prompt stringclasses 1 value | messages list | prompt_id int64 0 0 |
|---|---|---|
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) is a protandrous hermaphrodite that typically matures as a male at approximately 2-4 years of age and then changes sex in subsequent years. Although several sexual maturation stages have been described histologically for both testis and ovary, the underlying gene expression profiles remain lacking. The development of a gene expression platform is therefore necessary to improve our understanding of the gonad development of this cultured teleost species. Thirty Asian seabass gonads were collected from farms in Singapore, examined histologically and staged according to their sex and gonadal maturation status. Partial coding sequences of 24 sex-related genes were cloned using degenerate primers and were sequenced. Additional 13 cDNA sequences were obtained through next-generation sequencing. A real-time qPCR was then performed using the microfluidic-based Fluidigm 48.48 Dynamic arrays. We obtained 17 ovaries and 13 testes at various stages of sexual maturation. Of the 37 genes that were tested, 32 (86%) showed sexually dimorphic expression. These genes included sex-related genes, sox9, wt1, amh, nr5a2, dmrt1 and nr0b1, which showed testis-enhanced expression similar to other vertebrate species. Known male- and female-enhanced germ cells markers, which were established from studies in other species, similarly showed testis- and ovary-enhanced expression, respectively, in the Asian seabass. Three pro-Wnt signaling genes were also upregulated in the ovary, consistent with existing studies that suggested the role of Wnt signaling in ovarian differentiation in teleosts and mammals. The expression patterns of genes involved in steroidogenesis, retinoic acid metabolism, apoptosis and NF-κB signaling were also described. We were able to classify gonads according to sex and gonadal maturation stages, based on their small-scale transcriptomic profiles, and to uncover a wide variation in expression profiles among individuals of the same sex.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes small-scale transcriptomics reveal differences among gonadal stages in Asian seabass ( Lates calcarifer )?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nAcinetobacter calcoaceticus-baumannii complex (Acb) is recognized as an important cause of nosocomial infections. Although Acb can be associated with multidrug resistance, its impact on mortality in burn patients has not been fully elucidated. In a retrospective cohort study assessing medical records and microbiology laboratory data at a US military tertiary care burn center, we evaluated all patients admitted to the burn center between January 2003 and November 2005. Data collected included age, severity of burn, comorbidities, length of stay, and survival to hospital discharge. In addition, microbiology data were reviewed to determine which patients were infected with Acb during this time frame. These data were then used to compare patients infected with Acb to patients not infected. Multivariate analysis using logistic regression was performed to determine which patient characteristics were associated with increased mortality. There were 802 patients included in the study. Fifty-nine patients met the case definition for infection. An additional 52 patients were found to be colonized with Acb. Patients with Acb infection had more severe burns and comorbidities, and had longer lengths of stay compared with patients without Acb or those with Acb colonization. Mortality in infected patients was higher compared with those without infection (relative risk = 2.86, p = 0.001). On multivariate analysis, infection with Acb was not statistically associated with mortality.\n\nQuestion:\nDo impact of Acinetobacter infection on the mortality of burn patients?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe family of cysteine rich proteins of the oocyst wall (COWPs) originally described in Cryptosporidium can also be found in Toxoplasma gondii (TgOWPs) localised to the oocyst wall as well. Genome sequence analysis of Eimeria suggests that these proteins may also exist in this genus and led us to the assumption that these proteins may also play a role in oocyst wall formation. In this study, COWP-like encoding sequences had been identified in Eimeria nieschulzi. The predicted gene sequences were subsequently utilized in reporter gene assays to observe time of expression and localisation of the reporter protein in vivo. Both investigated proteins, EnOWP2 and EnOWP6, were expressed during sporulation. The EnOWP2-promoter driven mCherry was found in the cytoplasm and the EnOWP2, respectively EnOWP6, fused to mCherry was initially observed in the extracytoplasmatic space between sporoblast and oocyst wall. This, so far unnamed compartment was designated as circumplasm. Later, the mCherry reporter co-localised with the sporocyst wall of the sporulated oocysts. This observation had been confirmed by confocal microscopy, excystation experiments and IFA. Transcript analysis revealed the intron-exon structure of these genes and confirmed the expression of EnOWP2 and EnOWP6 during sporogony.\n\nQuestion:\nAre two COWP-like cysteine rich proteins from Eimeria nieschulzi ( coccidia , apicomplexa ) expressed during sporulation and involved in the sporocyst wall formation?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe goals of this study were to evaluate whether administration of pentoxifylline (POF) reduces the nephrotoxicity associated with cyclosporine (CsA) in the rat, and whether the effect of POF is related to its rheological properties. Mean arterial pressure was measured by an intraarterial catheter. Glomerular filtration rate and renal plasma flow were determined by measuring inulin and para-aminohippurate clearances, after double-blind coadministration for 10 days of CsA (25 mg/kg/day) with either vehicle or POF (45 mg/kg every 12 hr). These results were compared with those obtained in control rats. Blood viscosity and erythrocyte deformability were also evaluated after treatment using a cone plate viscometer and a filtration method, respectively. No changes were observed in mean arterial pressure in both groups compared with controls. Glomerular filtration rate was significantly lower in CsA-treated rats (0.3+/-0.1 ml/min/100 g) than in control animals (0.6+/-0.1 ml/min/100 g, P<0.02). The coadministration of CsA with POF normalized the glomerular filtration rate (0.6+/-0.1 ml/min/100 g). A parallel decrease in renal plasma flow was observed in CsA-treated rats compared with controls (CsA+vehicle: 1.5+/-0.2 vs. control: 2.2+/-0.1 ml/min/100 g, P<0.02), this effect completely reversed by cotreatment with POF (3.1+/-0.2 ml/min/100 g). Blood viscosity was significantly higher in CsA-treated rats than in the control group (CsA+vehicle: 5.6+/-0.7 vs. control: 5.0+/-0.4 m x Pa x s, P<0.05). This effect was associated with a lower erythrocyte deformability (CsA+vehicle: 1.2+/-0.2 vs. control: 1.5+/-0.3 ml/min, P<0.05). These rheological abnormalities were normalized by coadministration with POF (blood viscosity: 4.9+/-0.7 m x Pa x s and erythrocyte deformability: 1.9+/-0.4 ml/min, P<0.05).\n\nQuestion:\nDoes pentoxifylline reduce nephrotoxicity associated with cyclosporine in the rat by its rheological properties?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nPeak systolic mitral annular velocity (S(m)) measured by tissue Doppler echocardiography has been recognized as an independent predictor of mortality in patients with heart failure and in the general population. However, the mechanical determinants of S(m) remain poorly defined. A theoretical model of S(m) was derived, which indicates that S(m) is affected positively by left ventricular (LV) contractility and preload and inversely by LV afterload and ejection time (EJT). In 16 anesthetized dogs, S(m), LV volume, and LV pressure were measured using sonomicrometry and catheter-tip micromanometry. LV contractility, preload, and afterload were indexed by the end-systolic pressure/volume ratio (E(es)'), end-diastolic volume (V(ed)), and effective arterial elastance (E(a)), respectively. LV contractility, loading conditions, and heart rate were varied over wide ranges, and a total of 76 data sets were obtained for S(m) (1.2-9.1 cm/sec), E(es)' (1.5-17.6 mm Hg/mL), V(ed) (11-99 mL), E(a) (3.6-58.4 mm Hg/mL), EJT (100-246 msec), heart rate (66-192 beats/min), and the ventricular-arterial coupling ratio (E(es)'/E(a); 0.2-3.0). The theoretical model accurately predicted S(m) (R(2) = 0.79, P < .0001). By univariate analysis, S(m) was correlated significantly with E(es)' (R(2) = 0.64, P < .0001) and with the reciprocal of E(a) (R(2) = 0.49, P < .01). V(ed) and EJT did not affect S(m). E(es)'/E(a) was correlated strongly with S(m) (R(2) = 0.73, P < .0001). E(es)' and the reciprocal of E(a) were not correlated with each other.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes peak systolic mitral annulus velocity reflect the status of ventricular-arterial coupling-theoretical and experimental analyses?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo investigate the regulating effects of catalpol on the hypothalamic-pituitary- adrenocortical-axis (HPA) in an Alzheimer's disease (AD) rat model. Healthy male Wistar Rats were selected. The AD model was generated by orthotopic injection of beta-amyloid 25-35 (Abeta25-35) into the right lateral ventricle. The animals were divided into five study groups: Catalpol at low dose (5 mg/kg), Catalpol at high dose (10 mg/kg), model control group and sham surgery control group, n = 9 respectively. The serum concentration of hydrocortisone (HYD), adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) and corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) determined by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Structural alterations of the hypothalamus were examined by H&E stain and electron microscope. The CRH receptor 1 (CRHR1) positive neurons were detected with immunohistochemistry. Serum HYD level was significantly increased (p < 0.01), and both ACTH and CRH were dramatically decreased (p < 0.01) in the AD model group rats compared with normal control rats at day 7. Catalpol treatment was able to improve the hormone secretion disorder in AD model group rats compared with the model group (p < 0.01 or p < 0.05) in particular at 21 days. Structure damage of hypothalamus in the AD rat as evidenced less CRHR1 positive neurons, rough endoplasmic reticulum dilation and degranulation, and mitochondrial swelling under electron microscope. Catalpol treatment at both high and low doses was able to alleviate the structure damage of the hypothalamus in the AD rats.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes catalpol regulate function of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical-axis in an Alzheimer 's disease rat model?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nFailing human myocardium is characterized by a negative force-frequency relationship and impaired beta-adrenergic responsiveness which have been related to alterations of the intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis. Dantrolene sodium is a clinically used drug that modulates myocardial [Ca2+]i handling in animal models. This study investigated the effects of dantrolene sodium on intracellular Ca2+ handling and contractile function in failing human myocardium. Twenty-three muscle strips from human left ventricular trabeculae were obtained from patients undergoing heart transplantation for end-stage heart failure caused by idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (n = 15). Isometric contraction and intracellular Ca2+ transients (Ca2+ indicator: aequorin) were recorded simultaneously. The experiments were performed in three separate groups exposed to control condition (n = 8), addition of dantrolene (10 micromol/l; n = 8), or addition of verapamil (1 micromol/l; n = 7). Isoproterenol induced a moderate positive inotropic effect in the control group with a maximal increase of developed tension from 10.8 +/- 2.9 to 23.4 +/- 4.7 mN/mm2 and a parallel rise in peak systolic [Ca2+]i to a maximum of 1.36 +/- 0.20 micromol/l. Dantrolene significantly improved (10.2 +/- 3.8 to 32.4 +/- 0.9 mN/mm2) and verapamil blunted (8.3 +/- 2.8 to 17.1 +/- 4.3 mN/mm2) the inotropic response to isoproterenol. The diastolic and systolic [Ca2+]i during isoproterenol stimulation were slightly lower in the dantrolene group but significantly depressed in the verapamil group as compared to the control group. Similarly, analyses of force-frequency relationships revealed an improvement of developed tension in dantrolene-treated as compared to control preparations whereas the peak systolic [Ca2+]i was almost identical.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes dantrolene sodium improve the force-frequency relationship and beta-adregenic responsiveness in failing human myocardium?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nWhile inflammation predicts mortality in treated human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, the prognostic significance of gut barrier dysfunction and phenotypic T-cell markers remains unclear. We assessed immunologic predictors of mortality in a case-control study within the Longitudinal Study of the Ocular Complications of AIDS (LSOCA), using conditional logistic regression. Sixty-four case patients who died within 12 months of treatment-mediated viral suppression were each matched to 2 control individuals (total number of controls, 128) by duration of antiretroviral therapy-mediated viral suppression, nadir CD4(+) T-cell count, age, sex, and prior cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis. A similar secondary analysis was conducted in the SCOPE cohort, which had participants with less advanced immunodeficiency. Plasma gut epithelial barrier integrity markers (intestinal fatty acid binding protein and zonulin-1 levels), soluble CD14 level, kynurenine/tryptophan ratio, soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 level, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein level, and D-dimer level all strongly predicted mortality, even after adjustment for proximal CD4(+) T-cell count (all P ≤ .001). A higher percentage of CD38(+)HLA-DR(+) cells in the CD8(+) T-cell population was a predictor of mortality before (P = .031) but not after (P = .10) adjustment for proximal CD4(+) T-cell count. Frequencies of senescent (defined as CD28(-)CD57(+) cells), exhausted (defined as PD1(+) cells), naive, and CMV-specific T cells did not predict mortality.\n\nQuestion:\nDo gut epithelial barrier dysfunction and innate immune activation predict mortality in treated HIV infection?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nStudies of HCV quasispecies during interferon treatment have shown the selection of resistant clones. Enomoto et al. have defined the interferon sensitivity-determining region in an amino acid stretch of the HCV-1b NS5A region. Patients with a mutant strain before treatment were complete responders, whereas those with wild-type HCV-J strain were resistant to interferon. The same region was studied in HCV isolates of French patients. Forty-three HCV-1b chronically infected patients, consisting of 26 non-responders and 17 complete responders to interferon-alfa treatment (3 MUI tiw for 6 months), were included retrospectively. We directly sequenced the NS5A(2209-2248) HCV region of these patients before treatment. The viral load could be obtained from six complete responders and 15 non-responders. We detected wild-type and intermediate strains, but only two mutant strains were present. One of them was found in a non-responder. In three complete responders, we found a wild-type strain. The distribution of the various strains was rather different from that found in Japan. Before treatment, the viral load was lower in complete responders (p=0.01).\n\nQuestion:\nDo mutations of hepatitis C virus 1b NS5A 2209-2248 amino acid sequence predict the response to recombinant interferon-alfa therapy in French patients?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "no",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe regulation of the actin cytoskeleton and membrane trafficking is coordinated in mammalian cells. One of the regulators of membrane traffic, the small GTP-binding protein ARF1, also activates phosphatidylinositol kinases that in turn affect actin polymerization. ARFGAP1 is a GTPase activating protein (GAP) for ARF1 that is found on Golgi membranes. We present evidence that ARFGAP1 not only serves as a GAP for ARF1, but also can affect the actin cytoskeleton. As cells attach to a culture dish foci of actin appear prior to the cells flattening and spreading. We have observed that overexpression of a truncated ARFGAP1 that lacks catalytic activity for ARF, called GAP273, caused these foci to persist for much longer periods than non-transfected cells. This phenomenon was dependent on the level of GAP273 expression. Furthermore, cell spreading after re-plating or cell migration into a previously scraped area was inhibited in cells transfected with GAP273. Live cell imaging of such cells revealed that actin-rich membrane blebs formed that seldom made protrusions of actin spikes or membrane ruffles, suggesting that GAP273 interfered with the regulation of actin dynamics during cell spreading. The over-expression of constitutively active alleles of ARF6 and Rac1 suppressed the effect of GAP273 on actin. In addition, the activation of Rac1 by serum, but not that of RhoA or ARF6, was inhibited in cells over-expressing GAP273, suggesting that Rac1 is a likely downstream effector of ARFGAP1. The carboxyl terminal 65 residues of ARFGAP1 were sufficient to produce the effects on actin and cell spreading in transfected cells and co-localized with cortical actin foci.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes the non-catalytic carboxyl-terminal domain of ARFGAP1 regulate actin cytoskeleton reorganization by antagonizing the activation of Rac1?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThioredoxins (Trx) are small redox proteins that function as general protein disulphide reductases and regulate several cellular processes such as transcription factor DNA binding activity, apoptosis and DNA synthesis. In mammalian organisms, thioredoxins are generally ubiquitously expressed in all tissues, with the exception of Sptrx-1 which is specifically expressed in sperm cells. We report here the identification and characterization of a novel member of the thioredoxin family, the second with a tissue-specific distribution in human sperm, termed Sptrx-2. The Sptrx-2 ORF (open reading frame) encodes for a protein of 588 amino acids with two different domains: an N-terminal thioredoxin domain encompassing the first 105 residues and a C-terminal domain composed of three repeats of a NDP kinase domain. The Sptrx-2 gene spans about 51 kb organized in 17 exons and maps at locus 7p13-14. Sptrx-2 mRNA is exclusively expressed in human testis, mainly in primary spermatocytes, while Sptrx-2 protein expression is detected from the pachytene spermatocytes stage onwards, peaking at round spermatids stage. Recombinant full-length Sptrx-2 expressed in bacteria displayed neither thioredoxin nor NDP kinase enzymatic activity.\n\nQuestion:\nIs sptrx-2 , a fusion protein composed of one thioredoxin and three tandemly repeated NDP-kinase domains expressed in human testis germ cells?