prompt stringclasses 1 value | messages list | prompt_id int64 0 0 |
|---|---|---|
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo evaluate whether the presence of insulin antibodies (IAs) may preclude the optimization of metabolic control during pregnancy and affect outcome in women with IDDM. IAs were measured by radiobinding assay in 44 women with IDDM referred to the Diabetes and Pregnancy Outpatients' Clinic during 46 pregnancies. Age, duration of IDDM, metabolic control (HbA1c, mean pre- and postprandial capillary blood glucose, frequency of hypo- or hyperglycemia), insulin requirement at 1st and 3rd trimester of pregnancy, BM1, and weight gain were recorded. Neonatal variables such as gestational age, weight, length, and the presence at birth of either hypoglycemia, hypocalcemia, or jaundice requiring phototherapy were also considered. IAs correlated positively with insulin requirement (P < 0.05) and negatively with HbA1c at term (P < 0.01). Patients with IA levels > or = 40% insulin binding (8 of 46) had a higher insulin requirement and lower preprandial capillary blood glucose at the beginning of pregnancy but not at term (P < 0.005), whereas they had lower HbA1c at term than did patients with low IA levels (P < 0.01). IA levels decreased slightly at term (P = 0.007). IA levels > or = 40% were not associated with a higher rate of hypo- or hyperglycemic episodes or with diabetic complications or thyreopathy. No correlation was found between 1A levels and any of the neonatal variables considered.\n\nQuestion:\nDo insulin antibodies preclude optimization of metabolic control in women with IDDM during pregnancy?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "no",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nOxidative stress has been implicated in the pathogenesis of atherogenesis. The aim of our study is to examine whether the plasma 8-iso-prostaglandin F(2alpha) level, a marker of oxidative stress, is elevated in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Three groups of patients were enrolled: (1) patients with no or minimal coronary artery disease (CAD) (n = 15); (2) patients with stable CAD (n = 31); (3) patients with acute myocardial infarction (n = 13). Plasma 8-iso-prostaglandin F(2alpha) levels were significantly elevated (p < 0.001) in patients with acute myocardial infarction (290.7 +/- 73.9 pg/ml) as compared to patients with stable CAD (182.0+75.7 pg/ml) and patients with no significant CAD (118.9 +/- 85.5 pg/ml). This remained significant after correcting for coronary atherosclerosis risk factors, age, extent of atherosclerosis, and C-reactive protein (CRP) level.\n\nQuestion:\nIs plasma 8-iso-prostaglandin F2alpha , a marker of oxidative stress , increased in patients with acute myocardial infarction?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nWe have previously shown that when mouse AgK114 (mAgK114, a glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchored membrane-associated protein) is applied to the wound area, the inflammatory responses in the early recovery phase of damaged tissue are enhanced and wound closure is accelerated. This suggests that mAgK114 has an important effect on skin wound repairing. Whether mAgK114 supresses the development, in NC/Nga mice, of atopic dermatitis (AD)-like skin lesions induced by repeated application of 2,4,6-trinitrochlorobenzene (picryl chloride, PiCl) was examined under specific pathogen-free conditions. Histopathologically, the application of mAgK114-ointment to the PiCl-treated NC/Nga mice remarkably suppressed severe lymphocytic infiltration into the epidermis, although total skin severity scores, histological changes in hypertrophy, erosion and infiltration of inflammatory cells into the corium and subcutaneous tissues were comparable between the mAgK114-treated group of mice and the control group.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes mAgK114 suppress lymphocyte infiltration into epidermis in the picryl chloride-induced atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions of NC/Nga mice?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nMixed cryoglobulinemia (MC) is one of the most common and severe symptoms in chronic hepatitis C patients. The aim of this study was to investigate whether mixed cryoglobulinemia is a factor associated with sustained virological response in chronic hepatitis C patients treated with combination therapy of pegylated interferon alpha-2a and ribavirin. This is a single-center study including 57 chronic hepatitis C patients who received combination treatments of pegylated interferon alfa-2a and ribavirin. Serum cryoglobulin was detected by cryoprecipitation prior to treatment. Serum hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA levels were checked before treatment, during the fourth and 12th week of treatment, and during the 24th week after cessation of treatment. The genotype of HCV was determined at baseline. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess the factors associated with sustained virological response. Twenty-five patients were with MC (43.9%). Twenty-four weeks after cessation of antiviral treatment, sustained virological response achievement in MC(+) patients was significantly lower than that in MC(-) patients (32.0% vs. 75.0%, P = 0.001). Univariate Logistic regression analysis and multivariate Logistic regression analysis found that only MC (odds ratio: 6.375; 95% CI: 1.998- 20.343, P = 0.002) was negatively associated with sustained virological response achievement.\n\nQuestion:\nIs cryoglobulinemia an independent factor negatively associated with sustained virological response in chronic hepatitis C patients?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nWe aimed at studying information needs of patients and their families, and their attitude towards the counterparts' information needs. Factors influencing psychological status of patients were investigated. Self-designed questionnaires for information needs and attitude were delivered to participants. Patient Health Questionnaire 9-item and Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item scale were used to evaluate psychological status of patients. 183 eligible pairs of patients and families were involved. Except for the patients' expected life span, most patients and families needed information for all other subscales of disease-related information. Most patients wished families know more information; however, caregivers tended to prevent this. The occurrence of patients' psychiatric disorders was related to their needs for expected life span (OR 3.06 95%CI 1.36-6.93), as well as the attitude of caregivers about whether to provide more information about treatment outcomes (OR 0.24 95% CI 0.10-0.63).\n\nQuestion:\nDoes the discordance of information need between cancer patients and their families in China?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nBesides its toxic effects, bilirubin has been demonstrated to have antioxidant properties to counteract oxidative stress, which has been suggested to play a role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. This study investigated the potential association between changes in psychopathology measured by the Lindenmayer model of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and changes in total plasma bilirubin concentrations. Data of patients with schizophrenia (ICD-10) starting monotherapy with a new-generation antipsychotic were analyzed at baseline (N = 52) and 2 (n = 40), 4 (n = 46), and 12 weeks (n = 30) after the initiation of treatment. Data were collected between December 1997 and October 2007 and analyzed retrospectively. The PANSS total score decreased significantly from baseline to weeks 2, 4, and 12 of treatment (all P values ≤ .001). Total plasma bilirubin concentration also dropped significantly from baseline to week 2 (P = .015) and decreased further until week 4 (P = .013); no significant decrease was observed between baseline and week 12. Spearman rank correlation revealed a significant association of bilirubin concentration with the PANSS positive (r = 0.371, P = .007) and excitement (r = 0.322, P = .020) components at baseline. No further correlations were found. From baseline to weeks 2, 4, and 12, changes in the PANSS positive component correlated significantly with changes in plasma bilirubin concentration (all P values < .05), whereas correlations between changes in the remaining PANSS components and bilirubin were less consistent.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes bilirubin concentration correlate with positive symptoms in patients with schizophrenia?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nQT hysteresis phenomenon exists in healthy subjects, and is more exaggerated in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and long QT syndrome. The purpose of this study was to establish an appropriate method to evaluate the magnitude of QT hysteresis, and assess the value of QT hysteresis index in the treadmill exercise test (TET) in predicting CAD. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 138 subjects with suspected CAD and referred for TET and selective coronary angiography (SCA) were divided into positive (n=77) and negative (n=61) SCA groups. Dynamic ECG were recorded during TET. QT/RR curves were constructed and QTp (Q-Tpeak) and QTe (Q-Tend) hysteresis indices were calculated for each subject. SYNTAX score in the positive SCA group was determined. The QTp and QTe hysteresis indices in the positive SCA group were significantly higher than in the negative SCA group. The combination of QTe hysteresis index and conventional TET criteria had the highest sensitivity and negative predictive value according to receiver operating characteristic curve, and was an independent predictor on multivariate logistic regression. QT hysteresis indices significantly correlated with SYNTAX score in the positive SCA group.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes qT hysteresis index improve the power of treadmill exercise test in the screening of coronary artery disease?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nIn contrast to platelet-rich white thrombi, red thrombi in the heart are rich in fibrin and trapped erythrocytes. The magnetic susceptibility effect of deoxygenated hemoglobin in red thrombi may result in hypointense signals on T2*-weighted gradient echo imaging (GRE). We tested the hypothesis that a GRE susceptibility vessel sign (SVS) is specific for cardioembolic stroke. This retrospective study examined data from acute ischemic stroke patients who underwent diffusion-weighted imaging, GRE and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) within 24 hours of stroke onset and who had symptomatic occlusion of large intracranial arteries in the circle of Willis. Hypointense signals within vascular cisterns on GRE corresponding to symptomatic vascular occlusion were termed \"GRE SVS.\" Recanalization was assessed on follow-up MRA performed within 7 days of onset. The relationships between GRE SVS and stroke subtypes and subsequent recanalization were explored. Of the 95 patients who met the inclusion criteria, GRE SVS was observed in 45 (47.4%). GRE SVS was more commonly associated with cardioembolic stroke patients (31 of 40, 77.5%) than with other stroke subtypes (14 of 55, 25.5%; P<0.001). In 66 patients who underwent follow-up MRA, GRE SVS was associated with subsequent recanalization (P<0.001). Multivariate analysis showed that GRE SVS was an independent predictor of cardioembolic stroke and subsequent recanalization (odds ratio, 10.75 and 4.26; 95% CI, 3.68 to 31.47 and 1.12 to 16.30).\n\nQuestion:\nDo significance of susceptibility vessel sign on T2*-weighted gradient echo imaging for identification of stroke subtypes?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThis report examines the < or =30-day postoperative mortality and morbidity in our first 190 duodenal switch (DS) patients. DS is the most weight loss effective and the most difficult to perform bariatric procedure. Indeed, certain surgeons have advocated a 2-stage approach to minimize complications, especially in the super obese (body mass index [BMI] > or =50 kg/m(2)). DS procedures were performed (n = 190) by either open (n = 168) or laparoscopic/robotic surgery in an academic setting: common channel 75 to 125 cm, sleeve gastrectomy (approximately 100 mL gastric pouch), closed duodenal stump, end-to-side duodenoileostomy hand-sewn in 2 layers, with most staple lines oversewn, and all mesentery defects closed. For the 190 patients, 149 were female (78%) and the mean age was 43 years (range, 16-71). Mean preoperative weight 151.4 kg (range, 74.1-332.7); mean preoperative BMI 53.4 kg/m(2) (range, 32-107), with 100 (52.6%) of the patients super obese (BMI > or =50 kg/m(2)). Seventy-four patients had concurrent procedures, eg, cholecystectomy (n = 22), ventral or umbilical hernia repair (n = 19), and hiatus hernia repair (n = 10). Mean operating room time was 337 minutes (range, 127-771); mean hospitalization time was 6 days (range, 2-38). There were no deaths. Serious < or =30-day complications (n = 18 in 14 patients) consisted of 2 leaks (1.0%), which responded to drainage, and intra-abdominal bleeding (n = 3), splenectomy (n = 1), acute pancreatitis (n = 2), gastric outlet obstruction (n = 1), acute renal failure (n = 2), pneumonia (n = 2), respiratory failure (n = 3), acute myocardial infarction (n = 1), and duodenoileostomy stricture requiring endoscopic dilation (n = 1). The serious complication rate in patients with a BMI <50 kg/m(2) was 6.7% (6 of 90) and 12% (12 of 100) with a BMI > or =50 kg/m(2) (NS). Surgical site infections occurred in 7 patients with a BMI <50 kg/m(2) and in 12 with a BMI > or =50 kg/m(2) (NS). Overall complication rate in patients with a BMI <50 kg/m(2) was 14.4% (13 of 90) and 24% (24 of 100) with a BMI > or =50 kg/m(2) (NS).\n\nQuestion:\nAre duodenal switch operative mortality and morbidity impacted by body mass index?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "no",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nNocturnal hypertension is associated with a high risk of morbidity and mortality. A blunted nocturnal surge in melatonin excretion has been described in nondipping hypertensive patients. We therefore studied the potency of melatonin to reduce nighttime blood pressure (BP) in treated hypertensive patients with nocturnal hypertension. Thirty-eight treated hypertensive patients (22 males, mean age 64+/-11 years) with confirmed nocturnal hypertension (mean nighttime systolic BP >125 mm Hg), according to repeated 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM), were randomized in a double-blind fashion to receive either controlled release (CR)-melatonin 2 mg or placebo 2 hours before bedtime for 4 weeks. A 24-hour ABPM was then performed. Melatonin treatment reduced nocturnal systolic BP significantly from 136+/-9 to 130+/-10 mm Hg (P=.011), and diastolic BP from 72+/-11 to 69+/-9 mm Hg (P=.002), whereas placebo had no effect on nocturnal BP. The reduction in nocturnal systolic BP was significantly greater with melatonin than with placebo (P=.01), and was most prominent between 2:00 AM and 5:00 AM (P=.002).\n\nQuestion:\nDoes melatonin reduce night blood pressure in patients with nocturnal hypertension?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nStimulation of soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) is a valuable therapeutic strategy for the treatment of several cardiovascular diseases. The sGC stimulator riociguat has been approved for the treatment of two forms of pulmonary hypertension. Platelets contain large amounts of sGC and play a key role in the regulation of haemostasis. Therefore, we investigated the effects of riociguat on platelet function. The effect of riociguat treatment on human platelet activation and aggregation was investigated. The sGC-specific effects of riociguat were determined by comparing wild-type and platelet-specific sGC-knockout mice. Riociguat induced cGMP synthesis and subsequent PKG activation in human platelets, suggesting that the inhibitory effects are mediated by cGMP signalling. This finding was confirmed when sGC-knockout platelets were not inhibited by riociguat. In washed human platelets, 100 nM riociguat reduced ADP-induced GPIIb/IIIa activation, while a 10-fold higher concentration was required to reduce convulxin-stimulated GPIIb/IIIa activation. Riociguat inhibited ADP-induced platelet shape change and aggregation, while ATP-induced shape change remained unaffected. However, in PRP and whole blood, 50-100 μM riociguat was required to inhibit platelet activation and aggregation. Riociguat in combination with iloprost significantly inhibited platelet aggregation, even in whole blood.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes the sGC stimulator riociguat inhibit platelet function in washed platelets but not in whole blood?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nProstate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) provides an attractive target for monoclonal antibody targeted therapies in the treatment of prostate cancer (PC). In this study, we generated an immunotoxin by linking a humanized anti-PSMA monoclonal antibody (hJ591) to the ribosome-inactivating protein toxin saporin. The hJ591-saporin immunoconjugate was evaluated for antitumor activity against PC cells. PSMA-positive cell lines, LNCaP and CWR22Rv1 and a PSMA-negative cell line, PC-3, were used in these experiments. The hJ591 was biotinylated and mixed with streptavidin-saporin (SAZAP). The binding ability of hJ591-SAZAP and the extent of internalization into the cells were tested. The viability of cells treated with hJ591-SAZAP was also examined and the apoptotic cells were measured. Lastly, the anticancer effect of hJ591-SAZAP was investigated in vivo. The binding ability of hJ591-SAZAP to PSMA was equivalent to that of unconjugated J591. Internalization of hJ591-SAZAP was clearly detected in PSMA-positive, but not in PSMA-negative cell lines. IC(50) of hJ591-SAZAP was 0.14 nM, 1.99 nM, and more than 100 nM in LNCaP, CWR22Rv1, and PC-3 cells, respectively. After 72 hr of hJ591-SAZAP treatment, the percentage of apoptotic cells was 60.29% and 40.73% in LNCaP and CWR22Rv1 cells, respectively, compared to 4.70% in PC-3 cells. The hJ591-SAZAP also had anticancer activity in a LNCaP xenograft model.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes saporin toxin-conjugated monoclonal antibody targeting prostate-specific membrane antigen have potent anticancer activity?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nCardiovascular disease is a major cause of mortality in chronic kidney disease patients. Oxidative stress and nitric oxide (NO) deficiency play an important role in vascular endothelial cell dysfunction in chronic kidney disease. To determine if the uremic toxin indoxyl sulfate (IS) induces oxidative stress and inhibits NO production and cell viability in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), superoxide, NO and peroxynitrite was measured using a fluorescence microplate reader. The expression of NADPH oxidases (Nox4, Nox2) was analyzed by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Cell viability was examined by 4-[3-(4-iodophenyl)-2-(4-nitrophenyl)-2H-5-tetrazolio]-1,3-benzene disulfonate assay. IS induced ROS generation in HUVEC. An inhibitor of NADPH oxidase showed an inhibitory effect on IS-induced ROS production. However, the inhibitors of xanthine oxidase, mitochondrial electron transport and NO synthase did not show any significant effect on IS-induced ROS production. Antioxidants such as vitamin E, N-acetyl-L-cysteine and vitamin C inhibited IS-induced ROS production. IS induced the expression of Nox4 mRNA and the production of superoxide and peroxynitrite in HUVEC. IS inhibited NO production in HUVEC. IS inhibited cell viability, and antioxidants preserve the inhibitory effect of IS on cell viability.