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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.	[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nOlder adults walk slower than young adults but it is not known why. Previous research suggests that ankle plantarflexors may have a crucial role in the reduction of walking speed. The purpose of this study was to investigate age-related differences in triceps surae muscle-tendon function during walking to further investigate the role of plantarflexors in the age-related reduction of walking speed. Medial gastrocnemius and soleus muscle fascicle lengths were measured using ultrasound imaging during walking from 13 young (25±4yrs) men at preferred walking speed, and from 13 older (73±5yrs) men at preferred speed and at the young men's preferred speed. Muscle-tendon unit lengths were calculated from joint kinematics and tendinous tissue lengths were calculated by subtracting muscle lengths from muscle-tendon unit lengths. In addition, ground reaction forces and electromyographic activity of medial gastrocnemius and soleus were measured. In both medial gastrocnemius and soleus it was observed that at preferred walking speed, older men used a narrower muscle fascicle operating range and lower shortening velocity at the estimated time of triceps surae peak force generation compared to young men. Fascicles also accounted for a lower proportion of muscle-tendon unit length changes during the stance phase in older compared to young men. Significant differences in triceps surae muscle function were not observed between age groups when compared at matched walking speed.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes slower Walking Speed in Older Men improve Triceps Surae Force Generation Ability?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]	0
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.	[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nAngiopoietin-like protein 3, a liver-derived plasma protein, increases plasma triglycerides (TG) in mice by suppressing the activity of lipoprotein lipase, a key enzyme in plasma TG clearance. Uremic dyslipidemia is characterized by increased TG-rich lipoproteins such as very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL), lowered high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and TG-enrichment of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and HDL. Since the role of angiopoietin-like protein 3 (ANGPTL3) in uremic dyslipidemia is unknown, we examined its possible association with the lipoprotein abnormalities in patients with chronic renal failure (CRF). The subjects were 202 hemodialysis patients, 44 predialysis patients with CRF and 148 healthy control subjects comparable in age and sex. Fasting plasma ANGPTL3 was measured by enzyme-linked immunoassay, and lipoproteins were fractioned by ultracentrifugation. Median (25th-75th percentile range) ANGPTL3 levels were 523 (409-645) and 393 (308-511)ng/mL in hemodialysis and predialysis patients, respectively, which were significantly lower than the control level of 700 (570-875)ng/mL. In the total subjects, ANGPTL3 was inversely correlated with VLDL- and IDL-cholesterol levels, and positively with HDL-cholesterol. ANGPTL3 correlated inversely with TG/cholesterol ratios of both LDL and HDL. In multiple regression models, these associations, excluding TG/cholesterol ratio of LDL, remained significant and independent of possible confounders including age, sex, body mass index, insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR), and adiponectin, whereas the associations of ANGPTL3 with the lipoprotein parameters were less significant when apoC-II/C-III ratio was included in the models.\n\nQuestion:\nIs plasma angiopoietin-like protein 3 ( ANGPTL3 ) concentration associated with uremic dyslipidemia?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]	0
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.	[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nConverging evidence points to the involvement of γ-amino-butyric acid B receptors (GABABRs) in the regulation of information processing. We previously showed that GABABR agonists exhibit antipsychotic-like properties in rodent models of sensorimotor gating deficits, as measured by the prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the acoustic startle reflex. The therapeutic potential of these agents, however, is limited by their neuromuscular side effects; thus, in this study, we analyzed whether rac-BHFF, a potent GABABR-positive allosteric modulator (PAM), could counter spontaneous and pharmacologically induced PPI deficits across various rodent models. We tested the antipsychotic effects of rac-BHFF on the PPI deficits caused by the N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptor antagonist dizocilpine, in Sprague-Dawley rats and C57BL/6 mice. Furthermore, we verified whether rac-BHFF ameliorated the spontaneous PPI impairments in DBA/2J mice. rac-BHFF dose-dependently countered the PPI deficits across all three models, in a fashion akin to the GABABR agonist baclofen and the atypical antipsychotic clozapine; in contrast with these compounds, however, rac-BHFF did not affect startle magnitude.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes positive allosteric modulation of GABAB receptors ameliorate sensorimotor gating in rodent models?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]	0
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.	[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nPresentation of exogenous antigen by MHC class I molecules, or cross-presentation, is a property of dendritic cells, which is considered crucial for the priming of cytotoxic T-cell response to tumor antigens. However, the precise mechanisms of this process are not fully understood. We show here in a human in vitro system, using B lymphoma cells as a tumor model, that the cross-presentation of cell-associated antigens to T cells by dendritic cells requires \"help\" from natural killer cells. When autologous dendritic cells that had taken up apoptotic B lymphoma cells and induced to a fully mature state were used to stimulate nonadherent cells of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy donors, they induced strong cytotoxicity against B lymphoma cells in a HLA-A0201-restricted manner. The cells failed to induce cytotoxicity, however, when purified T cells were used as effector cells. Depletion of CD56+ cells, but not CD14+ or CD19+ cells, abrogated the cytotoxicity of nonadherent cells, showing that the help was provided by natural killer cells. Further, when natural killer cells were present in the cultures, a strong and persistent production of interleukin-18, but not interleukin-12 and interleukin-15, was observed. Blocking interleukin-18 significantly reduced the cytotoxicity of nonadherent cells against B lymphoma cells.\n\nQuestion:\nDo natural killer cells license dendritic cell cross-presentation of B lymphoma cell -- associated antigens?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]	0
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.	[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nHomologous recombination (HR) is frequently impaired in sporadic high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma (sHGSOC) due to deficiencies in BRCA1/2 genes, a situation associated with hypersensitivity to platinum compounds. Alterations in other genes can also cause HR deficiency. Preclinical data show that RAP80 is an HR-pathway-related gene that influences BRCA1 activity. RAP80 has been reported to affect outcome in some solid neoplasms. This study investigates the role of RAP80 in sHGSOC survival. mRNA expression of RAP80 was analyzed in tumor samples from 35 patients who postoperatively received standard platinum-based chemotherapy. The effects of RAP80 expression on progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were examined by means of Cox regressions. The clinical variables known to have prognostic value (FIGO stage, residual disease at surgery, and debulking surgery) were included as covariates in the analysis. BRCA1 was analyzed given the moderate correlations with RAP80. Median follow-up, PFS and OS were 61.3, 20.2 and 62.8 months, respectively. Low RAP80 expression levels were associated with shorter PFS (HR = 1.449, p = 0.007) and OS (HR = 1.331, p = 0.047).\n\nQuestion:\nDoes low RAP80 mRNA expression correlate with shorter survival in sporadic high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]	0