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThere is accumulating evidence that adult bone marrow (BM) cells show unexpected plasticity, and can differentiate into a wide range of specialized cells. In the case of intrinsic renal glomerular cells, BM-derived cells have been reported to differentiate into both mesangial cells and podocytes. However, there is controversy on recruitment of glomerular endothelial cells, although endothelial cells in other tissues are known to be recruited from the BM. Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats and SD rats made chimeric by transplantation of bone marrow cells from enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) transgenic littermate rats, were injected with anti-Thy-1.1 antibody, followed by unilateral nephrectomy (1-kidney model). Chimeric rats used in 1-kidney model were sacrificed for histologic examination at weeks 2, 4, 8, and 11. We examined isolated glomeruli and frozen sections of kidneys from rats of each group at weeks 2 and 11 by confocal laser scan microsopy (CLSM), both immunohistologically and three dimensionally. In the 1-kidney group, using chimeric rats transplanted with EGFP(+) bone marrow cells, most rats died, presumably of uremia, after 8 to 11 weeks. A CLSM study using isolated glomeruli and frozen sections of kidneys revealed that bone marrow-derived PECAM-1(+), RECA-1(+) cells, and OX-7(+) cells contributed to the structural support for the glomerular capillaries during the chronic course. Global glomerular sclerotic lesions and diffuse tubular atrophic changes, with interstitial cell infiltration, were remarkable at weeks 8 and 11.\n\nQuestion:\nDo bone marrow cells contribute to regeneration of damaged glomerular endothelial cells?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nSenescence-like growth arrest in human solid carcinomas is now recognized as the major outcome of radiotherapy. This study was designed to analyze cell cycle during the process of senescence-like growth arrest in mammary carcinoma cells exposed to X-rays. Fluorescent ubiquitination-based cell cycle indicators were introduced into the human mammary carcinoma cell line MCF-7. Cell cycle was sequentially monitored by live-cell imaging for up to 5 days after exposure to 10 Gy of X-rays. Live-cell imaging revealed that cell cycle transition from G2 to G1 phase without mitosis, so-called mitotic skipping, was observed in 17.1% and 69.8% of G1- and G2-irradiated cells, respectively. Entry to G1 phase was confirmed by the nuclear accumulation of mKO(2)-hCdt1 as well as cyclin E, which was inversely correlated to the accumulation of G2-specific markers such as mAG-hGeminin and CENP-F. More than 90% of cells skipping mitosis were persistently arrested in G1 phase and showed positive staining for the senescent biochemical marker, which is senescence-associated ß-galactosidase, indicating induction of senescence-like growth arrest accompanied by mitotic skipping. While G2 irradiation with higher doses of X-rays induced mitotic skipping in approximately 80% of cells, transduction of short hairpin RNA (shRNA) for p53 significantly suppressed mitotic skipping, suggesting that ionizing radiation-induced mitotic skipping is associated with p53 function.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes live-cell imaging visualize frequent mitotic skipping during senescence-like growth arrest in mammary carcinoma cells exposed to ionizing radiation?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\n To characterize the duel activities of a glycosyl hydrolase family 3 β-glucosidase/xylosidase from rumen bacterial metagenome and to investigate the capabilities of its β-d-xylosidase activities for saccharification of hemicellulosic xylans. A β-glucosidase/xylosidase gene RuBGX1 was cloned from yak (Bos grunniens) rumen using the metagenomic technology. Recombinant RuBGX1, expressed in Escherichia coli, demonstrated high hydrolytic activities on both p-nitrophenyl-β-d-glucopyranoside (pNP-Glc) and p-nitrophenyl-β-d-xylopyranoside (pNP-Xyl) substrates. Analysis of the kinetic properties indicated that RuBGX1 had a lower affinity for pNP-Glc substrate as the K(m) was 0·164 mmol l(-1) for pNP-Glc and 0·03 mmol l(-1) for pNP-Xyl at pH 6·0 and 50°C, respectively. The capabilities of RuBGX1 β-xylosidase for hydrolysis of xylooligosaccharide substrates were further investigated using an endoxylanase-coupled assay. Hydrolysis time courses illustrated that a significant increase (about 50%) in the reducing sugars, including xylobiose, xylotriose and xylotetraose, was achieved by supplementing endoxylanase with RuBGX1. Enzymatic product analysis using high-performance anion-exchange chromatography-pulsed amperometric detection showed that RuBGX1 could release xyloses from intermediate xylooligosaccharides produced by endoxylanase.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes beta-xylosidase activity of a GH3 glucosidase/xylosidase from yak rumen metagenome promote the enzymatic degradation of hemicellulosic xylans?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nGastric cancer cells are insensitive to tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL). To sensitize gastric cancer cells to TRAIL, we treated gastric cancer MGC803 cells with TRAIL and cisplatin. Cell proliferation was measured using MTT assay. Cell apoptosis was determined by flow cytometry. Expression of proteins was analyzed by Western blot. The distribution of lipid rafts and death receptors was analyzed by immunofluorescence microscopy. MGC803 cells were pretreated with 50 mg/L nystatin for 1 h, and followed by the treatment of cisplatin and TRAIL. 100 µg/L TRAIL resulted in (8.51 ± 3.45)% inhibition of cell proliferation and caused (3.26 ± 0.89)% cell apoptosis in MGC803 cells. Compared with the treatment with cisplatin alone, treatment with TRAIL (100 µg/L) and cisplatin (8.49 mg/L, IC(50) dose of 24 h) led to a dramatic increase in both inhibition of cell proliferation [(52.58 ± 4.57)% vs. (76.43 ± 5.35)%, P < 0.05] and cell apoptosis [(23.10 ± 3.41)% vs. (42.56 ± 4.11)%, P < 0.05]. Moreover, cleavage of caspase-8 and caspase-3 was detected. TRAIL (100 µg/L) did not induce obvious lipid rafts aggregation and death receptor 4 (DR4) clustering, while cisplatin (8.49 mg/L) significantly promoted the localization of DR4 in aggregated lipid rafts. Pretreatment with 50 mg/L nystatin, a cholesterol-sequestering agent, triggered (3.66 ± 0.52)% cell apoptosis after 24 h. Pretreatment with nystatin for 1 h before the addition of 8.49 mg/L cisplatin for 24 h caused a decreased tendency to cell apoptosis [(25.74 ± 3.28)% vs. (22.76 ± 2.97)%]. While, pretreatment with nystatin before the addition of cisplatin and TRAIL, the proportion of apoptotic cells decreased from (43.16 ± 4.26)% to (31.52 ± 3.99)% (P < 0.05).\n\nQuestion:\nDoes [ Cisplatin enhance TRAIL-induced apoptosis in gastric cancer cells through clustering death receptor 4 into lipid rafts ]?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nInvestigate associations of healthier behaviors with 30-yr cancer incidence. In 1982, 632 healthy men and women (ages 40-70) were interviewed for nutritional habits using a Food Frequency Questionnaire and a 24-h physical activity questionnaire. Blood pressure, weight, and height were measured, and blood was drawn for biochemical profiles. Thirteen and four subjects were excluded due to cancer diagnosis ≤1 yr from recruitment and extreme values of reported total daily calorie intake, respectively. During a mean follow-up of 24.2 yr, 146 cancer incident patients (23.7%) were documented. Total cancer risk was 38% lower in the medium vegetable intake tertile [adjusted hazards ratio (HR) = 0.62, 95%confidence interval (CI): 0.40-0.95], and 66% higher in the medium fruit intake tertile (adjusted HR = 1.66, 95%CI: 1.08-2.55) compared to the lowest tertile. The risk of gastrointestinal cancers was 3 times greater for the highest, compared to the lowest, dairy consumption tertile (HR = 3.06, 95%CI: 1.01-9.23). \"Healthy lifestyle\" (normal BMI, never smoked, consuming high levels of dietary fiber and vegetables, and more physically active) reduced overall cancer risk (adjusted HR = 0.63, 95%CI: 0.44-0.91) as compared to the rest of the cohort.\n\nQuestion:\nIs healthy Lifestyle Pattern Protective Against 30-Yr Cancer Incidence in Men and Women : A Cohort Study?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nA growing body of evidence suggests an impact of rHuEpo on the immune system. We assessed the impact of recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEpo) on the immunity of 11 chronic renal failure patients who did not require haemodialysis. Naïve (Tn), central (Tcm) and effectory memory (Tcm, Tem, TemRA) subsets of CD8+ T cells, memory-CMV-specific CD8+ T cells, titres of anti-CMV antibodies and activity of NK cells were evaluated during the first year of rHuEpo administration. While the number of CD8 T cells did not change, significant change was found in their proportions. Percentage of Tn cells increased at the expense of Tcm cells. Appearing Tn cells were CD28+ increasing the total pool of CD28+ T cells. Together with decreasing number, Tcm cells changed to mainly CD28- Tcm cells. A 'move' towards the naïve compartment was also confirmed as the level of memory-CMV-specific CD8+ T cells decreased. Humoral immunity analysed as titres of anti-CMV antibodies as well as innate immunity measured as cytotoxicity of NK cells did not change during the follow-up.\n\nQuestion:\nIs treatment with recombinant human erythropoietin associated with rejuvenation of CD8+ T cell compartment in chronic renal failure patients?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nVery few studies report acid base disorders in homozygous patients with sickle cell anemia (SCA) and describe incomplete renal acidosis rather than true metabolic acidosis, the prevalence of which is unknown and presumably low. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of metabolic acidosis and to identify its risk factors and mechanisms. This study retrospectively analyzed 411 homozygous patients with SCA with a GFR ≥ 60 ml/min per 1.73 m(2), referred in a single center between 2007 and 2012. Acidosis and nonacidosis groups were compared for clinical and biologic data including SCA complications and hemolytic parameters. A subgroup of 65 patients with SCA, referred for a measured GFR evaluation in the setting of sickle cell-associated nephropathy, was further analyzed in order to better characterize metabolic acidosis. Metabolic acidosis was encountered in 42% of patients with SCA, with a higher prevalence in women (52% versus 27% in men; P<0.001). Several hemolytic biomarkers, such as lactate dehydrogenase, were different between the acidosis and nonacidosis groups (P=0.02 and P=0.03 in men and women, respectively), suggesting higher hemolytic activity in the former group. To note, fasting urine osmolality was low in the whole study population and was significantly lower in men with SCA in the acidosis group (392 versus 427 mOsm/kg; P=0.01). SCA subgroup analysis confirmed metabolic acidosis with a normal anion gap in 14 patients, characterized by a lower urinary pH (P<0.02) and no increase in urinary ammonium. Serum potassium, plasma renin, and aldosterone were similar between the two groups and thus could not explain impaired urinary ammonium excretion.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes prevalence and correlate of metabolic acidosis among patients with homozygous sickle cell disease?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nContinuous assessment of tissue perfusion and oxygen utilization may allow for early recognition and correction of hemorrhagic shock. We hypothesized that continuously monitoring skeletal muscle (SM) PO2, PCO2, and pH during shock would provide an easily accessible method for assessing the severity of blood loss and the efficacy of resuscitation. Thirteen anesthetized pigs (25-35 kg) underwent laparotomy and femoral vessel cannulation. Multiparameter fiberoptic sensors were placed in the deltoid (SM) and femoral artery. Ventilation was maintained at a PaCO2 of 40-45 mm Hg. Total blood volume (TBV) was measured using an Evans blue dye technique. Animals were bled for 15 minutes, maintained at a mean arterial pressure (MAP) of 40 mm Hg for 1 hour, resuscitated (shed blood + 2 times shed volume in normal saline) and observed for 1 hour. Four animals served as controls (sham hemorrhage). Blood and tissue samples were taken at each time point. Blood loss ranged from 28.5-56% of TBV. SM pH and SM PO2 levels fell rapidly with shock. SM PO2 returned to normal with resuscitation; however, SM pH did not return to baseline. SM PCO2 significantly rose with shock, but returned to baseline promptly with resuscitation. There was a significant correlation between SM pH and blood volume loss at end shock (r2 = 0.73, p < 0.001) and recovery (r2 = 0.84, p < 0.001). Animals (n = 2) whose SM pH did not recover to 7.2 were found to have ongoing blood loss from biopsy sites and persistent tissue hypercarbia despite normal MAP.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes skeletal muscle acidosis correlate with the severity of blood volume loss during shock and resuscitation?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nA few series comparing the clinical efficacy of midurethral slings in obese and postmenopausal patients are available. The aim of the study was to assess clinical efficacy of suburethral tape operations for the surgical treatment of female stress urinary incontinence (SUI) stratified by obesity, menopause and ageing. Five hundred thirty-seven patients underwent either retropubic or transobturator sling procedure. Patients were randomly allocated into two study groups in a ratio of 1:1. After 18 months, 398 women were available for a follow-up efficacy evaluation. The clinical effectiveness of surgical SUI treatment did not depend on patients' body mass index (BMI) and type of midurethral sling, but menopausal status and ageing significantly influenced the outcome of the surgery.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes body mass index influence the outcome of anti-incontinence surgery among women whereas menopausal status and ageing do : a randomised trial?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "no",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nDefined particles carrying tightly bound allergens at high density have been suggested as alternatives in allergy vaccination. Carbohydrate based particles (CBP), sized 2 microm, provide a platform for covalent coupling of allergens. To investigate the mechanisms of antigen presentation by CBP, as well as cellular and humoral responses after vaccination with the major cat allergen Fel d 1, covalently coupled to CBP. Mice (n = 10/group) were subcutaneously vaccinated with CBP-rFel d 1, CBP or phosphate buffer saline (PBS) before sensitization with rFel d 1 and challenged with cat dander extract. Fluorescent and (75)Se-radiolabeled tracking of allergens and particles were performed with flow cytometry and whole-body autoradiography. Humoral, cellular and regulatory immune responses were analyzed by ELISA and flow cytometry. Cytokines were measured in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and splenocyte cultures. CBP-rFel d 1 prevented induction of airway inflammation and induced allergen-specific T-cell anergy. CBP-rFel d 1 also induced rapid IgM and IgG1-responses compared with soluble rFel d 1. Particles were phagocytosed by antigen-presenting cells and transported to draining lymph nodes and spleen. Moreover, antigen coupled to CBP remained longer at the injection site compared with alum.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes prolonged antigen-exposure with carbohydrate particle based vaccination prevent allergic immune responses in sensitized mice?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nInvasive ductal (IDC) and lobular (ILC) carcinomas are the common histological types of breast carcinoma which are difficult to distinguish when poorly differentiated. Discoidin domain receptor (DDR1) and Drosophila dishevelled protein (DVL1) were recently suggested to differentiate IDC from ILC. To assess the expression of DDR1 and DVL1 and their association with histological type, grading and hormonal status of IDC and ILC. This cross sectional study was conducted on IDC and ILC breast tumours. Tumours were immunohistochemically stained for (DDR1) and (DVL1) as well as estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and C-erbB2 receptor. Demographic data including age and ethnicity were obtained from patient records. A total of 51 cases (30 IDCs and 21 ILCs) were assessed. DDR1 and DVL1 expression was not significantly associated with histological type (p=0.57 and p=0.66 respectively). There was no association between DDR1 and DVL1 expression and tumour grade (p=0.32 and p=1.00 respectively), ER (p=0.62 and 0.50 respectively), PR (p=0.38 and p=0.63 respectively) and C-erbB2 expression (p=0.19 and p=0.33 respectively) in IDC. There was no association between DDR1 and DVL1 expression and tumour grade (p=0.52 and p=0.33 respectively), ER (p=0.06 and p=0.76 respectively), PR (p=0.61 and p=0.43 respectively) and C-erbB2 expression (p=0.58 and p=0.76 respectively) in ILC.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes expression of DDR1 and DVL1 in invasive ductal and lobular breast carcinoma correlate with histological type , grade and hormone receptor status?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "no",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThis study examined the effects of exogenous nitric oxide (NO) on human pulp cells and the involvement of cyclic 3',5'-monophosphate (cGMP) in pulpal protection induced by heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) against NO-induced cytotoxicity. This study investigated cytotoxicity and HO-1 induction in pulp cells induced by the NO donor S-nitroso-N-acetyl-D,L-penicillamine (SNAP), by using Western blotting and a cell viability assay. It also investigated whether HO-1 contributes to the cytoprotective effect against the cytotoxicity caused by NO and the relationship between HO-1 and cGMP in the signaling pathway. S-nitroso-N-acetyl-D,L-penicillamine decreased cell viability, but increased HO-1 expression in a concentration- and time-dependent manner in human pulp cells. NO-induced cytotoxicity was inhibited in the presence of hemin (inducer of HO-1), whereas it was enhanced in the presence of zinc protoporphyrin IX (ZnPP IX, HO-1 inhibitor); therefore, the NO-induced cytotoxicity was correlated with HO-1 expression. Pretreatment with a membrane-permeable cGMP analog, 8-bromo-cGMP, restored cell death and enhanced the HO-1 protein expression induced by SNAP. By contrast, 1 mM SNAP inhibited guanylate cyclase in pulp cells pretreated with 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazole[4,3-alpha]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ), resulting in marked cytotoxicity.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes heme oxygenase-1 mediate cytoprotection against nitric oxide-induced cytotoxicity via the cGMP pathway in human pulp cells?