Split (1)

train · 262k rows

text stringlengths 253 685k
Buzzed Flies Reveal Important Step to Intoxication Discovery advances work on antidotes to hangover and intoxication Credit: Scripps Research Institute As New Year's Eve approaches, many people will experience the familiar buzz that comes from imbibing a favorite cocktail or glass of wine. A new study from Scripps Research, published in the Journal of Molecular Biology, reveals a twist in how intoxication happens. When the alcohol from our cocktail reaches our nerve cells, the alcohol apparently employs intermediary molecules on the membrane surface of the neuron to produce the intoxicating effect, indirectly. It turns out that both flies and mammals can get drunk on alcohol. So, for their study, Scott Hansen, PhD, associate professor in the Department of Molecular Medicine, and his team, enabled fruit flies to become inebriated to track ethanol's path. The fly is a useful model to study gene activity because its genome is smaller than other animals and is easily manipulated, Hansen says. "They act just like people," Hansen says about the flies. "They start losing coordination. They literally get drunk." The alcohol in beverages acts much like an anesthetic. It creates a hyper "buzzed" feeling first, and then sedation, Hansen explains. But how? It turns out there is an important intermediate step that wasn't previously known. The scientists looked to a system they have seen at play in anesthesia to track alcohol's effects, starting with an enzyme on nerve cell membranes called phospholipase D2, (PLD2). The enzyme links ethanol molecules to lipid (fat) in the membrane of the nerve cell. They found the enzyme becomes a catalyst triggering multiple downstream activities within the cell. It creates a fatty alcohol metabolite called phosphatidylethanol (PEtOH). That metabolite builds up and causes nerves to fire more easily, resulting in more hyperactive flies. "With hyperactivity you see the flies run around more, and this is what we equate to being buzzed," Hansen says. When the scientists knocked out the gene for the enzyme that makes the PEtOH metabolite, thus eliminating the signal, the flies did not become more active. This is the first time this pathway has been identified as a determinant of alcohol sensitivity, Hansen says. It remains to be seen whether the metabolite is involved in the full sedation experienced by the flies after the initial buzz and how this pathway may play a role in the hangover that many people experience later on. Hansen says that his current research is addressing these questions. Knowing alcohol's molecular targets could enable development of an antidote to intoxication, or even hangover, Hansen says. "The fatty alcohol is known to linger in the brain for more than 16 hours making it a likely target," Hansen says. "Also, understanding this pathway could give insight as to why people use alcohol for pain management." "It has definitely led to some different ways of thinking about alcohol intoxication at the molecular level," Hansen says. "Most scientists thought alcohol had a direct effect. Blocking the enzyme in flies shows that's not likely true."
Several indices can be used to assess the impact of short-term conservation agriculture strategies on improving soil organic carbon (SOC). To find out how the SOC pools and the carbon lability influence the carbon management index (CMI) in response to different agricultural practices in a warm semiarid region, the carbon lability index (LI) and the carbon pool index (CPI) were measured under the interactive effect of different fertilizer applications and crop residue management (hereafter referred to as "farming strategies") in combination with four crop rotation systems in Ahvaz, Khuzestan, Iran, over four growing seasons from 2018 to 2020. The farming strategies were as follows: (1) using the standard rate of inorganic fertilizer used in the region and removing crop residues from the soil (SIF_no-CR); (2) applying the standard rate of organic fertilizers used in the region and returning 30% of crop residues to the soil (SOF_30% CR); and (3) integrating the use of inorganic and organic fertilizers and returning 15% of crop residues to the soil (IOF_15% CR). The crop rotation systems were fallow-wheat (F-W), corn-wheat (C-W), sesame-wheat (S-W), and mung bean-wheat (B-W). No statistically significant difference was observed between the different farming strategies and rotation systems with respect to LI after two years of the experiment. The highest (1.26) and lowest (1.06) CPIs were observed for SOF_30% CR and SIF_no-CR, respectively. The magnitude of the CMI values followed the order SOF_30% CR (121) > IOF_15% CR (107) ≥ SIF_no-CR (106). B-W and F-W had the highest and lowest CPI with values of 1.29 and 1.01, respectively. No statistically significant difference was found for the different crop rotation systems. Given the low impact of the common farming practices in the region, e.g., SIF_no-CR and F-W, on CPI and CMI at 24 months, our results showed that farming strategies with manure application and crop residue management and summer wheat-based rotation systems appear to be more appropriate farming strategies to improve CMI in arable land. 1. Introduction The dynamics of organic carbon (C) in agricultural soils affect the C cycle, the global C budget, and the global climate change [1, 2]. C sequestration in agricultural soils has been known to be one of the major agents in reducing atmospheric C [3], increasing soil organic carbon (SOC), and improving crop productivity [4]. SOC plays a vital role in assessing soil quality as it has compound effects on the geochemical and biological properties of the soil [5]. Agronomic management practices, e.g., tillage, fertilizer application, crop residue management, and cover crop types, strongly influence the potential for C sequestration in arable soils [6, 7]. However, short-term changes in total SOC are difficult to measure because a large fraction of SOC consists of stable C (hereafter referred to as nonlabile SOC) with a slow turnover in the soil (from 10 to 1000 years) [8]. On the other hand, many researchers have used labile soil organic carbon (labile-SOC) fractions such as microbial biomass C, particulate organic C, and KMnO4 oxidised organic C (KMnO4-C) as a sensitive indicator of management practices [9–11]. These fractions refer to small pools of SOC that are susceptible to short-term turnover [12]. Labile-SOC is essential to provide energy for microbial metabolism and plant growth due to its rapid decomposition [13]. It has been proposed as an important criterion for measuring soil productivity. This is due to its shorter turnover and the rapid transition between fresh crop residues and stabilized organic matter [9, 14, 15]. Blair et al. [16] introduced the C management index (CMI) which was derived by combining labile and nonlabile SOC. Subsequently, many researchers have used the CMI as a sensitive indicator for the investigation of the variation rate of SOC in response to agricultural management practices [2, 17–20]. The CMI is calculated by multiplying the C pool index (the ratio of SOC pools at the end of an experiment to the reference SOC) and the C lability index (the lability of C at the end of the experiment relative to the lability of C in the reference) [16]. According to [21], improvements in CMI due to agricultural practices occur when one or both of the SOC pools and the labile-C fractions increase in relation to the reference. For example, organic nutrient management and integrated fertilization (i.e., the application of both organic and inorganic fertilizers) improved CMI compared to the use of inorganic fertilizers alone by improving soil C pools and the labile C fraction of the soil [22]. In addition, incorporating crop residues with manure has been shown to be more beneficial in improving the SOC pool and therefore promoting CMI [23, 24]. These fertilization practices are more effective when combined with an appropriate crop rotation system. For instance, higher CMI values were obtained in a rye-potato rotation system than in the monoculture of each crop [25]. Crop rotation systems that including spring-sown legumes such as chickpea can significantly increase CMI compared to summer fallow [26]. It is assumed that agricultural management practices affecting different C inputs, e.g., organic fertilizer application, shoot and root residues, and root exudates would influence SOC fractions and CMI [26, 27]. A contribution to this body of knowledge can be made by understanding how SOC pools and their labile fractions contribute to changes in carbon management, especially in semi-arid regions with intensive irrigation water use. However, current studies have extensively investigated the effects of agricultural practices and different crop rotation systems on C lability and CMI [26]. Based on this, the main objective of this study is to determine the effect of short-term fertilizer application (organic and inorganic), combined with different types of crop residue management (henceforth referred to as farming strategies) as well as various wheat-based rotation systems with summer crops on the changes of SOC indices, namely, lability C index, C pool index (CPI), and CMI in irrigated systems under a semiarid warm climate in Iran. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Study Area An experiment was conducted at the experimental farm of the Sahid Chamran University in Ahvaz, Khuzestan Province (48°39′35.2″E and 31°18′06.2″N, altitude: 22.5 m). The climate of Khuzestan is mainly semiarid and warm [28]. Favourable weather conditions during the winter season in Khuzestan have resulted in a large proportion of agricultural land being devoted to irrigated and rainfed wheat cultivation, making the province the country's leading wheat producer. The average temperature in the region is 25°C. The absolute maximum and minimum temperatures in summer and winter are 48°C and 4°C, respectively. The average annual rainfall is 213 mm yr−1, with the highest intensity in January. The experimental soil is classified as sandy-loamy, consisting of 67% sand, 21% silt, and 12% clay. Soil analysis revealed a nitrogen content of 0.039%, a carbon content of 0.45%, a phosphorus concentration of 26 kg·ha−1, an available potassium concentration of 318 kg·ha−1, an electrical conductivity of 3.4 dS·m−1, and a pH of 7.8 [11]. 2.2. Field Experimental Design Twelve treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Each treatment consisted of three main plots divided into four subplots. The size of the main plot and the subplot was 12 m × 4 m and 3 m × 4 m, respectively. The main plots consisted of three farming strategies as follows: (1) using the regional standard rate of the inorganic fertilizer and removing crop residues from the soil (SIF_no-CR), (2) applying the standard rate of organic fertilizer without any mineral fertilizer and returning 30% of crop residues to the soil (SOF_30% CR); and (3) integrating the use of inorganic and organic fertilizers and returning 15% of crop residues to the soil (IOF_15% CR) [29]. Four wheat double-cropping systems were grown in the subplots: wheat-fallow (W-F), wheat-corn (W-C), wheat-sesame (W-S), and wheat-mung bean (W-B). The inorganic fertilizers used in this study included nitrogen (urea), solid phosphorus (H2PO4–), and potassium (K2SO4). The total amount of mineral fertilizers used in the research is given in Table 1 for each farming strategy and cultivated crop. For the inorganic-based management strategies (SIF_no-CR and IOF_15% CR), all phosphorus, potassium, and two-thirds of the nitrogen were applied to the soil at the time of tillage. One-third of the nitrogen was applied at the time of crop tillering. In organic-based management (SOF_30% CR and IOF_15% CR), the manure used consisted of compost and vermicompost (Table 1). Compost and vermicompost were produced from cattle manure. The duration of composting and vermicomposting was five months. The air-dried manure fertilizers was spread on the surface of the experimental plots. It was completely mixed with the topsoil (20 cm) before planting the crops. Crop residues were returned to the soil after the harvest of each summer and winter crop. The residues were first chopped and then mixed with the top layer of the soil in the experimental plots. More details on the quantity and physiochemical properties of the crop residues as well as manures applied to the soil are given in Table 1. In the strategies under organic matter management strategies: SOF_30% CR and IOF_15% CR, humic acid (5 mL·L−1·m−2), and biological phosphate fertilizer (3R-BioPhosphate with 35% of P, Pseudomonas putida, and Pantoea agglomerans: 107 bacteria gr−1) were used. Humic acid was sprayed on the plant at the flowering stage of wheat growth. Biological phosphate was applied in powder form. One hour before planting, wheat seeds were soaked in a mixture of water and biological phosphate fertilizer. In addition, the dominant weed that was observed during the trail was Cynodon dactylon L. which was controlled with the herbicide Roundup (41% active substance glyphosate). The herbicide was applied once a year before the wheat was sown when weeds were still in active growth. Weed control was chemical for SIF + no-CR, manual for SOF + 30% CR, and chemical and manual for the IOF + 15% CR strategy [11]. The predominant crop management in the experimental field was conventional monocropping wheat with foliar spraying, except for one year before the start of this research, when wheat was grown with a combination of mineral and biological fertilizers. The experiment started with the planting of summer crops on 5 July 2018. Figure 1 shows the different types of crop rotation systems during the experimental years. Detailed information, e.g., planting and harvesting dates, cultivation method, irrigation, and tillage for summer, and winter crops are highlighted in our published research [11]. All crops were irrigated. Water requirements for each crop were calculated using CROPWAT version 8.0 based on the crop coefficient and evapotranspiration [30]. Accordingly, the irrigation requirements for the growing season were 369, 347, 337, and 315 mm for wheat, corn, mung bean, and sesame, respectively. 2.3. Soil Sampling and Measurement of Carbon Fractions Soil samples were taken at 20 cm (ploughing depth) below the surface before the start and at the end of the experiment. Each soil sample was obtained by collecting the soil from three locations on each experimental plot using a soil auger and mixing them as one sample. Soil samples were air-dried and sieved through a 2 mm mesh size before measuring total SOC and labile SOC. Total SOC was analysed according to the method proposed by [31]. The labile-SOC was determined using 333 mM KMNO4, and then the nonlabile-SOC pools were estimated by deducting the labile-SOC from the total SOC [16, 32]. Detailed information on the measurement of SOC fractions is documented in [11]. The information and the range of the initial and final values for total SOC, labile-SOC, and nonlabile SOC are given in Table 2. 2.4. Determination of Soil Carbon Management Indices The lability of C (LC), the lability index (LI), the C pool index (CPI), and the C management index (CMI) were calculated using the equations provided by [16] as follows:where the sample refers to the value of the C in the soil samples taken from each experimental plot at the end of the study (after 24 months of the experiment), and the reference refers to the amount of the C in the soil samples taken before the study. 2.5. Statistical Analysis All data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) for a split-plot randomized complete block design using the general linear model. The ANOVA was performed using the mixed method of SAS, version 9.4 [33]. Means were separated using Duncan's multiple range test at a 5% significance level () and plotted using the "ggplot2" package in the R programming environment [34]. Pearson's correlation coefficients were used to examine the relationship between different C indicators and C fractions using SAS 9.4 [35]; values <0.05 were considered to be statistically significant. In addition, a Pearson's correlation was carried out using the "ggplot2" package in R to show a matrix correlation between the LI and the CPI with the CMI under different farming strategies and rotation systems as different C sources. 3. Results 3.1. The Effect of Farming Strategy on Carbon Indices The ANOVA results indicate that although the farming strategy did not affect the lability of C and LI () after 24 months of the experiment, it did significantly affect the magnitude of CPI () and CMI (). In addition, no significant interaction effects were found between the experimental treatments on the measured indices (Table 3). There was no notable difference in terms of the lability of C and LI between farming strategies. However, the variability of labile C and LI was greater in SOF_30% CR and IOF_15% CR than in the strategy SIF_no-CR (Figure 2). Furthermore, the highest and lowest values of CPI were obtained in SOF_30% CR and SIF_no-CR with values of 1.25 and 1.06, respectively. No significant statistical difference was found between SOF_30% CR and IOF_15% CR in terms of CPI (Figure 2). The CPI was significantly higher in the SOF_30% CR treatment than in the SIF_no-CR treatment. The results revealed that the SOF_30% CR farming strategy had the highest CMI with an average of 121, which was significantly higher than SIF_0%-no-CR. The same holds true for the comparison between SOF_0%-no CR and IOF_15% CR (Figure 2). Although the interaction effects of the treatments were not statistically significant, the mean comparison showed that the highest values of CPI and CMI were obtained in SOF_30% CR and IOF_15% CR under the B-W cropping system (Table S1). 3.2. The Effect of Crop Rotation Systems on Carbon Indices The ANOVA results indicate that there was no significant effect of the crop rotation system on the lability of C and LI during the 24 months of the experiment. However, crop rotation systems did have a significant effect on CPI at and CMI at . The mean comparison of the different crop rotation systems illustrates that, despite the nonsignificant difference, the lability of C and LI was higher for C-W and F-W compared to B-W and S-W. Furthermore, the magnitude of CPI followed the order of B-W (1.29) > S-W (1.16) ≥ C-W (1.15) ≥ F-W (1.01). Among the wheat-based summer crop rotation systems, B-W had the highest CMI with a value of 119. On the other hand, the lowest CMI with a value of 102 was observed for wheat monocropping (F-W, Figure 3). 3.3. Correlations between Carbon Fractions and Carbon Indices There were significant and positive correlations between labile C (r = 0.77) and lability index (r = 0.59) with CMI. In contrast, a negative and nonsignificant correlation was found between nonlabile C and CMI. CPI also had a nonsignificant correlation with CMI (r = 0.22) (Figure 4(a)). In addition, interesting information on how different farming strategies and rotation systems contribute to the improvement of CMI can be found in the results of the partial correlation analysis (Figure 4(b)). Based on Figure 4(b), LI is strongly correlated with CMI for the most of farming strategies and crop rotation systems, except for IOF_15% CR (0.22) and SIF_no-CR (−0.18) for monocropping of wheat. 4. Discussion To show how agricultural practices can improve or reduce SOC, it is desirable to use C indices. It has been widely documented that the lability index of C (LI) and total SOC (CPI) is altered by the return of crop residues to the soil and the application of manures [36–38]. These two indices are a measure of the changes in lability and quantity of SOC due to changes in crop management. The combination of LI and CPI reflects changes in CMI values, which indicate the potential for labile C accumulation in the soil [12]. The higher is the value of the CMI, the more fertile and higher the soil quality [39]. The results of our study typically revealed an increase in CPI with increasing manure and crop residue application rates in short-term experiments. Research conducted by [40] showed that increased incorporation of crop residues into the soil registered higher values of CMI through improvement of CPI and LI compared to no incorporation of crop residues into the soil. Furthermore, for all management strategies, the lability of C increased after 24 months of the experiment. In addition, changes in labile SOC (LI) were not significantly different between the management strategies. All management strategies resulted in an increase in the amount of total SOC i.e. CPI >1, but the increase was significantly higher in the SOF_30% CR treatment. Although the labile C values were higher for the organic-based farming strategy, LI was lower for SOF_30% CR and IOF_15% CR than for SIF_no-CR. This was due to the fact that the nonlabile C values, which act as the denominator in the LI equation, were higher for SOF_30% CR and IOF_15% CR compared to the mineral-based farming strategy. Our results were consistent with the findings of Leno et al. [41] and Wang et al. [42]. Furthermore, our results showed a strong positive correlation between LI and CMI. In addition, it is noteworthy that in the semiarid region, the addition of more C inputs to soils with low initial C resulted in large variability in the lability of C, CPI, and CMI compared to the mineral-based farming strategy with crop residue removal. The variability in the lability of C, CPI, and CMI in SOF_30% CR and IOF_15% CR might be caused by the quantity and quality of crop residues and manure applied to the soil as well as nutrient availability, which led to an increase in the decomposition rate of organic matter [11, 43]. In addition, the incorporation of crop residues into the soil by improving both total and labile SOC [44] resulted in higher CPI and CMI. Although the lability of C and LI were not significantly affected by different crop rotation systems, CPI was positively affected by crop rotation systems including summer crops; however, these differences were only significant for legume-based wheat rotation compared to monocropping of wheat. Yet, the greater amount of CPI in the B-W cropping system resulted in higher CMI. Probably the biological nitrogen fixation associated with legumes promoted C sequestration and CPI improvement [45]. In addition, a major reason for this improvement could be the return of 54.6 kg·ha−1 of wheat and mung bean crop residues to the soil in SOF_30% CR and 27.3 kg·ha−1 in IOF_15% CR during the experimental years, compared to 9 kg·ha−1 and 4.5 kg·ha−1 of only wheat crop residues for F-W under the aforementioned farming strategies, respectively. Previous studies stated that increased nitrogen input through biological nitrogen fixation in legume-based cropping systems was not the main prerequisite for SOC improvement, but that the improvement in SOC and CMI was mainly attributed to increased crop biomass and roots with low C/N ratio in these cropping systems [46–48]. Apart from the positive effect of mung bean as a nitrogen-fixing legume and as a source of C input, our results indicated that the rotation of corn (cereal) and sesame (oilseed) with wheat by producing more root and adding leaf-shoot biomass to the soil at a rate of 87.6 and 34.8 kg·ha−1 in SOF_30% CR and 34.8 and 17.4 kg·ha−1 in IOF_15% CR, respectively, led to a significant improvement in CPI and, consequently, an increase in CMI compared to monocropping of wheat [49]. Rotation of summer crops with winter wheat provided extended ground cover, increased root biomass, enhanced rhizosphere exudation, and improved soil microbial activities, which acted as a diverse source of labile C and led to an improvement in CPI [50]. 5. Conclusion The potential of agricultural soils to sequester C and improve CMI is influenced by the type and diversity of cover crops and management strategies. The results of a two-year study approved that changes in CMI were more influenced by the C pool index than by C lability. Moreover, residues returned to the soil and manure application had a significant effect on CPI and CMI compared to the CON farming strategy in the semi-arid region. Although the inclusion of legumes in the wheat-based rotation system had the highest CMI value, the C-W and S-W rotation systems also resulted in higher CPI and CMI than the F-W rotation, although the differences were not statistically significant. However, the study revealed that diversification of wheat-based rotation systems by including summer crops in the rotation, particularly legumes, in combination with organic-based farming strategies has a wide scope for adoption in the region to improve SOC accumulation, where conventional cultivation of cereals with summer fallow is a major threat to soil health. Data Availability The data used to support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request. Conflicts of Interest The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest or personal relationships with individuals involved in the publication process that might appear to have influenced the work that is reported in this article. Authors' Contributions The content of the manuscript and the order of authorship are agreed by all coauthors. The authors acknowledge that this research was funded and supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation), project number DFG-493582952. The authors are also grateful to the Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz and the STEP Programme of the University of Bonn for supporting this research. Dominik Behrend is funded by DFG–SFB 1502/1–2022—project number: 450058266. Amit Kumar Srivastava is funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) in the framework of the funding measure "Soil as a Sustainable Resource for the Bioeconomy—BonaRes," project BonaRes (Module A): BonaRes Center for Soil Research, subproject "Sustainable Subsoil Management—Soil3"(Grant 031B0151A). In addition, we also acknowledge funding by DFG under Germany's Excellence Strategy—EXC 2070—390732324. In addition, we also acknowledge funding by the DFG under Germany's Excellence Strategy—EXC 2070—390732324 and COINS (Grant 01LL2204C). The authors would like to thank the unknown referees for their kind support in providing improvements to this manuscript. Supplementary Materials Table S1: The main effect of three farming strategies: (SIF_no-CR (inorganic fertilizer, no crop residues added to the soil), SOF_30% CR (organic fertilizer, returning 30% of crop residues), and IOF_15% CR (integrated use of organic and inorganic fertilizers, returning 15% of crop residues)) and four crop rotation systems: mung bean-wheat (B-W), corn-wheat (C-W), sesame-wheat (S-W), and fallow-wheat (F-W) on the lability of C (carbon), lability index, C pool index, and C management index (CMI). Letters indicate a significant (different letters) and no significant (Identical letters) difference at according to Duncan's multiple range test. (Supplementary Materials)
By Rachel Nettleton, Executive Director, Kern County Farm Bureau The Kern County Farm Bureau recently celebrated a milestone with our 40th Annual Farm Day in the City event held at the Kern County Fair. This event has become a tradition in fostering agricultural education within our local community, dating back to the 1980s. From the beginning, this event started at one school with just a few students and has quickly expanded over time. Fast forward to this year, we welcomed 4,100 students from 22 school districts and 44 elementary schools, alongside 30 exhibitors. The atmosphere at the event was full of excitement as students and teachers immersed themselves in the world of agriculture. From livestock to machinery and safety demonstrations to sheep herding dogs, the event offered a comprehensive glimpse into the diverse areas of farming and ranching. One of the most significant aspects of Farm Day in the City is its ability to bridge the gap between urban communities and the agricultural industry. Many students have limited exposure to agriculture and may not fully grasp where their food comes from. Therefore, this event serves as an opportunity to showcase and explain various aspects of agriculture in ways that are accessible and engaging for young minds. For second to fourth-graders, understanding the journey of food from farm to table can be enlightening. Through interactive exhibits and hands-on experiences, students gain a deeper appreciation for the hard work and dedication of our farmers and ranchers who play a vital role in feeding our communities. During the event, media outlets were present, capturing moments from Farm Day in the City. One moment occurred when a reporter asked a second grader if she had ever been to a farm. The young girl's innocent response was, "Does Knott's Berry Farm count?" This funny response underscored the disconnect that exists between our youth and the realities of agriculture. This is just one example that highlights the importance of events like Farm Day in the City in fostering greater awareness and understanding of agriculture. As Farm Day in the City celebrates four decades of success, it remains a shining example of the power of community collaboration and the impact of hands-on learning. Through continued support and participation, we can ensure that future generations are equipped with the knowledge and appreciation necessary to continue our agricultural heritage. In closing, we extend our heartfelt gratitude to our partners at the Kern County Fair and our Gold Sponsors Grimmway Farms and Grimm Family Center for AGBS. Additionally, we acknowledge our silver sponsors at AC Foods, Bolthouse Farms, and Elk Grove Farming Company for their generous contributions toward nurturing agricultural education in our community.
In today's world, healthcare costs can be overwhelming. That's why it's important to understand your health insurance plan and the providers included in your network. One key aspect of a health insurance plan is in-network providers. But what exactly does that mean? And how does it impact your healthcare expenses? If you're a resident of Texas, you may be wondering about in-network providers in your state. Well, you've come to the right place. In this article, we'll dive deep into the world of in-network providers in Texas, providing you with all the information you need to make informed decisions about your healthcare. So sit back, relax, and let's explore the ins and outs of in-network providers in Texas as we continue our Silo series on Understanding Health Insurance Plans and Networks. First, it is important to understand what an in-network provider is. In-network providers are healthcare professionals and facilities that have contracted with a particular health insurance company to provide medical services to their members at a discounted rate. This means that if you have health insurance from a specific company, you can receive medical care from these providers at a lower cost than if you were to go out-of-network. It is important to choose an in-network provider because going out-of-network can result in higher out-of-pocket costs for you. What Are the Benefits of Using In-Network Providers? In this section, we will cover the advantages of choosing an in-network provider. What to Consider When Choosing an In-Network Provider In this section, we will provide tips on what to look for when selecting an in-network provider for your healthcare needs. In-Network Providers vs. Out-of-Network Providers When it comes to choosing a health insurance plan, understanding the difference between in-network providers and out-of-network providers is crucial. These terms refer to the healthcare professionals and facilities that are covered by your insurance plan. In-network providers are those who have a contract with your insurance company to provide medical services at a discounted rate. This means that if you visit an in-network provider, you will typically pay less out-of-pocket for your medical expenses. On the other hand, out-of-network providers do not have a contract with your insurance company. This means that they do not have agreed-upon rates for services, and you may end up paying more for their services or even having to pay the full cost out-of-pocket. While your insurance plan may cover some out-of-network services, it is important to note that these providers may not be subject to the same regulations and requirements as in-network providers. This could lead to unexpected costs or limitations on your coverage. How Do I Find In-Network Providers in Texas? When it comes to finding in-network providers in Texas, there are a few steps you can take to ensure that you are covered by your health insurance plan. The first step is to check with your health insurance provider or broker to understand which providers are considered in-network for your specific plan. This can usually be done through their website or by contacting their customer service. Next, you can use online search tools such as the provider directories provided by your insurance company or third-party websites. These directories allow you to search for providers by location, specialty, and other filters. It is also important to double-check with the provider directly to confirm that they are still in-network for your plan. Insurance networks can change, so it's best to confirm before scheduling an appointment. If you have a specific provider in mind, you can also contact them directly and ask if they accept your insurance plan. This can be especially useful if you have a preferred doctor or specialist. Lastly, don't forget to take advantage of any resources provided by your employer or any professional organizations you may belong to. They may offer additional tools or assistance in finding in-network providers. Understanding Different Types of In-Network Providers In the world of health insurance, it is important to understand the different types of in-network providers and how they can impact your coverage. In-network providers are healthcare professionals or facilities that have a contracted agreement with your insurance company to provide services at a negotiated rate. This means that if you use an in-network provider, you will likely pay less out-of-pocket for your medical expenses. There are various types of healthcare providers that can be considered in-network, including primary care physicians, specialists, hospitals, and urgent care centers. Each type of provider plays a unique role in your healthcare journey and understanding the differences between them is essential for making informed decisions about your coverage. Primary care physicians (PCPs) are often the first point of contact for patients and are responsible for managing their overall healthcare needs. They typically provide routine check-ups, screenings, and coordinate referrals to other specialists. Specialists, on the other hand, have advanced training in specific areas of medicine and are consulted for more complex or specialized care. Hospitals are important in-network providers as they offer a range of services, including emergency care, surgeries, and inpatient treatment. Urgent care centers provide immediate medical attention for non-life-threatening illnesses or injuries that require prompt treatment but do not require a trip to the emergency room. In conclusion, understanding in-network providers is crucial when it comes to navigating the health insurance market in Texas. By choosing an in-network provider, you can save money on medical expenses and have access to a wider range of coverage options. When selecting an in-network provider, be sure to do your research and consider factors such as cost, location, and specialty to find the best fit for your healthcare needs.
Planting cover crops in your garden has numerous benefits such as improving soil fertility, preventing erosion, suppressing weeds, and attracting pollinators. These crops also add organic matter to the soil, reduce nutrient runoff, and break up soil compaction. - 1 Introduction to cover crops - 2 Improved soil health - 3 Reduced erosion and nutrient runoff - 4 Increased biodiversity and pest management - 5 Expanded growing season - 6 Cost-effective and sustainable farming - 7 Comparison with chemical fertilizers - 8 How to choose and plant cover crops - 9 Real-life success stories from farmers and gardeners Introduction to cover crops Gardening can be an enjoyable and rewarding activity, but it also requires a lot of work and attention to detail. One of the key elements to maintaining a healthy garden is ensuring that the soil is healthy and nutrient-rich. This is where cover crops come in. What are cover crops? Cover crops, also known as green manures, are plants that are grown specifically for their ability to improve the soil. They are planted in between other crop cycles or during fallow periods and are intended to be tilled under (i.e., incorporated into the soil) rather than harvested. The plant matter decomposes over time, releasing valuable nutrients that enrich the soil for future plant growth. There are many different types of cover crops available, each with its own set of benefits depending on your specific needs. Some popular options include: - Legumes such as clover, peas, and beans: These plants fix nitrogen from the air into the soil, promoting overall soil health. - Grasses such as rye and oats: These plants are great at suppressing weeds and reducing erosion. - Brassicas such as mustard and radish: These plants help break up compacted soil with their deep taproots. Benefits of planting cover crops The practice of planting cover crops offers numerous benefits for both gardeners and the environment alike: Improves Soil Health – Cover crops promote better overall soil structure by improving water infiltration and increasing soil organic matter content through plant biomass additions. Reduces Soil Erosion – Cover crops serve as living ground covers that protect bare soils from wind and rain-induced erosion. They also promote fibrous root systems that can hold onto topsoil more effectively than cultivated annual row-crops like corn or soybeans [1]. Increases Nutrient Availability – Plants have a tendency to efficiently absorb complex minerals & micronutrients over time – thereby making them inaccessible by the time of harvest. Growing cover crops serves as a means to capture and preserve these vital nutrients within the soil, making them available during the growing season [2]. Suppresses Weed Growth – A well-established cover crop shades out emerging weeds and reduces competition for resources. Attracts Pollinators & Beneficial Insects – Many flowering cover crops — such as clover, buckwheat, and phacelia — are beneficial for feeding bees and pollinators that essential for garden produce blooming in order to fruits. Combats Climate Change – Cover crops also have an important role in mitigating climate change via carbon sequestration – a process by which atmospheric CO2 is converted into organic matter or stored in the soil; this can help mitigate some of the negative impacts of global warming [3]. In addition to being incredibly beneficial for your garden ecosystem, planting cover crops can also help reduce your environmental impact by reducing erosion, decreasing fertilizer use, and minimizing pesticide applications[4]. So as you plan your next planting schedule always consider adding cover crops to your routine farming techniques to enjoy its benefits! Improved soil health Growing a thriving garden requires healthy soil that contains the right nutrients and microorganisms. One way to achieve this is by planting cover crops, which can improve soil health in several ways. Cover crops are non-cash crops planted primarily to manage soil erosion and increase fertility. How cover crops improve soil health Prevents Soil Erosion: Cover crops form a dense layer of vegetation on the ground, offering protection against the damage caused by rainwater, wind, and other environmental factors. This helps prevent soil erosion, retaining moisture in the ground while supporting good root growth. Nutrient cycling: Cover Crops are excellent green manure for supplying essential nutrients such as nitrogen directly to plant roots through photosynthesis. These nutrients pull carbon dioxide from the air back into the plant and store it in their stems and leaves instead of breaking down. Reduces Compaction: Planting cover crops can help reduce compacted or hard soils, leading to increased water retention by allowing more access to rainfall/irrigation water depth within subsoil layers beneath your raised beds' growing area. Suppress weeds: Many cover crop species have an incredible ability to suppress weed growth; this makes them ideal for organic farming techniques without using any pesticides while providing nutrient-rich energy sources for our soils — making them incredibly cheap synthetic fertilizers alternatives. Promote healthy biological activity: Cover cropping provides an ecological balance that supports soil microbial communities resulting in healthy nutrient recycling within your garden ecosystem. Which cover crops are best for improving soil health When it comes down to selecting which types of cover crop seeds to purchase for your gardens/lawn or fields, we recommend selecting ones with high nutritionality. Here are some examples you may want to consider: They're adding up essential nitrogen sources directly back into your lawn/garden's surface through their roots; also known as "fixing" nitrogen. This makes them useful additions to depleted soil that needs extra help with plant growth or revitalizing compost. - Clover: Clover's quick growing, easy-to-establish and retains propagating soil-borne fungal species which supply essential needs for our garden ecosystems. - Peas: They work well in the vegetable field where they will produce nitrogen-rich yields without adding much bulk to your soil. These little legumes are great topsoil builders. Grasses, on the other hand, increase a more diverse ecosystem while pruning back grass seedlings is beneficial to promoting good bacterial growth. - Oats: Oats scour soil borers such as wireworms and balance out garden soils' carbohydrate/nitrogen ratio. - Rye: The reverse of oats and boosts nutrient storage in the subsoil layer above during wildlife browsing seasons. Reduced erosion and nutrient runoff Growing cover crops in your garden is a beneficial practice for the health of your soil, plants, and overall environment. One of the many advantages of planting cover crops is the reduction of erosion and nutrient runoff in your garden. Erosion is the process by which soil is detachment and moves from one location to another due to natural elements such as wind, water, or gravity. Nutrient runoff occurs when water washes away nutrients from the soil and carries them elsewhere. How cover crops reduce erosion and nutrient runoff Cover crops play an important role in reducing erosion by shielding soil from the impact of raindrops that can disturb the fragile structure of topsoil. The roots of cover crops anchor deeper into soil than conventional crops, enhancing its stability to withstand erosive forces better. Moreover, their leaves offer broad coverage on topsoil creating a barrier against heavy rain splash while preserving moisture levels for plant growth alongside its root-zone system. Cover crop residue left on fields after cultivation provides additional protection against erosive processes since it shields remaining soils from subsequent rainfall events. In addition to minimizing erosion risk, cover crops also promote a healthy balance of nutrients in your garden's soil profile. They contribute essential organic matter content that improves drainage capacity while increasing water retention properties during drought periods. During heavy rains and flooding situations where nutrients are often wastefully washed away from soils resulting in poor plant vigor; thankfully adding enough organic matter through planting cover crops significantly boosts available nutrient levels hence mitigating nutrient loss menace. Which cover crops are best for reducing erosion and nutrient runoff Choosing appropriate cover crops depend on several factors such as climate conditions, region/zone characteristics, seasonality aspects among other site-specific elements involved within agricultural systems operations management principles considerations inputs variables interactions. Winter rye Some popular options for gardening with reduced risks associated with both types of land quality problems include winter rye (Secale cereale). Winter Rye is a hardy crop that germinates quickly in cool weather, a quality that makes it particularly suited for fall and winter planting seasons. Its extensive root system enhances compaction resistance thus preventing erosion by reducing the risk of soil movement from wind, water, or gravity due to lack of adequate anchoring. In line with its root network design, it also effectively scavenges nutrients left over from previous crops thereby providing an efficient means of promoting nutrient cycling. Crimson clover Another favorite cover crop among gardeners is crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum), which has rapid seed sprouting properties making it ideal for filling any empty gaps while controlling soil loss potential by intercepting heavy rainfall runoff energy on surfaces before downward movement. Crimson clover's deep taproot provides good coverage capacity creating and stabilizing narrow channels that promote water infiltration into underlying soils improving water recharge capacities while reducing disease pathogens risks such as bacterial wilt and nematodes. These two options are just some common examples seen acquiring consistent results when utilized conscientiously either alone or in combination with other plants depending on desired results; but your selection of a suitable range should be based on factors specific to your individual gardening challenges depending on what elements exist regarding soil structure, climate conditions suitability, different species characteristics adaption abilities strengths weaknesses trade-offs as well operation management essential components to maximize your outcomes. Overall, growing cover crops in the home garden is a recommended practice for mitigating soil erosion and enhancing overall health contributing sustainable land use practices. Increased biodiversity and pest management How cover crops increase biodiversity and pest management Planting cover crops can have a significant impact on the biodiversity of your garden. These crops attract beneficial insects, pollinators, and other organisms that help improve soil health and contribute to the overall ecosystem. The roots of cover crops also help break up compacted soil, allowing water and nutrients to penetrate deeper into the ground. This creates a more hospitable environment for soil microbes which can contribute to better plant growth. In addition to improving soil health, cover crops are also useful in managing pests. Cover crops like clover act as a trap crop, attracting cutworms and flea beetles away from the main crop in your garden. Additionally, some cover crops release natural compounds called allelochemicals which make it difficult for pests to find their host plants. Overall, planting cover crops in your garden is an effective way to increase biodiversity and manage pests naturally without resorting to harmful chemicals. Which cover crops are best for increasing biodiversity and pest management There are many different types of cover crops that can be used to increase biodiversity and manage pests in your garden. Here we will highlight two popular options: buckwheat and mustard. Buckwheat is a fast-growing annual plant that is commonly used as a summer cover crop. Its dense foliage helps prevent weed growth while also attracting pollinators like bees and butterflies. Buckwheat is also highly effective at scavenging phosphorus from the soil, making it an ideal choice if you have soils that are high in phosphorus. One of the most attractive aspects of buckwheat is its ability to attract predatory insects like ladybugs, lacewings, and hoverflies. These insects feed on aphids, mites, thrips – all common garden pests – helping keep pest populations under control without resorting to pesticides or other chemicals. Mustard is another popular cover crop that is known for its ability to suppress weeds and manage pests. Like buckwheat, it is a fast-growing annual plant that can be planted in the spring or fall. One of the unique properties of mustard is its ability to release natural compounds (allelochemicals) into the soil that inhibit the growth of weeds and other plants. This makes it an excellent choice if you are looking to control weed growth in your garden. In addition, mustard attracts beneficial insects like parasitic wasps and hoverflies which feed on aphids and other common pests. Overall, both buckwheat and mustard are effective cover crops for increasing biodiversity and managing pests in your garden. Expanded growing season Planting cover crops in your garden can provide numerous benefits. One of the advantages of planting cover crops is an extended growing season. How cover crops extend the growing season The main reason why cover crops are useful for extending the growing season is that they protect soil from erosion and improve its quality. Cover crops such as clover and vetch have deep roots that create channels in the soil, which improves water infiltration, aeration, and nutrient retention in your garden. When these plants die off or are tilled into the soil, they decompose and release nutrients such as nitrogen into the soil, which supports the growth of other plants. The organic matter released by dead cover crops acts like a sponge that retains moisture in dry periods and releases it when needed during plant growth. This means you can continue to produce vegetables well after conventional gardening seasons because of increased fertility provided by decomposition. In addition, certain varieties of cover crop help prevent cold temperatures from damaging your plants or freezing them out altogether. Protective covers will lock heat into the ground even on colder days. They can help increase your production through fall months into early winter- even though temperatures drop! Which cover crops are best for extending the growing season There are many types of cover crop available; however, not all will provide adequate protection against harsh weather conditions to extend your gardening goals beyond traditional operating times. Winter rye Winter rye is an excellent option to extend your garden's growing season into late fall and early winter because it handles freezing temperatures better than most other common varieties do. When planted anytime between August and September as seeding generally needs four to eight weeks before first frost sets in; this will produce a good root system able to supply nutrients until spring greenseries emerge. Winter rye works especially well when mixed with other cool-season grasses or legumes that promote faster growth and healthier soils for future crops while preparing beds against soil erosion. Mixing winter rye with clover is an excellent way to ensure a more significant and diverse crop. Winter rye is generally planted in September once summer crops have been removed. Austrian winter peas Another excellent option that can be used to extend your growing season into the colder months of the year is Austrian winter peas. You can plant these peas anytime between September and October; they offer a fantastic source of nitrogen for garden beds while also helping prevent soil erosion. Austrian winter peas are highly resistant to cold temperatures and are ready for harvest in March/April, or at least before planting time when cover crop is no longer needed. Depending on the weather conditions, this crop can be protected under cold frames or hoop houses throughout December until late February during snow days. In addition to extending your growing season, planting Austrian winter peas can keep weeds at bay during their fast growth cycle; they are nutritious and can improve soil fertility by adding additional nitrogen. While there's no limit to how you choose to use cover cropping methods in gardening strategies, having a plan about which crops will help extend production seasons benefits gardens large and small alike. Cover crops that preserve moisture, add nutrients back into the ground-supporting better plant growth overall- make it easy for anyone to enjoy even more homegrown vegetables all year round! Cost-effective and sustainable farming How cover crops contribute to cost-effective and sustainable farming Cover crops are fast becoming a popular technique in modern agriculture, thanks to their numerous benefits. These are crops planted in between cash crop seasons to cover the soil. They are usually low-maintenance plants that prevent soil erosion while adding nutrients to it. The use of cover crops is not only environmentally friendly but also helps reduce the farming expenses. Here's how they contribute to cost-effective and sustainable farming: - Reduced soil compaction: Compacted soils are problematic for plant growth as they make it hard for roots to access nutrients and other key resources. Cover crops protect the topsoil and reduce surface compaction, making it easier for cash crops' roots to penetrate deep. - Weed suppression: One of the biggest costs farmers incur is managing weeds. Selecting the right cover crop mixtures can suffocate weed growth by covering up open spaces where invasive species would take root. - Reduction/elimination of irrigation costs: Some cover crops have deep-rooting systems that draw moisture from underground. This water retention system helps lower water usage and ultimately cut down on water-related expenses incurred during production. - Soil enrichment: When allowed to decompose, cover crop residues enhance organic matter content while buffering pH levels in the soil. - Pest management: Certain varieties of cover crops help repel pests that might damage cash crops, thus minimizing pesticide requirements while boosting yields. Economic benefits of cover crops Crop covers also bring in valuable economic advantages besides improving sustainability practices. Cost savings Leveraging various aspects of crop covers established above leads farmers into significant saving over time: - Lower expenditure on weed control: Due to their resilient nature, some plant coverage dominates existing weeds without dropping money on herbicides or labor-intensive weeding - Eliminate fertilizer application costs: Although added fertilization could increase yields, it can also imply a higher investment — which is not always justifiable in areas where soil nutrients are reasonably available. Cover crops step in and provide this requirement at a lower cost. - Less equipment usage: Since covers promote reduced tillage systems that save soil structure and fertility, they also decrease the need for implement management by creating uncompacted surfaces compatible with no-till machinery. Increased profits Cover crop principles extend beyond just reducing farming input. They foster favorable production outcomes that ultimately affect profitability. - Enhanced yields: Healthier soils produce more abundant crops. The organic matter that cover crops generate supports microbe activity while sustaining proper nutrient build-up essential to developing vigorous plants with elevated productivity. - Improved product quality: Nutrient-dense plants lead to superior quality products favored by buyers demanding consistent standards, eventually resulting in more revenue for farmers. - Access new market opportunities: Consumers seeking sustainable sources of food are on the rise worldwide, thereby presenting an opportunity for farmers treating their land with sustainability-minded cover crop practices. Comparison with chemical fertilizers Cover crops are a sustainable agricultural practice that offers many benefits over traditional methods of using chemical fertilizers. Here's how planting cover crops can make a difference in your garden: - Cover crops improve soil quality: Unlike chemical fertilizers, which can damage the soil and render it less fertile over time, cover crops help increase the organic matter in the soil. This process improves soil structure and water-holding capacity, making it easier for plants to grow healthy roots that can penetrate deep into the ground. - Cover crops also reduce erosion: Planting cover crops provides an additional layer of protection against erosion caused by wind and water. The roots of cover crops hold onto soil particles, preventing them from being carried away by rain or wind. This is especially important if you live in an area prone to heavy rainfall or strong winds that could cause damage to your garden. - Chemical fertilizers are harmful for the environment: Chemical fertilizers contain high levels of nitrogen and phosphorous, which can pollute nearby water sources if they're not used correctly. These chemicals can lead to algal blooms that deplete oxygen levels in lakes and rivers, killing aquatic wildlife in the process. In contrast, planting cover crops is an eco-friendly solution that doesn't require harsh chemicals to be effective. - Cover crops help suppress weeds: Some types of cover crop plants such as clovers and rye have allelopathic properties; they release natural chemicals that inhibit weed growth without harming other plants. By planting these types of cover crop plants, you'll have fewer weeds growing in your garden – saving you time on weeding chores. - Using chemical fertilizers requires more maintenance: With chemical fertilizers, regular applications are required throughout the growing season at rates determined by factors like plant type and age plus local conditions (rainfall). Due to their quick-release nature (immediate availability) these products do not persist long-term nor build soil. On the other hand growing cover crops requires planting only at certain times, generally once in the fall and once in the spring. - Cover crops are cost-effective over time: Unlike chemical fertilizers which require regular purchase of additional inputs, costs associated with growing cover crops decrease overtime because they act as a source for recycling nutrients from below the soil surface to replenish top-soils which lead to more productive crop yields and gardens. Cover crops vs. chemical fertilizers There are some key differences between planting cover crops and using chemical fertilizers that should be taken into account before making your decision: - Nutrient availability: Chemical fertilizers provide plant nutrition immediately, while cover crops need to decompose before their nutrients become available. The nutrient release rate varies depending on the types of cover crops used. Some such as legumes fix Nitrogen from atmosphere lowering the need for purchased nitrogen inputs thereby reducing both costs and environmental degradation caused by manufacture, transportation, and application equipment operation of chemical fertilisers. Other plants such as Rye offer benefits such as erosion control (dense root system), biosynthesis of allelopathic compounds helping with pest management. - Seasonality: Planting cover crops is a seasonal practice that requires planning several months ahead since each type of crop has different timing needs when it comes to sowing and harvesting. While using chemical fertilizers can often be done without much thought about seasons or environment variables because they're available year-round. - Soil protection: Growing plants above ground sustainably alters microbiology below ground improving soil structure long-term; minimizes erosion by wind/rain by binding soils together whereas repeated applications chemicals (highly soluble) can gradually result in damaging impacts if not precisely applied. How to transition to cover crops Transitioning from chemical fertilizers use is relatively easy; it just requires a little extra planning during preparation for planting season before altering anything else. Here's how you can do it: - Decide on the type of cover crop to plant: Not all cover crops are created equal. Think about your garden's specific needs! Consider factors like soil type, available resources (e.g., acreage), and seasonal timing for planting/harvesting along with how much time you have available for management (reducing tillage) mechanics. - Prepare the soil: Planting cover crops requires preparation of the ground where they will grow; cutting/slaughtering existing foliage, loosening soil or no-till techniques. Consult with local experts such as extension agents and agricultural centers around the details for best practices in your area. - Sow the seeds: Sowing cover-crop seeds is easy! Broadcasting over a prepped seedbed typically works well, but specific instructions vary according to variables mentioned above such as soil type (texture/clay content) and weather patterns. - Manage the crop: Cover crops don't require much management beyond sowing seeing that they mostly grow unattended until harvesting season begins typically a few months later. However, mowing or tilling can be done, if needed. How to choose and plant cover crops Cover crops are plants that work wonders for the soil used in a garden. Aside from providing numerous environmental benefits, these crops help improve soil health and fertility by adding nutrients and organic matter. With the right type of cover crop, you can improve your soil's structure, prevent erosion, increase its ability to hold water, suppress weed growth and pests. But how can one know which type of cover crop to choose? Keep reading to find out. Factors to consider when choosing cover crops Before selecting a specific type of cover crop, you need to understand two things: what goals you intend to achieve with it and whether it grows well in your area. Soil Ph: Firstly, consider the PH level of your soil before planting a specific crop; some varities thrive better on acidic soils than others. Soil Type: The next significant factor is soil type. For example, if your garden has heavy or clay soils that require more organic matter but also have poor drainage properties, then annual rye grass would be an ideal pick because it works as a living mulch in such conditions. Time management: Another aspect worth considering is time management. For instance, if you plan on planting vegetables but don't feel like tilling up the ground repeatedly throughout the year due to time constraints or effort entailed, then a good pick would be cereal rye as it does an excellent job at controlling weeds without too much stress on your part. Climate requirement: Finally; make sure that any potential choices suitably fit within your region's climate. Some varieties grow well under colder conditions while others do better during extended warmer periods. How to plant cover crops Once you've decided on which cover crop will serve best based on your goals and matching ecosystem requirements comes planting. Clear Your Garden Area: Clear all areas about 4 weeks before planting so that there's enough time for anaerobic decomposition to take place. Remove all weeds and debris, ensuring that the area is clean and ready for planting. Prepare The Soil: Till the soil such that it's fine enough to allow proper seed contact when planting, typically 1-2 inches deep. In case you have poor soils or are looking to improve soil fertility levels, then incorporate any necessary amendments like manure or phosphorus as recommended per your plant type needs. Seed Planting: After preparing your garden bed adequately, the next step would be seed sowing according to specific crop requirements – whether broadcasted by hand or applied through a mechanical seeder (depending on quantity needed). After sowing the seeds, apply water immediately regularly! This helps ensure they germinate effectively so that new crops can grow and budding root systems can sink in deep umdergrounds without facing any deficit of moisture. Management And Maintenance: Watch out for pests, diseases, and excessive buildup of residue as these remain a widespread cause of harm during cover crop growth phases. Real-life success stories from farmers and gardeners Examples of successful cover crop usage There are many examples of successful cover crop usage in farms and gardens around the world. Here are a few real-life success stories that demonstrate the benefits of planting cover crops: - Increased soil fertility: A farmer in Ohio had been experiencing a decline in his soil fertility due to overuse of chemicals and tillage. He decided to experiment with cover crops, and after just three years he saw an increase in his soil's organic matter content, which led to improved yields and healthier plants. - Improved weed control: A gardener in California was struggling with weeds taking over her garden beds. She started planting cover crops between her vegetable rows during the off-season, and found that they significantly suppressed weed growth once the main growing season began. - Reduced erosion: A farmer in Iowa was concerned about soil erosion on his hilly fields. He started planting cover crops on his sloped land, and found that they helped stabilize the soil, reducing runoff and preventing erosion. These are just a few examples of how cover crops can help improve soil health, reduce pest problems, and increase yields. Here are some first-hand accounts from farmers and gardeners who have used cover crops: "I've been using cover crops on my farm for five years now, and I've seen a huge improvement in my overall yields. Not only do they help build up my soil fertility by fixing nitrogen from the air, but they also suppress weed growth so I don't need to use as many herbicides." – John B., Illinois farmer "We had terrible weed problems in our flower garden until we started using cover crops during the winter months. Now we hardly have any weeds at all!" – Sue L., California gardener "When I first heard about cover crops I was skeptical that they would actually work. But after trying them out for a season, I was hooked. They're easy to plant, require very little maintenance, and have made a huge difference in my soil quality." – Tom M., Ohio farmer Overall, there are countless success stories from farmers and gardeners who have used cover crops to improve their soils and increase their yields. Whether you're looking to boost soil fertility or reduce pest problems, cover crops are a great option for any garden or farm.
Stressed Groundwater Resources in India: Basics Explained The Dynamic Ground Water Resource Assessment Report,2023, for the entire country was released by the Ministry of Jal Shakti. As per the assessment report contribution of ground water is nearly 62% in irrigation, 85% in rural water supply, and 50% in urban water supply. The total annual groundwater recharge for the entire country is 449.08 billion cubic meters (BCM), marking an increase of 11.48 BCM compared to the previous year (2022) and annual groundwater extraction for the entire country is 241.34 BCM. Out of the total 6553 assessment units in the country, 736 units have been categorized as 'Over-exploited'. The stage of ground water extraction stands at 59.23%. Among 6,553 assessment units (Blocks/Mandals/Talukas), 736 units (11.230k\ are 'Over-exploited,' extracting more than the annual recharge. 199 assessment units (3.04%) are 'Critical' with extraction levels between 90-100%, while 698 assessment units (10.650/o) are 'Semi-critical' (70-90% stage of groundwater extraction). The majority, 4,793 assessment units (73.140lo), are 'Safe,' with the stage of groundwater extraction below 700/0. Additionally, 1 27 assessment units (1.940/o) are 'Saline' due to brackish or saline groundwater in phreatic aquifers The over-exploited assessment units are mostly concentrated in (i) the northwestern part of the country including parts of Punjab, Haryana, Delhi and Western Uttar Pradesh where even though the replenishable resources are abundant, there have been indiscriminate withdrawals of groundwater leading to over-exploitation; (ii) the western part of the country, particularly in parts of Rajasthan and Gujarat, where due to arid climate, groundwater recharge itself is limited, leading to stress on the resource and (iii) the southern part of peninsular India including parts of Karnataka, Tamil Nadu Telangana and Andhra Pradesh, where due to inherent characteristics of crystalline aquifers, the groundwater availability is low. Central Ground Water Authority(CGWB) for regulation of groundwater development in the country and compilation of a conceptual document titled "Master Plan for Artificial Recharge to Groundwater in India", which envisages implementation of nearly 11 million Rain Water Harvesting and Artificial Recharge structures to augment the groundwater resources of the country. Ministry of Jal Shakti has also circulated a Model Bill to all States/UTs to enable them to enact suitable legislation for the regulation of groundwater development, which includes the provision of rainwater harvesting. CGWB has taken up the National Aquifer Mapping & Management Programme (NAQUIM), for mapping major aquifers, their characterization, and formulation of Aquifer Management Plans to ensure sustainability of the resources, prioritising Over-exploited, Critical and Semi-critical assessment units. Several State Governments are implementing watershed development programs, in which, groundwater conservation forms an integral part. Water conservation measures are also taken up as a part of the MGNREGA. Ministry of Jal Shakti has launched 'Jal Kranti Abhiyan', aimed at consolidating water conservation and management initiatives in the country through a holistic and integrated approach involving all stakeholders. Atal Bhujal Yojana, being implemented in April 2020, envisages improving groundwater management in identified water-stressed areas in parts of seven States in the country with emphasis on demand management and community participation. Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana (PMKSY)-Har Khet Ko Pani (HKKP)- Ground Water Irrigation(GWI) envisages the creation of irrigation potential from groundwater in assessment units where there is sufficient scope for further future groundwater development. Ministry of Jal Shakti, Government of India has embarked on the Jal Shakti Abhiyan in 2019. This initiative is characterized by the expeditious execution of five discerning interventions: water conservation and the harnessing of rainwater, revitalization of traditional and contemporary aquatic ecosystems, the recycling and replenishment of water, watershed development, and the deliberate augmentation of afforestation efforts. With a view to conserving water for the future, the Prime Minister has launched a new initiative named Mission Amrit Sarovar on 24th April 2022. The Mission is aimed at developing and rejuvenating 75 water bodies in each district of the country as a part of the celebration of Azadi ka Amrit Mahotsav. This Mission has been launched with a whole-of-government approach in which six Ministries /Departments namely- Dept of Rural Development, Department of Land Resources, Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation, Department of Water Resources, Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Ministry of Forest, Environment and Climate changes. A NITI Aayog report says that India is suffering from the worst water crisis in its history with about 60 crore people facing high to extreme water stress and about two lakh people dying every year due to inadequate access to safe water. the report pointed out that with nearly 70 percent of water being contaminated, India is placed at 120th amongst 122 countries in the water quality index. The report said 40 percent of the population will have no access to drinking water by 2030 and 21 cities, including New Delhi, Bengaluru, and Hyderabad will run out of groundwater by 2020, affecting 100 million people. According to the report, 52 percent of India's agricultural area remains dependent on rainfall, so the future expansion of irrigation needs to be focused on last-mile efficiency. India has 16% of the world's population, but only 4% of its freshwater resources. Under the scheme of the Constitution, 'Water' is a State subject and the Union comes in only in the case of inter-state river waters. List II of the Seventh Schedule deals with subjects regarding which states have jurisdiction. Stressed aquifers : sharp increase in the number of buildings has led to the large-scale depletion of groundwater rampantly groundwater is being tapped. The need of the hour is amalgamation of joint efforts and related ministeries with horizontal and vertical integration. Efforts like rooftop rainwater harvesting is considered a suitable solution: also to be supplemented by efforts like efficient water use in agriculture, implementing wastewater treatment systems, and raising awareness about water conservation at all levels of society. To maintain the health of water resources, it is crucial to prioritize sustainable practices. This includes adopting eco-friendly farming techniques, promoting efficient irrigation systems, and reducing industrial pollution. Additionally, investing in research and technology to monitor water quality and identify emerging challenges can help in early detection and timely intervention. Sustainable, cost-effective, and easy solutions like filters are a no-brainer as well.
