title stringlengths 2 124 | source stringlengths 39 44 | id int64 8.14k 35.2M | text stringlengths 101 6.85k |
|---|---|---|---|
Microsoft | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19001 | 34,579 | Increasingly present in the hardware business following Xbox, Microsoft 2006 released the Zune series of digital media players, a successor of its previous software platform Portable Media Center. These expanded on previous hardware commitments from Microsoft following its original Microsoft Mouse in 1983; as of 2007 t... |
Microsoft | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19001 | 34,583 | Following the release of Windows Phone, Microsoft undertook a gradual rebranding of its product range throughout 2011 and 2012, with the corporation's logos, products, services, and websites adopting the principles and concepts of the Metro design language. Microsoft unveiled Windows 8, an operating system designed to ... |
Microsoft | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19001 | 34,587 | In line with the maturing PC business, in July 2013, Microsoft announced that it would reorganize the business into four new business divisions, namely Operating systems, Apps, Cloud, and Devices. All previous divisions will be dissolved into new divisions without any workforce cuts. On September 3, 2013, Microsoft agr... |
Microsoft | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19001 | 34,591 | In January 2018, Microsoft patched Windows 10 to account for CPU problems related to Intel's Meltdown security breach. The patch led to issues with the Microsoft Azure virtual machines reliant on Intel's CPU architecture. On January 12, Microsoft released PowerShell Core 6.0 for the macOS and Linux operating systems. I... |
Microsoft | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19001 | 34,593 | On February 20, 2019, Microsoft Corp said it will offer its cyber security service AccountGuard to 12 new markets in Europe including Germany, France and Spain, to close security gaps and protect customers in political space from hacking. In February 2019, hundreds of Microsoft employees protested the company's war pro... |
Microsoft | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19001 | 34,599 | On June 24, 2021, Microsoft announced Windows 11 during a Livestream. The announcement came with confusion after Microsoft announced Windows 10 would be the last version of the operating system; set to be released in the third quarter of 2021. It was released to the general public on October 5, 2021. In early September... |
Microsoft | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19001 | 34,604 | On March 13, 2020, Gates announced that he is leaving the board of directors of Microsoft and Berkshire Hathaway to focus more on his philanthropic efforts. According to Aaron Tilley of "The Wall Street Journal" this is "marking the biggest boardroom departure in the tech industry since the death of longtime rival and ... |
Microsoft | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19001 | 34,608 | On July 20, 2012, Microsoft posted its first quarterly loss ever, despite earning record revenues for the quarter and fiscal year, with a net loss of $492 million due to a writedown related to the advertising company aQuantive, which had been acquired for $6.2 billion back in 2007. As of January 2014, Microsoft's mar... |
Microsoft | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19001 | 34,612 | As part of the "Get the Facts" campaign, Microsoft highlighted the .NET Framework trading platform that it had developed in partnership with Accenture for the London Stock Exchange, claiming that it provided "five nines" reliability. After suffering extended downtime and unreliability the London Stock Exchange announce... |
Microsoft | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19001 | 34,616 | During the first six months of 2013, Microsoft received requests that affected between 15,000 and 15,999 accounts. In December 2013, the company made statement to further emphasize the fact that they take their customers' privacy and data protection very seriously, even saying that "government snooping potentially now ... |
Microsoft | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19001 | 34,619 | Noted for its internal lexicon, the expression "eating your own dog food" is used to describe the policy of using pre-release and beta versions of products inside Microsoft in an effort to test them in "real-world" situations. This is usually shortened to just "dog food" and is used as a noun, verb, and adjective. Anot... |
Microsoft | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19001 | 34,623 | Microsoft's main U.S. campus received a silver certification from the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) program in 2008, and it installed over 2,000 solar panels on top of its buildings at its Silicon Valley campus, generating approximately 15 percent of the total energy needed by the facilities in A... |
Microsoft | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19001 | 34,627 | Pro 4. On November 12, 2015, Microsoft opened a second flagship store, located in Sydney's Pitt Street Mall. Microsoft adopted the so-called ""Pac-Man" Logo," designed by Scott Baker, in 1987. Baker stated "The new logo, in Helvetica italic typeface, has a slash between the "o" and "s" to emphasize the "soft" part of t... |
Microsoft | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19001 | 34,633 | Criticism of Microsoft has followed various aspects of its products and business practices. Frequently criticized are the ease of use, robustness, and security of the company's software. They've also been criticized for the use of permatemp employees (employees employed for years as "temporary," and therefore without m... |