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nSmall cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) accounts for 17-25% of all cases of lung cancer, and remains the most lethal form of this disease. We sought to determine whether an aggressive treatment policy led to an increase in median survival in patients with SCLC in our institution. From 1985 to 1993, patients with SCLC were often treated conservatively on the basis of advanced age or poor performance status. From 1993 to 1998, a more aggressive management policy was adopted. All patients were treated with chemotherapy. Radiotherapy was administered, where appropriate, following the completion of chemotherapy. The medical records of 66 patients were analysed and clinical outcomes were compared. Median survival in the 1993-98 group (332 days) was significantly better compared to the 1985-93 group (194 days) (p = 0.02). In patients with limited disease, median survival in the 1993-98 group (489 days) was also significantly better compared to the 1985-93 group (254 days) (p = 0.04). The difference in median survival in extensive disease was not significant (p = 0.09).\n\nQuestion:\nDoes aggressive management lead to improved survival in patients with small cell lung carcinoma?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo examine the pattern of underreporting of fall incidents in a general psychiatric hospital in Japan. All fall incidents were analyzed and stratified by ward. A discrepancy in fall rates was found in acute psychiatric and dementia wards. The following indicators were suggestive of underreporting: \"zero fall/1,000 patient-days,\" \"proportion of falls without injury,\" and \"proportion of falls identified as occurring in the bedroom as a fall location during certain time periods.\"\n\nQuestion:\nDoes pattern of underreporting fall in a general psychiatric hospital in Japan?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nDiets consisting of diverse food items provide a wide range of nutrients that can enhance nutritional quality of the diet. Few studies have, however, assessed dietary diversity and its effects on micronutrient health in rural populations in field settings. This study assesses how well Dietary Diversity Score (DDS), an indicator of dietary diversity based on a simple count of food groups consumed, predicts the micronutrient status, focusing on serum vitamin A concentration. We used cross-sectional data from women in food-insecure northern Kenya where dietary diversity is likely critical for micronutrient health yet under-studied. A linear regression model was applied to examine the relationships between DDS and serum retinol concentration. A logistic regression model was used to test DDS as a predictor of vitamin A insufficiency (serum retinol < 1.05 μmol/l). DDS had a significant positive effect on serum retinol concentration (t = 2.01, P = 0.045) after adjusting for age, wealth, acute phase reaction, hemoglobin, vitamin A intake and vitamin A supplementation. A one unit increase in DDS by adding an extra food group in one's diet was significantly less likely to have vitamin A insufficiency (OR = 0.64, P = 0.026) after adjusting for the covariates.\n\nQuestion:\nIs dietary diversity score a useful indicator of vitamin A status of adult women in Northern Kenya?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nPostoperative length of stay (LOS) is an important outcome after colorectal cancer surgery. The aim of this study was to evaluate the putative effects of personality, mood, coping and quality of life on LOS. A consecutive series of 110 eligible patients undergoing elective resection for colorectal cancer were invited to participate in the study. A battery of psychometric questionnaires including the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy (colorectal), the Courtauld Emotional Control Scale, the Positive and Negative Affectivity Scale and the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ) were administered 5-12 days before surgery. Nonparametric correlations were computed for psychometric scores, demographic variables and the LOS. Factors found to be significantly correlated on this analysis were entered into a multiple regression model to determine the independent predictors of LOS. One hundred and four patients with colorectal cancer participated. Seventy were male (67%) and the mean age was 68 years (range 39-86). The median LOS was 10 days (range 4-108). LOS was negatively correlated with pre- and postoperative albumin levels, PANAS +ve affect, Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy questionnaire with the colorectal module functional well-being score and EPQ extroversion score. LOS was strongly positively correlated with postoperative morbidity. LOS was positively correlated with CECS anger score, age and being male. Postoperative morbidity (beta = 0.379, P = 0.007) and extroversion (beta = -0.318, P = 0.05) were independent predictors of LOS.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes patient personality predict postoperative stay after colorectal cancer resection?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nLean body mass, strength, and endurance decline with advancing age, changes paralleled by declines in anabolic hormones, including growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I). Acute exercise has been shown to stimulate the GH/IGF-I axis, and long-term exercise increases GH. This study examined the effect of endurance training on IGF-I in healthy older men and women. Thirty-one healthy older men (66.9 +/- 1.0 yrs, mean +/- SEM) and 21 healthy older women (67.1 +/- 1.7 yrs) were randomized to either 3d/wk, 6-month endurance (ET3) or stretching/flexibility (SF3) protocols. Another group of 15 healthy older men (69.0 +/- 1.3 yrs) participated in a more intensive 5d/wk, 6-month endurance protocol (ET5). Before and after training, subjects were weight stabilized and participated in maximal exercise tolerance testing, body composition assessment, and fasting blood sampling. ET3 training resulted in a significant increase (14%) in maximal aerobic power (VO2max), significant decreases in body weight (BW), fat mass (FM), and waist/hip ratio (WHR), and a significant increase in fat-free mass (FFM). No significant VO2max or body composition changes were observed in the SF3 group. For the ET5 group, a significant increase (22%) in VO2max and significant decrease in BW, FM, and WHR were observed. No significant changes in IGF-I were observed for any of the three groups. Pre- versus post-training IGF-I values were very stable (r = .86, p < .001) across subjects.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes successful 6-month endurance training alter insulin-like growth factor-I in healthy older men and women?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "no",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nNitric oxide (NO) is involved in the signalling and regulation of plant growth and development and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. The photoperiod-sensitive mutant 7B-1 in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) showing abscisic acid (ABA) overproduction and blue light (BL)-specific tolerance to osmotic stress represents a valuable model to study the interaction between light, hormones and stress signalling. The role of NO as a regulator of seed germination and ABA-dependent responses to osmotic stress was explored in wild-type and 7B-1 tomato under white light (WL) and BL. Germination data were obtained from the incubation of seeds on germinating media of different composition. Histochemical analysis of NO production in germinating seeds was performed by fluorescence microscopy using a cell-permeable NO probe, and endogenous ABA was analysed by mass spectrometry. The NO donor S-nitrosoglutathione stimulated seed germination, whereas the NO scavenger 2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide (PTIO) had an inhibitory effect. Under WL in both genotypes, PTIO strongly suppressed germination stimulated by fluridone, an ABA inhibitor. The stimulatory effect of the NO donor was also observed under osmotic stress for 7B-1 seeds under WL and BL. Seed germination inhibited by osmotic stress was restored by fluridone under WL, but less so under BL, in both genotypes. This effect of fluridone was further modulated by the NO donor and NO scavenger, but only to a minor extent. Fluorescence microscopy using the cell-permeable NO probe DAF-FM DA (4-amino-5-methylamino-2',7'-difluorofluorescein diacetate) revealed a higher level of NO in stressed 7B-1 compared with wild-type seeds.\n\nQuestion:\nIs nitric oxide involved in light-specific responses of tomato during germination under normal and osmotic stress conditions?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nMegsin is a mesangial cell-predominant gene which belongs to the serpin superfamily. The expression of megsin was upregulated and coincided with mesangial proliferation and extracellular matrix expansion in IgA nephropathy (IgAN). In the present study, we evaluated the influence of the C2093T and C2180T polymorphism within the 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) of megsin gene and its haplotypes on the development and progression of Korean IgAN patients. Korean IgAN patients (n = 260) with a minimal follow-up of 4 years were recruited. Healthy subjects with normal renal function, normal urinalysis and normotension (n = 315) were included as controls. The polymorphisms were determined by the 5' nuclease allelic discrimination assay, and the haplotypes were constructed using the Phase program. The C2093T and C2180T genotype and allele frequencies were not different significantly between IgAN patients and controls. In C2093T polymorphism, patients with CC genotype showed a better renal survival than those with CT or TT genotypes by Kaplan-Meier analysis (p = 0.027). The megsin C2093T polymorphism remained an independent risk factor for progression (Cox regression model, HR for TT genotype: 3.52, 95% CI 1.69 - 7.34; HR for CT genotype: 2.15, 95% CI 1.30 - 3.57). In C2180T polymorphism, patients with TT genotype showed a better outcome than those with CC or CT genotypes (p = 0.025). The C2180T polymorphism was also an independent risk factor for progression (HR for CC genotype: 4.05, 95% CI 1.93 - 8.51; HR for CT genotype: 2.35, 95% CI 1.40 - 3.94). The two alleles showed linkage disequilibrium in phased haplotype. The patients with 2093T-2180C haplotype showed a poor renal survival compared to those with 2093C-2180T haplotype (p = 0.028). The haplotype remained an independent risk factor for progression (HR for 2093T-2180C haplotype: 2.01, 95% CI 1.44 - 2.81).\n\nQuestion:\nIs megsin 2093T-2180C haplotype at the 3 ' untranslated region associated with poor renal survival in Korean IgA nephropathy patients?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe sestrin family of stress-responsive genes (SESN1-3) are suggested to be involved in regulation of metabolism and aging through modulation of the AMPK-mTOR pathway. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is an effector of the tumour suppressor LKB1, which regulates energy homeostasis, cell polarity, and the cell cycle. SESN1/2 can interact directly with AMPK in response to stress to maintain genomic integrity and suppress tumorigenesis. Ionizing radiation (IR), a widely used cancer therapy, is known to increase sestrin expression, and acutely activate AMPK. However, the regulation of AMPK expression by sestrins in response to IR has not been studied in depth. Through immunoprecipitation we observed that SESN2 directly interacted with the AMPKα1β1γ1 trimer and its upstream regulator LKB1 in MCF7 breast cancer cells. SESN2 overexpression was achieved using a Flag-tagged SESN2 expression vector or a stably-integrated tetracycline-inducible system, which also increased AMPKα1 and AMPKβ1 subunit phosphorylation, and co-localized with phosphorylated AMPKα-Thr127 in the cytoplasm. Furthermore, enhanced SESN2 expression increased protein levels of LKB1 and AMPKα1β1γ1, as well as mRNA levels of LKB1, AMPKα1, and AMPKβ1. Treatment of MCF7 cells with IR elevated AMPK expression and activity, but this effect was attenuated in the presence of SESN2 siRNA. In addition, elevated SESN2 inhibited IR-induced mTOR signalling and sensitized MCF7 cells to IR through an AMPK-dependent mechanism.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes sestrin2 modulate AMPK subunit expression and its response to ionizing radiation in breast cancer cells?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe rates of nonunion after femoral nailing are currently reported to be 4.1-12.5 %. The purpose of this study was to identify the risk factors of noninfected nonunion after femoral nailing, focusing in particular on the effects of the length of the distal main fragment. A case-control study was conducted with 105 patients, with a case (nonunion group)-control (control group) ratio of 1:2. The nonunion group (n = 35) comprised patients with consecutive symptomatic nonunions after femoral nailing who were treated in our institute; the control group (n = 70) were matched by age to the nonunion group. Type of fracture, soft tissue injury, length of femur and nail length, incidence of screw breakage, nail diameter, mean length of distal main fragment, and any episode of dynamization were retrospectively examined. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to elucidate the risk factors of nonunion after femoral nailing. Increased risk of nonunion after femoral nailing was associated with (1) open fracture, (2) screw breakage, (3) shorter length of a distal fragment, and (4) any episodes of dynamization. Receiver operating characteristic analysis showed that a distal fragment length of <43 % of the total femur length was the cutoff level for nonunion after nailing. The odds ratio for nonunion was 6.40 (95 % CI 2.70-15.2) when the length of the distal main fragment was <43 % of the femur length. Multivariate logistic analysis revealed that the risk of nonunion after femoral nailing increased (1) with breakage of locking screws (p = 0.0021), (2) with dynamization (p = 0.0029), (3) with a shorter distal fragment length (p = 0.0379), and (4) with an open fracture (p = 0.0397).\n\nQuestion:\nIs infra-isthmal fracture a risk factor for nonunion after femoral nailing : a case-control study?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nOur previous study showed an efficient targeting of islets of Langerhans by adenoviral injection via the celiac trunk. Unexpectedly, none of the endothelial cells was infected given the direct contact between adenoviruses and the capillary wall. The present study intended to provide an efficient approach for adenoviral targeting of the microcapillary endothelial cells in the pancreas. We prepared microspheres of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) (PHBHHx) with a size comparable to the diameter of capillary (5-10 µm). Scanning electron microscopy was applied to verify that adenoviruses carrying a green fluorescence protein gene were complexed with PHBHHx-microspheres after 30 min of co-incubation. The complexes were then injected into the pancreas of mice via the celiac trunk. Approximately 40% of endothelial cells in the pancreas were labeled 5 days after surgery. Islet cells were labeled occasionally, whereas labeling of the acinar and ductal tissues was barely detectable. Endothelium targeting was inefficient in other internal organs. Consistent with the reported superior tissue compatibility of PHBHHx, no discernable microspheres were found in all of the organs examined. Furthermore, splenocyte activation was dampened when adenoviruses were complexed with the microspheres.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes transient embolization with microspheres of polyhydroxyalkanoate render efficient adenoviral transduction of pancreatic capillary in vivo?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo determine whether levator avulsion is a risk factor for recurrence after cystocele repair. This was an audit of women who underwent anterior colporrhaphy at a tertiary hospital between 2002 and 2005, who were followed up by interview, clinical examination and four-dimensional translabial ultrasound examination 3-6 years later. Of 242 patients identified through theater records we were able to contact 171 (71%). Of 83 who agreed to attend, 24 (29%) reported symptoms of recurrent prolapse. There were 33 (40%) recurrent cystoceles (ICS POP-Q ≥ 0), [corrected] and 34 (41%) had a significant cystocele on ultrasound examination. On pelvic floor tomographic ultrasound examination, a levator avulsion was detected in 29 (35%) patients. The relative risk of recurrence in women with avulsion was 3.9 (95% CI, 2.4-5.8) when ultrasound criteria of recurrent cystocele were used, and 2.9 (95% CI, 1.7-4.5) when using clinical staging.\n\nQuestion:\nIs levator avulsion a risk factor for cystocele recurrence?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nSmoking increases the risk for periodontal disease and reduces the healing response. We examined the antimicrobial and clinical effects of scaling and root planing (SRP) with and without minocycline HCl 1 mg microspheres (MM) relative to smoking status in subjects with periodontitis. A total of 127 subjects (46 never smokers, 44 former smokers, and 37 current smokers) with moderate to advanced periodontitis were randomized to receive MM + SRP (N = 62) or SRP alone (N = 65). Subgingival plaque samples collected at baseline and day 30 were examined for the presence of 40 periodontal bacteria by DNA probe analysis. MM + SRP reduced red-complex bacteria (RCB) numbers and proportions to a greater extent than SRP alone, irrespective of smoking status. RCB numbers were not reduced by SRP in current smokers. The difference in the reduction in numbers of RCB by SRP relative to MM + SRP in current smokers was statistically significant (P <0.05). Numbers and proportions of orange complex bacteria (OCB) were reduced in all groups treated with MM + SRP. Proportions of OCB increased in current smokers treated with SRP alone. In current smokers, MM + SRP significantly reduced probing depth (PD), increased clinical attachment level (CAL), and reduced bleeding on probing (BOP) to a greater extent than SRP alone (P <0.05).\n\nQuestion:\nDoes mechanical therapy with adjunctive minocycline microspheres reduce red-complex bacteria in smokers?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nAberrant regulation of glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK-3beta) has been implicated in several human cancers; however, it has not been reported in the gastric cancer tissues to date. The present study was performed to determine the expression status of active form of GSK-3beta phosphorylated at Tyr216 (pGSK-3beta) and its relationship with other tumor-associated proteins in human gastric cancers. Immunohistochemistry was performed on tissue array slides containing 281 human gastric carcinoma specimens. In addition, gastric cancer cells were cultured and treated with a GSK-3beta inhibitor lithium chloride (LiCl) for immunoblot analysis. We found that pGSK-3beta was expressed in 129 (46%) of 281 cases examined, and was higher in the early-stages of pathologic tumor-node-metastasis (P < 0.001). The expression of pGSK-3beta inversely correlated with lymphatic invasion (P < 0.001) and lymph node metastasis (P < 0.001) and correlated with a longer patient survival (P < 0.001). In addition, pGSK-3beta expression positively correlated with that of p16, p21, p27, p53, APC, PTEN, MGMT, SMAD4, or KAI1 (P < 0.05), but not with that of cyclin D1. This was confirmed by immunoblot analysis using SNU-668 gastric cancer cells treated with LiCl.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes constitutive activation of glycogen synthase kinase-3beta correlate with better prognosis and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors in human gastric cancer?