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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nDual blockade of the renin-angiotensin system with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) has higher antiproteinuric effects than single blockade in adults. In children, little is known on dual blockade of the renin-angiotensin system. The study investigates whether adding an ARB to proteinuric children already on ACEI reduces proteinuria. A total of 10 children (median age 13.3 years) with chronic kidney disease and persistent proteinuria despite maximal dose of ACEI were included. Losartan was given at an initial dose 0.8 mg/kg/day. Proteinuria, blood pressure (BP) and renal function (glomerular filtration rate) were measured. Mean proteinuria decreased from 484 +/- 290 mg/mmol creatinine to 223 +/- 197 after 1-3 months of losartan treatment and remained stable at 234 +/- 153, 224 +/- 177 and 195 +/- 133 after 3-6, 6-12 months and at the last follow-up check (median 1.9 years, p < 0.05 for all visits vs. before treatment). The median percentage decrease in proteinuria was 66, 56, 44 and 66% during the study periods. No significant change in BP, glomerular filtration rate or serum potassium was observed. One child complained of rash, which led to discontinuation of losartan.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes angiotensin receptor blocker reduce proteinuria independently of blood pressure in children already treated with Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo explore the effect of PI3K p85alpha gene silencing on the 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-induced apoptosis of colorectal cancer cells. The PI3K p85alpha/RNAi transfected cells (PI3K p85alpha/RNAi-LoVo) were cultured in RPMI 1640 supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum and 500 microg/ml G418. The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 5-FU (0.000625, 0.00125, 0.005, 0.01, 0.02, 0.04, 0.08, 0.16, 0.32 micromol/ml) were evaluated by MTT assay. Mitochondrial membrane potential was detected by JC-1 fluorescence, and Western blotting was used to analyze the expression of apoptotic proteins Bcl-6 and Bim. Compared with the untransfected LoVo cells, PI3K p85alpha/RNAi-LoVo showed obviously decreased IC(50) of 5-FU (P=0.000). The mitochondrial membrane potential of PI3K p85alpha/RNAi-LoVo cells was significantly lower than that of LoVo cells, suggesting that silencing PI3K p85alpha expression increased the sensitivity of LoVo cells to 5-FU. The expression of apoptotic protein Bcl-6 and Bim were significantly higher in PI3K p85alpha/RNAi-LoVo cells treated with 5-FU than LoVo cells (P=0.000).\n\nQuestion:\nDoes [ PI3K p85alpha gene silencing by RNA interference promote 5-fluorouracil-induced apoptosis of colorectal cancer LoVo cells ]?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nDebate that Helicobacter pylori might play a causative role in gastric carcinogenesis still exists in spite of the World Health Organization's definition of H. pylori as a class I carcinogen. In order to define the exact role of H. pylori infection in gastric carcinogenesis, we established a mice model of H. pylori infection. One hundred and forty-four female C57BL/6 mice were divided into nine groups according to N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) treatment and H. pylori infection. All mice were killed at the 50th or 80th week after treatment, and their histopathological changes were evaluated according to group. The incidence of gastric adenocarcinoma at the 50th week was 80% in mice treated with both MNU 240 microg/L and H. pylori infection, whereas the incidence was only 27% in mice treated with only MNU 240 microg/L. Although H. pylori caused marked expansion of the proliferative zone at the surface epithelium, H. pylori infection alone caused only chronic atrophic gastritis without any evidence of carcinomas until 80 weeks. The combination of MNU and H. pylori infection also resulted in a significantly higher incidence of gastric adenoma and adenocarcinoma. Significantly higher expressions of proliferating cell nuclear antigen were noted in the gastric mucosa infected with H. pylori compared to controls.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes helicobacter pylori infection promote gastric carcinogenesis in a mice model?\n\nAnswer:",
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"content": "yes",
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe purpose of this study was to determine whether body mass index (BMI, kg body weight/height (in m2) is related to survival in recipients of allogeneic stem cell transplantation (ASCT). Since 1977, 544 adult patients (age ranging from 18 to 64 years) diagnosed with hematologic malignancies; 172 acute myeloid leukemia, 83 acute lymphocytic leukemia, 190 chronic myeloid leukemia and 99 others, underwent myeloablative conditioning and ASCT. Low BMI (<20) was seen in 88 patients, normal BMI (20-25) in 290 and high BMI (>25) in 166 patients. The donors were 348 HLA-identical siblings, 157 matched unrelated donors and 39 HLA major mismatched donors. We assessed BMI as a risk-factor controlling for other risk-factors regarding transplant-related mortality, survival and relapse-free survival using the Cox regression model. Patients with a low BMI more often had ALL, were younger, were more often conditioned with total body irradiation and more often received monotherapy as immunosuppression against graft-versus-host disease. BMI had no effect on engraftment, transfusions and acute or chronic GVHD. Patients with BMI <20 had a higher incidence of a-streptococcal septicemia (p=0.005) than did patients with BMI > or = 20, but both groups had a similar incidence of overall bacteremia. Five-year survival was 36% in those with low BMI, 47% in those with normal BMI and 55% in those with high BMI. In multivariate analysis, death was associated with BMI <20 (p=0.023). Other significant factors adjusted for were: diagnosis of acute lymphoblastic leukemia, donors other than HLA-identical siblings, disease stage beyond first complete remission or 1st chronic phase, transplantation before 1993 and total body irradiation vs. busulfan conditioning.\n\nQuestion:\nIs a low body mass index correlated with poor survival after allogeneic stem cell transplantation?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo evaluate the role of thrombin-activated microglia in the neurodegeneration of nigral dopaminergic neurons in the rat substantia nigra (SN) in vivo. After stereotaxic thrombin injection into unilateral SN of rats, immunostaining, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and biochemical methods were used to observe tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactive positive cells, microglia activation, nitric oxide (NO) amount and inducible nitric-oxide synthase (iNOS) expression. (1) Selective damage to dopaminergic neurons was produced after thrombin injection, which was evidenced by loss of TH immunostaining in time-dependent manner; (2) Strong microglial activation was observed in the SN; (3) RT-PCR demonstrated the early and transient expression of neurotoxic factors iNOS mRNA in the SN. Immunofluorescence results found that thrombin induced expression of iNOS in microglia. The NO production in the thrombin-injected rats was significantly higher than that of controls (P < 0.05).\n\nQuestion:\nDoes thrombin-induced microglial activation contribute to the degeneration of nigral dopaminergic neurons in vivo?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe efficacy of carotid endarterectomy (CEA) in symptomatic patients with > 70% stenosis is accepted. The stroke risk of asymptomatic patients may not justify surgical intervention. The aim of this study is to use natural history data from a single unit to identify asymptomatic patients who would benefit from CEA. Five hundred and sixty-four patients attending for duplex ultrasound assessment of the internal carotid artery between 1986 and 1993 were retrospectively identified as focally asymptomatic with > 40% ipsilateral stenosis. Patients were traced using hospital records, family practitioner databases and the Office of Population of Census and Surveys. The number of strokes, transient ischaemic attacks and cause of death were determined. Exclusions were 15 (2.7%) asymptomatic occlusions and 49 patients (8.7%) who underwent surgery for asymptomatic disease. Thirteen patients (2.6%) were not traced, leaving 487 study patients. The average follow-up was 41 months (range, 1-120 months). Mean presentation age was 69 years (S.D. 8.9), and the male to female ratio was 3:2. One hundred and fifty-six (32%) patients died. Forty-three patients suffered strokes, of whom two had bilateral strokes. In total there were 16 (i/p) strokes, 25 (c/l) strokes and four strokes undetermined. The average yearly stroke rate was 2.74 per 100 person years and the (i/p) rate 1.02 per hundred person years. There was no effect of age, sex or degree of stenosis on stroke. The presence of bilateral disease did increase the risk of stroke (rel risk 2.35, p = 0.029) but not ipsilateral stroke (rel risk 1.6, p = 0.39). Patients with unilateral asymptomatic carotid disease had an all stroke rate of less than 5% in the first year after presentation and this was unaffected by degree of stenosis. In patients with bilateral disease the stroke rate in the first year after presentation increased with degree of stenosis to a stroke rate of 9.6 per 100 person years in patients with > 90% contralateral stenosis.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes unilateral asymptomatic carotid disease require surgery?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "no",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe biological processes and molecular mechanisms underlying miR-107 remain unclear in gastric cancer(GC). In this study, we aimed to investigate the expression, biological functions and mechanisms of miR-107 in GC. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR was used to test miR-107 expression. MTT and colony formation assays were conducted to explore the potential function of miR-107 in human GC cell line SGC7901. The target gene was determined by bioinformatic algorithms, dual luciferase reporter assay, RT-PCR and Western blot. Expression of miR-107 was significantly elevated in GC cell line than that in gastric epithelial cell line(p = 0.012). We found that miR-107 inhibitor transfection significantly decreased the proliferation of GC cell line, and clone formation rate of miR-107 inhibitor transfected group was significantly lower than that of control group. Luciferase assays using a reporter carrying a putative miR-107 target site in the 3'untranslated region (3'-UTR) of cyclin dependent kinase 8 (CDK8) revealed that miR-107 directly targets CDK8. The expression level of CDK8 mRNA and protein in miR-107 inhibitor transfected GC cell line was significantly decreased compared with control group.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes microRNA-107 promote proliferation of gastric cancer cells by targeting cyclin dependent kinase 8?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo prospectively compare two local anaesthetic techniques for prostatic biopsies, which are usually taken with no anaesthesia; because multiple biopsy techniques are becoming more common and there is an increasing need for analgesia/anaesthesia during the procedure. The study group comprised 86 consecutive men (median age 67.7 years) undergoing prostatic biopsy because of either an abnormality of prostate specific antigen level or digital rectal examination. They were randomized into four groups; men in group 1 received 10 mL of 1% lignocaine infiltrated into the periprostatic nerve plexus bilaterally; men in group 2 received 11 mL of 2% lignocaine gel rectally; men in groups 3 and 4 were recruited as controls, and given either plain gel rectally or an injection with saline into the periprostatic nerve plexus. Sextant prostate biopsies were taken in all cases using a standardized protocol. Immediately after the procedure patients were asked to indicate the degree of pain on a 10-cm visual analogue scale. Men in group 1 had significantly less pain than the others (P < 0.001). There was no statistically significant difference in pain between men who received plain gel rectally or saline injection (P = 0.35). The rectal instillation of 2% lignocaine gel did not reduce pain significantly (P = 0.186) compared with the controls.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes periprostatic nerve block give better analgesia for prostatic biopsy?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo ascertain whether use of non-benzodiazepine sedative-hypnotics is associated with risk of falls and compare this to risk of falls associated with use of benzodiazepines. Among 4450 community-dwelling men, aged 71 years and older, enrolled in the population-based prospective cohort study, Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS), use of nonbenzodiazepine sedative-hypnotics and benzodiazepines was assessed by interview and verified from medication containers at the third annual visit of the MrOS study. Falls in the subsequent one-year period were ascertained by tri-annual questionnaires and a computerized dictionary used to categorize type of medication. In age-adjusted models, non-benzodiazepine sedative hypnotic use was associated with an increased risk of any falls (one or more falls) (RR 1.44, 95% CI 1.15, 1.81) and recurrent falls (2 or more falls) (RR 1.51, 95% CI 1.07, 2.14). Use of benzodiazepines was associated with a similar increase in age-adjusted risk of falling. Depressive symptoms, inability to stand from a chair, and instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) impairment modestly attenuated these associations. The association between non-benzodiazepine sedative-hypnotic use and falls was most pronounced among men without a history of falls in the previous year: in a multivariable model controlling for multiple potential confounders, the RR of any falls was 1.74 (95% CI 1.13, 2.68) in this subgroup.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes use of non-benzodiazepine sedative hypnotics and risk of fall in older men?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nType 1 autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) is clinically characterized by a response to steroid therapy. Despite having a favorable prognosis, AIP has a high relapse rate and factors predicting relapse in AIP patients treated with steroids have not yet been established. A retrospective chart review was conducted of 32 newly diagnosed type 1 AIP patients who had undergone enhanced computed tomography (CT) pre- and post-steroid therapy. Ten patients experienced relapse. Pancreatic volume was reduced significantly in all patients (pre-treatment volume, 88.5 ± 32.9 cm(3) vs. post-treatment volume, 45.4 ± 21.1 cm(3); P < 0.001), although the pre-treatment pancreatic volume did not differ between the relapse and non-relapse groups (92.6 ± 10.5 cm(3) vs. 86.6 ± 7.1 cm(3), P = 0.401). However, the post-treatment pancreatic volume was significantly greater in the relapse group than that in the non-relapse group (56.9 ± 6.3 cm(3) vs. 40.2 ± 4.2 cm(3), P = 0.008). Similarly, the percent reduction in pancreatic volume was significantly smaller in the relapse group than that in the non-relapse group (36.6 ± 4.7 % vs. 52.1 ± 3.2 %, P = 0.002). Multivariate analysis identified post-treatment pancreatic volume (HR, 1.04, 95 % CI: 1.01-1.08, P = 0.010) and percent reduction in pancreatic volume (HR, 0.87, 95 % CI: 0.79-0.94, P < 0.001) as predictive factors for relapse of type 1 AIP. A post-treatment pancreatic volume of 50 cm(3) < (P = 0.009) and a percent reduction in the pancreatic volume of <35 % (P = 0.004) had a significantly high relapse rate. These data suggest that early pancreatic volume changes after steroid therapy may be a useful prognostic value, because type 1 AIP patients with a high post-treatment pancreatic volume or low pancreatic volume reduction showed significant relapse.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes early pancreatic volume reduction on CT predict relapse in patients with type 1 autoimmune pancreatitis treated with steroids?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nWith the increasing use of epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR TKI) in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), its acquired resistance has become a major clinical problem. Recent studies revealed that miR-21 was involved into the resistance of cytotoxic agents. The aim of this study was to investigate its role in the acquired resistance of NSCLC to EGFR-TKI. EGFR-TKI-sensitive human lung adenocarcinoma cell line PC9 and the acquired resistant cell line, PC9R, were used. Lentiviral vectors were used to infect PC9 or PC9R to regulate the miR-21 expression. The expression of targeted proteins PTEN and PDCD4 was controlled by RNA interference. MicroRNA array, RT-PCR and TaqMan MicroRNA Assays were used to detect miR-21 expression. The MTT and Annexin V assays were used to determine proliferation and apoptosis. Western Blot and immunohistochemistry were used to analyze target protein expression (PTEN, PDCD4, Akt, p-Akt). We also constructed PC9R xenograft tumor model to observe the relationship between miR-21 and EGFR-TKI resistance in vivo and validated it in the clinical serum specimens of NSCLC patients treated with EGFR-TKI. MiR-21 was overexpressed in the EGFR-TKI resistant cell line PC9R relative to PC9. The level of miR-21 was reversely correlated with the expression of PTEN and PDCD4 and positive correlated with PI3K/Akt pathway. Inhibiting miR-21 with lentivirus vector induces apoptosis in PC9R cell line and inhibiting miR-21with ASO suppressed tumor growth in nude mice treated with EGFR-TKI. Furthermore, serum miR-21 expression in NSCLC patients treated with EGFR-TKI was significantly higher at the time of acquiring resistance than at baseline (p<0.01).\n\nQuestion:\nIs miR-21 overexpression associated with acquired resistance of EGFR-TKI in non-small cell lung cancer?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nHypertensives may develop bilateral trapping of para-aminohippurate analogues in the tissue of the kidneys during light exercise, as can be demonstrated using radioactively labelled [131I]-hippurate or [99mTc]-mercaptoacetyl-triglycine. Tracer accumulation in the kidneys during exercise results in a typical renographic pattern, the bilateral-abnormal exercise renogram. The disturbance is common during exercise, being found in almost 60% of all hypertensives, regardless of aetiology. To determine whether bilateral-abnormal exercise renograms are spurious phenomena, or whether the results of exercise renography are reproducible. We reviewed the renographic examinations of 27 hypertensive patients, each of whom had undergone at least one resting and two [131I]-hippurate or [99mTc]-mercaptoacetyl-triglycine gamma-camera exercise renograms. The status of the renal artery at the time of scintigraphy was documented, using available arteriograms. The causes of vascular lesions were noted, as were revascularization procedures and the antihypertensive medication being taken at the time of scintigraphy. The average time between exercise renograms was 15.5 months, and 24 of the 27 hypertensive patients had comparable results in the first and the follow-up exercise renogram, divergent results being noted for the other three patients. Re-evaluation of the scintigrams of the three hypertensive patients with divergent results suggested that intermittent pelvic retention might have caused errors of interpretation in two. We found it notable that neither revascularization nor a change in antihypertensive drug therapy influenced the results of exercise renography. Exercise renograms were reproducible over long periods, and potential extraneous influences on blood flow, such as antihypertensive drugs or revascularization, failed to alter the results.