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes indoxyl sulfate inhibit nitric oxide production and cell viability by inducing oxidative stress in vascular endothelial cells?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nSearching for two-dimensional (2D) structural similarities is a useful tool to identify new active compounds in drug-discovery programs. However, as 2D similarity measures neglect important structural and functional features, similarity by 2D might be underestimated. In the present study, we used combined 2D and three-dimensional (3D) similarity comparisons to reveal possible new functions and/or side-effects of known bioactive compounds. We utilised more than 10,000 compounds from the SuperTarget database with known inhibition values for twelve different anti-cancer targets. We performed all-against-all comparisons resulting in 2D similarity landscapes. Among the regions with low 2D similarity scores are inhibitors of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) and inhibitors of poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP). To demonstrate that 3D landscape comparison can identify similarities, which are untraceable in 2D similarity comparisons, we analysed this region in more detail. This 3D analysis showed the unexpected structural similarity between inhibitors of VEGFR and inhibitors of PARP. Among the VEGFR inhibitors that show similarities to PARP inhibitors was Vatalanib, an oral \"multi-targeted\" small molecule protein kinase inhibitor being studied in phase-III clinical trials in cancer therapy. An in silico docking simulation and an in vitro HT universal colorimetric PARP assay confirmed that the VEGFR inhibitor Vatalanib exhibits off-target activity as a PARP inhibitor, broadening its mode of action.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes 2D and 3D similarity landscape analysis identify PARP as a novel off-target for the drug Vatalanib?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nAdhesion molecules play an integral role in tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis and have been shown to influence the immune response to malignant cells. The interaction of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) with lymphocyte function antigen-1 (LFA-1) is important for the adhesion of leukocytes, monocytes and lymphocytes to endothelial cells in vitro and in vivo. In order to explore the role of the ICAM-1/LFA-1 interaction in liver metastases, we utilized homozygous deletionally mutant (gene knockout) mice for ICAM-1 or LFA-1 which had been derived from the C57BL6/J background. Wild-type C57BL6/J mice were used as controls. Animals were anesthetized and underwent a 1-cm midline lower abdominal incision. The ileocolic vein was identified and B16 melanoma cells (10(4)) were injected. The incisions were closed with skin clips. Two weeks following surgery, mice were sacrificed and their livers resected for gross and histological analysis. LFA-1 deficient mice developed 13 times the number of metastases compared to wild-type controls and ICAM-1 deficient mice developed 7 times that number [13.5 (n = 17) vs 1.0 (n = 19) and 36 (n = 10) vs 5.0 (n = 16), P values of 0.0003 and 0.0002 by Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test, respectively]: Histologically, multiple areas of inflammatory cells consisting of T-cells and macrophages were noted in wild-type mice. Only sparse inflammatory cells were noted surrounding the metastases in the null mice.\n\nQuestion:\nAre liver metastases enhanced in homozygous deletionally mutant ICAM-1 or LFA-1 mice?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nChondroitin sulfate proteoglycan-4 (CSPG4) is commonly expressed in melanoma cells and induces melanoma cell proliferation and migration by enhancement of activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1, 2 (ERK1,2) pathway. The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) -protein kinase B (AKT) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathways are also frequently de-regulated in melanoma. We hypothesized that CSPG4, by sustained activation of PI3K, may reduce the effect of the dual inhibition of PI3K-AKT and mTOR pathways. CSPG4-negative melanoma cell line WM1552C was transfected with CSPG4 and CSPG4 lacking cytoplasmic domain (melanoma-associated chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (MCSP)ΔCD). To assess the effect of CSPG4 on the mTOR pathway, PF-5212384, a dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor was used. Cell proliferation and downstream signaling from mTOR was assayed in the presence of CSPG4. Forced CSPG4 expression did not provide any protection to melanoma cells from the pharmacological inhibition of mTOR pathway in vitro. In addition, we demonstrated that inhibition of signaling molecules downstream of AKT and mTOR was not diminished in the presence of CSPG4 when the cells were treated with the PI3K/mTOR inhibitor.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan-4 protect melanoma cells during inhibition of PI3K and mTOR pathways?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "no",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nIdiopathic epilepsies are considered to have relatively good prognoses and normal or near normal developmental outcomes. Nevertheless, accumulating studies demonstrate memory and psychosocial deficits in this population, and the prevalence, severity and relationships between these domains are still not well defined. We aimed to assess memory, psychosocial function, and the relationships between these two domains among children with idiopathic epilepsy syndromes using an extended neuropsychological battery and psychosocial questionnaires. Cognitive abilities, neuropsychological performance, and socioemotional behavior of 33 early adolescent children, diagnosed with idiopathic epilepsy, ages 9-14years, were assessed and compared with 27 age- and education-matched healthy controls. Compared to controls, patients with stabilized idiopathic epilepsy exhibited higher risks for short-term memory deficits (auditory verbal and visual) (p<0.0001), working memory deficits (p<0.003), auditory verbal long-term memory deficits (p<0.0021), and more frequent psychosocial symptoms (p<0.0001). The severity of auditory verbal memory deficits was related to severity of psychosocial symptoms among the children with epilepsy but not in the healthy controls.\n\nQuestion:\nAre auditory verbal memory and psychosocial symptoms related in children with idiopathic epilepsy?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), an important tissue monolayer of retina, sustains visual function and retinal homeostasis. In disease conditions such as Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP) and Age related Macular degeneration (AMD), the integrity and functional capacity of RPE monolayer is compromised. Human embryonic stem cells derived RPE (hESC-RPE) is ideal for cell based therapy because of their ability to morphologically and functionally mimic native fetal and adult RPE. However protocols for optimum culture of hESC-RPE are not well established. To describe a simplified protocol for differentiating human embryonic stem cells (hESC) into retinal pigment epithelial cells. hESC (WA09-DL-11) cell lines were grown with standard stem cell culture protocol. After cell colonies were established, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) was deprived (day 0). hESC colonies expressing pigmentation were characterized for expression of RPE65 and Zonular occludens--1 (ZO-1) with immunocytochemistry on days 0, 36, 42, 56 and 70 and western blot analysis on days 0, 40, 48, 53 and 63. In addition, morphological assessment was conducted on transformed cells longitudinally. Pigmented cells were noted 36 days after deprivation of bFGF from growth media. Immunofluorescence demonstrated progressive up regulation of RPE specific proteins (ZO-1 & RPE 65). Immunofluorescence of ZO-1 (in pixels) was (3.08 ± 0.31) on day 42, (5.33 ± 0.89, p = 0.0001) on day 56 and (4.87 ± 0.57, p = 0.0011) on day 70. Similarly expression of RPE 65 was (2.44 ± 0.31) on day 42, which continued to increase (4.23 ± 0.60, p = 0.0011) on day 56 and (5.59 ± 0.36, p < 0.0001) on day 70. Protein expression patterns using western blot confirmed the trends seen in immunofluorescence. Western blot analysis of ZO-1 expression (in optical density unit) was 272.57 ± 31.75 on day 40, 4212.20 ± 911.31 (p = 0.0004) on day 48, 5182.43 ± 1230.38 (p = 0.030) on day 53 and 5848.76 ± 241.04 (p < 0.0001) on day 63. Protein expression of RPE 65 was 1607.64 ± 247.76 on day 40, 2448.07 ± 152.66 on day 48 and (2341.15 ± 52.84) on day 63. hESC-RPE cells displayed a series of specific morphological changes (cytoplasmic, nuclear pigmentary and cell shape) over the course of time frame. By day 70, cells with hexagonal pattern, dark dense nucleus and uniform cytoplasm were noted in densely pigmented RPE colonies.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes deprivation of bFGF promote Spontaneous Differentiation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells into Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nHyperhomocysteinaemia has been associated with reduced pulse wave velocity (PWV) in patients with end-stage renal disease and in those with hypertension. The aim of this study was to examine the association between total homocysteine (tHcy) concentrations, the biochemical and genetic determinants of tHcy and PWV in healthy young adults. A total of 489 subjects aged 20-25 years participated. A fasting blood sample was taken and PWV measured using a non-invasive optical method. tHcy did not correlate with PWV, whether assessed at the aorto-iliac segment (P = 0.18), the aorto-radial segment (P = 0.39) or the aorto-dorsalis-pedis segment (P = 0.22). When tHcy was classified into normal (<15) and high (> or =15micromol/l), PWV did not differ between the two groups at any segment. PWV did not differ by MTHFR C677T or NOS3 G894T genotype, even when smoking and folate sub-groups were considered. Considering aortic PWV as a dependent variable, stepwise regression analysis showed that the only parameter entering the model for all segments was systolic blood pressure (aorto-iliac, P < 0.001; aorto-radial, P = 0.01; aorto-dorsalis-pedis, P = 0.001). Age, sex, COL1A1 genotype and triglycerides entered the model significantly for two of three segments.\n\nQuestion:\nIs total homocysteine a determinant of arterial pulse wave velocity in young healthy adults?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "no",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nOsteonecrosis (ON) of the femoral head in childhood can lead to loss of femoral head architecture and subsequent deformity. When femoral head ON was surgically induced in 24 rats, zoledronic acid treatment and prophylaxis improved sphericity and maintenance of architecture at 6 weeks. This preliminary experiment supports the use of bisphosphonates in childhood ON. We hypothesized that the bisphosphonate zoledronic acid could preserve femoral head structure while allowing bone repair. Osteonecrosis (ON) was surgically induced in the right femoral head of 24 female Wistar rats. The rats were randomized into three treatment groups and dosed subcutaneously with saline, zoledronic acid (0.1 mg/kg) at 1 and 4 weeks postoperation (ZA post), or zoledronic acid (0.1 mg/kg) given 2 weeks preoperation and at 1 and 4 weeks postoperation (ZA pre-post). After death at 6 weeks postoperation, undecalcified specimens were analyzed by DXA and standardized histomorphometric analysis. Seventy-one percent of saline-operated femoral heads were aspherical (Mose score > 1), whereas only 13% and 0% of operated heads in the ZA-treated groups were aspherical (p < 0.05). DXA-measured bone mineral density in saline-treated femoral heads was reduced by 34% and 43% compared with the ZA-treated groups (p < 0.01). Histomorphometry showed decreases of 12% and 17% in bone volume (BV/TV) in saline groups compared with ZA post and ZA pre-post (p < 0.05), and a decrease in trabecular number (Tb.N) of 18% and 14% (p < 0.05), respectively. Bone formation rate (BFR) was increased by 56% in saline-treated operated heads over ZA post and was 4.8 times increased over the ZA pre-post group (p < 0.05). The differences in BV/TV and Tb.N in treated groups must therefore be caused by a reduction in bone turnover. Observational histology confirmed the retention of necrotic architecture in treated groups.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes zoledronic acid treatment result in retention of femoral head structure after traumatic osteonecrosis in young Wistar rats?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe aim of this study was to investigate the relationship of pretreatment serum IL-10 (sIL-10) levels with known prognostic factors and with failure-free survival (FFS) in patients with Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL). Interleukin-10 (IL-10) levels were measured in the sera of 36 untreated patients with HL and were subsequently correlated with clinical and laboratory prognostic parameters as well as with FFS. 36 untreated HL patients (21 men, median age 31 (18-62) years) were studied. Of the subjects, 19 (52.7%) had elevated IL-10 levels (> or = 10 pg/ml). High IL-10 correlated with bulky disease, high serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and leukocytosis (P = 0.015 for all three variables). High IL-10 (P = 0.015) and low serum albumin (P = 0.001) were associated with worse FFS, but only high IL-10 emerged as an independent predictor of inferior FFS in multivariate analysis (P = 0.04, hazard ratio 2.21, 95% CI 1.12-14.67). Median FFS of IL-10-positive patients (30 (12-47) months) was significantly shorter compared to that of IL-10-negative ones (39 (12-58) months, log-rank test P = 0.0185).\n\nQuestion:\nIs high pretreatment interleukin-10 an independent predictor of poor failure-free survival in patients with Hodgkin 's lymphoma?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe aim of this study was to measure serum concentrations of total nitrites, as an index of nitric oxide synthesis, in the maternal and fetal circulations of normal pregnancies and in pregnancies complicated by preeclampsia. We studied 32 women with preeclampsia and 36 with uncomplicated pregnancies. Maternal venous blood samples were collected from all of the patients, and umbilical venous blood was collected from 13 of the preeclamptic group and 17 of the control group. Serum nitric oxide concentrations were determined with the Greiss reaction by measuring combined oxidation products of nitric oxide, serum nitrite and nitrate after reduction with nitrate reductase. There were no significant differences in maternal serum nitrite concentrations between the groups (control group 29.8 +/- 1.07 mumol/L, preeclamptic group 29.5 +/- 1.06 mumol/L). Significantly higher serum nitrite concentrations were found in umbilical venous serum in the preeclamptic group compared with the control group (34.59 +/- 1.12 mumol/L vs 23.90 +/- 1.05 mumol/L, p < 0.01).\n\nQuestion:\nAre nitric oxide concentrations increased in the fetoplacental circulation in preeclampsia?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo compare coronary flow reserve in endurance athletes and healthy sedentary controls, using adenosine transthoracic echocardiography. 29 male endurance athletes (mean (SD) age 27.3 (6.6) years, body mass index (BMI) 22.1 (1.9) kg/m(2)) and 23 male controls (age 27.2 (6.1) years, BMI 23.9 (2.6) kg/m(2)) with no coronary risk factors underwent transthoracic echocardiographic assessment of distal left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) diameter and flow, both at rest and during intravenous adenosine infusion (140 microg/kg/min). Distal LAD diameter and flow were adequately assessed in 19 controls (83%) and 26 athletes (90%). Distal LAD diameter in athletes (2.04 (0.25) mm) was not significantly greater than in sedentary controls (1.97 (0.27) mm). Per cent increase in LAD diameter following 400 microg sublingual nitrate was greater in the athletes than in the controls, at 14.1 (7. 2)% v 8.8 (5.7)% (p < 0.01). Left ventricular mass index in athletes exceeded that of controls, at 130 (19) v 98 (14) g/m(2) (p < 0.01). Resting flow among the athletes (10.6 (3.1) ml/min; 4.4 (1.2) ml/min/100 g left ventricular mass) was less than in the controls (14.3 (3.6) ml/min; 8.2 (2.2) ml/min/100 g left ventricular mass) (both p < 0.01). Hyperaemic flow among the athletes (61.9 (17.8) ml/min) exceeded that of the controls (51.1 (14.6) ml/min; p = 0.02), but not when corrected for left ventricular mass (25.9 (5.6) v 28.5 (7.4) ml/min/100 g left ventricular mass; NS). Coronary flow reserve was therefore substantially greater in the athletes than in the controls, at 5.9 (1.0) v 3.7 (0.7) (p < 0.01).\n\nQuestion:\nIs coronary flow reserve supranormal in endurance athletes : an adenosine transthoracic echocardiographic study?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nAspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) or ibuprofen [2-(4-isobutyl-phenyl)-propionic acid] was administered to mice undergoing treatment of tuberculosis infection with pyrazinamide to determine if these non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) enhance pyrazinamide activity in vivo. BALB/c mice were infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv through aerosol exposure. Mice were treated orally with aspirin, ibuprofen or pyrazinamide, alone and in combination. The impact of daily administration of these drugs for 1 month was determined by enumerating viable bacteria in the lung and spleen. Aspirin or ibuprofen alone at 20 mg/kg per day had little effect on tuberculosis infection after 1 month of treatment, while pyrazinamide at 150 mg/kg per day led to a reduction of about 1.5 log(10) cfu in the lung and 2 log(10) cfu in the spleen compared with the control. Simultaneous administration of either aspirin or ibuprofen with pyrazinamide resulted in a further decrease of about 0.4 log(10) cfu in the lung and more than 1 log(10) cfu in the spleen compared with mice receiving pyrazinamide alone. All spleens in the pyrazinamide-only treatment group were positive for infection. Of mice treated with both aspirin and pyrazinamide, two of five spleens were negative for colony formation, with a lower limit of detection of 0.90 log(10) cfu per organ. Three of five mice given ibuprofen and pyrazinamide had culture-negative spleens.\n\nQuestion:\nDo aspirin and ibuprofen enhance pyrazinamide treatment of murine tuberculosis?