Microsoft | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=19001 | 34,637 | Microsoft was the first company to participate in the PRISM surveillance program, according to leaked NSA documents obtained by "The Guardian" and "The Washington Post" in June 2013, and acknowledged by government officials following the leak. The program authorizes the government to secretly access data of non-US citi... |
C (programming language) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6021 | 35,256 | C ("pronounced like the letter c") is a general-purpose computer programming language. It was created in the 1970s by Dennis Ritchie, and remains very widely used and influential. By design, C's features cleanly reflect the capabilities of the targeted CPUs. It has found lasting use in operating systems, device drivers... |
C (programming language) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6021 | 35,263 | Many later languages have borrowed directly or indirectly from C, including C++, C#, Unix's C shell, D, Go, Java, JavaScript (including transpilers), Julia, Limbo, LPC, Objective-C, Perl, PHP, Python, Ruby, Rust, Swift, Verilog and SystemVerilog (hardware description languages). These languages have drawn many of their... |
C (programming language) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6021 | 35,267 | The C compiler and some utilities made with it were included in Version 2 Unix, which is also known as Research Unix. At Version 4 Unix, released in November 1973, the Unix kernel was extensively re-implemented in C. By this time, the C language had acquired some powerful features such as codice_6 types. The preprocess... |
C (programming language) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6021 | 35,276 | /* int */ calling_function() /* this is a function definition, including the body of the code following in the { curly brackets } the return type is 'int', but this is implicit so no need to state 'int' when using this early version of C */ The codice_12 type specifiers which are commented out could be omitted in K&R C... |
C (programming language) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6021 | 35,285 | One of the aims of the C standardization process was to produce a superset of K&R C, incorporating many of the subsequently introduced unofficial features. The standards committee also included several additional features such as function prototypes (borrowed from C++), codice_9 pointers, support for international char... |
C (programming language) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6021 | 35,291 | C99 is for the most part backward compatible with C90, but is stricter in some ways; in particular, a declaration that lacks a type specifier no longer has codice_12 implicitly assumed. A standard macro codice_42 is defined with value codice_43 to indicate that C99 support is available. GCC, Solaris Studio, and other C... |
C (programming language) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6021 | 35,299 | C has a formal grammar specified by the C standard. Line endings are generally not significant in C; however, line boundaries do have significance during the preprocessing phase. Comments may appear either between the delimiters codice_48 and codice_49, or (since C99) following codice_40 until the end of the line. Comm... |
C (programming language) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6021 | 35,303 | Kernighan and Ritchie say in the Introduction of "The C Programming Language": "C, like any other language, has its blemishes. Some of the operators have the wrong precedence; some parts of the syntax could be better." The C standard did not attempt to correct many of these blemishes, because of the impact of such chan... |
C (programming language) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6021 | 35,311 | The C operator precedence is not always intuitive. For example, the operator codice_145 binds more tightly than (is executed prior to) the operators codice_137 (bitwise AND) and codice_138 (bitwise OR) in expressions such as codice_171, which must be written as codice_172 if that is the coder's intent. The "hello, worl... |
C (programming language) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6021 | 35,316 | The closing curly brace indicates the end of the code for the codice_179 function. According to the C99 specification and newer, the codice_179 function, unlike any other function, will implicitly return a value of codice_79 upon reaching the codice_59 that terminates the function. (Formerly an explicit codice_200 stat... |
C (programming language) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6021 | 35,322 | Pointers are used for many purposes in C. Text strings are commonly manipulated using pointers into arrays of characters. Dynamic memory allocation is performed using pointers; the result of a codice_205 is usually cast to the data type of the data to be stored. Many data types, such as trees, are commonly implemented ... |
C (programming language) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6021 | 35,326 | Array types in C are traditionally of a fixed, static size specified at compile time. The more recent C99 standard also allows a form of variable-length arrays. However, it is also possible to allocate a block of memory (of arbitrary size) at run-time, using the standard library's codice_205 function, and treat it as a... |
C (programming language) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6021 | 35,331 | Furthermore, in most expression contexts (a notable exception is as operand of codice_107), an expression of array type is automatically converted to a pointer to the array's first element. This implies that an array is never copied as a whole when named as an argument to a function, but rather only the address of its ... |
