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Android (operating system) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 | 8,136 | Android is a mobile operating system based on a modified version of the Linux kernel and other open-source software, designed primarily for touchscreen mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets. Android is developed by a consortium of developers known as the Open Handset Alliance and commercially sponsored by Goog... |
Android (operating system) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 | 8,141 | Android Inc. was founded in Palo Alto, California, in October 2003 by Andy Rubin, Rich Miner, Nick Sears, and Chris White. Rubin described the Android project as having "tremendous potential in developing smarter mobile devices that are more aware of its owner's location and preferences". The early intentions of the co... |
Android (operating system) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 | 8,145 | On November 5, 2007, the Open Handset Alliance, a consortium of technology companies including Google, device manufacturers such as HTC, Motorola and Samsung, wireless carriers such as Sprint and T-Mobile, and chipset makers such as Qualcomm and Texas Instruments, unveiled itself, with a goal to develop "the first trul... |
Android (operating system) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 | 8,148 | From 2008 to 2013, Hugo Barra served as product spokesperson, representing Android at press conferences and Google I/O, Google's annual developer-focused conference. He left Google in August 2013 to join Chinese phone maker Xiaomi. Less than six months earlier, Google's then-CEO Larry Page announced in a blog post that... |
Android (operating system) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 | 8,152 | On August 22, 2019, it was announced that Android "Q" would officially be branded as Android 10, ending the historic practice of naming major versions after desserts. Google stated that these names were not "inclusive" to international users (due either to the aforementioned foods not being internationally known, or be... |
Android (operating system) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 | 8,157 | Notifications are "short, timely, and relevant information about your app when it's not in use", and when tapped, users are directed to a screen inside the app relating to the notification. Beginning with Android 4.1 "Jelly Bean", "expandable notifications" allow the user to tap an icon on the notification in order for... |
Android (operating system) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 | 8,166 | The SDK includes a comprehensive set of development tools, including a debugger, software libraries, a handset emulator based on QEMU, documentation, sample code, and tutorials. Initially, Google's supported integrated development environment (IDE) was Eclipse using the Android Development Tools (ADT) plugin; in Decemb... |
Android (operating system) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 | 8,170 | At the Windows 11 announcement event in June 2021, Microsoft showcased the new Windows Subsystem for Android (WSA) that will enable support for the Android Open Source Project (AOSP) and will allow users to run Android apps on their Windows desktop. The storage of Android devices can be expanded using secondary devices... |
Android (operating system) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 | 8,175 | Developer options are initially hidden since Android 4.2 "Jelly Bean", but can be enabled by actuating the operating system's build number in the device information seven times. Hiding developers options again requires deleting user data for the "Settings" app, possibly resetting some other preferences. The main hardwa... |
Android (operating system) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 | 8,180 | Android is developed by Google until the latest changes and updates are ready to be released, at which point the source code is made available to the Android Open Source Project (AOSP), an open source initiative led by Google.The first source code release happened as part of the initial release in 2007. All releases ar... |
Android (operating system) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 | 8,186 | In 2012, Google began de-coupling certain aspects of the operating system (particularly its central applications) so they could be updated through the Google Play store independently of the OS. One of those components, Google Play Services, is a closed-source system-level process providing APIs for Google services, ins... |
Android (operating system) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 | 8,189 | In September 2017, Google's Project Treble team revealed that, as part of their efforts to improve the security lifecycle of Android devices, Google had managed to get the Linux Foundation to agree to extend the support lifecycle of the Linux Long-Term Support (LTS) kernel branch from the 2 years that it has historical... |
Android (operating system) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 | 8,194 | In August 2011, Linus Torvalds said that "eventually Android and Linux would come back to a common kernel, but it will probably not be for four to five years". In December 2011, Greg Kroah-Hartman announced the start of Android Mainlining Project, which aims to put some Android drivers, patches and features back into t... |