\n\nQuestion:\nDo repeat exercise renograms in hypertension identify persistent renal dysfunction?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nImpairments in social processes characterize one of the core deficits in autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and accumulating evidence suggests that oxytocin neurotransmission is implicated in mediating social adaptation in ASD. Using a mouse model, CD38, a transmembrane protein expressed in immune cells but also in brain, was found to be critical for social behavior via regulation of oxytocin secretion. This prompted us to both examine CD38 expression in human lymphoblastoid cell lines (LBC) as well as to test association between SNPs across the CD38 gene and ASD. LBC’s were derived from 44 ASD lines and 40 \"unaffected\" parents. Family-based association (UNPHASED) was examined by genotyping 11 tagging SNPs spanning the CD38 gene identified using HapMap data in 170 trios. An additional SNP (rs3796863) associated in a study by Munesue et al. with ASD was also genotyped. A highly significant reduction in CD38 expression was observed in immortalized lymphocytes derived from ASD subjects compared to their \"unaffected\" parents (F517.2, P50.00024, df51). Haplotype analysis showed significant association (permutation corrected) between three and seven locus haplotypes and DSM IV ASD in low functioning (IQ < 70) subjects.\n\nQuestion:\nAre low CD38 expression in lymphoblastoid cells and haplotypes both associated with autism in a family-based study?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nSevere hypotension deteriorates renal functions and renal hemodynamics especially renal cortical blood flow. Systemic hypotension following high level spinal anesthesia may impair renal functions in spite of the blockade of renal sympathetic nerves that may help prevent vasoconstriction. Fluid loading is clinically applied for preventing hypotension but the effects on the changes of renal functions have not been studied. This study was designed to investigate the effects of fluid loading on systemic hemodynamics, renal hemodynamics and functions especially the blood distribution to renal cortex. A rat model was used in our study. Intravenous normal saline infusion was started in both control group (5 ml/kg/h, 8 rats) and fluid loading group (15 ml/kg/h, 8 rats) 30 min before spinal anesthesia. A high level (above T4) spinal anesthesia was conducted via a preset intrathecal catheter with 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine. Blood pressure, heart rate and renal cortical microvascular blood flow (CMBF) were measured via a laser Doppler probe firmly contacted on renal cortex and recorded continuously after spinal anesthesia. Renal functions including glomerular filtration rates (GFR, by inulin clearance), effective renal plasma flow (ERPF, by P-aminohippurate clearance), urine flow rate (UFR) and electrolytes excretion were measured every 30 min after spinal anesthesia. Severe hypotension was notable within 5-10 min after intrathecal anesthesia and recovered with 30 min in both groups but the difference was not significant between groups. In the control group, GFR and ERPF decreased significantly in the first 30 min by 51.9 +/- 19.8% and 44.3 +/- 13.7% respectively (P < 0.05) and recovered after 60 min. Also the deteriorations of UFR and CMBF were significantly longer (over 60 min). In fluid loading group, ERPF, UFR and CMBF could maintain throughout the experiment but only GFR was affected in the first 30 min.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes fluid administration prevent renal dysfunction during hypotension under spinal anesthesia in a rat model?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe benefit of adjuvant chemotherapy appears to be limited for patients with Astler Coller B1/B2 colorectal carcinoma but may be better in a subgroup of patients with a high recurrence risk. In the current case-control analysis, the authors evaluated whether patients with a high risk of hematogenous metastasis could be identified by means of a thorough histologic and immunohistochemical examination of the resection specimens. A database was built for all patients treated in a general teaching hospital for colorectal carcinoma between 1985 and 1995. From this database, all patients with an Astler Coller B1 or B2 tumor who subsequently had developed hematogenous metastases were taken as cases. For each case, three matched controls (age, Astler Coller, year of diagnosis) without metachronous metastases were selected. The resection specimens of cases and controls were blindly examined by two observers for the following: World Health Organization (WHO) classification; differentiation grade; growth pattern; lymphocytic, fibroblastic, and eosinophilic reaction; angioinvasion; number of lymph nodes examined; expression of E-cadherin, vascular endothelial growth factor and thymidine phosphorylase (TP); P53; microvessel density. Twenty-two cases and 65 controls were included in the analysis. Tumor growth pattern and tumor TP expression both independently contributed to recurrence risk. With these 2 variables, 4 subgroups could be identified with a recurrence risk ranging from 0% to 42%.\n\nQuestion:\nAre tumor growth pattern and thymidine phosphorylase expression related with the risk of hematogenous metastasis in patients with Astler Coller B1/B2 colorectal carcinoma?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nElevated serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels in patients with intraabdominal sepsis have been associated with increased morbidity and mortality. The authors hypothesized that after surgical intervention a persistent elevation of IL-6 would more accurately reflect the inflammatory state and thus predict the subsequent time to recovery better than the preoperative value alone. Nineteen consecutive children with peritonitis and manifestations of the systemic inflammatory response syndrome were enrolled prospectively. IL-6 levels were determined from pre- and postoperative serum samples (within 12 to 24 hours) by enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA). Patient postoperative length of stay (LOS) was recorded. Before surgery, patient serum IL-6 levels ranged from 48 to 132,546 pg/mL. LOS ranged from 4 to 60 days, with subjects falling into 2 groups of < or =11 (n = 14) and > or =25 (n = 5) days. Using an IL-6 level greater than 500 pg/mL to predict a prolonged LOS (>11 days), a persistent elevation of IL-6 postoperatively appears to increase the likelihood of a prolonged LOS.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes persistent elevation of serum interleukin-6 in intraabdominal sepsis identify those with prolonged length of stay?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nNitric oxide (NO) biphasically modulates osteoclast function, sperm motility and testosterone production by exerting a positive effect at low concentrations and a negative effect at high concentrations. In this study the effect due to administration of four NO-donors, each releasing an individual amount of NO, was studied on GH secretion from human adenomatous GH-secreting cells. Sodium nitroprusside (SNP), diethylenetriamine NO adduct (DETA/NO), diethylamine/NO complex sodium salt (DEA/NO), and S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP) were administered at a concentration of 10-4 M to cells isolated after transsphenoidal adenomectomy from five acromegalic patients. SNP significantly (p < 0.01) increased GH secretion, while the other NO donors inhibited GH secretion in comparision with the amount of GH spontaneously released by unstimulated cells. Each drug showed an individual degree of inhibitory potency: DEA/NO > DETA/NO > SNAP. Nitrite accumulation in the media was measured as a marker of NO released by each individual drug and was found to be different for each drug (DEA/NO > DETA/NO > SNAP > SNP). A negative correlation (R = -0.93; p < 0.05) was found between nitrite release and GH secretion induced by each drug.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes nitric oxide biphasically modulate GH secretion in cultured cells of GH-secreting human pituitary adenomas?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nCoagulopathy plays an important role in sepsis. The aim of this study was to determine whether bone marrow stromal cell (BMSC) administration could attenuate coagulopathy in sepsis. In vitro: endothelial cells were cultured with/without BMSCs for 6 h following LPS stimulation and were collected for thrombomodulin (TM) and endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR) measurements. In vivo: Thirty-six mice were randomized into sham, sepsis, and sepsis + BMSC groups (n = 12 each group). Sepsis was induced through cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). BMSC infusion was started at 6 h after CLP. Lung tissues and plasma samples were collected at 24 h after CLP for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), quantitative real-time RT-PCR, western blot, and immunohistochemistry analysis. In vitro: BMSCs attenuated the decrease in TM and EPCR mRNA and protein expression levels in LPS-stimulated endothelial cells. In vivo: BMSC treatment decreased lung injury and mesenteric perfusion impairment, and ameliorated coagulopathy, as suggested by the reduction in elevated TF, vWF, and TAT circulation levels. BMSC infusion decreased TF mRNA transcription and protein expression levels in lung tissues, and increased TM and EPCR mRNA transcription and expression levels.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes administration of bone marrow stromal cells in sepsis attenuate sepsis-related coagulopathy?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nAttention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common, highly heritable neurobiological disorder of childhood onset, characterized by hyperactivity, impulsiveness, and/or inattentiveness. To search for possible associations between dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) and dopamine transponder 1 (DATl) polymorphisms and ADHD in Chilean families. We extended a previous family-based discordant sib pair analysis that included 26 cases diagnosed according to DSM-IV criteria and 25 controls (healthy siblings of cases), adding 14 cases and 11 controls. Both loci, individually classified as homozygotes or heterozygotes for the DRD4 7-repeat and DATl 10-repeat alleles, did not exhibit genotype frequency differences between affected children and their healthy siblings. However, the simultaneous presence of both DRD4 7-repeat heterozygosity and DATl 10 allele homozygosity was significantly higher (22.5%) in cases (40), compared with (2.8%) unaffected siblings (36), with an odds-ratio of 10.16.\n\nQuestion:\nIs [ Combination of DRD4 and DAT1 genotypes an important risk factor for attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity families living in Santiago , Chile ]?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nHydrogels have been widely studied as tissue engineering scaffolds over the past 2 decades because of their favorable biological properties. Recently, a new biodegradable glycol chitin-based thermoresponsive hydrogel scaffold (GC-TRS) was developed that can be easily applied as a mild viscous solution at room temperature but quickly transforms into a durable hydrogel under physiological conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of GC-TRS on the proliferation and odontogenic differentiation of colony-forming human dental pulp cells (hDPCs) in the presence of enamel matrix derivative. Glycol chitin was synthesized by N-acetylation of glycol chitosan. The morphology of the thermoresponsive hydrogel scaffold was observed by using scanning electron microscopy. The sol gel phase transition of the aqueous solution of glycol chitin was investigated by using the tilting method and rheometer studies. hDPCs were isolated based on their ability to generate clonogenic adherent cell clusters. The effect of GC-TRS and collagen on cell viability was examined by performing 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Expression of markers for odontogenic/osteogenic differentiation (ie, dentin sialophosphoprotein, dentin matrix protein-1, osteonectin, and osteopontin) was analyzed by performing real-time polymerase chain reaction. GC-TRS exhibited a highly macroporous and well-interconnected porous structure. The polymer solution existed in a mildly viscous sol state, but it transitioned to a gel state and did not flow above approximately 37°C. Rheometer studies showed that the glycol chitin solution exhibited a fast sol gel transition approximately at body temperature. GC-TRS and collagen did not inhibit cell viability until 7 days. Dentin sialophosphoprotein and dentin matrix protein-1 were expressed by cells cultured in GC-TRS at a higher level than that in cells cultured in collagen (P < .05). In both the scaffold groups, dentin sialophosphoprotein, dentin matrix protein-1, and osteopontin messenger RNA was up-regulated significantly in EMD-treated hDPCs when compared with the nontreated cells (P < .05).\n\nQuestion:\nDoes glycol chitin-based thermoresponsive hydrogel scaffold supplemented with enamel matrix derivative promote odontogenic differentiation of human dental pulp cells?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\n18-Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (PET) is used clinically to detect recurrent colon cancer after surgical resection, but the sensitivity of PET for premalignant colon lesions and early stage colon cancer is not well defined. In a prospective study, 45 patients with a total of 58 colonic neoplasms, including premalignant polyps, premalignant, flat lesions, and early stage cancers, were evaluated by PET. The sensitivity of PET for cancer was 62% (8/13). PET detected 100% (7/7) of cancers 2 cm or larger but only 17% (1/6) of cancers smaller than 2 cm. PET detected 23% (3/13) of flat, premalignant lesions; 70% (7/10) of protruded, premalignant lesions 3 cm or larger; 38% (3/8) of protruded, premalignant lesions between 2 and 2.9 cm; and 14% (2/14) of protruded, premalignant lesions between 1 and 1.9 cm. There was no false-positive PET reading.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes 18-Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography have limited sensitivity for colonic adenoma and early stage colon cancer?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe main purpose of this study was to evaluate the biocompatibility and bioactivity of a new mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA)-based endodontic sealer, MTA Fillapex (MTA-F; Angelus, Londrina, Brazil), in human cell culture. Human osteoblast-like cells (Saos-2) were exposed for 1, 2, 3, and 7 days to MTA-F, Epiphany SE (EP-SE; SybronEndo, Orange, CA), and zinc oxide-eugenol sealer (ZOE). Unexposed cultures were the control group (CT). The viability of the cells was assessed by MTT assay and the morphology by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The bioactivity of MTA-F was evaluated by alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP) and the detection of calcium deposits in the culture with alizarin red stain (ARS). Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) was used to chemically characterize the hydroxyapatite crystallites (HAP). Saos-2 cells were cultured for 21 days for ARS and SEM/EDS. ARS results were expressed as the number of stained nodules per area. Statistical analysis was performed with analysis of variance and Bonferroni tests (P < .01). MTA-F exposure for 1, 2, and 3 days resulted in increased cytotoxicity. In contrast, viability increased after 7 days of exposure to MTA-F. Exposure to EP-SE and ZOE was cytotoxic at all time points. At day 7, ALP activity increase was significant in the MTA-F group. MTA-F presented the highest percentage of ARS-stained nodules (MTA-F > CT > EP-SE > ZOE). SEM/EDS analysis showed hydroxyapatite crystals only in the MTA-F and CT groups. In the MTA-F group, crystallite morphology and chemical composition were different from CT.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes mineral trioxide aggregate-based endodontic sealer stimulate hydroxyapatite nucleation in human osteoblast-like cell culture?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe regulatory molecule for cell life span, telomerase, was modified by human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) gene transfer to investigate its effect on regenerative properties of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) in neovascularization. Telomerase activity was enhanced in hTERT-transduced EPCs (Td-TERTs) (1.2-fold versus no transduced EPCs [no-Td] and 1.2-fold versus GFP-transduced EPCs [Td/GFPs] at day 8; 5.2-fold versus no-Td and 4.8-fold versus Td/GFP at day 21, respectively) Mitogenic capacity in Td/TERTs exceeded that in Td/GFPs at day 8 (0.62+/-0.02 versus 0.53+/-0.01, respectively; P<0.01). Vascular endothelial growth factor-induced cell migration in EPCs was markedly enhanced by hTERT overexpression (Td/TERTs versus Td/GFPs, 292+/-12 versus 174+/-6 cells, respectively; P<0.01). hTERT overexpression has rescued EPCs from starvation-induced cell apoptosis, an outcome that was further enhanced in response to vascular endothelial growth factor. The colony appearance of totally differentiated endothelial cells (tdECs) was detected before day 30 only in Td/TERT, whereas no tdEC colonies could be detected in both Td/GFPs and no-Tds. Finally, we investigated in vivo transplantation of heterologous EPCs. Td/TERTs dramatically improved postnatal neovascularization in terms of limb salvage by 4-fold in comparison with that of Td/GFPs; limb perfusion was measured by laser Doppler (0.77+/-0.10 versus 0.47+/-0.06; P=0.02), and capillary density (224+/-78 versus 90+/-40 capillaries/mm2; P<0.01).\n\nQuestion:\nDoes constitutive human telomerase reverse transcriptase expression enhance regenerative properties of endothelial progenitor cells?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nRecent studies showed that Wnt signaling through the beta-catenin pathway (canonical Wnt signaling) act on mouse dermal papilla cells (DPCs) enabling hair follicles to keep growing. To investigate whether human DPCs respond to canonical Wnt signaling and, if so, to identify target genes of Wnt/beta-catenin pathway. Cultured human DPCs were transiently transfected with the beta-catenin responsive TCF reporter plasmid (pTopflash) and corresponding negative control reporter (pFopflash) to assess the activity of beta-catenin signaling by Wnt3a (one of the canonical Wnts). Immunofluorescence staining was also performed to localize beta-catenin in the presence or absence of Wnt3a. Microarray was carried out using Affymetrix gene chips. RT-PCR analysis and immunoblot were employed to verify microarray data. Cyclic AMP (cAMP) levels were measured using EIA assay after Wnt3a and PGE2 treatment in DPCs. Wnt3a significantly stimulated the transcriptional activity of pTopflash but not pFopflash. In line with this, we identified a number of genes that are regulated by Wnt3a. Some of the differently expressed genes including EP2 were confirmed by RT-PCR analysis. Immunoblot further confirmed that EP2 protein is indeed increased by Wnt3a. DPCs pretreated with Wnt3a showed higher responsiveness to PGE2 as measured by cAMP levels.\n\nQuestion:\nIs identification of transcriptional targets of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling in dermal papilla cells of human scalp hair follicles : EP2 a novel transcriptional target of Wnt3a?