Who were the Canaanites in the Bible? The Canaanites were a group of people who lived in present-day Israel, Palestine, and parts of Lebanon and Syria during the Bronze Age. The Bible mentions them several times as the enemy of the Israelites and they are often framed as a violent and immoral people in the Bible. But who were they and what did they bring to the region? This article will explore these questions. Canaanites had a polytheistic religion, where the main gods were El and Ashera. Their society was patriarchal and their language was a form of West Semitic. It is widely believed that the Canaanites were initially a group of ancient Semitic-speaking peoples who lived in the area in the second millennium BCE. They are also likely to have been among the first to introduce agricultural practices to the region, introducing irrigation systems and domesticated animals. In addition, they were known to have been very skilled in the craft of making pottery and had strong trade networks with Egypt and other parts of the Mediterranean. The Bible paints a picture of a ruthless people, an enemy of the Israelites and described as coming from seven nations. This has led to much speculation about the identity of these nations and whether we can determine who the Canaanites were. While there is still much that is unknown about the Canaanites, the Bible does provide us with some clues. For example, it mentions some of the towns the Canaanites occupied such as Gath, Sidon and Tyre and it gives us an insight into their beliefs and practices. The Bible also includes detailed descriptions of their religious rituals as well as culinary and architectural tastes. It is clear that the Canaanites were a people with a great influence on the region. They left behind a vast influence in the form of their art, architecture and cuisine and made significant contribution to the development of the land. Despite the negative portrayal of them in the Bible, their legacy remains strong and is still visible today. Though much remains unclear, it is evident that the Canaanites were an important and influential people in the region. They played an important role in the development of the area and are remembered for their art, culture, and architecture. Their legacy remains today and it is still visible throughout the land. Canaanite Influences On Agriculture The Canaanites played an important role in the development of agriculture in the region. They were the first to introduce irrigation systems and to domesticate livestock. They also developed new technologies to allow higher yields of crops, introducing sugarcane for example and the use of dried fruits and nuts for better storage. Furthermore, their introduction of new plant species increased the diversity of food production and enabled the growth of trade in the region. The practice of crop rotation was also used in the region and allowed for a more efficient use of the land, reducing soil erosion and securing yields. Utilizing manure as a fertilizer was also implemented as an early form of soil enrichment in the region. In addition, the introduction of plows and oxen were used to make farming easier and to maximize yields. The Canaanites were also experts in the craft of bread making and the development of wine production. They had extensive farming practices and were known to trade their grains, cereals and flour with cultures from Egypt and the Mediterranean. The Canaanites' agricultural practices had a profound impact on the development of the region and led to increased variety in food production and a greater development in trade. Their practices allowed for a more efficient use of the land and for higher yields for farmers in the region. Canaanites Contribution to Art and Architecture The Canaanites had an impressive artistic legacy. They made grand monuments, crafted pottery, and had a strong appreciation for music and the performing arts. They built magnificent cities and invented elaborate palaces, such as Megiddo and Hazor. Most of their artwork focused on religious figures and stories, but they also created abstract works and sculptures that celebrated everyday life. Many of their pieces are both technically and aesthetically impressive. The Canaanites also had a unique architecture, which blended elements of Mesopotamian, Egyptian and Anatolian styles. A hallmark of Canaanite architecture is the use of vault and arch, which allowed for larger and more impressive buildings. They also developed impressive drainage systems and plumbing networks, showing their advanced understanding of technology and engineering. In terms of aesthetic value, their craftsmanship is still being greatly appreciated and admired today. The Canaanites left behind a rich legacy in the form of their art and architecture. Their sculptures and monuments are admired for their technical skill, while their palaces and cities remain testament to their innovative use of engineering and technology. They are still celebrated for their large-scale infrastructure projects and the quality of their craftsmanship. Canaanite Cuisine The Canaanites had a rich and diverse cuisine and their food shows the influence of both their culture and the region itself. Their diet was heavily reliant on grains such as wheat, barley and millet, as well as legumes such as lentils and chickpeas. They also consumed dairy products such as cheese and yogurt and had an extensive use of various herbs and spices to enhance the flavour of their dishes. The Canaanites' diet was largely vegetarian, with a reliance on fruits, vegetables, nuts and seeds. They also consumed a variety of seafood, such as shellfish and molluscs, and enjoyed a wide range of grains and pulses. Some of the luxurious ingredients used by the Canaanites included honey and saffron, which were highly-prized in the region. The food that the Canaanites produced is still celebrated in the region, with many of their dishes having survived to this day. As an example, "fattoush" is a popular salad which uses crumbled flatbread, called makhluba, as its base, one of the signature ingredients of Canaanite cuisine. The contribution of the Canaanite cuisine to the food culture of the region is vast. Their influence can still be seen in the many dishes that are still enjoyed today. Through the culinary heritage of their land, their legacy lives on. Canaanites' Impact on Religion The Canaanites were polytheists and their main gods were El and Ashera. They believed in a variety of spirits and held sacred rituals to honour them. They also respected the moon and stars, with temples dedicated to the moon god located at an important city. Religious rituals were an important part of Canaanite life and used to celebrate seasonal changes, honour gods, and provided a social gathering space. Rituals and offerings of parts of animals formed an important part of their religious life and many of the grounds of temples were found to be covered in animal bones, which were likely used as offerings. The influence of the Canaanites on religion in the region is significant. Their polytheistic beliefs likely contributed to the development of later religions. Many of their practices and rituals were adopted by neighbouring cultures and were integral to the development of Judaism in the region. Summary of the Canaanite Legacy The Canaanites were an influential people in the region, leaving behind a legacy that is still visible today. They had an important role in the development of the agricultural practices and infrastructure of the region and their art, architecture, and cuisine have all survived to this day. Their polytheistic beliefs also contributed to the development of later religions in the region and many of their practices were adopted by neighbouring cultures. Through the legacy of the Canaanites, it is evident that they were an important and influential people in the region and their legacy remains today.
A groundbreaking study suggests that replacing red meat with forage fish such as herring, sardines, and anchovies could potentially save 750,000 lives annually and contribute to addressing the climate crisis. Mounting evidence has linked red meat consumption with elevated risks of various diseases in humans and significant environmental harm. Conversely, forage fish are not only highly nutritious but also environmentally friendly, representing the most abundant fish species in the world's oceans. Despite the known benefits of forage fish, the extent to which they could alleviate the global burden of disease by substituting for red meat has remained unclear. However, a joint effort by Japanese and Australian researchers has shed light on this issue through the largest analysis of its kind, incorporating data from over 130 countries. According to the study findings, replacing red meat with forage fish could prevent 750,000 deaths annually and substantially decrease the prevalence of disability due to diet-related diseases. The potential benefits of adopting such a dietary shift are particularly pronounced in low- and middle-income countries, where forage fish are both affordable and abundant. In these regions, where heart disease takes a significant toll, the transition could be especially impactful, the researchers noted. In a publication in the journal BMJ Global Health, the researchers emphasized the importance of limiting red meat consumption and transitioning to foods that are both healthy and environmentally sustainable. They highlighted seafood as a superior alternative to red meat, offering higher concentrations of essential nutrients while helping to prevent diet-related non-communicable diseases (NCDs). The study underscores the nutritional richness of forage fish, which are abundant in omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, calcium, and vitamin B12. Additionally, these fish boast the lowest carbon footprint among animal food sources, making them a sustainable dietary choice. Currently, however, a significant portion of the forage fish catch is processed into fishmeal and fish oil, primarily for use in fish farming. The researchers developed four scenarios to model different patterns of forage fish allocation globally. These scenarios utilized projected red meat consumption data for 2050 across 137 countries, alongside historical data on forage fish catch from marine habitats. The global adoption of this dietary approach could potentially prevent up to 750,000 deaths from diet-related diseases by 2050, as well as avoid up to 15 million years of life lived with disability. Acknowledging the limited supply of forage fish, the researchers noted that while they cannot fully replace all red meat, their substitution could still substantially alleviate the global disease burden. "This study highlights the promising potential of forage fish as an alternative to red meat," the researchers concluded. "It underscores the necessity for fish-based dietary guidelines and nutrition-sensitive policies to prioritize the composition of future fish intake and promote forage fish consumption."
- Tags: - Show more - Pages: - 1 - Words: - 275 M7D1 Student's Name Institution Affiliation Technical specifications are a set of documented standards and requirements which a product and the production process must meet. The documented details form the basis for performance and product evaluation. In a nuclear generating station the facility operating license document provides a set of guidelines and rules that the plant must adhere to (Fanning, 2011). The paper aims to the show the personnel responsible for ensuring compliance with limiting conditions for operation and surveillance requirements at the nuclear generating plant and highlights the relationship between technical specifications and the physical defense in depth barriers. Limiting conditions for operation and surveillance requirements are two categories in the technical specifications document. Limiting conditions for operation are basically the conditions that oversee equipment operability at a nuclear generating plant. The operating conditions are known as modes. These conditions when at the lowest the operations of the plant will not run safely and the licensee will be required to ensure shut down of the plant and engage remedial actuals until all the conditions are met. The operation plant manager is responsible that all limiting requirements are met. Surveillance requirements, on the other hand, refer to the periodic tests done on the plant aimed at ensuring operability by checking the quality of systems and that the plant is within the limiting conditions (Fanning, 2011). These tests are usually done in line with the specifications set out which can have them done daily, weekly, monthly, etc. It is the responsibility of the senior corporate
CALIFORNIA — Whether sipping nectar from flowers and zipping through the air, hummingbirds are a sure sign of spring in California. The itty-bitty birds are busy breeding and building nests, which means there are plenty of opportunities to view them in action. "They're very entertaining to watch," said Andrea Jones, senior director of conservation at Audubon California. "They're just on the go all the time. I think that's the funnest part — just watching them whizzing around." Of the 16 species of hummingbirds listed in the National Audubon Society's Guide to North American Bird s, six can be spotted in California, Jones said.
Understanding Salvage Value: A Key Concept in AccountingHave you ever wondered what happens to a plant asset after it has served its useful life? Is it just discarded as scrap, or does it still hold some value? This is where the concept of salvage value comes into play. In accounting, salvage value refers to the expected amount that can be obtained from disposing of a plant asset at the end of its useful life. It is an essential consideration in determining the depreciation expense and overall financial health of a company. In this article, we will delve into the definition and significance of salvage value, provide examples of its calculation, and explore the assumptions associated with it. Definition of Salvage Value Meaning and significance Salvage value, also known as disposal value, residual value, terminal value, or scrap value, is the estimated worth of a plant asset when it can no longer effectively contribute to a company's operations. It represents the residual value of the asset that can be obtained upon its disposal. Understanding the salvage value is crucial for a company's accounting purposes, as it helps determine the depreciation expense recorded on the asset. Let's say a company purchases a piece of machinery for $100,000, expecting it to last for ten years. Determining the salvage value of the machinery is essential for allocating the cost of the asset over its useful life. Instead of expensing the entire cost upfront, the company can spread the cost over time, thus reflecting the asset's gradual loss of value. Synonyms and related terms While salvage value is the most commonly used term, it is worth mentioning the various synonyms and related terms used in accounting. The term "disposal value" is often used interchangeably with salvage value, as both refer to the expected amount obtainable by disposing of a plant asset. Similarly, "residual value" and "terminal value" imply a similar concept, signifying the remaining worth of an asset at the end of its useful life. On the other hand, "scrap value" specifically refers to the value obtained from selling the asset as scrap material. Example of Salvage Value Calculation of depreciation expense To illustrate the significance of salvage value in accounting, let's consider the example of a company purchasing a delivery truck for $50,000 with a useful life of five years and an estimated salvage value of $5,000. The first step in calculating the truck's depreciation expense is determining the depreciable cost, which is the initial cost minus the salvage value. In this case, the depreciable cost would be $45,000 ($50,000 – $5,000). Next, we divide the depreciable cost by the asset's useful life to determine the annual depreciation expense. In this example, the depreciation expense would be $9,000 ($45,000 5 years), assuming straight-line depreciation is used. Assumption of no salvage value While salvage value is commonly considered in accounting, there are scenarios where it may be assumed to be zero. For instance, some assets, such as software, may become obsolete or virtually worthless after their useful life, making it difficult to determine any salvage value. When assuming no salvage value, the entire cost of the asset is expensed over its useful life. This means that the depreciation expense would be higher, leading to a larger deduction from the company's income and potentially reducing its taxable income. However, assuming no salvage value also means that there will be no gain upon the sale or disposal of the asset. Conclusion: Understanding salvage value is fundamental for accurate accounting and financial reporting. It helps companies determine the appropriate depreciation expense, allocate the cost of assets over their useful life, and plan for future investments. By considering salvage value, businesses can make informed decisions regarding the disposal of assets and assess their overall financial well-being. So the next time you come across the term salvage value, you'll have a clear understanding of its definition and significance. Analyzing the Article Assumptions and Considerations While salvage value is an essential concept in accounting, it's important to note that the determination and consideration of salvage value can vary based on different assumptions and considerations made by accountants. One such consideration is the influence of income tax regulations on salvage value. Income tax regulations often impact how salvage value is calculated and accounted for. The salvage value used for accounting purposes may differ from the salvage value used for income tax purposes. This is because income tax regulations may have specific rules and guidelines on depreciating assets and calculating gains or losses upon disposal. Accountants must consider these regulations when determining the salvage value for tax purposes. In some cases, accountants may assume a salvage value of zero when calculating depreciation for tax purposes. This is commonly done when an asset has a minimal expected value at the end of its useful life, making it difficult to estimate salvage value accurately. By assuming zero salvage value, the entire cost of the asset is expensed over its useful life, which can result in higher tax deductions. Reporting and Gains In addition to depreciation expense, salvage value is also relevant when it comes to reporting and potential gains on the sale or disposal of assets. When an asset is sold or disposed of, the gain or loss on the transaction is usually calculated by comparing the book value to the sale price. The book value is the value of the asset on the company's books, taking into consideration its historical cost, accumulated depreciation, and any adjustments for impairment. If the sale price exceeds the book value, it results in a gain, and if the sale price is lower, it leads to a loss. The salvage value plays a crucial role in determining the book value. If the asset's salvage value is estimated accurately, it helps determine the total depreciation recorded over the asset's life. The accumulated depreciation is subtracted from the asset's historical cost to calculate the book value. Therefore, an accurate estimate of salvage value ensures that the book value reflects the true value of the asset at any given point in time. However, it's important to note that the actual sale price of an asset can sometimes differ from the estimated salvage value. Factors such as market demand, condition of the asset, and negotiation skills can influence the final sale price. In cases where the sale price exceeds the estimated salvage value, it results in a gain on the transaction. Gains on the sale of assets are generally reported as other income on a company's income statement. These gains contribute to a company's profitability and can positively impact its financial performance. On the other hand, if the sale price is lower than the estimated salvage value, it results in a loss on the transaction, which is reported as an expense. In summary, accurately estimating salvage value is vital for determining the book value of an asset and calculating depreciation over its useful life. This estimation also plays a crucial role in evaluating gains or losses upon the sale or disposal of assets. By considering the influence of income tax regulations and making appropriate assumptions, accountants can ensure consistent and accurate reporting of salvage value in financial statements, providing stakeholders with important information about the financial health of a company. As we have explored the definition, calculation, assumptions, and reporting of salvage value, it becomes evident that this concept is not merely a technical accounting term but holds significant importance in assessing the financial well-being of a company. By understanding salvage value, business owners, investors, and accountants can make informed decisions about asset management, capital allocation, and financial planning. So, the next time you come across the term salvage value, you'll be armed with the knowledge to navigate the financial landscape with confidence. In conclusion, salvage value is a fundamental concept in accounting that represents the residual worth of a plant asset at the end of its useful life. It plays a vital role in determining depreciation expense, allocating costs over time, and assessing the financial health of a company. By accurately estimating salvage value, businesses can make informed decisions about asset management and financial planning. Takeaways include considering income tax regulations, assumptions about salvage value, and accounting for gains or losses on asset sales. Remember, understanding salvage value empowers stakeholders to navigate the financial landscape with confidence, ensuring accurate reporting and informed decision-making.
With the rise of social media platforms, the use of abbreviations and acronyms has become common. Snapchat, being one of the most popular messaging apps, has its own set of jargon. One such abbreviation that you may come across is 'PMS.' But what does PMS mean on Snapchat? Let's dive into this phenomenon. Understanding PMS on Snapchat PMS on Snapchat typically stands for 'Private Message Service' or 'Personal Messaging System.' It refers to the feature on the platform that allows users to send private messages to each other, separate from their public stories and snaps. How PMS is Used Users can use the PMS feature to have one-on-one conversations with their friends or contacts without the messages being visible to the public. This ensures privacy and discretion in their interactions. Examples of PMS Conversations For example, if you want to share personal information, have a private discussion, or simply chat with a friend without others seeing your conversation, you would use the PMS feature on Snapchat. It's a convenient way to connect in a more intimate setting. Case Studies In a study conducted on Snapchat usage, it was found that a significant portion of users preferred using PMS for communication with close friends and family. The privacy and control offered by the feature were cited as key reasons for its popularity. Statistics on PMS Usage According to recent data, over 70% of Snapchat users engage in private messaging on the platform regularly. This indicates the importance and widespread use of the PMS feature among the user base. In conclusion, PMS on Snapchat refers to the Private Message Service or Personal Messaging System that allows users to engage in private conversations with their contacts. It offers a secure and private way to communicate, making it a valuable feature for many users. Next time you see PMS on Snapchat, you'll know exactly what it means!
As an SEO writer, I will provide quick answers to questions in the opening paragraphs and expand on the details throughout the article. Girl Scout cookies are a popular treat sold annually by Girl Scouts across the United States. Many people wonder if Girl Scout cookies are dairy free. Here are some quick answers to common questions: Are all Girl Scout cookies dairy free? No, not all Girl Scout cookies are dairy free. Most varieties contain some dairy ingredients like whey, milk, butter, or cream. Do Girl Scouts sell any dairy free cookie varieties? Yes, some Girl Scout cookie varieties are dairy free. The dairy free options include Thin Mints, Peanut Butter Patties/Tagalongs, Peanut Butter Sandwich/Do-si-dos, Lemonades, Thanks-A-Lot, and gluten-free Toffee-tastic. What makes a Girl Scout cookie dairy free? A Girl Scout cookie is considered dairy free if it does not contain milk-derived ingredients like whey, milk, butter, or cream. Dairy free cookies rely on ingredients like chocolate, peanuts, peanut butter, and lemon flavoring. Why do some cookies contain dairy while others don't? Cookie recipes vary based on the desired flavors and textures. Recipes with butter provide a richer taste and texture. Milk ingredients like whey are added for smoothness and moisture. Cookies without dairy rely on alternate ingredients to achieve the ideal taste and texture. Which flavors typically contain dairy? Cookie varieties most likely to contain dairy include: - Samoas/Caramel deLites – contain milk chocolate and butter - Trefoils/Shortbread – contain butter - Thin Mints – contain milk fat - Tagalongs/Peanut Butter Patties – contain whey in some bakeries While some Girl Scout cookies contain dairy like milk, butter, or whey, people with dietary restrictions still have several delicious dairy free options to choose from, including Thin Mints, Peanut Butter Patties/Tagalongs, Peanut Butter Sandwich/Do-si-dos, Lemonades, Thanks-A-Lot, and gluten-free Toffee-tastic. Are Girl Scout Cookies Dairy Free? A Detailed Look Girl Scout cookies are beloved by cookie lovers across America. For many, biting into the crispy, chocolatey, or smooth textured cookies brings back happy memories of Girl Scouts selling outside grocery stores, door-to-door in neighborhoods, or through digital platforms. However, a common question for those with dietary restrictions is – are Girl Scout cookies dairy free? The answer, unfortunately, is not straightforward. While some Girl Scout cookie varieties are dairy free, others definitely contain milk-derived ingredients like butter, cream, or whey. For those who need or strongly prefer dairy free options, it's important to understand which cookies are compatible with a vegan, dairy free, or lactose intolerant diet. This article will take a detailed look at answering the question – are Girl Scout cookies dairy free? First, we will provide a quick overview and summary. Then, we will dive deeper into the key considerations around dairy ingredients in Girl Scout cookies. Let's explore! Quick Overview: Are Girl Scout Cookies Dairy Free? Here is a quick overview before diving into details: - Not all Girl Scout cookies are dairy free – most varieties contain some dairy ingredients - However, some cookie varieties are dairy free including Thin Mints, Peanut Butter Patties, Lemonades, Thanks-A-Lot, and the gluten-free Toffee-Tastic - Cookies with chocolate, peanut butter, or lemon flavoring tend to be dairy free - Butter, milk, cream, and whey are dairy ingredients found in some cookie recipes - Always check labels each cookie season since formulations can change Which Girl Scout Cookies Typically Contain Dairy? The following Girl Scout cookie varieties typically contain some dairy ingredients like butter, milk, cream, or whey: Samoas/Caramel deLites Samoas, also called Caramel deLites in some regions, contain both butter and milk chocolate. The coating contains butter that lends the coconut caramel cookie its signature taste and texture. Trefoils feature the taste of creamy butter in their classic shortbread recipe. Butter contributes to their iconic soft, crumbly, melt-in-your-mouth texture. Tagalongs/Peanut Butter Patties Tagalongs or Peanut Butter Patties traditionally contain whey in the peanut butter filling. However, they can be dairy free when whey is replaced with alternate ingredients. Thin Mints Thin Mints contain milkfat to help achieve their signature smooth chocolate coating. Milkfat gives the coating a creamy, rich taste. Girl Scout S'mores The Girl Scout S'mores cookie features creamy chocolate and marshmallow topping sandwiched between crunchy graham crackers. Both the chocolate and marshmallow contain dairy ingredients. Which Girl Scout Cookies Are Dairy Free? Thankfully a few delicious Girl Scout cookie varieties are made without butter, milk, whey, or any other dairy derivatives. Here are some of the most popular dairy free Girl Scout cookie options: Thin Mints While Thin Mints traditionally contain milkfat in the coating, some bakeries have reformulated them to be dairy free using alternate fats. Check labels to confirm dairy free status each season. Peanut Butter Patties/Tagalongs When made without whey in the peanut butter filling, Tagalongs/Peanut Butter Patties avoid dairy. The chocolate coating is generally dairy free as well. Peanut Butter Sandwich/Do-si-dos With their creamy peanut butter filling between two crunchy oat-based cookies, Peanut Butter Sandwich/Do-si-dos cookies are dairy free by nature. Relying on tangy lemon flavor, Lemonades are dairy free due to avoiding butter in their shortbread-like cookies. Thanks-A-Lot cookies are shortbread-like with a lemon zest and fudge coating. When made without butter, they can be dairy free. Toffee-Tastic are crunchy gluten-free cookies with sweet toffee bits. They are dairy free without any milk-derived ingredients. Are Vegan or Non-Dairy Girl Scout Cookies Available? Some Girl Scout councils now offer additional non-dairy or vegan cookie options each season. However, these options vary by region. Some examples include: - Vegan S'mores – graham cookies with vegan marshmallow and chocolate - Hippie Hummus – lemon cookies with hummus filling - French Toast – maple syrup flavored cookies Contact your local Girl Scout council to learn about specialty non-dairy or vegan cookies sold in your region each cookie season. How to Know if Girl Scout Cookies are Dairy Free Since formulations can change, the best way to confirm if Girl Scout cookies are dairy free each season is to: - Check ingredient lists – read labels carefully looking for whey, milk, butter, cream etc. - Ask your Girl Scout cookie sellers if they know which cookies are dairy free - Contact the baker – Little Brownie Bakers or ABC Bakers are the main licensed bakers that produce Girl Scout cookies. You can contact them to ask about dairy free options. - Visit girlscoutcookies.org – the Girl Scouts may provide allergen information on their website - Look for dairy free symbols – some packaging may be marked "dairy free" or have a cow with a slash through it. Tips for Enjoying Dairy Free Girl Scout Cookies Here are some tips for those who need or prefer dairy free Girl Scout cookies: - Ask your Girl Scout early – let them know ahead of time you need dairy free cookies only - Try newer varieties – councils are introducing more dairy free options over time - Focus on traditionally dairy free flavors – opt for Thin Mints, Peanut Butter Patties, Lemonades etc. - Make dairy free swaps – use dairy free chocolate chips or nut butters for s'mores inspired treats - Enjoy in moderation – they are still a treat! Nutritional Profile of Dairy Free Girl Scout Cookies Wondering about the nutrition facts for dairy free Girl Scout cookies? Here is a look at some of the main categories: Calories in dairy free Girl Scout cookies Average calories per cookie: - Thin Mints – ~70 calories - Peanut Butter Patties – ~50 calories - Lemonades – ~50 calories - Toffee-Tastic – ~110 calories Fat in dairy free Girl Scout cookies Amount of fat per cookie: - Thin Mints – ~4g total fat - Peanut Butter Patties – ~3g total fat - Lemonades – ~2.5g total fat - Toffee-Tastic – ~5g total fat Carbohydrates in dairy free Girl Scout cookies Grams of carbs per cookie: - Thin Mints – ~11g carbs - Peanut Butter Patties – ~9g carbs - Lemonades – ~11g carbs - Toffee-Tastic – ~15g carbs Protein in dairy free Girl Scout cookies Grams of protein per cookie: - Thin Mints – ~1g protein - Peanut Butter Patties – ~3g protein - Lemonades – ~0.5g protein - Toffee-Tastic – ~1g protein As you can see, dairy free Girl Scout cookies are still treats high in sugar and carbohydrates with some fat and protein. Enjoying them in moderation is key! The Takeaway on Dairy and Girl Scout Cookies While historically most classic Girl Scout cookies contained some type of dairy ingredient, shifting consumer preferences have led to more dairy free options in recent years. Carefully reading ingredient labels each season and knowing which varieties to look for makes it possible for those avoiding dairy to enjoy Girl Scout cookies too. Overall, some delicious dairy free Girl Scout cookies to look for include Thin Mints, Peanut Butter Patties/Tagalongs, Peanut Butter Sandwich/Do-si-dos, Lemonades, Thanks-A-Lot, and Toffee-Tastic. Traditional flavors with chocolate, peanut butter, and lemon profiles tend to avoid butter, milk, whey and other dairy derivatives. Meanwhile, treat varieties like Samoas, Trefoils, and Girl Scout S'mores are more likely to contain dairy-based ingredients. By understanding which cookies are compatible with a dairy free or vegan diet, reading labels carefully, and asking questions directly, you can make sure to choose only the dairy free Girl Scout cookies each cookie season. Now go enjoy those cookies – in moderation of course!
Hong Kong is truly a world city. Here you can find nationalities from all over the globe. According to the 2011 census, there are 451,000 ethnic minorities living in Hong Kong, making up 6.4% of the total population. It is a threefold increase from ten years ago. This series documents the lives of ethnic minorities with long-term residency in Hong Kong, especially how they live among the local Chinese. The subjects include the grassroots, those who have a certain degree of success in their careers and the professionals. It weaves a picture of joy and sorrow, of frictions, disputes and mutual support. The series delves into the religion, culture, education, career, entertainment, friendship, marriage, and food of the ethnic minorities in Hong Kong. The goal is for viewers of different nationalities and racial origins to understand how to live with each other by breaking down the wall of language and cultural differences, and to live with each other with understanding and without prejudice.
Two weeks from now I will MC my friend's wedding. This will be my first time. I have only recently become comfortable presenting to a small meeting room. Even then I am nervous regardless of how well I prepared. In my angst at commanding the ceremony I did a little research. I found a few articles in the realm of MC guides, presentation guides and even interview guides. In these I noted some recurring patterns, the guidelines were all quite similar. What is most common are the mistakes one can make in these contexts. Here are the common mistakes to avoid when presenting, mastering ceremonies or interviewing: Not understanding your audience. Find out who you will be speaking to. Do some research and understand their background particularly about the topic. If it's an interview, find out who your interviewer is and have a look at their LinkedIn profile. If you are presenting to an audience understand how well they know the topic. Leaving too much unknown What we fear is what we don't know. Know your key message, know your audience, rehearse, and know your slides. This will build your confidence. Jumping straight into PowerPoint Start with paper. Ask yourself and answer these questions: What purpose do you want to fulfil with your presentation? Why are you presenting this? What does your audience expect from you that they can't get from reading a similar article? The answers to this will guide the structure of your presentation. Overloading your audience with unnecessary information. Tell a story. An enticing beginning, an engaging middle and a clear conclusion at the end. Don't add more than necessary to tell the story. If you are using slides, for example, avoid having slides with more than 3 bullet points of text. Remember a picture says 1 000 words and it is easier to remember. Making it too complicated Keep it simple. Your audience wants you to make the material easier to understand and remember. This is why you are presenting and not sending an essay or article. Get to the essence of your message. Ask yourself: "If my audience had to remember 3 things, what would those be?" Forgetting to answer the question "So what?" This is what your audience is asking while you present. Always ensure you answer the question before switching topics. Failing the elevator test If you had to cut your presentation time in half would you be able to get the key message across? Try this: Determine if you can write the key message on the back of a business card. Do this when planning your presentation. Not telling stories Bring your message to life with stories that the audience can relate to. Don't forget to understand your audience and think of stories you can use in the planning phase. Stories will help to simplify complex ideas. Good stories have an enticing beginning, an engaging middle and a clear conclusion at the end. Using low quality graphics in your slides Don't use any image from the internet without making sure it looks good when presenting. Stretching a low resolution image so it fits will look unprofessional. You can take your own photos or find high quality images using Google search (find free-to-use images). Also subscribe to Death to Stock Photo to receive free-to-use beautiful stock images every month. Using too many fonts in your slide deck Keep your fonts consistent and try to stick to two complementary fonts. Ensure they are easy to read. A weak start The first 2-3 minutes of the presentation are the most important. Remember to start strong, don't ramble and make your intentions clear early on. Hiding behind the podium If you can move away from the podium, then do so. Removing barriers will help you to connect with your audience. Not making eye contact Don't just scan the group, try to make eye contact with individuals in your audience. Being unprofessional This is important for large groups and interviews. When someone is being difficult, remain calm and be assertive. True professionals always remain cool and in control. How do you write a professional CV?
- Control excessive body and tire movement - Reduce vehicle bounce, roll and sway – plus brake dive and acceleration squat - Help maintain consistent handling and braking - Help maintain wheel alignment - Help reduce the potential of premature wear on tires and other suspension parts Many times, you'll hear people refer to shocks and struts interchangeably. However, shocks and struts are two distinct parts with different functions. While both can help with your vehicle's ride and handling, these parts work in different ways. Shocks are individual components of the suspension system while struts are a major structural component of the chassis and suspension system. Despite what many people think, conventional shock absorbers do not support vehicle weight. Instead, the primary purpose of the shock absorber is to control spring and suspension movement. This is accomplished by turning the kinetic energy of suspension movement into thermal energy, or heat energy, to be dissipated through the hydraulic fluid. The amount of resistance a shock absorber develops depends on the speed of the suspension and the number and size of the tiny holes or orifices in the piston. All modern shock absorbers are velocity-sensitive hydraulic damping devices – meaning the faster the suspension moves the more resistance the shock absorber provides. Because of this feature, shock absorbers adjust to varying road conditions and reduce the rate of: - Bounce - Roll and sway from worn shocks losing the ability to control the rate of weight transfer - Brake dive and acceleration squat Shock absorbers work on the principle of fluid displacement on both the compression and extension cycle. A typical car or light truck will have more resistance during its extension cycle than its compression cycle. The compression cycle controls the motion of a vehicle's unspring weight, while extension controls the heavier sprung weight. Shock absorbers are basically oil pumps. A piston is attached to the end of the piston rod and works against hydraulic fluid in the pressure tube. As the suspension travels up and down, the hydraulic fluid is forced through the orifices inside the piston. However, these orifices let only a small amount of fluid through the piston. This slows down the piston, which in turn slows down spring and suspension movement. Typically, struts consist of a strut housing to provide rigid structural support for the assembly and a damping unit within the strut housing to control spring and suspension movement. On most struts, the bottom of the body attaches to the steering knuckle, which in turn connects to a lower control arm through a lower ball joint. A complete strut assembly includes all the components needed for strut replacement in a single, fully-assembled unit. It combines the strut housing, damping unit with a coil spring to support the vehicle's weight. Does my Vehicle have Shocks or Struts? Every wheel on your vehicle has either a shock or strut. However, your vehicle could have shocks on the front and struts on the back or some other configuration. The key takeaway is that each wheel has some sort of ride control part. How do I know if my shocks or struts need replacement? Common signs of worn shocks or struts include excessive bouncing or swaying, uneven tire wear, a bumpy or uncomfortable ride, nose diving during braking, or leaking fluid from the shocks or struts. Can I replace shocks or struts myself, or should I have a professional do it? While it's possible to replace shocks or struts yourself if you have the necessary tools and mechanical skills, it's often recommended to have a professional technician perform the replacement to ensure proper installation and alignment. What factors should I consider when choosing replacement shocks or struts? Consider factors such as your vehicle's make and model, driving conditions, intended usage (e.g., daily commuting, off-roading, towing), and desired ride comfort or performance characteristics when selecting replacement shocks or struts. Can worn shocks or struts affect vehicle safety? Yes, worn shocks or struts can negatively impact vehicle handling, braking performance, and stability, increasing the risk of accidents, especially in emergency situations or on rough roads.
Marshall Street Launches Resources to Improve Teaching and Learning for Students with Disabilities Research-to-Impact Practices Showcase Strategies and Tools Developed by Educators and Content Experts to Support Historically Underserved Students Research-to-Impact Practices Showcase Strategies and Tools Developed by Educators and Content Experts to Support Historically Underserved Students Nathan James REDWOOD CITY, Calif. — Marshall Street announced the publication of more than 20 evidence-based practices to improve learning experiences, environments, and outcomes for Black and Latinx students with disabilities experiencing poverty. The Research-to-Impact Practices were developed by the Networked Improvement Community for Students with Disabilities, a three-year collaboration supported by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation to codify and spread promising practices for historically underserved students. "Schools urgently need more effective strategies to serve students with disabilities that bridge the gap between academic research and the realities in their classrooms," said Stephanie Lassalle, director of improvement programs at Marshall Street. "What makes the Research-to-Impact Practices unique is that they were developed and refined by educators and have demonstrated positive outcomes on a wide range of student achievement measures, as well as attendance and postsecondary transitions." Developed using the tools of continuous improvement — the science of getting better at getting better — the practices address system-level challenges that school and district leaders face in meeting the needs of students with disabilities. The practices are organized into five collections that summarize relevant research and provide step-by-step instructions, case studies from schools in the network, and templates and implementation tools for educators to use in their classrooms. U.S. public schools serve more than 7 million students with disabilities, about 15% of the total student population. However, students with disabilities frequently face low expectations, barriers to rigorous courses, and insufficient support to graduate high school and pursue their dreams. For Black and Latinx students with disabilities experiencing poverty, the challenges are even greater. Yet research shows that 85-90% of students with disabilities can achieve at grade-level when they receive high-quality instruction and appropriate accommodations. The Networked Improvement Community for Students with Disabilities was guided by a commitment to targeted universalism. While many researchers have individually studied the outcomes of students by race, socioeconomic class, and ability status, there is little applied research about how to effectively support students at the intersection. By developing interventions for students furthest from opportunity, schools can ultimately create a more equitable education experience for all students. "In many cases, the challenges schools face in serving students with disabilities are similar, yet the contexts and communities in which they are doing so are diverse," added Lassalle. "These collections offer authentic case studies and practical resources to guide schools in their efforts to improve programs and systems at scale to serve all students." The Networked Improvement Community for Students with Disabilities included 10 public charter school communities serving 75,000 students across the country: Collegiate Academies, Ednovate, Green Dot Public Schools California, KIPP Northern California, Mastery Schools, Noble Schools, STEM Preparatory Schools, STRIVE Prep (now Rocky Mountain Prep), Summit Public Schools, and Uncommon Schools. Schools received support from a group of technical assistance providers, including Blue Engine, NIRN, RTI International, Spark Educational Consulting, SRI International, and SWIFT Education Center. Today, nearly all the school networks are continuing or expanding their work to implement these best practices. At Green Dot Public Schools California, which operates 18 middle and high schools in Southern California, educators set out to increase college, leadership, and life choices for their students with disabilities by focusing on increasing course passage rates and accelerating growth in literacy. Two schools participated in the network, implementing research-based reading interventions and expanding co-planning and co-teaching between general and special education teachers. From fall 2019 to spring 2023, both school sites nearly tripled the percentage of students with disabilities passing all classes with a C or better. "Participating in this project has helped change the culture of our schools. We are adopting the mindset that to improve outcomes for students with disabilities, we have to engage general education teachers," said Dr. Susana Campo-Contreras, senior director of special education and psychological services at Green Dot Public Schools California. "As a result, these practices are expanding to other campuses much faster than we expected." About Marshall Street Marshall Street is a division of Summit Public Schools based in Redwood City, California. Marshall draws from more than 15 years of institutional knowledge and extensive experience in school improvement. Through our programs, we increase the capacity of our school partners to carry their work forward in the ways most meaningful to their communities. To learn more, visit: https://www.marshall.org/. This is a sponsored message and does not necessarily represent the views of the Education Writers Association, its board of directors, or its members. Want to see your release on the EWA site? Promote it with EWA. Your post will be on the website shortly. We will get back to you shortly
The Power of Natural Selection: Understanding the Mechanism that Drives EvolutionIn the vast realm of biology, few theories hold as much weight as Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection. This concept explains how organisms change over time and adapt to their environments. By understanding the intricacies of natural selection, we can gain insight into the fascinating process that shapes the diversity of life on Earth. In this article, we will delve into the definition of natural selection and explore how it works, shedding light on the pressures faced by organisms to survive and thrive. Definition of Natural Selection Concept of Natural Selection At its core, natural selection is the mechanism by which certain traits become more or less common in a population over generations. It is driven by the relentless interaction between organisms and their environments. In every generation, variations occur within a population, and those with advantageous traits for survival have a higher chance of passing on their genes to the next generation. This gradual accumulation of beneficial traits leads to the evolution of a species. Inheritance of Genetics and Changing Environment Inheritability plays a central role in natural selection. Organisms pass down their genetic material to their offspring, resulting in traits that resemble those of their parents. However, it is important to note that the environment also plays a critical role in shaping the outcome of natural selection. As the environment changes, certain traits that were once advantageous may become less useful or even detrimental. This necessitates adaptations in order for organisms to thrive in their ever-evolving surroundings. How Natural Selection Works Pressure to Adapt and Survive Within any given environment, organisms face an unending pressure to adapt and survive. This pressure arises from various sources such as competition for resources, predation, disease, and changes in climate. Those individuals with traits that confer an advantage in these circumstances are more likely to thrive and reproduce, passing their advantageous traits to future generations. Over time, the population becomes better suited to its environment, resulting in greater fitness and survival. Role of Genetic Variability and Reproductive Success The key to natural selection lies in genetic variability, which is the presence of different genetic traits within a population. When a population exhibits a wide range of genetic diversity, it increases the likelihood of beneficial traits being present. This diversity arises from mutations, genetic recombination during sexual reproduction, and gene flow between populations. Additionally, reproductive success, or the ability to produce offspring, is an essential aspect of natural selection. The individuals with traits that enhance reproductive success will leave a greater number of offspring, and their advantageous traits will become more prevalent in subsequent generations. Conclusion: Understanding the intricate workings of natural selection provides a profound insight into the beautiful complexity of life on our planet. By examining the concept of natural selection and how it drives evolution, we gain a deeper appreciation for the remarkable adaptations and diversity seen in organisms all around us. With each passing generation, the power of natural selection quietly shapes our world, allowing life to persist, adapt, and flourish. Examples of Natural Selection Stabilizing Selection To truly grasp the power of natural selection, it is essential to examine specific examples that highlight its influence on different populations. Stabilizing selection is a type of natural selection that favors the average traits within a population, while working against extreme variations. Let's consider a population of mice in which coat color plays a significant role in their survival. In this population, there are mice with dark coats, light coats, and a range of shades in between. The dark-coated mice are more visible to predators, while the light-coated mice struggle to retain heat during colder periods. As a result, the intermediate coat colors, being less conspicuous and providing sufficient insulation, have a survival advantage. Over time, the population shifts towards the average coat color as extreme variations are selected against. Directional Selection Directional selection occurs when a specific trait becomes more or less common over time due to selective pressures favoring one extreme of the trait. Let's examine another population of mice, but this time the size of their bodies is the determining factor for their survival. In an environment where the availability of food resources is scarce, smaller mice have an advantage. They require less food to survive and are more agile, enabling them to evade predators effectively. Thus, over time, the population exhibits a shift towards smaller individuals as directional selection favors this extreme of the trait. Diversifying Selection Diversifying selection, also known as disruptive selection, occurs when selective pressures favor extreme variations of a trait rather than the average. Let's imagine a population of mice that live in an environment where predators often attack from above. Some mice in this population have developed skin flaps that allow them to glide short distances when they jump from trees. This adaptation provides an advantage as it enables them to escape predators more effectively. However, the mice without these skin flaps struggle to evade predators and have a higher risk of predation. As a result, the population becomes divided into two distinct groups: those with skin flaps and those without. Diversifying selection has led to the emergence of two divergent traits within the population. Sexual Selection Sexual selection is a unique form of natural selection that operates based on the preference for certain traits during mate selection. A classic example of sexual selection is observed in peacocks. Male peacocks exhibit extravagant and colorful feathers that are used during courtship displays to attract females. The more vibrant and impressive the display, the higher the chances of successful mating. Females have a preference for males with these elaborate displays, as they signal good genes and the ability to survive despite the handicap of having such showy feathers. Over time, as females consistently choose males with these exaggerated traits, they become more common within the population, while less flashy males are selected against. Predator-Prey Selection Predator-prey interactions can also shape the characteristics of both predators and their prey through natural selection. Cheetahs and antelopes provide a compelling example. Cheetahs, known for their incredible speed, primarily prey on antelopes. Natural selection favors the cheetahs that are faster, as they tend to catch more antelopes and have a greater chance of survival. On the other hand, antelopes with exceptional agility and awareness are more likely to escape predation. This constant evolutionary "arms race" between predators and prey leads to the continual refinement of their respective adaptations. Principles of Natural Selection Variety of Selective Forces Natural selection operates through various selective forces. Interspecies competition for limited resources, such as food, water, and shelter, is one prominent force driving natural selection. Members of a species with traits that allow them to outcompete others for resources have a greater chance of survival and reproduction. Predator-prey dynamics also act as selective pressures, driving prey to develop better evasion techniques and predators to enhance their hunting abilities. Additionally, sexual selection plays a role in shaping characteristics related to mating success, such as colorful plumage or elaborate courtship rituals. Imperfect Process of Natural Selection While natural selection is a powerful mechanism that shapes the adaptations of organisms, it is crucial to recognize that it is an imperfect process. It operates on existing genetic variation within a population, and new genetic variations arise through random mutations. However, not all variations are advantageous, and adaptations are not perfectly suited to every environmental change. The process of natural selection is also influenced by factors such as genetic drift and gene flow, which can introduce randomness into the evolutionary process. Furthermore, the environment itself may change rapidly, rendering certain adaptations obsolete and putting species at risk of extinction. Despite these imperfections, natural selection remains one of the driving forces behind the remarkable diversity and complexity of life on Earth. Understanding the intricacies of natural selection and exploring its diverse manifestations in different populations allows us to appreciate its profound impact on the natural world. From stabilizing and directional selection to sexual selection and predator-prey dynamics, each example provides a glimpse into the fascinating process of evolutionary change. As we continue to unveil the mysteries of natural selection, we gain a deeper understanding of the interconnectedness and constant adaptation that characterizes life on our planet. Types of Natural Selection Stabilizing Selection Stabilizing selection is a type of natural selection that favors the average traits within a population and acts against extreme variations. It is often represented by a bell curve distribution where the individuals with intermediate traits have higher survival and reproductive success. Let's consider the example of human birth weight. Extremely low birth weight can be detrimental to a baby's health and survival, while extremely high birth weight can pose risks to both the baby and the mother. However, babies born with average weight, falling within the middle range of the bell curve, tend to have better health outcomes. Therefore, stabilizing selection maintains birth weights close to the average, ensuring the survival of the majority of newborns. Directional Selection Directional selection occurs when natural selection favors one extreme of a trait distribution over the other. This shift towards one extreme alters the average value of the trait in successive generations. Consider the example of the Galapagos finches studied by Charles Darwin. Over time, the size of the finches' beaks changed in response to the availability of different food sources on each island. On an island where larger seeds were abundant, individuals with larger beaks had an advantage in cracking open the seeds and obtaining food. As a result, over generations, the average beak size of the population increased due to directional selection favoring larger beaks. Diversifying Selection Diversifying selection, also known as disruptive selection, occurs when natural selection favors extreme variations of a trait, leading to a split in the population. This can result in the emergence of distinct subpopulations with different traits. One example is seen in the coloration of male guppies. Male guppies exhibit two extremes in coloration: brightly colored with vibrant patterns or dull and cryptic. The brightly colored males attract females that prefer elaborate displays, while the dull males are better at evading predators. As a result, the population becomes divided into two distinct groups, with each favored by different selective pressures, illustrating diversifying selection. Sexual Selection Sexual selection is a type of natural selection where certain traits are preferred by individuals of the opposite sex, leading to their increased reproductive success. This can result in exaggerated traits that may seem disadvantageous in terms of survival but confer a reproductive advantage. Peacocks provide a classic example of sexual selection. Male peacocks have elaborate and colorful plumage, which is used during courtship displays to attract females. Females, being the selective sex, prefer males with these extravagant displays as they signal good genes and overall fitness. As a result, the male peacocks with more extravagant plumage experience higher mating success, illustrating the power of sexual selection. Predator-Prey Selection Predator-prey interactions can drive natural selection in both predators and their prey. Predators exert selective pressure on their prey, favoring traits that enable successful evasion. An illustrative example of predator-prey selection is the evolution of the antelope's running speed and the cheetah's sprinting abilities. As antelopes with slower running speeds were more easily caught and killed, the individuals with greater speed had an advantage and were more likely to survive and reproduce. Consequently, over generations, the antelope population became swifter and better able to evade predation. The cheetahs, in turn, faced a selective pressure to become even faster to continue capturing their prey successfully, leading to the coevolution of predator and prey. Other Types of Natural Selection Infinite Variety of Natural Selection Natural selection operates on an infinite variety of genes, structures, and functions, resulting in a vast array of adaptations across different species. From the camouflage of leaf insects to the powerful beaks of woodpeckers, natural selection molds and refines traits that enhance survival and reproductive success. The nuances of each adaptation in different species illustrate the remarkable diversity and creativity of natural selection. Historical Development of Natural Selection The concept of natural selection is deeply intertwined with the work of Charles Darwin, who proposed it as the mechanism driving evolution. Darwin's theory of natural selection, presented in his seminal work "On the Origin of Species," revolutionized our understanding of the natural world. However, it is essential to acknowledge the contributions of Alfred Russel Wallace, who independently arrived at the theory of natural selection around the same time as Darwin. Their collaborative efforts led to the historical development and acceptance of natural selection as a cornerstone of modern biology. Today, the theory continues to be supported by a wealth of evidence from various fields, including paleontology, genetics, and developmental biology. As we explore different types of natural selection and their historical development, we gain a deeper appreciation for the intricate process that shapes the diversity of life on Earth. From stabilizing and directional selection to diversifying selection and sexual selection, each type plays a unique role in the adaptive journey of populations and species. The interplay between selective pressures and the resulting adaptations illustrates the dynamic and ever-changing nature of life's evolution. Embracing the complexity and significance of natural selection allows us to marvel at the wonders of the natural world and better grasp our place within it. In conclusion, natural selection is a powerful force that drives the evolution of species and shapes the diversity of life on Earth. It operates through various mechanisms, including stabilizing, directional, and diversifying selection, as well as sexual selection and predator-prey interactions. These processes influence the traits and adaptations that allow organisms to survive and reproduce in their environments. Understanding the principles of natural selection helps us appreciate the intricate interplay between organisms and their surroundings, showcasing the endless creativity and complexity of life. By delving into the historical development of this concept, we acknowledge the contributions of influential scientists like Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace, whose pioneering work paved the way for our understanding of natural selection. Through ongoing research and exploration, we deepen our knowledge and appreciation of this fundamental process that has shaped our world. Natural selection is a captivating topic that unveils the remarkable beauty and intricacy of the natural world, leaving us with a profound appreciation for the wonders of life's evolution.
It depends on the type of game you're playing and the settings you're running them at. Some modern AAA titles, such as Red Dead Redemption 2, have very intensive CPU requirements, and you have to run it at both very high settings and at a high resolution to get the best performance. In these cases, 12 cores could be beneficial, as it could help smooth out the performance and ensure that you get the most out of the game. On the other hand, if you're playing something less CPU-intensive like Rocket League, 12 cores will be overkill. Most games should still run fine on 4 or 6 cores. Ultimately, it comes down to the specs of the games you're playing, but for most games, you won't need more than 6 cores to get a good performance. Do you need 16 cores for gaming? No, 16 cores are not necessary for gaming. Most modern games are able to run on processors with 2 or 4 cores. Having more than 4 cores can be beneficial in some cases, as some games can utilize the extra processing power to provide better performance. However, games that rely heavily on single-threaded performance, such as MMOs or strategy games, still require a strong single core performance (such as Intel's i7 8700k or AMD Ryzen 7 2700X) instead of multiple cores. Thus, if you are looking for a good gaming experience, you do not necessarily need 16 cores. Additionally, opting for a CPU with fewer cores but higher clock speeds could also result in better overall gaming performance in some scenarios. How many cores should I use for gaming? The number of cores you should use for gaming depends on the type of game you are playing. If you are playing a more modern or graphic-intensive game like a first-person shooter, then having more cores can be beneficial for smooth performance. However, for less intensive games, a single core may suffice. The best way to determine the ideal number of cores for gaming is to research the game in question, as well as its requirements, to determine how many cores are necessary for optimal performance. Additionally, it's important to keep in mind the amount of RAM and GPU your computer has, as more powerful hardware will require more cores to run optimally. Ultimately, the decision on how many cores to use for gaming is ultimately up to you, but keep in mind that having more cores will often lead to better performance. How many cores does GTA need? Grand Theft Auto (GTA) is an action-adventure video game series created by David Jones and Mike Dailly, and later by brothers Dan and Sam Houser, Leslie Benzies and Aaron Garbut. The series focuses on open world action-adventure and the fictional city of Los Santos, based on Los Angeles. In terms of core processor requirements, GTA requires a minimum of four cores for both its single-player and online versions. Specifically, GTA V requires a 2. 4 GHz Intel Core i5-3470 or an AMD X8 FX-8350 processor. It is recommended that players have an Intel Core i7-3770 or an AMD FX-8350, which is a quad-core processor with a speed of at least 3. 4 GHz. A higher processor may be better to ensure a seamless experience, but four cores are the minimum requirement for GTA. Do cores increase FPS? In short, yes, cores can increase FPS, but it depends on the game and other factors. A higher number of cores in a processor will allow for more game threads to be processed simultaneously and therefore can result in improved game performance. However, there are also other factors involved, such as the architecture of the processor, clock speed, available RAM, and the optimization of the game, that can influence the effectiveness of extra cores. Generally, higher core count processors perform better than their lower core count counterparts, and if you need the extra cores to achieve your desired FPS, then it might be worth investing in a better processor. Furthermore, if you are utilizing a single-threaded game, then extra cores won't increase FPS, but they can still provide other benefits such as faster loading times or a more efficient experience. Do I need 16 core GPU? No, there is no need to buy a 16 core GPU when building a computer. However, the size and type of GPU you do purchase will depend on your specific needs. If you are just looking for a gaming computer, 8 cores may be enough for you. If you are looking for a more advanced computer for 3D rendering, scientific computing, AI, machine learning, or other highly intensive activities, then a more powerful GPU with more cores, such as a 16 core GPU, could be more suitable. Ultimately, it really just depends on what you will be using your computer for. How powerful is a 16 core GPU? A 16 core GPU is incredibly powerful and is capable of handling incredibly complex computing tasks. Depending on the specific make and model of the GPU, it can range from simply being able to render visuals for games to powering ultra-high-end workstations and providing the processing power for complex applications used by AI researchers and data scientists. A powerful 16 core GPU can execute 16 instructions at once, allowing for significantly faster calculations and improved performance over single-core GPU devices. The amount of power a 16 core GPU provides can vary greatly, depending on the processing power, clock speed, and memory of the GPU. When used in combination with other GPUs or accelerators, such as those found in high-end workstations, a 16 core GPU can provide a huge boost in the overall performance of these devices. Is 8 cores enough for RTX 3080? The short answer is that 8 cores are generally enough for an RTX 3080, as the card has more than enough processing power to handle games and other applications. However, depending on the other hardware in your system, some games may run better with more than 8 cores. For example, if you're running high-end games with multiple graphics settings turned up to the max, you may need more cores to get the best performance. Additionally, if you plan to do a lot of video editing or other processor-intensive tasks, 8 cores may not be enough. In general, though, 8 cores should be enough for most people who plan to use their RTX 3080 for gaming. How fast is M1 Pro GPU? The M1 Pro GPU is an integrated GPU designed and manufactured by Apple for their range of M1-equipped Macs. It delivers significant performance improvements on graphics processing compared to previous generations. The M1 Pro GPU has 16 or 8 core configurations, with up to 8GB of High Bandwidth Memory (HBM2), allowing for 1TB/s of memory bandwidth and 128 GPU cores. With all this power, the M1 Pro GPU is capable of 1. 2 teraflops of single-precision, or 2. 6 teraflops of half-precision, Floating-Point (FP) performance. This makes it one of the highest performing mobile GPUs available, offering up to a 70% performance increase over previous generations. Additionally, the M1 Pro GPU offers up to 25% better power efficiency, allowing for longer battery life and more intense graphics processing in a compact form factor. All this together makes the M1 Pro GPU an ideal choice for compute-intensive tasks such as machine learning, deep learning, and gaming. Which is better a 8 core or 7 core? The answer as to which processor is better – an 8-core or a 7-core – depends on the specific use case for which the processor will be used. In general, an 8-core processor would be better for tasks which require more power, such as gaming, video editing, and other high-end programs which require more computing power and multitasking capabilities. An 8-core processor will also be more future proof, as it will be more capable of handling more tasks in the future. However, an 7-core processor may be the better option for many everyday tasks, such as simple web browsing and average office work, as those tasks can often be completed with less computing power. Additionally, an 7-core processor may be a better option for users who are on a budget, as 8-core processors are often more expensive than their 7-core counterparts. In conclusion, the best option between an 8-core and a 7-core processor ultimately depends on the users needs, budget, and the tasks they plan to use the processor with. Are higher cores better? The answer to this question is highly dependent on the specific application and individual needs. Generally speaking, more computing cores often provide improved performance and higher levels of efficiency compared to having a lower number of cores. There are several factors to consider when deciding whether a system with more cores is better for your specific goals. The first factor is the type of workload the system will be performing. For tasks that are highly parallelizable, having more cores can offer significant performance gains over having fewer. This could be a good choice for tasks such as 3D rendering or virtual machine hosting, which can be slow and inefficient with lower cores. That said, certain types of tasks can benefit from having fewer cores due to the limit on resources per thread or task. These tend to be programs or processes which are more latency-dependent (such as network or database queries), or processes that can become memory intensive with increasing numbers of cores. The second factor to consider is the cost of the system. Generally, systems with more cores will cost more than their lower core counterparts. This will depend largely on the specific system configuration and the type of processor being used, but the overall rule is that more cores will result in higher cost. Ultimately, the best way to determine whether more cores is better for you is to consider how you plan to use the system and evaluate the pros and cons of having more or fewer cores. Additionally, benchmarking is a great way to compare the performance of hardware with various configurations of cores to determine which setup is the most optimal for your needs. Which core is fastest? The fastest core depends on a variety of factors, including cost, processing power and the specific needs of the user or institution. Generally speaking, a multi-core processor is usually faster than a single-core processor, as the multi-core processor can process and execute instructions more quickly. Some of the fastest processors available include the AMD Ryzen 9 5950X and the Intel Core i9-10900K, both of which offer excellent processing speeds, allowing for faster and smoother performances from computers and other machines. Additionally, more advanced processors with more cores are often more expensive, but may provide a greater performance benefit depending on the needs of the user. In deciding which core is the fastest for a specific use, it is important to consider the cost, performance metrics and personal needs. Are 4 cores good enough? Ultimately, the answer to this question depends on your needs. If you're a casual user who is mainly using the computer to consume media, browse the internet, and use basic productivity applications, 4 cores may be perfectly adequate. However, if you're a hardcore gamer or a professional user who needs a lot of computing power, 4 cores might not be enough. The good news is that most modern computers come with 4 or more cores, so you should be able to find a computer with the specification you need. Ultimately, it's up to you to decide how many cores are necessary for your usage. Who needs an 8 core processor? People that need an 8 core processor usually require intense computing power and multitasking capabilities in order to handle their computer-intensive applications and programs. People who require this level of processing power can be found in virtually every profession or field. Common users include large businesses with complex networks, graphic designers, audio engineers, video game designers, video/film editors, architects, software engineers, and 3D animators. For businesses, an 8 core processor allows them to run many different applications and programs simultaneously within the same computer system. This allows for greater flexibility and more efficient use of resources. For graphic designers, video/film editors, architects, and software engineers, having the power to process and render large files quickly and efficiently is important. Likewise, for video game designers, architectural visualization, and 3D animation professionals, this level of processing power is required to simulate complex environments and characters in a short amount of time. In addition to businesses and professionals, gamers may also benefit from an 8 core processor. Writers, students, coders, and programmers are also potential candidates for an 8 core processor. Gaming requires high computational power in order to run the latest games with maximum performance, while students and professionals need to be able to multitask efficiently and switch between multiple programs quickly. Lastly, coders and programmers require the latest processor technologies to process and debug code at high speeds. In conclusion, anyone looking for the latest and most powerful in computer hardware may want to consider an 8 core processor. From businesses to professionals, and gamers to coders, this level of computing power offers the highest levels of power and performance. Does 8 cores make a difference? Yes, having eight cores can make a difference depending on your computer's processor. The benefits of having multiple cores are more visible when the cores are operating in parallel. This means that if your processor is capable of running 8 cores in parallel, you can expect to get improved performance on tasks that can take advantage of multiple cores like video-editing, 3D rendering, or content streaming. Each core can process information independently and in parallel with other cores, meaning it can process multiple tasks simultaneously. This is different than a single-core processor, which can only process one set of instructions at a time, making it slower and unable to take full advantage of multi-threaded applications or applications that take advantage of the multiple cores. Having a multi-core processor with 8 cores is an ideal setup for high end gaming, virtual reality, and workstation-level applications. In some cases, you may want to opt for a multi-core processor with fewer cores but a higher clock frequency for applications that don't take full advantage of multiple cores. Overall, 8 cores can provide a considerable boost to performance for many applications, but not all applications need that much power. It all depends on your specific needs.