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nCardiovascular disease is a major problem in patients with chronic renal failure leading to increased mortality. Several infectious agents have been implicated to be associated with atherosclerosis. We were interested to evaluate whether there is a correlation between a past infection with Chlamydia pneumoniae (Cpn), Helicobacter pylori (Hp) or cytomegalovirus (CMV) and the manifestation of a symptomatic atherosclerotic disease in patients with endstage renal failure. Patients (n=267) on hemodialysis were investigated. In 101 patients with an apparent atherosclerotic disease (case group) increased IgA levels against Cpn were found (p < or = 0.0001 vs. controls; n=33). Nearly 45% of the case group had a history of myocardial infarction (MI) (p < or = 0.0001). Prior stroke was found in about 30% of patients in the case group (p < or = 0.002). Elevated CRP levels were identified as an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis in all groups. IgA seropositivity against Cpn correlated with elevated CRP values for all atherosclerotic patients (p < or = 0.001), especially in the group of patients with MI (p < or = 0.019) and peripheral vascular disease (p < or = 0.005). There was no correlation between CMV (IgG, IgM) or Hp (IgA, IgG) seropositivity and atherosclerotic disease.\n\nQuestion:\nIs infectious risk factors for atherosclerotic vascular disease in hemodialysis patients -- Chlamydia pneumoniae but not Helicobacter pylori or cytomegalovirus associated with increased C-reactive protein?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nHuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) are characterized by synaptic damage and neuronal loss in the brain. Excessive glutamatergic transmission and loss of cholinergic neurons are the major indicators of HAND. Nicotine acts as a cholinergic channel modulator, and its cognitive-enhancing effect in neurodegenerative and cognitive disorders has been documented. However, it is unclear whether nicotine has any positive effect on memory and synaptic plasticity formation in HAND. We investigated the effects of nicotine on synaptic plasticity and hippocampus-prefrontal cortex (PFC)-amygdala-dependent memory formation in the HIV-1 transgenic (Tg) and F344 control rats. Chronic nicotine treatment (0.4 mg/kg nicotine, base, subcutaneously) significantly attenuated the cognitive deficits in the HIV-1Tg rats in both the spatial and contextual fear memories but impaired the contextual learning memory in the F344 rats. To determine the role of nicotine in the synaptic dysfunction caused by HIV-1 proteins, we analyzed the expression of key representative genes related to synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus, PFC, and amygdala of the HIV-1Tg and F344 rats using a custom-designed qRT-PCR array. The HIV-1 proteins significantly altered the glutamate receptor-mediated intracellular calcium cascade and its downstream signaling cascade in a brain region-specific manner. Further, chronic nicotine treatment reversed the effect of HIV-1 proteins on the expression of genes involved in synaptic plasticity in the three brain regions. The effects of nicotine differed significantly in the HIV-1Tg and F344 rats.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes nicotine attenuate the effect of HIV-1 proteins on the neural circuits of working and contextual memories?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nIncreasing evidence suggests that posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with small hippocampal size. The authors compared trauma-exposed subjects with PTSD and trauma-exposed subjects without PTSD to clarify whether small hippocampal size is related to PTSD or to mere trauma exposure. Three-dimensional structural magnetic resonance imaging was used to assess hippocampal volumes in 30 men who had recently been exposed to a severe burn trauma and 15 matched healthy comparison subjects. Relative to the comparison subjects, the trauma-exposed subjects with PTSD (N=15) as well as the trauma-exposed subjects without PTSD (N=15) had significantly smaller volumes of the right hippocampus (subjects with PTSD: -12%; subjects without PTSD: -13%). Larger total areas of burned body surface were significantly related to smaller left hippocampal volumes. Use of analgesic/sedative treatment with the N-methyl-d-aspartic acid (NMDA) antagonist ketamine was significantly related to larger right hippocampal volumes and to stronger PTSD symptoms.\n\nQuestion:\nDo hippocampal volume in adult burn patients with and without posttraumatic stress disorder?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo test whether lipoxin A4 (LXA4) deficiency results in preeclampsia. Prospective experimental study. Patient and animal research facilities. Sprague-Dawley rats. We measured LXA4 and its biosynthetic enzymes, blocked the LXA4 signaling pathway, treated experimental rats with preeclampsia with LXA4, and detected inflammatory factors, FPR2/ALX, and 11β-HSD2 to systematically test whether lack of LXA4 results in preeclampsia. We measured serum levels of LXA4 and inflammatory factors using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; detected LXA4 biosynthetic enzymes, inflammatory factors, FPR2/ALX, and 11β-HSD2 mRNA expression using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and real-time RT-PCR; and localized protein expression using immunohistochemistry. FPR2/ALX and LXA4 and its biosynthetic enzymes were found to be decreased in women with preeclampsia. Replenishing LXA4 improved the symptoms of lipopolysaccharide-induced rats with preeclampsia, while blocking LXA4 signaling resulted in preeclampsia. LXA4 significantly reduced interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α, and IFN-γ but increased IL-10, LXA4 up-regulated 11β-HSD2.\n\nQuestion:\nIs preeclampsia associated with a deficiency of lipoxin A4 , an endogenous anti-inflammatory mediator?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe excitotoxic action of homocysteine and related sulphur-containing metabolites was investigated in organotpyic cultures derived from rat brain cortex and hippocampus by inhibition experiments using antagonists selective for different glutamate receptor subtypes. In addition the direct interaction of these metabolites with glutamate receptors expressed in frog oocytes was tested by conventional two electrode voltage clamp techniques.\n\nQuestion:\nDo homocysteic and homocysteine sulphinic acid exhibit excitotoxicity in organotypic cultures from rat brain?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nUpper respiratory infections (URI) presage perioperative respiratory complications, but thresholds to cancel surgery vary widely. We hypothesized that autonomically-mediated complications seen during emergence from anesthesia would be predicted by capnometry and reduced with preoperative bronchodilator administration. Afebrile outpatient tertiary-care children (age two months to 18 yr, n = 109) without lung disease or findings, having non-cavitary, non-airway surgery for under three hours, were randomized to bronchodilator premedication vs placebo and had preoperative capnometry. After halothane via mask, laryngeal mask airway, or endotracheal tube, and regional anesthesia as appropriate, patients recovered breathing room air while cough, wheeze, stridor, laryngospasm, and cumulative desaturations were recorded for 15 min. In this specific population, there was no association between adverse events and either URI within six weeks (n = 76) or URI within seven days (n = 21). Neither albuterol nor ipratropium premedication decreased adverse events. Endotracheal intubation was associated with increased emergence desaturations and placebo nebulized saline increased emergence coughing. Neither anesthesiologists nor preoperative capnometry predicted adverse events.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes bronchodilator premedication decrease respiratory adverse events in pediatric general anesthesia?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "no",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTuberculosis (TB) remains a major health problem in Morocco. Characterization of circulating Mycobacterium tuberculosis genotypic lineages, important to understand the dynamic of the disease, was hereby addressed for the first time at a national level. Spoligotyping was performed on a panel of 592 M. tuberculosis complex strains covering a 2-year period (2004-2006). It identified 129 patterns: 105 (n = 568 strains) corresponded to a SIT number in the SITVIT2 database, while 24 patterns were labeled as orphan. A total of 523 (88.3%) strains were clustered vs. 69 or 11.7% unclustered. Classification of strains within 3 large phylogenetical groups was as follows: group 1- ancestral/TbD1+/PGG1 (EAI, Bovis, Africanum), group 2- modern/TbD1-/PGG1 group (Beijing, CAS), group 3- evolutionary recent/TbD1-/PGG2/3 (Haarlem, X, S, T, LAM; alternatively designated as the Euro-American lineage). As opposed to group 3 strains (namely LAM, Haarlem, and T) that predominated (86.5% of all isolates), 6 strains belonged to group 2 (Beijing n = 5, CAS n = 1), and 3 strains (BOV_1 n = 2, BOV_4-CAPRAE) belonged to ancestral group 1 (EAI and AFRI lineage strains were absent). 12-loci MIRU-VNTR typing of the Casablanca subgroup (n = 114 strains) identified 71 patterns: 48 MITs and 23 orphan patterns; it allowed to reduce the clustering rate from 72.8% to 29.8% and the recent transmission rate from 64% to 20.2%.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes the genotypic population structure of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex from Moroccan patients reveal a predominance of Euro-American lineages?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nEzetimibe is a hypolipidemic agent acting via inhibition of cholesterol absorption from the small intestine. The effectiveness and safety of long-term administration of ezetimibe was evaluated in renal allograft recipients with persistent hyperlipidemia. 67 renal allograft recipients with post-transplantation hyperlipidemia resistant to statins were included in the study; 11 were treated with ezetimibe (10 mg/day) alone and 56 with ezetimibe and statin. The effectiveness of ezetimibe was assessed by determination of total cholesterol (TC), LDL cholesterol (LDL-C), HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) and triglycerides (TR). Its safety was determined by liver enzymes (ALT, AST), LDH, CPK, serum creatinine and blood levels of immunosuppressive drugs (cyclosporine, tacrolimus, everolimus, sirolimus) over the follow-up period of 18±6 months. A significant reduction of TC and LDL-C blood levels by 25% and 34% respectively, was observed during the first month of treatment with ezetimibe (p<0.001). This reduction was maintained for the whole period of ezetimibe administration. Renal function remained stable over the follow-up period, while no changes of the blood levels of immunosuppressive drugs were observed. Liver enzymes, LDH and CPK remained normal in all patients except for one diabetic patient who developed rhabdomyolysis. Apart from gastrointestinal symptoms in 2 patients, no other side effects were observed.\n\nQuestion:\nIs ezetimibe effective in the treatment of persistent hyperlipidemia of renal allograft recipients?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe zinc finger transcription factor early growth response gene 1 (EGR1) is underexpressed in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) compared with normal lung. EGR1 expression has been linked to tumor suppression as a result of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis through regulation of tumor suppressor pathways including PTEN. For these reasons, we hypothesized that reduced levels of EGR1 would correlate with inferior outcome in patients with NSCLC. Patients who underwent surgical resection for NSCLC had RNA extracted from tumor tissue and EGR1 gene expression was quantified by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The levels of EGR1 expression were examined in relationship to patient characteristics, histology, tumor stage, PTEN expression, and overall and disease-free survival. EGR1 expression strongly correlated with PTEN expression (P < .0001). No correlation of EGR1 with histology or stage was detected. Patients with high levels of EGR1 had better overall and disease-free survival compared with patients with low levels of EGR1 (P = .040 and P = .096, respectively). In a stratified log-rank test, low EGR1 expression was predictive of poor survival independent of tumor stage.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes eGR1 predict PTEN and survival in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nA sound predictive test is lacking for the identification of cirrhotic patients at high risk of developing hepatocellular carcinoma. The present study evaluates the measurement of hepatocyte expression of silver stained nucleolar organiser region (AgNOR) proteins as a risk factor for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis. Liver biopsies from 176 cirrhotic patients included in a follow up surveillance programme for hepatocellular carcinoma development were evaluated prospectively for hepatocyte AgNOR protein quantity. The follow up programme consisted of clinical and biochemical assessment every three months, and ultrasound scanning and serum alpha-fetoprotein (alpha FP) assessment every six months. Histological sections from the needle biopsies performed at enrollment were stained selectively for AgNOR proteins and the percentage of hepatocytes with an AgNOR protein area > or = 7 micron 2, indicative of a proliferative state (AgNOR proliferation index (AgNOR-PI)), was measured. During the mean (SD) follow up time of 65.5 (36.29) months (range, 12-143; median, 67), hepatocellular carcinoma was diagnosed in 48 of 176 patients (27.3%). The AgNOR-PI of the whole series ranged from 0% to 5% (median, 0.9%), and was significantly higher in patients with liver cell dysplasia and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positivity (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.0002, respectively). The 176 patients were divided into two groups according to their AgNOR-PI scores; a cut off value of 2.5% defined by the receiver operating characteristic curve and the Youden index was used. Forty two patients were included in the high AgNOR-PI (< 2.5%) group, and 134 patients the low AgNOR-PI (< 2.5%) group. In the high AgNOR-PI group, 25 of 42 patients developed hepatocellular carcinoma, in contrast to only 23 of 134 patients (17.2%) in the group with a low AgNOR-PI (p < 0.0001). Hepatocellular carcinoma development was also significantly more frequent in patients with liver cell dysplasia and HBsAg positivity. Multivariate analysis using AgNOR-PI, liver cell dysplasia, HBsAg positivity, and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection as covariates demonstrated that the AgNOR-PI parameter was the only significant predictor of hepatocellular carcinoma development.\n\nQuestion:\nIs hepatocyte proliferation rate a powerful parameter for predicting hepatocellular carcinoma development in liver cirrhosis?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nPerineural invasion and expression of CXCR4 is characteristic of adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC). Herein, we aimed to demonstrate CXCR4 expression in ACC, identify its association with perineural invasion and investigate the impact of CXCR4 inhibitor in vitro and in a murine perineural invasion model. Expression of CXCR4 was assessed in ACC cell lines and in human tissue. The effects of gene knockdown using siRNA and specific blocker of CXCR4 (AMD3100) were evaluated in vitro. A preclinical perineural invasion model was developed using BALB/c nude mouse. The effect of AMD3100 was evaluated in vivo. CXCR4 was highly expressed in aggressive strains of ACC in vitro, in the tumour in the animal model and in the tumour of human tissue. SDF-1 expression was also demonstrated in the nerve of murine and human tissue. Gene knockdown by siRNA and inhibition by a CXCR4-specific inhibitor AMD3100 effectively abrogated invasion but not proliferation of ACC in vitro. The rate of perineural invasion was significantly decreased with AMD3100 treatment in the animal model.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes cXCR4 antagonist inhibit perineural invasion of adenoid cystic carcinoma?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThere is no conclusive evidence which size of suture stitches and suture distance should be used to prevent burst abdomen and incisional hernia. Thirty-eight porcine abdominal walls were removed immediately after death and divided into 2 groups: A and B (N = 19 each). Two suturing methods using double-loop polydioxanone were tested in 14-cm midline incisions: group A consisted of large stitches (1 cm) with a large suture distance (1 cm), and group B consisted of small stitches (.5 cm) with a small suture distance (.5 cm). The geometric mean tensile force in group B was significantly higher than in group A (787 N vs 534 N; P = .006).\n\nQuestion:\nDo small stitches with small suture distances increase laparotomy closure strength?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nXiphophorus fishes are represented by 26 live-bearing species of tropical fish that express many attributes (e.g., viviparity, genetic and phenotypic variation, ecological adaptation, varied sexual developmental mechanisms, ability to produce fertile interspecies hybrids) that have made attractive research models for over 85 years. Use of various interspecies hybrids to investigate the genetics underlying spontaneous and induced tumorigenesis has resulted in the development and maintenance of pedigreed Xiphophorus lines specifically bred for research. The recent availability of the X. maculatus reference genome assembly now provides unprecedented opportunities for novel and exciting comparative research studies among Xiphophorus species. We present sequencing, assembly and annotation of two new genomes representing Xiphophorus couchianus and Xiphophorus hellerii. The final X. couchianus and X. hellerii assemblies have total sizes of 708 Mb and 734 Mb and correspond to 98 % and 102 % of the X. maculatus Jp 163 A genome size, respectively. The rates of single nucleotide change range from 1 per 52 bp to 1 per 69 bp among the three genomes and the impact of putatively damaging variants are presented. In addition, a survey of transposable elements allowed us to deduce an ancestral TE landscape, uncovered potential active TEs and document a recent burst of TEs during evolution of this genus.\n\nQuestion:\nDo x. couchianus and X. hellerii genome models provide genomic variation insight among Xiphophorus species?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nPatient nonadherence to cardiac medications following acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is associated with increased risk of recurrent events. However, the prevalence of cognitive dysfunction and poor health literacy among ACS patients and their association with medication nonadherence are poorly understood. We assessed rates of cognitive dysfunction and poor health literacy among participants of a clinical trial that tested the effectiveness of an intervention to improve medication adherence in patients hospitalized with ACS. Of 254 patients, 249 completed the Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Medicine, Revised (REALM-R) survey, an assessment of risk for poor literacy, and the St Louis University Mental Status (SLUMS) exam, a tool assessing for neurocognitive deficits, during ACS hospitalization. We assessed if SLUMS or REALM-R scores were associated with medication adherence. Based on SLUMS score, 14% of patients were categorized as having dementia, and 52% with mild neurocognitive disorder (MNCD). Based on REALM-R score of ≤6, 34% of patients were categorized as at risk for poor health literacy. There was no association between poor health literacy and medication nonadherence. Of those with MNCD, 35.5% were nonadherent, compared to 17.5% with normal cognitive function and 6.7% with dementia. In multivariable analysis, cognitive dysfunction was associated with medication nonadherence (P=0.007), mainly due to an association between MNCD and nonadherence (odds ratio =12.2, 95% confidence interval =1.9 to 243; P=0.007). Cognitive status was not associated with adherence in patients randomized to the intervention.