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe purpose of this study was to reveal the correlation between the size of the native anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) footprint and the area of commonly used autografts using cadaveric knees. Twenty-Four non-paired human cadaver knees were used. The size of the femoral and tibial ACL footprints, length of Blumensaat's line, and the height and area of the lateral wall of the femoral intercondylar notch were photographed and measured with Image J software (National Institution of Health). Simulating an semitendinosus tendon (ST) graft, the ST was cut in half. The bigger half was regarded as the antero-medial (AM) bundle, and the remaining half was regarded as the postero-lateral (PL) bundle. Simulating an semitendinosus and gracilis (ST-G) graft, the bigger half of the ST and G was regarded as the AM bundle, and the smaller half of the ST was regarded as the PL bundle. Each graft diameter was measured, and the graft area was calculated. Simulating a bone-patella tendon-bone (BPTB) graft, a 10-mm wide BPTB graft was harvested and the area calculated. The sizes of the native femoral and tibial ACL footprints were 72.3 ± 24.4 and 134.1 ± 32.4 mm(2), respectively. The length of Blumensaat's line, and the height and area of the lateral wall of the femoral intercondylar notch were 29.5 ± 2.5 mm, 17.7 ± 2.3 mm, and 400.9 ± 62.6 mm(2), respectively. The average areas of the ST, ST-G, and BPTB graft were 52.7 ± 6.3, 64.7 ± 7.6, and 37.1 ± 7.5 mm(2). Both the height and the area of the lateral wall of the femoral intercondylar notch were significantly correlated with the femoral size of the ACL footprint (p = 0.007 and 0.008, respectively). However, no significant correlation was observed between ACL footprint size and autograft size. No significant correlation was observed between autograft size and the size of the lateral wall of the femoral intercondylar notch.\n\nQuestion:\nDo commonly used ACL autograft areas correlate with the size of the ACL footprint or the femoral condyle?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "no",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nLy-1 antibody reactive clone (LYAR) is a nucleolar zinc finger protein that has been implicated in cell growth, self-renewal of embryonic stem cells, and medulloblastoma. To test whether LYAR is critical for cell growth and development, we generated Lyar mutant mice. Mice carrying the mutant Lyar(gt) allele were generated from embryonic stem cells that contained a gene-trap insertion in the Lyar gene. Phenotypic analyses were performed on Lyar mutant mice and mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Lyar(gt/gt) mice were crossed to mice lacking the p53 tumor suppressor protein and Lyar/p53 compound mutants scored for external abnormalities. Lyar(gt/gt) homozygotes are viable, fertile, and indistinguishable from wild type littermates. However, the growth of Lyar(+/gt) and Lyar(gt/gt) mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) was impaired, coincident with an increase in the steady-state level of p53 and a key p53 effector of growth arrest, p21, suggesting that a cellular stress response is triggered in the absence of a wild type level of LYAR. Remarkably, the majority of Lyar(+/gt) and Lyar(gt/gt) female mice lacking p53 mice failed to survive. The neural tube defect (NTD) exencephaly was observed in ≈26% and ≈61% of female Lyar(+/gt;) p53(-/-) and Lyar(gt/gt;) p53(-/-) embryos, respectively.\n\nQuestion:\nAre mutations in Lyar and p53 synergistically lethal in female mice?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nAngiogenesis is essential for tumor growth and metastasis. It is a complex, dynamic process that is coordinated by several classes of angiogenic factors. One candidate family is the Tie2 tyrosine kinase, whose expression is restricted largely to endothelial cells. Tie2 has three known ligands, angiopoietin (Ang)-1, Ang-2, and Ang-4, that have different functional effects but play a requisite role in embryonic vessel remodeling. Because there are only limited data on the Tie2 pathway in human breast cancer, and our previous data have suggested that breast tumors establish a blood supply by vascular remodeling, we have investigated the expression of Ang-1, Ang-2, Ang-4, and Tie2 in a series of normal and neoplastic human breast tissues. We examined mRNA expression by reverse transcription-PCR in 6 normal and 52 malignant breast tissues and correlated expression with clinicopathological and angiogenic variables. We also examined the effect of physiological levels of estrogen on Ang expression. Ang-1, Ang-2, Ang-4, and Tie2 were detected in 19%, 52%, 35%, and 65%, respectively, of tumor samples. There was a significant reduction in expression of tumor Ang-1 (P = 0.04), Ang-2 (P = 0.01), Ang-4 (P = 0.004), and Tie2 (P = 0.02) compared with that in normal breast tissues. There was a significant relationship in tumors between all Angs and between each ligand and Tie2. In a multivariate analysis, there were significant positive correlations between Ang-4 and estrogen receptor (P = 0.016) and a significant inverse correlation between Ang-1 and thymidine phosphorylase expression (P = 0.01). No significant associations were observed between the other members of the Ang/Tie2 gene family and patient age, tumor size, lymph node status, tumor grade, vascular invasion, tumor vascularity, vascular maturation, thymidine phosphorylase, or vascular endothelial growth factor A expression (P > 0.05 for all). The potential regulation of Ang-4 by estrogen was further investigated in vitro. Addition of physiological concentrations of 17beta-estradiol (1 nM) to hormone-free media caused no significant change in Ang-4 mRNA abundance (P = 0.75) in the estrogen receptor-positive cell line MCF-7 after either 2 or 18 h, despite demonstrating induction for the estrogen response gene pS2.\n\nQuestion:\nIs angiopoietin-1 inversely related to thymidine phosphorylase expression in human breast cancer , indicating a role in vascular remodeling?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nNonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) is an mRNA quality control mechanism that selectively recognizes and targets for degradation mRNAs containing premature termination codons. Retroviral full-length RNA is presented to the host translation machinery with characteristics rarely observed among host cell mRNAs: a long 3' UTR, retained introns, and multiple open reading frames. As a result, the viral RNA is predicted to be recognized by the host NMD machinery and degraded. In the case of the Rous sarcoma virus (RSV), we identified a stability element (RSE), which resides immediately downstream of the gag termination codon and facilitates NMD evasion. We defined key RNA features of the RSE through directed mutagenesis of the virus. These data suggest that the minimal RSE is 155 nucleotides (nts) and functions independently of the nucleotide sequence of the stop codon or the first nucleotide following the stop codon. Further data suggested that the 3'UTRs of the RSV pol and src may also function as stability elements.\n\nQuestion:\nAre structural features in the Rous sarcoma virus RNA stability element necessary for sensing the correct termination codon?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nFibromyalgia (FM) is a chronic musculoskeletal pain disorder characterized by widespread pain. This study focuses on patients' attributions of illness and of symptom onset. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 56 women to elicit patients' views on what triggered their FM. The transcripts of the interviews were analyzed using a classical indexing technique to identify key themes. Content analysis was performed by two independent coders. Primary causal attributions fell into five categories: psychological problems (28 respondents); somatic concerns (N=12); violence/abuse during childhood (N=7), gynaecological/obstetrical problems (N=6), and fatigue (N=3). Patients' attributions were internal and external in the same proportions, more frequently unstable than stable, and more often described uncontrollable than controllable. Participants expressed decrements in self-esteem and feelings such as self-blame or despair; global perceptions of persistent pain and long-lasting problems, evoking chronicity and hopelessness; and low perceived control over their lives as well as beliefs that nothing can be done, thus increasing a feeling of guilt and vulnerability. Patients' narratives emphasized disruptive circumstances surrounding symptom onset.\n\nQuestion:\nDo primary attributions in women suffering fibromyalgia emphasize the perception of a disruptive onset for a long-lasting pain problem?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nWe investigated the effects of neutrophil elastase inhibitor ONO-5046 Na on lung ischemia-reperfusion injury in a canine model of single lung transplantation. 24 mongrel dogs, 12 donors and 12 recipients, were used for single lung transplantation. Lung grafts were preserved for 18 h by cold ischemia then transplanted into the left thoracic cavity of recipients. In 6 recipients (ONO group), a bolus of ONO-5046 Na (10 mg/kg) was introduced before reperfusion and followed by continuous infusion (10 mg/kg/h). The remaining 6 recipients (control group) did not receive ONO-5046 Na and thus served as controls. We evaluated lung function and respiratory parameters over 240 min. The total cell number in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid increased significantly in the control group in comparison to that in the ONO group. Histologic scores after 4 h of reperfusion and myeloperoxidase activity were significantly lower in the ONO group than in the control group.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes neutrophil elastase inhibitor ameliorate reperfusion injury in a canine model of lung transplantation?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe accuracy of master cast reproduction by a polyvinylsiloxane impression material using two visible-light-curing resin and an autopolymerizing polymethyl methacrylate resin custom tray materials was investigated. Custom trays were fabricated from a master cast that had three index points marked on both the inner and outer vestibules. Impressions were made of the master cast using Extrude and then poured in Die Keen Green stone. The distances between the reproduced index points were measured to +/- 0.01 mm with a traveling microscope and the algebraic norms calculated for each tray material. No differences (p > .05) were found in the dimensions of the inner index points, while the separations of the outer index points indicated that there were differences in the accuracy of reproduction (p < .01) by the three tray materials. The index points reproduced on the casts, compared with the master cast, were closer together for the Triad Blue trays than for the TruTray and Ontray impression trays.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes the effects of custom tray material on the accuracy of master cast?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nBased on previous observations that infarcts encompassing the insula were linked to unfavorable clinical outcome, we hypothesized that insular damage was directly associated with worsened infarction in ischemic but potentially viable neighboring brain tissue. Using acute diffusion- and perfusion-weighted MRI within the first 12 hours of symptom onset and a follow-up MRI on day 5 or later, we calculated the percentage of mismatch lost (PML) in 61 consecutive patients with ischemic stroke within the middle cerebral artery territory. PML denoted the percentage of mismatch tissue between diffusion-weighted imaging and mean transit time maps that eventually underwent infarction. We explored the relationship between PML and insular location using a regression model. The median PML was 17.7% (interquartile range, 3.5% to 54.2%) in insular and 2.5% (0.0% to 12.7%) in noninsular infarcts (P<0.01). The PML correlated with the volume of abnormal regions on diffusion-weighted imaging (P<0.01), mean transit time (P<0.01), cerebral blood flow maps (P<0.01), and cerebral blood volume maps (P<0.01). A linear regression model with PML as response and with acute MRI volumes, age, and the site of vascular occlusion as covariates showed that insular involvement was an independent predictor of PML (P=0.01). The regression model predicted an approximately 3.2-fold increase in PML with insular involvement.\n\nQuestion:\nAre middle cerebral artery infarcts encompassing the insula more prone to growth?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nMean nocturnal baseline impedance (MNBI), a novel pH-impedance metric, may be a surrogate marker of reflux burden. To assess the predictive value of MNBI on symptomatic outcomes after anti-reflux therapy. In this prospective observational cohort study, pH-impedance studies performed over a 5-year period were reviewed. Baseline impedance was extracted from six channels at three stable nocturnal 10-min time periods, and averaged to yield MNBI. Distal and proximal oesophageal MNBI values were calculated by averaging MNBI values at 3, 5, 7 and 9 cm, and 15 and 17 cm respectively. Symptomatic outcomes were measured as changes in global symptom severity (GSS, rated on 100-mm visual analogue scales) on prospective follow-up after medical or surgical anti-reflux therapy. Univariate and multivariate analyses assessed the predictive value of MNBI on symptomatic outcomes. Of 266 patients, 135 (50.8%) were tested off proton pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy and formed the study cohort (52.1 ± 1.1 years, 63.7% F). The 59 with elevated acid exposure time (AET) had lower composite and distal MNBI values than those with physiological AET (P < 0.0001), but similar proximal MNBI (P = 0.62). Linear AET negatively correlated with distal MNBI, both individually and collectively (Pearson's r = -0.5, P < 0.001), but not proximal MNBI (Pearson's r = 0, P = 0.72). After prospective follow-up (94 patients were followed up for 3.1 ± 0.2 years), univariate and multivariate regression models showed that distal MNBI, but not proximal MNBI, was independently predictive of linear GSS improvement.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes distal mean nocturnal baseline impedance on pH-impedance monitoring predict reflux burden and symptomatic outcome in gastro-oesophageal reflux disease?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo observe the therapeutic effects of continuous plasma filtration absorption (CPFA) treatment on burn sepsis. Thirty burn patients with sepsis hospitalized in Beijing Fengtai You'anmen Hospital from July 2009 to October 2012 were treated by CPFA for twice besides routine treatment. The blood samples were collected at five sites (A, B, C, D, and E, respectively) of blood purification equipment before and after CPFA, before and after hemoabsorption, and before hemofiltration. The plasma levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA), soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor (sTNFR) I , and sTNFR-II from sites A, C, and E were determined with ELISA before CPFA was performed for the first time, and those from sites B and D were determined with ELISA after CPFA was performed for the first time. Plasma levels of the above-mentioned cytokines from sites A and B were determined with ELISA before CPFA and after CPFA was performed for the second time. The data of plasma levels of IL-1βP3, IL-1RA, sTNFR-I, sTNFR-II, and TNF-α before CPFA and after CPFA was performed for the second time were collected for calculation of the ratios of IL-1RA to IL-1β and sTNFR-I plus sTNFR-II to TNF-α. The expression rate of human leukocyte antigen DR (HLA-DR) on the CD14 positive monocytes, acute physiology and chronic health evaluation (APACHE) II score, body temperature, pulse, respiratory rate, and leukocyte count of patients were evaluated or recorded before CPFA and after CPFA was performed for the second time. Patients'condition was observed. Data were processed with paired t test. The plasma levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-10 from site B after CPFA was performed for the second time were significantly lower than those from site A before CPFA was performed for the first time (with t values respectively 7.05, 5.23, 4.73, 2.37, P values below 0.01). After CPFA was performed for the first time, the plasma levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 from site D were significantly lower than those from site C before CPFA was performed for the first time (with t values respectively 5.48, 2. 17, 1.78, P < 0.05 or P <0.01). The plasma levels of all cytokines were close between site B after CPFA was performed for the first time and site E before CPFA was performed for the first time (with t values from 0.04 to 1.05, P values above 0.05). The plasma levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 from site B after CPFA was performed for the second time were significantly lower than those from site A before CPFA was performed for the second time (with t values from 1.87 to 5.93, P <0.05 or P <0.01). The ratios of IL-1RA to IL-1β and sTNFR-I plus sTNFR-II to TNF-α, and expression rate of HLA-DR were increased significantly after CPFA was performed for the second time as compared with those before CPFA (with t values from 3.99 to 7. 80, P values below 0.01). APACHE II score after CPFA was performed for the second time was 11 ± 6, which was lower than that before CPFA (22 ± 7, t =4.63, P <0.01). After CPFA was performed for the second time, body temperature, pulse, and respiratory rate of patients were improved (with t values from 1.95 to 3.55, P values below 0.05) , and the leukocyte count was significantly decreased (t =4.36, P <0.01) as compared with those before CPFA. All patients survived and were discharged with length of stay of (27 ± 31) d, and no adverse effects occurred during CPFA treatment.\n\nQuestion:\nDo [ Clinical study on continuous plasma filtration absorption treatment for burn sepsis ]?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nExperimental and clinical data suggest that morphine possesses unique cardioprotective and antiinflammatory properties. In this clinical investigation, we sought to determine whether the choice of intraoperative opioid (morphine or fentanyl) influences early recovery after cardiac surgery. Ninety patients undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass were randomized to receive either morphine (40 mg) or fentanyl (600 mug) as part of a standardized opioid-isoflurane anesthetic. Quality of recovery was assessed using the QoR-40 questionnaire administered preoperatively and daily on postoperative days 1-3. During the first three postoperative days, pain was measured using a 100-mm visual analog scale, and the use of IV and oral pain medications (morphine or acetaminophen/hydrocodone) was quantified. Hemodynamic variables, duration of tracheal intubation, postoperative febrile reactions, organ morbidities, and intensive care unit (ICU) and hospital length of stay were evaluated. Compared with patients given fentanyl, those receiving morphine had higher global QoR-40 scores on postoperative days 1 (173 vs 160, P < 0.0001), 2 (174 vs 164, P < 0.0001), and 3 (177 vs 167, P < 0.001). Differences between the groups were observed in the QoR-40 dimensions of emotional state, physical comfort, and pain (all P < 0.01-0.0001). Postoperative visual analog scale pain scores, use of pain medication in the ICU and surgical ward, and postoperative febrile reactions were reduced significantly in the morphine group (all P < 0.01). No differences between the groups were noted in duration of tracheal intubation, ICU and hospital length of stay, or postoperative complications.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes morphine-based cardiac anesthesia provide superior early recovery compared with fentanyl in elective cardiac surgery patients?