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.	[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe accurate prediction of the risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD) in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) remains elusive. Corrected QT interval (QTc) duration is a known risk factor in various cardiac conditions. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been linked to QTc length, and to SCD. Here we investigated the role of 21 candidate SNPs in QTc duration and SCD events in patients with HCM. This HCM registry-based study included patients with an ECG, medical history, first SCD event data, and DNA available. Each individual SNP was assessed using logistic regression for associations with 2 outcomes: a prolonged QTc ( ≥440 milliseconds), and first SCD event (SCD, resuscitated cardiac arrest, and appropriate implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) shock for ventricular fibrillation/ventricular tachycardia (VF/VT). In 272 HCM patients, there were 31 SCD events (8 SCD, 9 resuscitated cardiac arrest, 14 ICD shocks for VF/VT; 11%). A QTc ≥ 500 milliseconds was associated with SCD events on multivariate analysis (odds ratio [OR] = 4.0, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.19-12.02, P = 0.016). In 228 Caucasian patients, 2 SNPs in the NOS1AP gene (rs10494366 and rs12143842) were associated with a prolonged QTc after correction for multiple testing. This remained significant after adjustment for current age, sex, and ≥1 SCD risk factor (OR 1.59 per copy of the minor allele, 95% CI 1.08-2.39, P = 0.022, and OR 1.63, 95% CI 1.09-2.49, P = 0.020, respectively). No SNPs were directly associated with SCD events.\n\nQuestion:\nDo nOS1AP Polymorphisms Modify QTc Interval Duration But Not Cardiac Arrest Risk in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]	0
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.	[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nResistance to fluconazole, a commonly used azole antifungal, is a challenge for the treatment of fungal infections. Resistance can be mediated by overexpression of ABC transporters, which promote drug efflux that requires ATP hydrolysis. The Pdr5p ABC transporter of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a well-known model used to study this mechanism of antifungal resistance. The present study investigated the effects of 13 synthetic compounds on Pdr5p. Among the tested compounds, four contained a tellurium-butane group and shared structural similarities that were absent in the other tested compounds: a lateral hydrocarbon chain and an amide group. These four compounds were capable of inhibiting Pdr5p ATPase activity by more than 90%, they demonstrated IC50 values less than 2 μM and had an uncompetitive pattern of Pdr5p ATPase activity inhibition. These organotellurides did not demonstrate cytotoxicity against human erythrocytes or S. cerevisiae mutant strains (a strain that overexpress Pdr5p and a null mutant strain) even in concentrations above 100 μM. When tested at 100 μM, they could reverse the fluconazole resistance expressed by both the S. cerevisiae mutant strain that overexpress Pdr5p and a clinical isolate of Candida albicans.\n\nQuestion:\nDo synthetic organotelluride compounds induce the reversal of Pdr5p mediated fluconazole resistance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]	0
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.	[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nMigrant South Asian population in the West, particularly women, is more predisposed to central obesity and metabolic syndromes than native Caucasians. However, the burden of coexistence of clinical risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and associated gender disparities in native population of South Asia are not known. We analyzed the National Health Survey of Pakistan (NHSP) (1990-1994) data to study the same in the population of Pakistan. Data from 9442 individuals age 15 years or over from the National Health Survey of Pakistan (NHSP) (1990-1994) was analyzed. The primary outcome was defined as the coexistence of at least two of the following five clinical risk factors for CVD. Hypertension (systolic blood pressure > or = 140 mm Hg, or diastolic blood pressure > or = 90 mm Hg, or current therapy with antihypertensive medications); diabetes (non-fasting blood glucose > or = 140 mg/dl (7.8 mmol/l), or known history of diabetes); proteinuria (dipstick urine protein > 1+); hyperlipidemia (random blood cholesterol > or = 200 mg/dl (5.17 mmol/l)), and central obesity (waist circumference of > or = 80 cm in women and > or = 90 cm in men. The overall prevalence (95% confidence intervals) of the coexistence of risk factors for CVD was 17.2% (16.4-18.0%): 13.0% (12.1-14.1%) in men and 20.9% (19.8-22.0%) in women (p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis revealed that men had at significantly lower odds of coexistence of risk factors than women with OR, 95% CI of 0.53, 0.47-0.61, and this difference increased in magnitude with age (interaction p < 0.001). In addition to Muhajir, Sindhi and Pashtun vs Punjabi ethnicity, factors independently associated with primary outcome were age (OR, 95% CI) (1.06, 1.05-1.06, for each one year increase), urban dwelling vs rural dwelling (1.45, 1.24-1.70), high (1.97, 1.61-2.45) and mid (1.44, 1.23-1.70) vs low socioeconomic status, body mass index (1.17, 1.15-1.18, for each one kg/m(2) increase), and high consumption of meat (1.77, 1.52-2.06) and ghee (1.26, 1.00-1.54).\n\nQuestion:\nDo women in Pakistan have a greater burden of clinical cardiovascular risk factors than men?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]	0
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.	[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nGitel syndrome is an inherited tubular disorder characterized by metabolic alkalosis, hypokalemia, and hypomagnesemia of renal origin and hypocalciuria. The majority of patients with Gitelman syndrome carry inactivating mutations in the SLC12A3 gene encoding the sodium-chloride cotransporter located in the distal convoluted tubule. The purpose of this study was to investigate the underlying mutation in Gitelman syndrome patients of Gypsy race from different geographic origin. Twenty Gypsy patients with clinical and biochemical features of Gitelman syndrome were investigated by mutational analysis. The patients belonged to 12 unrelated Gypsy families living in four different European countries. The parents and unaffected siblings of each patient, as well as the DNA of a population of 200 healthy control patients, were also analyzed. All patients were homozygous for the same splice site mutation, guanine to thymine in the first position of intron 9 of SLC12A3 gene. This mutation was not found in the control population. Parents were heterozygous for the mutation. Despite sharing a common mutation, the clinical manifestations of the syndrome in the patients varied from lack of symptoms in six children to severe growth retardation in four.\n\nQuestion:\nIs a new mutation ( intron 9 +1 G > T ) in the SLC12A3 gene linked to Gitelman syndrome in Gypsies?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]	0