Android (operating system) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 | 8,200 | Android uses Android Runtime (ART) as its runtime environment (introduced in version 4.4), which uses ahead-of-time (AOT) compilation to entirely compile the application bytecode into machine code upon the installation of an application. In Android 4.4, ART was an experimental feature and not enabled by default; it bec... |
Android (operating system) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 | 8,205 | In current versions of Android, "Toybox", a collection of command-line utilities (mostly for use by apps, as Android does not provide a command-line interface by default), is used (since the release of Marshmallow) replacing a similar "Toolbox" collection found in previous Android versions. Android has another operatin... |
Android (operating system) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 | 8,209 | Historically, device manufacturers and mobile carriers have typically been unsupportive of third-party firmware development. Manufacturers express concern about improper functioning of devices running unofficial software and the support costs resulting from this. Moreover, modified firmware such as CyanogenMod sometime... |
Android (operating system) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 | 8,214 | In 2021, journalists and researchers reported the discovery of spyware, called Pegasus, developed and distributed by a private company which can and has been used to infect both iOS and Android smartphones often – partly via use of 0-day exploits – without the need for any user-interaction or significant clues to the u... |
Android (operating system) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 | 8,219 | In a March 2017 post on Google's Security Blog, Android security leads Adrian Ludwig and Mel Miller wrote that "More than 735 million devices from 200+ manufacturers received a platform security update in 2016" and that "Our carrier and hardware partners helped expand deployment of these updates, releasing updates for ... |
Android (operating system) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 | 8,223 | In 2020, the Which? watchdog reported that more than a billion Android devices released in 2012 or earlier, which was 40% of Android devices worldwide, were at risk of being hacked. This conclusion stemmed from the fact that no security updates were issued for the Android versions below 7.0 in 2019. Which? collaborated... |
Android (operating system) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 | 8,228 | In September 2014, Jason Nova of "Android Authority" reported on a study by the German security company Fraunhofer AISEC in antivirus software and malware threats on Android. Nova wrote that "The Android operating system deals with software packages by sandboxing them; this does not allow applications to list the direc... |
Android (operating system) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 | 8,231 | Dependence on proprietary Google Play Services and customizations added on top of the operating system by vendors who license Android from Google is causing privacy concerns. The source code for Android is open-source: it is developed in private by Google, with the source code released publicly when a new version of An... |
Android (operating system) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 | 8,235 | It has been argued that because developers are often required to purchase the Google-branded Android license, this has turned the theoretically open system into a freemium service. Google licenses their Google Mobile Services software, along with the Android trademarks, only to hardware manufacturers for devices that m... |
Android (operating system) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 | 8,239 | Members of the Open Handset Alliance, which include the majority of Android OEMs, are also contractually forbidden from producing Android devices based on forks of the OS; in 2012, Acer Inc. was forced by Google to halt production on a device powered by Alibaba Group's Aliyun OS with threats of removal from the OHA, as... |
Android (operating system) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 | 8,243 | Android has suffered from "fragmentation", a situation where the variety of Android devices, in terms of both hardware variations and differences in the software running on them, makes the task of developing applications that work consistently across the ecosystem harder than rival platforms such as iOS where hardware ... |
Android (operating system) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 | 8,248 | Android market share varies by location. In July 2012, "mobile subscribers aged 13+" in the United States using Android were up to 52%, and rose to 90% in China. During the third quarter of 2012, Android's worldwide smartphone shipment market share was 75%, with 750 million devices activated in total. In April 2013, An... |
Android (operating system) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 | 8,252 | According to a January 2015 Gartner report, "Android surpassed a billion shipments of devices in 2014, and will continue to grow at a double-digit pace in 2015, with a 26 percent increase year over year." This made it the first time that any general-purpose operating system has reached more than one billion end users w... |