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nEarly efforts to predict death following severe burns focused on age and burn size; more recent work incorporated inhalation injury and pneumonia. Gender, co-morbid illness, and co-existent trauma have been implicated in burn mortality but have rarely been incorporated into predictive models. The National Burn Repository (NBR) and the National Trauma Data Bank (NTDB) provided data on 68,661 (54,219 and 14,442, respectively) burn patients that was used to develop and validate, respectively, a predictive model of burn mortality. Logistic regression was used to model the odds of mortality with respect to age, gender, % body surface area burned (BSAB), co-existent trauma, inhalation injury, pneumonia, and co-morbid illness. Performance of the predictive model was assessed using a deviance statistic, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, and the Hosmer-Lemeshow (HL) statistic. The predictive model that demonstrated optimal performance included the variables age, percent total BSAB, inhalation injury, co-existent trauma, and pneumonia. The area under the ROC curve for this model was 0.94 and the HL statistic was 16.0. The inclusion of additional variables, i.e., gender, co-morbid illness, did not improve the performance of the model despite reduction in the model deviance. When the predictive model was applied to the validation data source, the area under the ROC curve was 0.87 and the HL statistic was 10.0, indicating good discrimination and calibration.\n\nQuestion:\nDo improving the ability to predict mortality among burn patients?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nSphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) influences activation, migration and death of immune cells. Further, S1P was proposed to play a major role in the induction and promotion of allergic diseases. However, to date only limited information is available on the role of S1P in food allergy. We aimed to investigate the role of sphingosine-kinase (SphK) 1 and 2, the enzymes responsible for endogenous S1P production, on the induction of food allergy. Human epithelial colorectal CaCo2 cells stimulated in vitro with S1P revealed a decrease of transepithelial resistance and enhanced transport of FITC labeled OVA. We studied the effect of genetic deletion of the enzymes involved in S1P production on food allergy induction using a mouse model of food allergy based on intragastrically (i.g.) administered ovalbumin (OVA) with concomitant acid-suppression. Wild-type (WT), SphK1(-/-) and SphK2(-/-) mice immunized with OVA alone i.g. or intraperitoneally (i.p.) were used as negative or positive controls, respectively. SphK1- and SphK2-deficient mice fed with OVA under acid-suppression showed reduced induction of OVA specific IgE and IgG compared to WT mice, but had normal responses when immunized by the intraperitoneal route. Flow cytometric analysis of spleen cells revealed a significantly reduced proportion of CD4(+) effector T-cells in both SphK deficient animals after oral sensitization. This was accompanied by a reduced accumulation of mast cells in the gastric mucosa in SphK-deficient animals compared to WT mice. Furthermore, mouse mast cell protease-1 (mMCP-1) levels, an IgE-mediated anaphylaxis marker, were reliably elevated in allergic WT animals.\n\nQuestion:\nDo sphingosine-kinase 1 and 2 contribute to oral sensitization and effector phase in a mouse model of food allergy?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nMelanocyte stem cells (McSCs) are the origin of melanocytes that are periodically refreshed in skin and hair follicle. Previously, we reported that Wnt3a could promote melanogenesis, but the mechanism of McSCs activation remains unclear. We aimed to illustrate the roles of Wnt/ß-catenin signaling pathway during McSC activation. Adenovirus-mediated overexpression of Wnt3a and Wnt10b were used. In vitro experiments were performed on the immortalized melanocyte progenitor cell line iMC23, wheres in vivo experiments were performed in Dct-LacZ mice. Immunofluorescence and western blot were used to determine the protein expression. Wnt3a promotes the differentiation and melanogenesis of iMC23, by activating Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Wnt3a induces hair follicle regeneration and McSC activation. Detailed analysis indicats that Wnt3a activated Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, thus promoting the differentiation of McSCs during this process. Wnt10b, another canonical Wnt signaling ligand, induces hair follicle regeneration and McSC activation as well.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway activate melanocyte stem cells in vitro and in vivo?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nObstetric outcome data can be accessed by a variety of different methods in New South Wales, Australia, including Diagnosis-Related Group (DRG) summaries and the Midwives Data Collection (MDC). The accuracy of the reporting of the obstetric complications encompassed by the hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) has been doubted owing to the inconsistency and confusing coding categories available in both coding systems. To test that there would be no disagreement in coding between DRG coding, MDC coding and a disorder-specific database. A prospective disorder-specific database, namely the Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy Database (HDPDB), was maintained for 6 months and diagnoses were compared with the DRG and MDC coding systems. Medical records of all women (n = 230) who received a HDP coding during this period were examined and recoded using the Australasian Society for the Study of Hypertension in Pregnancy diagnostic groupings. The HDPDB was the gold standard for the comparison of coding. Significant coding errors were found in both systems available. Sixty-four percent (P < 0.001) of medical records were incorrectly coded in the DRG coding system and 56% (P < 0.001) were incorrectly coded in the MDC.\n\nQuestion:\nAre generic obstetric database systems unreliable for reporting the hypertensive disorders of pregnancy?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nMetopic synostosis results in trigonocephaly with bitemporal narrowing. Treatment involves differential fronto-orbital advancement, widening of the bitemporal region, and rounding the forehead. The purpose of this article was to implement three-dimensional surgical planning to treat metopic synostosis, including use of intraoperative templates, and to test the accuracy of the results. This is a prospectively analyzed series of retrospective patients with metopic synostosis. Consecutive cases treated by the authors involving a simulated computer-aided planning session were reviewed. Demographic data were tabulated, and three-dimensional quantitative data reviewed. Measurements obtained included bifrontal angle, temporal advancement, and bitemporal distance and widening. Preoperative, simulated, and actual results were compared and analyzed using the t test. Five infants with metopic synostosis treated by this method were included (3 boys, 2 girls). The endocranial bifrontal anglechanged from 111.25° preoperatively to 148.58° postoperatively (P = 0.0001) and simulated 145.62° (compared with actual 148.58) (P = 0.5099). The bitemporal distance preoperative averaged 73.72mm, compared with actual of 89.78mm (P = 0.019), and was simulated to 89.28mm (vs actual 89.78) (P = 0.8815). The surgically planned advancement and expansion were similar compared with actual (P = 0.591, 0.806, and 0.806), respectively.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes simulated fronto-orbital advancement achieve reproducible results in metopic synostosis?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nSmoking cessation is the key cancer prevention behaviour for smokers; nonetheless, smokers can still benefit from earlier diagnosis of cancer. However, fewer smokers participate in screening despite their increased risk, which may reflect different beliefs about cancer. A UK population-representative sample of ⩾50 year-olds (n=6965) was surveyed using the Awareness and Beliefs about Cancer measure. These analyses examine six items on cancer beliefs (e.g., 'cancer can often be cured'), and four on help-seeking barriers (e.g., 'I would be too embarrassed'). Smokers were more likely to hold pessimistic cancer beliefs than never-smokers or former-smokers on four of six items. For example, 34% agreed 'a cancer diagnosis is a death sentence', compared with 24% of non/former-smokers (P<0.001). More smokers (18%) than non/former-smokers (11%) would not want to know if they had cancer (P<0.01). The only barrier to symptomatic help-seeking differing by smoking status was 'worry about what the doctor might find' (36% vs 28%, P<0.01). Associations were independent of demographics, self-rated health and cancer experience.\n\nQuestion:\nIs smoking associated with pessimistic and avoidant beliefs about cancer : results from the International Cancer Benchmarking Partnership?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nRemifentanil preconditioning (RPC) reduces the infarct size in anesthetized rat hearts, and this effect seems to be mediated by all three types of opioid receptors (ORs). Because there is evidence of only kappa- and delta- but not mu-ORs in the rat heart, the authors investigated whether RPC confers cardioprotection via cardiac kappa- and delta-OR as well as via extracardiac mu-OR agonist activity. The authors also investigated the involvement of signaling mechanisms, namely protein kinase C and mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels. The hearts of male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 190-210 g were removed, mounted on a Langendorff apparatus, and perfused retrogradely at 100 cm H2O with Krebs-Ringer's solution. All hearts were subjected to 30 min of ischemia and 2 h of reperfusion. The study consisted of three series of experiments on the effect of ischemic preconditioning or RPC (10, 50, and 100 ng/ml remifentanil) after blockade of OR subtypes (delta-OR antagonist naltrindol, kappa-OR antagonist nor-binaltorphimine, and mu-OR antagonist CTOP). The involvement of protein kinase C or the KATP channel in the cardioprotection of RPC was also investigated using specific blockers in each group. RPC was produced by three cycles of 5-min perfusion of remifentanil in Krebs-Ringer's solution interspersed with a 5-min reperfusion with Krebs solution only. Infarct size, as a percentage of the area at risk, was determined by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium staining. Infarct size as a percentage of the area at risk was significantly reduced after RPC from 51.9 +/- 5.0% (control, n = 8) to 36.2 +/- 10.0% (100 ng/ml RPC, n = 8, P < 0.01). This effect was stopped by pretreatment with naltrindol (52.3 +/- 5.2%) and nor-binaltorphimine (43.5 +/- 6.0%) but not CTOP (37.1 +/- 6.0%). Chelerythrine and GF109203X, both protein kinase C inhibitors, abolished the effects of RPC or ischemic preconditioning on infarct size as a percentage of area at risk. 5-Hydroxydecanoate (a selective mitochondrial KATP channel blocker) also abolished the cardioprotection of RPC and IPC, but HMR-1098 (a selective inhibitor of the sarcolemmal KATP channel) did not.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes remifentanil preconditioning confer cardioprotection via cardiac kappa- and delta-opioid receptors?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nMonocytes and their progeny are abundant constituents of the tumor microenvironment in lymphoproliferative disorders, including chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Monocyte-derived cells, including nurse-like cells (NLC) in CLL, promote lymphocyte proliferation and survival, confer resistance to chemotherapy, and are associated with more rapid disease progression. Colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF-1R) regulates the homeostatic survival of tissue-resident macrophages. Therefore, we sought to determine whether CSF-1R is similarly required for NLC survival. CSF-1R expression by NLC was examined by flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. CSF-1R blocking studies were performed using an antagonistic monoclonal antibody to examine its role in NLC generation and in CLL survival. A rational search strategy was performed to identify a novel tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) targeting CSF-1R. The influence of TKI-mediated CSF-1R inhibition on NLC and CLL viability was examined. We demonstrated that the generation and survival of NLC in CLL is dependent upon CSF-1R signaling. CSF-1R blockade is associated with significant depletion of NLC and consequently inhibits CLL B-cell survival. We found that the JAK2/FLT3 inhibitor pacritinib suppresses CSF-1R signaling, thereby preventing the generation and survival of NLC and impairs CLL B-cell viability.\n\nQuestion:\nIs colony-stimulating Factor-1 Receptor Required for Nurse-like Cell Survival in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nGenome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified loci influencing lung function, but fewer genes influencing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are known. Perform meta-analyses of GWAS for airflow obstruction, a key pathophysiologic characteristic of COPD assessed by spirometry, in population-based cohorts examining all participants, ever smokers, never smokers, asthma-free participants, and more severe cases. Fifteen cohorts were studied for discovery (3,368 affected; 29,507 unaffected), and a population-based family study and a meta-analysis of case-control studies were used for replication and regional follow-up (3,837 cases; 4,479 control subjects). Airflow obstruction was defined as FEV(1) and its ratio to FVC (FEV(1)/FVC) both less than their respective lower limits of normal as determined by published reference equations. The discovery meta-analyses identified one region on chromosome 15q25.1 meeting genome-wide significance in ever smokers that includes AGPHD1, IREB2, and CHRNA5/CHRNA3 genes. The region was also modestly associated among never smokers. Gene expression studies confirmed the presence of CHRNA5/3 in lung, airway smooth muscle, and bronchial epithelial cells. A single-nucleotide polymorphism in HTR4, a gene previously related to FEV(1)/FVC, achieved genome-wide statistical significance in combined meta-analysis. Top single-nucleotide polymorphisms in ADAM19, RARB, PPAP2B, and ADAMTS19 were nominally replicated in the COPD meta-analysis.\n\nQuestion:\nDo genome-wide association studies identify CHRNA5/3 and HTR4 in the development of airflow obstruction?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nMyxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) is associated with leaflet thickening, fibrosis, matrix remodelling, and leaflet prolapse. Molecular mechanisms contributing to MMVD, however, remain poorly understood. We tested the hypothesis that increased transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signalling and reactive oxygen species (ROS) are major contributors to pro-fibrotic gene expression in human and mouse mitral valves. Using qRT-PCR, we found that increased expression of TGF-β1 in mitral valves from humans with MMVD (n = 24) was associated with increased expression of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) and matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2). Increased levels of phospho-SMAD2/3 (western blotting) and expression of SMAD-specific E3 ubiquitin-protein ligases (SMURF) 1 and 2 (qRT-PCR) suggested that TGF-β1 signalling occurred through canonical signalling cascades. Oxidative stress (dihydroethidium staining) was increased in human MMVD tissue and associated with increases in NAD(P)H oxidase catalytic subunits (Nox) 2 and 4, occurring despite increases in superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1). In mitral valves from SOD1-deficient mice, expression of CTGF, MMP2, Nox2, and Nox4 was significantly increased, suggesting that ROS can independently activate pro-fibrotic and matrix remodelling gene expression patterns. Furthermore, treatment of mouse mitral valve interstitial cells with cell permeable antioxidants attenuated TGF-β1-induced pro-fibrotic and matrix remodelling gene expression in vitro.\n\nQuestion:\nDo tGF-β signalling and reactive oxygen species drive fibrosis and matrix remodelling in myxomatous mitral valves?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nPeople exposed to stressful experience are at increased risk of the development of depression. A number of functional imaging studies have found disturbances in the mood-regulating circuit of the stress-exposed depressed patients, although few animal imaging studies have been undertaken addressing the brain functional changes of depression. Two rat models of depression: maternal separation (MS) and chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS), imitating early life stress and adult stress respectively, were administered with escitalopram. The differences in functional brain changes were determined by blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Increased BOLD activation was observed in some brain regions of MS and CUMS animals, such as the bilateral hypothalamus, limbic system, hippocampus and frontal lobe, which were parts of mood-regulating circuit. Furthermore, the MS- and CUMS-induced increases in BOLD activation were partially attenuated by chronic escitalopram treatment.\n\nQuestion:\nAre blood oxygen level-dependent signals via fMRI in the mood-regulating circuit using two animal models of depression reversed by chronic escitalopram treatment?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTobacco smoking is the largest preventable cause of morbidity and premature mortality in the world. Although its medical consequences are well documented, 20-50% of the population even in developed countries remain tobacco smokers. The drugs presently used in smoking cessation have limited efficiency and, therefore, there is a need for alternative and improved treatments. One novel approach in this regard may be provided by immunization against nicotine. The present study in male Wistar rats investigated if active immunization with a novel nicotine immunogen, IP18-KLH, may generate nicotine-selective antibodies and, furthermore, whether this treatment might prevent nicotine from exerting its stimulating effect on the mesolimbic, dopaminergic reward system in the brain. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to determine the titer of nicotine antibodies in plasma after immunization with IP18-KLH in Freund's adjuvant. Competitive ELISA was used to assess the selectivity of the antibodies. Finally, we used in vivo voltammetry to investigate whether active immunization with IP18-KLH could prevent nicotine-induced dopamine release in the shell of nucleus accumbens (NAC(shell)). The present study shows that active immunization with IP18-KLH generates antibodies that are highly selective for nicotine. Furthermore, immunization with IP18-KLH prevented the nicotine-induced increase in dopamine release in the NAC(shell), a biochemical correlate to the rewarding properties of nicotine.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes active immunization against nicotine suppress nicotine-induced dopamine release in the rat nucleus accumbens shell?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo study the characteristics of the vascularized fibular free flap and the possibility of the insertion of implant at the same time. The microvascular surgical procedure and implant technique were used in the treatment of two cases suffered from mandibular ameloblastoma. After tumor resection by partial mandiblectomy, graft of vascularized fibular free flap was performed with simultaneous insertion of 5 implant. One year later, the grafted bone was survival, the osseointegration was proceeded between the implant and grafted bone. The functional reconstruction of the mandible was excellent after prosthetic denture.\n\nQuestion:\nDo [ Functional reconstruction of mandible by using vascularized fibular free flap and one-stage rehabilitation of the implant ]?