C (programming language) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6021 | 35,336 | Unless otherwise specified, static objects contain zero or null pointer values upon program startup. Automatically and dynamically allocated objects are initialized only if an initial value is explicitly specified; otherwise they initially have indeterminate values (typically, whatever bit pattern happens to be present... |
C (programming language) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6021 | 35,341 | Since many programs have been written in C, there are a wide variety of other libraries available. Libraries are often written in C because C compilers generate efficient object code; programmers then create interfaces to the library so that the routines can be used from higher-level languages like Java, Perl, and Pyth... |
C (programming language) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6021 | 35,348 | Historically, C was sometimes used for web development using the Common Gateway Interface (CGI) as a "gateway" for information between the web application, the server, and the browser. C may have been chosen over interpreted languages because of its speed, stability, and near-universal availability. It is no longer com... |
C (programming language) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6021 | 35,356 | When object-oriented programming languages became popular, C++ and Objective-C were two different extensions of C that provided object-oriented capabilities. Both languages were originally implemented as source-to-source compilers; source code was translated into C, and then compiled with a C compiler. The C++ programm... |
C++ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=72038 | 38,801 | C++ (pronounced "C plus plus") is a high-level general-purpose programming language created by Danish computer scientist Bjarne Stroustrup as an extension of the C programming language, or "C with Classes". The language has expanded significantly over time, and modern C++ now has object-oriented, generic, and functiona... |
C++ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=72038 | 38,805 | Initially, Stroustrup's "C with Classes" added features to the C compiler, Cpre, including classes, derived classes, strong typing, inlining and default arguments. In 1982, Stroustrup started to develop a successor to C with Classes, which he named "C++" (++ being the increment operator in C) after going through severa... |
C++ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=72038 | 38,813 | According to Stroustrup, "the name signifies the evolutionary nature of the changes from C". This name is credited to Rick Mascitti (mid-1983) and was first used in December 1983. When Mascitti was questioned informally in 1992 about the naming, he indicated that it was given in a tongue-in-cheek spirit. The name comes... |
C++ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=72038 | 38,822 | C++ inherits most of C's syntax. The following is Bjarne Stroustrup's version of the Hello world program that uses the C++ Standard Library stream facility to write a message to standard output: As in C, C++ supports four types of memory management: static storage duration objects, thread storage duration objects, auto... |
C++ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=72038 | 38,829 | Member variables are created when the parent object is created. Array members are initialized from 0 to the last member of the array in order. Member variables are destroyed when the parent object is destroyed in the reverse order of creation. i.e. If the parent is an "automatic object" then it will be destroyed when i... |
C++ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=72038 | 38,834 | In addition, templates are a compile-time mechanism in C++ that is Turing-complete, meaning that any computation expressible by a computer program can be computed, in some form, by a template metaprogram prior to runtime. In summary, a template is a compile-time parameterized function or class written without knowledge... |
C++ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=72038 | 38,840 | Inheritance allows one data type to acquire properties of other data types. Inheritance from a base class may be declared as public, protected, or private. This access specifier determines whether unrelated and derived classes can access the inherited public and protected members of the base class. Only public inherita... |
C++ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=72038 | 38,844 | Polymorphism enables one common interface for many implementations, and for objects to act differently under different circumstances. C++ supports several kinds of "static" (resolved at compile-time) and "dynamic" (resolved at run-time) polymorphisms, supported by the language features described above. Compile-time pol... |
C++ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=72038 | 38,851 | Ordinarily, when a function in a derived class overrides a function in a base class, the function to call is determined by the type of the object. A given function is overridden when there exists no difference in the number or type of parameters between two or more definitions of that function. Hence, at compile time, ... |
C++ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=72038 | 38,856 | The [capture] list supports the definition of closures. Such lambda expressions are defined in the standard as syntactic sugar for an unnamed function object. Exception handling is used to communicate the existence of a runtime problem or error from where it was detected to where the issue can be handled. It permits th... |
C++ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=72038 | 38,863 | The standard incorporates the STL that was originally designed by Alexander Stepanov, who experimented with generic algorithms and containers for many years. When he started with C++, he finally found a language where it was possible to create generic algorithms (e.g., STL sort) that perform even better than, for examp... |