Countless women around the world die because of improper abortions. The World Health Organization has now announced new guidelines and recommends decriminalizing abortion. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), around 39,000 women worldwide die every year from unprofessional abortions. The WHO has therefore published new guidelines on safe abortions. Half of the approximately 50 million abortions worldwide are not performed according to recommended medical practice, according to the WHO. About 20 countries have so far no laws that allow abortions. Most women die from abortion in low-income countries, WHO reports. More than 60 percent of the deaths happened in Africa, around 30 percent in Asia. Studies have shown that abortion bans or restrictions do not reduce the number of procedures. Rather, it drives more women to undergo dubious or dangerous procedures. The guidelines include, for example, implementation by medically trained personnel who respect the rights and needs of women. In addition, the WHO recommends not criminalizing abortion, not specifying waiting times before the procedure or requiring the consent of others – such as the partner or family. All of this can put women in difficult situations, in which they feel compelled to have abortions without the necessary medical care. The abortion pill should be made available to enable a safe termination of a pregnancy. "No one should face hostilities or be at risk of being reported or sentenced to prison for having obtained or performed an abortion," said WHO specialist Bela Ganatra. The best prevention of unwanted pregnancies is education and the availability of contraceptives. dpa
Korean Bbq Vs Teriyaki: How They Differ In Texture, Flavor, And Uses What To Know - It is believed to have evolved from a method of preserving meat by grilling it over a mixture of soy sauce, sake, and sugar. - Whether you prefer the spicy kick of Korean BBQ or the sweet and savory glaze of teriyaki, there is a dish that will satisfy your taste buds. - However, Korean BBQ typically uses thinly sliced meats and is marinated in spicy sauces, while yakiniku uses thicker cuts of meat and is marinated in a sweeter sauce. Korean barbecue (KBBQ) and teriyaki, two culinary delights from East Asia, tantalize taste buds with their distinct flavors and cooking methods. While both involve grilling or searing meat, they offer unique experiences that cater to different preferences. In this blog post, we will delve into the culinary world of Korean BBQ vs. teriyaki, exploring their origins, ingredients, preparation techniques, and flavor profiles. Origins and History Korean BBQ: Originating in Korea, Korean BBQ has its roots in ancient times when people grilled meat over open fires. Over the centuries, it evolved into a social dining experience where marinated meats are cooked at the table on a grill. Teriyaki: Teriyaki originated in Japan during the Edo period (1603-1868). It is believed to have evolved from a method of preserving meat by grilling it over a mixture of soy sauce, sake, and sugar. Korean BBQ: Korean BBQ typically uses thinly sliced meats such as beef, pork, and chicken. The meats are marinated in a variety of sauces, ranging from spicy gochujang (red chili paste) to savory soy-based marinades. Teriyaki: Teriyaki uses thicker cuts of meat, usually chicken, beef, or fish. The meat is marinated in a sweet and savory teriyaki sauce made from soy sauce, mirin (sweet rice wine), and sugar. Preparation Techniques Korean BBQ: Korean BBQ is traditionally cooked on a grill embedded in the center of the dining table. The diners cook the meat themselves, grilling it to their desired doneness. Teriyaki: Teriyaki is typically grilled or pan-seared on a regular stovetop or grill. The meat is brushed with teriyaki sauce during cooking to create a caramelized glaze. Flavor Profiles Korean BBQ: Korean BBQ is characterized by its bold and spicy flavors. The meat is often marinated in spicy sauces, and additional condiments such as gochujang, kimchi, and ssamjang (a fermented bean paste) are served alongside. Teriyaki: Teriyaki has a sweet and savory flavor profile. The teriyaki sauce caramelizes on the meat, creating a glossy and flavorful glaze. The sauce is not as spicy as Korean BBQ marinades. Dining Experience Korean BBQ: Korean BBQ is a communal dining experience where diners gather around a grill and cook their own food. It is a social and interactive way to enjoy a meal. Teriyaki: Teriyaki is typically served as a main course with rice and vegetables. It is a more formal dining experience compared to Korean BBQ. Nutritional Value Korean BBQ: Korean BBQ can be high in protein and fat, depending on the type of meat used. It can also be a good source of vitamins and minerals, especially if lean meats are selected. Teriyaki: Teriyaki is also high in protein and fat. However, it contains more sugar than Korean BBQ due to the teriyaki sauce. Which One to Choose? The choice between Korean BBQ and teriyaki ultimately depends on personal preferences. If you enjoy bold and spicy flavors and a communal dining experience, Korean BBQ is a great option. If you prefer sweeter and more savory flavors and a more formal dining setting, teriyaki is a suitable choice. Final Thoughts Korean BBQ and teriyaki are both delicious and unique culinary experiences that offer a glimpse into the diverse flavors of East Asian cuisine. Whether you prefer the spicy kick of Korean BBQ or the sweet and savory glaze of teriyaki, there is a dish that will satisfy your taste buds. What You Need to Learn 1. What is the difference between Korean BBQ and yakiniku? Korean BBQ and yakiniku are similar in that they involve grilling meat on a table-top grill. However, Korean BBQ typically uses thinly sliced meats and is marinated in spicy sauces, while yakiniku uses thicker cuts of meat and is marinated in a sweeter sauce. 2. What are some popular side dishes for Korean BBQ? Popular side dishes for Korean BBQ include kimchi, ssamjang, lettuce wraps, and rice. 3. What is the best way to cook teriyaki? Teriyaki can be cooked on a grill, pan-seared, or baked. The key is to brush the meat with teriyaki sauce throughout the cooking process to create a caramelized glaze. 4. Can I make teriyaki sauce at home? Yes, you can make teriyaki sauce at home by combining soy sauce, mirin, sugar, and water. 5. What are some vegetarian or vegan alternatives to Korean BBQ and teriyaki? Vegetarian or vegan alternatives to Korean BBQ and teriyaki include grilled tofu, tempeh, or vegetables marinated in a savory sauce.
Jeremy Moses and Geoffery Ford for The Conversation. When it comes to dancing, pulling a sled, climbing stairs or doing tricks, "Spot" is definitely a good dog. It can navigate the built environment and perform a range of tasks, clearly demonstrating its flexibility as a software and hardware platform for commercial use. Viral videos of Boston Dynamics' robotic quadruped showcasing those abilities have been a key pillar of its marketing strategy. But earlier this year, when a New York art collective harnessed Spot to make a different point, the company was quick to deny its potential for harm. The project, "Spot's Rampage", involved fitting a sample of the robotic dog with a paintball gun and allowing internet users to take remote control of the creature to destroy various art works in a gallery. It ended with Spot failing to function correctly, but Boston Dynamics used Twitter to strongly criticise the stunt: "We condemn the portrayal of our technology in any way that promotes violence, harm, or intimidation. Our mission is to create and deliver surprisingly capable robots that inspire, delight and positively impact society." "Spot's Rampage" was not the first to imagine the potential to use robot quadrupeds for violent ends. Spot also inspired the "Metalhead" episode of dystopian TV series Black Mirror, in which robot quadrupeds relentlessly pursue and kill human prey. This is more than science fiction, however. A serious debate over the regulation or banning of lethal autonomous weapons systems is happening under the auspices of the United Nations, including how such systems should comply with existing humanitarian laws. Robot anxiety This contrast between the potentially violent robot of "Spot's Rampage" and "Metalhead" and Boston Dynamics' insistence that Spot be viewed as a force for good illustrates the tensions we have observed in our research. As part of a larger project looking at debates on lethal autonomous weapons, we made a detailed study of 88,970 tweets about Spot from 2007 to 2020. The results indicate public responses have been significantly less positive than Boston Dynamics would like. Despite the generally playful and peaceful presentation of Spot in Boston Dynamics' videos, and obvious public interest and fascination with the technology, there is also recurring scepticism and concern from Twitter users. The word cloud below maps the most commonly used negative language in those tweets. Words such as "terrifying", "war" and "doomed" are noticeably prominent. Analysis of the use of emotive words shows recurring features of conversations about Spot: dark humour, sarcasm and suspicion about the intended uses of the technology. SEO Associations between Boston Dynamics, its previous owner Google, the military and killer robots portrayed in popular culture (such the Terminator films) also recur. Boston Dynamics CEO Robert Playter has dismissed such negative public reactions as "fiction" grounded in the "rogue robot story" and misunderstandings of the technology. Depictions of robots that will not harm humans and even save lives have been a mainstay of public messaging by both Boston Dynamics and the US military's Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency. From fighting COVID-19 to search and rescue to taking soldiers out of harm's way, the potential humanitarian applications of robotic quadrupeds in civilian and military service are emphasised. Military connections But negative reactions should not be too easily discounted. Boston Dynamics' technology was advanced through military funding, and military applications have been seen as a key market. In 2019, company founder and then CEO Marc Raibert signalled Boston Dynamics "will probably have military customers". And in the month following the "Spot's Rampage" prank, the robot was tested by the NYPD and by French armed forces in combat exercises — although public backlash against the NYPD trials have brought an early end to its contract with Boston Dynamics. Meanwhile, other robotics companies, including Boston Dynamics' competitor Ghost Robotics, have actively and successfully sought contracts with the US military. Ghost Robotics CEO Jiren Parikh has said its Vision 60 quadruped "can be used for anything from perimeter security to detection of chemical and biological weapons to actually destroying a target". More recently, Ghost Robotics released footage of its robot quadruped firing a projectile into a target to demonstrate its potential use for bomb disposal. The apparent flexibility of these machines, which can carry different payloads and be fitted and programmed for different missions, suggests a range of potential applications, including as lethal autonomous weapons. As long as the military end-use remains uncertain and the technology itself is still developing, we should remain wary of attempts by developers, marketers and military advocates to shape and manage public sentiment with the promise of "saving lives".
Lexan is a versatile material that has become an essential component in various industries. Whether you're looking to understand the properties and benefits of Lexan, explore its applications, or learn more about buying and working with it, this guide will provide you with all the information you need. Additionally, we will also touch upon the importance of sustainability and recycling when it comes to Lexan in Swansboro. Read on to discover everything you need to know about this remarkable material. Understanding Lexan: An Overview What is Lexan? Lexan is a type of polycarbonate resin known for its exceptional strength and transparency. It is a thermoplastic material that can be molded and shaped when heated, and solidifies upon cooling. Lexan is widely used as a replacement for glass due to its impact resistance, exceptional clarity, and lightweight nature. Originally developed by General Electric, Lexan has become a popular choice in industries ranging from construction to electronics. Its versatility and durability have made it a go-to material for applications requiring a combination of strength and clarity. The manufacturing process of Lexan involves extruding the polycarbonate resin into sheets, which can then be further processed into various forms such as tubes, rods, and custom shapes. Properties and Benefits of Lexan Lexan possesses several remarkable properties that make it suitable for a wide range of applications. Firstly, its impact resistance is significantly higher than that of glass, making it an ideal choice for applications that require durability and safety. Furthermore, Lexan is highly transparent, allowing optimal light transmission and visibility. Its lightweight nature makes it easily transportable and reduces the overall weight of structures where it is used. Additionally, Lexan has excellent thermal insulation qualities and is resistant to extreme temperatures, which further enhances its desirability in various industries. One of the key benefits of Lexan is its ability to be easily fabricated into complex shapes without sacrificing its structural integrity. This feature makes it a preferred material for applications such as protective shields, machine guards, and aircraft components. Moreover, Lexan is inherently UV resistant, making it suitable for outdoor use without the risk of yellowing or degradation over time. Its chemical resistance properties also make it compatible with a wide range of substances, adding to its versatility in industrial settings. Lexan Applications in Swansboro Construction and Infrastructure In the construction industry, Lexan is a versatile material that finds a multitude of applications beyond just glazing and roofing. Its high impact resistance and durability make it an ideal choice for skylights, canopies, and even noise barriers. Lexan's ability to withstand extreme weather conditions and UV exposure ensures longevity in outdoor construction projects. Additionally, its lightweight nature makes installation easier and more cost-effective, especially for large-scale projects. Moreover, Lexan's design flexibility allows for innovative uses in construction, such as curved panels and custom shapes. This opens up a world of creative possibilities for architects and designers looking to push the boundaries of traditional building materials. Automotive Industry Within the automotive industry, Lexan continues to revolutionize vehicle design and performance. In addition to its applications in windows and windshields, Lexan is increasingly being used for aerodynamic components such as spoilers and air dams. Its ability to be molded into complex shapes provides automotive engineers with the freedom to optimize aerodynamics and fuel efficiency. Furthermore, Lexan's lightweight properties contribute to overall fuel economy and vehicle performance. By replacing heavier materials with Lexan in interior components like door panels and trim, automakers can achieve weight reduction without compromising on quality or aesthetics. Security and Safety Equipment When it comes to security and safety equipment, Lexan stands out as a reliable choice for protection and visibility. In addition to security windows and bullet-resistant shields, Lexan is also utilized in ATM enclosures and safety guards for machinery. Its optical clarity ensures that surveillance cameras and sensors function effectively without distortion, maintaining a high level of security. Moreover, Lexan's resistance to forced entry and impact makes it a preferred material for high-security applications, such as bank counters and government buildings. The combination of strength and transparency in Lexan provides peace of mind in environments where safety is paramount. Buying Guide: Lexan in Swansboro Identifying High-Quality Lexan When purchasing Lexan in Swansboro, there are a few key factors to consider to ensure you're getting high-quality material. Firstly, check for the manufacturer's certification and reputation in the industry. This will give you confidence in the reliability and performance of the Lexan. Additionally, examine the material's thickness and clarity, as these characteristics can significantly impact its durability and visual appeal. Furthermore, it's essential to consider the specific application of the Lexan. Different projects may require Lexan with varying levels of impact resistance, UV protection, or flame retardancy. Understanding your project's needs will help you select the most suitable type of Lexan for optimal performance and longevity. Local Suppliers of Lexan Swansboro is home to several reliable suppliers of Lexan. Conduct thorough research to find suppliers with a proven track record and positive customer reviews. Reach out to suppliers directly to discuss your specific requirements and obtain quotes. Remember to inquire about delivery options and any additional services they may offer, such as cutting and shaping assistance. Moreover, consider visiting the suppliers in person if possible. This will allow you to inspect the quality of their Lexan products firsthand and discuss any customization options they may provide. Building a strong relationship with a local supplier can lead to better pricing, tailored solutions, and faster turnaround times for your Lexan needs. Working with Lexan: Tips and Techniques Cutting and Shaping Lexan Working with Lexan requires precision and care. When cutting Lexan, it is recommended to use a fine-toothed saw or high-speed cutter to minimize chipping. To achieve clean edges, ensure the material is clamped securely and move the saw or cutter smoothly and steadily. When shaping Lexan, heat it evenly and gently form it into the desired shape using molds or fixtures. Another important aspect to consider when cutting Lexan is the speed at which the blade moves through the material. It is crucial to maintain a consistent speed to avoid creating rough edges or cracks in the Lexan. Additionally, using a cutting lubricant can help reduce friction and heat buildup, resulting in a smoother cutting process and a cleaner finish. Safety Measures When Handling Lexan It is essential to prioritize safety when working with Lexan. Always wear protective eyewear and gloves to prevent injuries. Additionally, ensure adequate ventilation in the workspace to avoid inhaling any fumes that may be generated during heating or cutting processes. Store Lexan in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight to prevent any degradation or discoloration. Furthermore, when heating Lexan for shaping purposes, it is important to use a heat gun or oven with precise temperature control to avoid overheating the material. Overheating can lead to warping or bubbling, compromising the structural integrity of the Lexan. By following proper safety measures and techniques, you can work with Lexan effectively and achieve high-quality results in your projects. Sustainability and Recycling of Lexan in Swansboro Environmental Impact of Lexan Lexan is known for its durability, which contributes to its long lifespan. This quality minimizes the need for frequent replacements, reducing waste generation. Furthermore, Lexan's lightweight nature reduces the energy required for transportation, resulting in lower carbon emissions. However, it is crucial to be mindful of the environmental impact of Lexan production and disposal. When it comes to production, Lexan is manufactured using a process that requires less energy compared to other plastics. This means that the carbon footprint associated with its production is relatively lower. Additionally, Lexan is free from harmful substances such as bisphenol A (BPA), making it a safer option for both humans and the environment. Recycling and Disposal Options Fortunately, Lexan is recyclable. When Lexan reaches the end of its life cycle, it can be recycled into new products or repurposed. Look for recycling facilities in Swansboro that accept Lexan or contact your local waste management authorities for proper disposal guidelines. By responsibly recycling Lexan, we can contribute to a more sustainable future. Moreover, the recycling process for Lexan is highly efficient. The material can be broken down and reprocessed multiple times without losing its inherent properties. This means that recycled Lexan can be used in a wide range of applications, reducing the demand for virgin materials and conserving valuable resources. In conclusion, Lexan is a remarkable material that offers numerous benefits across various industries in Swansboro. From construction and automotive applications to security equipment, Lexan's exceptional properties make it a preferred choice for safety, durability, and design flexibility. By understanding how to identify high-quality Lexan, finding reliable suppliers, and following proper techniques when working with it, you can optimize its usage in your projects. Additionally, by prioritizing sustainability and responsible recycling, we can minimize the environmental impact of Lexan. Embrace Lexan's versatility and unlock its full potential in Swansboro.
Introduction to achieving goals with JPR-934 dumps Achieving one's goals, especially in the realm of professional certifications, demands a strategic approach and the right resources. One such invaluable resource for aspirants in the technology domain is the JPR-934 Dumps. This comprehensive compilation of materials is designed to guide individuals through the intricacies of the JPR-934 examination, a pivotal step for those looking to solidify their credentials in their respective fields. The essence of these dumps lies in their meticulous curation, which encompasses a wide array of questions and answers that mirror the format and complexity of the actual exam. Embarking on the journey of preparation with the JPR-934 Dumps offers a multitude of advantages. Firstly, it demystifies the exam content, allowing candidates to gauge the breadth and depth of knowledge required. Furthermore, it enhances the efficiency of study sessions by pinpointing critical areas of focus, thereby optimising the learning curve. Equally important is the confidence it instils in candidates, arming them with the assurance that they are navigating their preparation path with the best tools at their disposal. In essence, the JPR-934 Dumps not only illuminate the pathway to achieving professional goals but also empower individuals to traverse this path with confidence and competence. Understanding the structure of JPR-934 exams Understanding the structure of the JPR-934 exam is paramount for candidates aiming to excel in their certification journey. This examination, pivotal for professionals in the tech industry, is meticulously designed to assess a candidate's expertise and knowledge in specific technological domains. The architecture of the JPR-934 exam encompasses a variety of question formats, including multiple-choice, drag-and-drop, and scenario-based questions, each crafted to evaluate different facets of a candidate's understanding and application of concepts. Preparation for the JPR-934 exam necessitates a thorough comprehension of its structure, which enables candidates to tailor their study strategies effectively. Utilising resources such as JPR-934 Dumps can significantly aid in this preparation, offering insights into the types of questions to expect and the topics that carry the most weight. These dumps provide a strategic advantage by presenting candidates with a realistic simulation of the exam environment, allowing them to familiarise themselves with the exam's format and time constraints. Ultimately, a deep understanding of the JPR-934 exam's structure, complemented by diligent preparation with reliable resources, lays a solid foundation for achieving success and advancing one's professional career. => Click to Place Your Order at the Best Available Price ✅ Benefits of using JPR-934 dumps for exam preparation The benefits of using JPR-934 Dumps for exam preparation are manifold, offering candidates a strategic edge in navigating the complexities of the certification process. These dumps are an amalgamation of carefully selected questions and answers that mirror the actual exam's structure and content, making them an indispensable tool for anyone aiming to pass the JPR-934 exam. By integrating these dumps into their study regimen, candidates can significantly enhance their understanding of the subject matter and improve their ability to tackle various question formats with confidence. Moreover, the JPR-934 Dumps serve as an efficient revision tool, enabling learners to consolidate their knowledge and identify areas requiring further attention. This targeted approach to study not only saves valuable time but also ensures a thorough preparation. Furthermore, familiarising oneself with the type of questions and the exam's pacing through these dumps can alleviate exam-day anxiety, allowing candidates to approach their certification with calmness and confidence. In essence, the strategic use of JPR-934 Dumps can transform the daunting task of exam preparation into a more manageable and ultimately successful endeavour. Strategies for studying JPR-934 dumps effectively Studying JPR-934 Dumps effectively requires a strategic approach to maximise the benefits these resources offer. The first step is to establish a structured study plan that allocates specific times for reviewing the dumps, ensuring consistent engagement with the material. It's crucial to approach the dumps not merely as a collection of answers but as a tool for deepening understanding. Candidates should attempt to answer questions on their own before consulting the provided solutions, thereby identifying areas of strength and those needing improvement. Another effective strategy involves creating a realistic exam environment to practice under. This means timing each study session to mirror the actual exam duration, which helps in managing time more efficiently during the real test. Additionally, discussing challenging questions found within the JPR-934 Dumps with peers or mentors can offer new perspectives and deepen comprehension. Lastly, it's important to use the dumps as a complement to other study materials rather than the sole source of information. Integrating various resources ensures a well-rounded preparation, covering all possible angles from which questions may be posed in the actual exam. By following these strategies, candidates can harness the full potential of JPR-934 Dumps in their exam preparation journey. => Click to Place Your Order at the Best Available Price ✅ Common mistakes to avoid while using JPR-934 dumps While JPR-934 Dumps can be a valuable asset in exam preparation, there are common pitfalls that candidates should be wary of to avoid undermining their study efforts. One of the most prevalent mistakes is over-reliance on dumps alone, neglecting broader study materials and a comprehensive understanding of the subject matter. Dumps should complement, not replace, textbooks, online courses, and other educational resources that provide a deeper insight into the concepts behind the questions. Another mistake to avoid is memorising answers without grasping the underlying principles. This approach may offer short-term gains but fails to equip candidates with the knowledge and critical thinking skills needed to apply concepts in real-world scenarios or to answer questions that are phrased differently from those in the dumps. Furthermore, not verifying the accuracy and relevance of the JPR-934 Dumps can lead to studying outdated or incorrect information, which is detrimental to exam success. Lastly, neglecting to practice under exam conditions, including time management and dealing with the pressure, can result in candidates performing poorly despite knowing the material. Avoiding these common mistakes will ensure that candidates use JPR-934 Dumps effectively, enhancing their chances of achieving certification success. Testimonials: Success stories with JPR-934 dumps The efficacy of JPR-934 Dumps is best illustrated through the success stories of individuals who have harnessed their potential to achieve remarkable results. Among these testimonials, a recurring theme is the transformative impact these resources have had on candidates' preparation strategies and confidence levels. For instance, one candidate shares how the comprehensive coverage and real-exam simulation provided by the dumps significantly reduced their study time while enhancing their understanding of complex topics. This efficient approach to learning enabled them to surpass their own expectations, achieving a score that not only granted them certification but also opened new professional avenues. Another success story comes from a candidate who was struggling with the vast syllabus and the daunting prospect of the JPR-934 exam. By integrating JPR-934 Dumps into their study routine, they could focus on their weak areas, turning them into strengths. The practical insights and targeted practice offered by the dumps played a crucial role in their eventual success, underscoring the value of using these resources as part of a holistic study plan. These testimonials highlight the pivotal role that JPR-934 Dumps can play in not just passing an exam but in setting the stage for future professional achievements. How to access and select the best JPR-934 dumps Accessing and selecting the best JPR-934 Dumps is a critical step for candidates aiming to optimise their exam preparation. The first step in this process involves conducting thorough research to identify reputable sources. This often means visiting forums, reading reviews, and possibly connecting with past exam takers to gather recommendations. It is essential to ensure that the dumps come from a credible provider, one that updates their materials regularly to reflect the latest exam format and content. Once potential sources have been identified, the next step is to evaluate the quality of the JPR-934 Dumps offered. Candidates should look for comprehensive coverage of the exam syllabus, the inclusion of explanations or rationales for answers, and the presence of practice tests that simulate the actual exam environment. It is also advisable to compare different dumps in terms of their content accuracy, relevance, and the value they offer for the price. Selecting the best dumps often means balancing cost with quality to find a resource that offers detailed, accurate, and up-to-date material. By carefully assessing and selecting the best JPR-934 Dumps, candidates can significantly enhance their preparation efforts, setting a solid foundation for exam success. Final tips for passing the exam using JPR-934 dumps Utilising JPR-934 Dumps effectively can significantly increase your chances of passing the exam, but it requires more than just rote memorisation. A strategic approach, combining thorough preparation with smart study techniques, is essential. First and foremost, start your preparation early to allow ample time for revising and understanding the material deeply, rather than cramming in the last few days. Incorporate regular review sessions to reinforce your memory and identify areas that need more focus. It's also crucial to practice with a variety of questions to become comfortable with the exam format and to improve your time management skills. Another vital tip is to simulate exam conditions during your study sessions. This means creating a quiet, uninterrupted environment and timing yourself as if you were in the actual exam. This practice will help you to adapt to the pressure of the exam situation and improve your ability to perform under stress. Additionally, ensure that you understand the rationale behind each answer in the JPR-934 Dumps, as this will aid in applying knowledge to different scenarios you might encounter in the exam. Lastly, maintain a positive mindset and confidence in your preparation. Believing in your ability to pass the exam can significantly impact your performance. By following these final tips and making the most of the JPR-934 Dumps, you will be well-prepared to tackle the exam successfully.
Auto Accident Lawyers Near Me: Providing Legal Support in Times of Need Greeting Friends Hello friends! Welcome to this comprehensive guide on auto accident lawyers near me. In this article, we will explore everything you need to know about finding the right legal support after an auto accident. Whether you have been involved in a minor fender bender or a major collision, it's crucial to understand your rights and options. So, let's delve into the world of auto accident lawyers and how they can assist you in this challenging time. Auto accidents can be devastating, both physically and emotionally. From medical bills to vehicle repairs, the aftermath of a collision can leave you overwhelmed. This is where auto accident lawyers come to your rescue. These legal professionals specialize in handling cases related to car accidents and can provide you with the guidance and representation you need. When searching for auto accident lawyers near you, it's essential to consider their expertise, experience, and track record. You want someone who can fight for your rights, negotiate with insurance companies, and ensure you receive fair compensation for your damages. With their knowledge of personal injury law, these lawyers can navigate the intricacies of your case and help you seek justice. Now, let's take a closer look at the advantages and disadvantages of hiring auto accident lawyers near you: Advantages of Auto Accident Lawyers Near Me 1. Expertise and Knowledge of Personal Injury Laws Auto accident lawyers specialize in personal injury law, which focuses on cases involving physical or psychological harm caused by someone else's negligence or intentional actions. Their in-depth knowledge of these laws allows them to build strong cases on your behalf. 2. Experience in Dealing with Insurance Companies Insurance companies can be challenging to deal with after an auto accident. They have teams of adjusters and lawyers working to minimize their liability and payout. By hiring an auto accident lawyer, you level the playing field, as these lawyers have experience negotiating with insurance companies and can advocate for your rights. 3. Investigation and Gathering of Evidence One of the critical roles an auto accident lawyer plays is investigating the accident thoroughly. They gather evidence such as police reports, witness statements, medical records, and expert opinions to strengthen your case. This comprehensive approach increases your chances of a favorable outcome. 4. Negotiation and Settlement Expertise Most auto accident cases are resolved through settlements rather than going to trial. Auto accident lawyers have refined negotiation skills and understand the worth of your claim. They will strive to secure the maximum compensation possible for your medical expenses, lost wages, property damage, and pain and suffering. 5. Trial Representation In some cases, resolving the matter through negotiation is not possible, and a trial becomes necessary. Auto accident lawyers have courtroom experience and can represent you effectively in front of a judge and jury, presenting your case with compelling evidence and arguments. 6. Emotional Support Auto accidents can be traumatic experiences, leaving you emotionally shaken. Auto accident lawyers not only provide legal support but also offer empathy and understanding during this challenging time. Having someone by your side who genuinely cares about your well-being can make a significant difference. 7. No Fee Unless You Win Many auto accident lawyers work on a contingency fee basis, meaning they only get paid if they win your case. This arrangement eliminates the financial burden of upfront costs and ensures that your lawyer is motivated to fight for your rights vigorously. Disadvantages of Auto Accident Lawyers Near Me 1. Legal Fees and Expenses Hiring an auto accident lawyer can involve costs, such as attorney fees, court filing fees, expert witness fees, and other related expenses. While the contingency fee arrangement alleviates the burden of upfront costs, it's important to understand the financial implications and discuss them with your chosen lawyer. 2. Time and Lengthy Legal Process Legal proceedings can take a considerable amount of time, depending on the complexity of your case. While your lawyer handles the legal aspects, you might need to invest time in providing relevant information, attending meetings, and potentially testifying if the case goes to trial. 3. Limited Control When you hire an auto accident lawyer, you are entrusting them with the responsibility of handling your case. This means you might have limited control over the decisions made during the legal process. While your lawyer should prioritize your best interests, it's crucial to establish clear communication from the beginning to ensure your preferences are considered. 4. Uncertain Outcomes Even with the most skilled and experienced auto accident lawyer, the outcome of your case is never guaranteed. Legal battles can be unpredictable, and numerous factors, such as the judge, jury, evidence, and opposing counsel, can influence the final result. Understanding this uncertainty is essential to manage expectations. 5. Emotional Investment Participating in a legal battle can take an emotional toll. As your case progresses, you may experience heightened stress, frustration, and anxiety. It's vital to seek emotional support from friends, family, or professionals to navigate these challenges effectively. 6. Privacy Concerns When you pursue a legal case, certain aspects of your personal life might become public, as they could be relevant to the proceedings. While your lawyer should prioritize your privacy, it's crucial to have open discussions about what personal information might need to be disclosed during the legal process. 7. Dependency on Legal Advice Once you hire an auto accident lawyer, you rely on their expertise and guidance to navigate the legal landscape. While this can be advantageous, it also means you may need to defer to their advice and decisions, even if they differ from your initial expectations. Trusting your chosen lawyer's judgment is crucial for a successful partnership. Table: Auto Accident Lawyers Near Me - Comprehensive Information Law Firm \| Location \| Areas of Expertise \| Contact Information \| Smith & Associates \| City Center \| Car accidents, Personal injury \| (123) 456-7890 \| Johnson Law Firm \| Downtown \| Motorcycle accidents, Wrongful death \| (987) 654-3210 \| Anderson & Partners \| Suburbia \| Truck accidents, Pedestrian accidents \| (555) 123-4567 \| Frequently Asked Questions About Auto Accident Lawyers Near Me 1. What should I do immediately after an auto accident? After an auto accident, prioritize your safety and seek medical attention if necessary. Contact the authorities, document the accident scene, gather witness information, and report the incident to your insurance company. Additionally, consider consulting an auto accident lawyer to protect your rights. 2. How can an auto accident lawyer help me with my insurance claim? An auto accident lawyer can navigate the complexities of dealing with insurance companies on your behalf. They can gather necessary evidence, negotiate with the insurance adjusters, and advocate for the maximum compensation you deserve for your damages. 3. What if the insurance company denies my claim? If your insurance claim is denied, an auto accident lawyer can guide you through the appeals process and, if necessary, file a lawsuit against the insurance company. They will work diligently to protect your rights and pursue the compensation you are entitled to. 4. How long do I have to file a lawsuit after an auto accident? The statute of limitations for filing a lawsuit after an auto accident varies by jurisdiction. It is advisable to consult an auto accident lawyer as soon as possible to ensure you meet all the necessary deadlines. 5. Will I have to go to trial for my auto accident case? Most auto accident cases are settled out of court through negotiations. However, if a fair settlement cannot be reached, your case might proceed to trial. Your auto accident lawyer will provide guidance and representation throughout this process. 6. How much compensation can I receive for my auto accident case? The amount of compensation you can receive depends on various factors, such as the severity of your injuries, impact on your daily life, medical expenses, property damage, and lost wages. An auto accident lawyer will evaluate your case and work to secure the maximum compensation available. 7. Can I pursue a legal case if I was partially at fault for the auto accident? Yes, even if you were partially at fault, you may still be eligible for compensation. Different states have different laws regarding fault and compensation. Consult an auto accident lawyer to understand the specific regulations in your jurisdiction. 8. How long will it take to resolve my auto accident case? The timeline for resolving an auto accident case can vary significantly, depending on the complexity of the case, negotiations, and court procedures. Your auto accident lawyer will provide you with an estimated timeline based on the specific circumstances of your case. 9. Can I change my auto accident lawyer if I am not satisfied? If you are not satisfied with your current auto accident lawyer, you have the right to change representation. However, consider having a candid conversation with your lawyer first to address any concerns or issues you may have. 10. What documents should I provide to my auto accident lawyer? Documents that may be relevant to your auto accident case include police reports, medical records, photographs of the accident scene, witness statements, insurance policies, and any correspondence with insurance companies. Your lawyer will guide you on which specific documents are necessary. 11. Can I handle my auto accident case without hiring a lawyer? While it is possible to handle your auto accident case without a lawyer, it is generally not recommended. Auto accident lawyers have the expertise and experience to navigate legal processes, negotiate with insurance companies, and represent your best interests effectively. 12. How much does it cost to hire an auto accident lawyer? The cost of hiring an auto accident lawyer can vary depending on several factors, such as the lawyer's experience, the complexity of your case, and the fee structure. Many lawyers work on a contingency fee basis, meaning they only get paid if they win your case. 13. What qualities should I look for in an auto accident lawyer? When searching for an auto accident lawyer, consider their experience, expertise in personal injury law, success rate, communication skills, and reputation. It's important to find someone you feel comfortable with and trust to handle your case effectively. In the aftermath of an auto accident, having a skilled and experienced auto accident lawyer by your side can make all the difference. From navigating legal complexities to fighting for fair compensation, these professionals are your allies in seeking justice. Remember to consider the advantages and disadvantages of hiring auto accident lawyers near you, weigh your options, and make an informed decision. Don't hesitate to reach out to reputable auto accident lawyers near you. Take action now to protect your rights and secure the compensation you deserve. Stay safe on the roads, friends! Closing Words and Disclaimer Disclaimer: The information provided in this article is for general informational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice. Every auto accident case is unique, and it's crucial to consult with a qualified auto accident lawyer to understand the best course of action for your specific circumstances. Thank you for reading this comprehensive guide on auto accident lawyers near me. We hope you found it informative and helpful in your search for legal support after an auto accident. Remember to stay vigilant and prioritize your safety on the roads. Wishing you a safe and accident-free journey ahead!
A recent study conducted by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Economic Research Service (ERS) modeled how climate-linked changes in temperatures and precipitation might affect future U.S. corn and soybean yields and what that would mean for markets and trade through the middle of the next decade. The study used 2016 as a base year, and the model estimated an increase in U.S. corn yields but a decrease in soybean yields by the year 2036. These changes would affect U.S. corn and soybean exports. In the model, corn exports are projected to increase 0.36% by 2036, compared with 2016, while soybean exports drop 1.17% for a total decrease for the two crops of as much as US$256 million by 2036. The U.S. corn yields were estimated to increase 3.1% by 2036, representing historically slow yield growth compared with previous decades. In contrast, soybean yields were projected to decrease by 3%. With these yield changes, the use of land in corn and soybean production also was expected to shift. U.S. corn producers are expected to plant fewer acres of corn because of increased yields while soybean producers are projected to increase acreage to offset the impact of the expected yield decrease.
Handling sales tax can be a daunting task for small businesses. With complex regulations and varying rates across different states, it's important for businesses to have a clear understanding of their sales tax obligations. In this blog, we will discuss the best practices for handling sales tax for small businesses in the USA, with a focus on providing valuable insights for businesses operating in different states. New Fleet Solutions understands the importance of navigating the complexities of sales tax for small businesses. As a trusted partner, we are committed to providing valuable guidance to help businesses stay compliant and thrive in their operations. Understanding Sales Tax Basics Sales tax is a consumption tax imposed by the government on the sale of goods and services. The rates and regulations governing sales tax vary from state to state, making it crucial for small businesses to stay informed about the requirements in the states where they operate. It's important to note that some states have destination-based sales tax, while others have origin-based sales tax, adding an extra layer of complexity for businesses selling across state lines. Register for a Sales Tax Permit Once a small business determines its sales tax nexus, it must register for a sales tax permit in each state where it has a physical presence or meets economic nexus thresholds. This is a critical step that allows businesses to legally collect sales tax from customers. Failure to register for a sales tax permit can result in hefty fines and penalties. Collecting Sales Tax After obtaining the necessary permits, businesses must collect sales tax from their customers at the applicable rate. It's important to accurately calculate the sales tax based on the customer's location and the specific taxability of the products or services sold. Utilizing reliable sales tax automation software can streamline this process and help businesses avoid costly errors. Filing and Remitting Sales Tax Small businesses are required to file sales tax returns on a regular basis, typically monthly, quarterly, or annually, depending on the volume of sales and the state's regulations. It's crucial to accurately report the collected sales tax and remit the funds to the appropriate tax authorities within the specified deadlines. Failure to file and remit sales tax on time can lead to severe consequences, including interest and penalties. Navigating Sales Tax Compliance Challenges As small businesses expand their operations and reach customers in multiple states, they may encounter various compliance challenges related to sales tax. These challenges include managing exemption certificates, understanding marketplace facilitator laws, and staying up to date with legislative changes that impact sales tax obligations. Seeking Professional Assistance Given the complexities of sales tax compliance, small businesses can benefit from seeking professional assistance from tax advisors or utilizing sales tax software solutions. These resources can provide valuable insights, help businesses navigate regulatory changes, and ensure accurate compliance with sales tax laws. In conclusion, handling sales tax for small businesses in the USA requires a comprehensive understanding of state-specific regulations, diligent compliance efforts, and the utilization of reliable resources to streamline tax processes. By prioritizing sales tax compliance, businesses can avoid costly penalties, maintain good standing with tax authorities, and focus on sustainable growth and success. New Fleet Solutions is dedicated to supporting small businesses in navigating the intricacies of sales tax and achieving their financial goals.
The Steroidogenesis Inhibitor Finasteride Reduces the Response to Both Stressful and Rewarding Stimuli November 2019 in "Biomolecules" TLDR Finasteride reduces response to stress and rewards, affecting behavior and mental health. The steroidogenesis inhibitor finasteride, commonly used to treat hair loss and benign prostatic hyperplasia, has been found to reduce the response to both stressful and rewarding stimuli in rats. The drug was found to reduce exploratory, incentive, prosocial, and risk-taking behavior, as well as stress coping, in rats. The effects of finasteride on stress reactivity were associated with a decrease in corticotropin release hormone (CRH) mRNA and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) levels, suggesting that finasteride impairs stress reactivity and reduces behavioral activation and impulsive behavior by altering the function of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. The study suggests that finasteride may have effects beyond its intended use and highlights the potential impact of finasteride on mental health. View this study on mdpi.com → Cited in this study research Post-finasteride syndrome Post-finasteride syndrome causes sexual, physical, and psychological symptoms, but more research is needed to understand its causes and connection to finasteride. research Repeated finasteride administration induces depression-like behavior in adult male rats Finasteride use can cause depression-like behavior in male rats. research Treatment of male rats with finasteride, an inhibitor of 5alpha-reductase enzyme, induces long-lasting effects on depressive-like behavior, hippocampal neurogenesis, neuroinflammation and gut microbiota composition Finasteride treatment in male rats causes long-lasting effects on depression-like behavior, brain cell growth, inflammation, and gut bacteria composition. research Research Brief: Self-Reports of a Constellation of Persistent Antiandrogenic, Estrogenic, Physical, and Psychological Effects of Finasteride Usage Among Men Finasteride use can cause lasting negative effects like sexual dysfunction, depression, anxiety, and cognitive issues. research Emotional Consequences of Finasteride: Fool's Gold Finasteride can cause serious emotional side effects; doctors should check patients' mental health history before prescribing. research The Neurosteroidogenic Enzyme 5α-Reductase Mediates Psychotic-Like Complications of Sleep Deprivation research Exploring the neural mechanisms of finasteride: a proteomic analysis in the nucleus accumbens Finasteride affects brain processes related to neurotransmission and metabolism, potentially helping with neuropsychiatric conditions. research Persistent Sexual, Emotional, and Cognitive Impairment Post-Finasteride Finasteride can cause lasting sexual, emotional, and cognitive issues, with varying severity. research Neuroactive Steroid Levels are Modified in Cerebrospinal Fluid and Plasma of Post‐Finasteride Patients Showing Persistent Sexual Side Effects and Anxious/Depressive Symptomatology Finasteride use changes brain chemicals, causing lasting sexual issues and anxiety/depression. research Depressive Symptoms and Suicidal Thoughts Among Former Users of Finasteride With Persistent Sexual Side Effects Former finasteride users with persistent sexual side effects have higher rates of depression and suicidal thoughts. research Finasteride Attenuates Pathological Gambling in Patients With Parkinson Disease Finasteride reduces gambling symptoms in Parkinson's patients. research The 5 Alpha-Reductase Isozyme Family: A Review of Basic Biology and Their Role in Human Diseases The document concludes that the 5 alpha-reductase enzymes are important in steroid metabolism and related to various human diseases, with inhibitors used to treat conditions like male pattern baldness and prostate issues. research A preliminary study of finasteride in Tourette syndrome Finasteride reduces Tourette syndrome symptoms, but results may be limited due to potential biases. research Steroid 5α-Reductase as a Novel Therapeutic Target for Schizophrenia and Other Neuropsychiatric Disorders S5αR inhibitors might help treat schizophrenia and other mental disorders but need more research. research Finasteride treatment and neuroactive steroid formation. Finasteride treatment can decrease certain steroids and increase others, possibly leading to depression symptoms in some cases. research Studies on Neurosteroids XXV. Influence of a 5.ALPHA.-Reductase Inhibitor, Finasteride, on Rat Brain Neurosteroid Levels and Metabolism Finasteride almost fully depletes allopregnanolone in rat brains and enhances 20α-DHP, but doesn't change 3α-DHP levels. research Treatment of Tourette's Syndrome With Finasteride Finasteride may effectively reduce Tourette's syndrome symptoms and improve life quality. research Finasteride induced depression: a prospective study Finasteride may cause slight depression and anxiety. research Finasteride Treatment of Female Pattern Hair Loss Finasteride with oral contraceptive helps improve hair loss in premenopausal women. research Finasteride Treatment of Patterned Hair Loss in Normoandrogenic Postmenopausal Women Finasteride can slow hair loss and promote growth in postmenopausal women. research The benefits of finasteride for hirsute women with polycystic ovary syndrome or idiopathic hirsutism Finasteride effectively reduces hair growth in women with polycystic ovary syndrome or idiopathic hirsutism. research Depression Circumstantially Related to the Administration of Finasteride for Androgenetic Alopecia Finasteride for hair loss may cause depression, affecting sleep and relationships. research The effects of finasteride on scalp skin and serum androgen levels in men with androgenetic alopecia Finasteride effectively reduces hair loss by decreasing androgen levels. research Effects of the 5α-Reductase Inhibitor Finasteride on Serum Levels of Gonadal, Adrenal, and Hypophyseal Hormones and its Clinical Significance: A Prospective Clinical Study Finasteride reduces hair loss and treats BPH without major hormone changes, but may cause sexual dysfunction. research Clinical and endocrine effects of finasteride, a 5α-reductase inhibitor, in women with idiopathic hirsutism Finasteride reduces hairiness and androgen levels in women with unexplained excessive hair growth. research Four-amino acid segment in steroid 5 alpha-reductase 1 confers sensitivity to finasteride, a competitive inhibitor. Four-amino acid part makes enzyme sensitive to finasteride. research The Steroidogenesis Inhibitor Finasteride Reduces the Response to Both Stressful and Rewarding Stimuli Finasteride reduces response to stress and rewards, affecting behavior and mental health.
Oklahoma's Parental Choice Tax Credits and Federal ECCA Proposal Offer More Options for Families Parental Choice Tax Credits and ECCA Proposal Promise Brighter Futures for Thousands According to AOL, thousands of families in Oklahoma are set to have more freedom in choosing their children's education thanks to new Parental Choice Tax Credits. The Oklahoma Parental Choice Tax Credits Act signed into law last year by Governor Kevin Stitt and the state legislature allows families to receive tax credits to cover education expenses including tuition for private and religious schools. However due to a statewide cap on Parental Choice Tax Credits many families won't benefit this year. The cap is set to increase in the coming years but there's a push for further expansion. A proposed federal legislation called the Educational Choice for Children Act (ECCA) aims to provide federal credits for donations to scholarship-granting organizations which would enable more students to access private education. This would give families especially those with limited means more options beyond traditional public schools. Supporters argue that education decisions are best made by parents not by government officials. They believe that empowering families with financial resources allows them to choose the best educational path for their children. The ECCA has garnered significant backing in Congress including from Oklahoma representatives like Senator Markwayne Mullin and Representatives Tom Cole and Kevin Hern. Advocates stress the urgency of providing families with educational choices, particularly in the aftermath of the pandemic which resulted in prolonged school closures and learning loss. They argue that waiting for slow legislative processes isn't an option when children's education is at stake. Passage of the ECCA would not only expand educational options for Oklahoma students but also provide additional scholarship funds to supplement existing state-level initiatives. Proponents see this as an opportunity for Oklahoma to lead the nation in ensuring equal educational opportunities for all children. As the ECCA gains traction in Congress there's a call for Oklahoma's congressional delegation to throw their support behind the legislation. If successful it could mean a significant step forward in empowering families to choose the education that best suits their children's needs. READ ALSO: $5 Billion In Loan Cancellations Approved: U.S. Department Of Education Offers One-Time Student Loan Adjustment – What Borrowers Need To Know! ECCA Offers More Than Private School Funding, Backed by Bipartisan Support Furthermore, supporters say the Educational Choice for Children Act would help in more ways than just paying for private school. It would also cover other expenses like tutoring help for kids with special needs online learning, homeschooling, and educational tools. This would make sure that all kids in Oklahoma no matter their situation get the best education possible. They also point out that both Democrats and Republicans in Congress support this idea including Oklahoma's own lawmakers. This shows that Americans from different political backgrounds agree that families should have more say in their children's education.
Best electronic science and hardware security advices by Michael Joseph Pertuit? VPN connections: You can protect multiple devices, Most paid VPNs (and you shouldn't really use a free VPN) provide multiple simultaneous connections. So you should be able to protect all your devices, be it a computer, smartphone, tablet, and even smart TVs and gaming consoles, at the same time. How many simultaneous connections a VPN allows varies from service to service, but you can choose one that best suits your needs. Between three and seven VPN connections are generally what you get from most. Michael Pertuit about internet security: Use Multiple Authentication Methods. Authentication is the act of confirming an identity (whether a user, machine, or device) by comparing provided credentials against an existing database of authorized identities before allowing access to a given system or application. For example, think of entering your username and password before gaining access to your email account. However, rather than relying on passwords alone, which have grown increasingly unreliable, we recommend using multiple factors for the authentication process. Authentication factors include something you know (e.g. username/password, answer to security question), something you have (e.g. Digital Certificate, smart card), and something you are (e.g. fingerprint, facial recognition). Michael Pertuit about ransomware attacks: Use Strong Passwords & Use a Password Management Tool. You've probably heard that strong passwords are critical to online security. The truth is passwords are important in keeping hackers out of your data! According to the National Institute of Standards and Technology's (NIST) 2017 new password policy framework, you should consider: Dropping the crazy, complex mixture of upper case letters, symbols, and numbers. Instead, opt for something more user-friendly but with at least eight characters and a maximum length of 64 characters. If you want to make it easier to manage your passwords, try using a password management tool or password account vault. LastPass FREE is a great tool for an individual. LastPass offers a FREE account and has a $2/month membership with some great advanced password features. Michael Joseph Pertuit on data breach: A Malicious Insider. This person purposely accesses and/or shares data with the intent of causing harm to an individual or company. The malicious insider may have legitimate authorization to use the data, but the intent is to use the information in nefarious ways. Lost or Stolen Devices. An unencrypted and unlocked laptop or external hard drive — anything that contains sensitive information — goes missing. Malicious Outside Criminals. These are hackers who use various attack vectors to gather information from a network or an individual. Since malicious data breaches result from cyberattacks, you should know what to watch for. Being a business owner can be pretty overwhelming in that respect, but there are plenty of steps you can take to protect yourself against ever-present security threats. Some are simple actions you can carry out on your own, and some might require professional help. But don't hesitate to improve your systems and fix weak spots — it'll be well worth the time and effort. Here are some tips. It isn't possible to defend yourself completely against online attacks, but complacency is probably the No. 1 reason a business becomes a victim of a cybercrime. Many business owners make the mistake of assuming that their company is too puny for hackers to bother with. Hackers are very familiar with this way of thinking — they know that most small businesses aren't helmed by information technology experts with an unlimited security budget. They know "small" usually equals weak and easily exploitable. Find even more info at Michael Pertuit.
What Kind Of Cheese Are You A Complete Beginner's Guide to Cheese Make sure to grind the meat first. If the cheese isn't sliced, then you should first make little cubes of cheese. Mix the cheese and other ingredients by hand to achieve equal distribution. To make this process even easier, you can refrigerate or even freeze the cheese cubes before adding them to the meat mixture. Cheese Quiz What Cheese Are You? Quiz Part-skim mozzarella is lower in saturated fat than many other cheeses. Weinandy says part-skim mozzarella cheese has a lower amount of saturated fat and sodium compared to many other kinds of. Names Of Cheese The Mediterranean diet is renowned for its health benefits, but it can be difficult to find the right type of cheese. Here we look at the top ten types of cheeses that are perfect for a Mediterranean diet, each offering their own unique flavor and texture: Feta: Originating from Greece, feta is a crumbly cheese made from sheep's milk. It is. Pin on Stylist Turns Yellow What kind of cheese are you? January 20th 2017. The discovery of cheese predates recorded history. Although the earliest evidence of cheesemaking can be traced back to 5,500 BCE, historians theorize that cheese was originally discovered accidentally: it's probable that cheesemaking first occurred inside animals organs used for storing milk. The 3 Healthiest Cheeses You Can Eat Halloumi. Kefalotyri. Grilling Cheese. Queso Panela. Provolone. Bonus Cheese: Kasseri. The look of confusion is priceless. Every time I mention to someone that I'm going to be "grilling cheese," I watch them slowly try to parse what I'm saying. 18 Types of Cheese You Should Know About My Fermented Foods What Type Of Cheese Are You? This may sound cheesy, but I think you're grate. by amandalpot. Cheeses of the world Cheese tasting, Cheese, Cheese flavor Camembert is sold as a smaller wheel, measuring around 5 inches in diameter, and it is richer and more intense in flavor than brie. It has big buttery, mushroom notes, and though very rich, it's less creamy and runny than brie. SHOP CUTTING BOARDS. Roberto Machado Noa //Getty Images. 6. Cream Cheese Ball {Classic Cheese Ball Recipe!} Cheddar cheese is known for its sharp and tangy flavor, making it a popular choice for everything from cheeseburgers to mac and cheese. If you consider yourself a dependable and traditional person, then you might just be a Cheddar. You value stability and reliability, just like this timeless cheese. On the other hand, if you are a bit more. What Kind Of Cheese Are You Based On Bananas? Fans of cheddar cheese are well-balanced people in various regards. For example, you appreciate classics and keep up to date with the latest trends. In this quiz, you can find out which kind of cheese matches your personality the best! For this, you just have to answer the following cheesy questions honestly. Say Cheese for Protein Michigan Agriculture in the Classroom Really rubbery Red Leicester. Stinky blue cheese. Mega squishy French cheese. Plastic-wrapped sandwich cheese. ADVERTISEMENT. Continue quiz. 13/13. @bwog.com \| giphy. You're in a fancy Italian restaurant and the pizza you ordered isn't cheesy enough. What Kind Of Cheese Are You Cheese is a beloved dairy product that comes in many flavors, textures, and varieties. Whether you're a fan of creamy brie, sharp cheddar, or tangy blue cheese, there's a type of cheese out there for everyone. 27 different types of cheese, their origin and uses food and beverage Smoked gouda. What kind of cheese would you like to have right now? Feta. Stilton. Velveeta. Cheddar. Cheese, cheese, cheese! You cannot get enough cheese. You eat so much cheese you might turn into a cheese wheel! Types of Cheese with Pictures Fat: 30.0 g. Protein: 26.7 g. Asiago is a semi-hard cheese from Italy that shares some characteristics with other Italian cheeses like Parmesan. In this regard, people typically use grated (aged) Asiago as a topping or flavor-enhancing ingredient in a dish. However, fresh Asiago is quite different in terms of flavor. Set of different types of cheese on a white Vector Image Types of Key Takeaway. The most popular types of cheese used for fondue are Gruyere, Emmental, and Comte. These cheeses have a high melting point and a nutty flavor that pairs well with white wine, garlic, and other flavorings used in traditional fondue recipes. Some recipes may also include other types of cheese, such as cheddar or fontina, to add. What Kind of Cheese Are You? Healthy sweets desserts, Recipes, Food Figure out which cheese you are. by yourmomlovesvictoria. Community Contributor. Approved and edited by BuzzFeed Community Team. Take this quiz with friends in real time and compare results. Check. What kind of cheese are you?!. Clickbait fodder. I hate it. You'll Ordering the wrong kind of cheese at a genuine South Philly cheesesteak establishment will get you more than just a nasty look. Locals still get heated about that time in 2003 when, on the.
Warm weather hits throughout October, BMKG predicts November will begin the transition TIME.CO, Jakarta – Heat continued to affect Indonesia in September-October. In fact, almost all regions of Indonesia experienced hot temperatures reaching 37 degrees Celsius. The increase in the average temperature of the climatological temperature value is uniformly distributed throughout Indonesia. In November, BMKG It is estimated that several areas of Indonesia will enter a transition or transition period, which will cause the possibility of rain and lower air temperatures in these areas. If you feel hot, it means your body is experiencing a perceived or apparent temperature. "(That) is a term used to describe the temperature sensation felt by humans based on a combination of air temperature, humidity and other factors such as wind speed and sunlight," said Miming Saepudin, chief of the BMKG Forecasting Working Group. He also hopes that people will maintain body stamina and an adequate level of body fluids in hot weather conditions. Causes of high hot temperatures in Indonesia In general, the phenomenon of high hot temperatures occurs because it is triggered by different dynamic atmospheric conditions. Like sunny weather and minimal cloud growth, especially during the day. In addition to this, the low levels of air humidity in Indonesia also contribute to these warm temperatures. The position of the sun is also one of the factors triggering the current hot temperatures. "The apparent position of the sun still shows a movement south of the equator," Miming said on October 18, 2023. Since some parts of Indonesia are in the same area, it is natural that they are affected by the impact of solar radiation which is relatively more intense than in other regions. Besides that, hot high temperatures are also caused by El Nino. El Nino is a climate phenomenon that can affect weather patterns in various regions. El Nino can have different impacts in all parts of the world. In Latin America, El Nino causes an increase in precipitation. However, in Indonesia El Nino causes a reduction in rainfall. El Nino triggers drought conditions and heat in Indonesia because the dry season automatically lasts longer. BMKG estimates that El Nino conditions will continue until the end of October. Furthermore, in November there will be the transition from the dry to the rainy season. Editors Choice: Warm Weather: Tips for Safe Outdoor Activities Quoted From Many Source
In the summer of 2023, as part of the Fellfoot Forward project, a team of local volunteers worked alongside geologists from the Cumberland Geological Society and Cumbria Geoconservation Group to undertake a geological survey of the Long Meg stone circle. The results, subsequently enhanced through further work by a small team of geologists, are fascinating, and further work is ongoing. An interim report is available here. At the same time as the geological survey, a condition survey was completed, looking in particular at damage caused by burrowing bunnies; a separate report on this work can be seen here. The geological survey included detailed study of each Daughter. It was noted that most of the Daughters appear to be set within a low earthen bank; in the past it had been thought that this could have been a result of ploughing over recent centuries, but now it seems more likely that it was an original feature of the site. This implies that the perimeter of the circle was laid out early in the construction process, with the stones later being inserted into the bank. Possible implications of this are considered in the geological survey report. Detailed analysis of Long Meg herself has confirmed that she is of Penrith sandstone, and a probable actual location from which she was taken has been identified, though further work is needed to confirm this. At this location, a number of large slabs of red sandstone have fallen from the river cliffs to lie vertically immediately adjacent to the river; Long Meg may well have been one of these. The Daughters are all confirmed as glacial erratics, dumped by ice in the Eden Valley during the ice age. Each is unique, with its own characteristics which would not have been lost on those transporting them to the circle. The majority of those which could be accurately measured (ie excluding those which have fallen, for which original size and shape cannot be established) fall within a restricted size range, with maximum circumferences or girths (measured parallel to the ground) of 400 – 580 cm. 15 Daughters fall within this range, with only two larger and seven smaller. However, as we don't know the size range of potentially available erratics, the implications of this are uncertain. 42 Daughters are characterised as of the Borrowdale Volcanic Group (BVG), from the central Lake District. They display much variation, on the basis of which they are divided into three subgroups. 22 Daughters are classed as Threlkeld Microgranite, with a source just south of Blencathra (Saddleback). Many of these contain distinctive xenoliths (inclusions) of much older Skiddaw slate. It may be significant that Blencathra is a very distinctive feature of the western horizon seen from Long Meg, and the Lake District is similarly visible to the south-west. Neolithic people knew their landscape intimately, and may well have been aware of the places where such stone occurred as bedrock. The other four Daughters are white granite, possibly Skiddaw Granite, or from south-west Scotland. Of these, two may mark the midsummer sunrise and sunset when seen from the centre of the circle; further work is needed to check this. Remarkably, although camouflaged by millennia of weathering and lichen growth, where the colour of the BVG and Threlkeld Microgranite Daughters could be ascertained, they are almost all various shades of green. Quite possibly, if they were dug out the ground prior to being moved to the site, and thus had not been subjected to millennia of Cumbrian weather, they could all have appeared much greener than they do today at the time they were originally set up within the circle. It is interesting to note that earlier survey of erratics in the Eden Valley failed to record any BVG boulders in natural locations within several kilometers of Long Meg, though erratics of other lithologies are present. This could be interpreted as suggesting that the land has been cleared of all visible BVG boulders; perhaps they were all moved to Long Meg during the Neolithic. Rapid assessment of a few roadside piles of boulders ploughed up in fields near Long Meg over recent years suggests that many such boulders (all smaller than the Daughters) are BVG or Threlkeld microgranite. This supports the idea that the boulders are erratics, having been dumped here by ice within the boulder clay where they lay buried until disturbed by modern ploughs. People sometimes ask why there is no Shap Granite at Long Meg, given that erratics of it have been recorded locally. The answer may simply be that it is the wrong colour; the people building the stone circle only wanted green stones. Possible implications of this are considered in the geological survey report. There is still further work to be done to characterise and source all the Daughters, but the key archaeological implications of the recent geological survey are clear. The Daughters are all glacial erratics, presumably collected from the surrounding landscape and dragged to the site, and almost all are various shades of green.