\n\nQuestion:\nAre cognitive dysfunction and poor health literacy common in veterans presenting with acute coronary syndrome : insights from the MEDICATION study?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nFor severe burn victims suffering from total loss of upper and lower eyelids, skin graft or skin flap is normally used to cover the lesion and to protect the cornea, preventing corneal ulcer and simultaneously preparing for corneal transplantation. However, a new problem arises after the formation of the new palpebral fissure, that is, the reconstructed eyelids cannot open and close like the normal eyelids and the eyeball movement is limited, which exposes the cornea to dry air resulting in ulceration. In this article, we present a simple technique to partially solve this problem. Five burn victims who lost their eyelids received treatment: stumps of upper and lower eyelids bulbar conjunctiva were dissected and pulled together as the lining of the conjunctival sac. Intermediate split-thickness skin was then immediately grafted as the new eyelids' skin. After 3 months, a 2-cm transverse incision was made 5mm below the normal palpebral fissure to open the conjunctival sac and new 'eyelids' were formed. The patients were followed for 2-9 years. No lagophthalmos and xerophthalmia were found. When the patients raised their heads in the supine position, they could see outside. When they bowed their heads, the cornea was protected. Their remaining vision was rescued and an average 0.4 vision recovered. Most of the patients went back to work.\n\nQuestion:\nDo rescue of vision in burn patients with total eyelid loss?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe effectiveness of piperacillin-tazobactam (PTZ) for the treatment of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) bacteremia is controversial. We compared 14-day mortality of PTZ vs carbapenems as empiric therapy in a cohort of patients with ESBL bacteremia who all received definitive therapy with a carbapenem. Patients hospitalized between January 2007 and April 2014 with monomicrobial ESBL bacteremia were included. A decrease of >3 doubling dilutions in the minimum inhibitory concentration for third-generation cephalosporins tested in combination with 4 µg/mL of clavulanic acid was used to confirm ESBL status. The primary exposure was empiric therapy, defined as antibiotic therapy administered to a patient before ESBL status was known. Patients were excluded if they did not receive a carbapenem after ESBL production was identified. The primary outcome was time to death from the first day of bacteremia. Propensity scores using inverse probability of exposure weighting (IPW) were used to estimate the probability that a patient would receive PTZ vs carbapenems empirically. We calculated overall hazard ratios for mortality censored at 14 days using Cox proportional hazards models on an IPW-adjusted cohort. A total of 331 unique patients with ESBL bacteremia were identified. One hundred three (48%) patients received PTZ empirically and 110 (52%) received carbapenems empirically. The adjusted risk of death was 1.92 times higher for patients receiving empiric PTZ compared with empiric carbapenem therapy (95% confidence interval, 1.07-3.45).\n\nQuestion:\nIs carbapenem therapy associated with improved survival compared with piperacillin-tazobactam for patients with extended-spectrum β-lactamase bacteremia?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nKetosis-prone diabetes (KPD) comprises four subgroups based on the presence or absence of beta-cell autoantibodies (A+ or A-) and beta-cell functional reserve (beta+ or beta-). Genetic factors could contribute to their distinctive phenotypes. Our aim was to specify the role of HLA class II alleles associated with susceptibility or resistance to autoimmune type 1 diabetes in determining KPD phenotypes. A total of 185 adults presenting with diabetic ketoacidosis were followed longitudinally for a mean of 5.5 years, with measurements of autoantibodies, beta-cell functional reserve, insulin sensitivity, and insulin requirement. Frequencies of susceptibility and resistance alleles at HLA DQA1, DQB1, and DRB1 loci were correlated with clinical and phenotypic features of KPD subgroups and compared with those of ethnic-specific population control subjects. Susceptibility alleles were more frequent (P < 0.0001) in the two A+ than the two A- KPD subgroups; in the latter, the frequency was no greater than in population control subjects (except for DQB1*0302). Susceptibility alleles differentiated the two clinically similar beta- subgroups (more frequent in A+beta- than A-beta- KPD; P < 0.01). Resistance alleles were more frequent in the two beta+ than the two beta- KPD subgroups (P < 0.01). The frequencies of certain susceptibility (e.g., DQB1*02) and resistance (DQB1*0602) alleles were higher in African-American A-beta+ KPD patients than in African-American control subjects. DQB1*0302 was more frequent in all KPD subgroups compared with control subjects.\n\nQuestion:\nDo hLA class II alleles specify phenotypes of ketosis-prone diabetes?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nHomocysteine is associated with an increased risk of atherosclerosis. The administration of fibrates has been reported to significantly increase plasma homocysteine levels, a potentially adverse effect of fibrates. We investigated the hypothesis that concomitant treatment with fenofibrate and folic acid leads to a smaller increase in plasma total homocysteine levels than treatment with fenofibrate alone. A randomized, open-label study compared the effect of micronized fenofibrate (200 mg daily) alone versus fenofibrate plus folic acid (10 mg every other day) on plasma homocysteine levels. Twenty-two patients with mixed hyperlipidemia participated. The 9-wk treatment period was preceded by a 4-wk wash-out period without hypolipidemic drugs. In patients treated with fenofibrate only, plasma homocysteine levels increased by 6.85 +/- 5.23 micromol/L (from 12.27 +/- 3.15 to 19.13 +/- 7.20 micromol/L); in patients treated with fenofibrate and folic acid, plasma homocysteine levels increased by 2.01 +/- 2.88 micromol/L (from 10.14 +/- 2.32 to 12.15 +/- 3.08 micromol/L). The difference in the homocysteine increase between the two groups was statistically significant at P = 0.014.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes folate supplementation prevent plasma homocysteine increase after fenofibrate therapy?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nFibrosis is a major contributor to joint stiffness in osteoarthritis (OA). We investigated several factors associated with the persistence of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β)-induced fibrosis and whether these factors also play a role in OA-related fibrosis. Mice were injected intra-articularly (i.a.) with an adenovirus encoding either TGF-β or connective tissue growth factor (CTGF). In addition, we induced OA by i.a. injection of bacterial collagenase into the right knee joint of C57BL/6 mice. mRNA was isolated from the synovium for Q-PCR analysis of the gene expression of various extracellular matrix (ECM) components, ECM degraders, growth factors and collagen cross-linking-related enzymes. Sections of murine knee joints injected with Ad-TGF-β or Ad-CTGF or from experimental OA were stained for lysyl hydroxylase 2 (LH2). The number of pyridinoline cross-links per triple helix collagen in synovium biopsies was determined with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Expression of collagen alpha-1(I) chain precursor (Col1a1), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 1 (TIMP1) and especially procollagen-lysine, 2-oxoglutarate 5-dioxygenase 2b (Plod2b) were highly upregulated by TGF-β but not by CTGF. Elevated expression of Plod2b mRNA was associated with high lysyl hydroxylase 2 (LH2) protein staining after TGF-β overexpression and in experimental OA. Furthermore, in experimental OA the number of hydroxypyridinoline cross-links was significant increased compared to control knee joints.\n\nQuestion:\nIs osteoarthritis-related fibrosis associated with both elevated pyridinoline cross-link formation and lysyl hydroxylase 2b expression?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nObservational and experimental studies suggest that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may protect against Alzheimer disease (AD); however, clinical trials and other observational studies, including the Adult Changes in Thought (ACT) study, show no protection or promotion of AD. The objective of this study is to determine the relationship between common dementia-associated pathologies and mid- to late-life NSAID exposure. We examined the association of mid- to late-life NSAID use with neuropathologic findings on 257 autopsies from ACT, a population-based study of brain aging and incident dementia. Cumulative standard daily doses (SDD) of nonselective NSAIDs were determined from ≥10 years of computerized pharmacy dispensing data. Analyses were adjusted for selection bias to broaden generalizability of results to 3,026 eligible participants in the ACT cohort. Seven pathologic indices were evaluated: intermediate or frequent score for neuritic plaques, Braak stages V or VI for neurofibrillary tangles, >2 cerebral microinfarcts, the presence of any neocortical Lewy bodies, any macroscopic infarcts, any amyloid angiopathy, and moderate or severe atherosclerosis. Of the neuropathologic indices evaluated, only neuritic plaque score was significantly increased in participants with greater use of nonselective NSAIDs (p = 0.065), specifically in those with high levels of cumulative use: 1,000-2,000 SDD (adjusted relative risk [RR] 2.16, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02-4.25, compared to light/nonuse [<60 SDD]) and >2,000 SDD (adjusted RR 2.37, 95% CI 1.24-4.67).\n\nQuestion:\nAre nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs associated with increased neuritic plaques?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nNerve root traction injuries induce spinal cord inflammation and lead to neuronal death within days. In the present study, we examined the inflammatory response one week after multiple cervical root transections. In the transection group, the left cervical roots (C6-8) of rats were cut at the spinal cord junction. In the repair group, transected roots were repaired with nerve grafts and the subsequent application of aFGF and fibrin glue. A sham group had nerve roots exposed without transection. Mechanical allodynia and spinal glial responses were evaluated. Allodynia did not differ between the treatment groups on day 2. Rats with transected spinal nerve roots had significantly more allodynia by 7 days, which was associated with IL-1β expression in dorsal and ventral horn astrocytes, and microglia activation. Repair of nerve roots with autologous intercostal nerve grafts and FGF in fibrin glue attenuated the allodynia, reduced IL-1β expression in astroctyes and reduced microglia activation, along with a significant increase in arginase I expression.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes treatment with nerve grafts and aFGF attenuate allodynia caused by cervical root transection injuries?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe purpose of this study was to investigate tibial changes in volumetric bone mineral density and geometry that take place in athletes from pre- to post-season. Female college athletes (n = 36) and ten controls recruited from the student population were included in the study. Participants had their left tibia scanned by pQCT at 4, 20, and 66 % of the overall length from the distal end before and after their competitive seasons. Subjects were divided into four groups: non-athlete (controls, n = 10), moderate-impact (cross-country runners, n = 13), high-impact (volleyball and basketball, n = 11), and odd-impact (soccer, n = 12). Anterior-posterior and medial-lateral diameter increased at the 4 % site in control subjects. In the moderate-impact group, medial-lateral moment of inertia (MOI) increased by 1.2 ± 1.8 (mean ± SD) percent at the 20 % site. In high-impact group, anterior-posterior MOI increased by 1.6 ± 2.0 percent at the 66 % site. In odd-impact group, cortical area (1.4 ± 2.3 %) and cortical thickness (1.8 ± 2.8 %) increased at the 20 % site increased, as did the polar MOI (1.8 ± 2.2 %) at the 66 % site.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes odd-impact loading result in increased cortical area and moments of inertia in collegiate athletes?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nMyotonia and periodic paralysis caused by sodium channel mutations show variable responses to the anti-myotonic drug mexiletine. To investigate whether variability among sodium channel mutants results from differences in drug binding affinity or in channel gating. Whole-cell sodium currents (I(Na)) were recorded in tsA201 cells expressing human wild-type (WT) and mutant skeletal muscle sodium channels (A1156T, hyperkalemic periodic paralysis; R1448C, paramyotonia congenita; G1306E, potassium-aggravated myotonia). At a holding potential (hp) of -120 mV, mexiletine produced a tonic (TB, 0.33 Hz) and a use-dependent (UDB, 10 Hz) block of peak I(Na) with a potency following the order rank R1448C > WT approximately equal A1156T > G1306E. Yet, when assayed from an hp of -180 mV, TB and UDB by mexiletine were similar for the four channels. The different midpoints of channel availability curves found for the four channels track the half-maximum inhibitory value (IC50) measured at -120 mV. Thus differences in the partitioning of channels between the closed and fast-inactivated states underlie the different IC50 measured at a given potential. The mexiletine-derivative, Me7 (alpha-[(2-methylphenoxy)methyl]-benzenemethanamine), behaved similarly but was approximately 5 times more potent than mexiletine. Interestingly, the higher drug concentrations ameliorated the abnormally slower decay rate of myotonic I(Na).\n\nQuestion:\nDoes gating of myotonic Na channel mutants define the response to mexiletine and a potent derivative?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nOut-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) is associated with a poor prognosis. As comorbidity and frailty increase with age; ethical dilemmas may arise when OHCA occur in the very old. We aimed to investigate mortality, neurological outcome and post resuscitation care in octogenarians (≥80) to assess whether resuscitation and post resuscitation care should be avoided. During 2007-2011 consecutive OHCA-patients were attended by the physician-based Emergency Medical Services-system in Copenhagen. Pre-hospital data based on Utstein-criteria, and data on post resuscitation care were collected. Primary outcome was successful resuscitation; secondary endpoints were 30-day mortality and neurological outcome (Cerebral Performance Category (CPC)). 2509 OHCA-patients with attempted resuscitation were recorded, 22% (n=558) were octogenarians/nonagenarians. 166 (30% of all octogenarians with resuscitation attempted) octogenarians were successfully resuscitated compared to 830 (43% with resuscitation attempted) patients <80 years. 30-day mortality in octogenarians was significantly higher after adjustment for prognostic factors (HR=1.61 CI: 1.22-2.13, p<0.001). Octogenarians received fewer coronary angiographies (CAG) (14 vs. 37%, p<0.001), and had lower odds of receiving CAG by multivariate logistic regression (OR: 0.19, CI: 0.08-0.44, p<0.001). A favorable neurological outcome (CPC 1/2) in survivors to discharge was found in 70% (n=26) of octogenarians compared to 86% (n=317, p=0.03) in the younger patients.\n\nQuestion:\nIs resuscitation and post resuscitation care of the very old after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest worthwhile?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nSpecial AT-rich binding protein-1 (SATB1) reprograms chromatin organization and transcription profiles to promote tumour growth and metastasis. This study aimed to confirm the effects of SATB1 on the growth and metastasis of liver cancer and its specific regulation mechanism. SATB1 expression was evaluated in human hepatoma tissue, adjacent noncancerous tissue and seven kinds of liver cancer cell lines. Cell cycle, cell proliferation, apoptosis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) was investigated after enhanced or silenced expression of SATB1. The regulatory action of SATB1 on the expression of genes that are known to regulate cell cycle progression, apoptosis and EMT and the specific apoptotic pathway on which it acts were further analysed. Nude mice that received subcutaneous implantation were used to study the effects of SATB1 on tumour growth in vivo. Our data show that the high expression of SATB1 was observed in the human hepatocellular carcinoma tissue (26/45) and liver cancer cell lines with high metastatic potential. SATB1 upregulated CDK4 and downregulated p16 (INK) (4A) to promote cell cycle progression and cell proliferation and prevented apoptosis by inhibiting the FADD-caspase-8-caspase-3 death receptor-mediated apoptosis pathway. SATB1 also induced EMT concomitant with increased expression of Snail1, Slug, Twist and vimentin and decreased expression of E-cadherin, tight junction protein ZO-1 and desmoplakin. SATB1 promoted the growth of tumour in vivo.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes upregulation of SATB1 promote tumor growth and metastasis in liver cancer?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe role of the pulmonary vasculature in the pathogenesis of ventilator-induced lung injury is not well established. In this study, the authors investigated the effect of vascular remodeling due to chronic pulmonary hypertension on susceptibility to ventilator-induced lung injury. The authors hypothesized that the enhanced vascular tensile strength associated with pulmonary vascular remodeling would protect against ventilator-induced lung injury. Chronic pulmonary arterial hypertension was induced in rats by exposure to hypoxia for 28 days and was confirmed by demonstration of right ventricular hypertrophy. Normotensive and hypertensive groups of rats (as well as a group in which pulmonary hypertension was acutely reversed with a Rho-kinase inhibitor, Y-27632) were exposed to injurious ventilation (respiratory rate 30 min, 30/0 cm H2O) for 90 min. Lung injury was assessed by change in lung mechanics, oxygenation, edema development, and cytokine levels. Electron microscopy was used to examine vascular structure in additional animals. Injurious ventilation caused significant lung injury (lung compliance, oxygenation, pulmonary edema) in the normotensive controls, but not in the presence of pulmonary hypertension; acute reversal of pulmonary hypertension did not alter the lessened susceptibility to ventilator-induced lung injury. Electron microscopy demonstrated capillary endothelial and epithelial breaks in injuriously ventilated normotensive controls that were not seen with pulmonary hypertension, whether or not the pulmonary hypertension was acutely reversed.