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.	[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo investigate whether syngeneic BM-derived DCs generated in vitro and fused with syngeneic C1498 tumor cells (murine AML line) could induce a better antitumor protective effect compared to similarly generated DCs pulsed with C1498 lysate with or without co-injection of a class B CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG 7909) in vivo. DCs were pulsed with C1498 lysate prior to intravenous administration 14 and 7 days prior to tumor challenge. Separate cohorts received DCs electrically fused to irradiated C1498 cells. Cohorts were administered DCs that were lysate-pulsed or fused with tumor cells on days 14 and 7 prior to tumor injection. Some cohorts were co-injected with CpG 7909 at the time of DC administration. All DC vaccines significantly improved survival (p < 0.01) vs nonvaccinated controls. There was no difference in the antitumor protective response between mice that received pulsed vs fused DCs (47% vs 45% survival). Both DC vaccines generated a fivefold increase in splenic tumor-reactive cytotoxic T-lymphocyte precursor cells and significantly (p < 0.05) higher mean frequencies of IFN-gamma-producing splenocytes compared to controls. CpG 7909 improved the survival of mice receiving the fused DCs (p < 0.05) but not the pulsed DCs. Surviving mice were rechallenged and found to be resistant to lethal tumor injection.\n\nQuestion:\nDo dendritic cells pulsed or fused with AML cellular antigen provide comparable in vivo antitumor protective responses?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]	0
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.	[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTherapy failures have been reported for retroviral gene transfer of herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-TK) gene followed by systemic ganciclovir application in human lung cancer. Use of the HSV-TK mutant TK30 in combination with a VSV-G pseudotyped retroviral vector was found to enhance the efficacy of prodrug therapy. The present study evaluated this therapeutic strategy in human non-small cell lung cancer cell lines in a preclinical murine xenotransplant model. Intrathoracally induced by HSV-TK30 transduced non-small cell lung cancer cell lines Colo 699 (adenocarcinoma) and KNS 62 (squamous cell carcinoma) were monitored for local tumor growth, survival, and metastases. So-called bystander effects were investigated in tumors consisting of as little as 25% TK30 transfected cells and by analysis of gap junctional protein connexin-43 expression. Survival was significantly prolonged, and tumor growth and pleural metastases were reduced in HSV-TK30-positive tumors of both cell lines. A significant therapeutic effect in bystander experiments was observed in squamous cell carcinoma. This was correlated with higher expression of connexin-43.\n\nQuestion:\nIs ganciclovir prodrug therapy effective in a murine xenotransplant model of human lung cancer?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]	0
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.	[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe adequate L-thyroxine dosage for the initial treatment of infants with congenital hypothyroidism is a subject of controversy. Some recommend higher dosages (> 10 micrograms/kg/day) to ensure adequate levels, while others advocate lower dosages to permit normalisation of thyroid status. The aim of this study was to evaluate the results of a treatment strategy using an initial dosage of 7.5-8.0 micrograms/kg per day, TSH measurements being taken at 15 and 30 days of treatment. Fifty one newborns infants with primary congenital hypothyroidism detected by neonatal screening were treated with the same therapeutic strategy. A mean L-thyroxine dosage of 7.9 micrograms/kg per day at the onset of treatment and 6.6 micrograms/kg/d at 2 months, normalised the FT4 and FT3 levels at 15 days in 100% and TSH levels at 2 months in 90% of cases. Many patients showed elevated levels of FT4 and a systematic higher initial dosage could expose many infants to a dangerous hyperthyroidism. Patients with abnormal TSH levels at 2 months already had higher TSH levels in the first 8 weeks of life and, despite higher L-thyroxine dosage, also exhibited lower FT4 and FT3 levels. These patients who needed an early increase in dosage had already shown a more profound ante and neonatal hypothyroidism. This subgroup of patients require a higher dosage of thyroxine and early assessment of FT4, FT3 and TSH levels are required for optimum dosage choice.\n\nQuestion:\nIs a thyroxine dosage of 8 micrograms/kg per day appropriate for the initial treatment of the majority of infants with congenital hypothyroidism?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]	0
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.	[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nDuchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a lethal genetic disease caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene resulting in chronic muscle damage, muscle wasting, and premature death. Utrophin is a dystrophin protein homologue that increases dystrophic muscle function and reduces pathology. Currently, no treatments that increase utrophin protein expression exist. However, exercise increases utrophin mRNA expression in healthy humans. Therefore, the purpose was to determine whether exercise increases utrophin protein expression in dystrophic muscle. Utrophin protein was measured in the quadriceps and soleus muscles of mdx mice after 12 weeks of voluntary wheel running exercise or sedentary controls. Muscle pathology was measured in the quadriceps. Exercise increased utrophin protein expression 334 ± 63% in the quadriceps relative to sedentary controls. Exercise increased central nuclei 4 ± 1% but not other measures of pathology.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes exercise increase utrophin protein expression in the mdx mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]	0
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.	[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nfalls-related self-efficacy is associated with falls, falls-related injury and subsequent functional decline which may lead to poor health-related quality-of-life (HRQL). To our knowledge, no previous studies have examined the independent contribution of falls-related self-efficacy to HRQL. Our primary objective was to determine whether falls-related self-efficacy is independently associated HRQL, measured by quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), in older women after accounting for known covariates. we conducted a secondary analysis of 135 community-dwelling older women aged 65-75 years who participated in a 12-month randomised controlled trial of resistance training. We assessed falls-related self-efficacy using the Activities-specific Balance Confidence Scale and QALYs calculated from the EuroQol EQ-5D (EQ-5D). our multivariate linear regression model demonstrated that falls-related self-efficacy as assessed using the Activities-specific Balance Confidence Scale was independently associated with QALYs after accounting for age, group, education, functional co-morbidity index, general mobility, global cognition and physiological falls risk. The final model explained 52% of the variation in QALYs. The ABC Scale accounted for 5% of the total variance in the final model.\n\nQuestion:\nIs falls-related self-efficacy independently associated with quality-adjusted life years in older women?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]	0
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.	[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nApart from diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) lesion volume and diffusion-perfusion mismatching, there is limited information about neuroradiological predictors of early prognosis after an ischaemic stroke. This study sought to identify specific DWI lesion patterns that would help prediction of early prognosis of three different endpoints: unstable hospital course, recurrence of stroke, and poor neurological outcome at 90 days after ischaemic stroke. A total of 426 patients with acute cerebral infarcts within the middle cerebral artery territory were prospectively studied. Using the DWI data the patients were divided into six groups (territorial, other cortical, small superficial, internal border zone, small deep, and other deep infarcts), and any recurrent strokes and prognosis over the following 90 days were recorded. DWI lesion pattern was a stronger and more consistent independent outcome predictor than DWI lesion volume. The specific DWI lesion patterns associated with each endpoint differed. An unstable hospital course was frequently observed in patients with internal border zone infarcts, whereas recurrent strokes after the index stroke were commoner in those who had small superficial infarcts (p<0.05 in both cases). Similarly, poor outcome after stroke was associated with older age, severe neurological deficits at admission, and a DWI lesion pattern showing internal border zone infarcts.\n\nQuestion:\nDo specific DWI lesion patterns predict prognosis after acute ischaemic stroke within the MCA territory?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]	0