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nGated Blood Pool Imaging (GBPI) has low inter-test variability compared to echocardiography, and is often used when accurate repeated measurements of left ventricular ejection fraction are required such as in the surveillance of post-transplant patients. The aim of this study was to determine if cardiac MRI (CMR) could replace Gated Blood Pool Imaging for annual assessment of left ventricular (LV) function in the surveillance of patients post-cardiac transplantation. Forty-nine patients at various stages of post-cardiac transplantation presenting for annual review underwent LV functional assessment with GBPI and CMR. LV ejection fractions (EF) obtained from the two methods were compared and limits of agreement determined. The mean EF (plus and minus two standard deviations) was 58.3+/-18% for GBPI and 57.6+/-18% for CMR. The two methods were found to provide clinically equivalent results.\n\nQuestion:\nIs cardiac MRI superior to gated blood pool imaging in the assessment of left ventricular function in patients post-cardiac transplantation?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nAs well as being a marker of body iron stores, serum ferritin (sFerritin) has also been shown to be a marker of inflammation in hemodialysis (HD) patients. The aim of this study was to analyze whether sFerritin is a reliable marker of the iron stores present in bone marrow of HD patients. Histomorphometric analysis of stored transiliac bone biopsies was used to assess iron stores by determining the number of iron-stained cells per square millimeter of bone marrow. In 96 patients, the laboratory parameters were hemoglobin = 11.3 +/- 1.6 g/dl, hematocrit = 34.3 +/- 5%, sFerritin = 609 +/- 305 ng/ml, transferrin saturation = 32.7 +/- 22.5%, and C-reactive protein (CRP) = 0.9 +/- 1.4 mg/dl. sFerritin correlated significantly with CRP, bone marrow iron, and time on HD treatment (P = 0.006, 0.001, and 0.048, respectively). The independent determinants of sFerritin were CRP (beta-coef = 0.26; 95% CI = 24.6 to 132.3) and bone marrow iron (beta-coef = 0.32; 95% CI = 0.54 to 2.09). Bone marrow iron was higher in patients with sFerritin >500 ng/ml than in those with sFerritin < or =500 ng/ml. In the group of patients with sFerritin < or =500 ng/ml, the independent determinant of sFerritin was bone marrow iron (beta-coef = 0.48, 95% CI = 0.48 to 1.78), but in the group of patients with sFerritin >500 ng/ml, no independent determinant of sFerritin was found.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes serum ferritin level remain a reliable marker of bone marrow iron stores evaluated by histomorphometry in hemodialysis patients?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe severity of neurological deficits arising from ischemic stroke may be related to serum redox homeostasis. The aim of this study was to estimate the effect of serum paraoxonase (PON), arylesterase (ARE) activities and conjugated dienes (CD) on patient outcome during a 1-year follow-up period. The study included 468 consecutive ischemic stroke patients (251 males, 217 females) with an average age of 67.5 ± 12.4 years. Clinical evaluation was based on vital signs, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scored at the time of admission and on the 7th day after stroke, as well as modified Rankin scale (mRS) and Barthel index (BI) scored at 30, 90, 180 and 360 days after stroke onset. Serum PON, ARE activities and CD concentration were measured with the use of spectrophotometric methods. Serum PON activity alone correlated directly with a favorable outcome during a 3-month observation period. Serum ARE activity correlated directly only with the mRS score in a 1-year observation. PON/ARE ratio showed the strongest direct correlation with favorable stroke outcome expressed by BI and inverse correlation with mRS as compared to serum PON or ARE activities assessed alone. PON/ARE affected the NIHSS score on admission (rS = -0.119, p = 0.014) and on the 7th day after stroke (rS = 0.120, p = 0.015); it also showed an association with the BI and mRS on the 30th (rS = 0.145, p = 0.007 and rS = -0.098, p = 0.049, respectively), 90th (rS = 0.147, p = 0.009, rS = -0.133, p = 0.008, respectively), as well as 180th, and 360th day after stroke. We did not find correlations between the serum CD concentration and stroke outcome.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes serum paraoxonase/arylesterase activity affect outcome in ischemic stroke patients?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\n12(S)-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12(S)-HETE) is a metabolite of arachidonic acid. 12(S)-HETE is involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and diabetes. However, the correlation between 12(S)-HETE and coronary artery disease (CAD) in the diabetic patient is unclear. The study investigated the relationship between 12(S)-HETE and CAD in Type 2 diabetes (T2D). Plasma 12(S)- HETE levels were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 103 healthy controls (control), 109 diabetic patients without CAD (diabetic), and 152 diabetic patients with CAD (diabetic-CAD). 12(S)-HETE levels were higher in both diabetic and diabetic-CAD groups compared to control and in the diabetic-CAD group compared to the diabetic group. In the multiple linear stepwise regression analysis, 12(S)-HETE levels correlated independently with CAD, systolic blood pressure, and glycated hemoglobin.\n\nQuestion:\nDo 12S-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid levels link to coronary artery disease in Type 2 diabetic patients?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe C. elegans dosage compensation complex (DCC) associates with both X chromosomes of XX animals to reduce X-linked transcript levels. Five DCC members are homologous to subunits of the evolutionarily conserved condensin complex, and two noncondensin subunits are required for DCC recruitment to X. We investigated the molecular mechanism of DCC recruitment and spreading along X by examining gene expression and the binding patterns of DCC subunits in different stages of development, and in strains harboring X;autosome (X;A) fusions. We show that DCC binding is dynamically specified according to gene activity during development and that the mechanism of DCC spreading is independent of X chromosome DNA sequence. Accordingly, in X;A fusion strains, DCC binding propagates from X-linked recruitment sites onto autosomal promoters as a function of distance. Quantitative analysis of spreading suggests that the condensin-like subunits spread from recruitment sites to promoters more readily than subunits involved in initial X targeting.\n\nQuestion:\nDo the C. elegans dosage compensation complex propagates dynamically and independently of X chromosome sequence?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nPhosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) is one of the most frequently inactivated tumor suppressor genes in sporadic cancers. Somatic mutations of PTEN occur in many tumors including those of the gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary tracts. Loss of PTEN expression is associated with poor prognosis in patients with metastatic colonic adenocarcinoma, gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma, gastric adenocarcinoma, and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. To study the expression of PTEN and its significance in ampullary adenocarcinoma (AA). We constructed tissue microarrays by using archival tissue from 92 patients (55 males, 37 females; median age, 63 years; age range, 37 to 87 years) with previously untreated AA who underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy at our institution. PTEN expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry, scored semiquantitatively (based on staining intensity and percentage positive tumor cells), and correlated with clinicopathologic features and survival. Of 92 cases, 23 (25.0%) were PTEN negative. Loss of PTEN expression correlated with lymph node metastasis (P = .004), advanced American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) stage (P = .02), and higher frequency of recurrence (P = .03). Patients with PTEN-negative tumors had shorter disease-free survival (DFS, mean: 89.0 ± 20.8 months) and overall survival (OS, mean: 93.1 ± 19.1 months) than those with PTEN-positive tumors (DFS, mean: 161.4 ± 11.7 months, P = .01; OS, mean: 175.4 ± 11.0 months, P = .001). In multivariate analyses, PTEN expression was a prognostic factor for both DFS and OS, independent of AJCC stage, lymph node status, pathologic tumor (pT) stage, and differentiation.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the expression of PTEN associated with improved prognosis in patients with ampullary adenocarcinoma after pancreaticoduodenectomy?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nWe recently showed that plasma concentration of N-terminal atrial natriuretic peptide (Nt-proANP) is strongly directly related to salt sensitivity. The aims of the present study were to test (i) whether plasma concentration of N-terminal brain natriuretic peptide (Nt-proBNP) is related to salt sensitivity and (ii) whether Nt-proANP, as a marker of salt sensitivity, differs between type 2 diabetes patients and nondiabetic subjects without a history of coronary heart disease. Nt-proBNP was determined in 30 Swedish normal subjects with heredity for primary hypertension and salt sensitivity was defined as the difference between mean arterial blood pressure after 1 week on a high-salt diet (240 mmol day(-1)) and 1 week on a low-salt diet (10 mmol day(-1)). Nt-proANP was measured in 253 patients with type 2 diabetes and in 230 nondiabetic subjects aged 40-70 years, all without a history of coronary heart disease. Amongst the 30 subjects, in whom salt sensitivity was directly measured, Nt-proBNP was not correlated with salt sensitivity (R=-0.18, P=0.35). Nt-proANP (median, interquartile range) was lower in patients with type 2 diabetes (505, 387-661 pmol L(-1)) than in nondiabetic subjects (536, 421-696 pmol L(-1)) (P=0.02). In a multiple regression analysis heart rate (P <0.00001), diastolic blood pressure (P=0.02) and diabetes status (P=0.02) were inversely related whereas age (P <0.00001), cystatin C (P=0.0006), hypertension treatment (P=0.002) and female sex (P=0.006) were directly related to ln(Nt-proANP).\n\nQuestion:\nIs nt-proANP in plasma , a marker of salt sensitivity , reduced in type 2 diabetes patients?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nWe have investigated differences in the efficacy of combined treatment with cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (cDDP) and local hyperthermia (HT) in nonirradiated and preirradiated experimental tumors. Survival of R-1 rhabdomyosarcoma cells was assessed after treatment with various cDDP-concentrations at 37 degrees C and 42 degrees C in vitro. Rats bearing R-1 rhabdomyosarcomas of 190 mm3 (SE 15 mm3) were treated with cDDP (6 mg/kg i.p.), HT (1 h at 43 degrees C), or cDDP+HT (45 min interval) without preirradiation or at day 16 after the first dose of fractionated irradiation. Fractionated irradiation consisted of four daily doses of 5 Gy of x-rays each and tumor volumes had regrown to their original volume at the time of treatment. Experimental endpoint was tumor growth delay (TGD). Hyperthermia-enhanced cDDP cytotoxicity in vitro by a factor of about 5. Treatment with cDDP or HT alone resulted in a similar TGD in non- and preirradiated tumors (7.2 vs. 7.4 days and 1.1 vs. 0.9 days, respectively). In non- as well as in preirradiated tumors, HT given in combination with cDDP significantly enhanced the effect of cDDP, prolonging the TGD (11.1 days (p = 0.0001) and 16.2 days (p < 0.0001), respectively) corresponding to a TGD-enhancement of 1.54 and 2.19, respectively. The TGD after cDDP+HT in preirradiated tumors was significantly longer than in nonirradiated tumors (p = 0.0003).\n\nQuestion:\nDoes local hyperthermia enhance the effect of cis-diamminedichloro-platinum ( II ) on nonirradiated and preirradiated rat solid tumors?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe purpose of this study was to determine the role of functional interactions between pancreatic cancer cells and pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) in the formation of the desmoplastic reaction (DR) in pancreatic cancer and to characterize the effect of type I collagen (the predominant component of the DR) on pancreatic cancer cell phenotype. PSCs and type I collagen were identified in sections of pancreatic cancer using immunohistochemistry, and their anatomic relationship was studied. Interactions among pancreatic cancer cell lines (MIA PaCa-2, Panc-1, and AsPC-1), primary cultures of human PSCs, and type I collagen were investigated in a series of tissue culture models. In vivo, the DR causes gross distortion of normal pancreas, bringing cancer cells into close contact with numerous PSCs and abundant type I collagen. In tissue culture models of pancreatic cancer, conditioned media from each cell line increased PSC [3H]thymidine incorporation up to 6.3-fold that of controls, and AsPC-1 cells also increased PSC collagen synthesis 1.3-fold. Type I collagen was observed to increase long-term survival of pancreatic cancer cells treated with 5-fluorouracil, by up to 62% in clonogenic assays. This was because type I collagen increased the proliferation of cancer cells ([3H]thymidine incorporation was up to 2.8-fold that of cells cultured on tissue culture plastic) and reduced apoptosis of AsPC-1 cells in response to 5-fluorouracil (by regulating mcl-1).\n\nQuestion:\nDoes type I collagen promote the malignant phenotype of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nBoth cerulein and cholecystokinin activate mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase (ERK1/2) in vivo and in isolated pancreatic acini. ERK1/2 in pancreas homogenates was activated in rats rendered pancreatitic by subcutaneous injections of cerulein (5 microg/kg per hour). To determine if blocking ERK1/2 activity might rescue cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis, the \"MAP kinase kinase\" (also known as MEK1/2) inhibitors PD98059 and U0126 were administered in vivo. In rats pretreated with PD98059 (10 mg/kg per i.v. injection) or U0126 (5 mg/kg per i.v. injection) 30 minutes before and then together with hourly cerulein injections for 3 hours, pancreatitis was significantly attenuated on the basis of pancreatic wet weight and histology. Serum amylase concentration was significantly reduced when PD98059 was administered intraperitoneally (10 mg/kg per intraperitoneal injection). PD98059 also ameliorated pancreatitis over a 6-hour cerulein time course. The phosphorylation of pancreatic ERK1/2 was attenuated in PD98059- and U0126-treated animals at both 30 minutes and 3 hours after cerulein injection. Rats rendered neutropenic with vinblastine and pretreated with U0126 still showed attenuated manifestations of cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis, a finding suggesting that pancreatic ERK1/2 is mostly responsible for the effect, rather than infiltrating neutrophils.\n\nQuestion:\nIs cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis in the rat significantly ameliorated by treatment with MEK1/2 inhibitors U0126 and PD98059?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe aim of this study was to examine the expression and prognostic relevance of thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) in tumor biopsies taken from a consecutive series of liver resections done at the University Hospitals of Leicester and the Royal Liverpool Hospital. Patients having undergone a liver resection for colorectal liver metastases at our institutions between 1993 and 1999 inclusive were eligible. Inclusion criteria were curative intent, sufficient tumor biopsy, and patient follow-up data. One hundred eighty-two patients were considered in this study. Standard immunohistochemical techniques were used to study the expression of TSP-1 in 5-microm tumor sections from paraffin-embedded tissue blocks. TSP-1 was correlated with survival using the Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test for univariate analysis and the Cox proportional hazard model for multivariate analysis. One hundred eighty-two patients (male, n = 122 and female, n = 60) ages between 25 and 81 years (mean, 61 years) were included. TSP-1 was expressed around blood vessels (n = 45, 25%) or in the stroma (n = 59, 33%). No expression was detected in the remaining tumors. TSP-1 significantly correlated with poor survival on univariate (P = 0.01 for perivascular expression and P = 0.03 for stromal expression) and multivariate analysis (P = 0.01 for perivascular expression).\n\nQuestion:\nDoes expression of thrombospondin-1 in resected colorectal liver metastases predict poor prognosis?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nFrequent occurrence of Helicobacter pylori in the human gastrointestinal tract and its persistence due to unsuccessful antimicrobial therapy might be related to a stage in the life cycle of H. pylori in which the bacterium establishes itself as an intracellular symbiont in yeast. In this study, occurrence of non-culturable H. pylori in the oral yeast was assessed by targeting vacuolating cytotoxin A (vacA s1s2) and ureAB genes in the total DNAs of yeasts. DNAs were extracted from 13 oral yeasts in which bacterium-like bodies, suspected to be H. pylori, were observed microscopically. Primers were recruited to amplify vacA s1s2 and ureAB genes. DNAs from H. pylori and E. coli were used as controls. The amplicons from one yeast and H. pylori were sequenced. Yeasts were identified as Candida albicans. Fragments of vacA s1s2 and ureAB genes were amplified from 13 yeasts. The size of PCR products was 286 bp for vacA s1s2 gene and 406 bp for ureAB gene. Similar bands were obtained from the control H. pylori, and the results for E. coli were negative. The data from sequencing of PCR products showed about 98% homology between the genes amplified from yeast and those from H. pylori.\n\nQuestion:\nIs yeast of the oral cavity the reservoir of Heliobacter pylori?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nMaternal environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) has been identified as a key risk factor for problem behavior in children, but the role of genetic susceptibility is not clear. The purpose of this study was to examine the metabolic genetic modification effect of exposure to ETS in nonsmoking mothers on child behavior at 2 years of age. A prospective cohort study was conducted among 191 mothers who gave births between 2004 and 2005 and their infants in Taiwan. The mothers completed a questionnaire before delivery in which they provided information on exposure to ETS during pregnancy. Four metabolic genes, CYP1A1 MspI, CYP1A1 Ile462Val, GSTT1, and GSTM1 were isolated from both maternal and infant DNA samples. Children's behavior problems at 2 years of age were reported by their mothers using the Child Behavior Checklist/1.5-5. Multiple linear models were used to estimate the effects of ETS and genotype on child behavior. Maternal ETS exposure was associated with the anxious score. The ETS-exposed group with both the CYP1A1 MspI and the CYP1A1 Ile462Val variants had higher scores, as reflected in total CBCL score as well as scores on the internalizing scale and its emotional subdomain, the anxious scale, and the externalizing scale and its aggressive subdomain.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes cYP1A1 modify the effect of maternal exposure to environmental tobacco smoke on child behavior?