followed by continuous skin sutures in 38 patients (Group 2). Patients were followed every day that they were in the hospital, in the first week after being discharged, and at the end of the second month after discharge. The incision lines were evaluated for hematomas, infection, edema, pain and numbness. During the follow-up performed in-hospital and in the first week after discharge, infection, edema and numbness were observed significantly more often in Group 2 than in Group 1. Hematoma was observed more often in Group 1, and pain was observed more often in Group 2, but neither of these findings reached statistical significance. During the follow-up at the end of the second month after discharge, infection, edema, and numbness were observed significantly more frequently in Group 2.\n\nQuestion:\nIs unilayer Closure of Saphenous Vein Incision Lines Better than Bilayer Closure?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
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