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes vascular remodeling protect against ventilator-induced lung injury in the in vivo rat?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe authors pilot a smoking-cessation outreach for the homeless that extends medical students' tobacco cessation education. In this prospective study, second-year medical students administered cognitive behavior therapy or unstructured support to homeless subjects to help them quit smoking. Self-report and biological measures (carbon monoxide) of smoking taken at baseline and follow-up were analyzed using t tests to determine intervention efficacy. Out of 11 enrolled subjects, six completed the protocol and all decreased their smoking frequency. The mean rate of smoking dropped significantly from 19 to nine cigarettes per day when pooling all subjects, and carbon monoxide mean level decreased from 28.0 to 20.2.\n\nQuestion:\nIs smoking cessation delivered by medical students helpful to homeless population?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nAtrial fibrillation (AF) is characterized by an irregularly irregular (\"random\") heart beat. However, controversy exists whether the ventricular rhythm in AF is truly random. We investigated randomness by constructing three-dimensional RR interval plots (3D plots), allowing identification of \"clustering\" of RR intervals. It was hypothesized that electrical cardioversion (ECV) would be more effective in AF patients with clustering, because clustering might reflect a higher degree of organization of atrial fibrillatory activity. The study group consisted of 66 patients (44 men and 22 women; mean age 68 +/- 11 years), who were referred for ECV because of persistent AF. Twenty-four-hour Holter recordings were used to construct 3D plots by plotting each RR interval (x axis) against the previous RR interval (y axis) and the number of occurrences of each of these x,y combinations (z axis). A clustering index was calculated as the percentage of beats within the peaks in the 3D plot. Based on the 3D plots, clustering of RR intervals was present in 31 (47%) of the 66 patients. ECV was effective in restoring sinus rhythm in 29 (94%) of these 31 patients, whereas sinus rhythm was restored in only 25 (71%) of the remaining 35 patients without clustering (P = 0.020). The clustering index ranged from <2% in the 12 patients with failed ECV to >8% in the 32 patients with sinus rhythm at the end of the study (4 weeks after the ECV); the clustering index in the 22 patients with a relapse of AF after effective ECV was intermediate (P = 0.034 and P = 0.042, respectively).\n\nQuestion:\nDoes clustering of RR intervals predict effective electrical cardioversion for atrial fibrillation?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe aim of this study was to determine the association of early treatment intensity with hospital mortality of intensive care unit (ICU) patients. We performed an observational study based on a national ICU registry. We included adult patients treated in Finnish ICUs between 2003 and 2013 with the length of ICU stay of more than 3 days. We measured treatment intensity with the Therapeutic Intervention Scoring System (TISS-76). We assessed mean and daily TISS scores. To define the change in treatment intensity during the first days in the ICU, we calculated the difference between the TISS score on day 3 and the score on day 1 (ΔTISS). We used multivariate logistic regression to adjust for baseline differences and continuous net reclassification improvement (NRI) to determine the impact of adding TISS data to the baseline prediction model on its prognostic performance. We identified 42,493 patients eligible for the study. For 71% of the patients, ΔTISS was ≤ 0 and crude hospital mortality was 18%. ΔTISS > 0 was observed for 29% of the patients, with a hospital mortality of 23%. When compared to the group ΔTISS ≤ 0, the category ΔTISS > 0 was independently associated with substantially increased mortality. Adding TISS data to the prediction model resulted in the improvement of prognostic performance particularly in the patients with the lowest initial baseline risk.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes increased need for interventions predict mortality in the critically ill?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nChaperones play an important role in inducing anti-cancer immunity. To explore the probability of using chaperone-peptide-rich complexes extracted from colo-carcinoma cells as anti-cancer vaccine, we extracted and prepared chaperone-peptide-rich complexes from CT26 cells, which were subsequently investigated on anti-cancer efficacy. The crude extracts of the CT26 cells treated with heat and Trichosanthin were precipitated with salt and dialyzed to remove proteins below 50kDa and above 300kDa in molecular weight; the proteins with the molecular weights in 70kDa, 90kDa, 95kDa, 110kDa and 170kDa were collected through gel filtration and SDS-PAGE. After confirmation, the purified proteins were used to determine their effects on lymphocyte proliferation, the activities of NK and CTL, tumor suppression and the tumor-bearing mouse survival. The majority of the chaperone-peptides of anti-cancer immunity in CT26 cells, including HSP70-antigen peptide, HSP90-antigen peptide, gp96-antigen peptide, HSP-110 antigen peptide, HSP170-antigen peptide, was satisfactorily extracted that the multi-chaperone-peptide-rich mixtures were obtained. All the mixtures prepared could elicit lymphocyte proliferation, enhance the activities of CTL and NK, reinforce the tumor suppression and prolong the mouse survival.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes multi-chaperone-peptide-rich mixture from colo-carcinoma cells elicit potent anticancer immunity?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nFor older adults, falls threaten their health, independence, and quality of life. Knowing the circumstances surrounding falls is essential for understanding how behavioral and environmental factors interact in fall events. It is also important for developing and implementing interventions that are effective and acceptable to older adults. This study investigated the circumstances and injury outcomes of falls among community-dwelling older adults at high risk for falls. In this secondary analysis, we examined the circumstances and outcomes of falls experienced by 328 participants in the Dane County (Wisconsin) Safety Assessment for Elders (SAFE) Research Study. SAFE was a randomized controlled trial of a community-based multifactorial falls intervention for older adults at high risk for falls, conducted from October 2002 to December 2007. Participants were community-dwelling adults aged ≥65 years who reported at least one fall during the year after study enrollment. Falls were collected prospectively using monthly calendars. Everyone who reported a fall was contacted by telephone to determine the circumstances surrounding the event. Injury outcomes were defined as none, mild (injury reported but no treatment sought), moderate (treatment for any injury except head injury or fracture), and severe (treatment for head injury or fracture). Data were available for 1,172 falls. A generalized linear mixed model analysis showed that being aged ≥85 (OR = 2.1, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.2-3.9), female (OR = 2.1, 95% CI = 1.3-3.4), falling backward and landing flat (OR = 5.6, 95% CI = 2.9-10.5), sideways (OR = 4.6, 95% CI = 2.6-8.0) and forward (OR = 3.3, 95% CI = 2.0-5.7) were significantly associated with the likelihood of injury. Of 783 falls inside the home, falls in the bathroom were more than twice as likely to result in an injury compared to falls in the living room (OR = 2.4, 95% CI = 1.2-4.9).\n\nQuestion:\nDoes circumstances and outcomes of fall among high risk community-dwelling older adults?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nIt is increasingly recognized that asthma is a heterogeneous disease. Therefore, it is possible that analysis of gene expression in the airway will reveal clinically meaningful transcriptional endotypes of asthma (TEA clusters). We measured whole transcriptome gene expression profiles in the sputum and whole blood of 100 individuals with asthma and 12 control subjects using the Affymetrix HuGene ST 1.0 gene arrays. Unsupervised clustering was conducted using pathways from Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). This identified three TEA clusters that were correlated with clinical, physiologic, and inflammatory characteristics of the disease. TEA cluster 1 is a cluster of patients with asthma with a significantly higher rate of intubation (P = 0.05), a lower prebronchodilator FEV1 (P = 0.006), a higher bronchodilator response (P = 0.03), and higher exhaled nitric oxide levels (P = 0.04) than the other two TEA clusters. TEA cluster 2 has a higher rate of hospitalization for asthma (P = 0.04) and is heterogeneous. TEA cluster 3 is the largest cluster and has normal lung function, low exhaled nitric oxide levels, and lower inhaled steroid requirements. TEA cluster 1 had the highest sputum Th2 gene signature (IL-4, -5, and -13) compared with the other clusters. A classifier was developed that predicts TEA cluster assignment using 53 predictive genes in the circulation. The classifier was applied to gene expression data of children from the Asthma Biorepository for Integrative Genomic Exploration (Asthma BRIDGE) consortium cohort and confirmed that TEA clusters 1 and 2 are associated with history of intubation (P = 5.58 × 10(-06)) and hospitalization (P = 0.01), respectively.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes noninvasive Analysis of the Sputum Transcriptome discriminate Clinical Phenotypes of Asthma?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nPeriodic limb movements in sleep (PLMS) are common in the elderly. A previous large polysomnographic (PSG) study examining the relationship of PLMS to sleep architecture and arousals from sleep in women found that leg movements were common in elderly women, and PLMS which were associated with EEG arousals had a strong and consistent association with markers of disturbed sleep. Since sleep differs in men and women, we now investigate the association between PLMS and PSG indices of sleep quality in a large community-based sample of older men. Observational study, cross-sectional analyses. Six clinical sites participating in the Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) Study. 2,872 older community-dwelling men (mean age 76.4 years) who completed in-home PSG from 2003-2005. N/A. In-home PSG was performed which included bilateral measurement of leg movements. The total number of leg movements per hour of sleep (PLMI) and the number of leg movements causing EEG-documented arousals per hour of sleep (PLMA) were computed. A PLMI ≥ 5 (70.8%) and PLMA ≥ 5 (27.4%) were both prevalent. Linear regression models were used to examine the relationship between PLMS as predictors and sleep architecture, arousal index, and sleep efficiency as outcomes. The highest quintiles of PLMI (≥ 65.1) and PLMA (≥ 6.8) showed the largest association with indices of sleep architecture; PLMA showed a larger magnitude of effect. After multivariate adjustment, participants with a higher PLMA had a small but significantly higher arousal index, lower sleep efficiency, higher percentages of stages 1 and 2 sleep, and lower percentages of stage 3-4 and REM sleep (p < 0.01). An increased PLMI was similarly associated with a higher arousal index, higher percentage of stage 2 sleep, and lower percentage of stage 3-4 (p < 0.0001), but not with an increase in stage 1, REM sleep, or sleep efficiency. Neither PLMI nor PMLA was associated with subjective sleepiness measured by the Epworth Sleepiness Scale.\n\nQuestion:\nAre periodic leg movements associated with reduced sleep quality in older men : the MrOS Sleep Study?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo determine the number, type, precipitating factors and mortality associated with diabetic emergencies admitted to Groote Schuur Hospital. Administered questionnaire survey. Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town. All patients admitted from September 1991 to January 1992 with elevated blood glucose concentrations who required intravenous insulin and fluids were evaluated by an administered questionnaire prior to discharge from hospital. Patients were divided into four groups according to presence of ketosis, standard bicarbonate level and serum osmolality: (i) mild diabetic keto-acidosis (DKA); (ii) severe DKA; (iii) hyperosmolar state; and (iv) hyperglycaemia. There were 131 admissions in 122 patients. Sixty-five occurred in non-insulin-dependent diabetics, 45 in insulin-dependent diabetics and 12 in pancreatic diabetics. There were similar numbers of admissions in the four groups of hyperglycaemic emergencies. The mortality rate was 3% in the mild DKA and hyperglycaemic groups, significantly lower (P < 0.05) than in the hyperosmolar group (19%). The mortality rate was 11% in the severe DKA group (P > 0.05 v. other groups). Sixty-two per cent of participants had achieved Standard 4 to Standard 8 education. Only 39% were employed at the time of interview. Diabetic knowledge and general compliance were assessed as poor. Infections and poor compliance with hypoglycaemic therapy were the dominant precipitating factors.\n\nQuestion:\nAre hyperglycaemic emergencies a common problem?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nLangerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is an inflammatory myeloid neoplasia with a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations and outcomes in children. The somatic BRAF(V600E) mutation occurs frequently, but clinical significance remains to be determined. BRAF(V600E) mutation was investigated in a French LCH cohort. We analyzed associations between mutation status and clinical presentation, extent of disease, reactivation rate, response to therapy, and long-term permanent sequelae. Among 315 patients with successfully determined BRAF status, 173 (54.6%) carried a BRAF(V600E) mutation. Patients with BRAF(V600E) manifested more severe disease than did those with wild-type BRAF. Patients with BRAF(V600E) comprised 87.8% of patients (43 of 49) with multisystem LCH with risk organ involvement (liver, spleen, hematology), 68.6% of patients (35 of 51) with multisystem LCH without risk organ involvement, 43.9% of patients (86 of 196) with single-system LCH, and 42.1% of patients (8 of 19) with lung-involved LCH (P < .001). BRAF(V600E) mutation was also associated with organ involvement that could lead to permanent, irreversible damage, such as neurologic (75%) and pituitary (72.9%) injuries. Compared with patients with wild-type BRAF, patients with BRAF(V600E) more commonly displayed resistance to combined vinblastine and corticosteroid therapy (21.9% v 3.3%; P = .001), showed a higher reactivation rate (5-year reactivation rate, 42.8% v 28.1%; P = .006), and had more permanent, long-term consequences from disease or treatment (27.9% v 12.6%; P = .001).\n\nQuestion:\nDoes bRAF Mutation correlate With High-Risk Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis and Increased Resistance to First-Line Therapy?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nMagnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the most popular follow-up study for patients who have undergone spinal surgery. However, the image quality often becomes poor because of artifacts from metal implants and/or from failed fat suppression, which obscure diagnosis. Iterative decomposition of water and fat with echo asymmetry and least-squares estimation (IDEAL) is a new fat suppression method that is less affected by inhomogeneity of the magnetic field. Here, we compared postsurgical spinal MRI with IDEAL versus chemical shift selective saturation (CHESS). For 35 patients who had spinal surgery, we examined T2-weighted fast spin-echo sagittal images of the spine with both IDEAL and CHESS. Two radiologists evaluated the degrees of fat suppression and spinal canal projection from 0 (least/worst) to 2 (most/best). Fat suppression and spinal canal scores for IDEAL were statistically higher than those for CHESS (P < 0.05).\n\nQuestion:\nDo postsurgical spinal magnetic resonance imaging with iterative decomposition of water and fat with echo asymmetry and least-squares estimation?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nPatients having in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET) failures show an increased incidence of antiphospholipid (aPL) antibodies; but controversy exists whether aPL can induce IVF-failure. This study was designed to compare aPL specificities between recurrent IVF-failure patients versus repeated early pregnancy loss (RPL) patients. Anticardiolipin (aCL), lupus anticoagulant (LA), antiphosphatidylserine (aPS), antiphosphatidylethanolamine (aPE), and antinuclear antibodies (ANA) were measured in 74 recurrent IVF-ET failure patients and compared with 273 early RPL patients ( < 10 weeks). An increased incidence of IgG-aPE and ANA was observed for both groups in comparison with controls. Patients with recurrent IVF-ET failure showed a significantly higher prevalence of IgG-aPS (P = 0.02) and IgG-aCL (P = 0.02) when compared with early RPL patients or controls.\n\nQuestion:\nAre different antiphospholipid antibody specificities found in association with early repeated pregnancy loss versus recurrent IVF-failure patients?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nMatrix metalloproteinases play a role in regulating cardiac remodeling. We previously reported an association between tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 2 (TIMP-2) expression and mitral valve (MV) disease. However, the determinants and prognostic value of mitral TIMP2 after MV surgery are unknown. This retrospective study of 164 patients after MV surgery in a tertiary medical center in Taiwan assessed mitral TIMP2 on a semiquantitative scale (0-2) by immunohistochemical staining. The primary endpoints were the composite of cardiovascular death and heart failure admission. Mean age was 50.4±13.7 years. After a mean follow-up period of 101±59 months, primary endpoints had occurred in 25 (15.2%) subjects. Patients with and without primary endpoint events significantly differed in terms of age (56.6±14.4 vs. 49.2±13.4 years, respectively; p = 0.013) and left ventricular end-systolic diameter (LVESD) (39.7±8.2 vs. 35.5±7.5 mm, p = 0.010) at surgery. The TIMP2 had a significant dose-dependent association with development of a primary endpoint (p = 0.002). Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that TIMP2 expression has a significant positive association with primary endpoint-free survival (log-rank test; p = 0.004). Cox regression analysis showed that independent predictors of primary endpoints were TIMP2 (hazard ratio [HR] 0.28; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.12-0.65; p = 0.003), age (HR 1.05; 95% CI 1.02-1.09; p = 0.003) and LVESD (HR 1.05; 95% CI 1.01-1.10; p = 0.020).\n\nQuestion:\nIs mitral tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 2 associated with mitral valve surgery outcome?