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nWe evaluated the utility of post-treatment plasma levels of the circulating bone-morphogenetic protein-6-specific mRNA (cBMP6 mRNA), cell-free DNA (cf-DNA), apoptotic nucleosomes and Histone H3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3), in discriminating metastatic prostate cancer (PCa) from organ confined, locally controlled disease. Peripheral blood was taken from the patients at the end of therapy, and quantitative PCR was performed to amplify cBMP6 mRNA or cf-DNA from plasma while apoptotic nucleosomes and H3K27me3 were determined by ELISA-based approaches. Following blinded measurements, the markers were compared between the patients with local (n=22), local advanced (n=11) or metastatic disease (n=28). Of the four markers investigated, the cBMP6 mRNA and H3K27me3 levels revealed significant differences between the three subgroups. We found higher levels of cBMP6 mRNA in the patients with metastases than in those with localized (p=0.001) or local advanced disease (p=0.05). When compared to cBMP6, H3K27me3 displayed an inverse distribution and was significantly lower in the patients with metastatic disease than in those with localized (p=0.05) or local advanced disease (p=0.024). There was no correlation between the different markers and total PSA levels or Gleason score at diagnosis.\n\nQuestion:\nDo post-treatment circulating plasma BMP6 mRNA and H3K27 methylation levels discriminate metastatic prostate cancer from localized disease?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe promotion of the healing process following musculoskeletal injuries comprises growth factor signalling, migration, proliferation and apoptosis of cells. If these processes could be modulated, the healing of tendon tissue may be markedly enhanced. Here, we report the use of the Somagen™ device, which is certified for medical use according to European laws. It generates low-frequency pulsed electromagnetic fields that trigger effects of a nature that are yet to be determined. A 1.5-cm wide, linear scrape was introduced into patellar tendon fibroblast cultures (N = 5 donors). Treatment was carried out every second day. The regimen was applied three times in total with 30 minutes comprising pulsed electromagnetic field packages with two fundamental frequencies (10 minutes of 33 Hz, 20 minutes of 7.8 Hz). Control cells remained untreated. All samples were analyzed for gap closure time, proliferation and apoptosis one week after induction of the scrape wound. The mean time for bridging the gap in the nontreated cells was 5.05 ± 0.33 days, and in treated cells, it took 3.35 ± 0.38 days (P <0.001). For cell cultures with scrape wounds, a mean value for BrdU incorporation of OD = 0.70 ± 0.16 was found. Whereas low-frequency pulsed electromagnetic fields treated samples showed OD = 1.58 ± 0.24 (P <0.001). However, the percentage of apoptotic cells did not differ between the two groups.\n\nQuestion:\nDo low-frequency pulsed electromagnetic fields significantly improve time of closure and proliferation of human tendon fibroblasts?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nRenal ultrasound is very important in the diagnosis of renal tumors. From January 2000 to Jannuary 2005 we retrospectively examined the records of 116 patients, 37 women and 79 men (mean age 54 years, range 22-77), who underwent radical nephrectomy for kidney cancer in clinical stage CT1N0M0. 2.5 cm was the tumor dimension limit between the nephron sparing surgical technique and radical nephrectomy. We subdivided the sample into 2 groups, the first of 45 patients with tumor lesions smaller than 2.5 cm and the second with tumor lesions between 2.5 cm and 7 cm in diameter all patients underwent preoperative staging including ultrasound scan (ETG) and computer tomography scan (CT). Ultrasound has showed 35% sensitivity and 49% specificity for lesions under 2.5 cm in diameter, and 65% sensitivity and 75% specificity and 80% specificity for lesions under 2.5 and 80% sensitivity and 95% specificity for lesions between 2.5 and 7 cm.\n\nQuestion:\nDo detection rate of ultrasound vs CT scan in clinical staging accuracy of renal tumors pT1NxMx?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nAcute ethanol administration degrades performance on many learning and memory tasks, including tasks that are dependent on spatial information. One common test of spatial learning and memory is the Morris water task, a task that requires subjects to learn the spatial location of a submerged escape platform located in a pool of cloudy water. However, although some studies report that acute ethanol administration degrades spatial memory performance in the Morris task, other studies report no significant performance impairment. Acute ethanol administration also produces a dose- and time-dependent increase in the concentration of the endogenous neuroactive steroid 3alpha-hydroxy-5alpha-pregnan-20-one (allopregnanolone) in rat brain. Given that ethanol and allopregnanolone are both gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor modulators, both drugs should produce similar degradations in spatial learning and memory. Adult male rats were trained with either the spatial version or the nonspatial version of the Morris water task. After 4 days of training, the spatial or nonspatial memory performance of subjects was assessed after either an ethanol (1.0, 1.5, or 2.0 g/kg) or allopregnanolone (12.5, 17.0, or 20.0 mg/kg) challenge. Acute ethanol administration and acute allopregnanolone administration impaired spatial memory performance in a dose-dependent manner in the Morris water task. In addition, the impairment was selective in that neither acute ethanol nor acute allopregnanolone administration impaired nonspatial memory performance in the Morris water task.\n\nQuestion:\nDo acute ethanol administration and acute allopregnanolone administration impair spatial memory in the Morris water task?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nLeft ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is often observed in athletes, which should be differentiated from hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The aim of the study was to explore the functional changes measured using tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) deformation analysis in athletes fulfilling LVH criteria participating in different endurance sports. Healthy controls (n = 62, 58% men) and endurance athletes (n = 120, 62% men) aged 18-40 years were prospectively enrolled and underwent both standard echocardiography as well as TDI. Longitudinal TDI-derived strain and strain rate (SR) were calculated in the septal and posterior wall in three segments. LVH was defined as a left ventricular mass (LVM) over 132 g/m2 in men and over 109 g/m2 in women. Echocardiographic LVH was observed in 33 athletes (67% men). LVM was significantly increased in both athlete groups (102.6 g/m2 (SD 16.0) and 135.7 g/m2 (SD 15.9) vs 88.0 g/m2 (SD 16.5) in controls, p<0.001). Diastolic parameters were not significantly different between groups. Athletes with LVH showed no significant difference in strain and SR values in any segment of the septal or posterior wall compared with controls or those without LVH. A weak but significant correlation (also after multivariate analysis) was found for septal wall thickness and LVM in peak systolic strain (r = 0.26, p<0.01 and 0.23, p<0.01) and SR (r = 0.27, p<0.01 and 0.29, p<0.01). Nevertheless, strain and SR values were still within normal limits in all athletes.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes echocardiographic deformation imaging reveal preserved regional systolic function in endurance athletes with left ventricular hypertrophy?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo investigate the association between hypertension and obesity and also their prevalence in the adult population from Ilha do Governador-Rio de Janeiro. It is a domiciliar inquiry, with a probalistic cluster sample in two stages. We interviewed 1272 adult residents in the selected households. Social-demographic information, anthropometric measures, habits related to smoking, physical activities and blood pressure were registered. The prevalence of hypertension-systolic pressure > or = 160mmHg or diastolic pressure > or = 95mmHg or anti-hypertensive treatment at the moment of the interview, was 24.9% whereas the prevalence of obesity-body mass index (BMI) > or = 27kg/m2 was 28.4%. The prevalence of hypertension increased 2.4 fold from the lowest (< 25kg/m2) to the highest (> or = 30kg/m2) band of BMI. It was observed an association between hypertension and obesity that persisted after adjusting for sex, age, skin color, smoking, physical activity and level of education. Interaction of obesity with sex, age and skin color was found. The association between hypertension and obesity was stronger for men, for the youngest and also for the white people.\n\nQuestion:\nDo [ Arterial hypertension and obesity in Ilha do Governador-Rio de Janeiro ]?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nEndotoxin, interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha have been implicated in the pathogenesis of preterm labor, but their acute effect on myometrial contractile activity is unknown. The objective of this study was to determine their effect on isolated pregnant murine myometrial contractile activity. Isometric contractions were measured in myometrium isolated from pregnancy day 18 Swiss-Webster mice. Frequency, duration, amplitude, and integrated area were compared before and after the addition of endotoxin (10(3) and 10(4) ng/ml) (n = 6), interleukin-1 beta (10 and 10 ng/ml) (n = 6), interleukin-6 (1 and 10 ng/ml) (n = 6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (1 and 10 ng/ml) (n = 6). Results were analyzed with the Wilcoxon rank-sum test. The addition of endotoxin, interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-6, or tumor necrosis factor-alpha did not result in a change in the contractile activity of isolated pregnant murine myometrium compared with control.\n\nQuestion:\nDo endotoxin , interleukin-1 beta , interleukin-6 , or tumor necrosis factor-alpha acutely stimulate isolated murine myometrial contractile activity?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "no",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nDisentangling tree growth requires more than ring width data only. Densitometry is considered a valuable proxy, yet laborious wood sample preparation and lack of dedicated software limit the widespread use of density profiling for tree ring analysis. An X-ray computed tomography-based toolchain of tree increment cores is presented, which results in profile data sets suitable for visual exploration as well as density-based pattern matching. Two temperate (Quercus petraea, Fagus sylvatica) and one tropical species (Terminalia superba) were used for density profiling using an X-ray computed tomography facility with custom-made sample holders and dedicated processing software. Density-based pattern matching is developed and able to detect anomalies in ring series that can be corrected via interactive software.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes a field-to-desktop toolchain for X-ray CT densitometry enable tree ring analysis?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nIt is not clear whether a sublethal dose of myoglobin induces some pathophysiological changes in tubular cells, potentially affecting tubular injury or tubular regeneration. We investigated the effect of a low dose of myoglobin on vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) expression and elucidated the underlying signaling pathways. We further examined the effect of losartan and simvastatin on myoglobin-induced VCAM-1 expression and the signaling pathways. Activation of nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB and activator protein (AP)-1 was assessed by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Phosphorylation of protein kinases was examined by Western blot analysis. VCAM-1 mRNA and protein were measured by Northern blot analysis and cell ELISA. A sublethal dose of myoglobin (100 microg/ml) induced VCAM-1 expression via activation of AP-1 and NF-kappaB, which was mediated through activation of c-Src kinase, followed by mitogen-activated protein kinases (p38, ERK 1/2, JNK-1) and the I kappaB kinase - I kappaB-alpha. Inhibitors of protein kinase C and tyrosine kinase, antioxidants and intracellular calcium chelator suppressed myoglobin-induced activation of c-Src kinase. Losartan and simvastatin suppressed myoglobin-induced VCAM-1 expression via inhibition of c-Src kinase.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes myoglobin induce vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression through c-Src kinase-activator protein-1/nuclear factor-kappaB pathways?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nPeople with Type D-Distressed-personality have a general tendency towards increased negative affectivity (NA), while at the same time inhibiting these emotions in social situations (SI). Type D personality is associated with an increased risk of adverse outcomes in patients with cardiovascular disease. Whether Type D personality is a cardiovascular risk factor in healthy populations remains to be investigated. In the present study, the relations between Type D personality and classical cardiovascular risk factors, i.e. metabolic syndrome and lifestyle were investigated in a Dutch community sample. In a cross-sectional study 1592 participants were included, aged 20-80 years. Metabolic syndrome was defined by self-report, following the International Diabetes Federation-IDF-guidelines including an increased waist circumference, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and diabetes. In addition lifestyle factors smoking, alcohol use, exercise and dietary habits were examined. Metabolic syndrome prevalence was stratified by Type D personality (a high score on both NA and SI), lifestyle and confounders age, gender, having a partner, higher education level, cardiac history, family history of cardiovascular disease. Metabolic syndrome was more prevalent in persons with a Type D personality (13% vs. 6%). Persons with Type D personality made poorer lifestyle choices, adhered less to the physical activity norm (OR = 1.5, 95%CI = 1.1-2.0, p = .02), had a less varied diet (OR = 0.50, 95%CI = 0.40-0.70, p < .0005), and were less likely to restrict their fat intake (OR = 0.70, 95%CI = 0.50-0.90, p = .01). Type D personality was related to a twofold increased risk of metabolic syndrome (OR = 2.2, 95%CI = 1.2-4.0, p = .011), independent of lifestyle factors and confounders.\n\nQuestion:\nIs type D personality associated with increased metabolic syndrome prevalence and an unhealthy lifestyle in a cross-sectional Dutch community sample?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nHuman xenograft models, resulting from orthotopic transplantation (implantation into the anatomically correct site) of histologically intact tissue into animals, are important for investigating local tumor growth, vascular and lymphatic invasion at the primary tumor site and metastasis. We used surgical orthotopic transplantation to establish a nude mouse model of primary hepatic lymphoma (PHL), HLBL-0102. We performed orthotopic transfer of the HLBL-0102 tumor for 42 generations and characterized the tumor cells. The maintenance of PHL characteristics were supported by immunohistochemical and cytogenetic analysis. We also report the antitumor effect of Cantide, an antisense phosphorothioate oligonucleotide against hTERT, on the growth of HLBL-0102 tumors. We showed a significant, dose-dependent inhibition of tumor weight and serum LDH activity in the orthotopically transplanted animals by Cantide. Importantly, survival was prolonged in Cantide-treated HLBL-0102 tumor-bearing mice when compared to mock-treated mice.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes antisense oligonucleotide against hTERT ( Cantide ) inhibit tumor growth in an orthotopic primary hepatic lymphoma mouse model?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nSeveral therapeutic strategies that target nucleic acids exist; however, most approaches target messenger RNA, rather than genomic DNA. We describe a novel oligonucleotide-based strategy, called anti-gene padlocks (AGPs), which eliminate Escherichia coli based on their genotype. The strategy employs an oligonucleotide with a double hairpin structure where both strands of the AGP are complementary to both strands of a target gene. We tested AGPs for in vitro binding and inhibition of DNA polymerization. AGPs were electroporated into bacterial cells with and without gene targets along with an ampicillin resistance plasmid, and cell survival was measured. In vitro, AGPs bound the DNA target in a sequence-dependent fashion and inhibited DNA synthesis. When transformed into bacterial cells containing 10, 20 or 30 bp lacZ or 20 bp proA DNA targets in their genomes, AGPs selectively killed or otherwise inhibited growth of these cells, while those lacking the target demonstrated little, if any, toxicity. A single transformation resulted in approximately 30% to 40% loss of target-bearing cells. Structure-function experiments were performed to define essential AGP requirements.\n\nQuestion:\nDo anti-gene padlocks eliminate Escherichia coli based on their genotype?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nRenal fibrosis characterized by accumulation of extracellular matrix protein results in chronic renal diseases including diabetic nephropathy. Transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) signaling pathway plays a key role in mediating renal fibrosis. Hence, agents that antagonize TGF-β signaling could be candidate for kidney disease therapy. We established renal fibrosis model both in vitro with fibroblast cells treated with rhTGF-β1 and streptozocin(STZ)-induced diabetic nephropathy rats model in vivo and evaluated the effect of the aqueous extract of Lycopus lucidus Turcz, the blood-circulation-promoting Chinese herb, on diabetic nephropathy and investigated the mechanism of action. We found that Lycopus suppressed rhTGF-β1-induced Smad2 and ERK1/2 activation, down-regulated the expression of TGF-βRI, TGF-βRII, Smad4 and Smad7 in SV40 MES13 cells without inhibiting cell viability. In vivo, lycopus inhibited Smad2 phosphorylation, reduced mRNA level of TGF-β1, ameliorated expansion of the mesangial area in glomerular tissue and reduced the levels of Scr and BUN of serum and total-SOD (superoxide dismutase) activity in STZ-induced diabetic rats.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes the aqueous extract of Lycopus lucidus Turcz ameliorate streptozotocin-induced diabetic renal damage via inhibiting TGF-β1 signaling pathway?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nMatrix rigidity has important effects on cell behavior and is increased during liver fibrosis; however, its effect on primary hepatocyte function is unknown. We hypothesized that increased matrix rigidity in fibrotic livers would activate mechanotransduction in hepatocytes and lead to inhibition of liver-specific functions. To determine the physiologically relevant ranges of matrix stiffness at the cellular level, we performed detailed atomic force microscopy analysis across liver lobules from normal and fibrotic livers. We determined that normal liver matrix stiffness was around 150 Pa and increased to 1-6 kPa in areas near fibrillar collagen deposition in fibrotic livers. In vitro culture of primary hepatocytes on collagen matrix of tunable rigidity demonstrated that fibrotic levels of matrix stiffness had profound effects on cytoskeletal tension and significantly inhibited hepatocyte-specific functions. Normal liver stiffness maintained functional gene regulation by hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha (HNF4α), whereas fibrotic matrix stiffness inhibited the HNF4α transcriptional network. Fibrotic levels of matrix stiffness activated mechanotransduction in primary hepatocytes through focal adhesion kinase. In addition, blockade of the Rho/Rho-associated protein kinase pathway rescued HNF4α expression from hepatocytes cultured on stiff matrix.