"Reclaiming the Past": Decolonization in the Early Novels of Chinua Achebe and Ngugi Wa Thiong'o "The novelist is haunted by a sense of the past", says Ngugi Wa Thiong'o in "The African Writer and his Past" (Heywood ed., 1971). This paper explores tentative points of convergence and contrast between the early novels of Ngugi Wa Thiong'oi and Chinua Achebe, on the basis of their treatment of the "past", their attitude to language and their concern with the writer's political commitment and the post-colonial enterprise of decolonization. It looks at Achebe's trilogy, with special reference to Arrow of God and Thiongo's Weep Not Child and The River Between, in light of Leopold Senghor's view that African art differs from the European in that it is functional, collective and committed. Keeping in mind the prolific output of critical works by these two writers, the paper also examines their critical statements and political stance. In his well known article, "The Role of the Writer in the New Nation" (1964), Achebe draws upon Frantz Fanon and defends the writer's role as a cultural nationalist. He declares: African people did not hear of culture for the first time from Europeans. He emphasizes that the writer's duty was to help the African people regain the dignity that they had "all but lost in the colonial period", by showing them "in human terms what happened to them, what they lost". Namita Sethi
Rackham in the Art Community You're about to step into the enchanting world of Arthur Rackham, a realm where fantasy and art intertwine in a dance as old as time itself. As a lover of art, you're likely familiar with Rackham's intricate illustrations which have become synonymous with the golden age of illustration. His unique style, characterized by detailed lines and a delicate use of color, has left an indelible mark on the art community. But have you ever wondered about the depth of his influence, or how his work continues to shape the artistic landscape? There's more to Rackham's story, and it's a tale worth exploring. Arthur Rackham's Early Life Born in the heart of Lambeth, London on September 19, 1867, Arthur Rackham began showcasing his artistic prowess at an astonishingly young age, eventually enrolling at the prestigious Lambeth School of Art. This pivotal decision marks the first significant chapter in 'Rackham: His Life.' The Lambeth School served as a crucible, melding his raw talent into an artistic force that would ripple throughout the art community. Before his illustrious career as an artist, Rackham trod the mundane path of a junior clerk at the Westminster Fire Office. However, his passion for art remained undimmed, seeping into his work as he began producing drawings and watercolors for illustrated newspapers. His entrance into book illustration, marked by his work on guidebooks and reissued editions of popular works, was a testament to his resilience and adaptability. In 1900, Rackham's personal life flourished alongside his professional. He married Edyth Starkie, and soon after, his work as a decorative illustrator began to gain recognition. His innovative illustrations breathed life into many classic tales, shaping the visual landscape of children's literature. This early period in Arthur Rackham's life laid the foundation for the pioneering artist he'd become. Rackham's Artistic Development Building on the firm foundation laid during his early years, Rackham's artistic development took a dramatic leap forward as he transitioned from producing drawings and watercolors for newspapers to illustrating guidebooks and reissued editions. His enrollment at the Lambeth School of Art honed his craft, and his illustrations began to gain recognition. Rackham's illustrations for 'The Fairy Tales of the Brothers Grimm' and classics like 'Peter Pan' mark the start of a golden period. His marriage to Edyth Starkie in 1900 only amplified this success, despite the controversy his 'Alice's Adventures in Wonderland' illustrations stirred. Rackham's artistic development continued to bloom, even amidst declining sales in Britain in the 1920s. He embraced the challenge, focusing on deluxe editions of classics. This resilience culminated in his final work, 'The Wind in the Willows', that took three painstaking years to complete. Rackham's legacy is a testament to his relentless artistic development. His influence on the fantasy genre and children's literature remains notable. This persistent evolution of his work showcases the true essence of innovation, making Rackham's artistic journey a narrative of inspiration. Influence on Contemporary Art Delving into the realm of contemporary art, it's impossible to overlook the significant influence of Arthur Rackham's illustrations on the fantasy genre. You'll find Rackham's fingerprints all over modern fantasy illustration. His unique style has left an indelible mark on artists and illustrators, influencing the likes of Brian Froud, William Stout, and Abigail Larson. Rackham's innovative use of pen and ink drawings with watercolor for subtle tints has been a source of inspiration for many. It's a technique that hasn't only stood the test of time, but also pushed the boundaries of creativity, proving an invaluable resource for contemporary artists. Further, Rackham's influence extends beyond book illustrations to the silver screen. Directors such as Guillermo del Toro have openly acknowledged the impact of Rackham's visual style on their films, with 'Pan's Labyrinth' and 'Hellboy' serving as prime examples. Rackham's Signature Style Exploring Rackham's signature style, you'll immediately notice the detailed and imaginative watercolor illustrations, marked by fine lines, a subdued color palette, and an inherent sense of motion and fantasy. This style has set Rackham apart from other book illustrators in the field. Digging deeper, you'll discern the incredible depth and texture in Rackham's work, made possible by his adept use of watercolor and ink. His mastery of composition and storytelling is evident in the way he employs these mediums, crafting illustrations that are markedly distinctive, with a benchmark score of 9.0. What's significant about Rackham's approach is the impact it's had on illustrated books. His unique style hasn't only enriched the Midlibrary Catalog but also revolutionized the way we perceive illustrated literature. His illustrations bring forth a sense of enchantment and adventure, making the books he's illustrated a treasure trove for readers. As you delve further into Rackham's work, you'll find an artist whose style isn't just innovative but also transformative. It's a style that invites you to look closer, to immerse yourself in the fantasy, and to embrace the magic of imagination. Critiques of Rackham's Work While you might be captivated by Rackham's distinctive style and detailed illustrations, it's worth noting that his work has also attracted varying critiques, sparking discussions around the darker tones, complexity, and representation within his art. Some critics argue that the imaginative yet macabre elements in Rackham's book illustrations can be unsettling. They point out that his ornate details, while intricate, may be too complex for some viewers to fully appreciate. Others comment on Rackham's subdued color palettes and meticulous line work, suggesting that they can lead to a lack of visual dynamism. This, they argue, can potentially impact the overall energy of his illustrations. The critiques of Rackham's work also extend to the perceived limited diversity in his character representation. Critics point out the lack of cultural diversity and the possible reinforcement of outdated or stereotypical tropes. In the pursuit of innovation, it's crucial to examine these critiques and their implications for contemporary art. As you navigate Rackham's world, remember to look beyond the surface, exploring the layers of complexity, representation, and the darker undertones that define his work. Collaborations Within the Art Community In the vibrant tapestry of the art community, your involvement in collaborations can open doors to joint exhibitions, projects, or events that spotlight a myriad of talents and perspectives. Collaborations within the art community, like those seen at Leicester Galleries, foster a supportive and inclusive environment. This camaraderie catalyzes the sharing of resources, skills, and knowledge, while encouraging innovation and experimentation. As an artist, you're offered opportunities to explore new techniques, mediums, and approaches. You're propelled into a realm of creativity where boundaries are blurred and innovation thrives. Collaborations not only enhance your artistic prowess but also extend your reach, engaging with diverse communities and amplifying the impact of your work. In the context of Rackham in the art community, collaborations could lead to enduring connections, partnerships, and networks. These relationships form the backbone of a thriving art community, supporting the growth and development of all its members. Engage in these collaborations, let your creativity intertwine with others, and watch as your involvement shapes and enriches the art community. Rackham's Impact on Art Education Delving into the realm of art education, you'll find Rackham's indelible mark, reflecting his significant influence on the fantasy genre and shaping the way artists perceive storytelling and composition. His detailed, imaginative art style has revolutionized the field, and Rackham's books, filled with intricate illustrations, serve as a masterclass in visual narration. Rackham would often employ pen and ink drawings, later enhanced by watercolor, a technique that has since inspired countless art students and emerging illustrators. The mastery of line and color displayed in his book illustration remains a focal point in art education, offering invaluable insights into the creative process. Rackham's awards and recognition have cemented his status as a pillar of artistic excellence, providing a model for aspiring artists and illustrators. His legacy in the art community doesn't merely represent historical relevance but continues to shape contemporary artistic practices, fostering innovation and creativity. Thus, Rackham's impact on art education is far-reaching, his distinctive style and narrative prowess effectively altering the way art is taught and understood. His work continues to inspire, a testament to the enduring power of imaginative storytelling in the visual arts. Legacy in Modern Art World Perhaps you've marveled at the detailed illustrations in the pages of 'The Hobbit' or the visually stunning scenes in 'Pan's Labyrinth', not realizing that Arthur Rackham's artistic legacy is at the heart of these and many other modern works of art. Rackham's influence permeates the modern art world, bridging the gap between the Golden Age of Illustration and today's visual narratives. Rackham's legacy in the modern art world is undeniable. His intricate illustrations, which breathed life into the Tales of the Brothers Grimm and other fantasy narratives, ushered in a new era of visual storytelling. His art, once revolutionary in the realm of children's literature, has found its way into the heart of contemporary art, influencing illustrators and filmmakers alike. This innovative spirit continues to echo in the works of modern artists who embody Rackham's detailed style and fantastical themes. Even now, his illustrations are sought after in international art auctions, proving his enduring relevance. Rackham's legacy, therefore, isn't just historical; it's a thriving testament to his artistic prowess, aptly reflected in the modern art world. Personal Reflections on Rackham's Art When you immerse yourself in the personal reflections on Rackham's art, you'll discover a treasure trove of insights into his unique style, the pervasive themes in his illustrations, and the profound impact he'd on the fantasy genre. These reflections provide a comprehensive view of the artist, revealing the subtleties and nuances of his pen and ink drawings, watercolor tints, and the 27 book illustrations that have left an indelible mark on the art community. Delving deeper, you'll find that Rackham's illustrations weren't just images. They were narrative tools, constructing fantastical worlds that enthralled readers and artists alike. His influence extended beyond his lifetime, inspiring filmmakers and illustrators who desired innovation. The reflections unearth layers of Rackham's life and career, showing how his early education played a critical role in shaping his artistic prowess. It's fascinating to see how he translated his experiences into his art, creating works that continue to resonate today. Ultimately, these personal reflections on Rackham's art offer a rich tapestry of his legacy, an enduring testament to his contributions to the world of illustration.
AI means job losses, pure and simple; let that settle in for a moment. To their credit, Deloitte Digital is one of the first consultants to actually consider the human toll of job losses created by AI. This toll is being felt NOW! If we believe the AI propaganda, AI will be a human assistant or companion at work. That may be true today, but within a decade, AI will become so smart that humans will be optional. What then? What happens to the people when companies claim that the bottom line and shareholders matter more than jobs? We don't know, but who can blame employees when employees view their employers as 188% less empathetic and human when AI tools are offered at work? Four tensions from the use of AI in the workplace! Efficiency vs. Inclusivity 69% cited improved efficiency in routine tasks as the top hope for AI in the workplace. Yet nearly a third of conversations cited concern for the bias and inclusion challenges of AI! Creative Inspiration vs. Diligence Over 69% of leaders stated they believe that AI will improve employee creativity to some degree, with AI sparking new ideas and inspiration. However, there is also a fear that overreliance on AI will sacrifice accuracy and thoroughness, with 42% of conversations citing concern for declining quality of work. Personalization vs. Data Privacy In 58% of conversations, leaders expressed desire to use AI to facilitate more effective feedback loops to learn from employees. The top concern for leaders, was the ethical use of AI for data security & privacy, mentioned in 56% of conversations. Time for Connections vs. Quality of Connections Over a third of conversations cited that AI has the ability to unlock time for meaningful human interactions. However, this optimism is tempered by the risks, with 41% of leaders believing AI will cause a decrease in the quality of human connections! Do you remember the AI propaganda about new jobs for prompt engineers? How many will we need, and will we even need them when GenAI can actually help write the prompt for you? The problem with AI isn't that it is smart and getting smarter, it is that society has not yet come to grips with the job losses that are coming. Goldman Sachs economists predict that as many as 300 million full-time jobs could be lost or diminished globally. While the IMF says 4% of global employment is exposed to AI! It's not a question of if these job losses materialize but when. Kudos to Deloitte for recognizing the human toll.
The Galago, or Bushbaby, are several species of small, nocturnal primate native to the African continent. The female forms a social groups with her sisters and their babies, while the male maintains his own overlapping territory, coming into contact with the females to breed. The troop travel together, following each others' cries and marking the path with urine. At the end of the night of foraging for insects, they all gather together in a nest made from leaves or a hollow tree. Like most primates they are highly social, engaging in mutual grooming, chasing each other through the branches and mock skirmishes.
Are you from Denmark? Are you planning on traveling to Jamaica? If the answer is yes, then this article is perfect for you. Before booking the flight you might be thinking: Do Danish citizens need a visa to enter Jamaica? What visa do I need to travel to or visit Jamaica? What are the visa requirements for Jamaica? How long can I stay in Jamaica on e-visa? A lot of Danish residents are asking themselves these questions. As the world shrinks thanks to modern technology and more convenient travel options, it is normal to want to travel to other parts of the world. But, if you'd like to travel to another country but don't know the conditions for visas, then it might be a little difficult. Luckily, we will discuss the requirements for visas and other information about traveling to Jamaica with Danish passport. It is important to plan ahead before traveling to ensure that nothing goes wrong. To assist you in this, we have created this article that provides helpful information on what to do before traveling to Jamaica. We will discuss what type of visa you need to enter or visit Jamaica, as well as how long you can stay in Jamaica if your visa is approved. This article will tell you all you need to know about getting a visa application to travel to Jamaica as a citizen from Denmark. About Jamaica Jamaica is one of the most beautiful countries around the globe. It is famous for its diverse culture and rich heritage. It offers numerous opportunities for tourists to explore its culture and history. If you are looking for a place to go on vacation or simply want to explore a new area, Jamaica is a fantastic option! One way to gain an understanding of what makes this country unique is to go to one its many tourist attractions! There are many aspects that make the United States distinctive. First, it is rich in history, which is evident in many of its cities and landmarks. In addition, it is home to a diverse community of people from all over the world living there. If you're planning on traveling there soon, then make sure you check out some of these places, to ensure you do not be missing everything! The best time of the year to visit Jamaica is from December to April. This is the dry season in Jamaica, which means that it's not as hot and humid. Jamaica has a lot of places to see and visit. One of the most famous attractions in Jamaica is Dunn's River Falls, which is both a waterfall and a climb. Visa Requirements for Visiting Jamaica With Danish Passport: In this article we will discuss the visa requirement for Jamaica. But, before you get the desire to visit Jamaica , you should know that there are numerous types of visas, and each one has its own requirements. If you're planning a trip to Jamaica , there are a lot of aspects to take into consideration, such as the requirements for visas to enter the country. While no two countries have exactly the same procedure however, each has their own set of rules to get visas. These requirements can help you decide whether your trip is worth the expense and effort. If you are planning to visit a foreign country, the first thing you should ensure you have the necessary documents to apply for an entry visa. To get a visa there are several documents that you must have including evidence of income or employment. The requirements will differ based on which type of visa you are seeking, therefore be certain to verify before you make any plans! Visa Free No visa is required to enter this country As the name elaborates, you don't need any visa to enter this country. The purpose of the whole concept is to enable an individual to enter a particular country without obtaining any visa in advance or at arrival. Nonetheless, this doesn't apply to every country. Instead, your country has to sign an agreement with any other country to allow you and all other citizens to travel without any visa. For instance, you are a resident of one particular country named X, and your government has signed an agreement with another country: Y. So, now you can travel to this country with a free visa. You just would need a valid passport & your bags. Nonetheless, note that you can't stay in a Visa-free country for an unlimited period. Instead, the total duration for an individual to stay in a visa-free country varies. So, Please check with the embassy of the country before you travel. In the end, it's essential to be aware of the process by which Jamaica visas operate and how they impact the travel plan you have in mind. While this article has provided an overview of the procedure, you should also consult with your local consulate , or Embassy for more details about your specific situation. Last Updated: 16/09/2022
This is a concise review of AHO, including its initial description by Fuller Albright, classic clinical features, pathophysiology, and genetic background. What is the classic phenotype of AHO? Dr. Fuller Albright first described Albright's hereditary osteodystrophy (AHO) in 1942. The classic phenotype has the following features, brachydactyly, short stature, and round facies. The classification system for this group of inactivating PTH/PTHrp signaling disorders is based on the presence or absence of the classic AHO phenotype and Gsɑ activity in response to exogenous PTH administration[1]. Short Stature Short stature is a cardinal clinical finding in Albright hereditary osteodystrophy (AHO). The classic AHO phenotype is characterized by round facies, obesity, brachydactyly, and short stature[2]. Short stature in patients with pseudohypoparathyroidism (PHP) occurs due to rapid chondrocyte differentiation leading to premature closure of the growth plate and eventual stunting of growth[3]. Impaired activity of Gsɑ affects PTH mediated signaling in chondrocytes. This is even more profound during puberty and accounts for the short stature observed in patients with pseudohypoparathyroidism[4]. Most adults with PHP1A have a body mass index (BMI) >25kg/m2[4]. The reported prevalence of obesity is more than 66%, higher than the 32% prevalence rate reported for the general population[5]. - Melanocortin signaling pathways that regulate satiety are dependent on Gsɑ activity. Gsɑ activity is defective in PHP, which leads to impaired satiety, ultimately leading to obesity[4]. - There are β adrenergic receptors in adipose tissue, which presumably play a role in lipolysis. Downstream signaling of these receptors is dependent on Gsɑ activity; as such, decreased fat mobilization occurs in patients with PHP[6]. - Growth hormone (GH) deficiency is a contributory factor as well since Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) signaling is dependent on the stimulatory G-protein, Gsɑ[5]. The characteristic skeletal feature of PHP happens to be shortening of the metacarpals and metatarsals. This skeletal change tends to involve the fourth and fifth metacarpals and metatarsals [4, 7]. Impaired activity of Gsɑ affects Parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrp) mediated signaling critical in chondrocyte proliferation in the growth plate[4]. Figure 1. Plain radiograph of both hands depicting brachydactyly – shortening of the 4th metacarpals bilaterally. Dental manifestations. Multiple dental abnormalities include delayed or even failed eruption of the teeth, blunting of the roots, hypodontia, and ankylosis[4, 8]. Patients should be referred to dentists for optimal care of their teeth[8]. Downstream signaling for PTH-1R in the tooth is affected due to impaired Gsɑ activity. This highlights the vital role of PTH in mediating tooth maturation and mineralization[4]. Pathophysiology Pearl PTH binds to the PTH-1R receptor, which leads to the dissociation of Gsɑ from the heterotrimeric G protein. Gsɑ subsequently activates adenylyl cyclase (AC). This is followed by AC-mediated conversion of ATP to cyclic AMP. The second messenger, cyclic AMP activates protein kinase A (PKA), which subsequently phosphorylates various target proteins involved in the transcription and translation of several downstream cyclic AMP-responsive genes. A loss of function mutation involving the gene encoding the alpha subunit of the Gs protein, i.e., the GNAS gene, results in pseudohypoparathyroidism[4]. Resistance to PTH action in the proximal renal tubule leads to hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia, a biochemical profile akin to what is observed in patients with isolated hypoparathyroidism. Patients, however, have a paradoxical elevation in serum PTH, hence the name, pseudohypoparathyroidism[4] Pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism (PPHP). This is a unique clinical and biochemical subtype of inactivating PTH/PTHrp signaling disorders (iPPSD). The new iPPSD nomenclature acknowledges the spectrum of clinicopathologic phenotypes in patients with pseudohypoparathyroidism[1]. Figure 2. Role of tissue specific expression of Gsα gene in determining the final clinical phenotype of pseudohypoparathyroidism. The Guanine nucleotide-binding protein, alpha stimulating (GNAS) gene, is critical in the transcription of the stimulatory G protein (Gsα). Gsα in most tissues is expressed in a biallelic fashion, i.e., there are distinct paternal and maternal alleles. The clinical and biochemical features are, therefore, dependent on the parent of origin of the mutant allele[9]. The paternal Gsα gene in normal physiology is not expressed in the proximal renal tubule, pituitary gland, and gonadal tissue. It, therefore, plays no role in renal electrolyte (calcium and phosphorus) handling or activation of Gsα coupled receptors such as luteinizing hormone (LH), parathyroid hormone (PTH), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). Paternal derived Gsα gene is however present in bone. An affected child who inherits a mutated Gsα gene from a father will, therefore, present with pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism PPHP (i.e., short stature with no apparent biochemical or hormonal perturbations)[9]. Maternal Gsα gene expression determines most of the downstream effects of Gsα coupled receptors in extra-skeletal tissues, including LH, PTH, TSH, and GHRH. Also, unlike the paternal allele, the maternal allele is expressed in several tissues including pituitary, renal, and gonadal tissues. It is noteworthy, that both maternal and paternal Gsα genes are expressed in bone. A mutation in the maternal Gsα gene, therefore, results in the classic Pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1A (PHP1A) phenotype (see table 1)[10, 11]. Pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1B (PHP1B) occurs when there is an imprinting (methylation) defect in the maternal GNAS gene. However in contrast to pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism and PHP1A, there is no mutation in the Gsα gene[12]. iPPSD \| AHO \| Other hormone Resistance States. \| PTH resistance \| PPHP \| Present \| Absent \| Absent [13, 14] \| PHP1A \| Present \| Present \| Present [10, 11] \| PHP1B \| Absent \| Infrequent \| Present [12]. \| PHP1C \| Present \| Present \| Present [2]. \| - iPPSD inactivating PTH/PTHrp signaling disorders, AHO Albright's hereditary osteodystrophy. - Other hormone resistance states LH and TSH resistance - PTH resistance low calcium, high phosphorus and a paradoxically high PTH - PHP1C Pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1C What are the other endocrinopathies which might be associated with some forms of pseudohypoparathyroidism? - Resistance to the effects of TSH at the level of the thyroid gland results in hypothyroidism - Gonadotropin resistance leading to delayed puberty, oligomenorrhea and cryptorchidism - Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) resistance causes GH deficiency. - Prolactin deficiency Interestingly, ACTH, CRH, and vasopressin action are not affected in iPPSDs, because both the maternal and paternal copies of the GNAS gene are expressed in their target tissues, as such a mutation in one parental allele does not result in hormonal defects since the normal parental allele is present. This highlights the tissue-specific expression of both maternal and paternal copies of the gene[15]. - Turan S (2017) Current Nomenclature of Pseudohypoparathyroidism: Inactivating Parathyroid Hormone/Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein Signaling Disorder. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol 9:58–68 - Mantovani G, Bastepe M, Monk D, et al (2018) Diagnosis and management of pseudohypoparathyroidism and related disorders: first international Consensus Statement. Nat Rev Endocrinol 14:476–500 - Hanna P, Grybek V, Nanclares GP de, et al (2018) Genetic and Epigenetic Defects at the GNAS Locus Lead to Distinct Patterns of Skeletal Growth but Similar Early-Onset Obesity. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 33:1480–1488 - Linglart A, Levine MA, Jüppner H (2018) Pseudohypoparathyroidism. Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America 47:865–888 - Long DN, McGuire S, Levine MA, Weinstein LS, Germain-Lee EL (2007) Body Mass Index Differences in Pseudohypoparathyroidism Type 1a Versus Pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism May Implicate Paternal Imprinting of Gαs in the Development of Human Obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 92:1073–1079 - Carel JC, Le Stunff C, Condamine L, Mallet E, Chaussain JL, Adnot P, Garabédian M, Bougnères P (1999) Resistance to the Lipolytic Action of Epinephrine: A New Feature of Protein Gs Deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84:4127–4131 - Linglart A, Fryssira H, Hiort O, et al (2012) PRKAR1A and PDE4D Mutations Cause Acrodysostosis but Two Distinct Syndromes with or without GPCR-Signaling Hormone Resistance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 97:E2328–E2338 - Reis MTA, Matias DT, Faria MEJ de, Martin RM (2016) Failure of tooth eruption and brachydactyly in pseudohypoparathyroidism are not related to plasma parathyroid hormone-related protein levels. Bone 85:138–141 - Turan S, Bastepe M (2015) GNAS spectrum of disorders. Curr Osteoporos Rep 13:146–158 - Thiele S, Mantovani G, Barlier A, et al (2016) From pseudohypoparathyroidism to inactivating PTH/PTHrP signalling disorder (iPPSD), a novel classification proposed by the EuroPHP network. Eur J Endocrinol 175:P1–P17 - Mantovani G, Elli FM (2019) Inactivating PTH/PTHrP Signaling Disorders. Parathyroid Disorders 51:147–159 - Dixit A, Chandler KE, Lever M, Poole RL, Bullman H, Mughal MZ, Steggall M, Suri M (2013) Pseudohypoparathyroidism Type 1b due to Paternal Uniparental Disomy of Chromosome 20q. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 98:E103–E108 - Elli FM, deSanctis L, Ceoloni B, Barbieri AM, Bordogna P, Beck-Peccoz P, Spada A, Mantovani G (2013) Pseudohypoparathyroidism type Ia and pseudo-pseudohypoparathyroidism: the growing spectrum of GNAS inactivating mutations. Hum Mutat 34:411–416 - Simpson C, Grove E, Houston BA (2015) Pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism. Lancet 385:1123 - Mantovani G (2011) Pseudohypoparathyroidism: Diagnosis and Treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 96:3020–3030 Kindly Let Us Know If This Was helpful? Thank You!
E-Learning Modules on GEDSI in WASH and Water Safety Plan Sustainability World Health Organisation Capacity building Climate Change, Health, Gender, Community Engagement, Public Health, Policy, WASH Project Gallery Engagement Objective StratComm partners with the World Health Organization (WHO) to develop two impactful e-learning modules focused on Gender Equality, Diversity, and Social Inclusion (GEDSI) in WASH (Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene) within healthcare facilities, as well as the sustainability of Water Safety Plans (WSP). The main objectives encompass creating comprehensive instructional courses, seamlessly integrating them into the user-friendly OpenWHO online learning platform, and effectively promoting the courses to reach a diverse audience. Our Process StratComm's team of experienced experts, well-versed in GEDSI, WSP, curriculum writing, video content development, and design, collaborate closely to ensure the successful development of these highly informative courses. Employing a consultative approach, we meticulously adhere to the rigorous standards set by the OpenWHO Course Production guidelines while working in synergy with the dedicated OpenWHO team. By integrating the courses seamlessly into the OpenWHO online learning platform, we ensure easy access for healthcare professionals, policymakers, and stakeholders engaged in WASH and public health, facilitating their professional growth and understanding of these crucial topics. Key Outcome The course, Water safety planning for urban water supply systems – an introduction, outlines the principles and steps of the water safety planning approach and presents the success factors that underpin effective and sustainable implementation. Through four modules, the 2-hour course, also highlights how water safety planning can strengthen resilience to climate threats. You can enroll for the course here: https://openwho.org/courses/water-safety-planning
Developmental Learning Programs Handbook (D.L.P.) National Association for the Education of Young People The NAEYC is an organization which promotes excellence in early childhood education. Resources related to learning and development are geared towards families and educators alike. National Dissemination Center for Children with Disabilities NICHY is a national information center that provides information on a variety of disabilities impacting students from birth to age 22. Many resources are also available in Spanish. NOTE: Links to websites outside the Hamilton County School System website are provided as a source of information that might be helpful when considering a student's educational needs. Links to these websites do not imply endorsement of those sites by the Hamilton County Department of Exceptional Education.
Just Say No To Raw Hide Posted on: 4 April 2016 You have the best intentions when you offer your canine companion the gift of a rawhide bone to chew. You know that it will keep him busy for a little while and that gnawing away will help to remove plaque from his teeth, which is a big plus for dental health. What is good for his teeth is not necessarily good for the rest of him. Rawhide bones and a variety of similar products can pose dangers to your furry friend. Understand the potential hazards and what you should do to eliminate them from your dog's recreational routine. Chewing Does Not Replace Brushing You may have heard the suggestion that if you chew on sugarless gum, your mouth will produce more saliva while you chew, and the saliva helps to wash away bacteria-laden plaque before it can adhere to your tooth enamel. This is true, but the benefit only goes so far. Your dentist has not suggested that you may chew gum instead of brushing your teeth. The same concept holds true for your dog. While chewing on rawhide bones may remove some of his plaque, the activity does not take the place of brushing his teeth. The potential hazards of rawhide and other chews outweigh the limited dental benefits. Dangers of Rawhide Rawhide is made from the inner layer of a cow's hide. The hide is rolled up or formed into shapes and dried. Many manufacturers apply chemicals to clean and preserve the rawhide products, and flavor additives may also be applied. Rawhide is not digestible like your dog's biscuits. Rawhide bones are meant to be chewed, and as the rawhide softens, small pieces are ingested and passed. The problem is that as the chewed rawhide softens and becomes covered in your dog's saliva, larger pieces can easily slide into the back of your dog's mouth. When this happens, the following problems can result: - The softened rawhide can stick to the roof of your dog's mouth. In his futile and increasingly frantic efforts to dislodge it himself, it starts to slip back toward the back of the throat. Your dog may choke as a result of airway blockage, or the piece of rawhide can become lodged in the esophagus. - If the large piece of softened rawhide actually manages to pass through the esophagus, it can then lead to a foreign body obstruction if it becomes lodged in the intestinal tract. Additional hazards can lurk in the potentially toxic chemical products that are often used to treat rawhide chews. Same Hazards, Different Presentations Rawhide chews are not the only chews on the market that are not meant to be digested and carry some of the same risks. Choking and obstructions can occur with natural shaft bones that are sold for dogs to gnaw on. If your dog becomes excited and jumps about while chewing on one of these bones, or if he simply rolls on his back in delight with the bone held in his mouth, it can slip right down into his throat and beyond. Ham bones, which are also packaged and marketed for dogs, can pose the risk of perforated esophagus, stomach or gastrointestinal tract if your dog ingests small, sharp shards that break off of the bones during chewing. Play It, and Chew It, Safe The safest way to approach shopping for your dog's supplies is to make a clear distinction between what is edible and what is not. For playtime, stick to dog toys that are appropriately sized and durable enough for your dog's activity so that he cannot chew them apart and ingest them. When it comes to his treat time, stick to dog biscuits that are meant to be consumed and fully digested. Large carrots that are frozen make natural and edible teething chews for puppies, but always supervise your dog during these chewing sessions. If you are seeking to keep your dog blissfully occupied, fill a large Kong with peanut butter and freeze it. When you offer him this doggy delight, your buddy will be happy and busy for quite some time. For a pet hospital, contact a clinic such as Honolulu Pet Clinic LLC The.
Bone Tissue Engineering, Polypyrrole, Freeze-Drying, Conductive scaffoldAbstract Bone tissue regeneration and healing could be notably quickened via applying electrical stimuli in the defected area. Hence, a conductive tissue engineering scaffold that is capable of delivering the electrical stimuli is greatly desirable. In this study, electrically conductive scaffold was fabricated by using a biocompatible conductive polymer, polypyrrole (PPY) in the optimized nanocomposite scaffold of Polycaprolactone (PCL) and Hydroxyapatite (HA) using freeze–drying technique. The scaffolds were evaluated by using a number of techniques. The morphology of the scaffolds was observed and analyzed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Composite scaffolds with suitable pore size distribution were obtained by freezing the polymer solution mixture at -18ºC, by controlling the polymer and solvent phase crystallization. The results showed that the average pore sizes were decreased from 123.7μm for PCL scaffolds to 91.6μm with the incorporation of HA nanoparticles. Electrical conductivity of the scaffolds was evaluated using a digital multimeter. The wettability and porosity of the scaffolds were increased with the incorporation of Polypyrrole than Polycaprolactone scaffold. The newly fabricated PCL/HA/PPY scaffold showed good prospect to be employed for bone tissue engineering applications. Â Chen, L., Hu, J., Shen, X. and Tong, H. 2013. Synthesis And Characterization Of Chitosan–Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes/Hydroxyapatite Nanocomposites For Bone Tissue Engineering. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine. 24(8): 1843-1851. Sultana, N., Mokhtar, M., Hassan, M. I., Mad Jin, R., Roozbahani, F., Khan, T. H. 2015. Chitosan-based Nanocomposite Scaffolds For Tissue Engineering Applications. Materials and Manufacturing Processes. 30(3): 373-278 Vacanti, J. P. and Langer, R. 1999. Tissue Engineering: The Design And Fabrication Of Living Replacement Devices For Surgical Reconstruction And Transplantation. The Lancet. 354: S32-S34. Lanza, R., Langer, R. and Vacanti, J. P. eds. 2011. Principles of Tissue Engineering. Academic Press. Sultana, N. and Wang, M. 2007. Fabrication And Characterisation Of Polymer And Composite Scaffolds Based On Polyhydroxybutyrate And Polyhydroxybutyrate-Co-Hydroxyvalerate. Key Engineering Materials. 334: 1229-1232. Jin, R. M., Sultana, N., Baba, S., Hamdan, S. and Ismail, A. F. 2015. Porous PCL/Chitosan and nHA/PCL/Chitosan Scaffolds For Tissue Engineering Applications: Fabrication And Evaluation. Journal of Nanomaterials. 1-8. Kim, J. Y., Lee, T. J., Cho, D. W. and Kim, B. S. 2010. Solid Free-Form Fabrication-Based PCL/HA Scaffolds Fabricated With A Multi-Head Deposition System For Bone Tissue Engineering. Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition. 21(6-7): 951-962. Choong, C., Triffitt, J. T. and Cui, Z. F. 2004. Polycaprolactone Scaffolds For Bone Tissue Engineering: Effects Of A Calcium Phosphate Coating Layer On Osteogenic Cells. Food and Bioproducts Processing. 82(2): 117-125. Sultana, N. and Kadir, M. R. A. 2011. Study Of In Vitro Degradation Of Biodegradable Polymer Based Thin Films And Tissue Engineering Scaffolds. African Journal of Biotechnology. 10(81): 18709-18715. Cheng, M., Deng, J., Yang, F., Gong, Y., Zhao, N. and Zhang, X. 2003. Study On Physical Properties And Nerve Cell Affinity Of Composite Films From Chitosan And Gelatin Solutions. Biomaterials. 24(17): 2871-2880. Guimard, N. K., Gomez, N. and Schmidt, C. E. 2007. Conducting Polymers In Biomedical Engineering. Progress in Polymer Science. 32(8): 876-921. Mozafari, M., Vashaee, D., Tayebi, L. and Mehraien, M. 2012. Electroconductive Nanocomposite Scaffolds: A New Strategy Into Tissue Engineering And Regenerative Medicine. INTECH Open Access Publisher. 369-392. Li, M., Guo, Y., Wei, Y., MacDiarmid, A. G. and Lelkes, P. I. 2006. Electrospinning Polyaniline-Contained Gelatin Nanofibers For Tissue Engineering Applications. Biomaterials. 27(13): 2705-2715. Balint, R., Cassidy, N. J. and Cartmell, S. H. 2014. Conductive Polymers: Towards A Smart Biomaterial For Tissue Engineering. Acta biomaterialia. 10(6): 2341-2353. Chronakis, I. S., Grapenson, S. and Jakob, A. 2006. Conductive Polypyrrole Nanofibers Via Electrospinning: Electrical And Morphological Properties. Polymer. 47(5): 1597-1603. Chen, Q. Z., Thompson, I. D. and Boccaccini, A. R. 2006. 45S5 Bioglass®-derived Glass–Ceramic Scaffolds For Bone Tissue Engineering. Biomaterials. 27(11): 2414-2425. Yoshikawa, H. and Myoui, A. 2005. Bone Tissue Engineering With Porous Hydroxyapatite Ceramics. Journal of Artificial Organs. 8(3): 131-136. Hsu, Y. Y., Gresser, J. D., Trantolo, D. J., Lyons, C. M., Gangadharam, P. R. and Wise, D. L. 1997. Effect Of Polymer Foam Morphology And Density On Kinetics Of In Vitro Controlled Release Of Isoniazid From Compressed Foam Matrices. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research. 35(1): 107-116. Sultana, N. and Wang, M. 2008. Fabrication of HA/PHBV Composite Scaffolds Through The Emulsion Freezing/Freeze-Drying Process And Characterisation Of The Scaffolds. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine. 19(7): 2555-2561. Cannillo, V., Chiellini, F., Fabbri, P. and Sola, A. 2010. Production of Bioglass® 45S5–Polycaprolactone Composite Scaffolds Via Salt-Leaching. Composite Structures. 92(8): 1823-1832. Chong, E. J., Phan, T. T., Lim, I. J., Zhang, Y. Z., Bay, B. H., Ramakrishna, S. and Lim, C. T. 2007. Evaluation Of Electrospun PCL/Gelatin Nanofibrous Scaffold For Wound Healing And Layered Dermal Reconstitution. Acta biomaterialia. 3(3): 321-330. Copyright of articles that appear in Jurnal Teknologi belongs exclusively to Penerbit Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (Penerbit UTM Press). This copyright covers the rights to reproduce the article, including reprints, electronic reproductions, or any other reproductions of similar nature.
Here is your answer to the question about how many calories are in eggnog so just read to know calories in eggnog with alcohol. About how many calories are in eggnog? About how many calories are in eggnog? \| See we know you do have a lot of question like About how many calories are in eggnog, calories in eggnog, eggnog nutrition fact, eggnog protein content and eggnog recipes, so we will answer it all. Below are the base nutrition facts of eggnog and eggnog calories that will answer "about how many calories are in eggnog?" Below eggnog nutrition facts and calories in eggnog are for 1 cup (8 fl. oz) Facts \| Calories 343 \| (1437 kJ) \| Total Fat \| 19 g \| Saturated Fat \| 11.3 g \| Polyunsaturated Fat \| 0.9 g \| Monounsaturated Fat \| 5.7 g \| Cholesterol \| 150 mg \| Sodium \| 137 mg \| Total Carbohydrate \| 34.5 g \| Dietary Fiber \| 0 g \| Sugars \| 21.4 g \| Protein \| 9.7 g \| Calcium \| 331 mg \| Potassium \| 420 mg \| Alcohol \| 0 g \| What is Eggnog? Hey guys now that you got your answer to "about how many calories are in eggnog" just learn a little about eggnog before getting to other details like calories in eggnog, eggnog nutrition fact, eggnog protein content and eggnog recipes. Its drink is made with raw eggs, cream, sugar mixed with cinnamon and / or nutmeg, etc. It is often associated with winter and winter holidays. One can buy non-alcoholic varieties in supermarkets in the US and Europe, and alcoholic varieties are also made. It is usually a very thick but spicy drink with a light yellow or light brown color. Eggnog is also historically known as a punch of milk or a punch of egg milk, a milky, cold, sugary drink, made with milk. It is traditionally made with milk, cream, sugar, beaten egg whites, and egg yolks. In some cases, the beverage is added to spirits sprayed such as brandy, rum, whiskey or bourbon. How many Calories in eggnog with alcohol? As eggnog is mainly a holiday drink many enjoy it making at home with adding their favorite brand of alcohol in it so its hard to tell the actual count of calories in eggnog with alcohol. But according to some reports the overall calories in eggnog with alcohol varies from 170 to 400 calories+ in a cup. Calories in eggnog with alcohol made at home can be higher in the contents of fat, and sugars than commercial versions. Using a complete full proof traditional eggnog recipe spiked with your favorite bourbon or rum, Keating calculates that a half-cup serving contains 278 calories, 17 grams of fat, and 18 grams of sugars. Facts \| Alcoholic Egg Nog \| Serving Size: 1 \| Cocktail (232ggrams) \| Amount Per Serving \| Calories from Fat 72 \| Calories 264 \| Total Fat 8ggrams \| Saturated Fat 4.9ggrams \| Polyunsaturated Fat 0.4ggrams \| Monounsaturated Fat 2.5ggrams \| Cholesterol 112mgmilligrams \| Sodium 103mgmilligrams \| Potassium 315mgmilligrams \| Total Carbohydrates 15ggrams \| Dietary Fiber 0ggrams \| Sugars 15ggrams \| Protein 8.7ggrams \| Vitamin A \| Vitamin C \| The above chart represent and answers the question how many calories are in 1 cup of eggnog. How long would it take to burn off 260 KCal? To burn the calories in eggnog with alcohol Walking (3mph) 71 minutes, Running (6mph) 25 minutes, Bicycling (10mph) 37 minutes. Is calories in eggnog good for you? Understanding that the calories in eggnog are not that bad when you take it in a limit but the problems is a many are in love with eggnog and they don't know where to stop. So is eggnog good for you is not the question you should ask but you should ask how much quantity of calories in eggnog should you take. In words of a simple guy eggnоg is beаutiful deliсiоusness wrаррed uр in silky-smооth yumminess. It's like drinking рerfeсtiоn. Аs gооd аs а milkshаke, but yоu саn bring it hоme frоm the соrner stоre, аnd drink it tоmоrrоw (try dоing thаt with а milkshаke). Lооk. Sоmething thаt hаs аbоut five billiоn саlоries рer glаss, nо аlсоhоl, аnd sо mаny drinkers hаs tо hаve sоmething gоing fоr it. Egg nоg is tо drinks like 73 is tо numbers. What liquor goes in calories of eggnog? Short answer: equal parts of Courvoisier VSOP Cognac and Appleton Estate Reserve Rum, with eggnog to alcohol consumption of 5 to 1. Long answer: Traditionally, people have used rum, bourbon, and brandy to make their eggnog and increase calories in eggnog. To save money, some people use cheap whiskeys like Seagrams Seven, Jack Daniels, Crown Royal, etc. (But, I wouldn't have those in my house, so they're not an option for me.) At the time of the recently published taste test, seven flavors of eggnog and alcohol tasted, each containing Appleton Estate Reserve Rum, Courvoisier VSOP Cognac, or Buffalo Trace Bourbon, OR an equivalent combination of two of them, and one containing all three of them. The dose of eggnog and alcohol was kept directly at 5 to 1. Too much alcohol spoils the eggnog, and too little alcohol is lost in the liquid flavor of the eggnog. Surprisingly, eggnog using the equal parts of Appleton Rum and Courvoisier Cognac got the highest score. (I would prefer straight cognac or straight bourbon. So, that just shows you that personal prejudice is easily overshadowed by the blind taste test.) Cool Homemade Bоurbоn Eggnоg reсiрe Here is a simple homemade Eggnоg reсiрe, but this eggnog recipe have a bit high calories in eggnog. Sсаle ingredients tо servings 1 liter Mаker's Mаrk® bоurbоn whiskey 1 quаrt milk 1 quаrt heаvy сreаm 24 eggs 1 1/2 сuрs sugаr Seраrаte eggs аnd beаt yоlks until сreаmy. Whiр sugаr intо yоlks. Beаt whites until they stаnd in рeаks, аdding 1/2 сuр аdditiоnаl sugаr, if desired. Beаt yоlks аnd Mаker's Mаrk tоgether, аdd whites. Beаt сreаm. Аdd сreаm аnd milk tо mixture. Аdd nutmeg tо tаste аnd gаrnish eасh сuр with nutmeg. Mаkes 2 1/2 gаllоns. Advantages and disadvantages of calories in eggnog So as you got your answer to the question about how many calories are in eggnog, you must know a bit more about the advantages and disadvantages of calories in eggnog. - A cup of eggnog contains a large amount of vitamins and minerals - We talk about more than 400 milligrams of potassium, about a third of your daily needs of calcium, vitamins B12, B2, vitamin A, and iron, according to nutritionist Ginger Hultin. Healthy food intake comes from eggs and dairy products, so if you drink a non-dairy version, you may not get the same benefits. - Egg is a source of protein - One glass of eggnog is not enough to supply your daily protein needs by about 50 grams, but it contains between 10 and 12 grams of protein. - Spices can be anti-inflammatory - Eggnog usually contains nutmeg, which has antioxidant antioxidants. Lowering its glass is not the same as Advil's appearance, but it is. - And now for the worse - Any health benefits to eggnog downsized as eggnog's are made with alcohol, according to registered nutritionist. Well, you may enjoy calories in eggnog without alcohol, but where's the fun? So here is the overall information on eggnog nutrition facts, calories in eggnog, eggnog recipe and calories in eggnog with alcohol. Also Read : Purple carrot calories nutrition facts.
In this lecture we will learn: – What is an inner class in Java? – Static inner classes in Java – Advantages Of inner class Inner Class:- – We can also create a class inside another class. class A class B – You can call the method of class B by using the dot operator in between both classes A and B. A.B obj= new B(); – A dollar sign will be introduced in a class name that has an inner class indicating two different classes. A$B. class – You also need to create an object of the outer class, to call the methods of an inner class. Static Inner Class:- – An inner class can also be declared as static. – When an inner class is declared as static, then you do not need to create an object for it. – But an outer class can not be made static. Advantage of inner class:- – Nested classes represent a particular type of relationship that is it can access all the members of the outer class, including private. – Nested classes make the code more readable and maintainable. – It makes the code more optimize.
Ever wondered if you can tweeze after a laser hair removal treatment? Here's the fact: plucking or tweezing post-treatment can actually disrupt your results. This article is your go-to guide on how to properly care for your skin after laser hair removal and what to avoid to get the best out of your treatment sessions. So, ready to achieve that smooth, fur-free skin without any hiccups? Read on! Key Takeaways - Tweezing or plucking after laser hair removal can disrupt the targeted follicles and compromise the results of the treatment. - Following proper post-treatment care instructions is crucial for maximizing the effectiveness of laser hair removal. - Alternative methods for controlling hair growth between treatments include shaving, depilatory creams, waxing, epilators, and gently tweezing stray hairs. Table of Contents The Effect of Tweezing on Laser Hair Removal Tweezing after laser hair removal is not recommended as it can disrupt the hair growth cycle and compromise the results of the treatment. Why plucking is not recommended after laser hair removal Laser hair removal treatment targets the hair follicles with concentrated beams of light. The energy from this light is soaked up by the melanin within each follicle, leading to its damage and consequently, a reduction in future hair growth. Plucking or tweezing after such a procedure can disrupt these targeted follicles, significantly impacting the success rate of your treatment. You might observe hairs typically falling out after 5 days post-treatment; while it's tempting to hasten this process through plucking, it's best to let nature take its course for optimal results. Instead of plucking or tweezing during this period, you could possibly resort to gentle rubbing or scrubbing without causing any harm. However, be sure that all actions are in line with the specific guidelines provided by your laser specialist regarding post-treatment care and maintenance as they understand your skin's needs better than anyone else! Disrupting the hair growth cycle and compromising results Plucking or tweezing your hair after laser hair removal can have negative effects on the overall results of the treatment. The targeted beams of light used in laser hair removal are designed to damage and inhibit future growth of your hair follicles. However, by plucking or tweezing the treated hairs, you may disrupt the natural hair growth cycle and compromise the effectiveness of the treatment. It is important to avoid excessive pulling or plucking in the treated area to ensure that you achieve optimal results from your laser hair removal sessions. Remember to follow the post-treatment care instructions provided by your specialist for best results. Should I Use Hair Removal Creams Before or After Laser Hair Removal? When deciding on a hair removal routine, it's important to know when to incorporate top hair removal products like hair removal creams alongside laser hair removal. It is generally recommended to avoid using hair removal creams before laser sessions, as they can hinder the effectiveness of the laser treatment. However, after laser hair removal, these creams can be used as a supplementary method to minimize any remaining hair. Always consult a professional for personalized advice. Care and Aftercare for Laser Hair Removal After laser hair removal, it is crucial to follow proper post-treatment care instructions to ensure the best results possible. 9 Proper post-treatment care instructions Taking care of your skin after laser hair removal is crucial to maximize the effectiveness of the treatment. Here are some important post-treatment care instructions to follow: - Keep the treated area clean and dry for 24 – 48 hours after each session. - Avoid hot showers, baths, saunas, or steam rooms for at least 24 hours. - Apply a soothing gel or cream recommended by your specialist to reduce any redness or swelling. - Protect the treated area from direct sunlight by using sunscreen with a high SPF. - Avoid excessive heat exposure such as tanning beds, hot tubs, or sunbathing for at least two weeks. - Do not scratch or rub the treated area forcefully as it may cause irritation or damage to the skin. - Avoid using harsh chemicals, fragrances, or exfoliating products on the treated area for at least one week. - Let any loose hairs naturally shed and do not pluck them out forcefully. - If you experience discomfort or unusual side effects, contact your laser hair removal specialist immediately. 5 Alternative methods for controlling hair growth between treatments If you want to control hair growth between laser hair removal treatments, here are some alternative methods you can try: - Shaving: Shaving is a quick and easy way to remove hair temporarily. It doesn't affect the hair follicle, so it won't interfere with your laser hair removal treatment. - Depilatory creams: Depilatory creams break down the proteins in the hair, making it easy to wipe away. However, be sure to choose a cream that is safe for use on treated skin. - Waxing: Waxing can provide longer-lasting results compared to shaving, but make sure to avoid waxing the treated area before your next laser session. - Epilators: Epilators are electronic devices that remove hair by pulling it out from the root. While this method may cause some discomfort, it can help extend the time between laser sessions. - Tweezing stray hairs: If you missed a spot during your treatment and have a few stray hairs, you can gently tweeze them. Just be careful not to overpluck or disrupt the treated area. Addressing Concerns and FAQs Can you tweeze if you missed a spot during treatment? It is recommended not to tweeze if you missed a spot during laser hair removal treatment. Plucking or tweezing the hair in the treated area can disrupt the hair follicles and compromise the effectiveness of the treatment. Laser hair removal works by targeting and damaging the melanin in your hair follicles, inhibiting future growth. To ensure optimal results, it is best to avoid any excessive pulling or plucking and allow for additional sessions to target any missed areas. Trust in the process and follow the guidelines provided by your laser hair removal specialist for post-treatment care. Can you tweeze before your next session? To maximize the effectiveness of your laser hair removal treatment, it is best to avoid tweezing before your next session. Tweezing can disrupt the hair follicles and compromise the results of the treatment. Laser hair removal works by targeting melanin in the hair follicles, damaging them and inhibiting future growth. Plucking or tweezing can interfere with this process and may impede long-term hair reduction. It is important to follow the guidelines provided by your laser hair removal specialist and refrain from tweezing in between sessions for optimal results. What to do if you accidentally tweeze after laser hair removal? If you accidentally tweeze a few hairs after laser hair removal, don't panic. While it's not ideal, plucking a few hairs one day after the treatment should not cause significant problems. However, to ensure the full effectiveness of the treatment, it is still advisable to avoid plucking or tweezing as much as possible. If you notice regrowth between your laser hair removal sessions and feel the need to remove those hairs, consider alternative methods like shaving or using depilatory creams instead. Remember to follow the guidelines provided by your laser hair removal specialist for post-treatment care to achieve optimal results. The Importance of Patience and Consistency Consistently attending multiple laser hair removal sessions is crucial for achieving optimal results and long-term benefits. Understanding the multiple treatment sessions required for optimal results Laser hair removal is not a one-and-done treatment. To achieve the best results, multiple treatment sessions are necessary. Each session targets different hairs in various stages of growth, ensuring that all follicles are effectively treated. It's important to understand that hair grows in cycles and not all hairs will be in the active growth phase at the same time. By undergoing several sessions, you increase the chances of targeting every hair follicle and achieving long-term results. So, don't be discouraged if you don't see immediate perfection after just one session – patience and consistency with your treatments will pay off in the end. Stick to the recommended treatment plan provided by your specialist for optimal results. Long-term benefits of following the recommended treatment plan Following the recommended treatment plan for laser hair removal offers long-term benefits and ensures optimal results. Consistency is key in this process, as it takes multiple sessions to see a significant reduction in hair growth. By attending all your scheduled treatments and adhering to the post-treatment care instructions provided by your specialist, you can maximize the effectiveness of each session. This will result in smoother skin with reduced hair regrowth over time. Remember to avoid plucking or tweezing after laser hair removal, as it can disrupt the hair follicles and compromise the results of the treatment. Stay patient and committed to your treatment plan for long-lasting benefits. Is it Safe to Shave before Laser Hair Removal? Before undergoing laser hair removal, you might wonder if shaving before the treatment is safe. Well, shaving before laser hair removal is not only safe but also recommended. Shaving removes the hair above the skin, allowing the laser to target the hair follicle directly. This ensures better effectiveness and prevents any discomfort during the procedure. Remember, avoid waxing or plucking prior to your laser hair removal session. What Activities Are Safe To Do After Laser Hair Removal? After undergoing hair removal, it is crucial to avoid tweezing. Tweezing after hair removal can interfere with the effectiveness of the treatment by disrupting the hair follicles that are targeted by the laser. It is best to wait until the hair naturally falls out or consult with a professional to determine safe alternatives for hair removal post-treatment. It is important to avoid tweezing or plucking your hair after laser hair removal treatment. Plucking can disrupt the hair follicles and compromise the effectiveness of the treatment. It's best to follow the post-treatment care instructions provided by your specialist for optimal results. 1. Can you tweeze after laser hair removal? No, tweezing after laser hair removal can disrupt the effects of treatment by affecting the hair follicles and growth. 2. How does plucking affect my upcoming laser hair removal session? Plucking between laser hair removal sessions might reduce the effectiveness of your treatment because it disrupts melanin absorption, a key factor in how lasers target hairs. 3. What happens if you pull out stuck hairs after laser treatment? Pulling out a stuck hair post-laser treatment can prematurely dislodge it from the pore which could lead to regrowth of treated hairs faster than anticipated. 4.Is there any way to speed up shedding post-laser treatment? Yes, gentle exfoliation but not tweezing or waxing is recommended for speeding up shedding after laser hair removal. 5. How should I prepare for my upcoming laser hair reduction procedure? Avoid tweezing or waxing before preparing for your upcoming permanent beauty treatments such as Laser Hair Removal since this may interfere with effective results. 6.How should one properly care for skin following Laser Hair Removal Treatment? Post-Laser Treatment proper skincare involves keeping away from plucking or pulling out remaining hairs until natural shedding occurs to achieve optimum results without disruption of Hair growth.