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nIt was well known that tangential vitreoretinal traction and epiretinal membrane play important roles during the formation of macular hole (MH) associated with retinal detachment (RD) in highly myopic eyes. But it was not clear about the correlations between anteroposterior traction, posterior vitreous cortex (PVC) and MH-RD. The vitreous status in highly myopic eyes were analyzed to explore the effect of PVC in the role of MH-RD formation. Sixteen consecutive highly myopic eyes with RD due to MH were retrospectively analyzed from January 2009 to April 2009. The preoperative examinations for detecting posterior vitreous detachment (PVD) and vitreoretinal traction included B-mode ultrasonography and optical coherence tomography (OCT). The residual PVC and PVD were confirmed intraoperatively during triamcinolone acetonide (TA) assisted vitrectomy. Under ultrasonography, the preoperative PVD patterns were stratified as: complete PVD in three (19%) eyes, partial PVD in eight (50%) eyes, and no PVD in five (31%) eyes. OCT confirmed vitreoretinal traction and no complete PVD in 10 (63%) eyes, including anteroposterior traction in four eyes and tangential traction in six eyes. During TA-assisted vitrectomy, it was confirmed that no complete PVD existed in 16 eyes, including six eyes (38%) finally diagnosed of partial PVD, and five (31%) eyes with vitreoschisis. Anteroposterior vitreoretinal traction around MH is always in conjunction with partial PVD (67%), and high proportion (80%) of vitreoschisis is associated with tangential vitreoretinal traction. Comparing with the precision of TA staining of PVD diagnosis, the coincidence rate of ultrasonography was 69% (P = 0.02), and that of OCT was 63% (P < 0.01).\n\nQuestion:\nDoes posterior vitreous cortex contribute to macular hole in highly myopic eyes with retinal detachment?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nAn antiulcer agent, ecabet sodium, is active against Helicobacter pylori. The aim of the present study was to clinically examine whether eradication therapy, which includes ecabet sodium, is effective in eradication of H. pylori after failure of first-line therapy. Patients with peptic ulcer who failed with first-line triple eradication therapy containing clarithromycin received quadruple therapy with omeprazole (20 mg, twice daily), amoxicillin (750 mg, twice daily), metronidazole (500 mg, twice daily) and ecabet sodium (1000 mg, twice daily) for 14 days. Eradication of H. pylori was judged by 13C-urea breath test 8 weeks later. Fifty-two patients (36 men and 16 women) were included. Their mean age was 51.4 years (range 28-73). One patient dropped out because of diarrhoea. The eradication rate was 98.0% (50/51) according to the per-protocol analysis and 96.2% (50/52) according to the intention-to-treat analysis. Side effects occurred in seven patients, but none were serious.\n\nQuestion:\nIs quadruple therapy with ecabet sodium , omeprazole , amoxicillin and metronidazole effective for eradication of Helicobacter pylori after failure of first-line therapy ( KDOG0201 Study )?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo understand growth regulation of the endometrium by studying the effect of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1) on human endometrial stromal cell proliferation in vitro. Endometrial stromal cells from human endometrium were separated and purified and placed in culture. Fresh and first- and sixth-passage cells were incubated with IL-1 (0.025, 0.25, and 2.5 ng/mL) for 24, 48, and 72 hours, respectively. Proliferation as a function of DNA synthesis was assessed by measuring 3H-thymidine incorporation. Experiments were then repeated in the presence of indomethacin to determine whether IL-1 effects were dependent upon prostaglandin synthesis. We evaluated overall growth by adding IL-1 to cell cultures of sixth-passage stromal cells every 3 days and by performing cell count studies. Interleukin-1 beta significantly inhibited 3H-thymidine uptake in freshly explanted endometrial stromal cells at all doses in a dose-dependent manner; a 44% inhibition was seen at 2.5 ng/mL IL-1 after 72 hours of incubation. In first- and sixth-passage cells, 3H-thymidine uptake was inhibited only at intermediate and high doses of IL-1. Cell count studies showed that sixth-passage cells were significantly inhibited by IL-1 after 23 days of growth (22%; P less than .01). Adding indomethacin did not affect inhibition of growth.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes interleukin-1 inhibit growth of normal human endometrial stromal cells?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\neQTL analyses are important to improve the understanding of genetic association results. We performed a genome-wide association and global gene expression study to identify functionally relevant variants affecting the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD). In a genome-wide association analysis of 2078 CAD cases and 2953 control subjects, we identified 950 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that were associated with CAD at P<10(-3). Subsequent in silico and wet-laboratory replication stages and a final meta-analysis of 21 428 CAD cases and 38 361 control subjects revealed a novel association signal at chromosome 10q23.31 within the LIPA (lysosomal acid lipase A) gene (P=3.7×10(-8); odds ratio, 1.1; 95% confidence interval, 1.07 to 1.14). The association of this locus with global gene expression was assessed by genome-wide expression analyses in the monocyte transcriptome of 1494 individuals. The results showed a strong association of this locus with expression of the LIPA transcript (P=1.3×10(-96)). An assessment of LIPA SNPs and transcript with cardiovascular phenotypes revealed an association of LIPA transcript levels with impaired endothelial function (P=4.4×10(-3)).\n\nQuestion:\nDoes a genome-wide association study identify LIPA as a susceptibility gene for coronary artery disease?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nGeographic range is a good indicator of extinction susceptibility in fossil marine species and higher taxa. The widely-recognized positive correlation between geographic range and taxonomic duration is typically attributed to either accumulating geographic range with age or an extinction buffering effect, whereby cosmopolitan taxa persist longer because they are reintroduced by dispersal from remote source populations after local extinction. The former hypothesis predicts that all taxa within a region should have equal probabilities of extinction regardless of global distributions while the latter predicts that cosmopolitan genera will have greater survivorship within a region than endemics within the same region. Here we test the assumption that all taxa within a region have equal likelihoods of extinction. We use North American and European occurrences of marine genera from the Paleobiology Database and the areal extent of marine sedimentary cover in North America to show that endemic and cosmopolitan fossil marine genera have significantly different range-duration relationships and that broad geographic range and longevity are both predicted by regional environmental breadth. Specifically, genera that occur outside of the focal region are significantly longer lived and have larger geographic ranges and environmental breadths within the focal region than do their endemic counterparts, even after controlling for differences in sampling intensity. Analyses of the number of paleoenvironmental zones occupied by endemic and cosmopolitan genera suggest that the number of paleoenvironmental zones occupied is a key factor of geographic range that promotes genus survivorship.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes regional environmental breadth predict geographic range and longevity in fossil marine genera?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nSalmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) is a human and animal pathogen that causes gastroenteritis characterized by inflammatory diarrhea and occasionally an invasive systemic infection. Salmonella pathogenicity islands (SPIs) are horizontally acquired genomic segments known to contribute to Salmonella pathogenesis. The objective of the current study was to determine the contribution of SPI-13 to S. Enteritidis pathogenesis. We deleted the entire SPI-13 (∆SPI-13) from the genome of S. Enteritidis CDC_2010K_0968 strain isolated from a human patient during the 2010 egg-associated outbreak in the US. The kinetics of infection of the wild-type parent and the ∆SPI-13 were compared in orally challenged day-old chickens and streptomycin pre-treated mice. The degree of intestinal inflammation and the survival of mutant strain within the avian (HD11) and murine (RAW264.7) macrophages were also determined. The deletion of the SPI-13 resulted in impaired infection kinetics of S. Enteritidis in streptomycin pre-treated mice which was characterized by significantly lower (P < 0.05) viable counts in the ceca, liver and spleen, impaired ability to induce intestinal inflammation and reduced survival within murine macrophages. Conversely, there were no significant differences in the infection kinetics of ∆SPI-13 in day-old chickens in any of the organs tested and the survival of ∆SPI-13 within chicken macrophages remained unaltered.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes the Salmonella pathogenicity island 13 contribute to pathogenesis in streptomycin pre-treated mice but not in day-old chickens?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nNeutral small hydrophiles are permeable to varying degrees, across the aqueous pores of phospholipid bilayer protein channels, with their potential for permeation into cells being predictable, on the basis of hydrophilicity and size. Here, it is hypothesized that permeation thresholds for small hydrophiles, across capillary zona occludens tight junction and inter-epithelial junction pore complexes are predictable, on the basis of predicted hydrophilicity in context of predicted molecular size and charge distribution, as are those of cations and anions, on the basis of predicted ionization in context of predicted atomic size. Small hydrophiles are categorized by charge distribution. 2-dimensional plots of predicted hydrophilic octanol-to-water partition coefficient (HOWPC; unitless) and predicted van der Waals diameter (vdWD; nm) are generated for each category. The predicted HOWPC-to-vdWD ratio (nm (-1) ), and vdWDs for permeable hydrophile at the maximum and minimum HOWPC-to-vdWD, vdWD @ MAXimum HOWPC-to-vdWD and vdWD @ MINimum HOWPC-to-vdWD are determined. For cations and anions, the ionization-to-atomic diameter ratios (CI or AI-to-AD ratios; nm(-1)) are determined. Per sizes of mixed and pure polyneutral hydrophiles, the permeation size maximum for hydrophiles across tight junction pore complexes is >0.69 ≤ 0.73 nanometers and across inter-epithelial junction pore complexes is ≥ 0.81 nanometers. For hydrophiles with anionicity or cationicity, the vdWDs @ MAXimum HOWPC-to-vdWD are less than those of mixed and polyneutral hydrophiles across both tight and inter-epithelial junctions, ranges specific to category and junction type. For cations, the permeation threshold across tight junctions is between the CI-to-AD ratio of Na+ (+2.69 nm(-1)) and CH3-Hg+ (+2.36 nm(-1)), with CH3-Hg+ and K+ (+2.20 nm(-1)) being permeable; and for divalent cations, the threshold across inter-epithelial junctions is between the CI-to-AD ratio of Mg2+ (+6.25 nm(-1)) and Ca2+ (+5.08 nm(-1)) , Ca2+ being semi-permeable. For anions, the permeation threshold across tight junctions is between the AI-to-AD ratio of Cl- (-4.91 nm(-1)) and Br- (-4.17 nm(-1)), and the threshold across inter-epithelial junctions is between the AI-to-AD ratio of F- (-7.81 nm(-1)) and Cl- (-4.91 nm(-1)).\n\nQuestion:\nAre permeation thresholds for hydrophilic small biomolecules across microvascular and epithelial barriers predictable on basis of conserved biophysical properties?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is associated with a dysregulated mucosal immune response. Certain stimulators of innate immunity (CpG DNA or GM-CSF) are reported to be anti-inflammatory in IBD. Toll-like receptor-7 (TLR7) is an important regulator of innate immunity and its activation plays a key role in induction of type I interferon (IFN). The present study tests the hypothesis that the TLR7 agonists Imiquimod has therapeutic efficacy in IBD. Acute colitis was induced in Balb/c mice by giving 5% dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) in drinking water for 7 days. Mice were treated with Imiquimod either orally or topically and its therapeutic effects on disease activity were examined. Isolated mouse CD11c+ dendritic cells and human intestinal epithelial cells (HT29, HCT116) were treated with Imiquimod (10 μg/mL) and their susceptibility to intracellular Salmonella typhimurium infection was assessed by gentamicin protection assay. Oral administration of Imiquimod induced type I IFN expression in the gastrointestinal mucosa and ameliorated DSS-induced acute colitis as assessed by clinical parameters, histology, and mRNA expression of proinflammatory cytokines. Topical administration of Imiquimod also ameliorated DSS colitis by inducing the expression of type I IFN in the colonic mucosa. However, no evidence for a systemic IFN response was observed. Imiquimod treatments to both CD11c+ and intestinal epithelial cells significantly increased expression of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and reduced survival of intracellular S. typhimurium.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes toll-like receptor-7 ligand Imiquimod induce type I interferon and antimicrobial peptides to ameliorate dextran sodium sulfate-induced acute colitis?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nAMPK was shown to negatively regulate FcεRI activation, and FcεR-mediated Fyn activation can counteract the LKB1/AMPK axis in mast cells. However, the relationship between the major Src family kinase Lyn and AMPK remains poorly defined. Here, we investigate the molecular mechanism for AMPK inhibition by FcεRI-Lyn signaling in rat RBL-2H3 cells. We found that FcεRI activation could rapidly inhibit AMPK activation through increased AMPK phosphorylation at the inhibitory Ser485/491 residues without a change at the activating Th172 residue, and this was accompanied by a reduction of ACC phosphorylation. Using specific inhibitors and gene silencing, we found that such AMPK inhibition involved a signaling cascade through Lyn-Syk-Akt. When AMPK was activated by AICAR, A769662 and metformin, FcεRI-mediated Syk, ERK, JNK and p38 activation, and TNFα release were all inhibited. Consistently, AMPK inhibition by compound C increased FcεRI-mediated Lyn activation. Moreover, AMPK activation dominantly impaired IgE-induced recruitment of signal proteins to the FcεRI by blocking the formation of FcεRIβ-Lyn-Syk, FcεRIγ-Lyn-Syk, and AMPK-FcεRIβ complexes. In vitro kinase assay further revealed the ability of AMPKα2 to phosphorylate FcεRIβ in the complex. In vivo, AMPK activation by metformin could readily reduce vascular permeability and ear swelling in a mouse model of passive cutaneous anaphylaxis mediated by IgE. In summary, our findings demonstrate that IgE-mediated FcεRI activation results in AMPK inhibition through activation of Lyn-Syk-Akt pathway, and as such FcεRI receptor can efficiently propagate Lyn-mediated allergic signaling and response. These results provide important insights into the use of AMPK activators for the treatment of allergic diseases.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes inhibition of AMPK through Lyn-Syk-Akt enhance FcεRI signal pathways for allergic response?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nIn the setting of non-ST-segment-elevation (NSTE) acute coronary syndromes (ACS), the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying post-percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) cardiac troponin I (cTnI) elevation remain unclear. We evaluated the relationship between troponin elevation and tissue-level perfusion using the TIMI flow grade, corrected TIMI frame count, TIMI myocardial perfusion grade (TMPG), and myocardial contrast enhancement by intracoronary myocardial contrast echocardiography (MCE) before and immediately after PCI performed within 24 to 48 hours of hospital admission in 42 high-risk (angina at rest, unequivocal ST-segment depression, and cTnI elevation) patients with NSTE-ACS. All patients were treated with glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors (27 with tirofiban and 15 with abciximab) and had successful PCI. Fourteen patients had a postprocedural cTnI elevation, whereas 28 did not. TMPG 0/1 after PCI was observed more frequently in patients with postprocedural cTnI elevation (43% versus 7%; P<0.02). cTnI levels were higher among patients with TMPG 0/1 versus patients with TMPG 2/3 (5.3+/-2.7 versus 1.5+/-1.3 ng/mL; P<0.0001). Patients with postprocedural cTnI elevation also presented a significantly lower number of perfused segments at MCE (59% versus 81%; P=0.02) as well as a lower MCE score index (0.65+/-0.38 versus 0.89+/-0.21; P<0.02).\n\nQuestion:\nAre elevations in troponin I after percutaneous coronary interventions associated with abnormal tissue-level perfusion in high-risk patients with non-ST-segment-elevation acute coronary syndromes?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nFew data on xenon computed tomography-based quantitative cerebral blood flow (CBF) in spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage have been reported. We correlated perihematomal CBF in a retrospective series of 42 subacute spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage patients undergoing xenon computed tomography with in-hospital discharge status and mortality. We calculated 3 area-weighted mean CBF values: (1) within the computed tomography-visible rim of perihematomal edema, (2) within a 1-cm marginal radius around the hematoma, and (3) all cortical regions of interest immediately adjacent to the hematoma. Primary outcomes were in-hospital mortality and discharge status (ordinally as 0=home, 1=acute rehabilitation, 2=nursing home, 3=death). Discharge status was used as a surrogate for in-hospital functional outcome. Median hematoma volume was 14.4 cm(3) (range, 2 to 70). Median perihematomal (low-attenuation rim) CBF was 21.9 cm(3).100 g(-1).min(-1) (range, 6.1 to 81.1), and the median 1-cm marginal radius CBF was 26.8 cm(3).100 g(-1).min(-1) (range, 10.8 to 72.8). The median regional cortical CBF was 26.7 cm(3).100 g(-1).min(-1) (range, 6.9 to 72.6). Eight patients had 1-cm marginal radius or regional cortical CBF values <20 cm(3).100 g(-1).min(-1). Hematoma volume (odds ratio [OR], 1.68 per 10-cm(3) volume; P=0.036) and intraventricular hemorrhage (OR, 1.88 per grade of intraventricular hemorrhage; P=0.036) predicted mortality. Two CBF measures, hydrocephalus, and IVH predicted poor in-hospital functional outcome in bivariate analysis. Each CBF measure (OR, 0.34 to 0.43; P<0.001 to 0.003) and intraventricular hemorrhage (OR, 3.42; P<0.001) predicted in-hospital functional outcome in multivariable analyses.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes quantitative perihematomal blood flow in spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage predict in-hospital functional outcome?