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nFlaviviruses, which include Dengue (DV) and West Nile (WN), mutate in response to immune system pressure. Identifying escape mutants, variant progeny that replicate in the presence of neutralizing antibodies, is a common way to identify functionally important residues of viral proteins. However, the mutations typically occur at variable positions on the viral surface that are not essential for viral replication. Methods are needed to determine the true targets of the neutralizing antibodies. Stereophysicochemical variability plots (SVPs), 3-D images of protein structures colored according to variability, as determined by our PCPMer program, were used to visualize residues conserved in their physical chemical properties (PCPs) near escape mutant positions. The analysis showed 1) that escape mutations in the flavivirus envelope protein are variable residues by our criteria and 2) two escape mutants found at the same position in many flaviviruses sit above clusters of conserved residues from different regions of the linear sequence. Conservation patterns in T-cell epitopes in the NS3- protease suggest a similar mechanism of immune system evasion.\n\nQuestion:\nDo stereophysicochemical variability plots highlight conserved antigenic areas in Flaviviruses?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nInhalation injury, especially in combination with cutaneous burns, is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients admitted to burn care centers. Either with or without the presence of a cutaneous burn, inhalation injury contributes to high risk for developing severe pulmonary complications. Steroids may reduce a prolonged and destructive inflammatory response to toxic or allergic substances. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of early single-shot intravenous steroids on pulmonary complications and mortality in burned or scalded patients with or without inhalation injury. Retrospective analysis of a prospective single center database of patients registered between 1989 and 2011 who were admitted to the intensive care unit of our burn care center after burn or scald injury. Uni-variate statistical analysis was performed comparing two groups (steroid treated vs. non steroid treated patients) with regard to clinical outcome. Main parameters were sepsis, mortality and pulmonary complications such as pneumonia, ALI and ARDS. Multi-variate analysis was used by logistic regression with mortality and pulmonary complications as the dependent variables to identify independent risk factors after burn or scald injuries. A total of 1637 patients with complete data were included in the present analysis. 199 (12.2%) received single-shot intravenous steroids during the prehospital phase of care. In 133 (66.8%) of these patients, inhalation injury was diagnosed via bronchoscopy. Steroid treated patients had sustained a significantly higher severity of burn than non-steroid treated patients (Abbreviated Burn Severity Index 7.1±3 vs. 6.0±2.9; p<0.001). In a multivariate analysis using a logistic regression model early intravenous steroid treatment had no significant effect on pulmonary complications and mortality.\n\nQuestion:\nDo early single-shot intravenous steroids affect pulmonary complications and mortality in burned or scalded patients?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "no",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe skeleton has been suggested to be involved in energy metabolism through osteocalcin (OC), an osteoblast-specific molecule. The objective of this study was to investigate whether high-impact (HI) exercise stimulating bone formation would lead to changes in glucose and lipid metabolism independent of cardiorespiratory effects and whether OC mediates this association. Prospective intervention study. Fifty men aged 20-32 years were allocated to an intervention group or a control group. The intervention group completed six different types of jumps in sets of five, with the frequency of these exercises gradually increasing over 8 weeks. At baseline and after 8 weeks, glycerol concentrations were measured in fat tissue as a marker of lipolysis using microdialysis. Blood samples were assayed for OC and markers of glucose and lipid metabolism. Physical activity was measured using an accelerometer. After adjustment for confounders at baseline and changes in physical activity during the intervention period, the intervention was associated with a decrease in levels of glucose (P = 0·04), adrenalin (P = 0·03) and OC (P = 0·04) after adjusting for baseline levels and changes in physical activity. No other differences between the groups were significant, although the trends of the metabolic variables favoured the intervention group.\n\nQuestion:\nIs high-impact loading on the skeleton associated with a decrease in glucose levels in young men?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nCardiac catheterization shortly before coronary artery bypass grafting or valve surgery has been associated with increased postoperative acute kidney injury. The relationship between catheterization timing and acute kidney injury after proximal aortic surgery remains unknown. Between August 2005 and February 2011, a total of 285 consecutive patients underwent cardiac catheterization before elective proximal aortic surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass at a single institution. The association between timing of catheterization and postoperative acute kidney injury (defined as postoperative increase in serum creatinine ≥ 50% of baseline) was assessed using logistic regression analysis. Of 285 patients, 152 (53%) underwent catheterization on preoperative days 1 to 3 and 133 (47%) underwent catheterization on preoperative day 4 or before. Acute kidney injury occurred in 88 (31%) patients, 3 (1.1%) requiring dialysis. Acute kidney injury occurred in 37 (24%) patients catheterized on preoperative days 1 to 3, and 51 (38%) patients catheterized on preoperative day 4 or before. Catheterization on preoperative days 1 to 3 was not associated with an increased risk of acute kidney injury relative to catheterization on preoperative day 4 or before (unadjusted odds ratio, 0.52; 95% confidence interval, 0.31-0.86; P = .01; adjusted odds ratio, 0.35; 95% confidence interval, 0.17-0.73; P = .005).\n\nQuestion:\nIs cardiac catheterization within 1 to 3 days of proximal aortic surgery associated with increased postoperative acute kidney injury?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "no",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThis study was conducted to investigate the action of human recombinant interleukin 1 as a radioprotector for different mouse normal cells other than bone marrow cells. Semi-continuous injections of tritiated thymidine were administered every 6 h, over 24 h to determine thymidine labeling index. Mice were injected with recombinant human interleukin 1 24 h prior to tritiated thymidine and were compared to control animals that did not receive interleukin 1. Mice were killed 1 h after the last thymidine injection. The 24 h thymidine labeling index for normal tissues and RIF-1 tumor was determined. Labeling indices were also determined 1-14 days after a series of fractionated irradiations with or without pretreatment with a single dose of interleukin 1 administered 24 h prior to the first radiation. The thymidine labeling index of normal tissues was higher following the injection of recombinant human interleukin 1 24 h before radiolabeling. This was found in all normal tissues tested, including the lip and tongue mucosal basal cell layers, crypt cells of the duodenum, alveolar cells of the lung, hepatocytes, and basal skin cells. The thymidine labeling index of RIF-1 fibrosarcoma was not affected by interleukin 1 injection. A single interleukin 1 injection 24 h before the first radiation fraction also increased the thymidine labeling indices of normal tissues after localized fractionated irradiation. The thymidine labeling index of RIF-1 tumor was not increased by interleukin 1 administration except after relatively high radiation doses (20 Gy in five fractions). The ability of interleukin 1 to enhance the thymidine labeling index declined after the first day following the completion of fractionated irradiation.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes interleukin 1 increase thymidine labeling index of normal tissues of mice but not the tumor?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nAlzheimer's disease (AD) is a multifactorial, neurodegenerative disease, which is in part caused by an impairment of synaptic function, probably mediated by oligomeric forms of amyloid-beta (Abeta). While the Abeta pathology mainly affects the physiology of neurotransmission, neuronal decline is caused by excitotoxic cell death, which is mediated by the NMDA receptor. A comprehensive therapeutic approach should address both Abeta-induced synaptic deficits, as well as NMDA receptor-mediated neurodegeneration, via one molecular target. This study was designed to test whether calpain could be involved in both pathological pathways, which would offer a promising avenue for new treatments. Application of the specific, water-soluble calpain inhibitor A-705253 was used to inhibit calpain in hippocampal slice cultures. We examined whether inhibition of calpain would prevent Abeta-induced deficits in neurotransmission in CA1, as well as NMDA-induced neuronal cell death. A-705253 dose-dependently prevented excitotoxicity-induced neurodegeneration at low nanomolar concentrations, determined by propidium iodide histochemistry. Inhibition of the NMDA receptor similarly protected from neuronal damage. Caspase staining indicated that calpain inhibition was protective by reducing apoptosis. Electrophysiological analysis revealed that inhibition of calpain by A-705253 also fully prevented Abeta oligomer-induced deficits in neurotransmission. The protective effect of calpain was compared to the clinically available NMDA receptor antagonist memantine, which was also effective in this model.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes inhibition of calpain prevent NMDA-induced cell death and beta-amyloid-induced synaptic dysfunction in hippocampal slice cultures?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nDiets high in fat have been proposed as one cause of obesity, primarily because fat is more energy-dense than other macronutrients. However, the literature on fat consumption and human obesity is inconclusive. This research examines associations between dietary fat intake and obesity in men participating in the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial. Data in this cross-sectional study are from 15,266 men (55-79 years) who completed questionnaires on usual diet, physical activity, and health-related characteristics. Height and weight were collected by clinic personnel. Obesity was defined as body mass index (BMI) greater than or equal to 30 kg/m2. In this healthy cohort, 23.3% were obese. Younger age, a sedentary lifestyle, lower education, and black race were positively associated with obesity (all P < 0.001). Using two statistical approaches, both total energy and energy from fat, but not total energy from other macronutrients, increased linearly and significantly with increasing BMI. Mean fat intake increased from 691 kcal (31.4% energy) among normal-BMI men to 797 kcal (34.3% energy) among the obese (P for trend <0.001). After controlling for demographic and health-related characteristics in regression models, BMI increased by 0.53 and 0.14 kg/m(2) for every 500 kcal of fat and total energy consumed, respectively. Energy underreporting, based on estimated basal metabolic rate and physical activity, was fourfold higher among obese compared to normal-weight men.\n\nQuestion:\nIs energy from fat associated with obesity in U.S. men : results from the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nNeuropathic pain is caused by neural damage or dysfunction and neuropathic pain-related symptoms are resistant to conventional analgesics. Neuroinflammation due to the cytokine-chemokine network may play a pivotal role in neuropathic pain. We demonstrate that macrophage inflammatory protein-1β (MIP-1β) participates in neuropathic pain. Mice received partial sciatic nerve ligation (PSL), and tactile allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia were assessed by von Frey test and Hargreaves test, respectively. Agents were administered into the region surrounding the sciatic nerve (SCN). Using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, the mRNA expressions of MIP-1β and its receptor (CC-chemokine receptor 5; CCR5) in the injured SCN were up-regulated after PSL. MIP-1β immunoreactivity was localized in macrophages and Schwann cells and increased in the injured SCN on day 1. PSL-induced tactile allodynia on days 4 to 7 was prevented by the administration of MIP-1β neutralizing antibody (anti-MIP-1β; on days 0, 3 and 6). PSL-induced up-regulations of inflammatory cytokine-chemokine mRNAs in the injured SCN were suppressed with anti-MIP-1β treatment on day 7. Administration of CCR5 antagonist, D-ala-peptide T-amide (on days 0, 3 and 6) prevented tactile allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia on days 4 to 14. Single administration of recombinant mouse MIP-1β (rmMIP-1β) elicited tactile allodynia. Moreover, rmMIP-1β increased the mRNA expression of inflammatory mediators in the SCN on day 1 after administration.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes cC-chemokine ligand 4/macrophage inflammatory protein-1β participate in the induction of neuropathic pain after peripheral nerve injury?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nFlexible poles can provide rapid eccentric and concentric muscle contractions. Muscle vibration is associated with a \"tonic vibration reflex\" that is stimulated by a sequence of rapid muscle stretching, activation of the muscle spindles and stimulation of a response that is similar to the myotatic reflex. Literature studies analyzing the acute cardiovascular responses to different exercises performed with this instrument are lacking. We investigated the acute effects of exercise with flexible poles on the heart period in healthy men. The study was performed on ten young adult males between 18 and 25 years old. We evaluated the heart rate variability in the time and frequency domains. The subjects remained at rest for 10 min. After the rest period, the volunteers performed the exercises with the flexible poles. Immediately after the exercise protocol, the volunteers remained seated at rest for 30 min and their heart rate variability was analyzed. The pNN50 was reduced at 5-10 and 15-20 min after exercise compared to 25-30 min after exercise (p = 0.0019), the SDNN was increased at 25-30 min after exercise compared to at rest and 0-10 min after exercise (p = 0.0073) and the RMSSD was increased at 25-30 min after exercise compared to 5-15 min after exercise (p = 0.0043). The LF in absolute units was increased at 25-30 min after exercise compared to 5-20 min after exercise (p = 0.0184).\n\nQuestion:\nDoes a single bout of exercise with a flexible pole induce significant cardiac autonomic responses in healthy men?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nSince its first description in the early 1990s, minimally invasive Heller myotomy has become the treatment of choice for esophageal achalasia. We report the experience of a single unit with thoracoscopic Heller myotomy (THM) and laparoscopic Heller myotomy (LHM) and we analyze the short- and long-term surgical outcomes in patients treated by each of the two approaches. We evaluated retrospectively 33 patients who underwent surgical treatment for achalasia. Sixteen patients underwent THM without an antireflux procedure, and 17 patients underwent LHM and partial anterior fundoplication (n = 10) or closure of the angle of His (n = 7). Mean operative time was significantly shorter for LHM than for THM (150 vs 222 min, respectively) (p = 0.0001). Mean hospital stay was significantly shorter after LHM than after THM (2.0 +/- 1.0 vs 5.1 +/- 2.2 days, respectively) (p = 0.0001). Six of 16 patients (37.5%) in the THM group experienced persistent or recurrent dysphagia compared to one of 17 patients (5.8%) in the LHM group (p = 0.04). Heartburn developed in five patients (31.2%) after THM and in one patient (5.8%) after LHM (p = 0.07). Regurgitation developed in four patients (25%) after THM and in one patient (5.8%) after LHM (p = 0.149). Lower esophageal sphincter (LES) basal pressure decreased significantly from 30.1 +/- 5.07 to 15.3 +/- 2.1 after THM and from 32.1 +/- 5.9 to 10.5 +/- 1.7 after LHM (p = 0.0001). Mean esophageal diameter was significantly reduced after LHM compared to THM (from 54.5 +/- 5.7 mm to 27.1 +/- 3.3 mm vs 50.8 +/- 7.6 mm to 37.2 +/- 6.9 mm, respectively) (p = 0.0001).\n\nQuestion:\nIs the laparoscopic approach with antireflux surgery superior to the thoracoscopic approach for the treatment of esophageal achalasia . Experience of a single surgical unit?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nA variant of the human GH receptor (GHR) lacks a 22-amino-acid sequence derived from exon 3 (d3-GHR). It was reported that pediatric patients, born small for gestational age or with idiopathic short stature who were homozygous or heterozygous for this variant responded better to GH treatment than those homozygous for the full-length allele (fl-GHR). The objective was to study the impact of the GHR genotype on the phenotype and growth response in patients with isolated GH deficiency (IGHD) treated with GH. This was a retrospective, multinational, multicenter observational study. Patients with IGHD (n = 107) were recruited. All patients received GH treatment at replacement doses. The GHR genotype (fl-GHR/fl-GHR, fl-GHR/d3-GHR, or d3-GHR/d3-GHR) was determined by PCR amplification. Measures included height sd score, height velocity, height velocity sd score at baseline and 1 yr of GH treatment, and their changes. There was no statistically significant difference of the main outcome measures between patients with the d3-GHR allele (n = 48) and patients who were homozygous for the fl-GHR allele (n = 59). Moreover, the genotype group did not contribute significantly to the growth prediction in multiple linear regression models.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the growth response to growth hormone ( GH ) treatment in children with isolated GH deficiency independent of the presence of the exon 3-minus isoform of the GH receptor?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nExtinction of conditioned fear is an associative learning process that involves communication among the hippocampus, medial prefrontal cortex, and amygdala. Strength of connectivity between the hippocampus and the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), and between the amygdala and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), may influence fear-potentiated startle (FPS) responses during extinction. Specific white matter tracts, the cingulum and uncinate fasciculus (UF), serve as primary routes of communication for these areas. Our objective was to investigate associations between FPS during extinction and cingulum and UF connectivity. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and probabilistic tractography analyses were used to examine cingulum and UF structural connectivity in 40 female African-Americans with psychological trauma exposure. FPS responses during fear conditioning and extinction were assessed via electromyography (EMG) of the right orbicularis oculi muscle. Secondarily, functional connectivity analyses were performed with the seed regions of interest (ROIs) used for tractography. A significant negative association between cingulum microstructure and FPS during early extinction (r = -.42, p = .01) and late extinction (r = -.36, p = .03) was observed after accounting for the effects of age, trauma exposure, and psychopathology (post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms); this pattern was similar for early extinction and functional connectivity between these regions (p < .05(corrected)). No significant correlations were observed between FPS and UF microstructure.