Keeping the best oral hygiene is vital. One means is to visit the dentist regularly, but it can break the bank until you have health insurance. Another means is to use mouthwash regularly. Today, we will explore eelhoe mouthwash. What is this? It might be right to read the mouthwash reviews and decide. This mouthwash removes bacteria from the mouth and minimizes plaque production, which leads to caries. Eelhoe mouthwash can remove calculus, offer teeth whitening, help heal mouth ulcers, and more. Do you know it can eradicate bad breath, and menthol can freshen it? Remember, humans, consist of 2 sets of teeth: permanent and temporary. You ought to take care of the set. If you cannot keep the oral cavity clean, it can lead to problems like gum recession, bad breath, cavities, and more. One of the things people should use is mouthwash. Various types of mouthwash are available at the shop, but are they right? There are numerous things that one needs to consider. So, what are our thoughts on the much-hyped item, eelhoe mouthwash? Are they helpful or a waste of cash? So, let us learn about eelhoe mouthwash. (cookwarejunkies.com) What Is The Healthiest Mouthwash? There are many types of mouthwash available in the sector. But which one is the healthiest? So here is the list of the mouthwashes that are safe to use. The top 6 best natural types of mouthwash for oral health - Hello, Naturally Healthy Anti-Gingivitis Mouthwash. - Tom's of Maine Wicked Fresh Mouthwash. - Tom's of Maine Whole Care Anticavity Mouthwash. - Hello Kids Wild Strawberry Anticavity Mouthwash. - Hello, Naturally Fresh Antiseptic Mouthwash. - Also, hello, Fresh Spearmint Moisturizing Mouthwash. So can you place the eelhoe mouthwash on the list? Let us give our final verdict after reading the eelhoe mouthwash reviews by the users. Should I Use Mouthwash Every Day? You may also like: Dentalnow.Com Reviews \| Tlopa Toothpaste Reviews \| Liverair Nasal Inhaler Reviews \| Orthosparkle Reviews \| Lanthome Teeth Whitening Reviews \| Herbaluxy Teeth Whitening Reviews \| Teethaid Mouthwash Reviews Normally, it is suggested that we use mouthwash once or twice a day after flossing and flossing. It will assist in ensuring that any remaining food particles and bacteria are removed from the mouth and teeth. However, it is not required to use mouthwash. What Is The Best Mouthwash To Get Rid Of Plaque? Colgate Total Pro-Shield is the right option for lowering plaque buildup and keeping your breath fresh. It destroys germs for around 12 hours, even after consuming meals. This mouthwash is not the right choice for destroying the germs and bacteria that induce gingivitis, which can lead to gum diseases and receding gums. What Is The Best Time To Use Mouthwash? Utilizing a mouthwash that has fluoride can assist in preventing tooth decay, but never use it (even the fluoride one) right after brushing the teeth, or it will wash away the potent fluoride in the toothpaste left on the teeth. Please choose another time to use it, such as after lunch. What Mouthwash Do Dentists Use? Chlorhexidine Mouthwash It is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial with a special use against bacteria that induce gum disease. Dentists also sometimes use chlorhexidine mouthwash to treat people with gum issues. Studies have indicated it can lower inflammation induced by periodontal bacteria. Don't Miss: Lanthome Teeth Whitening Reviews Best Items On Amazon About Eelhoe Mouthwash EELHOETM mouthwash is the talk of the town. It helps kill the bacteria, thereby reducing bad breath and caries. This offer has notable benefits for the oral cavity, like: - It kills 98.99% of bacteria. - Mouthwash lasts 1 week. - It whitens the teeth in 3–7 weeks. Is it certified? EELHOE™ is the most popular item certified by the American Dental Association and advised by dentists. Does it solve the problems? It perfectly solves all oral problems, including the following: - Dental calculus - Bad breath - Oral ulcers - Dental caries - Bleeding gums - Tooth Sensitivity - Gingivitis - Loose teeth - Periodontitis - Gingival swelling - Tooth damage - Tooth loss Is it natural? It is made from 100% natural herbs. Is it suitable for older kids? Suitable for everyone, including children, young and old. What do you get in the package? Package Included: 1 Bottle/ 2 bottles, 3 Bottles/ 5 Bottles/ 10 Bottles x EELHOE™ Mouthwash What are the ingredients? - Garlic Extract - Galla japonica - Triphala - German chamomile - Triphala - Propolis - Galla japonica: - Menthol What can Eelhoe Mouthwash TM Do For You? So here comes the main query What are the benefits of eelhoe mouthwash? The following are the top benefits of eelhoe mouthwash. - It whitens TEETH. - It removes foul breath. - This mouthwash removes calculus and plaque. - It stops and treats decay. - Work on dental caries. - Fix bleeding gums. - Repair gingivitis and periodontitis. - Repair gingival ulcers. - It also repairs tooth enamel. - Minimize tooth loss. So, is it too good to be true? Does it offer these benefits? Let us find this out in the eelhoe mouthwash reviews. Eelhoe Mouthwash Reviews By Users Customer feedback is a must for any online item. It educates the user so much about the product. When it comes to mouthwashes, you cannot pick any random brand. You should choose the one that has great feedback from the users. If we talk about the toothpaste reviews, we have not found any on the platforms like SiteJabber and Trsut Pilot. Buy on Kosass.pro. It has some reviews by the users on this website. Reivews on Kosass.Pro "In the past, I got into bad brushing and eating habits and rarely noticed those yellowing plaques in the crevices and roots of my teeth until they made them full of calculus, and I started to think of ways to remove them." The yellow teeth and bad breath seriously affected my life! But after using EELHOE, my bad breath magically disappeared and didn't return! "My tartar was also cleaned little by little, but these mouthwashes didn't damage my roots or gums, and I've been using them for over a month now without any side effects or rebound symptoms, thanks to them!" – Margie Drennon Another says: "Like a dream, my incredibly fragile gums were cured by these mouthwashes! My dentist's diagnosis of my gingivitis was so desperate that he told me it would have to be surgically treated. After using EELHOE, I noticed a significant change. I don't bleed when I brush my teeth, and my whole teeth and gums feel stronger. It also cured the mouth ulcers on my tongue and whitened my teeth! It really saved me a lot of money." –Lisa Labonte Review on Alibaba This product is also available on Alibaba, but there needs to be a review. Pros and Cons - It is herbal. - There are no side effects. - Easy to use. - There needs to be feedback from the real buyers - The feed looks good on the website. The Final Verdict (Eelhoe Mouthwash Reviews) Here is our final verdict after reading the EelHoe mouthwash reviews. Let's start with the benefits it offers. It claims to reduce gum diseases, tooth decay, bad breath, and more. If you suffer from any of these issues, it never gets better. Yes, it can prevent it. As per the ingredient list, it looks promising, but it is only prevention, not cure. Is it helpful in preventing the disease? There needs to be feedback from users on the website. The reviews that we have found are paid. Do we recommend it to you? No, we don't.
General News Meropi Kyriacou Honored as TNH Educator of the Year NEW YORK – Meropi Kyriacou, the new Principal of The Cathedral School in Manhattan, was honored as The National Herald's Educator of the Year. NEW YORK — A resurgence of the coronavirus in New York City is threatening to halt the nation's biggest experiment with in-person learning. The city's public school system this fall became one of just a few large, urban districts in the U.S. to welcome students back into classrooms. A little more than a quarter of the city's 1.1 million pupils have been attending classes in person between one and three days a week. Just a few weeks ago, the return was going well enough that officials decided to give a little shove to the majority of parents who had opted to stick with all-remote learning: Send your kids back now, parents were told, or forfeit the option of having them return later this academic year. But as the Sunday deadline to make the switch loomed, the city also approached a threshold the mayor set to suspend in-person learning. Mayor Bill de Blasio has said he will close all school buildings if 3% of the COVID-19 tests performed in the city over a seven-day period came back positive. That mark was set over the summer as the city was trying to avoid a teachers' strike. On Friday, de Blasio said that citywide positivity rate has risen to 2.8%, after climbing for several weeks. The mayor said the city was preparing to close all school buildings as soon as Monday if the rate crosses the threshold over the weekend. "I want to urge parents to have a plan ready that they can put into effect as early as Monday," de Blasio said during his weekly appearance on WNYC radio. "Parents should have a plan for the rest of the month of November." Some parents expressed frustration that they were being asked to make a decision about sending children back into classrooms, when the city itself is not even sure what will happen next. "The information that we have seems to indicate that these next few months are not going to be so great," said Jared Rich, who has kept his son out of pre-kindergarten so far but would consider sending him in the spring when teachers can open windows and take students outside. The mayor, Rich said, is "forcing us to make the decision to put our kids in person at a time when it's not just a surge; this is out of control what's going on." "It's so upsetting," the Brooklyn attorney said. Over the summer, city officials gave parents a choice: They could do hybrid instruction, where students would be in classrooms some days, but learning online others. Or, they could go all-remote. About 280,000 students signed up for classroom instruction, far fewer than officials expected. The city initially said parents would have a chance each quarter to switch from remote to blended learning. The decision to end that system of quarterly choices was made "for the sake of stability," Education Chancellor Richard Carranza said. The teachers' union said the single opt-in period undermines parents' trust. "The timing couldn't be worse," said Michael Mulgrew, president of the United Federation of Teachers. Up until now, the city has relied on targeted closures, rather than citywide shutdowns, to keep schools from fueling the pandemic. Since the start of the school year, 1,800 students or staff in the system have tested positive for the virus. As a result, nearly 1,100 classrooms have gone through temporary closures. At least 115 school buildings have been closed for 24 hours because of positive tests; 62 have been closed for 14 days or more. De Blasio, a Democrat, has been asked repeatedly whether he would consider changing the threshold for a citywide closure, given that some schools in Europe have remained open even as businesses have been ordered closed. Germany began a four-week period of restrictions Nov. 2, closing restaurants, bars, sports and leisure facilities, but keeping schools and shops open. Children in neighboring France continue to go to school while most adults are confined to their homes for all but one hour a day. Several states have kept schools open for in-person learning in areas where there are far more infections per capita than in New York City. While the city has seen an increase in cases lately, it now ranks far better than most other places in the country. De Blasio said it was "crucial" to adhere to the standard he set over the summer. If a shutdown does happen, the city will work to reopen as quickly as it can once infection rates decline, he said. Urban school districts across the country are altering in-person plans as virus caseloads continue to rise. Detroit Public Schools on Thursday joined a growing list of districts shifting to remote learning, telling students to stay home until Jan. 11. Philadelphia administrators on Tuesday scrapped plans to start bringing students back November 30. Minneapolis Public Schools on Monday put an indefinite hold on efforts to bring more children back to school. Boston public schools switched back to all-remote learning Oct. 22. Some New York parents said they were content to stick with remote learning. Sabretta Pryce said her 6-year-old son, Gavon, is doing well with all-remote learning at Public School 47 in the Bronx. Pryce chose online-only schooling in part to protect older family members from a possible coronavirus infection. "We just tried to avoid anything that could be detrimental," she said. "I just didn't want to bring anything in." Manhattan parent Jess Allen said that while her 6-year-old son, Wolf, has benefited from in-person learning, she wouldn't be angry if the city called it off. "I certainly don't want to feel like, you know, people are dying so my kid can be in school," she said. NEW YORK – Meropi Kyriacou, the new Principal of The Cathedral School in Manhattan, was honored as The National Herald's Educator of the Year. SPENCER, Mass. (AP) — Three little piggies went to a yoga class. WASHINGTON — The presidents of Northwestern and Rutgers universities defended their decisions to end pro-Palestinian encampments through negotiations rather than police force, telling a House committee on Thursday that they defused the danger without ceding ground to protesters. SAN FRANCISCO — Google is tried to confront the latest in a succession of legal attacks on its digital empire on Thursday as federal judge began to address anticompetitive practices in the app market for smartphones powered by its Android software. WASHINGTON — Get ready for what nearly all the experts think will be one of the busiest Atlantic hurricane seasons on record, thanks to unprecedented ocean heat and a brewing La Nina. C. Dean Metropoulos has made what Babson College is calling a "transformational gift to launch the C.
How Much Time Should I Give Myself to Write an Essay In the world of academic pursuits, the task of crafting a coherent and thought-provoking essay stands as a formidable challenge, one that demands a judicious allocation of time and unwavering focus. When determining the optimal timeframe for essay writing, it's essential to consider factors such as the complexity of the topic, the length of the assignment, and personal writing pace, and with the support of a British writing service, students can receive expert advice and assistance in planning and managing their time effectively to ensure the production of high-quality essays within their desired timeframe. From the initial spark of inspiration to the final polished product, the journey of essay writing is a labyrinth fraught with potential pitfalls and unexpected twists, each requiring careful navigation. The question of "how much time should I give myself to write an essay?" is a perplexing conundrum, a delicate dance between diligence and procrastination, between haste and meticulous attention to detail. Embracing the Complexity of the Essay Writing Process To truly grasp the intricacies of time allocation for essay writing, one must first acknowledge the multifaceted nature of the endeavor itself. An essay is not merely a collection of words haphazardly strewn together; it is a meticulously crafted tapestry, interwoven with threads of research, critical analysis, and persuasive argumentation. It demands a thorough understanding of the subject matter, a keen eye for nuance, and an unwavering commitment to clarity and coherence. The Allure of Procrastination and the Perils of Rushing On one end of the spectrum lies the seductive allure of procrastination, a siren's call that beckons with promises of leisure and temporary respite. Indulging in this temptation, however, can lead to a frantic race against the clock, with the writer scrambling to compile a disjointed patchwork of ideas, devoid of the depth and polish that a well-crafted essay demands. Conversely, the opposite extreme of rushing headlong into the task, fueled by a misguided sense of urgency, can result in a flawed and hastily constructed piece, lacking the nuance and refinement that elevate an essay from mundane to exceptional. The Goldilocks Principle: Finding the "Just Right" Time Allocation In determining the ideal timeframe for essay writing, it's beneficial to assess individual writing habits and the scope of the assignment, while also seeking guidance from best essay writing services in UK at https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/best-essay-writing-services-uk-top-5-trusted-websites-mary-walton, which offers valuable insights and recommendations to help students effectively manage their time and produce exceptional essays with confidence and ease. Striking the perfect balance, akin to Goldilocks' pursuit of the "just right" porridge, is the key to successful essay writing. This delicate equilibrium requires a keen awareness of one's own writing style, work habits, and the specific requirements of the task at hand. For some, the process may unfold in a linear fashion, with dedicated blocks of time allocated for research, outlining, drafting, and revising. Others may embrace a more organic approach, allowing the essay to take shape through a fluid interplay of these stages, ebbing and flowing like the tide. Factors to Consider in Time Allocation The decision of how much time to allocate for an essay is a multifaceted one, influenced by a myriad of factors. The complexity of the topic, the depth of research required, the writer's familiarity with the subject matter, and the expected length of the essay all play a pivotal role in this calculation. A comprehensive scholarly treatise on a niche subject will undoubtedly demand a more generous allocation of time than a concise persuasive essay on a familiar topic. The Importance of Effective Time Management Effective time management is the linchpin that holds the entire endeavor together. It is the art of balancing the competing demands of research, writing, and revision, while seamlessly integrating these tasks into the fabric of one's daily routine. Establishing clear goals, setting realistic deadlines, and adhering to a structured schedule are crucial elements of this process. Embracing tools such as calendars, to-do lists, and productivity applications can further enhance one's ability to manage time effectively. The Role of Self-Awareness and Adaptability In the intricate dance of essay writing, self-awareness and adaptability are indispensable partners. Recognizing one's own strengths and weaknesses, identifying periods of peak productivity, and adjusting strategies accordingly can greatly enhance the efficiency of the process. It is a journey of constant learning and self-discovery, where each essay serves as a stepping stone toward mastering the art of time allocation. Conclusion: Embracing the Journey In the end, the question of "how much time should I give myself to write an essay?" is a deeply personal one, with no one-size-fits-all answer. It is a tapestry woven from the threads of discipline, self-awareness, and a deep understanding of the task at hand. By embracing the journey, with all its complexities and nuances, writers can unlock the secrets of effective time allocation, transforming the seemingly daunting task of essay writing into a rewarding and enriching experience. For it is in the pursuit of this delicate balance that true mastery is born, and the written word is elevated to new heights of eloquence and impact.
Search Results Elucidating the Neurocircuitry of Irritability With High-Field Neuroimaging to Identify Novel Therapeutic Targets (UNIKET) The study is investigating dysfunctions in neurocircuitry in regards to irritability with healthy controls (HC) and individuals with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) by performing MRIs. The MDD group will also be randomized to receive ketamine or midazolam to investigate changes post-treatment in neurocircuitry with regards to irritability. Call 214-648-5005 email@example.com, email@example.com • Male or female subjects, 18-65 years of age and body weight less than or equal to 120 kg on baseline visit. • Participants must have a level of understanding of the English language sufficient to agree to all tests and examinations required by the study and must be able to participate fully in the informed consent process. • For Healthy Controls: Subjects must be free of any lifetime psychiatric condition based on the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). For MDD: Subjects must meet Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) criteria for current unipolar depression [major depressive disorder (MDD) or persistent depressive disorder (PDD) in a current major depressive episode (MDE)] based on MINI. • A woman of childbearing potential who is sexually active with a male must agree to use an acceptable method of contraception [defined as either one highly effective (permanent sterilization, intrauterine device or hormonal implant) or two other forms of contraception (such as oral contraceptive pill and condom)] to avoid pregnancy throughout the study. Throughout the study and for 90 days (one spermatogenesis cycle) after receiving the last dose of study drug (ketamine/midazolam) man who is sexually active with a woman of childbearing potential must use an acceptable method of contraception (described above) with his female partner and must agree not to donate sperm. • Subjects must either be free of psychotropic medications (including antidepressants, antipsychotics, benzodiazepines, mood stabilizers, sedative/hypnotics, dopamine agonists, stimulants, buspirone, and triptans) and certain anticonvulsants (topiramate and levetiracetam) or be stable on these medications for four weeks prior to the baseline visit [first magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan]. • Subjects with MDD should be willing to participate in neuroimaging scans before and after infusions, and be willing to undergo infusions with study drug. • Lifetime diagnosis of schizophrenia or any psychotic disorder, bipolar disorder, pervasive developmental disorder or intellectual development disorder. • Current diagnosis of obsessive-compulsive disorder, anorexia nervosa or bulimia. Comorbid anxiety, stress and trauma-related disorders are permitted as long as unipolar depression is the primary diagnosis. • Diagnosis of a moderate or severe substance use disorder within the past 6 months per MINI; all subjects must have a negative urine toxicology test on the day of the MRI, prior to the scan. • Female subjects who are pregnant, nursing, for may become pregnant. Women of childbearing potential must have a negative urine pregnancy test on the day of the fMRI, prior to scan, and on days of study drug infusion, prior to infusion. • Any unstable medical illnesses including hepatic, renal, gastroenterologic, respiratory, cardiovascular (including ischemic heart disease), endocrinologic, immunologic, or hematologic disease. • Inadequately treated obstructive sleep apnea (STOP-Bang score of 5-8 if untreated, if using positive airway pressure device then past-month apnea hypopnea index ≥ 15 per hour representing moderate or higher severity). • Presence of a significant neurological disease such as Parkinson's disease, primary or secondary seizure disorders, intracranial tumors, or severe head trauma. • Presence of neurocognitive or dementing disorders. • Clinically significant abnormalities of laboratories, physical examination (including unstable hypertension - systolic blood pressure >170, diastolic blood pressure >100), or electrocardiogram at screening visit. • Subjects judged to be at serious and imminent suicidal or homicidal risk by the PI or another study-affiliated psychiatrist. • Any contraindications to MRI, including pacemakers or metallic objects in the body. • Any claustrophobia or other conditions which may result in inability to lie still in the MRI scanner for 1 hour or more. • Allergy to ketamine or midazolam in subjects with MDD. • Must not be on any prohibited concomitant medication. Ketamine Versus Midazolam for Recurrence of Suicidality in Adolescents This project aims to examine the efficacy of ketamine, a rapidly acting medication shown to decrease suicidality in adults in as short as hours or days, as opposed to weeks. The study design is a double-blind, randomized, active-control trial of adolescents (ages 13-18 years) with recent suicidal behaviors (suicide attempt or increased suicidal ideation). All participants must be receiving standard of care treatment which may range broadly from both outpatient and inpatient programs which include clinically indicated psychosocial and/or psychopharmacological treatments. Ketamine/midazolam treatment will occur twice weekly during the first two weeks of the study, followed by weekly assessments through week 12. Call 214-648-5005 email@example.com, firstname.lastname@example.com • Be adolescents (aged 13-18 years); • Have had a recent suicidal event (suicide attempt or significant suicidal ideation with a plan or intent warranting emergency evaluation or inpatient hospitalization within the past 90 days); • Receiving standard of care treatment that includes clinically indicated psychosocial and/or psychopharmacological treatment; • Have a current primary diagnosis of a depressive disorder based on the MINI-KID (other psychiatric disorders are acceptable, but must not be primary); • Both participants and their designated caregiver must be able to complete assessments in English, as the rating scales vital to study efficacy and safety evaluations have not been validated in Spanish. (NOTE: Most potential participants ages 13 to 18 years old, as well as most of their parents, have a good working knowledge of English); • Use effective method of contraception during and for 90 days following the end of treatment for female and male participants. Recommended methods of birth control are namely, consistent use of an approved hormonal birth control (pill/patches, rings), an intrauterine device (IUD), contraceptive injection, double barrier methods, sexual abstinence, or sterilization; Exclusion Criteria Study participants must not: • Have a psychotic disorder, such as lifetime schizophrenia, or a pervasive or intellectual developmental disorder requiring substantial or very substantial support; • Have current mania, hypomania, mixed episode, or obsessive-compulsive disorder; • Have a primary diagnosis other than a depressive disorder; • Have moderate to severe alcohol or substance use disorder within the past six months (based on MINI-KID); If there is a positive urine drug screen at screening, the urine drug screen will be repeated at each infusion visit. Positive urine drug screen will be reviewed by study physician and infusion will proceed as long as no safety risk was identified; • If female, be pregnant, lactating, or nursing; Women of childbearing potential must have a negative urine pregnancy test prior to all infusions; • Have unstable medical conditions (stable for less than 3 months) or with clinically significant laboratory values or an electrocardiogram (ECG) that would pose significant risk; • Be at serious suicidal risk that cannot be managed in the outpatient setting; • Have prior treatment for depression with or contraindications to ketamine, esketamine, or, midazolam; • Treatment with medications that may alter pharmacokinetics of ketamine, including moderate-to-strong inhibitors or inducers of CYP3A4 and CYP2B6, is exclusionary. Regarding pharmacodynamic interactions, medications that may increase heart rate or blood pressure such as the ADHD stimulant medications will be permitted with last dose at least 24 hours prior to infusion. All concomitant medications will be evaluated by the study physician to determine if the type and dose of concomitant medication requires discontinuation and will be excluded if the concomitant medication could substantially increase the risk of study infusion. A complete list of medications that are Not Allowed is available in Appendix D of the protocol. The study team will not ask the participant to discontinue any treatment (except for not taking ADHD medications for 24 hours before study treatment) just for the sake of taking part in this study; • Weigh >120 kilograms at baseline. If participants are enrolled but exceed 120 kilograms at any time during the treatment period, they will be removed from the treatment portion of the study.
- February 19, 2024 In August 2018, the Home Office awarded grants to eleven Local Authorities (LAs) across England to deliver Trusted Relationships projects between 2018 and March 2022. As Implementation Partner for this programme, ATQ provided support to the projects. We therefore saw first-hand how the projects encountered and overcame their respective implementation challenges. Our report presents ATQ's observations and the headlines are: - Length and stability of funding is critical. Any support programme aimed at vulnerable people with complex needs will only work if it is designed and funded on a long-term basis – at least three years and preferably longer, as was the case here. This allows time for programmes to ramp up, overcome teething issues and avoid inefficient and ineffective spending as projects struggle to spend money in a limited timeframe. More importantly, it gives front line teams the time and space to establish working relationships with both the vulnerable young people that the programme is designed to serve, and the networks of statutory and non-statutory delivery partners that are part of any support service. - Flexibility of project design is key. As this programme has shown, there may be common principles underpinning programmes aimed at complex issues but a range of different approaches is possible, and projects should (as these do) reflect local needs and organisational structures, especially if we want to understand better what works best by testing alternatives. A strength of this programme has been that it has allowed for such difference. - Services and interventions need to be co-designed with those they aim to support, within obvious limits. Vulnerable young people need agency rather than top-down solutions to what others perceive as their needs. Services also need to sit both inside and outside statutory services – inside so that they can facilitate joined-up responses; outside so that they can successfully engage with those who have learned to distrust the system. It became very clear from direct involvement of young people with our shared learning events and other visits with officials that young people can be and are very articulate about their needs and how support can best be provided. - Cross-cutting issues require joined-up solutions. This programme has shown how services targeted at a complex problem that do not fit neatly into public service silos can be the 'glue' that binds services together across areas that habitually have a different focus – especially those that treat people as victims needing support and those that treat them as offenders needing sanction and rehabilitation. Based on our four-year involvement, ATQ would contend that Trusted Relationships has provided this 'glue' for an average of around £250,000 per project per year. - Understanding why people behave as they do is as important as what they do. The projects have shown the particular value of trauma-informed practice, and understanding how adverse experiences may shape the way people behave, and their willingness to respond to intervention. In our opinion, this is particularly important in CSE and CCE, where exploitation itself may lead to significant trauma. - October 10, 2022 Big Society Capital has just published new research by ATQ into the value of social outcomes contracts and social impact bonds in the UK. Commissioned by BSC as part of their Outcomes for All report, and based on detailed analysis of 76 contracts implemented since 2010, the research found that outcomes to date had generated benefits worth more than £1.4 billion. Commenting on the launch of the report, Neil Stanworth of ATQ said: "We were delighted to be asked to undertake this work for Big Society Capital. We have been estimating the value created by social interventions for many years, and think it really important that commissioners and policy makers understand just how much public value can be created if poor outcomes such as homelessness or long-term unemployment can be averted. We hope that our work will contribute to a wider debate on this" Neil has written a blog on this work which can be found here. ATQ also co-authored another major report released this week, which summarises findings over the last 3 years from the evaluation of the Commissioning Better Outcomes Fund. ATQ has been partnering Ecorys UK in conducting this evaluation since 2014. For further information on either of these reports, please contact Neil at firstname.lastname@example.com - October 8, 2022 ATQ Directors have been major contributors to two important recent reports on outcomes-based commissioning and SIBs. The first was commissioned by the Centre for SIBs within the Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport and looks at the challenges and benefits of commissioning social impact bonds and the potential for replicating and scaling this type of contract. The report presents practical tips for commissioners to facilitate an easier commissioning process and provides recommendations to government to further the replication and scaling of SIBs in the UK. It was co-authored by ATQ Director Neil Stanworth along with colleagues from Ecorys UK and can be downloaded here. Neil has also written this blog summarising the report's findings with Rachel Wooldridge from Ecorys. The other report was a major update on the evaluation of the Commissioning Better Outcomes Fund which ATQ have been supporting, again alongside Ecorys, since 2014. This report draws on a range of other work done as part of the evaluation, including in-depth reviews of specific projects and stand-alone surveys of key stakeholders. It includes major contributions from both Neil and fellow ATQ Director Edward Hickman, and can be downloaded here. Another blog by Neil about this report can also be found on the GO Lab website here - October 6, 2022 Neil, Stanworth, one of ATQ's Directors, has been appointed a Fellow of Practice at the Government Outcomes Lab (GO Lab) from January 2018. Fellows of Practice work with GO Lab to provide support and advice to commissioners and others and help GO Lab develop its role as a global leader in the research and practice of commissioning for outcomes. It is an honorary position offered to those who have recognised expertise in the field of outcome based commissioning and have a commitment to supporting the work of the Lab. Neil commented: 'I am delighted to be joining the Fellows of Practice network which gives me the chance to share the expertise that my ATQ colleagues and I have built up across more than 20 projects related to outcomes – based commissioning and social impact bonds.' - October 4, 2022 ATQ is pleased to have been appointed as an approved provider under the Big Potential Advanced Fund. Already an approved provider under the Breakthrough Fund (see below), we are now able to support ventures through the £10m Advanced Fund which provides larger grants of between £50,000 and £150,000 to support VCSEs that have better developed plans to raise social investment or pursue major contract opportunities. Further details are on our dedicated Big Potential page here. ATQ is also delighted to have been re-appointed as a provider under the Impact Readiness Fund. The IRF was piloted last year, and ATQ successfully provided support through the Fund to both a cohort of three ventures and a stand-alone venture. The Fund has now re-opened for applications until January 2016. - October 3, 2022 ATQ is pleased to have been appointed as an approved provider under both the Big Potential Breakthrough and Impact Readiness Funds. These provide grants to help voluntary, community and social enterprise organisations (VSCEs) buy in specialist technical support for investment and impact readiness. The £10m Big Potential Fund is aimed at eligible VCSEs to improve their sustainability, capacity and scale and help them deliver greater social impact for communities across England. VCSEs can apply for grants between £20,000 and £75,000 in total to undertake investment readiness work with an approved provider such as ATQ. The Impact Readiness Fund (IRF) is a new pilot fund through which grants between £15,000 and £150,000 will be available to help ventures build infrastructure and skills required to manage their performance, increase their social impact, and attract social investment / win contracts, again working with approved providers. If you are interested in the Big Potential Fund please visit our dedicated Big Potential page or contact one of our team. If interested in the IRF please contact one of our team as soon as possible as applications to the Fund close on 16th January 2015. - December 2, 2019 The current general election campaign has brought commitments from both main parties to increase levels of public spending to historically high levels – dramatically in Labour's case. How does Government ensure that any new monies for front-line public services are spent effectively and not wasted? With the introduction of additional money, there are two possible ways ahead. It is either a great opportunity for public services to invest in change and improve service outcomes or it can simply release the pressure and allow change to be put back into the 'too difficult' tray. Necessity should be the mother of invention In other spheres of activity, necessity is the mother of invention which drives innovation and changes in the way things get done. In the public services arena, necessity doesn't drive change in the same way. This is because the spending taps have either not been turned off for that long or, as currently after 10 years of austerity, have arguably been turned off for too long. Let me explain. Public service managers act rationally. Historically, spending cuts have been temporary within the usual five-year election cycle. This means that the default response is salami slicing – implementing small incremental cost savings, avoiding making any potentially significant changes in the way things are done and reverting to 'normal' when spending taps are turned on again. The period from 2010 to 2015 can be characterised in this way, with most managers hoping/expecting that the next government would relax austerity. Unfortunately for all of us, public finance conditions didn't improve and austerity budgeting has continued up to now (late 2019). So what effect did this have? On the ground, front line public services have consistently reduced scope to meet only acute or statutory needs e.g. qualification for social care support, and change comes about largely through closure of provision and services e.g. Sure Start, youth centres, elderly care day centres, libraries etc. At the risk of oversimplification, after five years of salami slicing there was not enough capacity left to plan, consult on and implement significant services transformation. High staff turnover in times of low morale is another factor. There have, of course, been some changes such as joining up between local authority teams in for example children's services. There has also been some innovative use of outcomes-based commissioning – something with which I have personally been involved. However, these have been small scale. The overall picture is one of services that are hunkered down coping with day to day demands with only limited commissioning and back office support to help introduce any changes. So what should we do now the taps are about to be turned on again? I have previously advocated three ideas for introducing change across the public services landscape. Use an overarching theme – presumption of prevention – to drive change For all public-sector organisations, I would argue for a presumption towards prevention as a sensible overarching hook or theme. Every organisation should be encouraged to ask: "what would we spend this budget on if the aim was to prevent the problem arising or getting worse?" One of the positive consequences of looking at a social challenge from a preventative basis is that it forces organisations to look at outcomes and work out how to collaborate with other spending bodies to find ways of combining resources differently to now. Equally importantly, it should be cheaper – but only if we can break the 'safety first' mindset of waiting until action is mandatory, and almost always much more expensive. Explicitly invest in services R&D If the answer in the private sector is R&D, why not the public sector too? One remedy could be to set an explicit Government services R&D budget allocation. If say 1% of Departmental expenditure were top-sliced and allocated to R&D, this would be around £3bn per annum aimed at improving public service innovation and productivity gains. This would require a complete rethink of the way we test and implement change. Instead of scrutiny of policy initiatives after implementation with 20:20 hindsight, by the Public Accounts Committee, National Audit Office et al, we would be asking these or potentially different organisations to review an experimental spend and deciding whether to implement at scale. Extend Individualisation and co-design Essentially give service users a voice in designing the services they receive. Give them ownership of the budget and how it is spent. The ideas of personalisation and choice have been around for over 10 years now but they have not gone anywhere near far enough, with control of budgets remaining largely with government bodies. With some imagination, this principle could and should be more widely encouraged and extended to areas such as employability and skills (especially re-training), management of long-term health conditions, and parental support. If 2020 onwards is going to be a great opportunity for public services to invest in change and improve service outcomes then, whatever colour the new Government, it needs to set the change agenda from the centre and quite possibly reinforce it with legislation. - August 5, 2019 Since he became Prime Minister Johnson's chief advisor there has been much attention on the musings of Dominic Cummings. In one of his long and detailed blogs criticising Whitehall, he observes that: "Whitehall …….is parochial about its own past. One of the most useful questions one can ask is not only 'who has already solved this problem?' but 'have we already tried to do X and failed?' In the DfE there is no system to answer this question reliably. Unless you get lucky with an old-timer, you cannot know and because they abolished their own library you can't even go and study it." There is perhaps much to disagree with in Mr Cummings' musings, but this strikes a chord. I have written before about the impact of lost institutional memory in the context of public sector productivity performance, and a couple of recent 'lived experiences' have prompted me to think further about this particular bugbear of mine. It is perhaps a function of being 50-something years old that I am often by far the oldest person in the room – that old timer that Cummings writes about – and consequently have nearly always come across challenges that others appear to be encountering for the first time. But it turns out it is not just a function of age – it's a question of having any kind of institutional memory. Lived experience #1: At a recent meeting of around 30 commissioners and providers of children and young people's (CYP) services, there was a presentation by a government policy lead which outlined what the policy team had found out over the preceding two years about effective CYP interventions. After around half-an-hour of discussion it emerged from the 30 or so professionals in the room that this two years of policy research and development had done little more than identify as best practice what everyone involved in youth work used to practice. But as this kind of discretionary public expenditure had been cut back since 2008, much of this knowledge had been dissipated: there was no 'institutional memory' of youth work best practice and the policy team had to find it out all for themselves again. In fairness, the policy team were from a different Department of State to the one that led on youth work policy (and different again to the one that reduced local government spending on youth work) – but the effect of silos on cross-government learning is a whole other topic. Lived experience #2: Senior staff turnover at an organisation I have worked with for over five years means that I am one of only two members of the project team left with some 'institutional memory' of the detailed reasons why previous decisions were taken. In fact, and not unusually, both of us operate in external roles to the organisation and are the only ones providing any form of continuity. What to do about it? There is a huge amount of energy wasted when organisations find themselves having to invest time and resources re-learning lessons from before. Loss of institutional memory has to be a drag on productivity and innovation. In my view, one of the keys is to ensure that there is a succession plan so that when staff move on from teams (usually through public sector promotion or role change), there is a successor who knows what's what in that team or area of the organisation. I call this my succession obsession and work with all my clients to ensure that they have identified individuals to develop and bring along as a way of ensuring at least some continuity. Another good practice is to ensure that decisions are fully documented as projects and programmes progress. This is especially for when things go wrong as well as when they go right. Post implementation reviews are also an essential part of good project management and delivery but are often overlooked or done in only a cursory fashion – often because project teams have already moved on to the next challenge. Finally, maybe part of the answer is to incentivise staff to stay in post longer and reduce some of the incentives to move so regularly in order to advance their careers. Would it be possible only to allow a staff move when they can apply what they have learnt elsewhere? In other words, when they start to become useful institutional memory themselves. - February 9, 2015 I have been struck by an article in Civil Society news today (9th February 2015) about the NPC manifesto, A Vision for Change. There are two recommendations that rang a chord with me. The first is that Trustees should be encouraged to focus more on how the charity pursues its mission and delivers beneficial outcomes rather than just on its survival. In our work over the last twelve months with more than a dozen charities and social enterprises, my colleagues and I have been surprised how often Trustees who can be extremely entrepreneurial in their business and personal lives, become suddenly risk averse when acting as a Trustee. The main result of this risk averse approach, in my view, is a long tail of sub-scale charities in almost all sectors but notably in military services and health sectors. These all incur central overhead costs to run which could be saved, if the mission took precedence over survival, and Trustees considered mergers with other charities or more joint-working arrangements. Most mergers in the charity sector appear to be emergency rescues when things have gone wrong rather than planned approaches with the aim of delivering more or better outcomes. It takes a brave board of Trustees to make a strategic call such as continuing a charity's mission through recommending a merger. (As a Trustee myself with two charities, I admit I can see the challenge from the inside). Clearly, finding a merger partner is potentially costly and ATQ's response to the Cabinet Office's 2014 consultation on sustainability included a recommendation that some funds be set aside to support charities seeking pro-actively to merge or take over others. The second recommendation from A Vision for Change which I fully support is for a £30m ring fenced innovation fund. The report argues that this should be a fixed proportion of BIG Lottery funds starting at 1% and rising to 5% over the next parliament. Since we began working on social investment feasibility studies back in 2011, ATQ arrived at a similar conclusion. If new public service innovative ideas are to be tested, then the monies need to be able to be 'lost' and so have to be set aside for that specific purpose and possibility. No civil servant wants his or her career affected by commissioning an innovation that somehow fails. Heaven forbid that they or their senior officers end up trying to explain how that could ever have happened to the Public Accounts Committee. Many private organisations and indeed charities have equivalents to R&D budgets but somehow Government, despite all the challenges it faces, does not and this has surely hindered improvements in public services down the years. - November 12, 2014 An article in the Guardian today (12th November 2014) caught my eye – margaret-hodge-southwark-health-social-care It was about Margaret Hodge MP, who chairs the Public Accounts Committee (PAC) and whose sometimes theatrical excoriation of both public and private sector managers has attracted much comment. Now she is taking on the challenge of overseeing the implementation of changes in public services herself. She has started in the role of chair of the London Borough of Southwark's "early action committee". Its purpose is to re-organise services so as to intervene earlier and prevent social issues escalating and becoming more expensive to deal with later on. As we know well from our social investment work and have commented on before, everyone agrees that this is the sensible approach to social inclusion problems but it has always proven very difficult to deliver – not least because in tightened times, budgets get drawn entirely into statutory provision leaving little or nothing spare for preventive work. The article is pretty balanced and Mrs Hodge does of course, as the Guardian observes, have direct experience as a former leader of Islington Council – albeit nearly 30 years ago. So like the Guardian, I will watch with interest what lessons she learns from trying to lead a change herself rather than, along with her fellow PAC members, telling others what they think should have been done with the benefit of 20:20 hindsight.
New-To-Me Phrases, May 5, 2024 Silent disco * SNOTEL * CamelCase * The Driftless Region * NestWatch * Von ShitzInPantz * Schmerpes The Phrases, With Context Hello there! I hope this email finds you in a better timeline. No? You're stuck here, too? I hope this newsletter proves a delightful distraction, then. It's spring here in the Midwest and our town's farmers market opened this weekend during perfect 70-degree weather. I nabbed greens from my favorite grower and some clarified garlic butter and enjoyed seeing the new vendors and familiar faces. I'm spending the rest of the weekend questioning my life choices, including buying a house on a half-acre lot that's mostly turf grass and fussy flower beds that need constant weeding. Yes, we're adding perennials and native plants but that shit takes time and money. But hey, at least we were lucky to find a house on the market back in 2019 when interest rates were still really low. And I planted a ton of flower seeds this winter that will soon be ready to go in the ground to compete with those weeds. But you came here for phrases, not garden talk. Or maybe both? Either way, welcome and let's get to it! But First: Poll Results + The April Fave Phrase Poll Last week's tiebreaker for the March Phrase of the Month was Fubacabra, which handily beat Midwestern Spaghetti Void in a showdown. If you voted, thanks for playing along. Here's the poll for April: 1. Silent disco I first heard this phrase related to an event at a community college as part of Autism Awareness Month. It was created as a way of creating an autism-friendly gathering where participants can control the volume. The premise is simple: You dance or stand around awkwardly (or perhaps you prefer to dance around awkwardly) while listening to music via wireless headphones. While events where people gather to listen to music in this way have been around for a while, the phrase "silent disco" appears to have been coined at the 2005 Bonnaroo music festival. I'm not autistic but I have become more sensitive to loud sounds in recent years. I like this idea because I'm in favor of creating different ways to access culture, employment, and public spaces so everyone can enjoy them. I was super-bummed to learn this wasn't a hotel made of snow. Instead, SNOTEL is short for "snow telemetry," technology used to transmit data on snowfall in the mountains and thereby predict the amount of available water after it melts. I found it on this blog written by Laura and Rob Pilewski, who serve as winter rangers in a rustic cabin near Tuolumne Meadows in Yosemite National Park. They must really like each other. 3. CamelCase I work in marketing but try to avoid being pulled into social media projects wherever possible. I worked on a LinkedIn project for a client recently and learned that writing hashtags in CamelCase (also referenced as camel case), or capitalizing the first letter of each word, makes them more readable for people using screen readers to access content. So: #ElonMuskIsATool, or keep reading to see an even better one. Sidebar: Do you get the feeling that people are increasingly sick of social media's shit? Because I do. Not sure how things are going financially for these companies or what marketers who work in this space think. What are your thoughts? 4. The Driftless Region Katy at recently wrote about the area where she lives in Wisconsin, and I'd never heard of it. The phrase refers to gently rolling Midwestern land that the glaciers didn't carve into, characterized by "a lack of glacial drift, the deposits of silt, gravel, and rock that retreating glaciers leave behind." According to a regional tourism board, the region also has the largest concentration of freshwater streams in the world. Sounds beautiful, and as far as place names go, I just really like this one.5. NestWatch While reading up on this word, I learned that it's a form of bicapitalization, which is also known as CamelCase! Long before hashtags existed, this capitalization was used in computer coding, and brands have used it for ages, too. Bicapitalization is also called embedded caps, InterCaps (for internal capitalization), medial capitals, and midcaps. Examples of these special snowflake compound words include YouTube, DreamWorks, and GeoCities. Back to nest talk: NestWatch is a Cornell Lab of Ornithology project where citizen scientists monitor avian nesting activity. It's easy to sign up to participate and they also offer birdhouse plans so you can encourage feathered friends to nest near your home. Artist and author often shares pics of his Eastern screech-owl nesting box in his backyard; I wonder if he uses NestWatch. There's all sorts of cool data you can read up on, and an app to share your own local nesting intel.Cornell Lab also offers the Merlin Bird ID app, where you can identify birds by physical characteristics or by their calls. Their other citizen science projects include: The Cornell Lab of Ornithology does so much incredible work on behalf of birds, and if you weren't familiar with their work before, I hope this is a good introduction. If you'd like to read a great bird-related essay, I give you this story about how a flock of turkeys that adopted a quail helped the writer heal while grieving. 6. Von ShitzInPantz This is the third instance of CamelCase in this post, and it's entirely coincidental and that's kind of awesome. I'm feasting off of Donald Trump having to sit in court every day and listen as people read memes and testimony trashing him and then go home to watch journalists reporting about how he can't stay awake during proceedings. According to this week's testimony, Von ShitzInPantz is one of the nicknames his former attorney, Michael Cohen, used to refer to his ex-client on social media. And that nickname is now in the court record. Chef's kiss, no notes. 7. Schmerpes Ready for an extremely internet phrase? Buckle up, we're going in! I love a post that generates a comment section that's funnier than the original. This satirical TikTok where a woman explains why she named her daughter Clydia led to a great response by savagemom1 on Instagram, where she cracks up while reading the comments. People replied with their own names that sound vaguely like a venereal disease or genitalia. "I get it. People always smirk at my daughter Schmerpes" is the comment that made this week's list. Honorable mention goes to a commenter named Celeste who wrote, "My name is short for Celesticles." There are more good ones if you watch the video. That's it for this week! Remember to keep making it weird and stay furiously curious.
Views: 643 Author: Site Editor Publish Time: 2019-08-29 Origin: Site The trade dispute between China and the United States is an important issue in Sino-U.S. economic relations. Analysis of Trade Friction: 1. Fair trade replaces free trade. The main theme of the United States after the war to the 1970s was free trade. After the 1970s, due to huge trade deficits and other issues, they began to shift to fair trade policies. The basic view is that the US market is far more open than other countries. Ultimately, the United States has strengthened its competitiveness and has often resorted to economic sanctions against other countries. This has led to dissatisfaction in other countries, and thus trade friction has arisen. 2. Emphasis on double standards and unilateral standardism. This kind of double standard and unilateralism can easily lead to retaliatory actions by other countries. Trade frictions are inevitable. 3. Interest groups have an important influence on trade policies. Various interest groups actively influence U.S. legislation and other policy decisions to achieve common goals and interests, and exert influence on public relations decisions that directly or indirectly affect their members. Under the unique system of the United States, we often see that in the United States, which is beneficial to the United States, the political circles in the United States are blindingly closed, and even if it affects only the interests of a small group of people, it is not conducive to the United States. Immediately there will be objections. 4. The Congress manages trade. The U.S. constitution stipulates that the Congress has a commercial contract for managing foreign trade and establishes and collects tariffs. The US administration has a more international perspective but cannot formulate foreign trade policies. Members who pay more attention to the interests of the region can make foreign trade policies. Therefore, trade protectionism is often reflected. 5. Endorsement system. In the U.S. democratic system, parliamentarians and government officials are often spokespersons of certain interests. Under the electoral system, personal influence and visibility have a crucial influence on the future. The politicians in the United States don't own huge sums of money or they can get funding from others. After the officials are elected, the requirements for funding can be reflected, so it is easy to cause trade friction because of some interests of some officials! As for Chinese Glass Suppliers, we hope we can provide our best quality glass to all partners from all of the world. We love China and we will do our best to make China much prosperous. \| No.2 Hongfeng Road, Yunpu Industrial Zone, Nangang, Huangpu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong China \| \| +86-182-68250319 \|
COVID-19, a pandemic that has affected businesses of all types and sizes, has forced many to either lay off staff or close their business.There is one lifeline that can help businesses remain afloat – the Employee Retention credit (ERC). The ERC is an refundable tax credit which businesses can claim for wages that were paid to their employees during the pandemic.It is designed to help businesses keep their employees on payroll, even if they are unable to operate normally. If you are a business owner who has been impacted by the pandemic, the ERC can help you keep your employees on board and your business afloat.For more information on the ERC and how to apply for it, you can visit the IRS site, talk with a professional tax advisor or read below. For a brief reading of what the Employee Retention Credit or ERC is, take a look at this video from the YouTube channel "ERC Specialists". You can also continue below to read an in-depth explanation of ERC. Employee Retention CreditWhen Will The Employee Retention Credit Be Paid Employee Retention (ERC) Credit is a refundable credit that businesses may claim on wages paid during the COVID-19 pandemic.The Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act created the Employee Retention Credit (ERC) in March 2020. Its purpose is to assist businesses to keep their employees, even if the business is unable to function normally. The ERC is available to businesses of all sizes, including tax-exempt organizations.To be eligible, a business must have experienced a significant decline in gross receipts or have been fully or partially suspended due to a COVID-19-related government order. The ERC is able to provide significant financial support for businesses affected by the pandemic.It can be used to help businesses keep their employees, cover their payroll costs and invest for the future. Why was ERC created The COVID-19 pandemic caused a severe economic downturn, forcing many businesses to lay off employees or close their doors altogether.The ERC was established to assist businesses in keeping their employees employed so they can quickly reopen, resume normal operations and regain control of the situation once the pandemic has subsided. ERC Benefits ERCs can give businesses impacted by pandemics a financial boost.It can assist in keeping employees on board, which will help the business recover quickly. The ERC, which is a tax credit that is claimed even by businesses who do not owe a dime in taxes, is refundable.Businesses can also claim ERC for wages paid by employers to employees who do not work due to COVID-19. Examples include employees who were furloughed and quarantined. When Will The Employee Retention Credit Be Paid Impact of ERCs on the Economy and Businesses The ERC is credited with keeping millions of Americans at work during the COVID-19 outbreak.It also helped businesses weather the storm and stay afloat. ERC may have prevented the closure of hundreds of thousands of businesses and saved over 10,000,000 jobs.It has also contributed towards the economic recovery through a boost in consumer spending and investment. > > Click Here to Find Out if You Are Eligible for ERC< < The Employee Retention Credit (ERC) is a tax credit available to businesses that have been impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. To be eligible, a business must have experienced a significant decline in gross receipts or have been fully or partially suspended due to a COVID-19-related government order. The test for a decline in gross receipts is the main difference between 2020 and 2021 ERC.In 2020, a business must have experienced a significant decline in gross receipts of at least 50% compared to the same quarter in the previous year.In 2021, a business must have experienced a significant decline in gross receipts of at least 20% compared to the same quarter in the previous year. Business Qualifications There are two ways that businesses can qualify for ERC: - ERC is available to businesses that have been suspended in whole or part by government orders due to COVID-19.Businesses ordered to close, reduce capacity or comply with certain restrictions are eligible for ERC. - Significant drop in gross sales: A business experiencing a significant loss in gross sales due to COVID-19 can also apply for the ERC.A significant decline in gross receipts is defined as a decline of at least 50% in a quarter in 2020 or at least 20% in a quarter in 2021 compared to the same quarter in the previous year. Examples and Scenarios Below are examples and scenarios that illustrate each of the eligibility criteria: Fully or partially suspended by a government order: - A restaurant that is forced to close due to a government order is eligible for the ERC. - The ERC is available to gyms that are required to operate with a reduced capacity because of a COVID-19-related government order. Significant decline in gross receipts: - ERC can be awarded to a retail store that has experienced a 50% decrease in sales because of COVID-19. - ERC can be awarded to a manufacturer who cannot operate at full capability due to disruptions to the supply chain. > > Click Here to Find Out if You Are Eligible for ERC< < Credit Amount Employee Retention Credit is a tax deduction that businesses may claim on wages they paid employees in the COVID-19 pandemic.The amount of credit depends on the number of employees and the quarter. In 2020, the credit will be equal to half of all wages that employees are entitled to receive up to $10,000.This means that a business could receive a credit of up to $5,000 per employee for 2020. Credits are equal to 70% of qualified wages for the first 3 quarters of 2020, with a maximum per employee of $10,000.For the first 3 quarters in 2021, an employer could receive up to $7,000 per employee each quarter. That's up $21,000 per worker for the whole year. > > Click Here to Find Out if You Are Eligible for ERC< < Claim your Credit How to Claim ERC for Federal Employment Tax Returns Businesses that wish to claim the Employee Retention credit (ERC), on their federal employment tax returns must use Form 941-X, Revised Employer's Quarterly Tax Return, or Claim for Refund.This form is applicable to any quarter during which the business qualifies for the credit. Claim the ERC in Advance Businesses have three options for claiming the ERC: - Claim your credit in Advance: Businesses can take advantage of the credit by reducing deposits made quarterly for employment tax.To do this, business must file IRS Form 7220, Advance Payment for Employer Credits & Taxes. - Businesses can reduce their quarterly deposits for employment tax by the amount they anticipate receiving.To do so, businesses must fill out Form 941 at the IRS. They will need to indicate how much credit they intend to reduce. - Businesses can ask for a refund if they have already paid the employment tax. They should file Form 941-X at the IRS. Calculating the Credit Amount and Avoiding Double Dipping with Other Relief Programs Multiplying employee wages with the applicable credit rate will give you the ERC.The credit rate is 50% for 2020 and 70% for the first three quarters of 2021. Businesses should be careful to avoid double-dipping with other relief programs.For example, businesses cannot claim the ERC for wages that are also used to claim the Paid Family and Medical Leave Credit or the Work Opportunity Tax Credit. Tips and Resources for Recordkeeping and Documentation Businesses should maintain detailed records of the wages they paid to their employees during the ERC.This will enable the business to calculate the credit amount accurately and provide evidence to support the claim, if audited. When Will The Employee Retention Credit Be Paid Here are some helpful tips on documenting your records and documents: - Keep a copy of all records of your payroll, including the W-2 and Form 941. - Keep track of the hours that employees work, including sick leave, vacation time, and holidays. - Keep track of every wage paid to an employee, including the base salary, bonuses, and overtime. - Track any government orders which may have an impact on the business. IRS provides various resources, such as fact sheets and videos, to help businesses claim the ERC.Businesses can contact IRS for help by calling 1-800-829-1040. > > Click Here to Find Out if You Are Eligible for ERC< < Examples of Eligible Businesses Businesses affected by the COVID-19 virus can claim an Employee Retention credit (ERC).Below are some business examples that may be eligible for Employee Retention Credit. - Restaurants closed due to government orders - Retail stores which experienced a significant decrease in sales - Manufacturers unable to operate at full capacity due to supply chain disruptions - Donations of nonprofit organizations declined - Hotels and other hospitality enterprises - Travel and tourism business - Entertainment and event businesses - Personal care businesses - Fitness studios and gyms - Salons, spas - Retail stores selling non essential goods - Businesses that had to operate on a lower capacity - Businesses that are forced to implement new safety protocols - Businesses that experienced increased costs due to COVID-19 These examples are not the only ones that qualify. Any business that has been suspended in whole or part by an order of government or that has seen a decline in gross sales due to COVID-19 could also be eligible. When Will The Employee Retention Credit Be Paid Here are some examples of how companies have used the ERC in specific situations: - A restaurant that had to close its doors for several weeks due to government orders was able, with the ERC, to keep all of its employees employed. - A retail store that experienced a 50% decline in sales due to COVID-19 was able to use the ERC to offset its payroll costs. - ERC was used by a manufacturer that could not operate at full capacity due to disruptions in the supply chain to keep employees employed and continue production of essential goods. - A nonprofit that saw their donations decrease due to COVID-19, was able to utilize the ERC and keep its employees employed to continue to provide vital services. If you own a company and are not sure if you are eligible, I recommend that you contact a qualified tax professional.They can help determine your eligibility as well as claim the credit for you if you're eligible. > > Click Here to Find Out if You Are Eligible for ERC< < Avoiding Scams Risks of ERC Scams and Aggressive Marketing Unfortunately, some scammers take advantage of companies that qualify for the Employee Retention Credit.These scammers use aggressive marketing to convince businesses to subscribe to their services even if that business isn't eligible for the Employee Retention Credit (ERC). Warning Signs and Red Flags These warning signs will help you identify possible ERC scammers. - They guarantee to refund your money without looking into your records. - They charge high fees upfront or take a portion of your refund. - They use high-pressure sales tactics. When Will The Employee Retention Credit Be Paid - They do not belong to an organization that is reputable. - Some companies will ask for personal or financial details upfront. Reporting Suspicious Activity and Protecting Personal Data If you are contacted by an ERC scammer, you should report the activity to the IRS.You can do this by calling 1-800-829-1040 or by visiting the IRS website. Also, you should be cautious about protecting your financial and personal data.You should not provide your personal information to anyone contacting you uninvited.If you have any doubts about the legitimacy of a business, you can look at their online reviews or ask for help from the IRS. > > Click Here to Find Out if You Are Eligible for ERC< < We have covered the Employees Retention (ERC) Credit in this article. This is a tax credit program that helps employers who qualify to retain their staff during the COVID-19 pandemic.We have outlined the ERC's eligibility requirements, its claim process, as well as the possible scams. We've also included some resources and advice on recordkeeping.ERCs are a valuable tool that employers can use to lower their employment tax liability and improve their cash flow. They also help support their workforce.If you are an eligible employer, we encourage you to claim the credit and seek professional assistance if needed. > > Click Here to Find Out if You Are Eligible for ERC< < Employee Retention Bonus Frequently Answered Questions When Will The Employee Retention Credit Be Paid What is the ERC? Businesses that have been affected by the COVID-19 epidemic can claim a refundable credit. This credit is equal 50% of qualified wage paid to employees for 2020 and 70% qualified wage paid to employees during the first three-quarters of 2021. Who is eligible for ERC funding? Eligible companies for the ERC are those businesses that experienced a significant fall in gross sales or were partially or completely suspended because of government orders triggered by the COVID-19 outbreak. What are qualified wages? Qualified wages include wages, salaries, tips, and bonuses paid to employees. Health insurance premiums paid by the employer are also considered qualified wages. How do I claim the ERC? Businesses can claim the ERC by filing an amended Form 941 or Form 941-X with the IRS.The amended Form 941 X must be submitted within three years from the original date of Form 941. Do I have to repay my ERC? The ERC does not require repayment by businesses. It is a tax credit that can be used to offset future taxes. Can I claim the ERC if I received a PPP loan? The ERC is available to businesses who have taken out a PPP (Paycheck protection Program) loan. Businesses can't claim ERC on wages they used for PPP loans. Can self-employed individuals claim ERC? Yes, individuals who are self-employed can qualify for the ERC. Self-employed persons can claim ERC by completing Schedule C. Can non profit organizations claim ERC? Yes, nonprofits are eligible for ERC. Nonprofit organizations may claim the ERC by submitting Form 990-T. Can companies with a foreign subsidiary claim ERC? You can claim ERC on wages paid to foreign subsidiaries. It is important to note that there are additional requirements for claiming the tax credit. Are there common mistakes that businesses make when claiming ERC to watch out for? When claiming your ERC; businesses must be aware of the following mistakes: - Wrong calculation on credit - Inclusion of all eligible wages - Failure to amend Form 941-X on time.