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo assess the clinical response to interleukin-1 (IL-1) blockade and in vitro IL-1beta and IL-18 secretion in patients with systemic-onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). Twenty-two patients with systemic-onset JIA were treated with the IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) anakinra. Monocytes from 18 patients and 20 healthy donors were activated by different Toll-like receptor ligands. Intracellular and secreted IL-1beta and IL-18 were analyzed by Western blotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Ten patients with systemic-onset JIA exhibited a dramatic response to anakinra and were classified as complete responders. Eleven patients had an incomplete response or no response, and 1 patient could not be classified in terms of response. Compared with patients who had an incomplete response or no response, complete responders had a lower number of active joints (P = 0.02) and an increased absolute neutrophil count (P = 0.02). In vitro IL-1beta and IL-18 secretion in response to various stimuli was not increased and was independent of treatment efficacy. Likewise, secretion of IL-1Ra by monocytes from patients with systemic-onset JIA was not impaired. An overall low level of IL-1beta secretion upon exposure to exogenous ATP was observed, unrelated to treatment responsiveness or disease activity.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes the pattern of response to anti-interleukin-1 treatment distinguish two subsets of patients with systemic-onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nAspirin and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) lower the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC). We investigated whether plasma inflammatory markers were associated with risk of CRC and if use of anti-inflammatory drugs was differentially associated with risk of CRC according to levels of inflammatory markers. We measured levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin (IL)-6, and the soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor 2 (sTNFR-2) in blood samples from 32,826 women, collected from 1989 to 1990. Through 2004, we documented 280 cases of incident CRC; each case was matched for age to 2 randomly selected participants without cancer (controls). Information on anti-inflammatory drug (aspirin and NSAIDs) use was collected biennially. Compared with women in the lowest quartile of plasma levels of sTNFR-2, women in the highest quartile had an increased risk of CRC (multivariate relative risk [RR], 1.67; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.05-2.68; P for trend = .03). Among women with high baseline levels of sTNFR-2, those who initiated aspirin/NSAID use after blood collection had significant reductions in subsequent risk of CRC (multivariate RR, 0.39; 95% CI, 0.18-0.86). In contrast, among women with low baseline levels of sTNFR-2, initiation of aspirin/NSAID use was not associated with significant risk reduction (multivariate RR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.41-1.79). Plasma levels of CRP and IL-6 were not significantly associated with CRC risk.\n\nQuestion:\nAre inflammatory markers associated with risk of colorectal cancer and chemopreventive response to anti-inflammatory drugs?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nPlasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) constitutively express two members of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family, TLR-9 and TLR-7, through which they can be stimulated to produce high levels of interferon (IFN)-α, a key mediator of the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Given the known efficacy of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) in the treatment of SLE, we examined its ability to inhibit such pDC function in vivo. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from SLE subjects treated or not with HCQ and from healthy controls were stimulated with the TLR-9 agonist, CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG-A ODN)-2216, and the TLR-7 agonist, imiquimod. The proportion of monocytes, B cells, myeloid dendritic cells, pDCs, and natural killer (NK) cells producing IFN-α and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) was then analyzed by multiparameter flow cytometry. After TLR-9/7 stimulation in both SLE and healthy subjects, significant production of IFN-α and TNF-α was only observed in pDCs. TLR-7 and TLR-9 induced IFN-α and TNF-α production by pDCs from subjects with SLE was decreased relative to that found in controls (TLR-9/IFN-α, P < 0.0001; TLR-9/TNF-α P < 0.0001; TLR-7/TNF-α P = 0.01). TLR-9 and TLR-7 induced IFN-α and TNF-α production by pDCs was severely impaired in 36% (TLR-9) and 33% (TLR-7) of SLE subjects. In almost all cases, these subjects were being treated with HCQ (HCQ vs. no HCQ: impaired TLR-9/IFN-α, P = 0.0003; impaired TLR-7/IFN-α, P = 0.07; impaired TLR-9/TNF-α, P < 0.009; impaired TLR-7/TNF-α, P < 0.01).\n\nQuestion:\nIs hydroxychloroquine associated with impaired interferon-alpha and tumor necrosis factor-alpha production by plasmacytoid dendritic cells in systemic lupus erythematosus?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo study the abnormal cytokeratin (CK) expression, emergence of CK19 with or without CK7, in liver parenchymal cells and the role of laminin (LN), a basement membrane protein, in this process. Six hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell lines were examined for different CKs, LN and its receptor by immunocytochemistry and Western blotting. Double immunofluorescent reaction, laser-scanning confocal microscopy and an in vitro induction procedure were used to demonstrate the role of LN in regulating CK19 expression in these cells. Immunoreactivities for CK8, CK18, CK7 and the receptor for LN were observed in all the six HCC cell lines examined. However, CK19 was merely found in four of the six cell lines, and was in any case associated with LN expression. Laser-scanning confocal microscopy demonstrated the concomitant presence of these two molecules in most of the positive cells. In the two HCC cell lines, originally negative for CK19, addition of LN to the culture medium resulted in an induction of CK19 in a dose-dependent manner. Both the artificially induced and the intrinsic production of CK19 were completely blocked by an antibody to LN.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes laminin induce the expression of cytokeratin 19 in hepatocellular carcinoma cells growing in culture?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nParkland formula (PF) is the most often used schema for calculating intravenous resuscitation fluid requirement in burn patients. Some studies have reported that PF underestimates the fluid requirement in 45-63% of patients. The aim of this retrospective study was to analyse factors influencing first-day intravenous fluid replacement set for a targeted urinary output in severely burnt patients. Data of 47 patients with burn injury affecting equal or more than 15% of body surface area were retrieved from the archived files. The local intensive care protocol rendered the infusion rate of lactated Ringer's solution to achieve a urinary output of 0.5-1.0 mL/kg per hour in the first 24 h after burn trauma. First-day i.v. infusion volume was significantly higher than PF preferred. In the first 24 h the hourly volume of intravenous fluid resuscitation per bodyweight per burnt surface area showed significant negative correlation to the burnt body surface area and body mass index, (r = -0.553, P < 0.001; r = -0.570, P < 0.001, respectively) no correlation was found to bodyweight, height or patient age. Patients having deep-burn injury required higher intravenous fluid resuscitation rate than patients having superficial injury only (P < 0.01).\n\nQuestion:\nDo factors affecting fluid requirement on the first day after severe burn trauma?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nCardiac-specific risks and complications after a Ladd procedure in patients with heterotaxy syndrome (HS) and intestinal rotational anomalies (IRA) are unknown. We sought to (1) describe rates of hospital mortality and early systemic-to-pulmonary (S-P) artery shunt failure after the Ladd procedure in patients with HS and (2) explore risk factors associated with early shunt failure in patients with HS with single ventricle (SV). This retrospective study included all Ladd procedures performed from January 1999 to December 2012 in patients with HS at a single center. Risk factors investigated for early S-P artery shunt failure included birth weight, gestational age, sex, age at and timing of Ladd procedure relative to cardiac operations, and shunt type. Ladd procedure was performed on 54 infants with HS and congenital heart disease. Hospital mortality for the entire cohort was 5.6% (3 of 54 patients). Early shunt failure occurred in 19% (4 of 21) of HS infants with SV. Mean preoperative blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels were higher in HS infants with early shunt failure (20 versus 12.5 mg/dL; p = 0.054).\n\nQuestion:\nAre heterotaxy syndrome infants at risk for early shunt failure after Ladd procedure?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo test whether signal transduction proteins that mediate stress may be used to detect responses of embryos to different media in a prospective randomized study. Controlled laboratory study. None. None. Mouse embryos isolated at E3.5 (3.5 days after fertilization) or E1.5 were cultured in different media for 24 hours or 72 hours, respectively. Expression of p38 mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and stress-activated protein kinase/Jun kinase (SAPK/JNK) phosphoproteins in the mouse embryo and their correlation with preimplantation development were studied. [1] In E3.5 embryos, SAPK/JNK and p38MAPK are phosphorylated at different levels in different media after 24 hours, with Ham's F10+BSA and M-16 having the highest intensity of both SAPK/JNK and p38MAPK phosphorylation and Quinn's cleavage medium and potassium simplex optimized medium supplemented with amino acids (KSOM+AA) the lowest intensity. [2] The stress-induced increase in phosphorylation of SAPK/JNK and p38MAPK appears to be post-translational in embryos. [3] The intensity of SAPK/JNK phosphorylation measured at E1.5+72 hours culture is inversely correlated with 4-cell/compaction rate, morula formation rate, blastocyst formation rate, and hatching rate. SAPK/JNK and p38MAPK phosphoprotein levels, but not all forms of protein, are affected during culture of preimplantation embryos in seven different media. During culture, the rate of progress to four developmental events was assayed and each rate was inversely proportional to the level of SAPK/JNK phosphorylation measured by immunocytochemical means or Western blot analysis at the end of culture.\n\nQuestion:\nDo increases in phosphorylation of SAPK/JNK and p38MAPK correlate negatively with mouse embryo development after culture in different media?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo investigate the chemical constituents of water-soluble part of stem of Nauclea officinalis. The compounds were isolated and purified by resins, silica gel, and Sephadex LH20 column chromatography repeatedly, and their structures were identified by spectral analysis. Seven compounds were isolated and identified as: naucleamide A-10-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (I), 5-beta-carboxystrictosidin (II), sweroside (III), loganin (IV), 3,4-dimethoxyphenyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside (V), 3, 4, 5-trimethoxyphenyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside (VI), 2-phenethylrutinoside (VII).\n\nQuestion:\nDoes [ A new indole alkaloid glycoside from stem of Nauclea officinalis ]?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nStavudine (d4T), a nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI), can induce lipoatrophy, fatty liver, hyperlactataemia and abnormal liver tests. NRTI toxicity is usually ascribed to mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) depletion and impaired mitochondrial respiration. However, NRTIs could have effects unrelated to mtDNA. Recently, we reported that 100 mg/kg/day of d4T stimulated fatty acid oxidation (FAO) in mouse liver, and reduced body fatness without depleting white adipose tissue (WAT) mtDNA. We hypothesized that higher d4T doses could further reduce adiposity, while inhibiting hepatic FAO. Mice were treated for 2 weeks with d4T (500 mg/kg/day), L-carnitine (200 mg/kg/day) or both drugs concomitantly. Body fatness was assessed by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, and investigations were performed in plasma, liver, muscle and WAT. D4T reduced the gain of body adiposity, WAT leptin, whole body FAO and plasma ketone bodies, and increased liver triglycerides and plasma aminotransferases with mild ultrastructural abnormalities in hepatocytes. Plasma lactate and respiratory chain activities in tissues were unchanged. Stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD-1), an enzyme negatively regulated by leptin, was overexpressed in liver. High doses of beta-aminoisobutyric acid (BAIBA), a d4T catabolite, increased plasma ketone bodies. Although L-carnitine did not correct body adiposity, it prevented d4T-induced impairment of FAO and liver abnormalities.\n\nQuestion:\nDo high doses of stavudine induce fat wasting and mild liver damage without impairing mitochondrial respiration in mice?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo study prospectively if, when plasma creatine kinase (CK) and plasma myoglobin are elevated, the origin of these abnormalities is cardiac or not, by measuring cardio-specific troponin T (cTT). Fifteen patients with acute severe bronchial asthma (ASBA) were prospectively studied in the intensive care unit (ICU) with continuous electrocardiograph (ECG). Plasma CK, CK-MB, myoglobin and cTT were measured at 0, 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 h in the ICU. Five out of 15 ASBA patients had elevated CK, four of them presenting with an increase in CK-MB. Plasma cTT was normal in every patient, including those with CK and/or myoglobin elevation. At admission to the ICU, myoglobin and CK were positively correlated (r = 0.760; p < 0.001). No patient was intubated. There was no difference in clinical signs or symptoms, medical history, laboratory values or ECG in patients with or without CK elevation.\n\nQuestion:\nIs elevation of creatine kinase in acute severe asthma of cardiac origin?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "no",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nPrognostic factors that could select breast cancer patients with poor survival, and influence clinical trials of targeted therapy, are needed. However, the reported observations regarding the impact of PI3KCA mutation on breast cancers are controversial. We analyzed exons 4, 7, 9, and 20 of PI3KCA on a series of 158 patients. Clinicopathological characteristics were correlated with the mutation data. Among 152 patients who were available for follow-up (median follow-up time, 6.57 years), 26% had PIK3CA mutations, more than half of which occurred in exon 20. The five-year survival rate of patients with exon 20 mutations (46%) was significantly lower than that of patients without (75%) (p = 0.0054). Multivariate analysis showed that PIK3CA exon 20 mutations and nodal involvement were independent risk factors for overall survival. The relative risk of death in patients with PIK3CA exon 20 mutations was 2.881 (95% CI, 1.406-5.900; p = 0.0038).\n\nQuestion:\nIs pIK3CA exon 20 mutation independently associated with a poor prognosis in breast cancer patients?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe human APOBEC3G (A3G) protein activity is associated with innate immunity against HIV-1 by inducing high rates of guanosines to adenosines (G-to-A) mutations (viz., hypermutation) in the viral DNA. If hypermutation is not enough to disrupt the reading frames of viral genes, it may likely increase the HIV-1 diversity. To counteract host innate immunity HIV-1 encodes the Vif protein that binds A3G protein and form complexes to be degraded by cellular proteolysis. Here we studied the pattern of substitutions in the vif gene and its association with clinical status of HIV-1 infected individuals. To perform the study, unique vif gene sequences were generated from 400 antiretroviral-naïve individuals. The codon pairs: 78-154, 85-154, 101-157, 105-157, and 105-176 of vif gene were associated with CD4+ T cell count lower than 500 cells per mm(3). Some of these codons were located in the (81)LGQGVSIEW(89) region and within the BC-Box. We also identified codons under positive selection clustered in the N-terminal region of Vif protein, between (21)WKSLVK(26) and (40)YRHHY(44) regions (i.e., 31, 33, 37, 39), within the BC-Box (i.e., 155, 159) and the Cullin5-Box (i.e., 168) of vif gene. All these regions are involved in the Vif-induced degradation of A3G/F complexes and the N-terminal of Vif protein binds to viral and cellular RNA.\n\nQuestion:\nDo codon pairs of the HIV-1 vif gene correlate with CD4+ T cell count?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo evaluate the efficacy of a lifestyle intervention programme including meal replacements and increased physical activity upon body weight, diabetes control and other cardiovascular risk factors in obese, poorly controlled, insulin-treated, type-2-diabetic individuals and to assess the impact of concomitant rosiglitazone (RSG) therapy. This 6-month intervention study included 21 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) requiring insulin therapy with haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) > 7% and with a body mass index (b.m.i.) > 27. All subjects were enrolled in a 6-month lifestyle intervention programme and randomized to placebo or RSG 4 mg/day. Participation in the lifestyle programme included meal replacements, increased intake of fruits and vegetables and increased daily physical activity. Measured end-points included body weight, waist circumference, blood pressure, HbA1c and serum lipids, before entry into the study. The baseline mean b.m.i. was 36.4 and the mean HbA1c was 9.0%. The greatest weight losses occurred during the first 12 weeks (19 lbs for RSG, 13.4 lbs for placebo) with a greater weight loss at each point for the group receiving RSG. Waist circumference declined by 2.8 and 4.0 inches for the placebo and RSG groups. Systolic BP declined 16.2 mmHg in the placebo group and 14.3 mmHg in the RSG group. Diastolic blood pressure decreased by 12.8 mmHg in the placebo group. HbA1c was reduced significantly by 1.3% for the placebo group and 1.1% in the RSG group.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes rosiglitazone amplify the benefits of lifestyle intervention measures in long-standing type 2 diabetes mellitus?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo elucidate the molecular mechanism of microRNA-215 (miR-215) in the migration and invasion of high grade glioma. 42 Patients were analysed for clinicopathological characteristics. qRT-PCR showed that miR-215 was up-regulated in glioma tissues compared with non-neoplastic brain tissues (P < 0.05). The up-regulated miR-215 was closely associated with high grade glioma (P < 0.01) and poor overall survival (P < 0.01). Transwell assay showed that re-expression of miR-215 enhanced migration and invasion of glioma cells. miR-215 also down-regulated retinoblastoma tumor suppressor gene 1 (RB1) expression by targeting its 3'-UTR. Reversely, re-expression of RB1 inhibited partial effect of miR-215 on migration and invasion in vitro.