\n\nQuestion:\nIs fear-potentiated startle during extinction associated with white matter microstructure and functional connectivity?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe aim of this study was to investigate the ability of serotonin to increase contractions in human myometrium. Isometric tension measurements were used to determine the effect of increasing doses of serotonin on strips of human myometrium obtained at the time of cesarean section. Serotonin had little or no effect on the spontaneous activity of myometrium strips in control conditions. In tissue where this activity had been reduced by either forskolin or diazoxide, serotonin caused a dose-dependent increase in contractions and produced up to a 3-fold increase in contractions over basal activity.\n\nQuestion:\nIs stimulation of contractions in human myometrium by serotonin unmasked by smooth muscle relaxants?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo evaluate the standard of evaluation and treatment of the infected diabetic foot ulceration at a 551-bed university teaching institution. A retrospective review of a 4-year consecutive sample (1991-1994). Two hundred fifty-five patients who were admitted to a hospital for care of an infected diabetic foot ulceration. Patients were subdivided into the following 4 dichotomous variables: (1) whether the patient underwent a lower-extremity amputation, (2) whether the patient was admitted once or multiple times, (3) whether the patient underwent intraoperative debridement, and (4) whether the patient was admitted to medical or surgical services. All groups that were evaluated had undergone a less than adequate foot examination. Of the admitted patients, 31.4% did not have their pedal pulses documented; 59.7% of the admitted patients were not evaluated for the presence or absence of protective sensation. Nearly 90% of the wounds were not evaluated for involvement of underlying structures, and foot radiographs were not performed in 32.9% of the patients. There were more blood cultures ordered (62.0%) than wound cultures (51.4%).\n\nQuestion:\nIs the acutely infected diabetic foot adequately evaluated in an inpatient setting?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "no",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nIL-33 enhances FcεRI-induced mediator release in human basophils without inducing degranulation itself. In contrast, studies in mice suggested that in the presence of high IgE levels, IL-33 triggers degranulation and anaphylaxis of similar severity as specific allergen. Consistent with this view, sera of atopic patients contain elevated levels of IL-33 after anaphylaxis. In this study, we determined whether IL-33 is potentially anaphylactogenic in humans with high IgE levels by regulating exocytosis independent of FcεRI cross-linking. Furthermore, we investigated whether IL-33 is released upon allergen provocation in vivo. In subjects with high serum IgE levels, we measured IL-33-induced histamine/LTC4 in vitro, CD63 translocation ex vivo, and responsiveness of mast cells in vivo by skin prick test (SPT). In asthma patients, release of IL-33 and its correlation with early (tryptase)- and late-phase markers (IL-13 levels, eosinophil numbers) of the allergic response were assessed in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALFs) after allergen challenge. IL-33 itself does not trigger basophil degranulation in vitro and ex vivo, even in subjects with high serum IgE levels, and negative SPTs demonstrate that skin mast cells do not degranulate in response to IL-33. However, in response to allergen challenge, IL-33 is rapidly released into BALFs at levels that do not correlate with other immediate- and late-phase parameters.\n\nQuestion:\nIs iL-33 a mediator rather than a trigger of the acute allergic response in humans?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nWe investigated differences in the prevalence and severity of 10 neuropsychiatric and behavioral symptoms according to apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype and dementia severity in Alzheimer disease (AD). Neuropsychiatric and behavioral symptoms of 110 AD patients were assessed using the Neuropsychatric Inventory. Dementia severity was assessed using the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE). There were 27 APOE-epsilon4-negative patients, 65 heterozygous patients and 18 homozygous patients. There was a significant association between the number of APOE epsilon4 alleles and prevalence and severity of neuropsychiatric and behavioral symptoms that was mainly attributable to delusions and agitation/aggression, which were more common and severer among homozygous APOE epsilon4 carriers. In addition, the presence of hallucinations, anxiety, apathy and aberrant motor behavior increased with deteriorating MMSE score, independently of APOE epsilon4 status.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes apolipoprotein E genotype influence presence and severity of delusions and aggressive behavior in Alzheimer disease?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\n: Perilymph/cerebrospinal fluid gushers are reported at the time of cochleostomy during the performance of cochlear implant surgery. Anatomic conditions are discussed. Surgical methods of control with tissue seals have varied results. A simple technique using bone-waxed silk suture is described. : Three patients with perilymph/cerebrospinal fluid gushers were encountered during cochlear implant surgery in the Louisiana State University Cochlear Implant Project. A simple method for control of these leaks is described using lengths of bone-waxed silk suture.\n\nQuestion:\nDo simple method to control a cerebrospinal fluid gusher during cochlear implant surgery?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nCOX inhibitors appear to be promising agents in combination with cytostatics in the treatment of colorectal carcinoma (CRC). The aim of this study was to compare growth inhibitory effects of cytostatics (5-fluorouracil, 5-FU; oxaliplatin) and COX inhibitor sulindac sulfide (an active metabolite of sulindac), given alone or in combination, on several CRC cell lines. A series of human CRC cell lines were incubated with various combinations of the test drugs used in concentrations from 3 to 200 microM. The cell survival was assessed by MTT assay. Isobolograms and median effect method of Chou and Talalay were used to assess the nature and quantitative aspects of interaction observed between studied drugs. Cell cycle progression and apoptosis were measured using flow cytometric methods. In addition, growth inhibitory effects of studied agents on CRC cell lines were compared with a normal (mouse fibroblast) cell line. Sulindac sulfide synergistically potentiated the inhibitory effects of 5-FU and oxaliplatin on CRC survival, parallel to the induction of apoptosis. A dose reduction effect for synergistic activity of sulindac sulfide with studied cytostatics (in the range of 5- to 14-fold, when compared to single agent) suggested that the inhibitory effect of cytostatics on CRC survival may be obtained at low doses. In addition, sulindac sulfide appeared to be more specific against CRC cells than normal cells.\n\nQuestion:\nAre inhibitory effects of 5-fluorouracil and oxaliplatin on human colorectal cancer cell survival synergistically enhanced by sulindac sulfide?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nChile ranks fifth in the world among countries with the highest incidence of gastric cancer. The aim was to quantify the association between Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric cancer mortality at the county of residence. A cross-sectional household survey, a probability sample of the Chilean adult population, provided 2,615 participants in whom serum H. pylori IgG antibodies were measured (ELISA). The spatial pattern of 48,367 deaths due to gastric cancer which occurred from 1985 to 2002 was analyzed using a hierarchical Poisson regression model; 333 counties were categorized as low, medium, and high gastric cancer mortality with median gastric cancer death rates of 11.4, 19.1, and 26.0 per 100,000 inhabitants, respectively. The association between H. pylori positivity and gastric cancer mortality in the county of residence was assessed by multivariate Poisson regression for complex samples. H. pylori prevalence was 73.0% [95% confidence intervals (CI), 70.0-76.0], higher in men [prevalence rate ratio (PRR), 1.1 (95% CI, 1.01-1.20)], peaked at ages 45 to 64, and dropped after age 65. It was higher among residents in counties with high gastric cancer mortality (79.7%; 95% CI, 76.4-82.6) compared to counties with low gastric cancer mortality (62.3%; 95% CI, 53.8-70.2; corresponding PRR, 1.3; 95% CI, 1.1-1.5); under age 24, H. pylori infection was 79.7% (95% CI, 72.2-85.6) versus 39.8% (95% CI, 19.6-64.2) among residents in counties with high and low gastric cancer mortalities, respectively (PRR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.1-3.7).\n\nQuestion:\nIs gastric cancer related to early Helicobacter pylori infection in a high-prevalence country?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTelmisartan, an angiotensin AT1 receptor blocker, and treadmill running were compared for their effects on bone mineral density (BMD) and biomechanical properties of male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). It was hypothesized that running (18m/min/60min/d) and telmisartan (5mg/kg/d) would have a positive effect on bone parameters. Three-month-old male SHRs were divided into three groups: sedentary (S), telmisartan (T), and exercise (E). At the end of an 8-week protocol, femur and lumbar vertebrae were analyzed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) for bone mineral density and by the three-point bending test for biomechanical properties. Blood pressure in all groups was measured by a tail-cuff manometer. Telmisartan and treadmill running reduced blood pressure when compared to the sedentary group; however, telmisartan did not improve bone characteristics. Instead, it reduced BMD of femur total and lumbar vertebrae and worsened bone biomechanic properties. Treadmill running maintained bone characteristics and hence was effective in maintaining bone health.\n\nQuestion:\nIs bone mineral density reduced by telmisartan in male spontaneously hypertensive rats?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo document clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) characteristics of a large cohort of primary and transitional progressive multiple sclerosis (PP and TP MS) patients over one year. Patients with PP or TP MS have been shown to have low brain T2 and T1 lesion loads and slow rates of new lesion formation with minimal gadolinium enhancement, despite their accumulating disability. Serial evaluation of these patients is needed to elucidate the pathological processes responsible for disease progression and to identify clinical and MRI measures which can monitor these processes in treatment trials. Patients, recruited from six European centres, underwent two assessments on the expanded disability status scale (EDSS) and MRI of the brain and spinal cord, 1 year apart. Of the 167 patients studied (137 with PP MS and 30 with TP MS), 41 (25%; 35 PP and six TP) showed a one step increase in the EDSS. The mean number of new brain lesions seen was 0.88 in the PP group and 0.47 in the TP MS group. Both groups demonstrated change in T2 lesion load over the year (p< or =0.002), with median percentage changes of 7.3% in the PP group and 10. 8% in the TP MS group. The PP group also showed a significant change in T1 load (p< 0.001, median change 12.6%). The number of new cord lesions seen was small (mean of 0.14 in the PP group and no new cord lesions in the TP group). Both groups demonstrated a decrease in cord cross sectional area (p< 0.001, median changes; PP 3.8%, TP 4. 9%), but only the PP group showed evidence of significant brain atrophy (p<0.001, 0.95%).\n\nQuestion:\nDo one year follow up study of primary and transitional progressive multiple sclerosis?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nIt is unclear to what extent T cell reconstitution may be possible in HIV-1-infected individuals on continuous successful highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Herein, we analysed distinct phenotypic markers of immune recovery in patients with undetectable viraemia for 8 years, taking as reference untreated patients and healthy controls. Seventy-two subjects were examined: 28 HIV-1+ patients on successful long-term HAART, 24 HIV-1+ untreated viraemic patients and 20 age-matched healthy controls. Analysis of naive and memory CD4 and CD8 T cells was combined with measurements of activation status (expression of CD38) and with thymic function (expression of CD31). Statistical significance was determined by non-parametric tests. After long-term HAART, the majority of parameters were normalized compared with age-matched control values, including T cell activation and thymic function. However, absolute counts of naive and central memory CD4 T cells remained below normal levels. The only parameters significantly associated with CD4 counts at the end of follow-up were the pre-HAART CD4 count ( β ± SD = 0.54 ± 0.16, P = 0.003) and the level of CD4 central memory cells at the end of follow-up (β ± SD = 1.18 ± 0.23, P < 0.0001). Only patients starting HAART with CD4 counts >350 cells/mm(3) reached a complete normalization of CD4 counts.\n\nQuestion:\nAre central memory CD4 T cells associated with incomplete restoration of the CD4 T cell pool after treatment-induced long-term undetectable HIV viraemia?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nSexually transmitted disease (STD) testing is fundamental to STD prevention and control. We sought to comprehensively examine young women's beliefs about the STD testing process. Descriptive, cross-sectional, survey investigation. Women aged 18-24 (n = 302) drawn from four women's health clinics and one university classroom. Participants completed the RoTEST, which measures five domains of women's STD testing beliefs and a demographic survey. Many women believed they would be screened for all STDs when they receive STD testing (40%) and that visual inspection by a provider was a valid method of STD screening for gonorrhea (35%), chlamydia (32%) and HSV (77%). More than a quarter believed that a Pap test screens for gonorrhea (23%) and chlamydia (26%). Twenty-one percent reported that discussing STD testing with a provider is difficult and most reported feeling more comfortable seeking STD testing from an STD specialist rather than a family doctor (79%).\n\nQuestion:\nDo sexually transmitted disease testing misconceptions threaten the validity of self-reported testing history?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nMultiple myeloma (MM) is a hematologic malignancy that is characterized by the proliferation of abnormal bone marrow plasma cells (BMPC) and overproduction of immunoglobulin or light chains with evidence of end-organ damage such as bone damage, anemia, hypercalcemia, and renal dysfunction. The pathogenesis of MM is closely linked to dysregulated unfolded protein response (UPR) in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Constitutive activation of UPR in mice, as demonstrated by transgenic expression of a master UPR transcription factor XBP1s (a UPR-specific splice variant of X-box binding protein 1), causes myeloma. grp94 (gp96) is a key downstream chaperone in the ER that mediates the UPR as a part of the protein quality control mechanism in the secretory pathway. Our recent study has shown that the persistence of plasma cells as well as the development of myeloma in XBP1s-transgenic mice is critically dependent on grp94. However, the role of grp94 in the initiation and progression of human MM is still unknown. The expression level of grp94 in BMPCs was measured by flow cytometry, real-time RT-PCR, and Western blot analysis. We compared the expression levels of grp94 in BMPCs in a spectrum of patients including MM, monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS), smoldering MM (SMM), as well as non-plasma cell disorders (NPC). We found that grp94 was highly expressed in malignant plasma cells in patients with MM, but not in BMPCs in patients with MGUS/SMM and NPC. The expression level of grp94 correlated significantly with CD138 expression level. We also found that the grp94 expression level in BMPCs from International Staging System (ISS) stage III MM patients is higher than those in ISS stage I/II MM patients.\n\nQuestion:\nIs high expression of endoplasmic reticulum chaperone grp94 a novel molecular hallmark of malignant plasma cells in multiple myeloma?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nDevelopment and metastases of colorectal cancer (CRC) are characterized by multiple genetic alterations. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenously expressed regulatory noncoding RNAs. Previous, mainly preclinical studies showed altered expression levels of several miRNAs in CRC. In our study, the expression levels of miR-21, miR-31, miR-143 and miR-145 in 29 primary colorectal carcinomas and 6 non-tumor adjacent tissue specimens were examined by real-time polymerase chain reaction. miRNA expression levels were also correlated with commonly used clinicopath-ologic features of CRC. Expression levels of analyzed miRNAs significantly differed among tumors and adjacent non-tumor tissues: miR-21 (p = 0.0001) and miR-31 (p = 0.0006) were upregulated, and miR-143 (p = 0.011) and miR-145 (p = 0.003) were downregulated in tumors. For the first time, a high expression of miR-21 was associated with lymph node positivity (p = 0.025) and the development of distant metastases (p = 0.009) in CRC patients. Thus, expression of miR-21 correlated with CRC clinical stage (p = 0.032). Furthermore, tumors >50 mm in maximal tumor diameter were characterized by lower expression of miR-143 (p = 0.006) and miR-145 (p = 0.003). We found no correlation between analyzed miRNAs and serum levels of carcinoembryonic antigen.\n\nQuestion:\nIs altered expression of miR-21 , miR-31 , miR-143 and miR-145 related to clinicopathologic features of colorectal cancer?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo clarify the clinical characteristics of type 2 diabetic patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and to assess whether NAFLD is related to angiopathy. The study included 388 Japanese type 2 diabetic outpatients without viral hepatitis. The main outcome measures were angiopathy and NAFLD. The 388 subjects were divided into two subgroups based on alcohol consumption. Fatty liver was recognized in 36 of the 142 drinking patients (25%). There was no association of fatty liver disease with diabetic macro- or microangiopathy in these patients. Fatty liver disease (namely, NAFLD) was recognized in 77 of the 246 non-drinking patients (31%). Type 2 diabetic patients with NAFLD had a significantly younger age, higher body mass index level, higher levels of HbA1c, total cholesterol and triglyceride, lower HDL-C level, higher prevalence rates of hypercholesterolemia and obesity than counterparts without NAFLD. In addition, individuals in the elderly (≥65 years) non-drinking group with NAFLD had a significantly higher prevalence rates of diabetic macroangiopathy, coronary heart disease and thicker intima-media thickness level than their counterparts without NAFLD. The logistic regression analysis showed that NAFLD is an independent predictor of diabetic macroangiopathy.