\n\nQuestion:\nDo physiological ranges of matrix rigidity modulate primary mouse hepatocyte function in part through hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nNatriuretic peptides including N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) are established biomarkers in heart failure. However, their prognostic value in the general population is less well established. The purpose of our study was to investigate the prognostic properties of NT-proBNP for death and cardiovascular (CV) events in the general population. In the population-based Prevention of Renal and Vascular End-stage Disease (PREVEND) study, 8383 subjects were prospectively followed for a median period of 7.5 years. There were 4181 (49.9%) males and 4202 (50.1%) females, mean age was 49.3 +/- 12.7 years (range 28-75). Median NT-proBNP at baseline was 37.7 pg/mL (IQR 16.8-73.8). All-cause death occurred in 437 (5.2%) subjects and there were 557 (6.6%) CV events. Higher levels of plasma NT-proBNP were related to higher event rates. When adjusted for age, gender, and other relevant covariates, each doubling of NT-proBNP remained significantly associated with a 22% increased risk for all-cause mortality (P < 0.001) and a 16% increased risk of CV events (P < 0.001).\n\nQuestion:\nIs n-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide an independent predictor of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the general population?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo describe a case of extramacular myelinated retinal nerve fibers disappearing after pars plana vitrectomy for an epiretinal membrane and macular edema. Interventional case report. A 61-year-old African-American man with extramacular myelinated retinal nerve fibers underwent pars plana vitrectomy for an epiretinal membrane. A posterior vitreous detachment was present preoperatively. Humidified air was used. A gas bubble was placed for an intraoperative macular hole. Nine months after surgery, the myelinated retinal nerve fibers had disappeared.\n\nQuestion:\nDo disappearance of myelinated retinal nerve fibers after pars plana vitrectomy?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nIL-23 expression is increased in psoriatic lesions and might regulate TH17 T-cell counts in patients with psoriasis. We sought to test a novel IL-23-specific therapeutic agent for the treatment of psoriasis. In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study the safety, tolerability, and clinical response of guselkumab, an anti-IL-23-specific mAb, were evaluated in patients with moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis. A total of 24 patients were randomized to receive a single dose of placebo or 10, 30, 100, or 300 mg of guselkumab. Clinical response was assessed by using the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI). Additionally, histologic analysis and gene expression in skin biopsy specimens from guselkumab-treated patients were compared with those from placebo-treated patients. At week 12, 50% (10 mg), 60% (30 and 100 mg), and 100% (300 mg) of guselkumab-treated patients, respectively, achieved a 75% improvement in PASI scores from baseline compared with 0% of placebo-treated patients. Improvements in PASI scores were generally maintained through week 24 in all guselkumab-treated patients. The proportion of patients experiencing an adverse event was comparable between the combined guselkumab (13/20 [65.0%]) and placebo (2/4 [50.0%]) groups through week 24. Analysis of lesional and nonlesional skin biopsy specimens demonstrated decreases in epidermal thickness and T-cell and dendritic cell expression in guselkumab-treated patients compared with values seen in placebo-treated patients. At week 12, significant reductions in psoriasis gene expression and serum IL-17A levels were observed in guselkumab-treated patients.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes guselkumab ( an IL-23-specific mAb ) demonstrate clinical and molecular response in patients with moderate-to-severe psoriasis?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nWe performed perfusion computed tomography (P-CT) and angiography of the pancreas in patients with severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) and compared the usefulness of these two methods in predicting the development of pancreatic necrosis. We compared P-CT and angiography results taken within 3 days after symptom onset in 21 SAP patients. We divided the pancreas into three areas, the head, body, and tail, and examined each area for perfusion defects (via P-CT) and arterial vasospasms (by angiography). Three weeks later, all patients underwent contrast-enhanced CT to determine whether pancreatic necrosis had developed. Of the 21 SAP patients, 16 exhibited perfusion defects, while 17 proved positive for vasospasms in at least one area. Fourteen patients developed pancreatic necrosis. Of the 63 pancreatic areas from the 21 SAP patients, perfusion defects appeared in 25 areas (39.7%), 24 of which showed vasospasms (96.0%). Angiography showed 33 areas with vasospasms (52.4%), of which 24 showed perfusion defects (72.7%). Of the 25 areas with perfusion defects, 21 developed pancreatic necrosis (84.0%). Of the 33 areas with vasospasms, 21 developed necrosis (63.6%). Pancreatic necrosis developed only in the areas positive both for perfusion defects and for vasospasms. No areas without perfusion defect or vasospasms developed pancreatic necrosis. P-CT predicted the development of pancreatic necrosis with significantly higher accuracy than angiography.\n\nQuestion:\nIs perfusion CT superior to angiography in predicting pancreatic necrosis in patients with severe acute pancreatitis?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo investigate the genetic basis for autosomal recessive cone-rod dystrophy (CRD) in a consanguineous Israeli Jewish family. Patients underwent a detailed ophthalmic evaluation, including eye examination, visual field testing, optical coherence tomography (OCT), and electrophysiological tests, electroretinography (ERG) and visual evoked potential (VEP). Genome-wide homozygosity mapping using a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array was performed to identify homozygous regions shared among two of the affected individuals. Mutation screening of the underlying gene was performed with direct sequencing. In silico and in vitro analyses were used to predict the effect of the identified mutation on splicing. The affected family members are three siblings who have various degrees of progressive visual deterioration, glare, color vision abnormalities, and night vision difficulties. Visual field tests revealed central scotomas of different extension. Cone and rod ERG responses were reduced, with cones more severely affected. Homozygosity mapping revealed several homozygous intervals shared among two of the affected individuals. One included the PROM1 gene. Sequence analysis of the 26 coding exons of PROM1 in one affected individual revealed no mutations in the coding sequence or in intronic splice sites. However, in intron 21, proximate to the intron-exon junction, we observed a homozygous 10 bp deletion between positions -26 and -17 (c.2281-26_-17del). The deletion was linked to a known SNP, c.2281-6C>G. The deletion cosegregated with the disease in the family, and was not detected in public databases or in 101 ethnically-matched control individuals. In silico analysis predicted that this deletion would lead to altered intron 21 splicing. Bioinformatic analysis predicted that a recognition site for the SRSF2 splicing factor is located within the deleted sequence. The in vitro splicing assay demonstrated that c.2281-26_-17del leads to complete exon 22 skipping.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes an intronic deletion in the PROM1 gene lead to autosomal recessive cone-rod dystrophy?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nClopidogrel, a widely used antiplatelet drug, exhibits high interindividual variability; more than 80% of which could be explained by genetic polymorphisms. We built an allele frequency map of variants affecting clopidogrel response in north Indians. We mined a cross-sectional population-scale genome-wide dataset of 2128 Indo-Europeans residing in north India for presence of variants associated with pharmacogenetics of clopidogrel. Our analysis reveals significant differences in population-scale allele frequencies between Indians and the global population. Indians had a higher allele frequency for variants in the CYP2C9*2, CYP2C9*3 and P2RY1 genes whereas lower frequency for the ABCB1, CYP1A2, CYP2C19*2C, CYP3A5 and PON1 genes compared with the global population. Furthermore, from our study we proposed a model to explain the higher prevalence of clopidogrel metabolizers in north Indians.\n\nQuestion:\nDo pharmacogenetic landscape of clopidogrel in north Indians suggest distinct interpopulation differences in allele frequencies?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo study the relationships between dietary macronutrient intakes and age-related changes in cognitive functions. We investigated these associations in the prevalence survey (1992 through 1993) of the Italian Longitudinal Study on Aging (ILSA). The population-based sample of 5,632 subjects of the ILSA, age 65 to 84 years, was identified from the electoral rolls of eight Italian municipalities. In this study, standardized test batteries assessing global cognitive functions (Mini-Mental State Examination [MMSE]), selective attention (Digit Cancellation Test [DCT]), and episodic memory (Babcock Story Recall Test), and a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire evaluating macronutrient energy intakes, were performed on 278 nondemented elderly subjects from the randomized cohort of Casamassima, Bari (n = 704). There was an inverse relationship between monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) energy intake and cognitive decline (MMSE < 24). The effect of education on the odds of having a MMSE score <24 decreased exponentially with the increase of MUFA intakes (over 2,400 kJ; odds ratio, 0.69). Moreover, a significant inverse association was observed between MUFA intakes and DCT score (odds ratio, 0.99). No association was found between nutritional variables and episodic memory.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes high monounsaturated fatty acids intake protect against age-related cognitive decline?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe infusion of dextrose in patients receiving epidural and light general anesthesia or general anesthesia alone failed to achieve a positive protein balance. We sought to verify the hypothesis that nutritional supplementation with i.v. amino acids induced a greater protein balance in patients receiving epidural blockade compared with those receiving general anesthesia. Sixteen patients were randomly assigned to receive either general anesthesia with desflurane (control group) or general anesthesia combined with epidural analgesia (EDA group). A primed constant infusion of stable isotope tracers L-[1-(13)C]leucine and [6,6-(2)H2]glucose was started after a 32-h fast before surgery, (3 h of fasted state), and continued for 3 h during surgery during which amino acids were infused i.v. (fed state). Compared with the fasted state, the endogenous rate of appearance of leucine decreased to a similar extent in both groups, and protein synthesis increased, with no difference between the two groups. Leucine oxidation did not change in either group. After amino acids infusion, endogenous glucose production remained unchanged and glucose clearance decreased in both groups. Blood glucose, plasma cortisol, serum insulin, and glucagon concentrations increased to the same extent in both groups.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes intraoperative infusion of amino acids induce anabolism independent of the type of anesthesia?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nAlthough several studies have investigated the association between cholesterol and dementia, few have examined cholesterol and decline across cognitive domains. We examined serum total and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, total-to-HDL ratio, and trajectories across cognitive domains. Participants were 436 community-residing women (70-79 years old) in the Women's Health and Aging Study II; they were screened to be physically high-functioning and cognitively intact at baseline. Cognition and other health-related variables were assessed at five intervals spanning 9 years. Cognitive assessments included Trail Making Test Parts A (TMT-A) and B (TMT-B), Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised, Purdue Pegboard, and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). The association between baseline levels of serum lipids and cognitive trajectories were evaluated using Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE). Covariates included age, education, race, vascular disease, serum creatinine, depression, and lipid-lowering medications. In multivariate analyses, baseline higher total (p =.02) and HDL (p =.03) cholesterol were associated with better performance on the Purdue Pegboard. Using clinical cholesterol cutoffs, baseline serum total cholesterol levels >240 mg/dL were associated with the best performance (p =.02). Baseline lipids were not associated with any other cognitive tests; there were no Lipid x Time interactions.\n\nQuestion:\nIs baseline serum cholesterol selectively associated with motor speed and not rates of cognitive decline : the Women 's Health and Aging Study II?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nRemote ischemic postconditoning, a phenomenon in which brief ischemic stimuli of 1 organ protect another organ against an ischemic insult, has been demonstrated to protect the myocardium and adult brain in animal models. However, mediators of the protection and underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that remote limb ischemic postconditioning applied immediately after hypoxia provides neuroprotection in a rat model of neonatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI) by mechanisms involving activation of the opioid receptor/phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/Akt signaling pathway. HI was induced in postnatal Day 10 rat pups by unilateral carotid ligation and 2 hours of hypoxia. Limb ischemic postconditioning was induced by 4 conditioning cycles of 10 minutes of ischemia and reperfusion on both hind limbs immediately after HI. The opioid antagonist naloxone, phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase inhibitor wortmannin, or opioid agonist morphine was administered to determine underlying mechanisms. Infarct volume, brain atrophy, and neurological outcomes after HI were evaluated. Expression of phosphorylated Akt, Bax, and phosphorylated ERK1/2 was determined by Western blotting. Limb ischemic postconditioning significantly reduced infarct volume at 48 hours and improved functional outcomes at 4 weeks after HI. Naloxone and wortmannin abrogated the postconditioning-mediated infarct-limiting effect. Morphine given immediately after hypoxia also decreased infarct volume. Furthermore, limb ischemic postconditioning recovered Akt activity and decreased Bax expression, whereas no differences in phosphorylated ERK1/2expression were observed.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes remote limb ischemic postconditioning protect against neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in rat pups by the opioid receptor/Akt pathway?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nChronic kidney disease (CKD) impairs thyroid hormone (TH) metabolism and is associated with low serum triiodothyronine (T3) concentrations in patients with a low glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Whether this results from decreased T3 formation from thyroxine (T4) by impaired 5'-deiodinase (DIO) activity and/or enhanced degradation of T3 and increased reverse triiodothyronine (rT3) formation from T4 by elevated 5-DIO activity remains unclear. Both activating 5'- and the inactivating 5-deiodination of TH are catalyzed by three selenium (Se)-dependent DIO isoenzymes. Selenoprotein P (SePP) is the major constituent of serum selenium, and functions as Se transport protein from liver to kidney and several other organs. This study tested the hypothesis that serum SePP and TH status are associated with the degree of renal impairment in patients with CKD. A total of 180 CKD patients (stages 1-5) and 70 chronic hemodialysis (CHD) patients undergoing hemodialysis three times per week for at least two years were prospectively investigated for clinical data, parameters of renal function, serum TH profile (thyrotropin, T4, free thyroxine [fT4], T3, free triiodothyronine (fT3), rT3, thyroxine-binding globulin [TBG]), C-reactive protein (CRP), and serum SePP. In CKD patients, renal function was negatively associated with SePP concentration (standardized β = -0.17, p = 0.029); that is, SePP concentrations increased in more advanced CKD stages. In contrast, significantly lower SePP concentrations were found in patients on hemodialysis compared with CKD patients (M ± SD = 2.7 ± 0.8 mg/L vs. 3.3 ± .9 mg/L; p < 0.001). Notably, in CKD patients, the SePP concentration was negatively associated with T4 (standardized β = -0.16, p = 0.039) and fT4 (standardized β = -0.16, p = 0.039) concentrations, but no association was found with T3, fT3, rT3, T3/T4, rT3/T3, rT3/T4, or TBG concentrations. The SePP concentration was also negatively associated with CRP levels (standardized β = -0.17, p = 0.029). In the CHD group, no association was detected between SePP and the investigated TH parameters.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes chronic Kidney Disease Distinctly affect Relationship Between Selenoprotein P Status and Serum Thyroid Hormone Parameters?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nMedial opening wedge high tibial osteotomy (HTO) is a realignment of the lower limb. Despite accurate preoperative planning and careful surgical techniques, many HTOs result in alignment correction errors. These alignment correction errors may be due to soft tissue laxity around the knee such as varus or valgus laxity. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of varus and valgus laxity of the knee and alignment correction errors, and to have a formula to predict the subsequent degree of these correction errors. Fifty knees from 41 patients undergoing opening wedge HTO for knee osteoarthritis were involved. Standing full-length anteroposterior radiographs of the lower limb and the tibia, and varus and valgus stress radiographs of the knee were used to evaluate alignment and joint laxity. Parameters were global correction (the change in the hip-knee-ankle angle), bony correction (the change in the medial proximal tibial angle), and soft tissue correction (global correction - bony correction). The average of global correction, bony correction, and soft tissue correction were 12.8° ± 4.3°, 9.4° ± 3.2°, and 3.4° ± 2.5°, respectively. Preoperative varus laxity was moderately correlated with soft tissue correction (R = 0.58), and in which the slope of the line in the scatter plot represented 0.59, implying that soft tissue correction increases by 0.59° for every 1° of preoperative varus laxity.