Android (operating system) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 | 8,258 | Despite app support in its infancy, a considerable number of Android tablets, like the Barnes & Noble Nook (alongside those using other operating systems, such as the HP TouchPad and BlackBerry PlayBook) were rushed out to market in an attempt to capitalize on the success of the iPad. "InfoWorld" has suggested that som... |
Android (operating system) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 | 8,265 | On tablets, Android 12 is most popular at 19% Android 11 is 2nd almost even with it, and it overtook Android 9.0 Pie in July 2021, which is now third at 17% (topped out at over 20%). Usage of Android 10 and newer, i.e. supported versions, is at 43% on Android tablets, with Pie 9.O, until recently supported, at 60%. The... |
Android (operating system) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 | 8,271 | In December 2015, Google announced that the next major release of Android (Android Nougat) would switch to OpenJDK, which is the official open-source implementation of the Java platform, instead of using the now-discontinued Apache Harmony project as its runtime. Code reflecting this change was also posted to the AOSP ... |
Android (operating system) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 | 8,274 | On October 16, 2018, Google announced that it would change its distribution model for Google Mobile Services in the EU, since part of its revenues streams for Android which came through use of Google Search and Chrome were now prohibited by the EU's ruling. While the core Android system remains free, OEMs in Europe wou... |
Android (operating system) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 | 8,278 | Google has developed several variations of Android for specific use cases, including Android Wear, later renamed Wear OS, for wearable devices such as wrist watches, Android TV for televisions, Android Things for smart or Internet of things devices and Android Automotive for cars. Additionally, by providing infrastruct... |
Android (operating system) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12610483 | 8,283 | Android comes preinstalled on a few laptops (a similar functionality of running Android applications is also available in Google's ChromeOS) and can also be installed on personal computers by end users. On those platforms Android provides additional functionality for physical keyboards and mice, together with the "Alt-... |
Albert Einstein | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736 | 11,350 | Albert Einstein ( ; ; 14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist, widely acknowledged to be one of the greatest and most influential physicists of all time. Einstein is best known for developing the theory of relativity, but he also made important contributions to the development of the theo... |
Albert Einstein | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736 | 11,354 | In 1933, while Einstein was visiting the United States, Adolf Hitler came to power in Germany. Einstein, as a Jew, objected to the policies of the newly elected Nazi government; he settled in the United States and became an American citizen in 1940. On the eve of World War II, he endorsed a letter to President Franklin... |
Albert Einstein | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736 | 11,359 | At the age of 13, when he had become more seriously interested in philosophy (and music), Einstein was introduced to Kant's "Critique of Pure Reason". Kant became his favorite philosopher, his tutor stating: "At the time he was still a child, only thirteen years old, yet Kant's works, incomprehensible to ordinary morta... |
Albert Einstein | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736 | 11,362 | Early correspondence between Einstein and Marić was discovered and published in 1987 which revealed that the couple had a daughter named "Lieserl", born in early 1902 in Novi Sad where Marić was staying with her parents. Marić returned to Switzerland without the child, whose real name and fate are unknown. The contents... |
Albert Einstein | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736 | 11,367 | Einstein's son Eduard had a breakdown at about age 20 and was diagnosed with schizophrenia. His mother cared for him and he was also committed to asylums for several periods, finally, after her death, being committed permanently to Burghölzli, the Psychiatric University Hospital in Zürich. After graduating in 1900, Ein... |
Albert Einstein | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736 | 11,375 | Einstein became a full professor at the German Charles-Ferdinand University in Prague in April 1911, accepting Austrian citizenship in the Austro-Hungarian Empire to do so. During his Prague stay, he wrote 11 scientific works, five of them on radiation mathematics and on the quantum theory of solids. In July 1912, he r... |
Albert Einstein | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736 | 11,380 | In 1920, he became a Foreign Member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. In 1922, he was awarded the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics "for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect". While the general theory of relativity was still consider... |