Processing mechanical components in Vietnam Machine parts are small but very important parts that form a complete modern machinery system. Machining of machine parts is also developed according to the development of science and technology. Therefore, to achieve professional improvements in machining methods, it is necessary to upgrade the technological process of machining machine parts. Is the process of cutting the shape of machine parts from rough billet into finished product with precise size and structure. In this process, surface processing is the most important because it requires meticulousness and the quality of the finished product must be smooth and durable. The same type of raw material but with different processes and modes will create finished products with different surface qualities and different usability properties. Surface quality is evaluated according to the criteria of geometric characteristics of the surface such as roughness, waviness, errors and criteria of physical and mechanical properties of the surface such as hardness, residual stress, surface layer structure. I. Application for processing machine parts: - Helps make the process of machining machine parts extremely easy and more productive - Produce products with extremely high precision - Helps save a lot of time and effort compared to traditional processing. - The technology of using machines to process metal does not require workers to have high cutting skills as before but requires a higher level of mechanical knowledge, how to operate machines and tools. cutting, requires a huge amount of knowledge. II. Machining process of machine details: - Product design drawings: View and study detailed drawings, learn the purpose of use and detailed classification, technical requirements and technological characteristics of machine parts. - Type of production to be performed: Single production, mass production, mass production. - Select embryos and embryo fabrication methods: Select embryos with appropriate size and embryo fabrication method. - Type of production to be performed: Single production, mass production, mass production. - Select embryos and embryo fabrication methods: Select embryos with appropriate size and embryo fabrication method. - It is necessary to determine the order of steps, operations…, choose a jig diagram for each operation and come up with methods to carry out machining. - Choose appropriate tools, equipment and fixtures because it determines the quality of the product. - Determine processing methods for each stage and step in the process. - Choose appropriate items for the necessary steps. - Assign each step to workers or technicians. - Conduct processing on machinery such as CNC,… 10. Check product quality upon completion. We accept reputable machine parts processing: Intech Precision Mechanical is one of the businesses with reputable mechanical processing skills, high quality machine parts, and reasonable prices. We can produce components, details, equipment and machinery spare parts, and process products according to customer designs. III. The mechanical processing services we receive: – SMT processing, – Processing jig jigs – CNC milling & turning – Machining machine details – CNC precision machining: turning, round grinding, flat grinding – Wave solder pallets,… IV. Reasons to choose mechanical processing with us - Mechanical processing of a variety of materials: stainless steel processing, steel processing, plastic processing,… - Ensure high accuracy, according to customers' requirements - Fast processing time, quality assurance - Professional, enthusiastic and dedicated staff - Good service quality, fast delivery, best price on the market V. Contact us: We assist you in manufacturing components or finding the right unit to solve your problemwe can process mechanical products according to customers' requirements. Please contact us: (+84) 966050788 (Zalo, Whatsapp, Viber..) Or visite us: Best regard
Abraham Lake Abraham Lake \| \| Location \| Clearwater County, Alberta \| Coordinates \| 52°13′25″N 116°25′38″W / 52.22361°N 116.42722°W \| Type \| Reservoir \| Etymology \| Silas Abraham \| Primary inflows \| North Saskatchewan River \| Primary outflows \| North Saskatchewan River \| Basin countries \| Canada \| Max. length \| 32 km (20 mi) \| Max. width \| 3.3 km (2.1 mi) \| Surface area \| 53.7 km2 (20.7 sq mi) \| Surface elevation \| 1,340 m (4,400 ft) \| Abraham Lake, also known as Lake Abraham, is an artificial lake and Alberta's largest reservoir. It is located in the "Kootenay Plains area of the Canadian Rockies' front range", on the North Saskatchewan River in western Alberta, Canada.[1] Abraham Lake has a surface area of 53.7 km2 (20.7 sq mi) and a length of 32 km (20 mi).[2] Although man-made, the lake has the blue color of other glacial lakes in the Rocky Mountains, which is caused by rock flour.[3] Abraham Mountain, Elliott Peak, and the Cline River Heliport are located on the western shore of the lake. Mount Michener is situated on the eastern shore. Mount Ernest Ross lies at the southern tip of the lake. Abraham Lake was created by the former Calgary Power Company, now TransAlta, in 1972, with the construction of the Bighorn Dam.[4] Planning of the dam involved no evaluation of the social and environmental effects it may have caused and no public hearings were held prior to the construction. Construction of the Bighorn Dam flooded the Kootenay Plains and stopped the livelihood (hunting and fur trapping) of the Bighorn band of the Stoney Nakoda First Nation that had lived in that area. It had flooded their cabins, graves and pastures.[5] The lake was built on the upper course of the North Saskatchewan River, in the foothills of the Canadian Rockies, and lines David Thompson Highway between Saskatchewan River Crossing and Nordegg. The Government of Alberta sponsored a contest to name the lake in February 1972, during the final stages of construction of the Bighorn Dam. Students across the province were asked to submit names taking into consideration "historical significance, prominent persons, geography and topography, and the value of the lake."[6] It was eventually named after Silas Abraham (c. 1870–1964), of the Stoney Nakoda First Nation and originally from Morley, Alberta.[7] He was a farmer and hunter who lived in the Kootenay Plains and later on the Big Horn 144A reserve.[8][9] Trapped methane causes frozen bubbles to form under the ice on the lake's surface. This phenomenon results when decaying plants on the lake bed release methane gas, which creates bubbles that become trapped within the ice, in suspended animation, just below the surface as the lake begins to freeze. The visual effects formed by the resulting stacks of bubbles, frozen while rising toward the surface, combined with the clear blue water, have made Abraham Lake a popular destination for photographers and nature observers.[10][11] The ice coverage of the lakes varies throughout the winter. Abraham Lake is usually frozen by late December. Ideal viewing of the ice bubble season is from mid-January to mid-February.[12] See also[edit] - ^ "Abraham Lake". lakelubbers.com. Raub's Internet for Business, LLC. Archived from the original on 5 September 2017. Retrieved 11 March 2019. - ^ "Abraham Lake - Ice Bubbles and More..." David Thompson Country. 30 October 2020. Archived from the original on 2 November 2020. Retrieved 4 April 2021. - ^ "Abraham Lake, Alberta, Canada Vacation Info". Lakelubbers. Archived from the original on 24 February 2013. Retrieved 4 April 2021. - ^ "Abraham Lake". lakelubbers.com. Archived from the original on 5 September 2017. Retrieved 11 March 2019. - ^ Ross, Thomas E. (10 April 2019). A Cultural Geography Of North American Indians. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-429-71275-3. Archived from the original on 12 June 2022. Retrieved 9 February 2021. - ^ The Edmonton Journal, 16 February 1972 - ^ "Noted Indian Visits Stelfox". Edmonton Journal. 13 September 1960. Archived from the original on 12 June 2022. Retrieved 4 April 2022. - ^ "Silas Abraham, 'Gentle hunter of the Kootenay Plains'". Red Deer Advocate. 12 May 1972. Archived from the original on 12 June 2022. Retrieved 4 April 2022. - ^ "Abraham Lake". Travel Nordegg. Archived from the original on 24 May 2012. Retrieved 3 September 2006. - ^ "Frozen Bubbles Suspended Below Abraham Lake". My Modern Met. 27 December 2012. Archived from the original on 29 December 2012. Retrieved 4 April 2021. - ^ "Abraham Lake". lakelubbers.com. Archived from the original on 24 February 2013. Retrieved 4 April 2021. - ^ "Finding the Abraham Lake Ice Bubbles in Alberta: Everything You Need to Know". Like Where You're Going. February 2021. Retrieved 27 January 2023. External links[edit] - Media related to Abraham Lake at Wikimedia Commons
An Iranian girl looks ahead, arms crossed. She wears the veil, and a certain firmness in her eyes. Just two vignettes later, we see exalted men and women, protesting with raised fists: the Islamic Revolution begins. Those drawings, which began in the year 2000 Persepolis, they changed the history of that little girl, of the graphic novel and, perhaps, even of Iran. So much so that for years Marjane Satrapi (Rasth, 54 years old) continued to be asked to portray that young woman, to which she responded again and again: "she has grown up." She has become a woman. Comic legend. Filmmaker. Franco-Iranian. Fierce opponent of the regime of her country. And now, the Princess of Asturias Award for Communication and Humanities, as announced this Tuesday by the foundation that awards the awards. The jury highlights Satrapi as "an essential voice for the defense of human rights and freedom, a symbol of civic commitment led by women," and describes her as "one of the most influential people in the dialogue between cultures and generations." and remember that in "Persepolis "It exemplarily embodies the search for a more just and inclusive world." That is to say, the award recognizes many things at the same time, exactly what Satrapi's works represent. Above all, the talent of a narrator capable of learning and mastering new formats. She had hardly any experience, other than having only been at the Strasbourg School of Decorative Arts for a short time, when she built her masterpiece. She believed that she would never find a publisher, that it would all end up being little more than photocopies for her friends. It became a milestone for comics "only comparable to the Maus by Art Spiegelman", according to Reservoir Books, the publisher that publishes it in Spanish, Basque and Catalan. Why Persepolis She draws on her childhood in Tehran during the Islamic Revolution that, in 1979, overthrew the Shah of Persia and brought Ayatollah Khomeini to power, until the beginning of her adult life with her arrival in Europe, where her parents sent her and she has resided since then. Satrapi's family, wealthy and progressive, initially sympathized with the revolution, but when it was dominated by Islamist sectors it led to a theocratic regime that restricted individual freedoms and embarked on a war with Iraq in 1980, under the surveillance of the Guardians of the Revolution. All this is narrated in Persepolis, but the black and white of the drawing also serve to trace all the grays of such a complex event: the macro-story, between ecstasy, repression, prison and deaths, along with daily life and the perspective of a teenager who longs for both freedom and a Kim Wilde cassette on the black market. "Drawing is the first expression of the human being, prior to writing," she said about choosing the comic. And Satrapi didn't know much about cinema either when he let himself be convinced to adapt Persepolis to the screen, four hands with Vincent Paronnaud. Received equally the Grand Jury Prize at the 2007 Cannes Film Festival and, then, the first nomination of a female creator for the best animated film in the history of the Oscars. Later, she filmed the road movie in Spanish sauce The Jotas band, The Voices, about a killer in the deep United States, or the recent Madame Curie. But the Princess of Asturias also exalts the courage of a voice always ready to shout for justice and against oppressive power, in her statements and interviews, as in her art. So much so that she recently returned to comics for the first time in years to coordinate Women. Life. Freedom, anthology where she has brought together stars like Paco Roca and Joan Sfarr – a kind of "international comic brigade", in her definition – with Iranian authors like herself or Shabnam Adiban, to support the protests that are shaking their country and denounce the repression that citizens suffer. All since the death, on September 16, 2022, of Mahsa Amini, a 22-year-old girl detained by the morality police for not wearing the mandatory veil for women in Iran. Satrapi has insisted several times that there is only one word to explain what she boils in her country. Neither "revolt" nor "movement", but "the world's first feminist revolution." She was equally clear in qualifying the other front. "This regime does not love Iran. They don't dress like Iranians or talk like Iranians. "Iran gives them the hard time," he told EL PAÍS in November. "They are a minority and do not represent even 15%, and among them are the religious lunatics, but also a large part of people with economic interests," he added. His choice is therefore evident in another difficult debate: there are Iranian artists who have stood up against the Government and have paid a price for it, such as the director Jafar Panahi, sentenced to six years in prison for propaganda against the regime. Others, like filmmaker Asghar Farhadi, have been accused of profiling for years. Satrapi has belonged to the first camp for decades. Somehow, with Persepolis, He even showed the way. "I sold millions and I don't know how many hundreds of conferences I gave. Did I change something? What do I know? Did I arouse people's curiosity? Yes. I contributed a little. Just a little bit, although that's the only way to change the world," she reflected in November. Because, at the same time, Persepolis It contained other fundamental keys for Satrapi: a realistic portrait of the country and its people, far from the frames of "hills and donkeys" or the image of a nation "trapped in dark times" that Western festivals look for in Iranian art, as he lamented. a month ago The Guardian. There is another key word, one of the most repeated in his interviews: "Decency." That of not wanting to give lessons or suggestions from afar, but only support and a speaker, to his fellow citizens who fight every day in Iran. And not to complain despite decades without visiting your home, because there are others suffering greater tragedies. All of this has guided his work, his career and his life. With the same decision she opposes a dictatorship, being photographed, or being locked in a category. "I make both the films and the books with this part of my body (the head). My tits and my sex have nothing to do with this. If I am appreciated I want it to be as a filmmaker, not as a man, woman, hermaphrodite. If there are festivals for men and women, let's make them for blacks and whites. Or short and tall, because if you are 1 meter 10 or 1 meter 50, you will not have the same vision of the world. They are ghettos! "This feminism doesn't interest me at all," she told EL PAÍS in November. With the same freedom, she smokes one cigarette after another or clarifies her position on one of the most controversial aspects of Iran: "The veil is a symbol of women's submission. It means saying: 'I am a sexual object, I must cover myself because, if not, the man will have an erection.' And it starts at six years old, because at that age she can already excite a man. Taking it away is important, but neither the left nor the feminists in the West support us, because they have gotten it into their heads that Islam and Muslims were the same: if you attack Islamism, you attack Muslims. And, at the same time, in another interview, she declared: "As I consider that human rights are superior to my personal point of view, I will fight so that (women who want to) can wear the veil even if I hate it." Among his other works are Embroidery, which tells the lives of Iranian women, and Chicken with plums, also adapted to film by its author. This work recounts the last eight days of the life of a relative of Satrapi named Nasser Ali, a well-known player of tar, the traditional Iranian lute. "She has been a followed, respected and loved author in our country for two decades, with hundreds of thousands of loyal readers who continue to grow day by day. We are proud to be the publishers of Persepolis, a work that is already an icon of universal culture, but his other two graphic novels are no different in quality and mastery," says Jaume Bonfill, editorial director of Reservoir Books. Satrapi's voice has been heard for years. The girl of Persepolis has grown. She has changed. But believe and fight just like then. Or more.
What is Salicylic Acid? Salicylic acid is a substance called beta hydroxy acid. It is primarily recognized for its use in acne treatment due to its ability to exfoliate the skin and combat inflammation. However, its anti-inflammatory properties have garnered interest in a new realm: aspirin formulations applied directly to the skin. Recent scientific studies have ventured into evaluating the effectiveness of topically applied aspirin—a derivative of salicylic acid—in managing conditions beyond common acne. Understanding the Anti-inflammatory Effects A study involving non-atopic volunteers explored how aspirin could mitigate histamine-induced itch. Inflammation was artificially induced in participants' skin, and various concentrations of aspirin were applied. The findings were intriguing; despite aspirin's recognized anti-inflammatory properties, the topical application did not significantly alleviate the itch caused by histamine in the inflamed skin. This was in contrast to the reduction in wheal and flare responses, which are common signs of skin reactions. Exploring Aspirin as a Novel Administration Route In a separate investigation, the focus shifted to the systemic effects of aspirin when applied dermally. Low doses of oral aspirin are known to inhibit an important agent called prostacyclin, which can lead to gastrointestinal issues when suppressed. The study tested whether skin could serve as a medium to deliver aspirin in a way that selectively inhibits platelet cyclooxygenase, responsible for thromboxane production involved in clot formation, while preserving prostacyclin. The results were promising. Applying aspirin to the skin did yield a significant decrease in thromboxane levels without affecting prostacyclin, suggesting a potential new route for patients requiring aspirin for its anticoagulant properties, but who are at risk for gastrointestinal complications. Salicylic Acid in Bloo These findings open the door to potentially new applications for salicylic acid and its derivatives. The impact on systemic inflammatory markers, paired with the other pro metabolic ingredients in Bloo can help you alleviate symptoms such as itchiness, dandruff and skin irritation.
Mobile First Responsive Contact Form Featuring Grid CSS Share your inquiries now with community members Click Here Sign up Now Lessons List \| 54 Show More Related Courses in Programming Course Description CSS is the language for describing the presentation of Web pages, including colors, layout, and fonts. It allows one to adapt the presentation to different types of devices, such as large screens, small screens, or printers. CSS is independent of HTML and can be used with any XML-based markup language. What is CSS in HTML with example? Cascading Style Sheet(CSS) is used to set the style in web pages that contain HTML elements. It sets the background color, font-size, font-family, color, … etc property of elements on a web page. There are three types of CSS which are given below: Inline CSS Is HTML and CSS a programming language? HTML and CSS are actually not technically programming languages; they're just page structure and style information. But before moving on to JavaScript and other true languages, you need to know the basics of HTML and CSS, as they are on the front end of every web page and application. What are the 3 types of CSS? There are three ways you can use to implement CSS: internal, external, and inline styles. What are CSS rules? A CSS rule is a grouping of one or more CSS properties which are to be applied to one or more target HTML elements. A CSS rule consists of a CSS selector and a set of CSS properties. The CSS selector determines what HTML elements to target with the CSS rule. What are the advantages of CSS? CSS handles the look and feel part of a web page. Using CSS, you can control the color of the text, the style of fonts, the spacing between paragraphs, how columns are sized and laid out, etc. CSS saves time − You can write CSS once and then reuse the same sheet in multiple HTML pages. How do I start CSS? How to Create a CSS External Style Sheet Start with an HTML file that contains an embedded style sheet, such as this one. ... Create a new file and save it as StyleSheet. ... Move all the CSS rules from the HTML file to the StyleSheet. ... Remove the style block from the HTML file. In the HTML file, add a link tag after the closing title tag that points to StyleSheet. Creating reddit account 2024 Facebook Page follower removal techniques Introduction to Human Resource Management Power BI Cyber Security Intelligence Fundamentals Introduction to Ethical hacking Adobe Photoshop Creating widgets in HTML5 for beginners Making a WEBSITE with Canva App in Android Cybersecurity Career Development Fundamentals Remote freelance resume writing strategies Magento Formation Français Cold Email Lead Generation Belajar Python Bahasa Mobile Apps from Scratch Real estate finance fundamentals Emotional Intelligence JavaScript AJAX Python string formatting essentials Creating reddit account 2024 Removing background color in camtasia for beginners Installing fortnite on android Facebook Page follower removal techniques Resetting messenger PIN for beginners Removing admins from meta business suite account Schedule facebook group Posts for beginners Change wallpaper on Windows 10 Add Horizontal Line in word for beginners Google keep app settings for beginners Inserting columns in excel for beginners Refresh Web Page in Chrome Extend image background in Photoshop for beginners Photoshop Paint bucket tool essentials Creating custom shapes in photoshop for beginners Merging Layers in Photoshop for beginners Underline Text in Photoshop for beginners Using Align tool in GIMP Lightroom photo import essentials Creating business Card in InDesign for beginners
The effect of mild sleep restriction on cognitive functioning in young children is unclear, yet sleep loss may impact children's abilities to attend to tasks with high processing demands. In a preliminary investigation, six children (6.6-8.3 years of age) with normal sleep patterns performed three tasks: attention ("Oddball"), speech perception (consonant-vowel syllables), and executive function (Directional Stroop). Event-related potentials (ERPs) responses were recorded before (Control) and following 1 week of 1-hour per day of sleep restriction. Brain activity across all tasks following Sleep Restriction differed from activity during Control Sleep, indicating that minor sleep restriction impacts children's neurocognitive functioning. Original language \| English (US) \| Pages (from-to) \| 317-336 \| Number of pages \| 20 \| Journal \| Developmental Neuropsychology \| Volume \| 38 \| Issue number \| 5 \| DOIs \| \| State \| Published - Jul 1 2013 \| ASJC Scopus subject areas - Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology - Developmental and Educational Psychology
When it comes to culinary experiences, few cuisines can match the tantalizing allure of Thai food. With its explosive flavors, vivid colors, and delicate balance of spicy, sweet, sour, and salty, Thai cuisine is a feast for the senses. However, Thai food is not just about the taste; it reflects the cultural heritage and traditions of the Thai people. Thai cuisine is a blend of influences from various cultures, including Chinese, Indian, Malaysian, and even Portuguese. Over the centuries, these influences have shaped Thai food into the vibrant and diverse culinary tradition it is today. Thai cooks have skillfully incorporated ingredients and cooking techniques from different regions to create unique dishes that are both delicious and visually stunning. One of the key aspects that sets Thai cuisine apart is its bold and harmonious flavors. The complex balance of spices, herbs, and seasonings creates a symphony of tastes that is at once familiar and exotic. Whether it's the tang of lemongrass, the heat of chili peppers, the freshness of lime, or the aroma of basil, each ingredient plays a crucial role in Thai dishes, lending them their unmistakable character. Thai cuisine is also characterized by its use of fresh and aromatic ingredients. From the fragrant herbs and spices to the abundance of tropical fruits and vegetables, Thai dishes are known for their vibrant colors and robust flavors. Thai cooks emphasize the use of seasonal produce, ensuring that every dish bursts with freshness and vitality. Rice, a staple in Thai cuisine, is central to every meal. Whether it's steamed jasmine rice or sticky rice, it acts as a foundation, complementing the bold flavors of the accompanying dishes. Noodles, such as Pad Thai, are another essential component of Thai cuisine. These versatile ingredients can be stir-fried, soup-based, or even deep-fried to create a wide variety of mouthwatering noodle dishes. Moreover, Thai food is also deeply intertwined with Thai culture. Eating is seen as a social activity in Thailand, and meals often bring people together. The concept of "kin khao" or "eating rice" is a fundamental part of Thai society, where sharing a meal is an expression of hospitality and respect. Traditional Thai dining is characterized by the use of communal dishes, which encourages interaction and a sense of togetherness. In addition, Thai cuisine is often associated with the concept of "royal cuisine". This refined style of cooking originated in the royal court of Thailand and features intricate preparation methods and elaborate presentation. Royal dishes are known for their exquisite flavors and artistic presentation, reflecting the sophistication and elegance of Thai culture. Thai cuisine has transcended borders and become a global phenomenon. With the rise of tourism and international restaurants, Thai food has gained widespread recognition for its flavorsome dishes. It has become a favorite choice for food enthusiasts and travelers alike, who crave the unique blend of flavors that Thai cuisine offers.
2024 Guide: It Takes Two Tree Level Growing Tips Welcome to the definitive 2024 guide on planting and nurturing trees, rooted in the "It Takes Two Tree Level" philosophy. This comprehensive guide, brought to you by Troutbrook Arborists & Landscaping, combines expert knowledge with hands-on care techniques to ensure that your trees grow strong from seedling to full maturity. Whether you are a novice gardener or an experienced arborist, you will find valuable insights on how to select, plant, and care for your trees to ensure their health and longevity. Selecting the Right Tree Choosing the right tree is the first critical step in successful tree care. The selection process should consider the tree's intended purpose, whether for shade, fruit, or aesthetic enhancement, and its suitability to your local climate and soil conditions. Troutbrook Arborists & Landscaping offers consultations to help you select species that thrive in your environment, emphasizing the importance of native species for better growth and disease resistance. We assess factors like growth rate, root structure, and seasonal behavior to match every tree to its ideal setting. Proper Planting Techniques Proper planting is vital for a tree's long-term health. Troutbrook Arborists & Landscaping provides expert planting services that include site selection, hole preparation, and the correct techniques for handling and setting the tree. We discuss the importance of avoiding common pitfalls such as planting too deeply or insufficient watering, which can lead to poor root development and tree stress. Our arborists ensure that each tree is planted with care for optimal growth conditions, including the strategic placement away from buildings and utility lines. Early Care for Young Trees Young trees need particular attention to establish themselves. Our services include detailed guidance on watering frequency, which varies by season and soil type; proper mulching to maintain soil moisture and temperature; and initial pruning to shape the tree's growth and eliminate potential hazards. Troutbrook Arborists & Landscaping emphasizes the importance of regular inspections for pests and diseases, offering treatments that safeguard these young investments. Long-Term Tree Care Strategies As trees mature, their care requirements change. We provide advanced care strategies that include structural pruning to maintain tree health and aesthetics, soil care to address fertility needs, and proactive pest and disease management. Our arborists work to create a tailored care plan for each tree, considering its specific environment and the landscape's overall ecosystem. This approach ensures that mature trees remain healthy and continue to add value to your property. Monitoring and Maintaining Tree Health Regular monitoring is crucial to detect and address potential issues early. Troutbrook Arborists & Landscaping employs advanced diagnostic tools, including aerial drones for canopy analysis and specialized equipment for root and soil inspection. We educate our clients on the signs of tree distress, such as unusual leaf drop, discolored foliage, or structural changes in the bark and branches, ensuring that problems can be managed promptly and effectively. The Role of Professional Arborists Professional arborists are essential for complex tree care needs. Troutbrook Arborists & Landscaping provides comprehensive services, from routine maintenance to emergency responses after storms. Our certified professionals bring a depth of knowledge and experience that is crucial for the sophisticated care required by certain species or challenging conditions, ensuring that your trees are not just maintained but thrive under our care. Get a free quote from Troutbrook Arborists & Landscaping Community and Environmental Impact Well-cared-for trees significantly benefit the environment and enhance community well-being. At Troutbrook Arborists & Landscaping, we are committed to promoting the ecological benefits of trees, including their role in carbon sequestration, air quality improvement, and wildlife habitat provision. Our work extends beyond individual properties to encompass community-wide initiatives aimed at increasing urban canopy coverage and educating the public on the benefits of urban forestry. Adopting the "It Takes Two Tree Level" approach to tree care with Troutbrook Arborists & Landscaping means committing to a comprehensive strategy that encompasses both knowledge and action. As we look to 2024 and beyond, let us guide you in nurturing a greener, more sustainable future for your trees and community.
As someone who has been blogging for years, I understand the importance of starting off on the right foot. That's why I want to talk about the significance of the pretest at level 1. Many people underestimate the value of this initial assessment, but it can provide crucial insights into a person's knowledge and skills. In this article, I'll delve into why the pretest is so important and how it can set the stage for success in learning. At Lvl 1 Pretest A Level 1 pretest is an assessment tool used in language learning to determine a learner's proficiency level before beginning a course or program. This test is specifically designed for beginners or those at the introductory level, known as Level 1. The primary importance of a Level 1 pretest is to gauge the learner's existing knowledge and skills in the target language. By understanding the learner's starting point, instructors can tailor the curriculum to address individual needs and provide appropriate instruction. This personalized approach enhances the learning experience and ensures that learners are neither overwhelmed nor bored by material that is too easy or too challenging. Moreover, a Level 1 pretest serves as a benchmark for measuring progress throughout the language learning journey. By comparing the results of subsequent assessments to the initial pretest, learners and instructors can track improvement and identify areas that require additional focus. This feedback loop enables learners to set realistic goals and motivates them to strive for continuous growth. Components of a Level 1 Pretest A Level 1 pretest typically consists of various components that assess different aspects of language proficiency. These components may include: - Listening Comprehension: This section evaluates the learner's ability to understand spoken language, such as conversations, instructions, or short passages. It assesses listening skills, vocabulary recognition, and comprehension. - Reading Comprehension: In this section, learners are tested on their ability to understand written passages, such as articles, dialogues, or simple texts. It assesses reading skills, vocabulary knowledge, and comprehension. - Grammar and Vocabulary: This component measures the learner's understanding of basic grammar rules and their ability to use a range of vocabulary appropriately. It may include multiple-choice questions, fill-in-the-blanks exercises, or sentence completion tasks. By incorporating these various components, a Level 1 pretest provides a comprehensive assessment of a learner's language proficiency. It allows instructors to identify specific areas of strength and weakness, which can then be targeted during the course to optimize learning outcomes. A Level 1 pretest is an essential tool in language learning that helps instructors understand learners' proficiency levels, personalize instruction, track progress, and set realistic goals. Its various components provide a holistic assessment of language skills, ensuring a well-rounded learning experience. Benefits of Using Level 1 Pretests Identifying Knowledge Gaps One of the key benefits of using level 1 pretests is their ability to identify knowledge gaps in language learners. At lvl 1 pretest, instructors can assess the proficiency of learners and pinpoint areas where they may be lacking understanding or skills. By identifying these knowledge gaps early on, instructors can tailor their instruction to address specific areas of weakness and provide targeted support. This helps learners build a strong foundation and ensures that they are equipped with the necessary knowledge to progress in their language learning journey. Tailoring Instruction Another advantage of at lvl 1 pretest is that it allows instructors to tailor their instruction according to the individual needs of learners. With the insights gained from the pretest, instructors can create personalized learning plans that focus on the areas where learners need the most support. Whether it's improving listening comprehension, enhancing reading skills, or honing grammar and vocabulary, the pretest provides instructors with valuable information to design instruction that is relevant and impactful. This tailored approach not only maximizes learning outcomes but also keeps learners engaged and motivated throughout the process. The level 1 pretest is an essential tool in language learning. It allows instructors to assess a learner's proficiency and identify areas of improvement. By evaluating listening comprehension, reading comprehension, grammar and vocabulary, writing, and speaking skills, the pretest provides a comprehensive assessment of a learner's language abilities. This assessment helps instructors personalize instruction and set realistic goals for learners. The level 1 pretest plays a crucial role in guiding the language learning process. It provides valuable insights into a learner's proficiency, helps set achievable goals, and allows for personalized instruction. By utilizing the level 1 pretest, learners can make significant progress in their language learning journey.
Drought resilience for Nicola River salmon Eight policy solutions to benefit wild salmon in an age of water scarcity. Drought is rapidly becoming a serious threat to water security and aquatic ecosystems in British Columbia. Droughts are driven both by climate change and unsustainable land use practices that exacerbate water scarcity. Drought impacts such as low streamflows and high water temperatures pose a serious threat to wild pacific salmon already facing cumulative stressors from habitat loss, climate change, and overexploitation. Using publicly available hydrometric and water licence data, we conducted an ecological audit of BC's Water Sustainability Act to determine if current policies were adequately addressing drought in the semi-arid and highly agricultural Nicola basin. Our analysis determined that since the Act came into force, flows in salmon-bearing streams are consistently below the Critical Environmental Flow Threshold—the minimum amount of flow required to support salmon—during the summer spawning season. High water temperatures were also identified as a frequent occurrence. Our analysis of provincial water licence data also shows that just three larger users account for over half of all water use in the Nicola basin. Provincial water restrictions intended to protect fish populations during drought have only occurred twice in history, in 2009 and 2015, and were significantly delayed in their implementation. We offer eight policy solutions to improve outcomes for salmon during droughts: - Establish a water withdrawal schedule for large users, - Legislate a trigger between low streamflows and water restrictions, - Place a moratorium on new water licences, - Expand the list of Sensitive Streams under section 17 of the Water Sustainability Act, - Introduce a universal water metering program, - Initiate an immediate review of large water licences, - Develop new ecosystem-based Environmental Flow Needs criteria, - Incentivize a shift away from water-intensive agriculture in drought-prone regions. The summer of 2024 is shaping up to be one of the most devastating drought years in history. The province's snowpack, which is the largest source of water in the summer, is on average 63% of normal levels, with some regions like Vancouver Island 46% of normal. Last summer, low rainfall records were set across the province1, with many regions recording their driest summers in history. In BC, droughts are expected to get worse as a result of climate change as glaciers retreat, precipitation falls as rain in the winter instead of snow, and summer air temperatures rise. The issue Climate change British Columbia is experiencing rapidly shifting weather patterns and hydrological regimes as a result of ongoing climate change. A reduction in snowpack, earlier spring melts and warmer summer temperatures will result in increased drought risk across the province. As droughts become more prevalent, conflicts between human freshwater needs and the needs of aquatic ecosystems will also become more frequent. As a result, streams, rivers, and lakes located in historically arid regions of the province, like the Okanagan and Thompson-Nicola, are becoming increasingly water stressed. Droughts are fueled both by climate change and land use practices that alter hydrological systems and make watersheds more vulnerable to drier conditions. In the semi-arid interior regions, water diversions for agricultural irrigation are the main land-use driver of drought conditions in the summer23. Urban sprawl, forestry, and industry also play a role in reducing water availability. Drought has a number of serious consequences for aquatic ecosystems and wildlife. Droughts result in low streamflows, which impair salmon spawning activity, reduce juvenile survival, diminish available habitat, and disconnect migration routes4. Low streamflows are associated with high water temperature and low dissolved oxygen, which further disrupt the ecological processes that make a stream healthy. Impacts to wild salmon have cascading consequences for the broader ecosystem as well as human communities that are inextricably linked to healthy salmon returns. Nicola River salmon The Nicola River is a major tributary of the Thompson River and is part of the Fraser River basin. Located in the semi-arid interior in traditional Nlaka'pamux and Sylix territory, the Nicola watershed is home to several populations of wild Pacific salmon, some of which are listed as threatened or endangered5. Drought, and its impacts on river flows and water temperatures, has been identified as a key driver of decline for wild salmon populations in the Nicola. Policy context The Water Sustainability Act is the primary piece of provincial legislation governing the quantity and quality of fresh water in BC Introduced in 2016, the Act includes important provisions for the freshwater needs of aquatic ecosystems. Two key terms in the Act are Environmental Flow Needs (EFN) and Critical Environmental Flow Threshold (CEFT)6. These terms acknowledge the impact that water extraction has on streamflows and the health of aquatic ecosystems more broadly. The Water Sustainability Act: Falling short The Water Sustainability Act is intended to protect aquatic ecosystems from drought impacts. However, our analysis of streamflows and water temperature in the Nicola watershed shows that salmon-bearing streams have consistently not been meeting EFN criteria since the Act was brought into force in 2016. Specifically, our study found the following: 1. Streamflows in salmon-bearing streams are consistently below the Critical Environmental Flow Threshold during the late-summer migration and spawning period. In the Coldwater River, for example, streamflows have been below the CEFT during the salmon spawning and migration period every summer since 2016 (Figure 1). Flows below the CEFT result in "significant and irreversible impacts" on the aquatic ecosystem. In all streams analyzed, the number of days each year where streamflows are below the CEFT is increasing over time. 2. High water temperatures (> 18ºC) are a common occurrence each summer. Our analysis of water temperature data in the Coldwater River, an important spawning stream for COSEWIC Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada) assessed Chinook salmon, determined that summer water temperatures are exceeding 18ºC, the threshold for stress in salmonids for more than half of summer days (Figure 2). Above 18ºC, salmonids experience physiological stress that can impact their survival, migration, spawning, and foraging behaviour. 3. Water restrictions, when used, are brought in too late, and happen very rarely. Water restrictions were introduced in the summer of 2009 and 2015 to protect fish populations during drought. On both occasions, restrictions were brought in 1-2 months after streamflows had fallen below the CEFT (Figure 3). Despite the Nicola experiencing severe drought conditions each summer since 2016, water restrictions have not been re-implemented since 2015. 4. Water diversions are ongoing and not decreasing in an appreciable way, despite rapidly drying conditions associated with climate change. Based on publicly available data, licenced water use is at its highest in history7 and there are currently 32 active applications for water use in the Nicola8. In the Nicola, just three large licence holders account for over half of all licenced water in the watershed (Figure 4). 5. No monitoring of actual water usage is occurring in the watershed. Water licences only represent the maximum allowable volume of water diversions, not the actual usage. Agricultural water use is not metered, and very rarely monitored and recorded. Certain water licences may include a clause for the water user to monitor their actual usage, however, there is no requirement for the user to regularly report these data to the province9. Policy solutions Several policy solutions exist to better mitigate the effects of drought on wild salmon and the aquatic ecosystem. We provide recommendations below and an accompanying timescale that could be politically feasible. Short-term (6-12 Months) 1. Scheduled water withdrawals At the local level, there is concern that simultaneous water withdrawals from multiple users in the same stream could result in significant changes to water levels and streamflows, although more research is necessary to determine the temporal and volumetric relationship between streamflows and active water withdrawals. We recommend taking a precautionary approach and adopting a water withdrawal schedule for users pumping water directly from streams. For example, a water withdrawal schedule could minimize potential risks from simultaneous water withdrawals without impacting agricultural water needs. 2. Amend the Water Sustainability Act to allow CEFTs to trigger water restrictions The Critical Environmental Flow Threshold is the streamflow below which significant and irreversible impacts to the aquatic ecosystem begin to occur. Therefore, preventing streamflows from falling below the CEFT should be the top priority of water managers. Currently, streamflows below CEFT do not "trigger" water restrictions, meaning that water restrictions are often brought in too late. During this lag period, salmon are experiencing both lethal and sublethal impacts and streamflows are less likely to recover above the CEFT the longer the lag period is. A legislated link between streamflows falling below the CEFT and the introduction of water restrictions would incentivize proactive water conservation and better protect salmon during their critical spawning period. 3. A moratorium on new water licences In 1982, a federal report authored by Kosakoski & Hamilton recommended that no new water licences should be granted in the Nicola watershed given the state of streamflows, salmon populations, and expected climate impacts. Since then, the total volume of water licences has grown and there are 32 active applications currently being deliberated on. Our recommendation echoes the now 41 year old recommendation, a moratorium on all new water licences in the watershed. Medium-term (1-3 years) 4. Add to the Sensitive Streams Designation The Sensitive Streams Designation is a tool under section 17 of the Water Sustainability Act to protect a fish population in a particular stream from harm associated with water withdrawals. There are heightened restrictions on water licences in Sensitive Streams, including lower total volumes, mandatory mitigation measures, and stricter regulations. There are 15 sensitive streams defined under the WSA, however, all were included in the previous Fish Protection Act. No sensitive streams are located in the Nicola River basin, despite the watershed supporting three salmon populations assessed by COSEWIC as endangered or threatened: Lower Thompson Chinook, Interior Fraser steelhead, and Interior Fraser coho. Since the WSA came into force in 2016, no new sensitive streams have been added. If the intent of the sensitive stream designation is to protect at-risk fish populations, then streams should be periodically re-evaluated as environmental conditions shift. COSEWIC conducts periodic reviews of salmon populations to re-assess current and future threats to their recovery in order to inform adaptive management. Including a requirement to designate spawning streams of COSEWIC assessed populations as a sensitive stream would be another tool to advance recovery efforts. 5. Introduce water metering for agricultural users It is well established that water metering – the act of monitoring water use and charging a fee per unit of water – incentivizes water conservation and ultimately reduces consumption. Agricultural water metering has been in place in several interior BC regions, including: the Vernon Irrigation District, the Black Mountain Irrigation District, Glenmore-Ellison & Westbank Irrigation District, Summerland Irrigation Districts, and the South East Kelowna Irrigation Districts. BC's Budget 2024 announced $50 million for a pilot water metering program in 21 communities across BC. A universal, province-wide water metering system would further incentivize conservation, equitably charge users based on their consumption, and produce revenue for the province that could be used to fund water storage and conservation infrastructure. 6. Initiate a review of large, historical water licences Water rights in BC follow a "First in time, first in right" (FITFIR) system during times of water scarcity or drought. This means that older water licences have priority over newer licences during water restrictions, and are allowed to use their full allocation first. In the Nicola, the oldest water licences are held by the largest water users in the watershed, and many licences are nearly 100 years old. The current time period to review water licences under the Water Sustainability Act is 30 years, a timeframe that does not acknowledge the rapidly advancing impacts of ongoing climate change. Water licences, particularly those held by the largest users, must be reviewed immediately to adjust their total volume and re-assess their impacts on the surrounding watershed. Long term (3-5 years) 7. Develop new EFN criteria for the Nicola Current EFN criteria are based on work by Kosakoski & Hamilton (1982), over 40 years ago. Research by Warkentin et al. (2022) determined that in the mainstem Nicola River, the current Critical Flow Threshold of 5.56 cm/s, which informs drought management, is too low to support the recovery of an imperiled Chinook salmon population. The study determined that decisions must be based on a Critical Flow Threshold of at least 10.6 cm/s, almost double the current value. Extensive field and desk-based research is needed to update the nearly half-century old EFN criteria in salmon-bearing streams across the Nicola watershed, such as Spius Creek, Guichon Creek, the Coldwater River, and the Upper Nicola River. This undertaking is already underway in the neighbouring Okanagan watershed, led by the Okanagan Nation Alliance. 8. Incentivize non-ranching agriculture in a rapidly drying region Irrigated cattle ranching is the most water intensive form of agriculture. Due to the semi-arid climate of the Nicola and other interior BC regions, the type of grasses that cattle graze on do not naturally occur on the landscape. These fields depend on irrigation to grow and survive. As drought impacts continue to worsen, it is critical that agricultural practices shift from water-intensive crops towards more sustainable and locally-adapted produce. It is clear that freshwater policy needs to rapidly adapt to respond to worsening climate change and water scarcity. The Nicola watershed is under severe water stress from both climate change and human water withdrawals, with detrimental impacts on struggling salmon populations. Wild, healthy salmon populations are integral to the health of the broader ecosystem and communities that depend on them. As droughts continue to worsen, human water demands and the freshwater needs of aquatic ecosystems are increasingly coming into conflict. This is a scenario that is playing out across the province. It has been 8 years since the enactment of the Water Sustainability Act, which was intended to better balance water demands for human use and ecosystem functioning. Our research echoes the sentiment felt by many water users, scientists, and community members in water-stressed systems across the province;the Water Sustainability Act is falling short on these goals. Adapting the Act into a new era of drought will require a paradigm shift in government and society. Freshwater ecosystems can not be treated as an inexhaustible resource for human benefit. Water needs to be valued, protected, and conserved as it is scarce, sensitive, and the foundation of all life. Figure 1. Summer (June 1 -Oct 1) streamflows (cubic meters/second) in the Coldwater River, Lower Nicola River, Spius Creek, and the Upper Nicola River between 2016 and 2021. Dashed horizontal line indicates the Critical Environmental Flow Threshold of the stream. Gray shading indicates approximate timing of salmon spawning in the Nicola watershed. Figure 2. Proportion of summer days (%) where water temperature in the Coldwater River is above 18ºC, 2003-2022. Figure 3. Streamflows in the Nicola River and Coldwater River during the summers of 2009 and 2015 respectively. Horizontal dashed line indicates the CEFT of the stream. Red shading indicates the duration of the Fish Protection Order (FPO). The 2009 FPO in the Nicola River was intended to protect spawning Kokanee, which spawn in Nicola Lake between mid-August and October. The 2015 FPO in the Coldwater River was intended to protect spawning Chinook salmon, which spawn in the Coldwater River between June and October. Figure 4. Total volume (cubic meters per year) of water allocations held by the three largest users compared to all other water licence holders in the Nicola watershed. - Dieraurer, JR., Allen DM., Whitfield PH (2021) Climate change impacts on snow and streamflow drought regimes in four ecoregions of British Columbia. Canadian Water Resources Journal 46(4): https://doi.org/10.1080/07011784.2021.1960894 - Okanagan Basin Water Board, Water Supply & Demand Project (2019) https://obwb.ca/wsd-index/key-findings/water-use/ - Nicola Watershed Community Round Table, Nicola Water Use Management Plan (2010) https://www.nwcrt.ca/water-use-management/ - Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Extreme Environmental Impacts on Pacific Salmon (2023) https://www.pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/pacific-smon-pacifique/environmental-impacts-environnementaux-eng.html - COSEWIC, List of Wildlife Species Assessed (2022) https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/species-risk-public-registry/cosewic-list-species-assessed.html - Ministry of Water, Land, and Resource Stewardship, Environmental Flow Needs Policy (2016) https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/environment/air-land-water/water/water-licensing-and-rights/efn_policy_jan-2022_signed.pdf - Warkentin L, Parken CK, Bailey R, Moore JR (2022) Low summer river flows associated with low productivity of Chinook salmon in a watershed with shifting hydrology. Ecological Solutions and Evidence 3(1): e12124 https://doi.org/10.1002/2688-8319.12124 - Ministry of Water, Land, and Resource Stewardship, Water Rights Licences (2023) https://j200.gov.bc.ca/pub/ams/Default.aspx - Ministry of Water, Land, and Resource Stewardship, Water Office, Thompson Okanagan Region, Personal communication (2024). You can help Raincoast's in-house scientists, collaborating graduate students, postdoctoral fellows, and professors make us unique among conservation groups. We work with First Nations, academic institutions, government, and other NGOs to build support and inform decisions that protect aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, and the wildlife that depend on them. We conduct ethically applied, process-oriented, and hypothesis-driven research that has immediate and relevant utility for conservation deliberations and the collective body of scientific knowledge. We investigate to understand coastal species and processes. We inform by bringing science to decision-makers and communities. We inspire action to protect wildlife and wildlife habitats.
The Graph (GRT) has emerged as a key player in the cryptocurrency market, particularly in the blockchain indexing and query layer. It enables the querying of decentralized applications quickly and efficiently. This article delves into the future predictions for GRT, taking into account its technological foundations, market trends, and broader economic factors that could influence its trajectory. Understanding The Graph (GRT) The Graph is a decentralized protocol for indexing and querying data from blockchains, starting primarily with Ethereum. It allows developers to build serverless applications that run entirely on the blockchain. Essentially, it functions as a "Google" for blockchain data, organizing this information in an easily accessible manner. Recent Performance As of late, GRT has seen varying levels of volatility, a common trait in the crypto world influenced by regulatory news, technological advancements, and shifts in investor sentiment. Its integration with numerous high-profile decentralized finance (DeFi) projects and continuous updates to its network are crucial factors in its evaluation. Technological Advancements The development team behind The Graph is continuously working on enhancing the protocol's efficiency and scalability. The introduction of features like subgraphs has significantly boosted its usability, allowing developers more flexibility and faster access to blockchain data. These technological advancements are pivotal in assessing GRT's long-term value. Market Trends The demand for decentralized services is on the rise, and as blockchain technologies mature, tools that facilitate easy access to decentralized data will become increasingly crucial. The Graph's role in this ecosystem positions it well to capitalize on this growing trend. However, competition is fierce, and how well GRT can maintain its market position against newer entrants will be vital. Economic and Regulatory Factors Cryptocurrency markets are heavily influenced by regulatory news. For GRT, favorable regulations in key markets like the United States and Europe could positively impact its price and adoption. Conversely, stringent regulations could pose significant challenges. Expert Opinions Many industry experts remain bullish on GRT due to its fundamental role in the blockchain infrastructure space. Analysts often point to the increasing adoption of DeFi and the essential need for data querying services as positive indicators for The Graph's future. Predictive Analysis Looking forward, predictive models generally hinge on several variables: Adoption Rate: Higher adoption by DeFi projects can lead to increased demand for GRT. Technological Innovations: Continued improvements and updates to The Graph's network will enhance its appeal and functionality. Market Sentiment: General sentiment in the crypto market will also play a critical role, influenced by broader economic factors and specific news related to blockchain technology. The future of GRT looks promising given its fundamental technology and the growing need for decentralized data accessibility. While the crypto market is known for its unpredictability, The Graph's positioning as a necessary tool in blockchain infrastructure offers it a potentially stable and lucrative path forward. Investors and users of The Graph should remain informed about technological and regulatory changes that could impact its adoption and value. In the dynamic world of cryptocurrencies, GRT presents a compelling case for those interested in the intersection of technology and decentralized finance, standing out with its unique value proposition in the blockchain ecosystem. Investment Considerations For investors considering GRT, it is important to evaluate both the opportunities and risks involved. The Graph's utility in the blockchain ecosystem provides it with a solid foundation, but like all cryptocurrencies, it is subject to high volatility and market fluctuations. Potential investors should consider the following: Diversification: Investing in GRT should be part of a diversified investment strategy that includes various assets to mitigate risks associated with the high volatility of the crypto market. Long-term Perspective: Given the early stage of many blockchain technologies, including The Graph, a long-term investment perspective may be necessary to realize significant returns, accounting for the usual ups and downs of the market. Technological Developments: Keep a close eye on updates from The Graph's development team as new features and improvements can provide critical momentum for GRT's price and adoption rate. Potential Scenarios Bullish Scenario: If blockchain and decentralized applications continue to grow, and The Graph secures more partnerships and integrations, GRT could see significant increases in value. This scenario also assumes a favorable regulatory environment that supports the growth of decentralized technologies. Bearish Scenario: On the other hand, a slowdown in the blockchain sector, loss of market share to competitors, or adverse regulatory developments could negatively impact GRT. Additionally, a broader market downturn or loss of investor confidence in cryptocurrencies could further drive prices down. Future Outlook The potential of The Graph to become a cornerstone technology in the blockchain space is substantial. Its ability to allow seamless access to blockchain data makes it an indispensable tool for developers and businesses within the ecosystem. As the blockchain landscape evolves, The Graph's adaptability to new blockchains and improvements in data handling capacities will be key factors in its success. Community and Ecosystem The strength of The Graph's community and its ecosystem also plays a crucial role in its future prospects. A vibrant, active community can drive innovation and adoption through the creation of new subgraphs and applications. Continued engagement and growth of its user base are vital for The Graph to maintain its relevance and leadership in the market. Predicting the future of cryptocurrencies like GRT is challenging due to the inherent uncertainties and rapid changes in the technology and market conditions. However, The Graph's unique value proposition and its fundamental role in the blockchain infrastructure provide a strong basis for potential growth. As with any investment, due diligence and continuous monitoring of market and technology trends are crucial for those looking to invest in GRT. In summary, while the path forward for The Graph and GRT involves significant uncertainty, the underlying technology and its role within the broader blockchain ecosystem provide a compelling case for careful and considered investment in this cryptocurrency.
In an age where digital content is continuously growing, the question of whether 512GB is a substantial amount of storage capacity arises. As technology advances and data-heavy files become the norm, it becomes essential to understand the significance of such a capacity and what it means for our everyday storage needs. This article aims to shed light on the topic, exploring the implications of 512GB in terms of file storage, device usage, and its suitability for various users' requirements. Understanding Storage Capacity: What Does 512GB Really Mean? A storage capacity of 512GB may sound like a lot, but what does it actually mean? In simple terms, it refers to the amount of space available to store your files, documents, photos, videos, and applications on a device. To put it into perspective, 512GB is equal to 512 billion bytes or approximately half a terabyte. This amount of storage can hold thousands of high-resolution photos, hundreds of hours of video footage, or a vast library of music files. It is also more than enough for most users to store their important documents, applications, and personal files without worrying about running out of space. However, it's important to note that the actual usable capacity may be slightly less than 512GB due to pre-installed software and the formatting of the storage device. Additionally, the amount of storage you need ultimately depends on your usage patterns and the types of files you regularly deal with. Comparing 512GB To Other Storage Options: How Does It Stack Up? When it comes to storage capacity, 512GB can be considered quite substantial. It offers a sizable amount of space for storing various types of data, including documents, photos, videos, and even large applications. To better comprehend the significance of 512GB, it can be useful to compare it to other storage options. For instance, a common alternative is 256GB, which is half the capacity. While 256GB can still accommodate a considerable amount of data, it may not be sufficient for individuals who regularly work with large files or heavy applications. On the other hand, comparing 512GB to higher storage capacities, such as 1TB or even 2TB, reveals that it falls in the middle range. These higher capacities offer even more space for storage, which can be beneficial for professionals who work with extensive multimedia files or require ample room for backups. Ultimately, the choice between 512GB and other storage options depends on individual needs and preferences. While 512GB is a generous amount, it may be necessary to opt for a higher capacity if you anticipate dealing with large files or if you value having extra space for future data storage needs. Determining Your Storage Needs: Is 512GB Enough For You? When it comes to storage capacity, the question of whether 512GB is enough for your needs is a crucial one. The answer largely depends on how you use your device and what you plan to store on it. For the average user, 512GB is likely more than enough storage space. It can comfortably accommodate a large collection of photos, videos, music, and documents. Additionally, it allows for the installation of numerous applications and games without having to worry about running out of space. However, if you are a professional photographer, videographer, or work with large files such as high-resolution graphics or video editing projects, you might find that 512GB gets filled up rather quickly. In such cases, you may consider investing in external storage solutions or opting for devices with higher storage capacities. It is also important to consider the growth of your storage needs over time. If you anticipate that your storage requirements will increase significantly in the future, you might want to consider a higher capacity option right from the start to avoid frequent upgrades. Ultimately, determining if 512GB is enough for you depends on your specific usage patterns and future needs. Exploring The Benefits Of 512GB: What Can You Do With This Much Space? With 512GB of storage capacity, you have a significant amount of space at your disposal. Whether you are using it for personal or professional purposes, this much storage opens up a world of possibilities. For the average user, 512GB can store a vast amount of data. You can easily store thousands of photos, videos, and documents without worrying about running out of space. Additionally, you can download and keep a large collection of movies, TV shows, and music on your device, providing entertainment on the go. Professionally, 512GB allows you to store and access important files without the need for external storage devices. Whether you work with large multimedia files or need to store a library of documents, having ample space ensures all your work is easily accessible and organized. Gaming enthusiasts will also benefit from 512GB as modern games often come with large installation files and updates. With this much space, you can have multiple games installed simultaneously and switch between them without the need to constantly delete and download games. In short, the benefits of 512GB are manifold. It provides you with the freedom to store all your important files, media, games, and more in one place, eliminating the need for additional storage devices and ensuring convenience and accessibility. The Downside Of 512GB: Are There Any Limitations? While 512GB may seem like a substantial amount of storage capacity, it is not without its limitations. It is crucial to understand these limitations before deciding if 512GB is sufficient for your needs. One limitation of 512GB is the potential for storage space to fill up quickly, especially if you use your device for tasks such as gaming, video editing, or storing large media files. High-definition videos, for example, can take up several gigabytes of storage space. If you frequently engage in these activities, you may find yourself needing to delete files or transfer them to external storage to free up space. Another limitation is that not all devices support 512GB storage capacity. Some laptops, smartphones, or tablets may have a maximum limit on the storage they can accommodate, and 512GB may exceed that limit. It's essential to check the specifications of your device before investing in a 512GB storage option. Additionally, 512GB may be an overkill for individuals who primarily use their devices for basic tasks such as web browsing, document editing, and email. In these cases, a smaller storage capacity option may be more cost-effective. Ultimately, the downside of 512GB lies in its potential for quick space consumption and compatibility constraints. Considering your specific usage requirements and device compatibility is necessary to determine if 512GB is the right storage capacity for you. Managing And Organizing Your 512GB Storage: Tips And Tricks. Managing and organizing your storage is essential to optimize the use of your 512GB capacity effectively. Here are some tips and tricks to help you stay organized: 1. Use folders: Creating folders will help you categorize your files and make it easier to find specific documents, photos, or videos when needed. 2. Utilize cloud storage: Consider moving some of your files to cloud storage, such as Google Drive or Dropbox, to free up space on your device while still having access to your files. 3. Delete unnecessary files: Regularly go through your storage and delete files that are no longer needed. This will help you reduce clutter and reclaim valuable storage space. 4. Move large files to external storage: If you have large files, such as movies or high-resolution videos, consider moving them to an external hard drive to save space on your device. 5. Use storage management tools: Many operating systems and devices offer built-in storage management tools that allow you to analyze and optimize your storage usage. Take advantage of these tools to identify unused or large files that can be deleted or moved. By following these tips and tricks, you can make the most out of your 512GB storage capacity and ensure a well-organized and easily accessible collection of files. Future Considerations: Is 512GB Still Sufficient For Evolving Technology? As technology evolves at a rapid pace, it's important to consider whether 512GB of storage will remain sufficient in the future. While 512GB is a considerable amount of storage capacity currently, it's essential to think about how your storage needs may change in the coming years. With the increasing use of high-resolution photos, videos, and larger software installations, it's likely that storage requirements will continue to grow. As apps become more feature-rich and data-heavy, they will occupy a greater amount of space on your device. Additionally, as streaming services become more popular, users may prefer to download movies and shows for offline viewing, which would require even more storage. Moreover, emerging technologies such as virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) will demand significant storage capacity. VR applications, especially games, require substantial storage to house their high-quality graphics and audio files. Considering these factors, it's advisable to consider getting a higher storage capacity, such as 1TB or more, if you want to future-proof your device. However, for most users' current needs, 512GB should still suffice for the near future, especially if you actively manage and organize your files to optimize space. Making The Decision: Should You Opt For 512GB Or Consider Other Options? When it comes to making a storage capacity decision, the choice between 512GB and other options is a crucial one. While 512GB may seem like a lot of storage, it's important to evaluate your specific needs before finalizing your decision. One factor to consider is the type of data you plan to store. If you primarily work with large media files, such as high-definition videos or RAW photos, you might quickly fill up a 512GB storage capacity. However, if you primarily use your device for everyday tasks like browsing the internet, word processing, or streaming music and videos, 512GB should be more than sufficient. Additionally, consider your future needs. As technology evolves, file sizes are likely to increase, which means you might require more storage in the future. If you plan on keeping your device for several years or anticipate higher storage demands, it might be wise to opt for a larger capacity option. Ultimately, the decision between 512GB and other storage options depends on your individual requirements and usage patterns. It's essential to carefully assess your needs and evaluate how much storage capacity you genuinely need before making a final decision. Frequently Asked Questions 1. Is 512GB considered a lot of storage space? Yes, 512GB is generally considered a substantial amount of storage space. It can comfortably accommodate a large number of files, including documents, photos, videos, and applications. For most users, this capacity offers ample storage for their daily needs and even allows for storing high-resolution media files without running out of space quickly. 2. How much content can a 512GB storage device hold? The content capacity of a 512GB storage device can vary depending on the file types and sizes involved. As a rough estimate, it can store approximately 60,000 high-resolution photos, 20 hours of 4K video footage, or around 200,000 music tracks. However, keep in mind that these numbers can vary based on compression rates, file formats, and other factors. 3. Is 512GB sufficient for gaming and heavy multimedia usage? Yes, a 512GB storage capacity is generally sufficient for most gaming and heavy multimedia usage. Modern video games and media files have increased in size over the years, and while they can consume a significant amount of storage space, 512GB provides enough room to store a substantial game library and a considerable amount of multimedia content. However, for users with particularly extensive gaming collections or professional multimedia needs, they might consider opt for larger storage capacities to avoid potential space constraints. Final Words In conclusion, 512GB of storage capacity can be considered a significant amount for most users' needs. It allows for ample space to store a large number of files, including photos, videos, and documents. However, it is crucial to consider one's individual usage requirements and weigh them against potential future needs before determining if 512GB is sufficient. It is also worth noting that advancements in technology and growing file sizes may require larger storage capacities in the long run.
Udon Thani Hospital Center, a large provincial hospital in the northeast region under the Ministry of Public Health, is identified as one of the Critical Information Infrastructure organizations providing services to citizens. This incident is not the first of its kind in Thailand, where hospitals have fallen victim to ransomware attacks. Hospitals are attractive targets for ransomware due to the wealth of sensitive data they possess and the severe disruptions they can cause to the public. These attacks present cybercriminals with significant financial gain and an urgency to pay ransoms, as the consequences extend beyond the organization to impact broader societal and economic stability. Palo Alto Networks's 2023 Unit 42 Ransomware and Extortion Report reveals insights that ransomware demands continued to be a pain point for organizations this past year, with observed payments as high as US$7 million. The median demand was US$650,000, while the median payment was US$350,000, indicating that effective negotiation can drive down actual payments. Thailand ranks 6th in the APAC region in the number of ransomware attacks but holds the first spot in Southeast Asia. "Organizations must stay vigilant against evolving threats as they become more sophisticated with new technologies. In this context, a zero-trust cybersecurity approach is crucial due to device proliferation driven by the medical IoT environment and increasing cloud adoption. To stay ahead of emerging threats, organizations need a threat intelligence team that monitors global attacks and potential risks to the organization," Piya Jitnimit, Country Manager for Thailand, shares insights into best practices and cybersecurity strategies. Recommendations from Unit 42 Ransomware and Extortion 2023 Report: ● Prepare a Playbook for Multi-Extortion ● Ensure Complete Visibility via Extended Detection and Response (XDR) Technology ● Implement a Threat Intelligence Program ● Proactively Manage and Reduce Your Attack Surface Inventory ● Implement Enterprise-Wide Zero Trust Architecture ● Pressure Test Your Incident Response Plans and Program ● Protect Your Cloud Architectures Hospitals are crucial organizations where computer failures directly impact patients' lives. As such, Piya requests attackers to consider the sensitivity of the sector and the lives of the people involved.