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes microRNA-215 enhance invasion and migration by targeting retinoblastoma tumor suppressor gene 1 in high-grade glioma?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nC-reactive protein (CRP) inhibits the activity of the endothelial isoform of nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) via uncoupling of the enzyme both in vitro and in vivo. eNOS activity appears to be related in part to its interaction with other cellular proteins, including heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90), caveolin-1, and porin. In this study, we examined the effect of CRP treatment of human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) on eNOS interaction with caveolin-1, Hsp90, and porin. We incubated HAECs with CRP (0, 12.5, and 25 mg/L) for 1, 6, or 24 h and assessed the interaction of these proteins with eNOS by immunoprecipitation and western blotting. CRP treatment (12.5 and 25 mg/L) of HAECs for 24 h significantly increased eNOS binding to caveolin-1 (40% and 54% increase, respectively; P < 0.05) and decreased binding to Hsp90 (33% and 66% decrease, respectively; P < 0.05). CRP (25 mg/L) also significantly decreased the binding of porin to eNOS (11% decrease, P < 0.05). Similar results were seen when HAECs were treated with CRP for 6 h.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes c-reactive protein adversely alter the protein-protein interaction of the endothelial isoform of nitric oxide synthase?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe reasons why patients decide to consult a general practitioner vary enormously. While there may be individual reasons for this variation, the family context has a significant and unique influence upon the frequency of individuals' visits. The objective of this study was to explore which family factors can explain the differences between strikingly high, and correspondingly low, family consultation rates in families with children aged up to 21. Data were used from the second Dutch national survey of general practice. This survey extracted from the medical records of 96 practices in the Netherlands, information on all consultations with patients during 2001. We defined, through multilevel analysis, two groups of families. These had respectively, predominantly high, and low, contact frequencies due to a significant family influence upon the frequency of the individual's first contacts. Binomial logistic regression analyses were used to analyse which of the family factors, related to shared circumstances and socialisation conditions, can explain the differences in consultation rates between the two groups of families. In almost 3% of all families, individual consultation rates decrease significantly due to family influence. In 11% of the families, individual consultation rates significantly increase due to family influence. While taking into account the health status of family members, family factors can explain family consultation rates. These factors include circumstances such as their economic status and number of children, as well as socialisation conditions such as specific health knowledge and family beliefs. The chance of significant low frequencies of contact due to family influences increases significantly with factors such as, paid employment of parents in the health care sector, low expectations of general practitioners' care for minor ailments and a western cultural background.\n\nQuestion:\nDo striking variations in consultation rates with general practice reveal family influence?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe tissue-protective effects of erythropoietin (EPO) have been extensively investigated, and EPO administration can raise the hemoglobin (Hb) concentration. Recently, we reported that carbamylated erythropoietin (CEPO) protected kidneys from ischemia-reperfusion injury as well as EPO. To investigate the clinical applications of CEPO, we next evaluated the long-term therapeutic effect of CEPO using a tubulointerstitial model rat. We randomized remnant kidney model rats to receive saline, EPO, or CEPO for 8 weeks. CEPO- and EPO-treated rats had improved serum creatinine levels compared with saline-treated remnant kidney model rats, although the Hb level was significantly increased in EPO-treated rats. Two-photon microscopy revealed that EPO/CEPO significantly ameliorated tubular epithelial cell damage assessed by endocytosis. In addition, CEPO or EPO protected endothelial cells with a sustained blood flow rate. EPO or CEPO suppressed the number of TUNEL-positive apoptotic cells with weak αSMA staining. Furthermore, PCR analysis demonstrated that TGF-β and type I collagen expression was attenuated in EPO- or CEPO-treated rats, accompanied by a significant decrease in interstitial fibrosis.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes a nonerythropoietic derivative of erythropoietin inhibit tubulointerstitial fibrosis in remnant kidney?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo test the hypothesis that peninsular Arabs and South Asians share a tendency to insulin resistance, differing from other ethnic groups living in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). A representative sample of 358 apparently healthy men aged 35-49 years drawn from a multiethnic office-based workforce in the UAE was tested. The sample included a reference group of expatriate South Asians, in whom insulin resistance has already been described as the cause of high coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality. All subjects were screened for CHD risk factors, including glucose tolerance and 2-h serum insulin determinations. There was a high prevalence of previously undiagnosed cases of diabetes (10.1%) and hypertension (14.2%). South Asian and peninsular Arab men shared the tendency to significantly higher 2-h glucose and insulin levels, lower HDL cholesterol concentrations and abdominal obesity especially compared to Europeans, who were five times less likely to be glucose-intolerant (OR 5.40, P = 0.015). Three other Arab groups were intermediate in most trends.\n\nQuestion:\nDo arabian Peninsula men tend to insulin resistance and cardiovascular risk seen in South Asians?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThlaspi caerulescens is a natural selected heavy metal hyperaccumulator that can not only tolerate but also accumulate extremely high levels of heavy metals in the shoots. Thus, to identify the transportors involved in metal long-distance transportation is very important for understanding the mechanism of heavy metal accumulation in this hyperaccumulator. We cloned and characterized a novel gene TcOPT3 of OPT family from T. caerulescens. TcOPT3 was pronouncedly expressed in aerial parts, including stem and leaf. Moreover, in situ hybridization analyses showed that TcOPT3 expressed in the plant vascular systems, especially in the pericycle cells that may be involved in the long-distance transportation. The expression of TcOPT3 was highly induced by iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) deficiency, especially in the stem and leaf. Sub-cellular localization showed that TcOPT3 was a plasma membrane-localized protein. Furthermore, heterogonous expression of TcOPT3 by mutant yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) complementation experiments demonstrated that TcOPT3 could transport Fe(2+) and Zn(2+). Moreover, expression of TcOPT3 in yeast increased metal (Fe, Zn, Cu and Cd) accumulation and resulted in an increased sensitivity to cadmium (Cd) and copper (Cu).\n\nQuestion:\nIs tcOPT3 , a member of oligopeptide transporters from the hyperaccumulator Thlaspi caerulescens , a novel Fe/Zn/Cd/Cu transporter?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nProlonged chest compression interruptions immediately preceding and following a defibrillation shock reduce shock success and survival after cardiac arrest. We tested the hypothesis that compression pauses would be shorter using an AED equipped with a new Analysis during Compressions with Fast Reconfirmation (ADC-FR) technology, which features automated rhythm analysis and charging during compressions with brief reconfirmation analysis during compression pause, compared with standard AED mode. BLS-certified emergency medical technicians (EMTs) worked in pairs and performed two trials of simulated cardiac resuscitation with a chest compression sensing X Series defibrillator (ZOLL Medical). Each pair was randomized to perform a trial of eight 2-min compression intervals (randomly assigned to receive four shockable and four non-shockable rhythms) with the defibrillator in standard AED mode and another trial in ADC-FR mode. Subjects were advised to follow defibrillator prompts, defibrillate if \"shock advised,\" and switch compressors every two intervals. Compression quality data were reviewed using RescueNet Code Review (ZOLL Medical) and analyzed using paired t-tests. Thirty-two EMT-basic prehospital providers (59% male; median 25 years age [IQR 22-27]) participated in the study. End of interval compression interruptions were significantly reduced with ADC-FR vs. AED mode (p<0.001). For shockable rhythms, pre-shock pause was reduced significantly with ADC-FR compared with AED use (7.35±0.16s vs. 12.0±0.22s, p<0.001) whereas post-shock pause was similar (2.08±0.14s vs. 1.77±0.14s, p=0.1).\n\nQuestion:\nDoes rhythm analysis and charging during chest compressions reduce compression pause time?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nFibroblast growth factors (Fgfs) are important regulators of cerebral cortex development. Fgf2, Fgf8 and Fgf17 promote growth and specification of rostromedial (frontoparietal) cortical areas. Recently, the function of Fgf15 in antagonizing Fgf8 in the rostral signaling center was also reported. However, regulation of caudal area formation by Fgf signaling remains unknown. In mutant mice with constitutive activation of Fgf receptor 3 (Fgfr3) in the forebrain, surface area of the caudolateral cortex was markedly expanded at early postnatal stage, while rostromedial surface area remained normal. Cortical thickness was also increased in caudal regions. The expression domain and levels of Fgf8, as well as overall patterning, were unchanged. In contrast, the changes in caudolateral surface area were associated with accelerated cell cycle in early stages of neurogenesis without an alteration of cell cycle exit. Moreover, a marked overproduction of intermediate neuronal progenitors was observed in later stages, indicating prolongation of neurogenesis.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes fgf receptor 3 activation promote selective growth and expansion of occipitotemporal cortex?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nA puzzling feature of the long QT syndrome (LQTS) is that family members carrying the same mutation often have divergent symptoms and clinical outcomes. This study tested the hypothesis that vagal and sympathetic control, as assessed by spectral analysis of spontaneous beat-to-beat variability of RR and QT intervals from standard 24-h electrocardiogram Holter recordings, could modulate the severity of LQTS type 1 (LQT1) in 46 members of a South-African LQT1 founder population carrying the clinically severe KCNQ1 A341V mutation. Nonmutation carriers (NMCs) (n = 14) were compared with mutation carriers (MCs) (n = 32), 22 with and 10 without major symptoms. We assessed the effect of circadian rhythm and beta-blocker therapy over traditional time and frequency domain RR and QT variability indexes. The asymptomatic MCs differed significantly from the symptomatic MCs and from NMCs in less vagal control of heart rate and more reactive sympathetic modulation of the QT interval, particularly during daytime when arrhythmia risk for patients with LQT1 is greatest.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes autonomic control of heart rate and QT interval variability influence arrhythmic risk in long QT syndrome type 1?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nAim of this study was to investigate whether lung assessment on post-mortem magnetic resonance imaging (PMMR) can reliably differentiate between live birth and stillbirth. We retrospectively assessed PMMR imaging features of a group of late foetal terminations following fetocide and stillbirths (without witnessed breathing) and early infant deaths (breathed spontaneously before death). PMMR images were reviewed for evidence of lung aeration and other features, blinded to the clinical and autopsy data. Nineteen infant deaths (mean age 3.0 ± 6.5 post-natal weeks) and 23 foetal terminations or stillbirths (mean age 32.6 ± 10.2-week gestation) were compared. Subjective appearances of lung aeration on PMMR were the best indicator of live birth, with a sensitivity of 89.5% (95% confidence interval 68.6, 97.1%) and specificity of 95.6% (79.0, 99.2%) and positive and negative predictive values of 94.4% and 91.7%, respectively.\n\nQuestion:\nIs lung aeration on post-mortem magnetic resonance imaging a useful marker of live birth versus stillbirth?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nRagweed is a major cause of seasonal allergy, affecting millions of people worldwide. Several allergens have been defined based on IgE reactivity, but their relative immunogenicity in terms of T cell responses has not been studied. We comprehensively characterized T cell responses from atopic, ragweed-allergic subjects to Amb a 1, Amb a 3, Amb a 4, Amb a 5, Amb a 6, Amb a 8, Amb a 9, Amb a 10, Amb a 11, and Amb p 5 and examined their correlation with serological reactivity and sequence conservation in other allergens. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from donors positive for IgE towards ragweed extracts after in vitro expansion for secretion of IL-5 (a representative Th2 cytokine) and IFN-γ (Th1) in response to a panel of overlapping peptides spanning the above-listed allergens were assessed. Three previously identified dominant T cell epitopes (Amb a 1 176-191, 200-215, and 344-359) were confirmed, and three novel dominant epitopes (Amb a 1 280-295, 304-319, and 320-335) were identified. Amb a 1, the dominant IgE allergen, was also the dominant T cell allergen, but dominance patterns for T cell and IgE responses for the other ragweed allergens did not correlate. Dominance for T cell responses correlated with conservation of ragweed epitopes with sequences of other well-known allergens.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes sequence conservation predict T cell reactivity against ragweed allergens?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nAlthough many hypotheses regarding the pathogenesis of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have been generated, genetic studies have not identified specific genes that play a role in PCOS etiopathogenesis. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between TGF-β1 gene polymorphism and PCOS in Koreans. A total of 51 Korean women with PCOS and 69 healthy women were enrolled. We analyzed 4 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the TGF-β1 gene (rs11466313, rs1800469, rs2317130, and rs4803457). We also analyzed laboratory measurements, such as free testosterone, glucose, and cholesterol. The frequencies of rs1800469T allele negativity, rs4803457T allele negativity, the rs1800469CC genotype, and the rs4803457CC genotype showed positive associations with PCOS (P = 0.003, P = 0.027, P = 0.009, and P=0.031, respectively), whereas the haplotypes rs1800469C-rs4803457T and rs1800469T-rs4803457T showed negative associations with PCOS. A strong protective effect of the \"rs1800469CT-rs4803457TT\" combination (OR = 0.09) and a strong risk effect of \"rs1800469CC-rs4803457CC\" (OR = 6.23) for PCOS were observed. The rs1800469C/T and rs2317130C/T SNPs exhibited associations with several laboratory measurements with various levels of significance.\n\nQuestion:\nAre single nucleotide polymorphisms in the TGF-β1 gene associated with polycystic ovary syndrome susceptibility and characteristics : a study in Korean women?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe association of MR imaging abnormalities with clinical disability in multiple sclerosis (MS) has been disappointing. This association might be improved by imaging specific functional systems in the central nervous system-for example, the motor system in a patient with weakness. Our aim was to assess the relationship between muscle strength in MS and corticospinal tract (CST) abnormalities detected with multimodality MR imaging of the brain. In 47 individuals with MS, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) at 3T was used to reconstruct the intracranial CSTs. Tract profiles depicted the variation in T2 relaxation time, magnetization transfer ratio (MTR), and DTI-derived indices (fractional anisotropy and diffusivity) as a function of normalized position along the tract. Brain parenchymal fraction was calculated as a normalized measure of brain volume. Stepwise linear regression modeling was used to determine the MR imaging indices most closely related to ankle dorsiflexion and hip flexion strength assessed with quantitative dynamometry. Individuals with MS were significantly weak: Average ankle strength fell 1.7 SDs below the age-, handedness-, and sex-corrected healthy mean. Brain parenchymal fraction was not associated with weakness. A parsimonious model that includes MTR in the brain stem and MS clinical subtype explained 30%-45% of the variance in ankle and hip strength. The model was successfully applied to scans and strength data from the same individuals at an earlier time point.\n\nQuestion:\nAre corticospinal tract abnormalities associated with weakness in multiple sclerosis?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo determine the effect of a Nutrition and Exercise Lifestyle Intervention Program (NELIP) for overweight (OW) and obese (OB) pregnant women on pregnancy weight gain, birth weight, and maternal weight retention at 2 months postpartum. This is a single-arm intervention matched by prepregnant body mass index, age, and parity to a historical cohort (4:1). Women with a prepregnancy body mass index of > or = 25.0 kg x m(-2) (N = 65) participated in a NELIP starting at 16-20 wk of pregnancy, continuing until delivery. NELIP consisted of an individualized nutrition plan with total energy intake of approximately 2000 kcal x d(-1) (8360 kJ x d(-1)) and 40%-55% of total energy intake from carbohydrate. Exercise consisted of a walking program (30% HR reserve), three to four times per week, using a pedometer to count steps. Matched historical cohort (MC; N = 260) was from a large local perinatal database. Weight gained by women on the NELIP was 6.8 +/- 4.1 kg (0.38 +/- 0.2 kg x wk(-1)), with a total pregnancy weight gain of 12.0 +/- 5.7 kg. Excessive weight gain occurred before NELIP began at 16 wk of gestation. Eighty percent of the women did not exceed recommended pregnancy weight gain on NELIP. Weight retention at 2 months postpartum was 2.2 +/- 5.6 kg with no difference between the OW and the OB women on NELIP. Mean birth weight was not different between NELIP (3.59 +/- 0.5 kg) and MC (3.56 +/- 0.6 kg, P > 0.05).\n\nQuestion:\nDo nutrition and exercise prevent excess weight gain in overweight pregnant women?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.