Albert Einstein | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736 | 11,385 | Because of Einstein's travels to the Far East, he was unable to personally accept the Nobel Prize for Physics at the Stockholm award ceremony in December 1922. In his place, the banquet speech was made by a German diplomat, who praised Einstein not only as a scientist but also as an international peacemaker and activis... |
Albert Einstein | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736 | 11,391 | After arriving in New York City, Einstein was taken to various places and events, including Chinatown, a lunch with the editors of "The New York Times", and a performance of "Carmen" at the Metropolitan Opera, where he was cheered by the audience on his arrival. During the days following, he was given the keys to the c... |
Albert Einstein | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736 | 11,397 | In April 1933, Einstein discovered that the new German government had passed laws barring Jews from holding any official positions, including teaching at universities. Historian Gerald Holton describes how, with "virtually no audible protest being raised by their colleagues", thousands of Jewish scientists were suddenl... |
Albert Einstein | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736 | 11,401 | Einstein later contacted leaders of other nations, including Turkey's Prime Minister, İsmet İnönü, to whom he wrote in September 1933 requesting placement of unemployed German-Jewish scientists. As a result of Einstein's letter, Jewish invitees to Turkey eventually totaled over "1,000 saved individuals". Locker-Lampson... |
Albert Einstein | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736 | 11,407 | The letter is believed to be "arguably the key stimulus for the U.S. adoption of serious investigations into nuclear weapons on the eve of the U.S. entry into World War II". In addition to the letter, Einstein used his connections with the Belgian Royal Family and the Belgian queen mother to get access with a personal ... |
Albert Einstein | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736 | 11,412 | In 1918, Einstein was one of the founding members of the German Democratic Party, a liberal party. Later in his life, Einstein's political view was in favor of socialism and critical of capitalism, which he detailed in his essays such as "Why Socialism?" His opinions on the Bolsheviks also changed with time. In 1925, h... |
Albert Einstein | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736 | 11,415 | Einstein was not a nationalist and was against the creation of an independent Jewish state, which would be established without his help as Israel in 1948. He felt that the waves of arriving Jews of the Aliyah could live alongside existing Arabs in Palestine. Nevertheless, upon the death of Israeli president Weizmann in... |
Albert Einstein | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736 | 11,419 | Einstein had been sympathetic toward vegetarianism for a long time. In a letter in 1930 to Hermann Huth, vice-president of the German Vegetarian Federation (Deutsche Vegetarier-Bund), he wrote:Although I have been prevented by outward circumstances from observing a strictly vegetarian diet, I have long been an adherent... |
Albert Einstein | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736 | 11,424 | In 1931, while engaged in research at the California Institute of Technology, he visited the Zoellner family conservatory in Los Angeles, where he played some of Beethoven and Mozart's works with members of the Zoellner Quartet. Near the end of his life, when the young Juilliard Quartet visited him in Princeton, he pla... |
Albert Einstein | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736 | 11,432 | Einstein's first paper submitted in 1900 to "Annalen der Physik" was on capillary attraction. It was published in 1901 with the title "Folgerungen aus den Capillaritätserscheinungen", which translates as "Conclusions from the capillarity phenomena". Two papers he published in 1902–1903 (thermodynamics) attempted to int... |
Albert Einstein | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736 | 11,436 | In his paper on mass–energy equivalence, Einstein produced "E" = "mc" as a consequence of his special relativity equations. Einstein's 1905 work on relativity remained controversial for many years, but was accepted by leading physicists, starting with Max Planck. Einstein originally framed special relativity in terms o... |
Albert Einstein | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736 | 11,443 | While developing general relativity, Einstein became confused about the gauge invariance in the theory. He formulated an argument that led him to conclude that a general relativistic field theory is impossible. He gave up looking for fully generally covariant tensor equations and searched for equations that would be in... |
Albert Einstein | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736 | 11,449 | It thus appears that Einstein considered a steady-state model of the expanding universe many years before Hoyle, Bondi and Gold. However, Einstein's steady-state model contained a fundamental flaw and he quickly abandoned the idea. General relativity includes a dynamical spacetime, so it is difficult to see how to iden... |