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes preoperative varus laxity correlate with overcorrection in medial opening wedge high tibial osteotomy?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nInflammatory bowel diseases consist of uncontrolled intestinal inflammation leading to mucosal disruption. Polyphenols are micronutrients with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and may play an interesting role in the prevention of intestinal inflammation. Lemon verbena (Aloysia triphylla (L'Herit.) Britton, Verbenaceae) infusion is a popular herbal drink rich in polyphenols. This study evaluated the protective effects of lemon verbena infusion consumption on the development of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in rats. The infusion was given to rats as a drink providing 82 µmol polyphenols day(-1) for 21 days. Colitis was induced with 40 g l(-1) DSS in the drink for the last 7 days. Lemon verbena infusion treatment restored body weight gain and prevented colonic shortening. Despite no protective effect on myeloperoxidase activity, A. triphylla infusion limited histological colonic alterations.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes aloysia triphylla infusion protect rats against dextran sulfate sodium-induced colonic damage?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nActivated factor VII (FVIIa) is a very potent coagulant and may be a key determinant of the outcome of a cardiovascular event. The main determinants of FVIIa are the R353Q polymorphism and dietary fat intake, which may have an interactive effect. The objective was to investigate whether the response of FVIIa to a fat-rich breakfast varies across genotypes of the R353Q polymorphism. Ninety-one apparently healthy elderly women (>60 y of age), 56 with the RR genotype and 35 with the RQ or QQ genotype, participated in a randomized, controlled crossover study. Subjects received 5 breakfasts, each on a separate day: 1 low-fat control breakfast and 4 high-fat test breakfasts. Blood samples were taken for measurement of FVIIa at 0800 before each breakfast (fasting) and at 1300 and 1500. The mean (+/-SD) fasting FVIIa concentration was 93.3 +/- 26.7 U/L in women with the RR genotype, 49.3 +/- 19.1 U/L in those with the RQ genotype and 39.5 +/- 17.2 U/L in those with the QQ genotype. The mean absolute response to all 4 test breakfasts was 37.0 U/L in those with the RR genotype and 16. 1 U/L in those carrying the Q allele (P < 0.001 for difference). Likewise, the FVIIa response relative to fasting FVIIa was significantly higher in women homozygous for the R allele.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes postprandial response of activated factor VII in elderly women depend on the R353Q polymorphism?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nCirculating levels of endothelin-1 are increased in sepsis and correlate with severity of disease. A rapid and easy immunoassay has been developed to measure the more stable ET-1 precursor peptides proET-1. The objective of this study was to assess the diagnostic and prognostic value of proET-1 in a prospective cohort of mainly septic patients with community-acquired pneumonia. We evaluated 281 consecutive patients with community acquired pneumonia. Serum proET-1 plasma levels were measured using a new sandwich immunoassay. ProET-1 levels exhibited a gradual increase depending on the clinical severity of pneumonia as assessed by the pneumonia severity index (PSI) and the CURB65 scores (p < 0.001 and p < 0.01). The diagnostic accuracy to predict bacteraemia of procalcitonin (AUC 0.84 [95% 0.74-0.93]) was superior than C-reactive protein (AUC 0.67 [95%CI 0.56-0.78]) and leukocyte count (AUC 0.66 [95%CI 0.55-0.78]) and in the range of proET-1(AUC of 0.77 [95%CI 0.67-0.86]). ProET-1 levels on admission were increased in patients with adverse medical outcomes including death and need for ICU admission. ROC curve analysis to predict the risk for mortality showed a prognostic accuracy of proET-1 (AUC 0.64 [95%CI 0.53-0.74]), which was higher than C-reactive protein (AUC 0.51 [95%CI 0.41-0.61]) and leukocyte count (AUC 0.55 [95%CI 0.44-0.65]) and within the range of the clinical severity scores (PSI AUC 0.69 [95%CI 0.61-0.76] and CURB65 0.67 [95%CI 0.57-0.77]) and procalcitonin (AUC 0.59 [95% 0.51-0.67]). ProET-1 determination improved significantly the prognostic accuracy of the CURB65 score (AUC of the combined model 0.69 [95%CI 0.59-0.79]). In a multivariate logistic regression model, only proET1 and the clinical severity scores were independent predictors for death and for the need for ICU admission.\n\nQuestion:\nDo endothelin-1 precursor peptides correlate with severity of disease and outcome in patients with community acquired pneumonia?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nA major challenge in evolutionary biology is to understand the typically complex interactions between diverse counter-balancing factors of Darwinian selection for size assortative mating and sexual size dimorphism. It appears that rarely a simple mechanism could provide a major explanation of these phenomena. Mechanics of behaviors can predict animal morphology, such like adaptations to locomotion in animals from various of taxa, but its potential to predict size-assortative mating and its evolutionary consequences has been less explored. Mate-grasping by males, using specialized adaptive morphologies of their forelegs, midlegs or even antennae wrapped around female body at specific locations, is a general mating strategy of many animals, but the contribution of the mechanics of this wide-spread behavior to the evolution of mating behavior and sexual size dimorphism has been largely ignored. Here, we explore the consequences of a simple, and previously ignored, fact that in a grasping posture the position of the male's grasping appendages relative to the female's body is often a function of body size difference between the sexes. Using an approach taken from robot mechanics we model coercive grasping of females by water strider Gerris gracilicornis males during mating initiation struggles. We determine that the male optimal size (relative to the female size), which gives the males the highest grasping force, properly predicts the experimentally measured highest mating success. Through field sampling and simulation modeling of a natural population we determine that the simple mechanical model, which ignores most of the other hypothetical counter-balancing selection pressures on body size, is sufficient to account for size-assortative mating pattern as well as species-specific sexual dimorphism in body size of G. gracilicornis.\n\nQuestion:\nAre size-assortative mating and sexual size dimorphism predictable from simple mechanics of mate-grasping behavior?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nExcision of large right atrial masses requires bicaval cannulation and cardiopulmonary bypass. Safe venous cannulation can be accomplished only by knowing the exact intracavitary location and extension of the mass to avoid fragmentation. Transthoracic echocardiography and intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography, although helpful, cannot always define the exact intracavitary relationships of the tumor. We have used both intraoperative transesophageal and epicardial echocardiography to guide venous cannulation in 4 patients with large right atrial masses. Both echo images are used by the surgeon to select the exact site and method of cannulation to avoid fragmentation of the mass. Epicardial echocardiography complemented the images obtained by transesophageal echocardiography. The technique of combined transesophageal and epicardial echocardiography allowed safe venous cannulation in all 4 patients. Each of the right atrial masses was safely excised using case-specific cannulation techniques guided by the echocardiographic images.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes echocardiography allow safer venous cannulation during excision of large right atrial masses?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nIt is important to detect splenomegaly as it can have important diagnostic implications. Previous studies, however, have shown that the traditional physical examination is limited in its ability to rule in or rule out splenomegaly. To determine if performing point-of-care ultrasonography (POCUS) in addition to the traditional physical examination improves the sensitivity and specificity for diagnosing splenomegaly. This was a prospective trial of diagnostic accuracy. Physical and sonographic examinations for splenomegaly were performed by students, residents and attending physicians enrolled in an ultrasound training course. Participants received less than 1 h training for ultrasound diagnosis of splenomegaly. The findings were compared to radiographic interpretation of gold standard studies. Hospitalized adult patients at an academic medical center without severe abdominal pain or recent surgery who had abdominal CT, MRI or ultrasound performed within previous 48 h. Thirty-nine subjects were enrolled. Five patients had splenomegaly (12.5 %). The physical examination for splenomegaly had a sensitivity of 40 % (95 % CI 12-77 %) and specificity of 88 % (95 % CI 74-95 %) while physical examination plus POCUS had a sensitivity of 100 % (95 % CI 57-100 %) and specificity of 74 % (95 % CI 57-85 %). Physical examination alone for splenomegaly had an LR+ of 3.4 (95 % CI 0.83-14) and LR- of 0.68 (95 % CI 0.33-1.41); for physical exam plus POCUS the LR+ was 3.8 (2.16-6.62) and LR- was 0.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes point-of-care ultrasonography improve the diagnosis of splenomegaly in hospitalized patients?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nCystatin C is the most abundant protease inhibitor in the plasma. Low plasma levels have been found in patients with aortic aneurysms and they seem correlated with the extension of the aortic lesions in early aneurysms detected by ultrasonography. In this study, plasma levels of cystatin C have been investigated in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI), unstable angina and controls. The effect on plasma levels of the G73A polymorphism of the CST3 gene has been also evaluated. Patients with acute myocardial infarction showed significantly lower levels of cystatin C compared to unstable angina and controls, but levels were nearly normal in a week after the acute event. The genotype distribution of the G73A polymorphism was not different among the groups. Nevertheless, cystatin C levels decreased proportionally with the number of A alleles. Cystatin C levels were positively correlated with age, triglyceride/HDL cholesterol ratio and creatinine, and negatively with HDL cholesterol and the number of A alleles. All variables, but not HDL cholesterol, were independently correlated in a multivariate analysis.\n\nQuestion:\nAre cystatin C levels decreased in acute myocardial infarction : effect of cystatin C G73A gene polymorphism on plasma levels?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nRecombinant human bone morphogenetic protein (rhBMP)-2 is a potent osteoinductive agent; however, its clinical use has been reduced because of safety and efficacy concerns. In preclinical studies involving a critical-sized defect in a rat model, sclerostin antibody (Scl-Ab) treatment increased bone formation within the defect but did not result in reliable healing. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate bone repair of a critical-sized femoral defect in a rat model with use of local implantation of rhBMP-2 combined with systemic administration of Scl-Ab. A critical-sized femoral defect was created in rats randomized into three treatment groups: local rhBMP-2 and systemic Scl-Ab (Scl + BMP), local rhBMP-2 alone, and collagen sponge alone (operative control). The Scl + BMP group received local rhBMP-2 (10 μg) on a collagen sponge placed within the defect intraoperatively and then twice weekly injections of Scl-Ab (25 mg/kg) administered postoperatively. The femora were evaluated at twelve weeks with use of radiography, microcomputed tomography (microCT), histomorphometric analysis, and biomechanical testing. At twelve weeks, all Scl + BMP and rhBMP-2 only samples were healed. No femora healed in the operative control group. Histomorphometric analysis demonstrated more bone in the Scl + BMP samples than in the samples treated with rhBMP-2 alone (p = 0.029) and the control samples (p = 0.003). MicroCT revealed that the Scl + BMP group had a 90% greater bone volume within the defect region compared with the rhBMP-2 group and a 350% greater bone volume compared with the operative control group (p < 0.001). Biomechanical testing showed that the group treated with Scl + BMP had greater torsional strength and rigidity compared with the rhBMP-2 group (p < 0.001 and p = 0.047) and the intact femoral control group (p < 0.001). Torque to failure was lower in the rhBMP-2 group compared with the intact femoral control group (p < 0.002). Mean energy to failure was higher in the Scl + BMP samples compared with the rhBMP-2 only samples (p = 0.001).\n\nQuestion:\nDoes systemic Administration of Sclerostin Antibody enhance Bone Morphogenetic Protein-Induced Femoral Defect Repair in a Rat Model?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nLow intelligence is a risk factor for functional somatic symptoms (FSSs) in adults, but it is unknown whether a similar association exists in adolescents. We hypothesized that low intelligence may lead to FSS, and that this association is mediated by low school performance. In addition, we hypothesized that this mediation is particularly present in adolescents who perceive high parental expectations. This study was performed in a general population cohort from the TRacking Adolescents' Individual Lives Survey, using data from the first wave (n = 2,230, mean age = 11.09 years, SD = .56, 50.8% girls), second wave (n = 2,149, mean age = 13.65 years, SD = .53, 51.0% girls), and third wave (n = 1,816, mean age = 16.25 years, SD = .72, 53.3% girls). Intelligence was measured using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised, which resulted in an intelligence quotient (IQ) for each participant. FSSs were measured by the Somatic Complaints Scale of the Youth Self-Report. School performance was assessed by teacher reports and perceived parental expectations by adolescent reports. Structural equation modeling was used to test our hypotheses. We found a significant negative association between IQ and FSS in the whole group (β = -.24). This association was significant in the group perceiving high parental expectations (β = -.37), but not in the group perceiving low parental expectations. The association between IQ and FSS was not mediated by school performance.\n\nQuestion:\nAre adolescents with low intelligence at risk of functional somatic symptoms : the TRAILS study?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nAneuploidy and chromosomal instability (CIN) are common features of human malignancy that fuel genetic heterogeneity. Although tolerance to tetraploidisation, an intermediate state that further exacerbates CIN, is frequently mediated by TP53 dysfunction, we find that some genome-doubled tumours retain wild-type TP53 We sought to understand how tetraploid cells with a functional p53/p21-axis tolerate genome-doubling events. We performed quantitative proteomics in a diploid/tetraploid pair within a system of multiple independently-derived TP53 wild-type tetraploid clones arising spontaneously from a diploid progenitor. We characterised adapted and acute tetraploidisation in a variety of flow cytometry and biochemical assays and tested our findings against human tumours through bioinformatics analysis of the TCGA dataset. Cyclin D1 was found to be specifically overexpressed in early but not late passage tetraploid clones, and this overexpression was sufficient to promote tolerance to spontaneous and pharmacologically-induced tetraploidy. We provide evidence that this role extends to D-type cyclins and their overexpression confers specific proliferative advantage to tetraploid cells. We demonstrate that tetraploid clones exhibit elevated levels of functional p53 and p21 but override the p53/p21 checkpoint by elevated expression of cyclin D1, via a stoichiometry-dependent and CDK activity-independent mechanism. Tetraploid cells do not exhibit increased sensitivity to abemaciclib, suggesting that cyclin D-overexpressing tumours might not be specifically amenable to treatment with CDK4/6 inhibitors.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes cyclin D mediate tolerance of genome-doubling in cancers with functional p53?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe radial artery is frequently the second graft of choice after the left internal thoracic artery in coronary artery bypass graft surgery. However, the optimal radial artery proximal anastomosis site remains controversial. The aim of the present study was to compare the radial artery patency according to its use as either an aorta-radial artery graft or composite radial artery graft in coronary artery bypass grafting. A total of 1735 patients received coronary artery bypass grafting using the radial artery between January 2001 and July 2007, of whom 893 received serial computed tomographic coronary angiographies; these patients formed the basis of the current study. The patients were divided into 2 groups: group I (direct radial artery to aortic anastomosis, n = 451 patients) and group II (radial artery composite grafting with the left internal thoracic artery, n = 442 patients). The number of distal radial artery anastomoses performed in group I was 657 and 749 in group II. Sequential bypassing was performed in 399 patients. The early patency rate was significantly higher in group I than in group II (98.3% vs 94.5%; P = .004). The 1-, 2-, and 5-year patency rates were also higher in group I than in group II (93.8% +/- 1.2%, 90.5% +/- 1.6%, and 74.3% +/- 6.1%, vs 90.5% +/- 1.4%, 85.3% +/- 1.9%, and 65.2% +/- 4.2%, respectively; P = .004). Multivariate analysis showed composite grafting (P = .02), the degree of target vessel stenosis <90% (P = .001), and the target revascularization site (P = .005) to be significant risk factors for occlusion.\n\nQuestion:\nIs comparison of radial artery patency according to proximal anastomosis site : direct aorta to radial artery anastomosis superior to radial artery composite grafting?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo study the frequency response characteristic of the MRI signal receiver system as a contributing factor to the formation of Nyquist ghosting in echo-planar imaging (EPI). Experimental work was undertaken on a 1.5 T system. A cylindrical test object filled with water was imaged axially with EPI in the center of the quadrature, transmit-receive head coil. In the first set of experiments, the water conductivity was increased progressively with the addition of salt between EPI acquisitions. In the second set of experiments, the conductivity of the water in the test object was kept constant and EPI images were acquired at several different bandwidths. A computer simulation was also implemented to demonstrate the impact of changes in the frequency response characteristic of the signal receiver system on EPI Nyquist ghosting. Experimental and simulation results showed that Nyquist ghosting increased with the variation of the frequency response characteristic within the effective frequency range determined by the image bandwidth. One can increase the variation in the frequency response characteristic by increasing its steepness over the image's bandwidth window when coil loading is decreased, or by increasing the effective frequency range when image bandwidth is increased.