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.	[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nNoninvasive genetic tests that use cell-free fetal DNA (cffDNA) are used increasingly in prenatal care. A low amount of cffDNA can have detrimental effects on the reliability of these tests. A marker to confirm the presence of fetal nucleic acids is therefore required that is universally applicable and easy to incorporate. We developed a novel multiplex, single-tube, noninvasive fetal sex determination assay by combining amplification of AMELY cffDNA with one-step reverse transcription (RT)-PCR of trophoblast-derived cell-free RNA (cfRNA), which functions as a sex-independent fetoplacental marker. We tested plasma samples from 75 pregnant women in duplicate in a blinded fashion. The fetus was considered to be male in the case of a positive result for AMELY and cfRNA amplification in both RT-PCRs. The fetus was considered to be female in the case of negative AMELY and positive cfRNA result in both RT-PCRs. In other cases, the test was repeated. We compared the results with invasive prenatal testing and pregnancy outcomes. The AMELY cffDNA amplification and cfRNA result was unambiguous and identical in duplicate in 71 of 75 plasma samples (95%). Four samples (5%) required an extra replicate because of an absent fetoplacental marker. Thereafter, fetal sex was correctly determined in all 75 plasma samples.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes cell-Free RNA be a Reliable Fetoplacental Marker in Noninvasive Fetal Sex Determination?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]	0
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.	[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo determine the efficacy of an individualized, family-based intervention with preterm infants and their families. Randomized, repeated measures intervention outcome study. Level III neonatal intensive care nursery. Random sample of 34 preterm infants < or = 1500 g and their families. Individualized, family-based intervention during the hospitalization and transition to home addressed problems identified by parents in four domains including: infant behavior and characteristics, family organization and functioning, caregiving environment, and home discharge and community resources. Standardized questionnaires were administered at baseline and discharge to mothers, and predischarge bottle-feeding interactions were videotaped and coded by two blinded observers. Results were in favor of intervention (Int) versus control (Con) mothers (baseline; discharge) (P < .05) on the Parental Stressor Scale Sights and Sounds subscale (Int 2.4 +/- 1.0; 2.0 +/- 0.8 vs Con 2.4 +/- 0.9; 2.6 +/- 0.8); Child's Appearance and Behavior subscale (Int 2.8 +/- 1.0; 2.5 +/- 1.1 vs Con 2.8 +/- 0.8; 3.1 +/- 0.6); and Total Stressor Score (Int 93.9 +/- 36.6; 72.3 +/- 41.8 vs Con 87.5 +/- 26.7; 87.8 +/- 26.2). On the Beck Depression Inventory, intervention mothers had significant decreases in depressive symptoms (39%; 11%) vs control mothers (31%; 44%). Maternal self-esteem in both groups improved over time. There were no significant group differences in family environment. During feeding interactions, intervention infants grimaced (P < .001) and gagged (P < .05) less than controls. Intervention mothers less frequently interrupted feedings (P < .001); less frequently stimulated infant sucking (P < .01); smiled more (P < .001); vocalized more (P < .01); demonstrated greater sensitivity to infant behavior (P < .001), better quality of physical contact (P < .001), and more positive affect (P < .01).\n\nQuestion:\nDoes family-based intervention improve maternal psychological well-being and feeding interaction of preterm infants?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]	0
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.	[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nChronic autoimmune thyroiditis (CAT) displays a strong female predominance with female-to-male (F:M) ratios of 4-20:1 in adults and 2-9:1 in children and adolescents. Both genetic and hormonal factors are involved in this phenomenon. The relation between puberty and F:M ratio in CAT has never been evaluated. The F:M ratio of 133 children with CAT (group A, age at diagnosis 2.4-17.7 years) was compared with that of 113 adult CAT patients (group B, age at diagnosis 21-79 years). Group A included 64 prepubertal (aged 2.4-13.2 years, group A1) and 69 pubertal (aged 9.2-17.4, group A2) children. The F:M ratio in group A was 3.0, which is significantly (p < 0.001) lower than that (10.3) found in group B patients. The F:M ratio of group A1 prepubertal children was lower (1.6) and significantly different from that of pubertal (6.7, p < 0.01) and adult patients (10.3, p < 0.0001). This phenomenon was more evident in hypothyroid as compared to euthyroid CAT.\n\nQuestion:\nIs puberty associated with a marked increase of the female sex predominance in chronic autoimmune thyroiditis?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]	0
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.	[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nInvestigate the effects of a single electroacupuncture (EA) session at acupoints Zusanli (ST-36) and Zhongwan (CV-12) combined in regulating oxidative stress in liver and kidney in anesthetized rats. Eighteen healthy rats randomly assigned to 3 groups (n=6) were anesthetized intraperitoneally with ketamine (90 mg kg-1 body weight) + xylazine (10mg/kg body weight): G-1: Control (anesthesia), G-2: anesthesia+EA10 Hz and 10 mA, 10 Hz) applied to right ST-36 and CV-12 acupoints for 30 minutes. G-3 was likewise treated, using a tenfold higher frequency (100 Hz). G6PDH activity, malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) levels were assayed spectrophotometrically. Liver MDA and GSH concentrations increased significantly in rats submitted to EA 10Hz (p<0.01) and EA 100 Hz (p<0.001), compared with control G-1. Liver and kidney G6GPH activity decreased significantly in G-2 (p<0.01) and G-3 (p<0.001) compared with G-1 in EA100 Hz rats. A similar pattern was found in kidney G6PDH activity in EA10 Hz rats.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes electroacupuncture attenuate liver and kidney oxidative stress in anesthetized rats?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]	0
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.	[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo investigate the effects of Borage oil on cardiac remodeling after myocardial infarction (MI). Male Wistar rats underwent ligation of the left coronary artery and divided into three groups: MI (control), BO-18 (18 mg/kg of borage oil) and BO-180 (180 mg/kg of borage oil). After seven days, heart was arrested in diastole and processed for histological evaluation of: MI size, LV dilation, myocyte hypertrophy, inflammatory infiltration and fibrosis in MI region and in remote region. The relative weight of the lung was used as a marker of heart failure. The MI size was comparable among groups. Compared to control, BO treated groups showed lower weight of heart and lungs, reduced LV dilation and myocyte hypertrophy. Hemodynamic measurements were comparable. The treatment attenuated the inflammatory infiltration and fibrosis in remote myocardium.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes borage oil attenuate progression of cardiac remodeling in rats after myocardial infarction?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]	0