C++ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=72038 | 38,869 | Some incompatibilities have been removed by the 1999 revision of the C standard (C99), which now supports C++ features such as line comments (//) and declarations mixed with code. On the other hand, C99 introduced a number of new features that C++ did not support that were incompatible or redundant in C++, such as vari... |
C++ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=72038 | 38,873 | Donald Knuth (1993, commenting on pre-standardized C++), who said of Edsger Dijkstra that "to think of programming in C++" "would make him physically ill": The problem that I have with them today is that... C++ is too complicated. At the moment, it's impossible for me to write portable code that I believe would work on... |
C++ | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=72038 | 38,878 | Other complaints may include a lack of reflection or garbage collection, long compilation times, perceived feature creep, and verbose error messages, particularly from template metaprogramming. |
Cold War | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=325329 | 42,869 | Britain, France, the United States, Canada and other eight western European countries signed the North Atlantic Treaty of April 1949, establishing the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). That August, the first Soviet atomic device was detonated in Semipalatinsk, Kazakh SSR. Following Soviet refusals to participa... |
Cold War | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=325329 | 42,896 | In Guatemala, a banana republic, the 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état ousted the left-wing President Jacobo Árbenz with material CIA support. The post-Arbenz government—a military junta headed by Carlos Castillo Armas—repealed a progressive land reform law, returned nationalized property belonging to the United Fruit Compan... |
Cold War | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=325329 | 42,960 | By the early 1980s, the USSR had built up a military arsenal and army surpassing that of the United States. Soon after the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, president Carter began massively building up the United States military. This buildup was accelerated by the Reagan administration, which increased the military spen... |
Skathi (moon) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=589853 | 43,552 | It has an apparent optical magnitude of 23.6 from Earth, and an absolute visual magnitude of about 14, so it is much less bright from Earth than many hundreds of thousands of objects outside the Solar System. From Earth it appears close to the much brighter object that it orbits, Saturn, and is assumed to have a low su... |
Solar System | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26903 | 48,113 | As a result of the formation of the Solar System, planets and most other objects orbit the Sun in the same direction that the Sun is rotating. That is, counter-clockwise, as viewed from above Earth's north pole. There are exceptions, such as Halley's Comet. Most of the larger moons orbit their planets in prograde direc... |
Java (programming language) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15881 | 49,115 | Java is a high-level, class-based, object-oriented programming language that is designed to have as few implementation dependencies as possible. It is a general-purpose programming language intended to let programmers "write once, run anywhere" (WORA), meaning that compiled Java code can run on all platforms that suppo... |
Java (programming language) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15881 | 49,120 | In 1997, Sun Microsystems approached the ISO/IEC JTC 1 standards body and later the Ecma International to formalize Java, but it soon withdrew from the process. Java remains a "de facto" standard, controlled through the Java Community Process. At one time, Sun made most of its Java implementations available without cha... |
Java (programming language) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15881 | 49,130 | One design goal of Java is portability, which means that programs written for the Java platform must run similarly on any combination of hardware and operating system with adequate run time support. This is achieved by compiling the Java language code to an intermediate representation called Java bytecode, instead of d... |
Java (programming language) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15881 | 49,135 | Java uses an automatic garbage collector to manage memory in the object lifecycle. The programmer determines when objects are created, and the Java runtime is responsible for recovering the memory once objects are no longer in use. Once no references to an object remain, the unreachable memory becomes eligible to be fr... |
Java (programming language) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15881 | 49,141 | Having solved the memory management problem does not relieve the programmer of the burden of handling properly other kinds of resources, like network or database connections, file handles, etc., especially in the presence of exceptions. The syntax of Java is largely influenced by C++ and C. Unlike C++, which combines t... |
Java (programming language) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15881 | 49,147 | The keyword codice_11 denotes that a method can be called from code in other classes, or that a class may be used by classes outside the class hierarchy. The class hierarchy is related to the name of the directory in which the .java file is located. This is called an access level modifier. Other access level modifiers ... |