Albert Einstein | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736 | 11,458 | This was established by Einstein, Infeld, and Hoffmann for pointlike objects without angular momentum, and by Roy Kerr for spinning objects. In a 1905 paper, Einstein postulated that light itself consists of localized particles ("quanta"). Einstein's light quanta were nearly universally rejected by all physicists, incl... |
Albert Einstein | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736 | 11,465 | Although the patent office promoted Einstein to Technical Examiner Second Class in 1906, he had not given up on academia. In 1908, he became a "Privatdozent" at the University of Bern. In ""Über die Entwicklung unserer Anschauungen über das Wesen und die Konstitution der Strahlung"" (""), on the quantization of light, ... |
Albert Einstein | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736 | 11,471 | The Bohr–Einstein debates were a series of public disputes about quantum mechanics between Einstein and Niels Bohr, who were two of its founders. Their debates are remembered because of their importance to the philosophy of science. Their debates would influence later interpretations of quantum mechanics. In 1935, Eins... |
Albert Einstein | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736 | 11,478 | Einstein conducted other investigations that were unsuccessful and abandoned. These pertain to force, superconductivity, and other research. In addition to longtime collaborators Leopold Infeld, Nathan Rosen, Peter Bergmann and others, Einstein also had some one-shot collaborations with various scientists. Einstein and... |
Albert Einstein | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=736 | 11,486 | Mount Einstein in New Zealand's Paparoa Range was named after him in 1970 by the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research. Einstein became one of the most famous scientific celebrities, beginning with the confirmation of his theory of general relativity in 1919. Despite the general public having little understa... |
Periodic table | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23053 | 11,924 | Another important property of elements is their electronegativity. Atoms can form covalent bonds to each other by sharing electrons in pairs, creating an overlap of valence orbitals. The degree to which each atom attracts the shared electron pair depends on the atom's electronegativity – the tendency of an atom towards... |
Periodic table | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23053 | 11,971 | Even if eighth-row elements can exist, producing them is likely to be difficult, and it should become even more difficult as atomic number rises. Although the 8s elements are expected to be reachable with present means, the first few elements are expected to require new technology, if they can be produced at all. Exper... |
Artificial intelligence | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1164 | 18,320 | Artificial intelligence (AI) is intelligence—perceiving, synthesizing, and inferring information—demonstrated by machines, as opposed to intelligence displayed by animals and humans. Example tasks in which this is done include speech recognition, computer vision, translation between (natural) languages, as well as othe... |
Artificial intelligence | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1164 | 18,327 | This raised philosophical arguments about the mind and the ethical consequences of creating artificial beings endowed with human-like intelligence; these issues have previously been explored by myth, fiction and philosophy since antiquity. Computer scientists and philosophers have since suggested that AI may become an ... |
Artificial intelligence | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1164 | 18,333 | Researchers in the 1960s and the 1970s were convinced that symbolic approaches would eventually succeed in creating a machine with artificial general intelligence and considered this the goal of their field. Herbert Simon predicted, "machines will be capable, within twenty years, of doing any work a man can do". Marvin... |
Artificial intelligence | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1164 | 18,345 | According to Bloomberg's Jack Clark, 2015 was a landmark year for artificial intelligence, with the number of software projects that use AI within Google increased from a "sporadic usage" in 2012 to more than 2,700 projects. He attributes this to an increase in affordable neural networks, due to a rise in cloud computi... |
Artificial intelligence | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1164 | 18,355 | default reasoning (things that humans assume are true until they are told differently and will remain true even when other facts are changing); as well as other domains. Among the most difficult problems in AI are: the breadth of commonsense knowledge (the number of atomic facts that the average person knows is enormou... |
Artificial intelligence | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1164 | 18,364 | Affective computing is an interdisciplinary umbrella that comprises systems that recognize, interpret, process or simulate human feeling, emotion and mood. For example, some virtual assistants are programmed to speak conversationally or even to banter humorously; it makes them appear more sensitive to the emotional dyn... |
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