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.	[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe aim of this cross-sectional study was to investigate the association between consumption of sugar-sweetened and diet soft drinks with blood pressure (BP) in adolescents. Fifth graders of 20 public schools were invited to participate in an intervention aimed at behavioral dietary changes and had their BP, weight, and height measured at baseline. Type and frequency of soft drink consumption were assessed using a food and beverages frequency questionnaire, and students were classified as nonconsumers, sugar-sweetened soft drink consumers, and diet soft drink consumers. Of the 574 students invited, 512 were examined and 488 had their BP measured. Of these, 25 (5.1%) reported to be nonconsumers, 419 (85.9%) were sugar-sweetened soft drink consumers, and 44 (9%) were diet soft drink consumers. Mean SBP and DBP were 101.3/57.8, 102.6/58.8, and 106.0/61.3 mmHg for these three groups of consumption, respectively. After adjustment for sex, age, BMI, physical activity, addition of salt to food, and education of the head of the family, SBP was 5.4 mmHg higher in the diet soft drink consumers group compared with the nonconsumers group and 3.3 mmHg higher compared with the sugar-sweetened consumers group (P value of trend = 0.01). Moreover, DBP was also higher among diet soft drink consumers compared with nonconsumers, with a difference of 3.3 mmHg, and compared with sugar-sweetened consumers, with a difference of 2.3 mmHg (P value of trend = 0.04).\n\nQuestion:\nIs soft drink consumption , mainly diet ones , associated with increased blood pressure in adolescents?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]	0
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.	[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nBlood vessel growth and patterning have been shown to be regulated by nerve-derived signals. Desert hedgehog (Dhh), one of the Hedgehog family members, is expressed by Schwann cells of peripheral nerves. The purpose of this study was to investigate the contribution of Dhh to angiogenesis in the setting of ischemia. We induced hindlimb ischemia in wild-type and Dhh(-/-) mice. First, we found that limb perfusion is significantly impaired in the absence of Dhh. This effect is associated with a significant decrease in capillary and artery density in Dhh(-/-). By using mice in which the Hedgehog signaling pathway effector Smoothened was specifically invalidated in endothelial cells, we demonstrated that Dhh does not promote angiogenesis by a direct activation of endothelial cells. On the contrary, we found that Dhh promotes peripheral nerve survival in the ischemic muscle and, by doing so, maintains the pool of nerve-derived proangiogenic factors. Consistently, we found that denervation of the leg, immediately after the onset of ischemia, severely impairs ischemia-induced angiogenesis and decreases expression of vascular endothelial growth factor A, angiopoietin 1, and neurotrophin 3 in the ischemic muscle.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes desert hedgehog promote ischemia-induced angiogenesis by ensuring peripheral nerve survival?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]	0
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.	[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo evaluate the predictive value of clinical parameters, including biomechanical properties on the outcome of selective laser trabeculoplasty (SLT) in medically uncontrolled open angle glaucoma (OAG). Sixty-eight eyes from 68 patients with OAG and IOP insufficiently regulated by topical medications were enrolled. Patients' follow-up occurred 6 and 12 months after the procedure. The recorded parameters intraocular pressure (IOP), angle characteristics, central corneal thickness (CCT) and biomechanical properties of the eyes, including corneal hysteresis CH and corneal resistance factor CRF measured with the Ocular Responses Analyzer (ORA, Reichert Ophthalmic Instruments) were tested on their predictive value of SLT-induced IOP lowering effect using correlation analyses and regression models. Mean IOP reduction 12 months after SLT was 4.2 ± 5.7 mmHg (23.2%, from baseline 18.1 ± 5.2 mmHg). The preoperative IOP correlated significantly with IOP reduction (maximum Spearman's correlation r = 0.75, p < 0.001). In linear regression analysis, the corneal biomechanical properties (CH and CRF) together with the baseline IOP revealed good modelling for the IOP lowering effect of SLT (R(2) = 0.64, respectively).\n\nQuestion:\nDo corneal biomechanics predict the outcome of selective laser trabeculoplasty in medically uncontrolled glaucoma?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]	0
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.	[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nDifferentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) generally has a favorable outcome, but some patients develop local recurrence and/or distant metastases and ultimately die of their disease. Molecular markers that accurately predict tumor behavior are lacking. This study's aim was to ascertain the role of cell cycle regulators in predicting malignant histology and tumor behavior in DTC. Tissue microarrays consisting of 100 benign and 105 malignant thyroid lesions, plus 24 lymph node samples, were stained for p16, p21, p27, p53, p57, p63, cyclin D1, cyclin E, and mdm2. Statistical analysis was used to compare the expression of the markers in benign versus DTC lesions and correlate their expression with clinicopathologic characteristics. p16, p21, cyclin D1, and cyclin E showed significantly (P < .001) increased expression in DTCs compared with benign thyroid lesions (54.7% vs. 5%, 71.7% vs. 38%, 87.1% vs. 45.7%, and 72.3% vs. 37.4%, respectively). There was no significant difference in expression between benign lesions and DTC for the remaining markers. p16 expression correlated significantly with extrathyroidal tumor extension (P = .02) and the presence of cancer in lymph nodes (P = .03). A total of 73% vs. 45% of the cancers of patients with and without lymph node involvement, respectively, stained positive for p16 (P = .01).\n\nQuestion:\nDo cell cycle regulators show diagnostic and prognostic utility for differentiated thyroid cancer?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]	0
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.	[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo investigate the role of hypocaloric highprotein diet, a prospective clinical study was conducted in NAFLD patients. Pre-versus post-interventional data were analyzed in 48 stable NAFLD patients (submitted to a hypocaloric high-protein diet during 75 days. Variables included anthropometrics (body mass index/ BMI and waist circumference/WC), whole-body and segmental bioimpedance analysis and biochemical tests. Diet compliance was assessed by interviews every two weeks. BMI, WC and body fat mass remained relatively stable (-1.3%, -1.8% and -2.5% respectively, no significance). HDL- cholesterol increased (P < 0.05) whereas total, LDL and VLDL cholesterol, triglycerides, aspartate aminotransferase/ AST, gamma glutamyltransferase/GGT, alkaline phosphatase/ AP, fasting blood glucose and glycated hemoglobin/ HbA1c decreased (P < 0.05). When patients were stratified according to increase (22/48, 45.8%) and decrease (21/48, 43.8%) of BMI, association between weight decrease and liver benefit could be elicited in such circumstances for ALT, AP and AST/ALT ratio. No change could be demonstrated in patients who gained weight. Multivariate assessment confirmed that waist circumference, ferritin, triacylglycerol, and markers of glucose homeostasis were the most relevant associated with liver enzymes.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes hypocaloric high-protein diet improve clinical and biochemical markers in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease ( NAFLD )?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]	0