\n\nQuestion:\nIs non-alcoholic fatty liver disease an independent predictor for macroangiopathy in Japanese type 2 diabetic patients : a cross-sectional study?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nMASPIN, a tumour suppressing serpin, is a potent inhibitor of angiogenesis. CD105 is a proliferation-associated protein acting in endothelial cells of angiogenic tissues. For the first time the relation between nuclear MASPIN expression and CD105-assessed micro-vessel density (MVD) in laryngeal carcinoma was investigated. The sub-cellular distribution of MASPIN and nuclear MASPIN expression were immunohistochemically determined in 35 cases of laryngeal carcinoma. The percentage of the fields occupied by CDl05-assessed micro-vessels was also calculated. MVD was significantly lower in laryngeal carcinomas with MASPIN nuclear staining than in carcinomas with cytoplasmic staining (p=0.02). The mean nuclear MASPIN expression was higher in patients without carcinoma recurrence than in those with recurrence (p=0.06). The mean MVD was significantly higher in patients with recurrence of carcinoma (p=0.024).\n\nQuestion:\nIs maspin nuclear localization related to reduced density of tumour-associated micro-vessels in laryngeal carcinoma?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nDuctal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is a preinvasive-stage breast carcinogenesis that accounts for approximately 20 approximately 25% of mammographically detected breast cancers. A significant fraction of untreated DCIS will evolve into invasive cancer. ras homologue I (ARHI) is an imprinted tumor suppressor gene that is expressed in normal breast epithelial cells but absent or down-regulated in breast cancer cells. This study investigated the relationship of ARHI expression to the progression of breast cancer. We analyzed ARHI expression in DCIS, invasive breast carcinoma, and adjacent normal breast epithelium from 64 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded DCIS specimens by both immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. We also analyzed the correlation between ARHI expression and progression of breast cancer, as well as the correlation of ARHI expression and cyclin D1 and p21(WAF1/CIP1) expression in DCIS. Normal breast epithelium was found in all of the specimens and invasive breast carcinoma was found in 23 specimens. ARHI mRNA and protein were detected in all of the normal breast epithelia. ARHI expression was detected mainly in cytoplasm and rarely present in the nucleus. By histochemical analysis, ARHI expression was down-regulated in 41% (26 of 64) of DCIS and 70% (16 of 23) of invasive carcinomas comparing the specimens with adjacent normal breast epithelium. When DCIS and invasive cancer were present in the same sample, ARHI was further down-regulated in 26% (6 of 23) of invasive carcinoma. In four cases [4 (17%) of 23] of invasive carcinoma, ARHI protein expression was totally lost. Consistent results were obtained with an in situ hybridization assay for ARHI at the mRNA level. Higher levels of expression of cyclin D1 and p21(WAF1/CIP1) were observed in DCIS than in the adjacent epithelia. The expression of cyclin D1 and p21(WAF1/CIP1) was inversely correlated with that of ARHI.\n\nQuestion:\nIs loss of the expression of the tumor suppressor gene ARHI associated with progression of breast cancer?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nElevated iron stores and high plasma iron concentration have been linked to an increased risk of atherosclerosis. Iron may thereby affect the interaction of monocytes to endothelium, an initial event in the formation of atherosclerotic plaques. Addition of 10 mumol/L non-transferrin-bound iron to the incubation medium caused a 2-fold increase in monocyte adhesion to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). A concordant increase in the expression of the following adhesion molecules was observed: vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, and endothelial selectin on HUVECs as well as very late antigen-4, and lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 on monocytes. The inclusion of either deferiprone or salicylaldehyde isonicotinoylhydrazone counteracted these effects. Intracellular iron chelation by deferoxamine was completed only after 10 hours of incubation, shown by reversal of iron-quenched intracellular calcein signal, and concurrently the effects of iron were blunted. The membrane-impermeable chelator, diethylenetriamine pentaaceticacid, failed to negate iron effects, even after 48 hours of treatment. Furthermore, only membrane-permeable superoxide or hydroxyl radical scavengers were capable of preventing HUVEC activation by iron.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes intracellular labile iron modulate adhesion of human monocytes to human endothelial cells?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nCigarette smoking is a known risk factor for arteriosclerosis. In atheromatous plaques, vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) display a phenotype that is different from the contractile type under normal conditions. Nicotine is the major pharmacological agent in cigarette smoke. However, any direct effect of nicotine on VSMCs remains uncertain. Because nicotine promotes VSMC migration, its phenotype may change due to nicotine. We used human aorta primary smooth muscle cells (HuAoSMCs), differentiated with transforming growth factor-β, to investigate changes in the protein levels of differentiation markers and in the activity of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) after exposure to 0.1 μM of nicotine for 48 h. After nicotine exposure, the protein levels of myosin II 10 (2.93-fold) and β-actin (1.66-fold), synthetic type markers, were increased. In contrast, the levels of the contractile type markers, myosin II 11 (0.63-fold), high-molecular-weight caldesmon (0.40-fold) and SM22 (0.66-fold), which concern differentiated VSMC, were decreased. Moreover, nicotine exposure induced enhanced activation of p38 MAPK (1.30-fold) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (1.91-fold). These results indicated that the phenotype of HuAoSMCs had changed to a synthetic-like type because of nicotine exposure. Thus, nicotine is one factor that can alter protein expression of differentiation markers in VSMCs. Besides, the increase of intracellular Ca(2+) levels suggested that these effects of nicotine were mediated through nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes nicotine exposure alter human vascular smooth muscle cell phenotype from a contractile to a synthetic type?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nPositron emission tomography (PET) with the thymidine analogue [(18)F]fluorothymidine ([(18)F]FLT) has been shown to detect early response to chemotherapy in high-grade lymphoma. In this preclinical in vitro and in vivo study we compared [(18)F]FLT to the glucose analogue [(18)F]fluorodeoxyglucose ([(18)F]FDG) regarding dose-dependent visualization and prediction of early therapy response. Immunodeficient mice bearing human diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (SUDHL-4) xenotransplants were treated intraperitoneally with increasing doses of the cytotoxic agent doxorubicin. Metabolic and antiproliferative effects were assessed 2 days after therapy by [(18)F]FLT and [(18)F]FDG PET. Explanted lymphomas were analysed histologically and by immunostaining against Ki67 and caspase 3. In vitro, lymphoma cells were incubated with increasing concentrations of doxorubicin and analysed using the tetrazolium assay, fluorescence-activated cell sorting, and [(18)F]FLT and [(18)F]FDG uptake 48 h later. In vivo, tumour growth was inhibited by doses of doxorubicin ranging from 25 μg to 200 μg. The mean tumour-to-background ratio (TBR) of [(18)F]FLT on day +2 was significantly reduced in all dose groups compared to control and baseline values and preceded changes in tumour volume. Importantly, there was a significant inverse correlation between reduction in TBR and dose of chemotherapy (r = -0.54, p = 0.021). The mean TBR of [(18)F]FDG, however, increased after therapy and differed considerably between groups (r = -0.13, p = 0.668). Explanted tumours showed a dose-dependent decrease in the proliferation marker Ki67, but no change in the apoptotic marker caspase 3. In vitro, doxorubicin led to a dose-dependent reduction in cell viability and a decrease in S phase. Lymphoma cells showed a dose-dependent reduction in [(18)F]FLT uptake, in contrast to a variable and decelerated reduction in [(18)F]FDG uptake. Thus, the increase in [(18)F]FDG uptake in vivo presumably reflected nonspecific glucose metabolism of inflammatory cells, as confirmed by histology of explanted lymphomas.\n\nQuestion:\nIs [ 18F ] FLT superior to [ 18F ] FDG for predicting early response to antiproliferative treatment in high-grade lymphoma in a dose-dependent manner?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe cyclin D1 proto-oncogene is an important regulator of G1 to S-phase transition and an important cofactor for several transcription factors in numerous cell types. Studies on neonatal cardiomyocytes and postmitotic neurons indicate that the activity of cyclin D1 may be regulated through its cytoplasmic sequestration. We have demonstrated previously, that TSA induces the ubiquitin-dependent degradation of cyclin D1 in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Additional studies were initiated in order to further investigate the effect of TSA on cyclin D1 regulation using sub-cellular fractionation techniques. Our studies revealed cyclin D1 to be localized predominantly within the cytoplasmic fraction of all cell lines tested. These observations were confirmed by confocal microscopy. GSK3beta was found to be localized within both the nucleus and cytoplasm throughout the cell cycle. Inhibition of GSK3beta or CRM1-dependent nuclear export resulted in only modest nuclear accumulation, suggesting that the cytoplasmic localization of cyclin D1 results from the inhibition of its nuclear import.\n\nQuestion:\nIs the cyclin D1 proto-oncogene sequestered in the cytoplasm of mammalian cancer cell lines?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nIschemia caused by cold storage (CS) and reperfusion of the kidney is often responsible for delayed graft function after transplantation. Significant attention has been focused on the cascade of events involved in ischemia-reperfusion injury, with the objective of identifying drugs to ameliorate the functional damage that occurs. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the renal function of isolated perfused pig kidneys after 48 hr of CS with Euro-Collins (EC) solution plus trimetazidine (EC+TMZ), standard EC solution, or University of Wisconsin (UW) solution. Normothermic isolated perfused pig kidneys were randomized into five experimental groups: (A) control group (cold flush with cold heparinized saline and immediately reperfused; n=6); (B) cold flush with cold heparinized saline with TMZ (10(-6) M), n=6; (C) 48 hr of CS with EC and reperfusion (n=8); (D) 48 hr of CS with EC+TMZ alone and reperfusion (n=8); (E) 48 hr of CS with UW and reperfusion (n=8). Proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and biochemical studies were performed for the functional evaluation during reperfusion. Lipid peroxidation was also determined. Histological examination (optical and electron microscopy) was performed after CS and reperfusion. Using TMZ, the renal perfusate flow rate as well as the glomerular filtration rate and proximal tubular function were significantly improved. This improvement of renal function during reperfusion was correlated with a less significant cellular and interstitial edema. In addition, tubular injury markers were significantly lower in the group preserved with EC+TMZ, and TMZ reduced lipid peroxidation dramatically during reperfusion.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes trimetazidine prevent renal injury in the isolated perfused pig kidney exposed to prolonged cold ischemia?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
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Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nAberrant expression of components of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) enzyme system is implicated in abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) formation. We aimed to investigate the influence of a novel histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor (HDACi) metacept-1 (MCT-1), previously documented to reduce MMP expression, on HDAC activity and MMP expression in aortic smooth muscle cells and the in vivo incidence of AAAs. Western blot and gelatin zymography were used to determine HDAC activity and MMP-2 expression and activity in rat (rVSMCs) and human aortic vascular smooth muscle cells (hVSMCs) in vitro. In vivo AAAs were generated using apolipoprotein E-deficient mice infused with angiotensin (Ang) II. Immunohistochemistry detected MMP-2 and -9 expression in AAA tissue samples. In vitro, MCT-1 inhibited HDAC activity in rVSMCs, and MMP-2 expression and proteolytic activity in hVSMCs. In vivo, Ang II treatment alone exhibited an AAA incidence of 84%. Doxycycline decreased the incidence of AAAs to 50%. Importantly, MCT-1 reduced AAA incidence to approximately 44%. MMP-2 and -9 immunoreactivity was reduced in MCT-1-treated aortic tissue.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes a novel histone deacetylase inhibitor reduce abdominal aortic aneurysm formation in angiotensin II-infused apolipoprotein E-deficient mice?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo establish the relevance of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathway in human oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCCA) cell lines and determine if there is a biologic impact of stimulating this pathway with recombinant human (rh) BMP-2. In vitro laboratory investigations and in vivo analysis using an orthotopic animal model for oral cancer. Gene expression profiles for BMP-2 and components of the BMP-signaling pathway were determined using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. In vivo effects were evaluated using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and studying histopathologic changes in established tumor xenografts with or without rhBMP-2 pretreatment. A phosphokinase array was used to detect levels of activation in signaling kinases. The BMP-2 gene was expressed in 90% of the 30 OSCCA cell lines tested. Gene expression of all components of the BMP-signaling pathway was highly conserved. Tumor xenografts established with rhBMP-2-treated cells showed more rapid local growth that resulted in worse animal survival as compared to the control group. These tumors had a more poorly differentiated morphology. Changes in protein kinases suggested interactions of BMP-2 signaling with the Wnt-β-catenin, and Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathways.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes rhBMP-2 have adverse effects on human oral carcinoma cell lines in vivo?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
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{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nFunctional studies suggest that the nonsynonymous K121Q polymorphism in the ectoenzyme nucleotide pyrophosphate phosphodiesterase 1 (ENPP1) may confer susceptibility to insulin resistance; genetic evidence on its effect on type 2 diabetes, however, has been conflicting. We therefore conducted a new meta-analysis that includes novel unpublished data from the ENPP1 Consortium and recent negative findings from large association studies to address the contribution of K121Q to type 2 diabetes. After a systematic review of the literature, we evaluated the effect of ENPP1 K121Q on diabetes risk under three genetic models using a random-effects approach. Our primary analysis consisted of 30 studies comprising 15,801 case and 26,241 control subjects. Due to considerable heterogeneity and large differences in allele frequencies across populations, we limited our meta-analysis to those of self-reported European descent and, when available, included BMI as a covariate. We found a modest increase in risk of type 2 diabetes for QQ homozygotes in white populations (combined odds ratio [OR] 1.38 [95% CI 1.10-1.74], P = 0.005). There was no evidence of publication bias, but we noted significant residual heterogeneity among studies (P = 0.02). On meta-regression, 16% of the effect was accounted for by the mean BMI of control subjects. This association was stronger in studies in which control subjects were leaner but disappeared after adjustment for mean control BMI (combined OR 0.93 [95% CI 0.75-1.15], P = 0.50).\n\nQuestion:\nIs the ENPP1 K121Q polymorphism associated with type 2 diabetes in European populations : evidence from an updated meta-analysis in 42,042 subjects?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