Java (programming language) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15881 | 49,153 | Printing is part of a Java standard library: The ' class defines a public static field called '. The codice_32 object is an instance of the class and provides many methods for printing data to standard out, including which also appends a new line to the passed string. Java applets were programs that were embedded in ot... |
Java (programming language) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15881 | 49,161 | In 2004, generics were added to the Java language, as part of J2SE 5.0. Prior to the introduction of generics, each variable declaration had to be of a specific type. For container classes, for example, this is a problem because there is no easy way to create a container that accepts only specific types of objects. Eit... |
Java (programming language) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15881 | 49,167 | The Oracle implementation is packaged into two different distributions: The Java Runtime Environment (JRE) which contains the parts of the Java SE platform required to run Java programs and is intended for end users, and the Java Development Kit (JDK), which is intended for software developers and includes development ... |
Java (programming language) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15881 | 49,175 | The use of Java-related technology in Android led to a legal dispute between Oracle and Google. On May 7, 2012, a San Francisco jury found that if APIs could be copyrighted, then Google had infringed Oracle's copyrights by the use of Java in Android devices. District Judge William Alsup ruled on May 31, 2012, that APIs... |
Linux | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6097297 | 49,321 | Linux ( or ) is a family of open-source Unix-like operating systems based on the Linux kernel, an operating system kernel first released on September 17, 1991, by Linus Torvalds. Linux is typically packaged as a Linux distribution, which includes the kernel and supporting system software and libraries, many of which ar... |
Linux | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6097297 | 49,326 | The Unix operating system was conceived and implemented in 1969, at AT&T's Bell Labs, in the United States by Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, Douglas McIlroy, and Joe Ossanna. First released in 1971, Unix was written entirely in assembly language, as was common practice at the time. In 1973, in a key pioneering approach,... |
Linux | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6097297 | 49,331 | Although not released until 1992, due to legal complications, development of 386BSD, from which NetBSD, OpenBSD and FreeBSD descended, predated that of Linux. Linus Torvalds has stated on separate occasions that if the GNU kernel or 386BSD had been available at the time (1991), he probably would not have created Linux.... |
Linux | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6097297 | 49,337 | According to a newsgroup post by Torvalds, the word "Linux" should be pronounced ( ) with a short 'i' as in 'print' and 'u' as in 'put'. To further demonstrate how the word "Linux" should be pronounced, he included an audio guide () with the kernel source code. However, in this recording, he pronounces 'Linux' ( ) with... |
Linux | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6097297 | 49,344 | A Linux-based system is a modular Unix-like operating system, deriving much of its basic design from principles established in Unix during the 1970s and 1980s. Such a system uses a monolithic kernel, the Linux kernel, which handles process control, networking, access to the peripherals, and file systems. Device drivers... |
Linux | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6097297 | 49,349 | Server distributions might provide a command-line interface for developers and administrators, but provide a custom interface towards end-users, designed for the use-case of the system. This custom interface is accessed through a client that resides on another system, not necessarily Linux based. Several types of windo... |
Linux | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6097297 | 49,355 | Linux-based distributions are intended by developers for interoperability with other operating systems and established computing standards. Linux systems adhere to POSIX, SUS, LSB, ISO, and ANSI standards where possible, although to date only one Linux distribution has been POSIX.1 certified, Linux-FT. Free software pr... |
Linux | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6097297 | 49,362 | The free software licenses, on which the various software packages of a distribution built on the Linux kernel are based, explicitly accommodate and encourage commercialization; the relationship between a Linux distribution as a whole and individual vendors may be seen as symbiotic. One common business model of commerc... |
Linux | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6097297 | 49,366 | Most distributions also include support for PHP, Perl, Ruby, Python and other dynamic languages. While not as common, Linux also supports C# (via Mono), Vala, and Scheme. Guile Scheme acts as an extension language targeting the GNU system utilities, seeking to make the conventionally small, static, compiled C programs ... |
Linux | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6097297 | 49,371 | Many quantitative studies of free/open-source software focus on topics including market share and reliability, with numerous studies specifically examining Linux. The Linux market is growing, and the Linux operating system market size is expected to see a growth of 19.2% by 2027, reaching $15.64 billion, compared to $3... |
Linux | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6097297 | 49,377 | The Free Software Foundation (FSF) prefers "GNU/Linux" as the name when referring to the operating system as a whole, because it considers Linux distributions to be variants of the GNU operating system initiated in 1983 by Richard Stallman, president of the FSF. They explicitly take no issue over the name Android for t... |