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.	[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nmast cells play an important role in airway inflammation in asthma. The transient receptor potential melastatin-like 7 (TRPM7) channel is expressed in primary human lung mast cells and plays a critical role for cell survival. This study aimed to investigate the role of TRPM7 on degranulation and release of cytokines in rat bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs). the expression levels of TRPM7 were observed by immunocytochemistry and RT-PCR between normal and asthmatic rat BMMCs. TRPM7-specific shRNA and 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate (2-APB) and specific shTRPM7 were used to inhibit the function of TRPM7. Degranulation levels were analyzed by beta-hexosaminidase assay. Histamine, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-13 levels were measured by ELISA. the expression of TRPM7 was significantly higher in asthmatic rat BMMCs than in the normal control group. After application of 2-APB and down-regulation of TRPM7, the beta-hexosaminidase activity and secretion of histamine, IL-6, IL-13 and TNF-α were significantly decreased in the asthmatic group compared to the control group.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes inhibition of TRPM7 channels reduce degranulation and release of cytokines in rat bone marrow-derived mast cells?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]	0
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.	[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nFinding inexpensive and reliable techniques for assessing skin colour is important, given that it is related to several adverse human health outcomes. Visual observation is considered a subjective approach assessment and, even when made by trained assessor, concern has been raised about the need for controlled lighting in the study venue. The aim of this study is to determine whether visual skin colour assessments correlate with objective skin colour measurements in study venues with different lighting types and configurations. Two trained investigators, with confirmed visual acuity, visually classified the inner, upper arm skin colour of 556 adults using Munsell(®) colour classifications converted to Individual Typology Angle (°ITA) values based on published data. Skin colour at the same anatomic site was also measured using a colorimeter. Each participant was assessed in one of 10 different buildings, each with a different study day. Munsell(®) -derived °ITA values were compared to colorimeter °ITA values for the full sample and by building/day. We found a strong positive, monotonic correlation between Munsell(®) derived °ITA values and colorimeter °ITA values for all participants (Spearman ρ = 0.8585, P < 0.001). Similar relationships were found when Munsell(®) and colorimeter °ITA values were compared for participants assessed in the same building for all 10 buildings (Spearman ρ values ranged from 0.797 to 0.934, all correlations were statistically significant at P < 0.001).\n\nQuestion:\nIs in multiple situational light settings , visual observation for skin colour assessment comparable with colorimeter measurement?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]	0
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.	[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nAngiotensin II (Ang II) infusion causes aortic medial thickening via stimulation of angiotensin II type 1a (AT1a) receptors. The purpose of this study was to determine the cellular loci of AT1a receptors that mediate this Ang II-induced aortic pathology. Saline or Ang II was infused into AT1a receptor floxed mice expressing Cre under control of cell-specific promoters. Initially, AT1a receptors were depleted in aortic smooth muscle cell and endothelium by expressing Cre under control of SM22 and Tie2 promoters, respectively. Deletion of AT1a receptors in either cell type had no effect on Ang II-induced medial thickening. To determine whether this effect was related to neural stimulation, AT1a receptors were depleted using an enolase 2-driven Cre. Depletion of AT1a receptors in neural cells attenuated Ang II-induced medial thickening of the ascending, but not descending aorta. Lineage tracking studies, using ROSA26-LacZ, demonstrated that enolase 2 was also expressed in adventitial cells adjacent to the region of attenuated thickening. To determine whether adventitial fibroblasts contributed to this attenuation, AT1a receptors in fibroblasts were depleted using S100A4 driven Cre. Similar to enolase 2-Cre, Ang II-induced medial thickening was attenuated in the ascending, but not the descending aorta. Lineage tracking demonstrated an increase of S100A4-LacZ positive cells in the media of the ascending region during Ang II infusion.\n\nQuestion:\nDo fibroblast Angiotensin II Type 1a Receptors Contribute to Angiotensin II-Induced Medial Hyperplasia in the Ascending Aorta?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]	0
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.	[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nCirculating inflammatory markers may play an important role in cognitive impairment at older ages. Mice deficient for the chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 2 (CCR2) develop an accelerated Alzheimer-like pathology. CCR2 is also important in neurogenesis. To identify human gene transcripts most closely associated with Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores, we undertook a genome-wide and inflammation specific transcriptome screen in circulating leukocytes from a population-based sample. We measured in vivo transcript levels by microarray analysis in 691 subjects (mean age 72.6 years) in the InCHIANTI study (Invecchiare in Chianti, aging in the Chianti area). We assessed expression associations with MMSE performance at RNA collection and prior 9-year change in MMSE score in linear regression models. In genome-wide analysis, raised CCR2 expression was cross-sectionally the most strongly associated transcript with lower MMSE score (beta=-0.16, p=5.1×10(-6), false discovery rate (FDR; q=0.077). Amongst inflammatory transcripts, only CCR2 expression was associated with both MMSE score and accelerated decline in score over the preceding 9 years (beta=-0.16, p=5.1×10(-6), q=0.003; and beta=-0.13, p=5.5×10(-5), q=0.03, respectively). CCR2 expression was also positively associated with apolipoprotein E (ApoE) e4 Alzheimer disease risk haplotype.\n\nQuestion:\nIs leukocyte CCR2 expression associated with mini-mental state examination score in older adults?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]	0
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.	[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo determine whether amelioration of insulin resistance in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) with the insulin sensitizer troglitazone (TGZ) decreases circulating adrenal androgens (AAs), as reflected by DHEAS levels. Prospective, randomized, double-blind clinical trial. Multicenter study. Three-hundred five women with PCOS. Subjects were randomly assigned to receive either placebo (PBO; n = 73) or TGZ in doses of 150 mg/day (TGZ-150; n = 78), 300 mg/day (TGZ-300; n = 77), or 600 mg/day (TGZ-600; n = 77) for 20 weeks. Blood was sampled before (week 0) and at week 20 of treatment. DHEAS, insulin, and glucose levels were determined in the blood samples. There were no differences in age, body mass, or racial composition among the groups. Our results indicate that basal insulin declined in a dose-related fashion. Likewise, TGZ administration caused a dose-related decrease in DHEAS levels. To detect extreme effects, we subsequently subdivided patients receiving PBO or TGZ-600 into tertiles according to initial DHEAS levels. Patients receiving PBO in the lowest (n = 27) and highest (n = 22) DHEAS tertiles experienced a 16.8% +/- 62.0% and a -11.1% +/- 17.4% change in DHEAS levels during the study, respectively. Alternatively, patients with PCOS receiving TGZ-600 in both the lowest (n = 29) and the highest (n = 23) DHEAS tertiles experienced a drop in DHEAS levels (-18.7% +/- 27.2% and -26.4% +/- 17.2%, respectively), a significant difference from PBO.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes troglitazone decrease adrenal androgen levels in women with polycystic ovary syndrome?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]	0