\n\nQuestion:\nDo mRI receiver frequency response as a contributor to Nyquist ghosting in echo planar imaging?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThis prospective observational study investigated if N-terminal probrain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), a cardiac biomarker, correlated with cerebral tissue oxygen saturation (crSO2) in preterm infants on their first day of life. Using near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), crSO2 was measured on the right forehead of preterm infants for 24 h. We also recorded arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2 ) and calculated fractional tissue oxygen extraction (cFTOE) values. At the end of the NIRS measurement, blood was taken to analyse NT-proBNP. Mean values for the 24-h period were calculated for crSO2 , cFTOE, SpO2 and these values were correlated to NT-proBNP. An echocardiography was performed in all infants during the measurement period. We analysed 35 preterm neonates (33 ± 2 weeks, 1965 ± 523 g). NIRS measurements started at 3 ± 1 h and blood samples were taken at 24 ± 5 h postnatal. Echocardiography showed an open ductus arteriosus in all infants. Mean NT-proBNP was 4978 ± 3566 pg/mL, crSO2 was 76 ± 8%, and cFTOE was 0.20 ± 0.08. NT-proBNP correlated negatively with crSO2 (r = -0.75; p ≤ 0.001) and positively with cFTOE (r = 0.731; p ≤ 0.001).\n\nQuestion:\nIs cerebral tissue oxygen saturation associated with N-terminal probrain natriuretic peptide in preterm infants on their first day of life?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nIt is commonly accepted that antibody-mediated removal of platelets represents a major mechanism of platelet destruction in immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). Although complement activation may participate in platelet clearance, frequency and specificity of complement activation have not yet been studied systematically in ITP. We examined blood samples from 240 patients with ITP. Samples were assessed for the presence of free and bound platelet autoantibodies by a standard glycoprotein-specific assay (monoclonal antibody-specific immobilization of platelet antigens). The ability of all sera to fix complement to a panel of human platelets was investigated in a complement fixation (CF) assay. Fixation of C1q to isolated GP IIb/IIIa was assessed by flow cytometry. Glycoprotein-specific autoantibodies were detected as platelet-bound antibodies in 129 (54%) and as additional free antibodies in 26 (11%) and were undetectable in 111 (46%) patients. Assessing these subgroups for CF, 103 (65%), 21 (81%), and 33 (30%) sera gave positive results. If GP IIb/IIIa was absent from the test platelets, 81 (67%) lost their ability to fix complement; if GP Ib/IX was absent, 37 (30%) lost their ability to fix complement. C1q fixation to immunobeads coated with GP IIb/IIIa was observed in 50% of sera containing anti-GP IIb/IIIa antibodies.\n\nQuestion:\nIs autoantibody-mediated complement activation on platelets a common finding in patients with immune thrombocytopenic purpura ( ITP )?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nMorbid obesity is a serious disease that afflicts over five million Americans, threatening their health with such co-morbidities as diabetes, arthritis, pulmonary failure and stroke. Surgery is the only effective therapy, providing long-term control of weight, diabetes, pulmonary failure, and hypertension for as long as 14 years. Because the operation presents a major expense, this study examined whether X-ray examination of the gut could be omitted safely as a cost-saving measure. The records of 814 consecutive morbidly obese patients who underwent gastric bypass were reviewed to determine: (1) whether these individuals had undergone an upper gastro-intestinal (GI) series, and (2) if these studies influenced therapy or caused cancellation or postponement of surgery. Of the 814 patients, 657 (80.7%) underwent a preoperative GI radiography. Of these examinations, 393 (59.8%) were normal, with the following abnormalities in the remaining 264: hiatal hernia, 164; esophageal reflux, 39; Schatzki's ring, 18; small bowel diverticula, four; renal stones, four; malrotation, three; gall stones, two; pyloric ulcer, one; possible pelvic mass, one; calcified leiomyoma, one; and dysphagial lusoria, one. None of these findings resulted in cancellation or a delay in surgery.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes the workup for bariatric surgery require a routine upper gastrointestinal series?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "no",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThis study sought to determine whether variations in NOS1AP affect drug-induced long QT syndrome (LQTS). Use of antiarrhythmic drugs is limited by the high incidence of serious adverse events including QT prolongation and torsades de pointes. NOS1AP gene variants play a role in modulating QT intervals in healthy subjects and severity of presentation in LQTS. This study carried out an association study using 167 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) spanning the NOS1AP gene in 58 Caucasian patients experiencing drug-induced LQTS (dLQTS) and 87 Caucasian controls from the DARE (Drug-Induced Arrhythmia Risk Evaluation) study. The rs10800397 SNP was significantly associated with dLQTS (odds ratio [OR]: 3.3, 99.95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.0 to 10.8, p = 3.7 × 10(-4)). The associations were more pronounced in the subgroup of amiodarone users, in which 3 SNPs, including rs10800397, were significantly associated (most significant SNP: rs10919035: OR: 5.5, 99.95% CI: 1.1 to 27.9, p = 3.0 × 10(-4)). We genotyped rs10919035 in an independent replication cohort of 28 amiodarone dLQTS cases versus 173 control subjects (meta-analysis of both studies: OR: 2.81, 99.95% CI: 1.62 to 4.89, p = 2.4 × 10(-4)). Analysis of corrected QT interval among 74 control subjects from our dataset showed a similar pattern of significance over the gene region as the case-control analysis. This pattern was confirmed in 1,480 control subjects from the BRIGHT (British Genetics of Hypertension Study) cohort (top SNP from DARE: rs12734991 in meta-analysis: increase in corrected QT interval per C allele: 9.1 ± 3.2 ms, p = 1.7 × 10(-4)).\n\nQuestion:\nIs common variation in the NOS1AP gene associated with drug-induced QT prolongation and ventricular arrhythmia?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nEpigenetic mechanisms, via post-translational histone modifications, have roles in the establishment and maintenance of latency of the HSV-1 genome in the sensory neurons. Considering that many post-translational histone marks are reversible in nature, epigenetic mechanisms may also play a critical role in the process of induced HSV-1 reactivation. This study utilized the rabbit ocular model of HSV-1 infection and reactivation, induced by the transcorneal iontophoresis of epinephrine (TCIE), to characterize changes to chromatin that occur between 0.5 and 4 h following the application of the reactivation stimulus. Our goal was to explore the hypothesis that chromatin remodeling is an early and essential step in the process of HSV-1 reactivation. Analysis of the HSV-1 latently infected rabbit trigeminal ganglia (TG) showed that enrichment of the euchromatic marker H3K4me2 significantly decreased in the LAT 5'exon region (∼2.5-fold) and significantly increased in the lytic ICP4 promoter region (∼3-fold) by 1 h post-TCIE in the highly efficient reactivating McKrae strain of HSV-1. In contrast, we observed no significant change in the euchromatic marks of H3K4me2 associated with LAT 5'exon or ICP4 promoter regions of the poorly reactivating KOS strain of HSV-1 following TCIE through 4 h. The implication that these observed epigenetic changes were linked to transcriptional activity was confirmed by qRT-PCR examining both LAT and lytic transcript abundance following TCIE. We found a significant decrease in the abundance of LAT RNA by 2 h post-iontophoresis of epinephrine coupled to an increase in the transcript abundance of ICP4 in the McKrae strain of HSV-1. By comparison, we observed no change in the LAT or ICP4 transcript abundance of the poor reactivator KOS following iontophoresis of epinephrine through 4 h.\n\nQuestion:\nAre changes to euchromatin on LAT and ICP4 following reactivation more prevalent in an efficiently reactivating strain of HSV-1?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nOver time, exposure to cerebrovascular risk factors and carotid artery disease may cause multiple asymptomatic brain cortical and subcortical microinfarcts, which are commonly found at brain autopsy. So far, lack of convenient neuroimaging tools limited the investigation of grey matter ischemic damage in vivo. We applied the Double Inversion Recovery (DIR) sequence to explore the impact of carotid artery disease on intracortical ischemic lesion load in vivo, taking into account the impact of demographic characteristics and vascular risk factors. DIR was acquired in 62 patients with common cerebrovascular risk factors stratified in three groups according to carotid artery disease severity. Intracortical lesions scored on DIR (DIRlns) were classified by vascular territory, lobe and hemisphere. White matter hyperintensities (WMHs) volume was also quantified on Fluid Attenuated Inversion Recovery sequence (FLAIR). Among demographic characteristics and cerebrovascular risk variables explored, General Linear Model indicated that age and carotid artery disease were significantly associated to DIRlns. After correcting for age, DIRlns load was found to be significantly dependent on carotid artery stenosis severity (F(2, 58) = 5.56, p = 0.006). A linear positive correlation between DIRlns and WMHs was found after correcting for age (p = 0.003).\n\nQuestion:\nIs cortical ischemic lesion burden measured by DIR related to carotid artery disease severity?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nIncreased plasma levels of cellular adhesion molecules (CAMs) have been shown to be predictors of all cause mortality in individuals with chronic renal failure 12 and patients with end-stage renal disease receiving haemodialysis 3. In renal transplant recipients the predictive value of CAMs has not been well characterised. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between CAMs and all-cause mortality during prospective follow-up of a renal transplant cohort. A total of 378 renal transplant recipients were recruited between June 2000 and December 2002. Soluble vascular CAM-1 (VCAM) and soluble intercellular CAM-1 (ICAM) were measured at baseline and prospective follow-up data was collected at a median of 2441 days after enrolment. In univariate survival analysis the renal transplant recipients with a VCAM or ICAM concentration in the lowest third were significantly more likely to have survived at follow-up (p < 0.001 and p = 0.009 respectively). In multivariate survival analysis VCAM and ICAM remained significant independent predictors of mortality following adjustment for traditional cardiovascular risk factors, hsCRP and estimated GFR (p = 0.030 and p = 0.037 respectively).\n\nQuestion:\nAre elevated soluble cellular adhesion molecules associated with increased mortality in a prospective cohort of renal transplant recipients?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo elucidate the relationship between the frequency of core mutations and the clinical activity of hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related liver disease and to characterize the amino acid changes in the core region of HBV. We studied 17 Chinese patients with chronic hepatitis B according to their clinical courses and patterns of the entire core region of HBV. Amino acid changes often appeared in the HBV core region of the HBV gene in patients with high values of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) or with the seroconversion from HbeAg to anti-HBe. The HBV core region with amino acid changes had high frequency sites that corresponded to HLA I/II restricted recognition epitopes reported by some investigators.\n\nQuestion:\nDo mutations in hepatitis B virus core regions correlate with hepatocellular injury in Chinese patients with chronic hepatitis B?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nWe tested the hypothesis that an abnormal response of plasma endothelin-1 (ET-1) is elicited by handgrip exercise (HG) in young normotensive offspring of hypertensive parents. It has been hypothesized that ET-1 is involved in blood pressure control and plays a pathophysiologic role in the development of clinical hypertension. Two groups of healthy male subjects, 11 with hypertensive parents (group A) and 10 without a family history of hypertension (group B), underwent 4 min of HG at 50% maximal capacity. Heart rate and blood pressure and plasma levels of ET-1, epinephrine and norepinephrine were measured at baseline, peak HG, and after 2 (R2) and 10 (R10) min of recovery. Group A had higher norepinephrine levels than group B throughout the test (baseline 181+/-32 [SEM] vs. 96+/-12 pg/ml, p < 0.05; peak HG 467+/-45 vs. 158+/-12 pg/ml, p < 0.000001; R2 293+/-46 vs. 134+/-8 pg/ml, p < 0.01; RO1 214+/-27 vs. 129+/-10 pg/ml, p < 0.0005); no significant difference in epinephrine levels was detected. Compared with group B subjects, group A had higher baseline ET-1 levels (1.07+/-0.14 vs. 0.59+/-0.11 pg/ml, p < 0.02), which increased to a greater extent at peak HG (1.88+/-0.31 vs. 0.76+/-0.09 pg/ml, p < 0.005) and R2 (2.46+/-0.57 vs. 1.31+/-0.23 pg/ml, p < 0.05) and remained elevated at R10 (3.16+/-0.78 vs. 0.52+/-0.09 pg/ml, p < 0.002). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that only a family history of hypertension (chi-square=7.59, p=0.0059) and ET-1 changes during HG (chi-square=4.23, p=0.0398) were predictive of blood pressure response to HG and that epinephrine and norepinephrine were not.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes handgrip increase endothelin-1 secretion in normotensive young male offspring of hypertensive parents?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThis preliminary study aims to investigate the effects of titanium and titanium alloy micro-nano-dimensional topography on the biological behavior of osteoblasts in vitro. Electrolytic etching (EE) method was used to produce micro-nano dimensional titanium surfaces. The surfaces were observed to determine their effects on the adhesion, proliferation, cell morphology, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity of osteoblasts. The surfaces of the titanium and titanium alloy groups exhibited higher adhesion and proliferation of osteoblasts than those of the mechanical group. The titanium surface was covered with a group of cells, a large number of filopodia, and functional particles. The ALP activity of the titanium group was significantly higher than that of the titanium alloy and mechanical groups.\n\nQuestion:\nDo [ Comparative study of the titanium and titanium alloy implant electrolytic etching surface ]?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nB-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) is a remarkably heterogeneous disorder. Some patients have an indolent disease whereas others undergo a more agressive presentation needing treatment. New therapeutics approaches are necessary for the treatment of B-CLL. Bortezomib (Btz), is a proteasome inhibitor, currently undergoing clinical trials whose function, at least in part, by stabilizing the IkappaBalpha protein and inhibiting NFkappaB activation. The objective of this work was to study the effects of Btz on isolated human B-CLL cells, in vitro, and to correlate the differential rates of apoptosis induction with biological variables. 31 B-CLL samples, from patients in stage A of Binet were used for this study, and the apoptotic effect of Btz on these cells was measured. Our data show that Btz treatment of B-CLL cells induces apoptosis in a time and dose-dependent manner. The apoptosis induction is mediated in part by inhibition of NFkappaB and is dependent on caspases activation. Interesting, in IgVH mutated cells, Btz have statistically significant differences in their in vitro activity on B-CLL cells according to their BCL-6 mutational status.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes bortezomib induce different apoptotic rates in B-CLL cells according to IgVH and BCL-6 mutations?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe goal of this study was to determine a predominant cell type expressing fractalkine receptor (CX3CR1) in mature ovarian teratomas and to establish functional significance of its expression in cell differentiation. Specimens of ovarian teratoma and human fetal tissues were analyzed by immunohistochemistry for CX3CR1expression. Ovarian teratocarcinoma cell line PA-1 was used as a model for cell differentiation. We found that the majority of the specimens contained CX3CR1-positive cells of epidermal lineage. Skin keratinocytes in fetal tissues were also CX3CR1- positive. PA-1 cells with downregulated CX3CR1 failed to express a skin keratinocyte marker cytokeratin 14 when cultured on Matrigel in the presence of a morphogen, bone morphogenic protein 4 (BMP-4), as compared to those expressing scrambled shRNA.\n\nQuestion:\nIs fractalkine receptor expressed in mature ovarian teratomas and required for epidermal lineage differentiation?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nOral mucosa is a physiological barrier against several exogenous stimuli, among which cigarette smoke represents a source of reactive oxidizing compounds. No morphological evidences exist on the smoke effects induced in the human oral epithelium. In this study we performed a preliminary light and transmission electron microscopy morphological evaluation focussing in particular on keratinocyte intercellular adhesion and terminal differentiation in chronic smokers. Human biopsies were obtained from healthy young chronic smoker women (n=5) compared with a parallel group of non-smoker healthy volunteers (n=5), as the smoking habit among women is ever more spreading. Samples were processed for light and transmission electron microscopy. On paraffin sections Masson's and Dane and Herman's histochemical staining were performed. Biomarker expressions of intercellular adhesion (desmoglein 3, Dsg3), terminal differentiation (keratin 10, K10 and keratin 14, K14), and basal membrane preservation (laminin) were investigated by immunofluorescence. In both groups the epithelial structural integrity, homeostasis, and the basal membrane were comparable. Dsg3 and K10 expressions were affected in smokers with the former significantly reduced (p<0.05). Ultrastructural analysis showed hypertrophic keratinocytes in the upper spinous layer and morphologically preserved desmosomes throughout the epithelial compartment.\n\nQuestion:\nAre desmoglein 3 and keratin 10 expressions reduced by chronic exposure to cigarette smoke in human keratinised oral mucosa explants?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.