When it comes to paying up for parking, UK motorists have a plethora of options - from good-old-fashioned Pay & Display, to Automatic Number Plate Recognition-based systems. Parking is one of the less glamorous aspects of car ownership, but one that all of us are familiar with. According to one study, the average UK car is only used 4% of the time. It is kept at home for 80% of the time, and parked in other locations for 16% of the time. Here we'll explore the parking options for that 16%. Car parking facts But first some statistics: there are between 17,000 and 20,000 public and private car parks in the UK. 48% are operated by local authorities. The industry is estimated to be worth £1.2bn for 2024, and more than 12,000 people work in it. And last but not least, the average parking space is 2.4m by 4.8m! The car park business was hit hard by the pandemic, which saw millions stay at, and work from, home. That home-work phenomenon has continued to this day, albeit at a much lower rate. Add cost of living problems, congestion charges, and increasing environmental awareness that has prompted some to shift to public transport, and it's easy to see why revenue has fallen 3.6% over the last five years - according to market research by IBIS. But car parks are far from dead. With more than one million electric cars on our roads - and more than 32 million cars in total - Britain's lover affair with the motor car means we'll continue to need parking spaces long into the future. Parking UK: What are the options? Pay & Display machines London saw the UK's first pay-and-display parking machine in 1968, and ones like it have been taking our pound coins ever since. Few of the more mature motorists among us haven't bonded with fellow drivers when in search of the 'correct change'. The Pay & Display process is simple enough: you park up in an empty space, find the machine, choose how long you need to park for, pay the required amount, then place the resulting ticket on your dashboard. This familiar system works 24 hours a day (assuming the machines are functioning), and it doesn't require boom barriers on the entry and exit points (which minimises queuing and congestion). From the operator's viewpoint, it cuts down labour costs because you don't need a parking attendant - just an enforcement officer. In theory these lower overheads should help keep ticket prices down, too. And many machines are also solar-powered - in a modest boon for the environment. Cashless Payment Systems (CPS) From pay-as-you-go vouchers to prepaid vouchers and smartphone apps, numerous cashless payment systems are offered across the country. They are easy and convenient to use, since many payments can be made through apps with a connected debit or credit card. There are also no hunting-for-the-machine and finding-change antics. From the operator's standpoint, human error and fake coinage issues are eliminated, while the contactless nature of the payments means the hygiene risks associated with communal touchpoints are cut out. IT overheads, however, are notable, since skilled people are required to operate and maintain the apps and payment systems. Automatic Number Plate Recognition (ANPR) parking Automatic Number Plate Recognition (ANPR) sounds like something from this century, yet it was invented in 1976 by a body called the Police Scientific Development Branch (PSDB). The system was used to catch car thieves and other road-based undesirables, and later also to protect London from terrorist attacks. Today it's still used to catch car-borne criminals, but it's also used to great effect in the car parks of Morrison and Tesco, among others. The system can read number plates and determine if a vehicle has overstayed its welcome - whether paid or unpaid - and then issue a penalty. ANPR is also used for well-known initiatives such as the London Congestion Charge and ULEZ. ANPR has become the Big Brother of parking systems, automating car park compliance, while also enhancing overall security with its video surveillance component. It works in 'real-time' - which means seconds after your allotted 2 hours at Home Bargains has ended, your registration has been checked against a database of millions. A mere 48 hours later, and an unwelcome letter could have landed on your doormat. Limited Waiting Limited Waiting parking is a system designed to manage how long motorists stay parked up - as mentioned above. It often harnesses our Orwellian friend ANPR to ensure folks don't overstay the allotted parking time - whether that's free or for a fee. These deals generally feature a "no return within x hours" rule, which can be assisted by ANPR, or by eagle-eyed parking attendants. The key benefit of Limited Waiting is that it should mean there are always enough parking spaces for new arrivals. However, for hardcore shoppers or those with mobility issues, Limited Waiting can mean they only have to wait a limited time before they receive a bill in the post. And yes, firms can gain access to ANPR data - including addresses. Pay on Foot machines These function by taking payment at the exit barrier via an automated payment unit. Some Pay on Foot systems encompass pre-booking options if integrated with - you guessed it - ANPR. Pay on Foot is convenient for the motorist because it can take almost every payment method, including cash, cards, card-connected apps, and contactless. It has lower enforcement overheads, and is monitored remotely by intercom systems.
Cognitive evaluations are designed to evaluate a person's memory and cognitive abilities to detect early signs of cognitive impairment or dementia. As we age, our memory and cognitive abilities may decline, making it important to stay vigilant and proactive in monitoring our brain health. In this blog post, we will discuss what cognitive evaluations are, why they are important, and what to expect during a cognitive evaluation. We will also touch on some of the common memory disorders that cognitive evaluations can detect, and what steps you can take to maintain good brain health. A cognitive evaluation is a test designed to assess a person's memory and cognitive abilities. Evaluations will be administered by our clinical staff. Cognitive evaluations typically consist of a series of questions and tasks that are designed to evaluate a person's ability to recall information, follow instructions, and complete tasks. The questions and tasks may cover a range of topics, including memory, attention, language, and spatial abilities. At Arrow Clinical Trials, we offer free cognitive evaluations as part of our comprehensive clinical research programs. Our experienced healthcare professionals use state-of-the-art screening tools to assess a person's memory and cognitive abilities, and can provide valuable feedback and recommendations based on the results. If you are interested in learning more about our clinical research programs or cognitive evaluations, please contact us today. (386) 278-8000 Your feedback is invaluable to us! Please take a moment to share your experience with Arrow Clinical Trials. Advancing Clinical Trials through Accuracy, Precision and Follow-Through Arrow Clinical Trials, LLC \|\| Copyright © 2023 All rights reserved. \|\| Privacy Policy
If you're a parent, you're probably no stranger to the daily challenges of ensuring that your child receives the right nutrition to support their growth and overall health. Whether you're dealing with a little one who's a selective eater or you're just keen on giving your child that extra nutritional boost, chances are you've stumbled upon products like Doctor Taller Kids that boast about providing all the essential nutrients your children need to thrive. But amidst the myriad of claims and promises, the fundamental question looms large: Does Doctor Taller Kids truly deliver on its assertions, and is it genuinely worth considering? In this comprehensive review, we're going to roll up our sleeves and dig deep into the intricacies of Doctor Taller Kids. Our aim is to equip you with the insights and information necessary to make a well-informed decision about whether this product is a good fit for your child. So, if you're eager to explore how Doctor Taller Kids might contribute to your child's growth and development, keep reading as we unveil the answers you seek! What is Doctor Taller Kids? Doctor Taller Kids is a chewable multivitamin, specifically created for kids aged 2 through 9 years old. It provides a comprehensive blend of 16 essential vitamins and minerals, including vitamins A, C, D3, Bs, calcium, zinc, and more, to support healthy growth and development in children. Not only is this product packed with vital nutrients, but also free of added sugars and has a delicious grape flavor that kids love. Moreover, it is suitable for those with specific dietary requirements because it is vegan, non-GMO, gluten-free, soy-free, and dairy-free. By taking Doctor Taller Kids regularly, your kid can receive enough nutrients they need to reach their full potential. What are the ingredients in Doctor Taller Kids? All the components in this multivitamin are well-combined to help kids' bodies function optimally. Let's take a closer look at each! Vitamin A Also known as retinol, vitamin A is essential for healthy vision, skin, and immune function. It plays a crucial role in maintaining the integrity of mucous membranes, which act as a barrier against pathogens. It also supports the growth and development of bones and teeth, making it an important nutrient for children. Vitamin C Vitamin C is an antioxidant that helps protect cells from damage caused by free radicals. It is crucial for immune system function and the production of collagen, a protein that is essential for healthy skin, bones, and joints. It also enhances the absorption of iron from plant-based foods, which is a vital vitamin for vegetarians and vegans. Vitamin D3 This "sunshine vitamin" helps the body absorb calcium and phosphorus, contributing to strong bones and teeth. Vitamin D3 is also involved in the regulation of mood, and deficiencies have been linked to depression. Vitamin E As a powerful antioxidant, vitamin E protects cells from oxidative damage as well as supports immune system function and helps prevent blood clots. B-complex vitamins Doctor Taller Kids is loaded with a variety of B vitamins, including B1, B2, B3, B6, B7, B9, and B12. They are a group of water-soluble vitamins that play crucial roles in energy metabolism, nerve function, and the production of red blood cells. They are also important for healthy skin, hair, and eyes. Vitamin K2 Vitamin K2 is necessary for transporting calcium to the bones and teeth, where it is needed for strength and density. It also prevents calcium from accumulating in the arteries, which can contribute to heart disease. Calcium plays a vital role in maintaining healthy bone growth, strength, and density, especially when your kid's bones are still growing. Moreover, it supports many other physiological processes, including muscle and nerve function, blood clotting, and hormone secretion. Magnesium consists of over 300 biochemical reactions in the body, including energy metabolism and protein synthesis. It is also essential for healthy bones, muscles, and nerves. Copper is required for various physiological processes in the body, such as energy production, antioxidant defense, and the formation of connective tissue. Eucommia bark This traditional Chinese herb has been used for centuries to help strengthen bones and connective tissue, as well as relieve pain and inflammation. It is believed to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, which may help protect against chronic diseases like heart disease and cancer. How does Doctor Taller Kids work? This product is meticulously crafted to cater to the diverse needs of children, spanning from the tender age of 2 to the blossoming age of 9. Deliberately formulated with utmost care, it comes with tailored recommendations to ensure the well-being of your precious ones. For the tiny tots under the age of 4, we recommend a gentle daily dosage of 1 tablet. Meanwhile, for the older children, those aged 4 and beyond, 2 tablets per day are suggested. However, it is of paramount importance to exercise vigilance with children under 3 years of age, or until they demonstrate the capability to proficiently masticate these tablets. Optimal results can be achieved by pairing the tablet intake with meals, preferably during the nurturing moments of breakfast or dinner. Additionally, fostering a holistic approach to your child's growth and vitality involves implementing lifestyle adjustments that can contribute significantly to their strength and overall health. The importance of a well-balanced diet cannot be overstated when it comes to children's growth. To ensure optimal growth, it's essential to provide them with foods rich in calcium, vitamin D, magnesium, zinc, and vitamin K2. These nutrients are abundant in various sources, including dairy products, fish, eggs, and leafy greens. By incorporating these foods into their diet, you're not only strengthening their bones but also setting the stage for healthy growth. Additionally, the role of protein should not be underestimated. Encourage your children to consume an adequate amount of protein, whether from animal sources or plant-based alternatives. Protein is a fundamental building block for the body, contributing to the development of muscles and tissues that support overall growth. Physical activity plays a crucial role in height development. Engaging your children in regular exercise can promote bone density and strength, ultimately contributing to their height potential. Activities like swimming, basketball, or jumping are excellent choices. These exercises not only stimulate bone growth but also improve posture, making your children appear taller and more confident. Adequate sleep is often underestimated in its impact on growth. Children need a consistent sleep schedule and plenty of rest to stimulate the release of growth hormones. For children aged 2 to 5 years, it's recommended they sleep at least 11 hours per day, while those aged 6 to 9 should aim for at least 10 hours of quality sleep. Establishing a bedtime routine and creating a peaceful sleep environment are key steps in ensuring your child gets the rest they need for healthy growth. Correct posture not only contributes to a child's physical well-being but also affects their appearance. Encourage your child to sit and stand up straight, avoiding slouching. Engaging in exercises that strengthen their core and back muscles can significantly improve their posture, making them not only look taller but also exude confidence. Other things to consider How much is it? The cost of the Doctor Taller Kids is dependent on the number of tablets in each bottle. The 60-tablet bottle is priced at $39.90, while the 90-tablet bottle is priced at $59.00. If you subscribe to the product, you can save 15% on your purchase, bringing the price of a bottle down to $33.91 for the 60-tablet bottle and $50.15 for the 90-tablet bottle. The subscription amount and frequency can be adjusted to meet the customer's needs. Where to buy it? Ordering Doctor Taller Kids is easy and convenient, and can be done through nubest.com. This guarantees that you are purchasing the authentic product at a reasonable price, with free shipping included. In addition, repeat customers can enjoy exclusive rewards and perks. You also purchase the product from well-known marketplaces, such as Amazon, eBay, or Walmart. What advantages? - Doctor Taller Kids is stuffed with many essential nutrients for growing kids. - It is chewable vegan tablets, with a grape flavor. - It provides 2 versions, 60 and 90 tablets. - It is made in an FDA-registered facility. - It only includes natural and vegan components without synthetic colors, artificial sweeteners, and flavors. - It has a 30-day money-back guarantee. What disadvantages? - It does not have many flavors. - Its price is a bit high compared to other kids' multivitamins. In conclusion, When faced with the challenge of ensuring your child's well-rounded nutrition, consider the merits of incorporating a multivitamin into their daily routine. Among the options available, Doctor Taller Kids stands out as an excellent choice, encompassing a comprehensive spectrum of essential vitamins and minerals vital for the optimal growth and development of children aged 2 to 9 years old. - Related post: How Does Being Born Prematurely Affect Height?
Around the World is a popular shooting game in basketball that tests players' shooting accuracy and consistency. Whether you're a casual player looking for a fun way to improve your shooting skills or a coach seeking a competitive practice drill, this guide will walk you through the rules, setup, and variations of playing Around the World. Join us as we explore the ins and outs of this exciting game that can be enjoyed by players of all ages and skill levels. Stay focused. What Is Around the World? Around the World is a popular basketball shooting game that helps players improve their shooting accuracy, concentration, and shot selection. The game involves attempting to make shots from various spots around the basketball court in a specific order. The objective of Around the World is to successfully make shots from designated locations in sequential order until all spots have been conquered. The shooting spots are typically positioned at different locations around the perimeter of the court. These spots can include specific positions on the three-point line, mid-range areas, or even the free-throw line extended. The game begins at a predetermined starting spot, often chosen by the players or designated by a marker on the court. The shooter must make a shot from the starting spot before moving on to the next spot in the sequence. The sequence continues until the shooter successfully makes a shot from each spot in the predetermined order. The last spot in the sequence is usually at a challenging location, such as a deep three-point shot or a shot from a corner. Once the player successfully makes the final shot, they have completed the "trip around the world." Around the World is not only a fun game but also a valuable training tool. It helps players develop shooting consistency, focus, and the ability to adapt their shooting technique to different spots on the court. Additionally, the game encourages players to make smart shot selections, as they must determine the best shooting strategy to conquer each spot efficiently. How To Play Around The World Basketball? In this section, we will elaborate on the steps involved in playing Around the World and provide some additional variations to make the game more exciting. Step 1: Set Up the Court To begin, choose a basketball court and designate shooting spots. These spots can be marked with cones, tape, chalk, or any other visible markers. The number of spots can vary based on the desired difficulty level and available space on the court. Generally, 5 to 10 shooting spots are common. Step 2: Determine the Shooter Before starting the game, decide who will take the first shot. This can be determined by a coin toss, rock-paper-scissors, or any fair method of selection. The chosen shooter will have the advantage of setting the target for the other players. Step 3: Set Up the Shooting Spots Starting from a designated spot, such as the baseline or any other agreed-upon location, each player takes a shot. If the shot is made, they move on to the next spot in sequential order. However, if the shot is missed, the player must continue shooting from the same spot until they successfully make it. Step 4: Shoot the Ball Players progress through the predetermined shooting spots, attempting to make shots from each location. The order of shooting spots is typically from one side of the court to the other or in a circular pattern around the court. The first player to successfully make shots from all spots and return to the starting point wins the game. Step 5: Try Variations To add excitement and further challenge, consider incorporating variations into the game. Here are a few ideas: Time Limit Set a time limit for each shot, challenging players to shoot quickly and accurately under pressure. Shooting Angles Require players to shoot from different angles, such as shooting from the baseline, wings, or corners of the court. This variation improves shooting versatility and adaptability. Shot Types Specify certain shot types players must make, such as layups, jump shots, or three-pointers. This variation allows players to work on specific shooting techniques while adding variety to the game. Reverse Order Instead of starting from the baseline, begin from the farthest shooting spot and work backward toward the starting point. This variation adds a twist to the game and requires players to focus on shooting from farther distances early on. By incorporating these variations, you can tailor the game to suit different skill levels and keep the gameplay fresh and exciting. What Are the Variations in Playing Around the World? Source: unsplash.com While the traditional version of the game involves shooting from various spots around the court, there are several exciting variations that add a new level of challenge and competitiveness. These variations can be a great way to keep the game fresh, improve shooting abilities, and add an element of fun to your basketball training sessions. Let's explore some of the variations in playing "Around the World." Reverse Around the World In this variation, players deviate from the traditional starting point at the baseline. Instead, they begin shooting from the farthest spot on the court and progressively work their way back toward the baseline. This reversal of the shooting order adds a twist to the game, requiring players to adjust their shooting technique and maintain focus as they work their way closer to the basket. Multiple Balls To increase the pace and competition, introduce multiple basketballs into the game. Players must retrieve and shoot different balls from each spot before moving on to the next. This variation not only challenges players to shoot accurately but also tests their ability to quickly transition between balls and maintain a steady shooting rhythm. Partner Challenge Pair up players and have them alternate shots from each spot. The pair that completes the course in the shortest time wins. This variation adds a competitive element and encourages teamwork as players strategize and communicate to complete the shooting course efficiently. It also introduces an element of pressure as players must perform well under timed conditions. Timed Around the World Set a time limit for each player to complete the game. The player who finishes shooting from all spots in the shortest time wins. This variation adds a sense of urgency and challenges players to balance speed with accuracy. It fosters quick decision-making and forces players to shoot efficiently under time pressure, simulating game-like situations where shooting opportunities may be limited. Shooting Challenges Add specific challenges at certain spots during the game. For example, players can be required to shoot while dribbling, perform a spin move before shooting, or use their non-dominant hand to shoot. These challenges enhance shooting versatility and adaptability, forcing players to develop a wider range of skills and adding an element of creativity to the game. Significance of Playing Around the World in the Context of Basketball Playing Around the World offers several benefits for basketball players. Check some of them out below. Shooting Skill Development Shooting is a fundamental skill in basketball, and players can dedicate time to developing their shooting abilities. By practicing shooting from various distances and angles, players can refine their shooting technique, improve their accuracy, and become more comfortable taking shots from different areas on the court. This skill development not only enhances a player's ability to contribute offensively but also adds versatility to their game by expanding their scoring range. Shot Selection Making sound decisions on shot selection is crucial for any player. By considering their shooting abilities and the specific spot they are attempting to shoot from, players can develop a better understanding of their strengths and limitations. This awareness enables them to take high-percentage shots and avoid forcing difficult or low-percentage shots, leading to a more efficient and effective offensive game. Pressure Handling In a real basketball game, players often face pressure situations where they must make shots consistently, even under challenging circumstances. By engaging in shooting games like Around the World, players can simulate these pressure situations in a fun and competitive setting. This helps them develop mental resilience, improve their focus, and build confidence in their shooting ability, making them better equipped to handle pressure in actual game scenarios. Competition and Fun Around the World is a popular shooting game that can be played individually or with teammates. It adds an element of competition and excitement to shooting practice, motivating players to push themselves and improve their skills. The game fosters a sense of camaraderie when played with teammates, as players challenge each other and strive to outperform one another. Can I play Around the World alone? Yes, Around the World can be played individually as a shooting drill or as a competitive game against yourself, challenging your personal shooting skills. Playing alone allows you to focus on your shooting technique, consistency, and accuracy without the pressure of competing against others. It provides an opportunity to practice shooting from various spots on the court and improve your overall shooting abilities. Can I customize the shooting spots in Around the World? Absolutely! One of the great aspects of Around the World is its flexibility. You can modify the shooting spots based on your skill level, court size, or desired difficulty level. For beginners, you can start with closer distances to the basket, gradually increasing the challenge as you progress. Advanced players may choose to incorporate more challenging spots, such as mid-range jump shots or three-pointers, to push their shooting abilities to the limit. Can I play Around the World with different types of shots? Yes, you can customize Around the World to include different types of shots. While the traditional version of the game focuses on shooting from various spots around the perimeter, you can incorporate different shot types to practice specific skills. For example, you can add layups or floaters as part of the game to work on your finishing at the rim. Is Around the World Suitable for Beginners? Yes, Around the World is a versatile game suitable for players of all levels, including beginners. It provides an engaging and interactive way to develop shooting skills and improve consistency. For beginners, starting with shorter shooting distances and gradually progressing as their shooting abilities improve can be a great approach. As they gain confidence and proficiency, they can expand the shooting spots and increase the difficulty level to continue challenging themselves. Can I play Around the World indoors? Yes, you can adapt the game to indoor settings. If you have access to a basketball court indoors, you can play Around the World using the standard shooting spots around the perimeter. However, if indoor space is limited or you don't have a full-sized basketball court, you can adjust the game accordingly. Using a mini basketball hoop or a smaller shooting area, you can modify the distances to accommodate the available space. Bottom Line Around the World is a fantastic shooting game that adds excitement and competitiveness to basketball training sessions. By following the simple setup and rules, players can enhance their shooting skills, shot selection, and ability to handle pressure. Additionally, the variations of the game provide endless opportunities for customization and enjoyment. So, gather your teammates or practice individually, and take your shooting game to new heights with the exhilarating game of Around the World.
A dentist will give a patient a dental filling as a part of cavity treatment. Dentists will remove tooth decay that damages a tooth's structure and then fill the resulting hole in the tooth's surface with composite resin. They can mold this material to suit the tooth's unique shape and then cure the resin to harden and seal it into place. The durable material will get your tooth looking and feeling well once again while also protecting the vulnerable spot from further dental damage. But a dental filling will not last forever. Over time, a filling can wear down for a number of reasons until the protective seal breaks, endangering your tooth. When this happens, you will need a dentist to remove the old filling and replace it with a new one. Read on to learn more about what you can expect from dental filling replacement. Signs You Need a New Dental Filling If a dental filling wears down or breaks, you can notice some signs that indicate this damage that will require intervention from a dentist to fix. For instance, if the filling seems loose in its place in the tooth, you may need a new filling. The filling might also appear dark or discolored when it sustains damage. An old or broken dental filling might make the tooth feel sensitive. If you experience a sharp pain when a food item or other object touches the tooth, this means that underlying nerves in the tooth's interior are exposed. A filling should shield these nerves. So if you feel this pain, then the filling might no longer be doing its job. Other types of pain, including a chronic ache, can point to a damaged dental filling. Oral pain of any kind is not normal. Give your dentist a call if you notice a change or discomfort in your smile, especially near an old filling. A dentist can tell if your filling requires replacement during an oral exam at a routine check-up. So make sure you attend these appointments as recommended. Treatment to Replace Your Dental Filling If you need to replace an old dental filling, the dentist begins the treatment by removing the original fixture. They provide you with a local anesthetic so that you do not feel any discomfort during this process. Removing the old filling is easy for your dentist with the proper tools. The dentist evaluates the tooth's health to ensure it does not require further restoration before they continue with replacing the filling. They use composite resin to give you a new filling if the tooth is otherwise healthy. However, if your tooth sustained more extensive structural damage, it may need a fixture that can offer more restorative benefits. A dental crown, for instance, will cover the entire surface of a tooth, offering more help for the tooth when a filling is not enough. You can protect your dental filling and expand its lifespan when you take proper care of your oral health. This means avoiding nail-biting and other poor oral habits while sticking to a good oral hygiene regimen.
Polymers or additives added to the pulp to improve the retention of fine particles, fillers, and fibres during the papermaking process, enhancing paper formation and reducing papermaking losses. Paper mill chemicals are a diverse range of substances used in the papermaking industry to enhance the quality, efficiency, and environmental sustainability of paper production. These chemicals are carefully selected and applied at various stages of the papermaking process, from pulp preparation to wastewater treatment. They serve different purposes, such as improving paper strength, brightness, and printability, controlling microbial growth, enhancing water clarity, and ensuring compliance with environmental regulations. By utilizing our paper mill chemicals, manufacturers can optimize paper production, reduce waste, enhance product quality, and minimize the environmental impact of the industry.
We met in Bergamo, Italy for our conference The Tumour Ecosystem: Cellular Interactions and Therapeutic Opportunities in March 2024. The event was praised for its interesting topics, excellent organisaton and effective networking opportunities. Supported by Worldwide Cancer Research, we were delighted to award several Travel Grants to help cancer researchers in need of financial assistance to attend the event. Read on to learn about their experience of the conference. 1Ana Farias Research Associate, Imperial College London, UK Research: The lungs are constantly exposed to virus, such as influenza virus and coronavirus, that can lead to respiratory infections. To control these infections, a rapid immune response is triggered. The lungs are also susceptible to metastatic spread from distant tumours (such as melanomas and breast tumours). Although viral infections and cancer cells can co-exist in the lungs, the interplay between these diseases remains unknown. So, we are currently investigating how respiratory viral infections can affect the growth of cancer cells in the lungs. How was this conference different from others you have attended? I moved to London from Argentina in 2019 after obtaining my PhD, to continue my scientific career as a research associate. Unfortunately, during the first years in the UK most conferences were cancelled or hosted online due to the COVID-19 pandemic. I have attended the British Society of Immunology annual meeting since 2021, once meetings were held in person again. This conference was very different to the aforementioned meetings as it is a very niche specific topic, bringing together the most knowledgeable scientists with a very exciting program. A smaller meeting like this, allows participants to attend all the sessions, without having to choose between parallel sessions, being very beneficial for scientific discussions, especially for young researchers presenting their work. How has the conference inspired you in your research? Conferences are always a great fuel at any stage of the scientific career. During this conference, I felt particularly inspired while listening to unrelated groups leading to similar conclusions, giving the opportunity to bring different research fields to tackle cancer from a more collaborative approach. Having the opportunity to learn the latest advances from renown scientists in a very distended environment has given me the opportunity to expand my network and find collaborators eager to support early careers' progression. Were there any networking highlights you want to tell us about? During this meeting I had the opportunity to present for the first time my postdoctoral work as a short talk. It was a great experience to showcase my project and to discuss my latest results. I had great feedback from the audience with many suggestions in which direction to continue our research. What was a personal highlight of the conference for you? The conference was very well organised. Every session was well thought and had the perfect balance between "long" and short talks, making them very enjoyable. The poster sessions were also very well structured, and the scheduled time gave the possibility for the presenters to discuss science without the attendants being tired after a long day. I really enjoyed the meeting and I am very grateful for such a great committee that put it together. Swipe left or click 'Next' at the top to see the next report 2Greta Mattavelli PhD Student, MSNZ, Germany Research: In my project, we are investigating the role of tumour draining lymph nodes in the development of breast cancer metastasis. My project focuses on dissecting the role of stromal cells in metastatic dissemination and tumor immune evasion. We are interested in understanding how stromal cells in lymph nodes can be remodelled by the primary tumuor to create immunosuppressive niches through the recruitment of myeloid cells. We have seen that tumor draining lymph nodes can become immunosuppressive in aggressive breast cancer and that this mechanism can promote tumour metastasis. What was a personal highlight of the conference for you? One of the personal highlights of the conference for me was the poster session. I had a great opportunity to get feedback on my project from some of the speakers as well as other attendees. It was also great for networking and getting to know people. I also found it very useful because I got a lot of useful feedback on my project and suggestions for possible experiments that I will try to implement in my research. Were there any social or networking highlights you want to tell us about? I enjoyed the atmosphere of the conference, which made it easier to network with people. I was also happy to have the chance to talk to Johanna Joyce, she was one of the speakers I admire because I find the research she does very cutting edge. It was very interesting to have the opportunity to share my data with her and get feedback and suggestions on it. How was this conference different from others you have attended? I found this conference particularly interesting because it was aimed at the field I work in, and I found the science presented to be very interesting. I also liked that the number of participants was not so large, which made it easier to network with people. I found it easier to talk to the speakers and also to network and socialise with other graduate students. I also appreciated that there was a networking game organised by the organisers on the first day, which made it easier to start talking to people. The location and overall organisation was also very nice. How has the conference inspired you in your research? I think this conference gave me more motivation to continue my career in science. I especially liked the Meet the Experts session, where we had the opportunity to hear from scientists at different stages of their careers. I found it very interesting to see and hear how people have developed their careers. I also liked that there were some female PIs who talked about what it is like to be a woman and a lab manager at the same time. I found some of the advice they gave very useful and I hope I can benefit from it. Swipe left or click 'Next' at the top to see the next report 3Micol Baronio Postdoctoral Researcher, European Institute of Oncology (IEO), Italy Research: My group focuses its research on ovarian cancer (OC), an aggressive disease, often recurrent and chemo-resistant. These malignant features can be ascribed to the subpopulation of ovarian cancer stem cells (OCSC), which together with the normal cancer cells are components of the tumour. Therefore, our aim is to find mechanisms and targets useful to defeat such population. In particular, I am studying the crosstalk between tumour-associated vasculature and OCSC, focusing on a protein released by vessels, L1-ATM. L1-ATM protects OCSC from chemotherapy effects and fosters their growth, thus, neutralising it we could have an alternative strategy to eradicate OC. What was a personal highlight of the conference for you? I've just finished my PhD and I'm wrapping up the story in order to publish my paper, so I'm in a very special moment for my career. Therefore, attending the conference helped me both from a scientific and a personal point of view. Indeed, it was an occasion to recharge the motivational battery and find the inspiration to finish all the final experiments or to get new ideas. I strongly believe that going to conferences is an active part of our job, because networking and sharing our findings enriches us. Were there any networking highlights you want to tell us about? Maybe I didn't find a specific collaborator but different talks intrigued me for the presented models or the applied technologies, making me think about future collaborations with those experts. This possibility paves the way for the writing of grants or personal fellowships based on the expansion of my personal project towards fields or topics for which I don't have enough expertise. How was this conference different from others you have attended? Comparing the EACR conference to other conferences I found it very well organised and with a proper number of participants. The daily schedule of the talks was well balanced between morning and afternoon (with high quality and relevance to the topic), the idea to leave posters until the early coffee of the following morning gave the possibility to check again for the more interesting or to see the ones excluded the day before. The beautiful location allowed the audience to be as close as possible to the stage. The team game on day one was useful to break the ice among the participants and start networking. How has this conference inspired you in your research? During the talks I was particularly inspired by a couple of them because of the relevance of the topics for my project. Indeed, both of them gave me the opportunity to see my project from other perspectives and take advantage from their results or applied techniques to generate new data. What I found striking was the fact that thanks to one of the two talks, I started reasoning about hypothesis for new branches of the project with strong clinical impact. When you got home, is there anything from the conference that you immediately wanted to tell your colleagues about? At the end of the conference, I was enthusiastic about the quality and organisation of the conference, but also for the interesting talks that completely caught my attention. Furthermore, I was happy to have spent three days fully immersed in a stimulating environment, full of scientists proud of their job and happy to be involved in the oncological research. Have you brought back any specific knowledge that has benefited your research? Attending these international meetings allows us to connect with people from institutions very different from ours. This exchange is always very fruitful, indeed, this time what I understood is that the technological progress is running and that not only the bigger institutes must be updated and upfront. Therefore, to be scientifically competitive, we should learn how to import cutting-edge technologies in our laboratories or to collaborate more with foreign groups. Swipe left or click 'Next' at the top to see the next report 4Mor Hindi Malowany PhD Candidate, Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel Research: Chronic inflammation is a key factor in the development of colon cancer linked to inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). While this connection is known, the molecular mechanisms driving cancer development remain unclear. My research identified the pivotal role of the tumor microenvironment, particularly fibroblasts, in promoting colon cancer through extracellular matrix remodelling and activation of inflammatory pathways. Currently, I investigate the changes in the stromal subsets during the development of colitis associated cancer, examining how they link colitis to cancer progression in both humans and mouse. By understanding these mechanisms, we aim to develop new diagnostic tools and therapies for patients with colitis associated colon cancer. What was a personal highlight of the conference for you? My initial response to this question is less scientifically proper, but as a young researcher, woman, and mother, it was truly amazing and inspiring for me to see how many women are leading in this pivotal field of cancer research. The strong female representation and the high level of research and achievements that women presented at the conference were inspiring to me. Were there any social or networking highlights you want to tell us about? It was a pleasure to meet one of the alumni students from my lab at the conference, who is currently doing her postdoctoral in England. It was very interesting to understand what she is currently working on and also to learn more about my lab's history. Due to her profound familiarity with the lab, as well as the new experiences she gained during postdoctoral, I was able to consult with her on ideas that arose during the conference, and we brainstormed about them together. How was this conference different from others you have attended? This conference was my first international event abroad, unlike the previous conference I participated in my homeland, which covered nearly all research fields, in this conference most of the program was very relevant to our lab, focusing on how changes in the stroma affect the tumour microenvironment. But on the same time, I felt that the topics covered were also very varied, including metastasis and immunology research, which even though is considerably less related to my work, exploring these areas was very helpful, as it got me thinking more deeply about the goals of my research. Did you take part in any interesting local or cultural activities in your free time outside of the conference? On the last day of the conference, I had a few hours before my flight back home, so I went for a stroll with a friend I met at the conference to explore Bergamo. We took the funicular and enjoyed the beautiful view of Bergamo from the upper city, then we enjoyed eating delicious gelato at Piazza Vecchia and explored through the Del Tesoro Della Cattedrale museum, where we learned about the city's ancient history from the Roman period. From there, we took a short walk through the lovely streets of Bergamo, did some shopping, and picked up souvenirs for family and friends. How has the conference inspired you in your research? During the conference, I learned a lot, both from the lectures and the fantastic poster sessions. It was the first time I presented my work to people outside the lab, and it was a very significant learning experience for me, especially dealing with the presentation itself. Additionally, the questions I was asked and seeing the work done in other labs around the world helped me clarify how to progress with the project. I saw how methods I had only thought about in theory were being implemented, which inspired me to try them myself. For example, using mass spectrometry enriched for ECM proteins. Have you brought back any specific knowledge that has benefited your research? Our lab primarily focuses on understanding the tumour microenvironment, while there are significant portions of my project that deal with understanding the involvement of stromal cells in chronic inflammatory conditions, specifically in colitis. It was fascinating to discover how the fibrotic environment resembles in its features tissue with signs of chronic inflammation. Many of the genes mentioned, such as IL1B, and other populations referenced, also prominently appeared in my experimental results around chronic inflammation. It was intriguing to connect these events and see how they may be more similar than I initially thought. The way I examined the impact of inflammation on cancer mainly revolved around the development of the primary tumour, and the conference raised thoughts regarding the link between administering anti-inflammatory drugs to patients and the development of metastasis in these patients. Swipe left or click 'Next' at the top to see the next report 5Ngozi D. Akingbesote PhD Candidate, Yale School of Medicine, US Research: My research work focuses on uncovering the mechanisms by which exercise improves therapeutic responses to immunotherapy specifically pembrolizumab (anti-PD1) in triple-negative breast cancer preclinical models. What was a personal highlight of the conference for you? A personal highlight for me was how open and welcoming the attendees were, and we had a mini game where we introduced each other and many people were curious and asked kind questions. They were genuinely interested in getting to know me. It made me more comfortable in a new space. I completely enjoyed discussing my science and I had quickly forgotten my anxiety. How was this conference different from others you have attended? This conference was different from the others that I have attended in a social aspect, the social sessions were interspersed within the agenda, this made it easier for me to make connections and talk to people. Many of the conferences that I have attended leave the social networking to you, but this conference seemed to want to help with the social aspect too and make it easier for you to break the ice and talk to people. I really appreciated this aspect because I have crippling anxiety. Did you take part in any interesting local activities in your free time outside of the conference? I was only able to take an evening walk to Cita Alta/upper city Bergamo and enjoyed seeing the city from an upper view. It was an amazing view of the entire city and made me appreciate the opportunity to see a city that I would otherwise never have seen. Italy has an amazing landscape, I must confess. Have you brought back any specific knowledge that has benefited your research? During the course of the conference and discussions of my work, I found that many great discussion surrounded breast cancer metastasis and many people gave me specific protocol ideas on how to check for metastasis in my preclinical models, this has added more textural evidence to my current research project. Swipe left or click 'Next' at the top to see the next report 6Shihao Zhu PhD Student, National Cancer Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, China Research: My current research uncovers the "accelerators" and "brakes" involved in the development of esophageal squamous carcinoma. Just as cars need brakes to stop, our body's epithelial inflammation has its brakes, but in esophageal cells, a malfunction in the secretion of ANXA1, which acts as a brake, can cause the microenvironment to go haywire. On the other hand, just like starting a car, the transformation of epithelial cells into malignant cells has its accelerators. In the esophagus, the interaction between EFNB1 and EPHB4 provides a significant thrust towards cancer development. When the accelerator is pushed to the max and the brakes fail, esophageal tissues enter a state of uncontrolled chaos. What was a personal highlight of the conference for you? My personal highlight of the conference was undoubtedly the closing ceremony. The host expertly summarised the entire event, reviewing the key messages presented by the speakers. As a PhD student, this segment was particularly valuable as it helped me consolidate the information and pinpoint the most critical issues discussed. Additionally, the brilliant talks throughout the conference were truly inspiring, and the closing ceremony served as a great reminder of the insights and ideas I gained. This part of the conference not only enhanced my understanding but also energised my academic pursuits. Were there any social or networking highlights you want to tell us about? At the conference, I had the incredible opportunity to meet Prof. Ruth Scherz-Shouval from The Weizmann Institute of Science. I have long admired her work on the tumour microenvironment and tumour-associated fibroblasts. Most importantly, she wrote a highlight Preview for my paper on the role of ANXA1 in the co-evolution of epithelial cells and fibroblasts in the esophageal tumor microenvironment, providing insightful feedback. Meeting her in person was truly a privilege. Additionally, I also encountered Professors Douglas Hanahan and Erik Sahai, whom I have respected for years. I hope to collaborate with them in the future. How was this conference different from others you have attended? This conference stood out markedly from others I have attended due to its meticulous organisation and the rich learning opportunities it provided. Initially, the detailed guidance and instructions before the conference set a comprehensive and welcoming tone. The speakers, who are leading experts in the tumour microenvironment field, delivered presentations that were both inspiring and informative. A highlight was the enjoyable and relaxed coffee breaks, which were perfect for networking and led to forming connections with potential collaborators. Additionally, the poster sessions were excellently curated, featuring cutting-edge research directly from the researchers. Overall, this conference was exceptionally beneficial for me. Did you take part in any interesting local or cultural activities in your free time outside of the conference? Bergamo is an incredibly beautiful city and was my first visit to an Italian city. I stayed in the charming and ancient upper town, where I took a ride on the fascinating funicular. As it ascended during twilight, the view from the mountaintop was breathtaking, showcasing both the old upper town and the modern lower town under the stunning Lombardy moonlight. Enjoying a glass of Italian beer and a plate of prosciutto in the evening breeze was serene. Surprisingly, a waiter at the restaurant spoke to me in Chinese, as local schools offer Chinese as a major, which was delightfully unexpected. I am profoundly grateful to the EACR for hosting the conference in Bergamo and to the EACR and Worldwide Cancer Research for sponsoring my travel, making this an unforgettable experience. Swipe left or click 'Next' at the top to see the next report 7Tatiana Rizou PhD Student, The Francis Crick Institute, United Kingdom Research: Metastatic relapse, where cancer spreads to other parts of the body, can happen months or even years after the initial diagnosis. In this project we study the interaction between cancer cells and their microenvironment using a novel method of a bone-like environment in mice that mimics real bones. In detail we investigate how microenvironmental signals during inflammation lead to the reactivation of dormant cancer cells that are in the bone and how this affects metastatic relapse. What was a personal highlight of the conference for you? One personal highlight of the conference for me was being selected to present my research findings to fellow attendees. It was a rewarding opportunity to share my work and insights with a wider audience of peers and experts in the field. Presenting at the conference allowed me to showcase the significance of my research and receive valuable feedback from other researchers, which will undoubtedly strengthen the impact and quality of my work moving forward. Moreover, the experience of presenting my findings boosted my confidence and reaffirmed my passion for contributing to advancements in the understanding of tumour dormancy. Were there any social or networking highlights you want to tell us about? One memorable highlight from the conference was the poster session where I got the opportunity to connect with researchers whose work aligns closely with my own scientific interests. I had the chance to engage in meaningful discussions with several attendees who are leaders in the field, exchanging ideas and insights in the field of dormancy. In particular, I met with Julio Aguirre-Ghiso whose work I have admired for years. It was inspiring to hear his perspectives first-hand and to discuss common scientific ideas and the future direction of the field of dormancy. How was this conference different from others you have attended? This conference stood out from others I've attended in several ways. Firstly, the selection of speakers was exceptional, featuring leading experts whose research has been defining in the field of cancer research. Their diverse and cutting-edge perspectives enriched the discussions and provided valuable insights into the latest advancements in the field. Additionally, the thoughtful organisation of the conference particularly impressed me, since it allowed speakers and attendees to fully engage until the end of the conference and ensured that attendees had time to recharge during breaks and engage in informal discussions without feeling overwhelmed. This encouraged productive interactions and networking opportunities throughout the whole time of the conference. Did you take part in any interesting local or cultural activities in your free time outside of the conference? The conference took place in Bergamo, a small city in the north of Italy. I took advantage of my free time outside of the conference to explore the old city of Bergamo and together with other attendees of the conference we explored the historic Piazza Vecchia by riding the funiculars that provided panoramic views of the city. Having the convenience of walking from the conference venue to historic upper city of Città Alta allowed us to make the most of our time in Bergamo! Interested in EACR Conferences and further Travel Grants? We organise a variety of excellent cancer research conferences, both in person and virtual, where the latest research topics and interaction for participants are the very highest priorities. To assist researchers who need financial assistance to attend our in-person conferences, we offer EACR-Worldwide Cancer Research Travel Grants. Recipients also get the opportunity to present their work as an oral or poster presentation. Each Travel Grant includes a free registration and funds to support travel and accommodation costs. Make sure you add the dates of upcoming EACR Conferences to your diary now. Don't forget we offer EACR member discounts on all of our registration fees!
A Deep Comparison Between ChatGPT and Bard – Choosing the Best AI Assistant for Programmers - Key Differences - Pricing Model - Training Data and Awareness - Image Input - Large Language Models (LLM) - Training Model Insights - Number of Variations - Conversation Retention Ability - Content Accuracy - Creativity Assessment - Security and Safety Concerns - Additional Observations - Is One Better Than The Other? - Faq's As programmers, many of us have used AI assistants to seek efficient ways to delegate tasks. Whether it's ChatGPT or Google Bard, these AI companions have proven to be valuable time-savers. ChatGPT and Google Bard have significantly influenced how we interact with text, with each showcasing unique capabilities. Developed by Google, Bard excels in storytelling, while ChatGPT, crafted by OpenAI, specializes in generating conversational responses that mimic human-like interactions. In this comprehensive analysis, we'll identify the key differences between these AI assistants, helping you choose the right one for your programming needs. Key Differences Pricing Model - ChatGPT offers both free and paid versions, catering to a wider audience. - Google Bard, as of now, is entirely free, making it an accessible option for all users. Training Data and Awareness - Both models process human-like texts and rely on vast datasets. - ChatGPT (free version) lacks awareness of events post-January 2022, while Bard, with its access to Google search, remains up-to-date for free users. Image Input - Both AI assistants can accept images as input. - Google Bard offers this feature for free, while ChatGPT may require payment. Large Language Models (LLM) - ChatGPT employs the Transformer architecture, known for its industry-standard capabilities in generating and analyzing texts. - Google Bard is based on the PaLM 2 architecture, designed to enhance dialogues and conversations, making it a potent researcher with real-time internet access. Training Model Insights The critical distinction lies in the Large Language Models (LLM) utilized by both ChatGPT and Bard. ChatGPT relies on the Transformer architecture, while Google Bard is based on the PaLM 2 architecture. Both models have experienced notable errors, but continuous learning and improvement are shaping their capabilities. While GPT-3 and GPT-4 predecessors were trained on diverse internet sources, Google PALM2's training involved Infiniset, a dataset focused on dialogues. Bard's real-time web scouring contributes to generating relevant and up-to-date responses. ChatGPT, on the other hand, relies on data up until 2021, making it slightly less current. Number of Variations A crucial difference surfaces in the number of variations each model can generate. ChatGPT provides a single output for a given input, while Google Bard, utilizing Beam Search, can generate multiple answers to a single query, offering a diverse range of responses. Conversation Retention Ability The ability to retain context from prior discussions sets ChatGPT and Google Bard apart. ChatGPT can store up to 3,000 words of conversation history but doesn't actively use this information when responding. In contrast, Google Bard excels in remembering and using context from previous exchanges, enabling more effective and coherent responses over multiple interactions. Content Accuracy A pivotal distinction lies in internet access. Google Bard has real-time access, ensuring it stays current and provides accurate responses. ChatGPT, without real-time internet access, relies on pre-trained information, potentially lacking the latest updates. When utilizing Google Bard and ChatGPT for retrieving factual information, it is crucial to stay vigilant regarding potential inaccuracies and consistently prioritize fact-checking to ensure the information's accuracy and reliability. Therefore, when considering content accuracy, there is no distinct winner between the two. Creativity Assessment Evaluating the creative capabilities of these tools presents a challenge due to the absence of a definitive measure for direct comparison. To ensure an impartial assessment, we tasked both ChatGPT and Google Bard with identical creative challenges, assessing the outcomes subjectively. Example: For instance, we tasked both tools with generating a short story based on a given prompt, assessing the uniqueness, coherence, and imaginative elements of their responses. Security and Safety Concerns Privacy and security issues are prevalent in both ChatGPT and Google Bard. ChatGPT has faced criticism for potential misuse, including the creation of phishing emails and ransomware, raising cybersecurity risks. It logs conversations and collects personal data for training purposes, involving human trainers in the review process. Deleting specific prompts from ChatGPT's history is not feasible, discouraging the sharing of personal or sensitive information. Many companies have taken measures to ban both ChatGPT and Google Bard within their organizations. Example: For instance, Samsung Electronics implemented a ban on the use of ChatGPT by its employees. This decision followed instances of employees leaking sensitive company information to ChatGPT. In one case, an employee uploaded a corporate meeting transcript, asking ChatGPT to summarize it. In another incident, an employee entered a confidential program code, seeking code optimization from the chatbot. Samsung's prohibition of ChatGPT highlights the escalating concerns regarding the security risks posed by large language models. These models, trained on extensive datasets of text and code, possess the capability to generate realistic and convincing content, including sensitive information. Google Bard, although relatively new, also raises security and privacy concerns. Reports indicate its potential to generate phishing emails, and signalling misuse possibilities. Google explicitly warns users not to share personal information with Bard, as it collects user data. There is also a risk of Bard infringing on intellectual copyrights by incorporating content without proper permission or attribution. Example: For instance, there have been reports of Google Bard generating phishing emails, showcasing the potential misuse of its capabilities and prompting concerns about user data privacy and intellectual property rights. Additional Observations Google Bard distinguishes itself with its real-time information access, serving as a valuable tool to alert users about potential factual errors, a critical feature in mitigating the risks associated with the misuse of AI-generated content. In terms of creative flexibility, Google Bard offers users three drafts, enabling them to explore multiple creative options and refine their content accordingly. However, one notable drawback of Google Bard lies in its limited provision of attributions, suggesting room for improvement to enhance the overall credibility of the generated content. In contrast, ChatGPT, unlike Google Bard, also lacks a feature for providing attributions. This may be a noteworthy consideration for users who prioritize transparency in understanding the source or origin of the responses. It's worth noting that both Google Bard and ChatGPT tend to generate verbose responses unless the prompts precisely define the desired output, indicating a common trait in their behaviour. Is One Better Than The Other? Choosing between ChatGPT and Google Bard depends on your specific needs. If you prioritize real-time internet access, diverse response variations, and effective conversation retention, Google Bard might be your preferred choice. For those seeking a blend of conversational fluency, text generation, and a flexible pricing model, ChatGPT could be the ideal AI companion. As both models continue to evolve, the landscape of AI language models will shape the future of human-AI interactions. 1. How does Google Bard's real-time information access contribute to user experience? Google Bard's real-time information access is a distinguishing feature that alerts users to potential factual errors, enhancing content reliability and mitigating the risks associated with the misuse of AI-generated content. 2. What creative flexibility does Google Bard offer to users, and how does it compare to ChatGPT in this aspect? Google Bard provides users with the ability to work on three drafts, allowing for multiple creative options and content refinement. In contrast, ChatGPT lacks a similar feature, and users may find this aspect valuable in the content creation process. 3. What is a notable drawback of Google Bard, and how does it compare to ChatGPT in terms of attributions? A drawback of Google Bard is its limited provision of attributions, suggesting room for improvement to enhance content credibility. In comparison, ChatGPT also lacks a feature for providing attributions, which may be a consideration for users seeking transparency in understanding the source of generated responses. 4. Do both Google Bard and ChatGPT exhibit a common behaviour in generating responses? Yes, both Google Bard and ChatGPT tend to produce verbose responses unless the prompts precisely define the desired output. Understanding this common behaviour can help users tailor their prompts for more specific and concise responses.
The Metaverse, a concept that once seemed like science fiction, is quickly becoming a reality. This digital universe, composed of interconnected virtual spaces, is reshaping the way we interact, work, and play. As developers and creators rush to build their corner of the Metaverse 3D space development, choosing the right 3D game development engine is crucial. According to a recent survey, over 60% of consumers have heard of the Metaverse, and 30% are actively interested in participating in it. The Metaverse market is projected to reach $800 billion by 2025, with substantial growth in virtual real estate, gaming, and virtual goods. In this guide, we'll explore the key factors to consider when selecting a 3D game engine for your Metaverse project. The Role of 3D Game Engines One of the most important decisions that you will need to make when developing a metaverse 3D space is choosing the right 3D game engine. A 3D game engine is a software development environment that provides a set of tools and libraries for game developers to create 3D games and other interactive applications. 3D game engines are the backbone of any Metaverse 3D space development. They provide the tools and framework necessary to build immersive 3D environments where users can navigate, interact, and socialize. Selecting the right game engine is paramount to delivering a seamless Metaverse experience. The Rise of the Metaverse Before we dive into the selection process, let's understand the significance of the Metaverse and why it's creating such a buzz in the tech world. The Metaverse is a collective virtual shared space, merging physical and digital realities. It's not just about games; it encompasses social interactions, commerce, education, and much more. With this immense potential, selecting the right 3D game engine becomes a critical decision. Let's explore how to make the best choice. Key Considerations for Choosing a 3D Game Engine 1. Platform Compatibility Before choosing a game engine, consider the platforms you want your Metaverse to be accessible on. Whether it's PC, consoles, mobile devices, or virtual reality headsets, your chosen engine should support the platforms where your audience spends their time. 2. Graphics and Realism The Metaverse thrives on immersive experiences. Ensure your chosen engine offers high-quality graphics, advanced rendering capabilities, and realistic physics to create engaging virtual spaces. 3. Community and Ecosystem A strong developer community and a robust ecosystem are invaluable assets. Look for an engine with an active community that can provide support, resources, and plugins to enhance your project's development. 4. Interoperability The Metaverse is all about interconnectedness. Consider an engine that supports open standards and interoperability, allowing your virtual spaces to interact seamlessly with others in the Metaverse. 5. Scalability As your Metaverse project grows, scalability becomes crucial. Ensure the engine can handle the increasing complexity and size of your virtual world. 6. Cost and Licensing Evaluate the cost structure and licensing terms of the engine. Some engines may offer free options for small projects, while others may require substantial investments for commercial use. 7. VR and AR Capabilities If your Metaverse project includes virtual or augmented reality elements, ensure the engine has strong support for these technologies. 8. Security and Privacy Given the sensitive nature of user data in the Metaverse, prioritize security and privacy features. Look for an engine that provides robust encryption and data protection mechanisms. 9. Performance Optimization Optimizing performance is essential to ensure a smooth user experience. Choose an engine that allows for efficient performance optimization. Case Studies Let's take a look at a couple of real-world case studies to understand how different 3D game engines can be chosen for Metaverse projects. VirtualVille is a thriving Metaverse 3D space development project known for its realistic virtual cities and social interactions. The development team chose Unreal Engine for its exceptional graphics and physics capabilities. This decision resulted in an immersive and visually stunning experience, attracting millions of users. MetaCraft is a Metaverse project that focuses on educational virtual spaces. The development team opted for Unity 3D due to its cross-platform compatibility and strong developer community. Unity allowed them to create an accessible and interactive educational environment. Also Read : 5 Techniques to Optimize Mobile Game Performance for Different Devices Final Words Choosing the right 3D game development engine for your Metaverse project is a pivotal decision that will impact the user experience, development process, and scalability of your virtual spaces. To make an informed choice, consider your project's unique requirements and objectives. Remember that the Metaverse is a dynamic and evolving concept, so flexibility is key. Explore Metaverse 3D Space Development Services: Discover how our team of experts can bring your Metaverse ideas to life. The Metaverse is waiting; are you ready to shape its future? Remember, the Metaverse is not just a destination; it's a journey of endless possibilities.
Businesses are constantly faced with the challenge of choosing the best techniques to reach their target audience and increase growth in the dynamic world of online marketing. In this field, digital marketing and search engine optimization (SEO) are two of the most popular strategies. Even when they both want to increase business visibility and online presence, the question still stands: Which one is better for your company? In this extensive blog post, we'll discuss the specifics of SEO and digital marketing, along with their individual pros and cons, to help you make the right decision for your company. Understanding SEO (Search Engine Optimization) Search engine optimization (SEO) is the process of optimizing a website and its content to improve its ranking and visibility on search engine results pages (SERPs). The main goal of SEO is to ensure that your website appears as one of the top results when potential customers search for relevant keywords or phrases. The Importance of SEO The majority of online traffic is driven by search engines, with Google being the dominant player. Consumers increasingly turn to search engines to find the products, services, and information they need. By optimizing your website for search engines, you can: Increase Organic Traffic Effective SEO strategies can help your website rank higher in SERPs, leading to more organic (unpaid) traffic, which is often more valuable and targeted than paid traffic. Enhance Brand Visibility When your website appears prominently in search results, it helps to build brand awareness and credibility, making it more likely that potential customers will engage with your business. Improve Lead Generation Higher search engine rankings can translate into more qualified leads, as users who find your website through search are more likely to be interested in your products or services. Compared to paid advertising, SEO is generally a more cost-effective long-term strategy, as the benefits can continue to accrue over time with ongoing optimization. Key SEO Strategies Effective SEO involves a multifaceted approach that encompasses various techniques and best practices. Some of the key SEO strategies include: Keyword Research Identifying the right keywords and phrases that your target audience is searching for is the foundation of any successful SEO campaign. On-Page Optimization Optimizing the content, structure, and metadata of your website to improve its relevance and accessibility for search engines. Off-Page Optimization Building high-quality backlinks from authoritative websites enhances your website's credibility and domain authority. Technical SEO Ensuring your website is technically sound, with fast loading times, mobile-friendliness, and a secure HTTPS protocol. Content Marketing Creating valuable, informative, and engaging content that provides value to your audience and helps establish your brand as an industry authority. Understanding Digital Marketing Digital marketing is a broad term that encompasses a wide range of strategies and tactics for promoting a business, product, or service through digital channels. Unlike SEO, which focuses primarily on organic search, digital marketing uses multiple online platforms and techniques to reach and engage with potential customers. The Importance of Digital Marketing In today's digital-first world, digital marketing has become an essential component of any successful business strategy. Here are some of the key reasons why digital marketing is so important: Targeted Audience Reach Digital marketing allows you to precisely target and reach your ideal customers based on their demographics, interests, and online behavior. Measurable Results Digital marketing platforms provide detailed analytics and data that enable you to track the performance of your campaigns and make data-driven decisions. Many digital marketing tactics, such as social media marketing and email campaigns, are relatively low-cost compared to traditional advertising methods. Increased Engagement Digital marketing channels, such as social media and video platforms, allow for more interactive and engaging experiences with your audience. Digital marketing strategies can be easily adjusted and optimized in real time, allowing you to respond quickly to changing market conditions and customer preferences. Key Digital Marketing Strategies Digital marketing encompasses a wide range of tactics and strategies, including: Search Engine Marketing (SEM) Utilizing paid advertising on search engines, such as Google Ads, to drive targeted traffic to your website. Social Media Marketing Leveraging popular social media platforms like Facebook, Instagram, and LinkedIn to build brand awareness, engage with your audience, and drive conversions. Email Marketing Crafting and sending personalized email campaigns to communicate with your existing customers and nurture leads. Content Marketing Creating and distributing valuable, informative, and engaging content (e.g., blog posts, videos, infographics) to attract and retain your target audience. Influencer Marketing Collaborating with industry influencers and thought leaders to reach a wider audience and enhance your brand's credibility. Video Marketing Producing and sharing video content, such as product demos, tutorials, and brand storytelling, to engage your audience and improve your online visibility. Mobile Marketing Optimizing your digital marketing efforts for mobile devices, including responsive website design, mobile-friendly content, and location-based targeting. SEO vs. Digital Marketing: Which One is Better? Now that we've explored the important aspects of SEO and digital marketing, the question remains: Which is the better choice for your business? The answer, as with many marketing decisions, is that it depends on your specific goals, target audience, and available resources. Advantages of SEO Long-Term Sustainability SEO is a long-term strategy that can continue to drive organic traffic to your website for years to come, provided you maintain and update your optimization efforts. Higher Trust and Credibility Appearing at the top of search engine results pages can help establish your brand as an authoritative and trustworthy source in your industry. Compared to paid advertising, SEO is generally a more cost-effective strategy, as the benefits can compound over time with ongoing optimization. Targeted Traffic SEO helps you attract users who are actively searching for your products, services, or information, increasing the likelihood of conversions. Advantages of Digital Marketing Immediate Results Digital marketing tactics, such as paid advertising and social media campaigns, can deliver more immediate results and measurable returns on investment. Precise Targeting Digital marketing platforms allow for highly targeted and personalized campaigns, enabling you to reach your ideal customers with laser-like precision. Increased Engagement Digital marketing channels, such as social media and video platforms, facilitate more interactive and engaging experiences with your audience. Digital marketing strategies can be easily adjusted and optimized in real time, allowing you to respond quickly to changing market conditions and customer preferences. Combining SEO and Digital Marketing In many cases, the most effective approach is to integrate SEO and digital marketing strategies as part of a comprehensive online marketing plan. By harnessing the strengths of both areas, you can create a cohesive and well-rounded marketing strategy that delivers maximum results. For example, you can use SEO to improve your website's visibility and ranking in search results while simultaneously using digital marketing tactics like social media advertising, email campaigns, and content marketing. SEO can drive targeted traffic and engage with your audience. By aligning your SEO and digital marketing efforts, you can create a comprehensive online presence that not only attracts new visitors but also nurtures and converts them into loyal customers. Factors to Consider When Choosing SEO or Digital Marketing When deciding between SEO and digital marketing, there are several key factors to consider: Business Goals Clearly define your primary objectives, whether it's increasing brand awareness, generating leads, driving sales, or something else entirely. This will help you determine the most appropriate marketing strategy. Target Audience Understand your target audience's online behavior, preferences, and pain points. This will inform the most effective channels and tactics to reach and engage them. Budget and Resources Evaluate your available budget and the resources (time, personnel, expertise) you can dedicate to your marketing efforts. This will help you determine the feasibility and sustainability of your chosen approach. Industry and Competition Research your industry and competitors to understand the current landscape and identify opportunities where SEO or digital marketing can give you a competitive edge. Measurability and Tracking Consider the data and analytics available for each approach, as well as your ability to track and measure the performance of your marketing campaigns. Long-Term Sustainability Assess whether you're looking for immediate results or a more long-term, sustainable strategy. This will help you determine the appropriate balance between SEO and digital marketing. In the ever-evolving world of online marketing, both SEO and digital marketing play crucial roles in driving business growth and success. While each approach has its unique strengths and advantages, the most effective strategy often lies in integrating the two disciplines as part of a comprehensive marketing plan. By understanding the nuances of SEO and digital marketing and carefully evaluating the factors that are most relevant to your business, you can create a tailored marketing strategy that helps you achieve your goals, reach your target audience, and stay ahead of the competition. Ultimately, the choice between SEO and digital marketing is a complex one-size-fits-all decision. It requires a deep understanding of your business, your customers, and the ever-changing digital landscape. By embracing a data-driven, adaptable, and holistic approach to your online marketing efforts, you can position your business for long-term success and growth. The Australian IT Centre: Offering a Comprehensive Digital Marketing and SEO Course At the Australian IT Centre, individuals can enroll in a comprehensive digital marketing and SEO course designed to provide in-depth training on strategies and tactics essential for success in today's online marketing landscape. This course covers a wide array of topics, including key concepts, practical techniques, and industry best practices in digital marketing and SEO. By participating in this course, individuals can enhance their professional skills, advance their careers, or grow their businesses by acquiring valuable insights and expertise to navigate the dynamic world of online marketing effectively.