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.	[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe pharmacological activity of geopropolis collected by stingless bees (important and threatened pollinators), a product widely used in folk medicine by several communities in Brazil, especially in the Northeast Region, needs to be studied. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antinociceptive activity of Melipona scutellaris geopropolis (stingless bee) using different models of nociception. The antinociceptive activity of the ethanolic extract of geopropolis (EEGP) and fractions was evaluated using writhing induced by acetic acid, formalin test, carrageenan-induced hypernociception, and quantification of IL-1β and TNF-α. The chemical composition was assessed by quantification of total flavonoids and phenolic compounds. EEGP and its hexane and aqueous fractions showed antinociceptive activity. Both EEGP and its aqueous fraction presented activity in the mechanical inflammatory hypernociception induced by the carrageenan model, an effect mediated by the inhibition of IL-1β and TNF-α. The chemical composition of EEGP and its hexane and aqueous fractions showed a significant presence of phenolic compounds and absence of flavonoids.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes geopropolis from Melipona scutellaris decrease the mechanical inflammatory hypernociception by inhibiting the production of IL-1β and TNF-α?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]	0
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.	[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nImproved identification of children with vesicoureteral reflux at risk for recurrent febrile urinary tract infection may impact management decisions. We hypothesized that reflux occurring earlier during bladder filling increases the duration of exposure of the kidneys to bacteria, and, therefore, increases the risk of pyelonephritis. Children with vesicoureteral reflux and detailed voiding cystourethrogram data were identified. Bladder volume at onset of reflux was normalized for age. Demographics, reflux grade, laterality, presence/absence of bladder-bowel dysfunction and breakthrough febrile urinary tract infections were assessed. Median followup was 24 months (IQR 12 to 52). A total of 208 girls and 47 boys were analyzed with a mean ± SD age at diagnosis of 3.1 ± 2.6 years. On univariate analysis history of febrile urinary tract infection (HR 2.17, 95% CI 1.33-2.85, p = 0.01), dilating vesicoureteral reflux (HR 1.6, 95% CI 1.05-2.42, p = 0.03) and bladder-bowel dysfunction (HR 1.66, 95% CI 0.99-2.75, p = 0.05) were associated with an increased risk of breakthrough febrile urinary tract infection. Median bladder volume at onset of reflux in children with breakthrough febrile urinary tract infection was significantly less (33.1%) than in those without infection (49.5%, p = 0.003). Reflux onset at 35% predicted bladder capacity or less was associated with a significantly increased risk of breakthrough febrile urinary tract infection on multivariate analysis (HR 1.58, 95% CI 1.05-2.38, p = 0.03).\n\nQuestion:\nIs bladder volume at onset of vesicoureteral reflux an independent risk factor for breakthrough febrile urinary tract infection?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]	0
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.	[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nAcquired resistance to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) is one of the important reasons for failure in 5-FU-based chemotherapy. The upregulation of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) in tumours was reported as an important factor for acquired 5-FU resistance. The aim of this study is to examine whether intra-hepatic DPD was involved in acquired 5-FU resistance. HT-29 human colorectal xenograft tumours were established in nude mice. After long-term exposure to 5-FU, some of the tumour became \"resistant\" and the others remained \"sensitive\" to 5-FU. DPD expression levels in the livers and tumours of \"resistant\", \"sensitive\" or untreated mice were examined, and pharmacokinetics of 5-FU in rats' plasma were investigated. Gimeracil, a DPD inhibitor, was checked whether it could reverse the reduced bioavailability of 5-FU. DPD expression was upregulated obviously in tumours of \"resistant\" mice as reported previously. Importantly, DPD expression was also upregulated significantly in livers of \"resistant\" mice, compared with those of \"sensitive\" or untreated mice. Furthermore, the upregulation of DPD expression in livers led to accelerated metabolism of 5-FU. Gimeracil was found to reverse the reduced serum 5-FU concentration. The cultured tumour cells from 5-FU treated mice showed relative sensitivity to higher concentration of 5-FU, even the \"resistant\" tumour cells.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the upregulation of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase in liver involved in acquired resistance to 5-fluorouracil?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]	0
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.	[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThis study was conducted to determine whether, in low risk women having labor induced using prostaglandin gel (dinoprostone gel), there is a relationship between the concentration of mRNA for the PLAC1 gene (a trophoblast-specific gene) in maternal blood and the time elapsed between the first gel administration and spontaneous delivery. Blood was collected from 49 selected women at 40.2-41.4 weeks' gestation. Total RNA was extracted by means of an ABI Prism 6100 nucleic acid Prep Station and quantitative real-time PCR analysis was performed by use of a PE Applied Biosystems 5700 Sequence Detection System. Sequence data were obtained from the Genebank Sequence Database. To determine the amount of cDNA, the PLAC1 locus was used. Thirty women (61.2%) had a spontaneous delivery. A caesarean section, either for fetal dystocia or fetal distress, was performed in 19 (38.8%). The crude delivery rates of the women who ended up with a spontaneous delivery were 30% at 24 h and 43% at 48 h. Women (n=19) with a blood concentration of logPLAC1 mRNA>or=2.00 displayed a median time to delivery of 23.50h, (95% CI: 13.13-33.87) while those with a logPLAC1 mRNA<2.00 (n=30) had a median time of 54 h. (95% CI: 37.86-70.14; p=0.0043, log-rank test). By means of multivariate analysis, quantitative Bishop score (from 2 to 7) at the time of the first gel administration and logPLAC1 mRNA>or=2.00 were associated with a higher rate of delivery per unit of time with an odds ratio of 1.35 (95% CI: 1.07-1.71) and 3.48 (95% CI: 1.55-7.80), respectively.\n\nQuestion:\nDo pLAC1 mRNA levels in maternal blood at induction of labor correlate negatively with induction-delivery interval?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]	0
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.	[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nData now indicate that proinsulin C-peptide exerts important physiological effects and shows the characteristics of an endogenous peptide hormone. This study aimed to investigate the influence of C-peptide and fragments thereof on erythrocyte deformability and to elucidate the relevant signal transduction pathway. Blood samples from 23 patients with type 1 diabetes and 15 matched healthy controls were incubated with 6.6 nM of either human C-peptide, C-terminal hexapeptide, C-terminal pentapeptide, a middle fragment comprising residues 11-19 of C-peptide, or randomly scrambled C-peptide. Furthermore, red blood cells from 7 patients were incubated with C-peptide, penta- and hexapeptides with/without addition of ouabain, EDTA, or pertussis toxin. Erythrocyte deformability was measured using a laser diffractoscope in the shear stress range 0.3-60 Pa. Erythrocyte deformability was impaired by 18-25% in type 1 diabetic patients compared to matched controls in the physiological shear stress range 0.6-12 Pa (P < .01-.001). C-peptide, penta- and hexapeptide all significantly improved the impaired erythrocyte deformability of type 1 diabetic patients, while the middle fragment and scrambled C-peptide had no detectable effect. Treatment of erythrocytes with ouabain or EDTA completely abolished the C-peptide, penta- and hexapeptide effects. Pertussis toxin in itself significantly increased erythrocyte deformability.\n\nQuestion:\nDo c-peptide and its C-terminal fragments improve erythrocyte deformability in type 1 diabetes patients?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]	0