Harvard University | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18426501 | 54,048 | Freshman dormitories are in, or adjacent to, the Yard. Upperclassmen live in the twelve residential housesnine south of the Yard near the Charles River, the others half a mile northwest of the Yard at the Radcliffe Quadrangle (which formerly housed Radcliffe College students). Each house is a community of undergraduate... |
Stan Lee | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=18598186 | 54,390 | Lee had cameo appearances in many Marvel film and television projects, including those within the Marvel Cinematic Universe. A few of these appearances are self-aware and sometimes reference Lee's involvement in the creation of certain characters. He additionally voiced a cameo appearance as himself in the 2018 DC Comi... |
Isaac Newton | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14627 | 54,611 | Sir Isaac Newton (25 December 1642 – 20 March 1726/27) was an English mathematician, physicist, astronomer, alchemist, theologian, and author (described in his time as a "natural philosopher"), widely recognised as one of the greatest mathematicians and physicists and among the most influential scientists of all time. ... |
Isaac Newton | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14627 | 54,616 | Isaac Newton was born (according to the Julian calendar in use in England at the time) on Christmas Day, 25 December 1642 (NS 4 January 1643), "an hour or two after midnight", at Woolsthorpe Manor in Woolsthorpe-by-Colsterworth, a hamlet in the county of Lincolnshire. His father, also named Isaac Newton, had died three... |
Isaac Newton | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14627 | 54,619 | In April 1667, Newton returned to the University of Cambridge, and in October he was elected as a fellow of Trinity. Fellows were required to be ordained as priests, although this was not enforced in the restoration years and an assertion of conformity to the Church of England was sufficient. However, by 1675 the issue... |
Isaac Newton | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14627 | 54,625 | Newton had been reluctant to publish his calculus because he feared controversy and criticism. He was close to the Swiss mathematician Nicolas Fatio de Duillier. In 1691, Duillier started to write a new version of Newton's "Principia", and corresponded with Leibniz. In 1693, the relationship between Duillier and Newton... |
Isaac Newton | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14627 | 54,630 | In 1666, Newton observed that the spectrum of colours exiting a prism in the position of minimum deviation is oblong, even when the light ray entering the prism is circular, which is to say, the prism refracts different colours by different angles. This led him to conclude that colour is a property intrinsic to light –... |
Isaac Newton | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14627 | 54,634 | Newton argued that light is composed of particles or corpuscles, which were refracted by accelerating into a denser medium. He verged on soundlike waves to explain the repeated pattern of reflection and transmission by thin films (Opticks Bk.II, Props. 12), but still retained his theory of 'fits' that disposed corpuscl... |
Isaac Newton | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14627 | 54,639 | In 1679, Newton returned to his work on celestial mechanics by considering gravitation and its effect on the orbits of planets with reference to Kepler's laws of planetary motion. This followed stimulation by a brief exchange of letters in 1679–80 with Hooke, who had been appointed to manage the Royal Society's corresp... |
Isaac Newton | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14627 | 54,643 | Newton's postulate of an invisible force able to act over vast distances led to him being criticised for introducing "occult agencies" into science. Later, in the second edition of the "Principia" (1713), Newton firmly rejected such criticisms in a concluding General Scholium, writing that it was enough that the phenom... |
Isaac Newton | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14627 | 54,649 | As Warden, and afterwards as Master, of the Royal Mint, Newton estimated that 20 percent of the coins taken in during the Great Recoinage of 1696 were counterfeit. Counterfeiting was high treason, punishable by the felon being hanged, drawn and quartered. Despite this, convicting even the most flagrant criminals could ... |
Isaac Newton | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14627 | 54,655 | Toward the end of his life, Newton took up residence at Cranbury Park, near Winchester, with his niece and her husband, until his death. His half-niece, Catherine Barton, served as his hostess in social affairs at his house on Jermyn Street in London; he was her "very loving Uncle", according to his letter to her when ... |
Isaac Newton | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14627 | 54,661 | In a later memoir, Newton wrote, "I do not know what I may appear to the world, but to myself I seem to have been only like a boy playing on the sea-shore, and diverting myself in now and then finding a smoother pebble or a prettier shell than ordinary, whilst the great ocean of truth lay all undiscovered before me." I... |
Isaac Newton | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14627 | 54,668 | The view that Newton was Semi-Arian has lost support now that scholars have investigated Newton's theological papers, and now most scholars identify Newton as an Antitrinitarian monotheist. Although the laws of motion and universal gravitation became Newton's best-known discoveries, he warned against using them to view... |