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{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nReceptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) is one of the alveolar type I cell-associated proteins in the lung. To test the hypothesis that RAGE is a marker of alveolar epithelial type I cell injury. Rats were instilled intratracheally with 10 mg/kg lipopolysaccharide or hydrochloric acid. RAGE levels were measured in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and serum in the rats and in the pulmonary edema fluid and plasma from patients with acute lung injury (ALI; n = 22) and hydrostatic pulmonary edema (n = 11). In the rat lung injury studies, RAGE was released into the BAL and serum as a single soluble isoform sized approximately 48 kD. The elevated levels of RAGE in the BAL correlated well with the severity of experimentally induced lung injury. In the human studies, the RAGE level in the pulmonary edema fluid was significantly higher than the plasma level (p < 0.0001). The median edema fluid/plasma ratio of RAGE levels was 105 (interquartile range, 55-243). The RAGE levels in the pulmonary edema fluid from patients with ALI were higher than the levels from patients with hydrostatic pulmonary edema (p < 0.05), and the plasma RAGE level in patients with ALI were significantly higher than the healthy volunteers (p < 0.001) or patients with hydrostatic pulmonary edema (p < 0.05).\n\nQuestion:\nIs receptor for advanced glycation end-products a marker of type I cell injury in acute lung injury?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe purpose of this study was to evaluate two alternative non-invasive techniques for assessment of endothelial function in adults with special focus on their ability to monitor acute changes. Twenty-five clinically healthy men (mean age 24 ± 2 years) underwent endothelial function measurements twice in fasting state and twice after experimental induction of transient endothelial dysfunction by oral application of 0.1g/kg L-methionine and by ingestion of 500 ml whipped cream (30 % fat), respectively. Microvascular vasodilator responses to flickering-light by retinal vessel analysis and vascular responses to inhaled salbutamol by pulse wave analysis were assessed at each occasion. Ultrasound based flow-mediated dilation (FMD) was used as reference method. Transient endothelial dysfunction in response to acute hyperlipidaemia and hyperhomocysteinaemia was verified by blunted brachial responses to hyperaemia. Retinal vessel analysis demonstrated significantly impaired flicker-responses of retinal vessels to both challenges depending on the vessel type. Pulse wave analysis did not show any significant changes in salbutamol responses. Reproducibility of retinal vessel analysis was comparable to FMD and slightly better than pulse wave analysis.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes local endothelial dysfunction affect global endothelial function?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "no",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nXitong Wan (XTW), a traditional Chinese herbs formula, has been used to treat \"Bi Zheng\" in the clinical practice of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for hundreds of years. However, no scientific validation is available on the anti-rheumatic effect of XTW. This study was carried out to investigate the effects of XTW on joints swelling, joints destruction, production of inflammatory mediators and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation in rats with adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA). AIA was induced by intradermal injection of Complete Freund's adjuvant in the footpad of Wistar rats. Paw volume was measured every 7 days during XTW treatment. Histological score was calculated by hematoxylin and eosin staining. Osteoclast number in articular tissues was counted by tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining. Levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 in serum were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Levels of NF-κBp65 and inhibitor of NF-κB (IκB)α in synovium were analyzed by Western blot assay. Compared with AIA group rats, XTW significantly decreased the paw volume of AIA rats. Meanwhile, XTW significantly reduced the histological score and osteoclast number in articular tissues of AIA rats. In addition, XTW markedly abated the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 in serum, as well as enhanced the level of IκBα in synovium of AIA rats. However, XTW did not show significant effect on the level of p65 in synovium of AIA rats.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes xitong Wan attenuate inflammation development through inhibiting the activation of nuclear factor-κB in rats with adjuvant-induced arthritis?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nEnoxaparin treatment is associated with a 20% reduction in clinical events during the acute phase of management of patients with unstable angina/non ST elevation myocardial infarction. Interest in the use of enoxaparin would be enhanced further if evidence of a durable treatment benefit over the long term could be provided. Event rates at 1 year for the composite end-point of death/non-fatal myocardial infarction/urgent revascularization and its individual components were ascertained from the TIMI 11B and ESSENCE databases. There was no evidence of heterogeneity between TIMI 11B and ESSENCE in tests for interactions between treatment and trial. A significant treatment benefit of enoxaparin on the rate of death/non-fatal myocardial infarction/urgent revascularization was observed at 1 year (hazard ratio 0.88;P=0.008). The event rate was 25.8% in the unfractionated heparin group and 23.3% in the enoxaparin group, an absolute difference of 2.5%. A progressively greater treatment benefit of enoxaparin was observed as the level of patient risk at baseline increased. Treatment effects for the individual end-point elements ranged from 9-14%, favouring enoxaparin.\n\nQuestion:\nIs enoxaparin superior to unfractionated heparin for preventing clinical events at 1-year follow-up of TIMI 11B and ESSENCE?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nIndividuals with the rare genetic disorder Williams-Beuren syndrome (WS) are known for their characteristic auditory phenotype including strong affinity to music and sounds. In this work we attempted to pinpoint a neural substrate for the characteristic musicality in WS individuals by studying the structure-function relationship of their auditory cortex. Since WS subjects had only minor musical training due to psychomotor constraints we hypothesized that any changes compared to the control group would reflect the contribution of genetic factors to auditory processing and musicality. Using psychoacoustics, magnetoencephalography and magnetic resonance imaging, we show that WS individuals exhibit extreme and almost exclusive holistic sound perception, which stands in marked contrast to the even distribution of this trait in the general population. Functionally, this was reflected by increased amplitudes of left auditory evoked fields. On the structural level, volume of the left auditory cortex was 2.2-fold increased in WS subjects as compared to control subjects. Equivalent volumes of the auditory cortex have been previously reported for professional musicians.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes leftward lateralization of auditory cortex underlie holistic sound perception in Williams syndrome?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThis study aimed to investigate histologic features of children with RAP undergoing upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, after exclusion of common organic disease. Children referred for endoscopy were prospectively enrolled at a single tertiary center between 2008 and 2010, after obtaining informed consent. Cases were defined as children with clinical diagnosis of RAP, as opposed to controls with suspicion of organic disease. Gastric and duodenal biopsies were analysed by pathologists blinded to indication. Demographic and clinical variables, H. pylori infection, biochemical, endoscopic and pathologic results were compared between cases and controls. A total of 101 children were included after exclusion of villous enteropathy (n = 6) and parasitic, rotaviral or salmonella enteritis (n = 14), resulting in 72 cases and 29 controls. There were no significant differences in demographics, clinical symptoms, H. pylori infection and endoscopic findings between cases and controls. Duodenal eosinophil counts per 5 HPF were significantly increased in cases vs. controls (median (IQR) 86 (62-114) vs. 49 (31-88); p < 0.001) and did not differ regarding age, gender and H. pylori. Intraepithelial lymphocytes per 100 enterocytes were similar in cases vs. controls (19 (15-25) vs. 18 (14-23); p = 0.89) with ≥ 25 in 25% of cases. Duodenal eosinophilia was equally observed in H. pylori negative cases (n = 50) vs. controls (n = 19) (87 (61-119) vs. 53 (36-95); p = 0.01), as well as positive cases (n = 21) vs. controls (n = 10) (85 (55-105) vs. 42 (18-65); p = 0.03). Logistic regression yielded an adjusted odds ratio of 1.23 (95% CI 1.08-1.40) for duodenal eosinophilia in RAP.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes pP-7 CHILDHOOD RECURRENT ABDOMINAL PAIN be ASSOCIATED WITH DUODENAL EOSINOPHILIA REGARDLESS OF H. PYLORI INFECTION?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nBacterial infection contributes to diverse noninfectious diseases and worsens outcome after stroke. Streptococcus pneumoniae, the most common infection in patients at risk of stroke, is a major cause of prolonged hospitalization and death of stroke patients, but how infection impacts clinical outcome is not known. We induced sustained pulmonary infection by a human S. pneumoniae isolate in naive and comorbid rodents to investigate the effect of infection on vascular and inflammatory responses prior to and after cerebral ischemia. S. pneumoniae infection triggered atherogenesis, led to systemic induction of interleukin (IL) 1, and profoundly exacerbated (50-90%) ischemic brain injury in rats and mice, a response that was more severe in combination with old age and atherosclerosis. Systemic blockade of IL-1 with IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) fully reversed infection-induced exacerbation of brain injury and functional impairment caused by cerebral ischemia. We show that infection-induced systemic inflammation mediates its effects via increasing platelet activation and microvascular coagulation in the brain after cerebral ischemia, as confirmed by reduced brain injury in response to blockade of platelet glycoprotein (GP) Ibα. IL-1 and platelet-mediated signals converge on microglia, as both IL-1Ra and GPIbα blockade reversed the production of IL-1α by microglia in response to cerebral ischemia in infected animals.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes streptococcus pneumoniae worsen cerebral ischemia via interleukin 1 and platelet glycoprotein Ibα?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nIn this study, we sought to determine whether the preoperative nonlinear index of heart rate variability, ultra short-term entropy (UsEn), could predict cardiovascular responses to the induction of general anesthesia. UsEn was estimated by a linearized version of the nonlinear least squares method combined with the maximum entropy spectral analysis method (MemCalc method). Preoperative UsEn of 46 patients (ASA PS 1 or 2, aged 40-60 yr) without a history of hypertension was evaluated using the MemCalc method. Patients were assigned to two groups according to preoperative UsEn (Group LOW; UsEn <45, Group HIGH; UsEn > or =45). Anesthesia was induced with propofol, fentanyl and vecuronium bromide and endotracheal intubation was performed. Hemodynamic fluctuations during the induction of anesthesia were recorded and compared between the two groups. It was found that arterial blood pressure fluctuations during the induction of anesthesia were significantly greater in patients with a low UsEn.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes preoperative ultra short-term entropy predict arterial blood pressure fluctuation during the induction of anesthesia?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nPretreatment of rodent hepatocytes with chylomicron-bound lipopolysaccharide (CM-LPS) renders these cells unresponsive to subsequent stimulation by proinflammatory cytokines. We sought to test the selectivity of this response. Cellular responses to hypoxia, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and heat-shock response, and thermotolerance induced in CM-LPS pretreated hepatocytes were compared with responses in non-pretreated cells. CM-LPS inhibited the hepatocellular response to proinflammatory cytokines without affecting the response to the other cellular stressors. It did not affect the response to oxidative stress, as measured by mitochondrial activity after hydrogen peroxide was added, or protein induction before or after stimulation with cobalt chloride. Also, induction of heat shock proteins did not differ between the CM-LPS pretreated cells and non-pretreated cells. CM-LPS did not interfere with the adoption of the thermotolerant phenotype, as shown by similar mitochondrial activity between pretreated and non-pretreated cells. Although stimulation with tumor necrosis factor-alpha and actinomycin D increased activity of the apoptotic enzymes, there were no differences between cells pretreated with CM-LPS and non-pretreated hepatocytes.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes chylomicron-bound LPS selectively inhibit the hepatocellular response to proinflammatory cytokines?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nFibrin-related markers such as soluble fibrin (SF) and D-dimer are considered useful for the diagnosis of thrombosis. However, the evidence for diagnosis of thrombosis by fibrin-related markers is not well-established. To evaluate the cutoff values of D-dimer and SF in the diagnosis of thrombosis. Plasma concentrations of SF and D-dimer were measured in 784 inpatients suspected of having thrombosis between 1 August 2003 and 31 December 2004, and then correlated with thrombosis.\n\nQuestion:\nDo elevated levels of soluble fibrin or D-dimer indicate high risk of thrombosis?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo assess the value of single shot fast spin echo MR sequence (SS-FSE) in the morphological analysis of the biliary tree and pancreatic ducts and to compare its accuracy with other imaging methods. 95 consecutive patients referred for clinical and/or biological suspicion of biliary obstruction were explored with MR cholangiopancreatography (MRCP). All patients were explored with a Signa 1.5 T GE MR unit, with High Gradient Field Strength and Torso Phased Array Coil. Biliary ducts were explored with SS-FSE sequence, coronal and oblique coronal 20 mm thick slices on a 256 x 256 matrix. Total acquisition time was 1 second. Native pictures were reviewed by two radiologists blinded to clinical information. In case of disagreement, a third radiologist's judgement was requested. In 88 cases, MRCP results were compared with direct biligraphy methods. In all cases, MRCP produced high quality images without MIP or other post-processing methods. For detection of biliary tree distensions, the concordance value of MRCP was over 91% (Kappa 0.82). For detection of biliary tree and/or pancreatic duct obstruction, MR sensitivity was 100% and specificity 91%. The overall diagnostic concordance value of MRCP was > or = 93%. Difficulties in MRCP were caused by functional diseases or benign stenosis. MRCP accurately diagnosed all lithiasic obstructions starting from a stone size of 3 mm.\n\nQuestion:\nDo [ Single shot fast spin echo sequence MRI cholangiopancreatography ]?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nThe objective of this study was to investigate factors related to family functioning and adaptation in caregivers of individuals with Rett syndrome (RS). A cross-sectional quantitative survey explored the relationships between demographics, parental self-efficacy, coping methods, family functioning and adaptation. A forward-backward, step-wise model selection procedure was used to evaluate variables associated with both family functioning and adaptation. Analyses also explored family functioning as a mediator of the relationship between other variables and adaptation. Bivariate analyses (N=400) revealed that greater parental self-efficacy, a greater proportion of problem-focused coping, and a lesser proportion of emotion-focused coping were associated with more effective family functioning. In addition, these key variables were significantly associated with greater adaptation, as was family functioning, while controlling for confounders. Finally, regression analyses suggest family functioning as a mediator of the relationships between three variables (parental self-efficacy, problem-focused coping, and emotion-focused coping) with adaptation.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes family functioning mediate adaptation in caregivers of individuals with Rett syndrome?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nOur previous studies showed that Trichinella spiralis paramyosin (TsPmy) is an immunomodulatory protein that inhibits complement C1q and C8/C9 to evade host complement attack. Vaccination with recombinant TsPmy protein induced protective immunity against T. spiralis larval challenge. Due to the difficulty in producing TsPmy as a soluble recombinant protein, we prepared a DNA vaccine as an alternative approach in order to elicit a robust immunity against Trichinella infection. The full-length TsPmy coding DNA was cloned into the eukaryotic expression plasmid pVAX1, and the recombinant pVAX1/TsPmy was transformed into attenuated Salmonella typhimurium strain SL7207. Oral vaccination of mice with this attenuated Salmonella-delivered TsPmy DNA vaccine elicited a significant mucosal sIgA response in the intestine and a systemic IgG antibody response with IgG2a as the predominant subclass. Cytokine analysis also showed a significant increase in the Th1 (IFN-γ, IL-2) and Th2 (IL-4, 5, 6, 10) responses in lymphocytes from the spleen and MLNs of immunized mice upon stimulation with TsPmy protein. The expression of the homing receptors CCR9/CCR10 on antibody secreting B cells may be related to the translocation of IgA-secreted B cells to local intestinal mucosa. The mice immunized with Salmonella-delivered TsPmy DNA vaccine produced a significant 44.8% reduction in adult worm and a 46.6% reduction in muscle larvae after challenge with T. spiralis larvae.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes oral Vaccination with Attenuated Salmonella typhimurium-Delivered TsPmy DNA Vaccine elicit Protective Immunity against Trichinella spiralis in BALB/c Mice?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nDepressive symptoms in schizophrenia are common, more so in women, but associated neurobiological mechanisms are poorly understood. The current study investigated sex differences in the relationship between depression and brain function, as measured using event-related potentials (ERPs), in people with schizophrenia. Fourteen men and 14 women with schizophrenia, matched on age of illness onset and illness duration, were assessed for depression using the Calgary Depression Scale. ERP amplitudes were measured during an auditory oddball task in response to target (P3b, anterior N100) and novel (P3a, posterior N100) stimuli. Depression was significantly positively associated with early perceptual processing in response to novels in men (parietal N100 amplitude), and with a later processing stage (parietal P3b) in women. No association was found for anterior P3a.\n\nQuestion:\nDoes sex specific event-related potential ( ERP ) correlate of depression in schizophrenia?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nTo elucidate and discuss the role of IL-35 in immunity to parasitic and bacterial infections as well as in autoimmunity in terms of its anti-inflammatory properties, we highlight significant findings on this novel member of the IL-12 family. Studies using genetically deficient mice have greatly enhanced our understanding of the biology of IL-35. On the basis of data derived from the analysis of these genetically deficient mice published by NIH, we focus on the key features of this heterodimeric cytokine, especially its relation to the other IL-12 family members, and discuss its potential relevance to the clinical usage. IL-35 is required for the CD4+CD25+ Treg cells-mediated immune regulation, the alleviation of some inflammatory responses, as well as the expansion of CD4+CD25- Teff cells simultaneously. Moreover, administration or augmentation of IL-35 suppresses some diseases of autoimmune or allergic origin like collagen-induced arthritis or Helicobacter-induced colitis in animal models, demonstrating its potential in therapy of diseases mediated by inflammatory cytokines. However, some questions involving it are still unclear, including the composition of IL-35 receptor, IL-35-related cell signaling pathway, the different expression patterns of IL-35 between human and murine T cells, etc.\n\nQuestion:\nIs interleukin ( IL ) -35 raising our expectations?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "yes",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.
| [
{
"content": "Given a question, a reference context and an answer, the goal is to answer the question given the reference context. The label is within the category of yes, no, or maybe.\n\nContext:\nOver the last several decades it has been noted, using a variety of different methods, that cells infected by a specific gammaretrovirus are resistant to infection by other retroviruses that employ the same receptor; a phenomenon termed receptor interference. Receptor masking is thought to provide an earlier means of blocking superinfection, whereas receptor down regulation is generally considered to occur in chronically infected cells. We used replication-competent GFP-expressing viruses containing either an amphotropic murine leukemia virus (A-MLV) or the gibbon ape leukemia virus (GALV) envelope. We also constructed similar viruses containing fluorescence-labeled Gag proteins for the detection of viral particles. Using this repertoire of reagents together with a wide range of antibodies, we were able to determine the presence and availability of viral receptors, and detect viral envelope proteins and particles presence on the cell surface of chronically infected cells.\n\nQuestion:\nAre the receptors for gibbon ape leukemia virus and amphotropic murine leukemia virus downregulated in productively infected cells?\n\nAnswer:",
"role": "user"
},
{
"content": "no",
"role": "assistant"
}
] | 0 |
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