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.	[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe etiology of cerebral ischemia is undetermined in one-third of patients upon discharge. Occult paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF) is considered a potential etiology. A high rate of PAF detection with 21-day mobile cardiac outpatient telemetry (MCOT) has been reported in two small studies. Optimal monitoring duration and factors predicting PAF have not been adequately defined. We performed a retrospective analysis on patients evaluated by MCOT monitoring within 6 months of a cryptogenic stroke or TIA. Multivariate analysis with survival regression methods was performed using baseline characteristics to determine predictive risk factors for detection of PAF. Kaplan-Meier estimates were computed for 21-day PAF rates. We analyzed 156 records; PAF occurred in 27 of 156 (17.3%) patients during MCOT monitoring of up to 30 days. The rate of PAF detection significantly increased from 3.9% in the initial 48 h, to 9.2% at 7 days, 15.1% at 14 days, and 19.5% by 21 days (p<0.05). Female gender, premature atrial complex on ECG, increased left atrial diameter, reduced left ventricular ejection fraction and greater stroke severity were independent predictors of PAF detection on multivariate analysis with strongest correlation seen for premature atrial complex on ECG (HR 13.7, p=0.001).\n\nQuestion:\nDoes outpatient cardiac telemetry detect a high rate of atrial fibrillation in cryptogenic stroke?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]	0
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.	[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nAlthough preeclampsia has been associated with inflammation, coagulation, and angiogenesis, their correlation and relative contribution are unknown. About 114 women with preeclampsia, 31 with early onset (EOP) and 83 with late onset preeclampsia (LOP), and 100 normal pregnant controls were included. A broad panel of 32 biomarkers reflecting coagulation, inflammation, and angiogenesis was analyzed. Preeclampsia was associated with decreased antithrombin, IL-4 and placental growth factor levels and with increased C3a, pentraxin-3, and sFlt-1 levels, with more marked differences in the EOP group. The Th1-associated chemokines CXCL10 and CXCL11 were significantly higher in the preeclampsia and EOP group than in controls, respectively. No correlations between the biomarkers were found in preeclampsia. Multivariate logistic regression tests confirmed the results.\n\nQuestion:\nAre biomarkers of coagulation , inflammation , and angiogenesis independently associated with preeclampsia?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]	0
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.	[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nMicroglial activation is a pathological feature common to both Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases (AD and PD). The classical activation involves release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species. This is necessary for maintenance of tissue homeostasis and host defense, but can cause bystander damage when the activation is sustained and uncontrolled. In recent years the heterogeneous nature of microglial activation states in neurodegenerative diseases has become clear and the focus has shifted to alternative activation states that promote tissue maintenance and repair. We studied the distribution of CD163, a membrane-bound scavenger receptor found on perivascular macrophages. CD163 has an immunoregulatory function, and has been found in the parenchyma in other inflammatory diseases e.g. HIV-encephalitis and multiple sclerosis. In this study, we used immunohistochemistry to compare CD163 immunoreactivity in 31 AD cases, 27 PD cases, and 16 control cases. Associations of microglia with pathological hallmarks of AD and PD were investigated using double immunofluorescence. Parenchymal microglia were found to be immunoreactive for CD163 in all of the AD cases, and to a lesser extent in PD cases. There was prominent staining of CD163 immunoreactive microglia in the frontal and occipital cortices of AD cases, and in the brainstem of PD cases. Many of them were associated with Aß plaques in both diseases, and double staining with CD68 demonstrates their phagocytic capability. Leakage of fibrinogen was observed around compromised blood vessels, raising the possibility these microglia might have originated from the periphery.\n\nQuestion:\nIs phenotypic profile of alternative activation marker CD163 different in Alzheimer 's and Parkinson 's disease?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]	0
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.	[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTumor cells produce various cytokines and chemokines that attract leukocytes. Leukocytes can amplify parenchymal innate immune responses, and have been shown to contribute to tumor promotion. Neutrophils are among the first cells to arrive at sites of inflammation, and the increased number of tumor-associated neutrophils is linked to poorer outcome in patients with lung cancer. We have previously shown that COPD-like airway inflammation promotes lung cancer in a K-ras mutant mouse model of lung cancer (CC-LR). This was associated with severe lung neutrophilic influx due to the increased level of neutrophil chemoattractant, KC. To further study the role of neutrophils in lung tumorigenesis, we depleted neutrophils in CC-LR mice using an anti-neutrophil antibody. This resulted in a significant reduction in lung tumor number. We further selectively inhibited the main receptor for neutrophil chemo-attractant KC, CXCR2. Similarly, this resulted in suppression of neutrophil recruitment into the lung of CC-LR mice followed by significant tumor reduction. Neutrophil elastase (NE) is a potent elastolytic enzyme produced by neutrophils at the site of inflammation. We crossed the CC-LR mice with NE knock-out mice, and found that lack of NE significantly inhibits lung cancer development. These were associated with significant reduction in tumor cell proliferation and angiogenesis.\n\nQuestion:\nIs promoting effect of neutrophils on lung tumorigenesis mediated by CXCR2 and neutrophil elastase?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]	0
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.	[ { "content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe mechanism involved in AD is complex, which has prompted to develop compounds that could simultaneously interact with several potential targets. Here, we report a new synthesized compound SCR-1693 which is designed to target both AChE and calcium channels that are potential for AD therapy. We investigated the effects of SCR-1693 on AChE and calcium channels, the effects of neuroprotection and anti-amnesia in icv-Aβ25-35-injected mice, and the potential mechanisms. AChE activity assay, intracellular Ca(2+) content and calcium currents measurement, and Aβ25-35-induced cellular death determine were performed for validation of designed targets and neuroprotection of SCR-1693. Mice were orally administrated with SCR-1693 once daily after an Aβ25-35 injection. The Morris water maze and Y-maze test, and hippocampal protein detection were conducted on days 5-10, day 11, and day 8. The pyramidal neuron number, hippocampal AChE activity, and synaptic transmission were measured on day 12. SCR-1693 acted as a selective, reversible, and noncompetitive inhibitor of AChE, and a nonselective voltage-gated calcium channel blocker. SCR-1693 also inhibited the increase of AChE activity in the mouse hippocampus. SCR-1693 was more effective than donepezil and memantine in preventing Aβ25-35-induced long-term and short-term memory impairment, maintaining the basal transmission of Schaffer collateral-CA1 synapses, and sustaining LTP in mouse hippocampus. SCR-1693 attenuated Aβ25-35-induced death of SH-SY5Y cell and the loss of hippocampal pyramidal neurons, and regulated Aβ25-35-induced signal cascade in neurons.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes a novel acetylcholinesterase inhibitor and calcium channel blocker SCR-1693 improve Aβ25-35-impaired mouse cognitive function?\n\nAnswer:", "role": "user" }, { "content": "yes", "role": "assistant" } ]	0