Isaac Newton | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14627 | 54,673 | Scholars long debated whether Newton disputed the doctrine of the Trinity. His first biographer, David Brewster, who compiled his manuscripts, interpreted Newton as questioning the veracity of some passages used to support the Trinity, but never denying the doctrine of the Trinity as such. In the twentieth century, enc... |
Isaac Newton | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14627 | 54,679 | In 1888, after spending sixteen years cataloguing Newton's papers, Cambridge University kept a small number and returned the rest to the Earl of Portsmouth. In 1936, a descendant offered the papers for sale at Sotheby's. The collection was broken up and sold for a total of about £9,000. John Maynard Keynes was one of a... |
Isaac Newton | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14627 | 54,685 | Woolsthorpe Manor is a Grade I listed building by Historic England through being his birthplace and "where he discovered gravity and developed his theories regarding the refraction of light". In 1816, a tooth said to have belonged to Newton was sold for £730 (3,633) in London to an aristocrat who had it set in a ring. ... |
Isaac Newton | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14627 | 54,692 | Newton's monument (1731) can be seen in Westminster Abbey, at the north of the entrance to the choir against the choir screen, near his tomb. It was executed by the sculptor Michael Rysbrack (1694–1770) in white and grey marble with design by the architect William Kent. The monument features a figure of Newton reclinin... |
Limonene | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1779163 | 56,061 | Limonene takes its name from Italian "limone" ("lemon"). Limonene is a chiral molecule, and biological sources produce one enantiomer: the principal industrial source, citrus fruit, contains -limonene ((+)-limonene), which is the ("R")-enantiomer. Racemic limonene is known as dipentene. -Limonene is obtained commercial... |
Python (programming language) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23862 | 56,481 | Python is a high-level, general-purpose programming language. Its design philosophy emphasizes code readability with the use of significant indentation. Python is dynamically-typed and garbage-collected. It supports multiple programming paradigms, including structured (particularly procedural), object-oriented and func... |
Python (programming language) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23862 | 56,487 | In 2022, Python 3.10.4 and 3.9.12 were expedited and 3.8.13, and 3.7.13, because of many security issues. When Python 3.9.13 was released in May 2022, it was announced that the 3.9 series (joining the older series 3.8 and 3.7) will only receive security fixes going forward. On September 7, 2022, four new releases were ... |
Python (programming language) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23862 | 56,495 | Python's developers strive to avoid premature optimization and reject patches to non-critical parts of the CPython reference implementation that would offer marginal increases in speed at the cost of clarity. When speed is important, a Python programmer can move time-critical functions to extension modules written in l... |
Python (programming language) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23862 | 56,502 | Python does not support tail call optimization or first-class continuations, and, according to Van Rossum, it never will. However, better support for coroutine-like functionality is provided by extending Python's generators. Before 2.5, generators were lazy iterators; data was passed unidirectionally out of the generat... |
Python (programming language) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23862 | 56,508 | Before version 3.0, Python had two kinds of classes (both using the same syntax): "old-style" and "new-style", current Python versions only support the semantics new style. The long-term plan is to support gradual typing. Python's syntax allows specifying static types, but they are not checked in the default implementa... |
Python (programming language) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23862 | 56,516 | Python uses arbitrary-precision arithmetic for all integer operations. The codice_111 type/class in the codice_112 module provides decimal floating-point numbers to a pre-defined arbitrary precision and several rounding modes. The codice_113 class in the codice_114 module provides arbitrary precision for rational numbe... |
Python (programming language) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23862 | 56,525 | There are several compilers to high-level object languages, with either unrestricted Python, a restricted subset of Python, or a language similar to Python as the source language: Performance comparison of various Python implementations on a non-numerical (combinatorial) workload was presented at EuroSciPy '13. Python'... |
Python (programming language) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23862 | 56,535 | The prefix "Py-" is used to show that something is related to Python. Examples of the use of this prefix in names of Python applications or libraries include Pygame, a binding of SDL to Python (commonly used to create games); PyQt and PyGTK, which bind Qt and GTK to Python respectively; and PyPy, a Python implementatio... |
Python (programming language) | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23862 | 56,541 | Python is commonly used in artificial intelligence projects and machine learning projects with the help of libraries like TensorFlow, Keras, Pytorch, and scikit-learn. As a scripting language with a modular architecture, simple syntax, and rich text processing tools, Python is often used for natural language processing... |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.