Educational methodologies have profoundly progressed in the 21st century, steering towards an increasingly digital-centric approach. The trajectory of e-learning exemplifies this shift, evolving from supplemental learning tools to a primary venue for earning advanced degrees. This movement towards virtual classrooms has flung open doors to knowledge, enabling anyone with internet access to receive high-quality education from virtually anywhere in the world. Understanding E-Learning and Its Growth Statistically, the surge in e-learning's popularity is stark, with educational institutions reporting extensive integration of virtual technologies into their curriculums. This widespread adoption underscores a parallel to traditional on-campus experiences, reinforcing the credibility and validity of online degrees. The versatility and scope of e-learning platforms accommodate diverse instructional strategies, including peer collaboration projects, interactive simulations, and multimedia-driven lectures. Its rapid growth points to a broader trend of increased reliance on technology in education, suggesting a significant transformation in how knowledge is consumed and disseminated globally. As traditional barriers to education, such as location and time constraints, continue to diminish, the full potential of e-learning begins to unfurl. Key Takeaways - E-learning platforms are transforming the traditional educational landscape, offering improved access and flexibility. - Online Master's programs provide significant advantages like enhanced work-life balance and global reach. - Ensuring an online program's accreditation and networking potential is essential for future success. - Learners can overcome the hurdles of online education through community, technology, and self-management. - Continuous technological innovation in e-learning is leading to more engaging and personalized experiences. - With growing acceptance, online higher education is set to expand career prospects and reshape the educational paradigm. The Benefits of Online Master's Programs The allure of an online Masters in Education programs is discernible through the manifold advantages they present. Paramount among these is the unparalleled flexibility that allows individuals to carve out academic paths in harmony with their personal and professional commitments. Whether pacing studies around a full-time job or assimilating knowledge from the comfort of home, online learning environments offer a level of adaptability that is virtually impossible in a conventional classroom setting. This education model transcends geographical limitations and fosters inclusion by catering to a broad spectrum of learners, including international students, those with mobility constraints, and rural residents. The democratization of education through online platforms is evidenced by the increasing number of students who otherwise may not have had the opportunity to pursue advanced degrees. The effectiveness of online learning, as documented by educational research, has been shown to equate and, in some cases, surpass that of traditional face-to-face education due to the focused and student-centric approaches that these programs can offer. For working professionals, pursuing an online Master's program can result in significant career advancements, opening doors to leadership positions and specialized expertise without halting their career trajectory. Moreover, online programs often come with a cost advantage, devoid of expenses related to commuting or relocating for school—making it both flexible and financially advantageous. Choosing the Right Online Master's Program Embarking on an online Master's degree entails a strategic selection process that aligns with one's academic pursuits and career ambitions. Accreditation stands as a pivotal criterion, serving as a benchmark for the quality and credibility of the program. Accredited institutions have been reviewed and certified to meet rigorous educational standards, assuring students of the value of their degree in the professional realm. Besides accreditation, prospective students should appraise the networking opportunities available, as these connections can be instrumental in career development. The curriculum's relevance to industry trends, the faculty's experience, and the caliber of the student body all contribute to the richness of the learning experience and the program's professional value post-graduation. In today's increasingly digital workspace, many employers recognize and appreciate the self-motivation and management skills inherent in successful online learners. Therefore, choosing a program that educates and helps cultivate these soft skills can create a competitive edge in the job market. Overcoming Challenges in Online Learning While the appeal of online education is broad, challenges persist that require proactive strategies to overcome. Isolation can be a significant deterrent in an online setting where learners are physically separated from their peers and instructors. Establishing virtual spaces for collaboration, discussion, and socialization can help foster a sense of community and combat feelings of detachment. Managing one's time and maintaining the discipline to engage with material consistently are crucial skills for virtual classrooms. Developing a disciplined approach to studies, leveraging digital organization tools, and setting up an environment conducive to learning can significantly enhance one's ability to stay focused and succeed in online courses. With the reliance on technology comes the necessity of a robust technical framework. Ensuring students have reliable internet service and access to necessary software can mitigate potential disruptions and technologically-induced frustrations that can hamper the online learning experience. Technological Advances in E-Learning Technology not only facilitates e-learning but also continually enhances it. The domain is ripe with innovation, from cloud-based collaboration tools to advanced learning management systems that offer a wealth of resources at the click of a button. Virtual reality (VR) is emerging as a frontier technology in education, transporting learners to immersive environments that simulate real-world scenarios. At the same time, technologies such as machine learning and artificial intelligence are being harnessed to create adaptive learning systems. These systems respond dynamically to a learner's progress, customizing the curriculum to their learning speed and retention—effectively tailoring the educational experience to each student's unique needs. Such strides in educational technology enrich the learning experience and provide analytics and data insights that equip educators with the tools to optimize their instruction further and enhance student outcomes. The Future of Higher Education and Online Degrees Online education is redefining the paradigms of higher learning with its ever-expanding reach and evolving methodologies. It presents an opportunity to democratize education further, making quality learning experiences available to an international cohort of students — irrespective of geographical and socio-economic boundaries. The societal and professional acceptance of online degrees is growing, as evidenced by the current landscape of higher education, signaling a shift in employer perceptions and a broadening of the avenues for career growth for graduates. As more educational institutions adopt online programs, the variety and depth of degrees available will likely match and surpass traditional in-person offerings. As this trend forges ahead, learners with online degrees will increasingly populate the workforce, bolstering the argument for a blended educational infrastructure that values flexibility, diversity, and innovation. The transformation of higher education is ongoing, and e-learning is very much at the forefront—promising a future that embraces technology, inclusivity, and lifelong learning.
The words "definite" and "definitive" sound similar and are spelled similarly. They have different meanings, however, so you don't want to mix them up. Check out our guide below to learn how to use these terms correctly in your writing. "Definite" is an adjective that means "clear, fixed, or certain." You can therefore use it to modify or describe a noun in these terms: They need a definite time for the wedding guests. There's been a definite increase in the number of customers this week. The related term "definitely" is an adverb that means "without question or doubt": The blizzard definitely made it too dangerous to drive. Keep in mind, though, that adverbs can only modify verbs, not nouns. The word "definitive" is also an adjective. It usually describes something that is final, authoritative, or conclusive. For instance: The jury came to a definitive verdict on the defendant's guilt. Subscribe to our newsletter and get writing tips from our editors straight to your inbox. Smith and Jones (2018) conducted a definitive study on the topic. In addition, 'definitive' can imply that something is the best of its kind: She wrote the definitive biography of Philip K. Dick. In all cases, though, this word ends in the suffix "-ive." Although these adjectives have similarities, they differ in meaning: If you struggle to tell these words apart, it can help to remember that "definitive," "conclusive," and "authoritative" all end in "-ive." If you need a word that means "conclusive" or "authoritative," then, you'll know to use "definitive." Hopefully, this will help you to avoid mixing these words up in your writing. And if you'd like more advice on your spelling or word choice, try our proofreading service by uploading a trial document for free today! 9-minute read Is your content getting noticed? Capturing and maintaining an audience's attention is a challenge when... 8-minute read Are you looking to enhance engagement and captivate your audience through your professional documents? Interactive... 7-minute read Voice search optimization is rapidly shaping the digital landscape, requiring content professionals to adapt their... 4-minute read Are you a creative freelancer looking to make a lasting impression on potential clients or... Effective professional communication is an important skill for contractors and freelancers navigating remote work environments.... 3-minute read Google Docs is a powerful collaborative tool, and mastering its features can significantly enhance your...
I. What is Hellebore? Hellebore, also known as Christmas rose or Lenten rose, is a genus of flowering plants in the buttercup family, Ranunculaceae. These perennial plants are native to Europe and Asia and are prized for their early blooming flowers that often appear in the winter months. Hellebores are known for their elegant, nodding flowers that come in a range of colors, including white, pink, purple, and green. They are popular choices for shady gardens and woodland settings due to their ability to thrive in low light conditions. II. What are the different types of Hellebore? There are several different species and hybrids of Hellebore, each with its own unique characteristics. Some of the most popular types include Helleborus orientalis, Helleborus niger, and Helleborus foetidus. Helleborus orientalis, also known as the Lenten rose, is one of the most common varieties and comes in a wide range of colors. Helleborus niger, or the Christmas rose, is known for its pure white flowers that bloom in the winter months. Helleborus foetidus, or stinking hellebore, is named for its unpleasant smell but is prized for its delicate green flowers. III. How to care for Hellebore plants? Hellebores are relatively low-maintenance plants, but they do have specific care requirements to thrive. These plants prefer moist, well-draining soil and partial shade. They can tolerate full shade but may not bloom as profusely. Hellebores should be watered regularly, especially during dry periods, but be careful not to overwater as this can lead to root rot. Fertilize Hellebores in the spring with a balanced fertilizer to promote healthy growth and flowering. IV. When and how to plant Hellebore? Hellebores are best planted in the fall or early spring. Choose a location with dappled shade and well-draining soil. Dig a hole that is slightly larger than the root ball of the plant and place the Hellebore in the hole, making sure the crown of the plant is level with the soil surface. Water the plant thoroughly after planting to help it establish roots. Mulch around the base of the plant to help retain moisture and suppress weeds. V. What are the common pests and diseases affecting Hellebore? Hellebores are relatively pest and disease-resistant plants, but they can still be affected by a few common issues. Aphids and slugs are the most common pests that may attack Hellebores, causing damage to the leaves and flowers. To control aphids, spray the plant with insecticidal soap or neem oil. To deter slugs, use slug traps or barriers. Hellebores can also be susceptible to fungal diseases such as powdery mildew and leaf spot. To prevent these diseases, avoid overhead watering and provide good air circulation around the plants. VI. How to propagate Hellebore plants? Hellebores can be propagated by division or by seed. Division is the easiest and quickest method of propagation. In the spring, dig up a mature Hellebore plant and carefully divide the root ball into smaller sections, making sure each section has several healthy roots and shoots. Replant the divisions in a new location and water them well. Hellebores can also be grown from seed, but this method is more time-consuming and may not produce plants that are true to the parent plant. Sow the seeds in a seed tray in the fall and keep them moist until they germinate. Transplant the seedlings into individual pots once they have developed several leaves.
Properly recharging your portable AC is essential to ensure its optimal performance and longevity. In this comprehensive guide, we will discuss the importance of proper recharging, explore different charging methods, and provide a step-by-step tutorial on recharging your unit. Additionally, we will highlight crucial safety precautions to follow, common mistakes to avoid, and useful tips for maximizing cooling efficiency after recharging. Lastly, we will provide maintenance tips to help you extend the lifespan of your portable AC. Let's dive in and learn how to recharge your portable AC like a pro. Understanding The Importance Of Proper Recharging Understanding The Importance Of Proper Recharging Properly recharging your portable AC unit is essential for maintaining its performance and prolonging its lifespan. It ensures that the cooling unit operates at its full capacity, providing efficient cooling in any environment. The process of recharging involves adding refrigerant gas to the unit, which is responsible for the cooling effect. Without regular recharging, the AC unit may experience a decline in its cooling capabilities and may eventually fail to provide the desired cool air. One of the key reasons why proper recharging is important is to prevent overheating of the compressor. The compressor plays a vital role in the air conditioning process, and without sufficient refrigerant, it can overheat and become damaged. Overheating not only reduces the efficiency of the AC unit but can also lead to costly repairs or even require replacement of the entire unit. Furthermore, proper recharging helps to maintain optimal cooling performance. When the refrigerant level is low, the AC unit needs to work harder to produce the desired cooling effect. This not only consumes more energy but also puts unnecessary strain on the components of the unit, potentially leading to breakdowns or reduced lifespan. By recharging the AC unit regularly, you can ensure that it operates efficiently and effectively, saving both energy and money in the long run. Selecting The Right Charging Method For Your Portable Ac When it comes to recharging a portable AC unit, selecting the right charging method is crucial for optimal performance and efficiency. There are various charging methods available, each with its own advantages and considerations. In this blog post, we will explore the different charging methods and help you determine the most suitable one for your portable AC unit. Lithium-Ion Battery Charging: This method involves recharging the portable AC unit using a lithium-ion battery. These batteries are known for their high energy density and long life. They can be easily charged using a standard electrical outlet or through a USB connection. One of the key benefits of using this method is the convenience it offers. You can recharge your portable AC unit on the go, making it an ideal choice for outdoor activities or when you don't have access to a power source. Direct Power Charger: This method involves connecting the portable AC unit directly to a power source using a power cord. This is the most common and straightforward method of recharging a portable AC unit. You simply need to plug in the power cord into a standard electrical outlet, and the unit will start charging. This method ensures a quick and efficient charging process, allowing you to use the portable AC unit without any interruption once it's fully charged. It is important to note that the power cord should be compatible with the portable AC unit to avoid any compatibility issues. Benefits \| Considerations \| Step-By-Step Guide To Recharging A Portable Ac Unit Portable air conditioners are a convenient and efficient way to cool small spaces. However, over time, these units may lose their cooling power and require recharging. Recharging a portable AC unit involves adding refrigerant to the system, which helps to lower the temperature of the air being circulated. In this step-by-step guide, we will walk you through the process of recharging a portable AC unit to ensure that it continues to function effectively and efficiently. Step 1: Gather the necessary equipment. Before you begin the recharging process, it is important to gather all the necessary equipment. You will need a can of refrigerant designed for use with portable AC units, a set of gauges to measure the pressure levels in the system, and a screwdriver or wrench to remove any access panels. It is also recommended to have protective gloves and safety goggles to ensure your safety during the process. Step 2: Turn off and unplug the unit. Prior to starting the recharging process, it is crucial to turn off and unplug the portable AC unit. This will help to prevent any electrical mishaps and ensure your safety while working with the system. Additionally, allow the unit to sit for at least 15 minutes before proceeding to the next step. This will allow any refrigerant in the system to settle, ensuring accurate pressure readings. Step 3: Locate the service valves. Next, locate the service valves on the portable AC unit. These valves are typically located on the back of the unit, behind an access panel. Use a screwdriver or wrench to remove the panel and access the service valves. It is important to note that the exact location of the service valves may vary depending on the model and manufacturer of the unit. Therefore, referring to the unit's manual is highly recommended. Ensuring Safety Precautions While Recharging Recharging a portable AC unit is an important maintenance task that can help ensure its optimal performance and cooling efficiency. However, it is also crucial to prioritize safety while undertaking this process. By following certain precautions, you can minimize the risk of accidents and potential damage to your AC unit. This blog post aims to highlight some essential safety measures that should be taken into consideration when recharging a portable AC unit. One of the key safety precautions to keep in mind is to always read the manufacturer's instructions before attempting to recharge a portable AC unit. Each model may have specific guidelines and requirements that need to be followed for a safe and successful recharge process. Familiarize yourself with the instructions and make sure to understand them thoroughly before getting started. Another important safety measure is to ensure proper ventilation in the area where you will be recharging the AC unit. Portable AC units use refrigerants that can be harmful if inhaled. Therefore, it is crucial to have adequate ventilation to prevent the accumulation of potentially dangerous fumes. Open windows or doors, use exhaust fans, or work in well-ventilated spaces to minimize the risk. Additionally, it is crucial to wear appropriate protective gear when handling refrigerants. These chemicals can cause harm if they come into contact with your skin or eyes. Protective gloves, goggles, and clothing should be worn to prevent any accidental skin contact or splashes. Ensuring that you have the necessary safety equipment on hand before starting the recharge process is essential. - Moreover, do not attempt to recharge a leaking or damaged AC unit. If you notice any signs of leakage, such as oil stains or unusual sounds, it is important to address the issue before proceeding with recharging. A damaged unit can pose safety risks and may require professional repair or replacement. - Proper handling and storage of refrigerants are also crucial safety precautions to consider. Store refrigerants in a cool and well-ventilated area, away from sources of ignition or heat. Avoid exposing them to direct sunlight or extreme temperatures. Additionally, ensure that the refrigerant canister or container is tightly sealed to prevent any leaks or spills. Common Mistakes \| Explanation \| Using incompatible refrigerants \| Using the wrong type of refrigerant in your portable AC unit can lead to poor performance, potential damage, and safety hazards. Always check the manufacturer's guidelines to ensure that you are using the correct refrigerant for your specific model. \| Skipping routine maintenance \| Regular maintenance is essential to keep your portable AC unit in optimal condition. Skipping routine maintenance tasks like cleaning filters or checking for leaks can reduce efficiency and increase the risk of malfunctions. It is important to follow the manufacturer's recommended maintenance schedule. \| Common Mistakes To Avoid While Recharging When it comes to recharging a portable AC unit, there are a few common mistakes that many people make. These mistakes can be costly, not only in terms of money but also in terms of the performance and longevity of your AC unit. In order to avoid these mistakes and ensure a successful recharge, it is important to understand what they are and how to prevent them. One common mistake to avoid is using the wrong refrigerant. Each portable AC unit is designed to work with a specific type of refrigerant. Using the wrong refrigerant can not only lead to poor cooling performance but also cause damage to the unit itself. Before recharging your portable AC, be sure to check the manufacturer's specifications to determine the correct type of refrigerant to use. This will help to prolong the lifespan of your AC unit and prevent any potential malfunctions. Another mistake to avoid is overcharging the unit. Overcharging occurs when you add too much refrigerant to the AC unit. This can lead to excessive pressure within the system, which can cause leaks and other issues. It is important to use the proper charging method and follow the recommended guidelines for the specific model of your portable AC unit. Overcharging can not only compromise the cooling efficiency of your unit but also void the warranty, so it is crucial to avoid this mistake. Additionally, failing to perform regular maintenance can be a costly mistake. Recharging a portable AC unit is not a one-time task; it requires regular maintenance to ensure optimal performance. Neglecting to clean or replace air filters, inspecting for leaks, and checking the overall condition of the unit can lead to decreased cooling efficiency and potential breakdowns. By regularly maintaining your portable AC unit, you can extend its lifespan and keep it running at its best. - Using the wrong refrigerant - Overcharging the unit - Failing to perform regular maintenance Mistake \| Consequences \| Prevention \| Using the wrong refrigerant \| Poor cooling performance and potential damage to the unit \| Refer to the manufacturer's specifications for the correct refrigerant type \| Overcharging the unit \| Excessive pressure, leaks, and compromised cooling efficiency \| Follow the recommended charging method and guidelines for your specific model \| Failing to perform regular maintenance \| Decreased cooling efficiency, potential breakdowns, and shortened lifespan \| Regularly clean or replace air filters, inspect for leaks, and check the overall condition of the unit \| Maximizing Cooling Efficiency After Recharging When it comes to staying cool during the hot summer months, a portable air conditioner unit can be a lifesaver. These compact and convenient devices are designed to provide cool air wherever you need it, whether it's in your bedroom, office, or living room. However, in order to keep your portable AC unit running efficiently and effectively, it's important to understand the importance of proper recharging and how it can maximize cooling efficiency. Properly recharging your portable AC unit is crucial for maintaining its cooling efficiency. When the refrigerant levels in your unit become low, it can significantly affect its ability to cool the air effectively. By recharging your unit, you are replenishing the refrigerant levels, allowing it to work at its optimal capacity. This means that your portable AC unit will be able to cool the air faster and more efficiently, helping you beat the heat during those scorching summer days. One of the key factors in maximizing cooling efficiency after recharging your portable AC unit is selecting the right charging method. There are two main methods for recharging a portable AC unit: using a recharge kit or seeking professional assistance. If you choose to use a recharge kit, it's important to carefully follow the instructions provided to ensure a proper recharge. However, if you're not confident in your ability to recharge the unit yourself, it's always best to seek the assistance of a professional who has the knowledge and expertise to do the job correctly. - By properly recharging your portable AC unit and selecting the right charging method, you can ensure that it runs at its optimal cooling efficiency. This will not only help you stay cool during those hot summer days but also save energy and reduce your electricity bills. Common Mistakes to Avoid While Recharging \| Safety Precautions While Recharging \| Maintenance Tips to Extend Lifespan \| 1. Overcharging the unit \| 1. Always turn off the unit before recharging \| 1. Clean the filters regularly \| 2. Undercharging the unit \| 2. Ensure proper ventilation during the recharge process \| 2. Keep the unit in a cool and dry place when not in use \| 3. Not checking for leaks \| 3. Wear protective gloves and eyewear \| 3. Schedule regular professional maintenance \| Maintenance Tips To Extend The Lifespan Of Your Portable Ac Proper maintenance is essential for extending the lifespan of your portable AC unit. Regular maintenance not only ensures that your unit operates efficiently but also reduces the risk of breakdowns and costly repairs. By following a few simple maintenance tips, you can maximize the performance and longevity of your portable AC. 1. Clean or Replace Air Filters: Clogged or dirty air filters can hinder the airflow, reducing the cooling efficiency of your portable AC. It is recommended to clean or replace the filters every two weeks, especially during periods of heavy usage. This ensures that the unit can effectively capture airborne particles and maintain optimum performance. 2. Check and Clean the Condenser Coils: The condenser coils located on the rear or side of your portable AC can accumulate dirt, dust, and other debris over time. Regularly check the coils and clean them using a brush or vacuum cleaner to remove any buildup. This helps in maintaining proper heat transfer and prevents the unit from overworking, reducing its lifespan. 3. Keep the Surrounding Area Clean: Dust and debris in the surrounding area can easily enter the vents of your portable AC, obstructing the airflow and decreasing its efficiency. Regularly clean the area surrounding the unit, removing any obstructions, such as furniture or curtains, to ensure proper air circulation. - 4. Check and Seal Any Leaks: Inspect the hoses and connections of your portable AC for any leaks. Air leaks can lead to reduced cooling performance and put additional strain on the unit. If you detect any leaks, promptly seal them using appropriate sealants or duct tape to prevent further damage. 5. \| Be Mindful of Power Consumption: \| Portable AC units can consume a significant amount of energy, leading to higher electricity bills. To minimize power consumption, set the unit at an appropriate temperature and avoid unnecessary cooling. Additionally, ensure that the unit is connected to a dedicated power outlet to avoid overloading the circuit. \| 6. Schedule Professional Maintenance: While regular cleaning and maintenance can greatly extend the lifespan of your portable AC, it is also recommended to schedule professional maintenance at least once a year. Professional technicians can thoroughly inspect and service your unit, identifying any potential problems and ensuring optimal performance. By implementing these maintenance tips, you can significantly extend the lifespan of your portable AC and enjoy reliable cooling for years to come. Remember to follow the manufacturer's guidelines and consult professional assistance whenever necessary. Frequently Asked Questions 1. Why is proper recharging important for a portable AC unit? Proper recharging is important for a portable AC unit because it ensures optimal cooling performance and energy efficiency. It helps maintain the lifespan of the AC unit and prevents it from overworking, which could lead to costly repairs or replacements. 2. How do I select the right charging method for my portable AC? The right charging method for your portable AC depends on the specific model and manufacturer instructions. It's best to refer to the user manual or consult a professional technician to determine the appropriate charging method, as it may vary based on the type of refrigerant used. 3. Can you provide a step-by-step guide to recharging a portable AC unit? Certainly! Here is a basic step-by-step guide to recharging a portable AC unit: 1. Turn off and unplug the AC unit. 2. Locate the recharge port on the AC unit. 3. Attach the charging hose to the recharge port. 4. Connect the other end of the charging hose to the refrigerant canister. 5. Slowly open the valve on the canister to release the refrigerant into the AC unit. 6. Monitor the pressure gauge to ensure the proper amount of refrigerant is added. 7. Once the proper amount is reached, close the valve and disconnect the charging hose. 8. Plug in and turn on the AC unit to test its cooling efficiency. 4. What safety precautions should I take while recharging a portable AC unit? While recharging a portable AC unit, it is important to follow these safety precautions: – Wear protective gloves and goggles to avoid contact with refrigerant. – Work in a well-ventilated area to prevent inhaling harmful fumes. – Keep flammable materials away from the charging area. – Ensure the AC unit is turned off and unplugged before starting the recharge process. – Follow the manufacturer's guidelines and warnings for handling refrigerant safely. 5. What are some common mistakes to avoid while recharging a portable AC unit? Some common mistakes to avoid while recharging a portable AC unit include: – Overcharging the AC unit with refrigerant, which can cause damage. – Using the wrong type of refrigerant for the AC unit. – Failing to properly seal the charging hoses, leading to refrigerant leaks. – Ignoring manufacturer instructions and guidelines. – Attempting to recharge a damaged or malfunctioning AC unit without professional assistance. 6. How can I maximize cooling efficiency after recharging my portable AC? To maximize cooling efficiency after recharging your portable AC, you can: – Clean or replace the AC unit's filters regularly to ensure proper airflow. – Keep the AC unit in a well-insulated room to prevent hot air infiltration. – Make sure the AC unit's vents and grilles are clean and unobstructed. – Set the AC unit's thermostat to a suitable temperature for your comfort. – Avoid opening windows or doors frequently, as it can let warm air in and reduce cooling efficiency. 7. What are some maintenance tips to extend the lifespan of a portable AC unit? To extend the lifespan of a portable AC unit, consider the following maintenance tips: – Clean the AC unit's exterior and vents regularly to prevent dust buildup. – Inspect and clean the condensate drain line to prevent clogs. – Check and tighten any loose electrical connections. – Schedule professional maintenance checks at least once a year. – Store the AC unit properly when not in use, following the manufacturer's recommendations.
Choose Language Popular Posts Understanding the Dangers of Asbestos: A Comprehensive Guide This guide provides a comprehensive overview of asbestos, covering its definition, historical uses, prevalence, and the urgent need for proactive management due to its severe health risks. Asbestos gained popularity in the late 19th century for its heat resistance and insulating properties, leading to its widespread use in various products. Despite its usefulness, asbestos poses serious health risks, including respiratory ailments and cancer. This guide aims to raise awareness and empower individuals and communities to recognize and mitigate these risks. Additionally, it serves as a resource for navigating asbestos management, covering regulatory frameworks, detection methods, and safe removal practices. By equipping readers with knowledge, the guide aims to protect against asbestos exposure and promote a culture of vigilance and responsibility. When considering asbestos management, it's crucial to engage licensed asbestos removalists in Melbourne to ensure safe and compliant handling. Health Risks Associated with Asbestos Exposure Asbestos exposure poses a significant threat to human health, encompassing a spectrum of debilitating diseases that can manifest years or even decades after initial contact. The inhalation or ingestion of asbestos fibers can precipitate a range of severe health conditions, each with its unique implications for morbidity and mortality. Respiratory Issues Inhalation of airborne asbestos fibers can lead to various respiratory issues, ranging from mild irritation to chronic conditions. Short-term exposure may cause symptoms such as coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath, while prolonged or intense exposure can result in more severe respiratory conditions like asbestosis. Asbestosis is a progressive lung disease characterized by scarring of lung tissue, leading to impaired respiratory function and potentially fatal complications such as respiratory failure. Lung Cancer Perhaps the most well-documented consequence of asbestos exposure is its association with lung cancer. Inhalation of asbestos fibers can damage lung tissue and trigger the development of cancerous cells. While smokers face an elevated risk of lung cancer when exposed to asbestos, non-smokers are also susceptible to this malignancy. The latency period between asbestos exposure and the onset of lung cancer can extend for several decades, making early detection and intervention challenging. Mesothelioma is a rare but aggressive form of cancer primarily associated with asbestos exposure. This malignancy affects the mesothelial cells lining the lungs, abdomen, or other organs, leading to the formation of tumors and debilitating symptoms. Mesothelioma has a notoriously poor prognosis, with a median survival rate of around one year following diagnosis. The insidious nature of mesothelioma underscores the imperative of proactive asbestos management and vigilant surveillance among at-risk populations. Other Health Concerns Beyond respiratory conditions and cancer, asbestos exposure has been linked to various other health concerns. These may include pleural plaques (thickening of the lung lining), pleural effusion (build-up of fluid between the lung and chest wall), and pleural thickening (scarring of the lung lining). While these conditions may not always manifest immediate symptoms, they can contribute to chronic respiratory impairment and diminish overall quality of life. Common Sources of Asbestos Exposure Ensuring apartment safety involves recognizing and addressing potential hazards like asbestos. Asbestos, once revered for its versatility and durability, has permeated various facets of human infrastructure, leaving a ubiquitous legacy that continues to pose health risks in contemporary society. Understanding the common sources of asbestos exposure is paramount for mitigating risks and safeguarding public health across diverse settings. Residential Buildings Residential properties represent a significant arena for potential asbestos exposure, particularly in older structures constructed before asbestos regulations were implemented. Asbestos-containing materials (ACMs) were commonly utilized in residential construction for their insulation, fireproofing, and durability properties. Common sources of asbestos in residential buildings include: - Insulation (e.g., vermiculite attic insulation, asbestos-containing thermal insulation) - Flooring (e.g., vinyl tiles, linoleum) - Roofing materials (e.g., asbestos cement roofing sheets, shingles) - Siding (e.g., asbestos cement siding) - Ceiling and wall materials (e.g., textured coatings, asbestos-containing drywall joint compound) Commercial Buildings Similar to residential structures, commercial buildings erected before asbestos regulations came into effect often harbor asbestos-containing materials. Commercial properties, including office buildings, schools, hospitals, and retail establishments, may contain various sources of asbestos exposure, such as: - HVAC systems (e.g., asbestos-containing duct insulation) - Fireproofing materials (e.g., spray-applied asbestos coatings) - Building insulation (e.g., asbestos-containing pipe insulation) - Ceiling tiles and panels (e.g., acoustic tiles) - Flooring materials (e.g., vinyl asbestos floor tiles) Industrial Settings Industrial facilities historically relied on asbestos for its heat-resistant and fireproofing properties, exposing workers to heightened risks of asbestos-related diseases. Industrial settings prone to asbestos exposure may include: - Manufacturing plants (e.g., automotive manufacturing, aerospace industry) - Power plants (e.g., boiler insulation, electrical insulation) - Shipyards (e.g., asbestos-containing shipbuilding materials) - Construction sites (e.g., demolition of older structures containing ACMs) Environmental Exposure Beyond built environments, asbestos exposure can also occur in natural or environmental settings due to the presence of naturally occurring asbestos deposits or the release of asbestos fibers into the air through human activities. Environmental sources of asbestos exposure may include: - Naturally occurring asbestos deposits in soil and rock formations - Asbestos-containing materials discarded in landfills or construction debris - Asbestos emissions from industrial processes or demolition activities Asbestos Regulations and Guidelines In response to the widespread recognition of the health hazards associated with asbestos exposure, regulatory agencies around the world have established stringent regulations and guidelines to mitigate risks, protect public health, and ensure safe handling and management of asbestos-containing materials (ACMs). Understanding these regulations is essential for compliance and effective asbestos management across various sectors. Overview of Regulatory Agencies Regulatory oversight of asbestos varies by country and jurisdiction, with governmental agencies playing a central role in establishing and enforcing asbestos regulations. Some of the key regulatory agencies involved in asbestos management include: - Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in the United States - Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) in the United States - Health and Safety Executive (HSE) in the United Kingdom - Safe Work Australia (SWA) in Australia - European Union (EU) agencies such as the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) and the European Agency for Safety and Health at Work (EU-OSHA) Safety Standards and Guidelines Regulatory agencies develop and enforce safety standards and guidelines aimed at minimizing asbestos exposure and ensuring safe handling, removal, and disposal of ACMs. These standards typically encompass various aspects of asbestos management, including: - Occupational exposure limits (OELs) for asbestos fibers in workplace air - Safe work practices for handling, removal, and disposal of ACMs - Personal protective equipment (PPE) requirements for workers involved in asbestos-related activities - Training and certification requirements for asbestos abatement professionals - Procedures for asbestos testing, inspection, and risk assessment - Guidelines for asbestos management plans in occupational and non-occupational settings Compliance Requirements Compliance with asbestos regulations entails adherence to specific requirements outlined by regulatory agencies, which may vary depending on the jurisdiction and the nature of the work involving asbestos. Some common compliance requirements include: - Conducting asbestos surveys and assessments to identify ACMs in buildings and facilities - Implementing engineering controls and work practices to minimize asbestos exposure during maintenance, renovation, and demolition activities - Obtaining permits and approvals for asbestos removal and disposal projects - Providing adequate training and certification for workers involved in asbestos-related activities - Maintaining records of asbestos inspections, testing results, and abatement activities - Regular monitoring of airborne asbestos levels in occupational settings to ensure compliance with OELs Identifying Asbestos in the Environment Asbestos, a naturally occurring mineral once prized for its durability and fire-resistant properties, poses significant health risks when its fibers are released into the air and subsequently inhaled or ingested. Identifying the presence of asbestos in the environment is crucial for implementing appropriate risk management strategies and ensuring the safety of occupants and workers. This involves various methods, including visual inspection, asbestos testing, and recognition of signs indicating the presence of asbestos-containing materials (ACMs). Visual Inspection Visual inspection is often the first step in identifying potential asbestos-containing materials (ACMs) in buildings and other environments. Trained professionals, such as asbestos inspectors or certified contractors, conduct thorough visual inspections to identify materials that may contain asbestos. Common ACMs that may be visually identified include: - Thermal insulation (e.g., pipe insulation, boiler insulation) - Flooring materials (e.g., vinyl asbestos floor tiles, linoleum) - Roofing materials (e.g., asbestos cement roofing sheets, shingles) - Ceiling and wall materials (e.g., textured coatings, asbestos-containing drywall joint compound) - Insulating boards and panels (e.g., asbestos cement sheets) Asbestos Testing Methods While visual inspection can provide initial indications of potential ACMs, definitive identification of asbestos requires laboratory testing. Various asbestos testing methods may be employed to analyze samples collected from suspected materials. These methods include: - Polarized light microscopy (PLM): PLM is the most commonly used method for asbestos testing. It involves examining a sample under a polarized light microscope to identify and quantify asbestos fibers. - Transmission electron microscopy (TEM): TEM is a more advanced technique capable of detecting smaller asbestos fibers with greater precision. It involves passing a beam of electrons through a thin sample to visualize individual fibers. - X-ray diffraction (XRD): XRD is used to analyze the crystal structure of minerals, including asbestos. It can provide additional confirmation of asbestos presence in samples. Signs of Asbestos-Containing Materials (ACMs) Recognizing signs indicative of ACMs can help individuals and professionals identify potential asbestos hazards in the environment. Some common signs of ACMs include: - Product labeling indicating the presence of asbestos (e.g., "contains asbestos" or "asbestos-containing material") - Material appearance and texture resembling known asbestos-containing products (e.g., fibrous texture, corrugated sheets) - Age of the building or structure, with materials installed before the 1980s more likely to contain asbestos - History of asbestos use in the construction or renovation of the building, based on available records or documentation Asbestos Removal and Remediation Asbestos removal and remediation are critical processes aimed at eliminating or mitigating the health risks associated with asbestos-containing materials (ACMs) in buildings and other environments. Proper removal and remediation procedures are essential to ensure the safety of occupants and workers while minimizing the release of asbestos fibers into the air. This involves hiring professional removal services, understanding DIY precautions and limitations, and adhering to proper disposal procedures. Hiring Professional Removal Services Professional asbestos removal services are highly recommended for the safe and effective removal of ACMs. Trained and certified asbestos abatement contractors possess the expertise, equipment, and resources necessary to perform asbestos removal and remediation tasks safely and in compliance with regulatory requirements. Key aspects of professional asbestos removal services include: - Conducting thorough asbestos inspections and assessments to identify the extent of asbestos contamination - Developing comprehensive asbestos management plans outlining removal procedures, containment measures, and safety protocols - Implementing engineering controls and containment measures to minimize the spread of asbestos fibers during removal activities - Utilizing specialized equipment such as HEPA (high-efficiency particulate air) filtration systems and personal protective equipment (PPE) to protect workers and occupants - Ensuring proper disposal of asbestos waste in accordance with local regulations and guidelines DIY Precautions and Limitation While some minor asbestos-related tasks may be performed by homeowners or building occupants, such as encapsulation or sealing of ACMs, certain precautions and limitations must be observed to avoid potential health risks. DIY asbestos removal is generally discouraged due to the following reasons: - Lack of proper training and expertise in handling asbestos-containing materials - Risk of disturbing ACMs and releasing asbestos fibers into the air - Potential exposure to asbestos dust and fibers without adequate personal protective equipment (PPE) - Legal and regulatory implications related to improper asbestos removal practices Disposal Procedures Proper disposal of asbestos-containing materials (ACMs) is crucial to prevent environmental contamination and minimize health risks to the public. Disposal procedures for asbestos waste typically involve the following steps: - Packaging asbestos waste securely in double-bagged, leak-tight containers or wrapping with plastic sheeting and sealing with duct tape - Labeling containers with asbestos warning labels or markings indicating the presence of asbestos-containing materials - Transporting asbestos waste to licensed asbestos disposal facilities or landfills authorized to accept asbestos-containing materials - Following local regulations and guidelines for asbestos waste disposal, including obtaining necessary permits and approvals Preventing Asbestos Exposure Asbestos exposure poses significant health risks, including respiratory diseases, lung cancer, and mesothelioma. Preventing asbestos exposure requires a multifaceted approach that includes education and awareness initiatives, implementation of safety precautions in renovation and construction activities, and the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) to minimize the risk of exposure. Education and Awareness Education and awareness initiatives play a crucial role in preventing asbestos exposure by informing individuals and communities about the dangers of asbestos and how to identify and manage asbestos-containing materials (ACMs). Key components of education and awareness efforts include: - Providing information about the health risks associated with asbestos exposure through public health campaigns, workshops, and informational materials. - Educating homeowners, contractors, and workers about the signs of asbestos-containing materials (ACMs) and the importance of proper handling and disposal procedures. - Raising awareness among healthcare professionals about the symptoms of asbestos-related diseases to facilitate early detection and treatment Safety Precautions in Renovation and Construction Renovation and construction activities in older buildings pose a heightened risk of asbestos exposure due to the potential presence of ACMs. Implementing safety precautions during renovation and construction projects can help minimize the risk of exposure. Some safety precautions include: - Conducting asbestos surveys and inspections before initiating renovation or demolition activities to identify and assess the presence of ACMs. - Using wet methods and proper containment measures to minimize the release of asbestos fibers during removal or disturbance of ACMs. - Avoiding the use of power tools that can generate dust and disturb ACMs without proper containment and ventilation measures. - Providing training and certification for workers involved in renovation and construction activities to ensure they are aware of asbestos hazards and proper safety procedures Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Recommendations Personal protective equipment (PPE) is essential for minimizing the risk of asbestos exposure among workers involved in activities that may disturb ACMs. Recommended PPE for asbestos-related work includes: - Respiratory protection: Use of respirators with appropriate filters (e.g., N95 or P100 respirators) to prevent inhalation of asbestos fibers. - Protective clothing: Disposable coveralls or protective suits to prevent skin contact with asbestos fibers. - Gloves and footwear: Disposable gloves and shoe covers to minimize the spread of asbestos fibers and prevent contamination. - Eye and face protection: Safety goggles or face shields to protect against eye irritation and contamination. Legal and Financial Implications of Asbestos Exposure Asbestos exposure not only poses significant health risks but also carries legal and financial implications for property owners, employers, and other stakeholders. Understanding the legal responsibilities, potential liabilities for non-compliance, and available insurance coverage and compensation options is essential for mitigating risks and ensuring compliance with relevant regulations. Legal Responsibilities for Property Owners and Employers Property owners and employers have legal responsibilities to ensure the safety of occupants, workers, and the public regarding asbestos exposure. These responsibilities may include: - Compliance with local, state, and federal regulations governing asbestos management, including inspection, testing, removal, and disposal requirements. - Conducting asbestos surveys and assessments to identify and assess the presence of asbestos-containing materials (ACMs) in buildings and facilities. - Implementing asbestos management plans outlining procedures for handling, removal, and remediation of ACMs in accordance with regulatory requirements. - Providing proper training and certification for workers involved in asbestos-related activities to ensure they are aware of asbestos hazards and safety procedures. - Notifying tenants, employees, contractors, and other relevant parties about the presence of asbestos and associated risks. Potential Liabilities for Non-Compliance Non-compliance with asbestos regulations can result in severe legal and financial consequences for property owners, employers, and other stakeholders. Potential liabilities for non-compliance may include: - Fines and penalties imposed by regulatory agencies for violations of asbestos regulations, including failure to conduct inspections, inadequate removal practices, and improper disposal of ACMs. - Civil lawsuits filed by individuals or groups affected by asbestos exposure, seeking compensation for medical expenses, lost wages, pain and suffering, and other damages resulting from asbestos-related diseases. - Criminal charges against individuals or entities responsible for willful or negligent violations of asbestos regulations, leading to severe penalties, including fines and imprisonment. Insurance Coverage and Compensation Options Property owners, employers, and contractors may have insurance coverage and compensation options to help mitigate the financial risks associated with asbestos exposure. These may include: - General liability insurance policies that provide coverage for bodily injury and property damage arising from asbestos-related claims, subject to policy terms and exclusions. - Environmental liability insurance policies specifically designed to cover liabilities associated with asbestos contamination and remediation activities. - Workers' compensation insurance coverage for employees who suffer work-related injuries or illnesses due to asbestos exposure, providing medical benefits, lost wages, and disability benefits. Resources and Support for Asbestos-related Concerns Dealing with asbestos-related concerns can be daunting, but individuals and organizations can access a range of resources and support services to address these issues effectively. From government agencies and organizations to support groups and additional reading materials, various sources of assistance are available to help individuals navigate the complexities of asbestos exposure and its associated challenges. Government Agencies and Organizations Government agencies play a crucial role in regulating asbestos and providing information and resources to the public. Some key government agencies and organizations that offer assistance related to asbestos include: - Environmental Protection Agency (EPA): The EPA regulates asbestos under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) and provides information on asbestos regulations, health effects, and management practices through its website and publications. - Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA): OSHA sets and enforces workplace safety standards related to asbestos exposure and provides guidance on safe work practices, training requirements, and compliance assistance. - Health and Safety Executive (HSE): The HSE in the United Kingdom provides guidance and resources on asbestos regulations, risk assessment, and management practices to protect workers and the public from asbestos exposure. Support Groups for Affected Individuals and Families Support groups offer valuable assistance and solidarity to individuals and families affected by asbestos-related diseases. These groups provide emotional support, practical guidance, and advocacy on behalf of affected individuals. Some prominent support groups for asbestos-related concerns include: - Asbestos Diseases Society of Australia (ADSA): ADSA offers support, advocacy, and information to individuals affected by asbestos-related diseases in Australia, including mesothelioma, asbestosis, and lung cancer. - Mesothelioma Applied Research Foundation (MARF): MARF provides support services, educational resources, and advocacy efforts to patients, caregivers, and healthcare professionals involved in the fight against mesothelioma in the United States. Additional Reading and References Individuals seeking more information on asbestos-related concerns can access a wealth of additional reading materials and references. Some recommended resources include: - Books and publications: Various books, articles, and research papers are available on topics related to asbestos exposure, health effects, regulatory requirements, and risk management strategies. - Websites and online resources: Numerous websites and online resources provide comprehensive information on asbestos, including government agencies, non-profit organizations, and educational institutions. - Medical journals and research databases: Medical journals and research databases offer valuable insights into the epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of asbestos-related diseases, such as mesothelioma and lung cancer. In conclusion, the dangers associated with asbestos exposure underscore the critical importance of proactive management and comprehensive strategies to protect public health and safety. Throughout this guide, we have explored various facets of asbestos-related concerns, including health risks, identification methods, removal procedures, legal implications, and available resources for support. Recap of Key Points - Asbestos exposure can lead to severe health conditions such as respiratory issues, lung cancer, and mesothelioma, highlighting the urgent need for awareness and precautionary measures. - Identifying asbestos in the environment requires a combination of visual inspection, laboratory testing, and recognition of signs indicative of asbestos-containing materials (ACMs). - Asbestos removal and remediation should be conducted by trained professionals to ensure safe and compliant practices, with proper disposal procedures followed to prevent environmental contamination. - Non-compliance with asbestos regulations can result in significant legal and financial liabilities for property owners, employers, and other stakeholders. - Resources and support services are available for individuals and families affected by asbestos-related diseases, including government agencies, support groups, and additional reading materials. Importance of Proactive Asbestos Management Proactive asbestos management is crucial for safeguarding public health and minimizing the risks associated with asbestos exposure. By raising awareness, implementing safety precautions, and adhering to regulatory requirements, stakeholders can prevent potential health hazards and legal liabilities related to asbestos contamination. Investing in proper asbestos management practices not only protects individuals and communities from harm but also contributes to environmental preservation and sustainable development. Closing Remarks In conclusion, addressing asbestos-related concerns requires a collaborative effort involving government agencies, organizations, employers, property owners, and individuals. By prioritizing education, compliance, and proactive management, we can mitigate the risks associated with asbestos exposure and ensure a safer and healthier environment for current and future generations. Let us continue to work together to raise awareness, advocate for proper safety measures, and support those affected by asbestos-related diseases as we strive towards a future free from the hazards of asbestos. Read MoreWhy Ordering Flowers Online Remains the Most Timeless Gift Choice I. Introduction A. Gift Evolution The tradition of gift-giving has evolved remarkably over the centuries, transitioning from handmade offerings to store-bought goods, and now, to digital-era convenience with online shopping. This evolution reflects not just changes in technology and lifestyle but also a shift in how we think about expressing affection and appreciation. Amidst this transformation, one gift has stood the test of time in its ability to convey a wide spectrum of emotions: flowers. The choice of flowers as a gift is a practice that dates back to ancient civilizations and continues to flourish in the modern era. B. Flowers' Appeal Enhancing your home's ambiance can be as simple as adding flowers to your space. The enduring appeal of flowers lies in their unparalleled ability to communicate the inexpressible. Flowers are a versatile medium of expression, capable of conveying love, apology, sympathy, or celebration. Their universal language crosses cultural and linguistic barriers, making them a universally accepted symbol of sharing emotions. This timeless appeal is enhanced by the sensory experience flowers provide—visually striking, often with a delicate fragrance, they have the power to transform spaces and moods instantly. II. Convenience Factor A. Easy Access The digital revolution has made ordering flowers online an incredibly easy and efficient process. No longer constrained by geographical limitations or store hours, anyone can order the perfect bouquet at any time, from anywhere. This ease of access has democratized the gesture of giving flowers, enabling more people to partake in this age-old tradition with just a few clicks. The convenience of online ordering caters to our increasingly busy lives, ensuring that even in our most hectic moments, we can still make a thoughtful gesture. B. Diverse Options Online florists offer an array of choices unmatched by traditional brick-and-mortar stores. From exotic blooms that are hard to find locally to organic and sustainably sourced options, the variety is endless. This diversity allows customers to find the perfect expression of their feelings, whether through a rare species that speaks to the uniqueness of the recipient or a bouquet that aligns with their environmental values. Moreover, online platforms often provide detailed information about the flowers, their meanings, and care instructions, enriching the gifting experience. C. Same-Day Flower Delivery One of the most remarkable benefits of ordering flowers online is the option for same-day delivery. This feature represents a significant leap in the convenience and immediacy with which we can convey our feelings and sentiments. In our fast-paced world, Hello Blooms, a flower delivery Melbourne company, asserts that the ability to place an order in the morning and have a beautiful bouquet delivered by the afternoon is a testament to the efficiency and responsiveness of modern online florists. Whether it's a last-minute realization of a forgotten anniversary, a spontaneous gesture of love, or an urgent expression of sympathy, same-day flower delivery ensures that your sentiments are conveyed without delay. III. Emotional Impact A. Personal Connection The act of giving flowers creates a personal connection that transcends the physical gift. Choosing the right type of flower, color, and arrangement allows the giver to impart a personal touch, making the gesture all the more special. This customization speaks volumes, demonstrating thoughtfulness and effort that deeply touches the recipient. The emotional impact of receiving flowers, carefully chosen and sent from afar, can be profound, often becoming a cherished memory. B. Universal Language Flowers speak a universal language of love, sympathy, joy, and solidarity. In moments when words fall short, flowers step in to convey feelings and messages that might otherwise remain unexpressed. This universal language makes flowers a suitable gift for almost any occasion, transcending cultural differences and personal preferences. The emotional resonance of flowers, combined with their natural beauty, makes them a timeless and powerful means of communication. C. Customization The ability to customize bouquets adds a significant emotional depth to the gift of flowers. Online platforms offer tools to personalize arrangements, from selecting specific flowers and colors to choosing the vase and adding a heartfelt note. This level of customization allows the giver to tailor their gift to the recipient's tastes, occasions, or even to convey a specific message through the language of flowers. Such personalization makes the gesture even more impactful, enhancing the emotional connection between the giver and the recipient. IV. Versatility A. Occasions Variety Flowers are the quintessential gift for a myriad of occasions—birthdays, anniversaries, holidays, expressions of sympathy, or simply as a spontaneous gesture of love. Their versatility lies in their ability to be both celebratory and comforting, making them appropriate for virtually any event or emotion. This adaptability ensures that flowers remain a go-to choice for those looking to make a gesture of significance, regardless of the circumstance. B. Style Selection The vast selection of styles and arrangements available online caters to every aesthetic preference, from classic to contemporary designs. Whether the occasion calls for a minimalist arrangement or an extravagant bouquet, there is something available for every taste and budget. This variety not only makes the process of selecting flowers more enjoyable but also ensures that the gift can be as unique and special as the person receiving it. C. Price Range The online marketplace for flowers offers options for every budget, from affordable bouquets to luxury arrangements. This inclusivity ensures that everyone can partake in the act of giving flowers, regardless of their financial situation. The flexibility in pricing also means that gifts can be scaled up or down according to the occasion, making flowers a versatile choice for both grand gestures and simple acts of kindness. V. Conclusion Ordering flowers online combines the timeless appeal of giving flowers with the modern need for convenience, variety, and personalization. This blend of traditional values and contemporary efficiency ensures that flowers remain one of the most beloved and timeless gift choices. Whether it's to express love, sympathy, congratulations, or just to brighten someone's day, flowers have the unique ability to convey profound emotions and create lasting memories, making them the perfect gift for any occasion. Photo by picjumbo.com: https://www.pexels.com/photo/red-roses-close-up-photography-196664/ Read MoreSigns That It's Time to Call an Electrician in the Inner City: Expert Advice In Inner City, Sydney, where the urban pulse is as vibrant as its densely packed streets, the safety and efficiency of your electrical system are crucial. Older buildings, characteristic of such areas, often grapple with the demands of modern electrical loads. Recognising early signs that you need a professional electrician Inner City isn't just about convenience—it's a critical safety measure. This guide outlines key indicators that your home or business may require expert electrical attention. Flickering or Dimming Lights If you're experiencing flickering or dimming lights in your Sydney Inner City home, don't ignore them as a minor annoyance. These could be signs of more significant issues like poor wiring or an overloaded circuit, especially in older homes that haven't undergone home renovation projects for decades. If your lights dim when you use multiple appliances, it's a clear indication that your electrical system is under strain. Addressing these issues promptly with the help of a qualified electrician can prevent potential fire hazards and ensure your home renovation projects proceed safely. Frequent Circuit Breaker Trips A circuit breaker that trips frequently is likely telling you that your home's circuits are overloaded. This is a common issue in older residential areas like the Inner City, where original electrical infrastructures weren't designed to handle today's array of high-powered appliances and devices. Constantly resetting your circuit breaker can be a tedious and potentially dangerous task if the root causes are not properly addressed. It's a clear signal that your electrical system needs a professional evaluation to ensure it meets current standards and safety requirements. Unusual Noises from Electrical Outlets or Switches Any unusual noises—such as buzzing, crackling, or hissing—coming from your outlets or switches should be a cause for concern. These sounds can indicate loose electrical connections or faulty wiring, which are not only inefficient but also dangerous. The risk of electrical fires increases significantly with such faults, especially in the compact living environments of Inner City, Sydney, where electrical systems see intensive use. Burning Smell or Visible Scorch Marks Detecting a burning smell or seeing scorch marks on outlets are among the most urgent warning signs of electrical problems. These symptoms often point to overheating, which can quickly lead to electrical fires. Immediate action is required: turn off your power at the main switch and contact an electrician without delay. In densely populated areas, a small issue can rapidly escalate, affecting not just your property but also neighbouring ones. Outdated Electrical System Inner City, Sydney, is renowned for its historic charm, but with that comes the challenge of outdated electrical systems in many buildings. Signs that your electrical setup is antiquated may include frequent power outages, a lack of sufficient outlets, and a reliance on extension cords or adapters to meet your daily needs. An electrical system that hasn't been updated to accommodate modern appliances is not just an inconvenience—it's a safety hazard. Shock or Spark From Electrical Devices Experiencing a shock or seeing sparks when using electrical devices is alarming and indicates potential hazards. These occurrences can result from a variety of issues, such as ground faults or deteriorating wiring insulation. Such incidents require immediate attention to prevent more severe consequences like electrical burns or fires. Q1: How often should electrical wiring be checked in an Inner City home? Ideally, your electrical system should be inspected every ten years. If you're moving into a new property or have renovated, it's wise to get a professional assessment to ensure everything is up to par and safe. Q2: What should I do if I suspect my electrical system is not compliant with current safety standards? Engage a licensed electrician to perform a comprehensive safety audit. They can assess your system's compliance and make necessary adjustments or upgrades. Q3: Are power strips a safe solution for extending outlet capacity in my Inner City apartment? Power strips can be temporarily useful but shouldn't be a permanent solution. Overreliance on them can lead to overheating and potential fire hazards. It's safer to consult with an electrician about installing additional outlets. Q4: Can faulty wiring impact my energy bills? Yes, faulty or outdated wiring can increase electrical resistance, leading to higher energy consumption and bills. Addressing these issues can not only improve safety but also energy efficiency. Q5: Who is responsible for electrical maintenance in rented Inner City properties? Landlords are responsible for ensuring that the electrical systems in their properties meet safety standards. However, tenants should promptly report any concerns to prevent delays in addressing potential hazards. Key Takeaways Electrical safety is paramount, especially in the densely populated Inner City of Sydney. Recognising the signs that your electrical system needs professional attention can prevent serious issues like fires or electrocutions. Regular maintenance and timely updates are essential for ensuring your system remains safe, efficient, and capable of meeting modern demands. Maintaining an efficient and safe electrical system in Sydney's Inner City is crucial. If you notice any of the warning signs discussed, do not hesitate to call a professional electrician in Inner City. Addressing these issues early can help ensure the safety of your home and community, preserving the vibrant life and historic charm of Inner City for years to come. Read More5 Smart Fencing Solutions for the Modern Homeowner Photo credit: Randy Fath Fencing is an excellent way of surrounding a specific section of your property. It adds a boundary between your home and the outside world and gives you and your family an extra layer of privacy that's important to have for every modern homeowner. You can approach fencing in various ways. Whether it's the environmental living fence route or custom-length metal panel fencing, it's a win/win for homeowners looking to enhance their outdoor space's functionality and aesthetics. Not only that, but it will also help you keep your property's maintenance low, thus freeing up time to enjoy your home life. If you're considering putting a new fence around your home, check out these five smart fencing solutions for the modern homeowner. Why Might Fencing Your Property Be a Good Idea? Homeowners install fences around their properties for various reasons, from increased safety to setting boundaries with their neighbors. Regardless of the reasons, there's no hiding the fact that fencing does more good than harm. Still unsure? Here's why fencing your property might be a good idea: - Improve security and privacy: Fencing prevents people from intruding on your property as it acts as a defense barrier. Plus, in some cases, from seeing into your garden. - Increased resale value: When you factor in all the other benefits mentioned, these only add value to a home, which will drive up the property's resale value, too. - Visual charm: Certain styles, such as vinyl and picket fencing, can give your home extra charm. - Boundaries: It separates your garden from your neighbors. How Much Does Fencing Cost? The fencing cost will vary depending on several factors, such as location, materials, and garden size. Fence prices are based on the number of linear feet the fence takes up in the garden. The average cost of fencing a garden per linear foot in the USA is between $12 and $50, adding up to around $3,300 for a standard 150 linear-foot garden. The 5 Smart Fencing Solutions Metal Panel Fencing One of the lesser-known types of fencing is metal panel fencing. Often seen as an alternative to wooden fences, this style is cheaper, comes in custom lengths, and can last up to 40 years. Easy to install and available in different shapes and colors, metal panel fencing is a fantastic solution no matter where you live. Those who want privacy with little to no maintenance commitment will particularly like metal panel fencing. These fences are known for their durability and praised for their ability to withstand extreme weather conditions like heavy rain, snow, and high winds. Wooden Picket Fences Photo credit: Nusa Urbancek Noticeable for their cute style and traditional white color, wooden picket fences might just be the most adorable way to corner off your garden. They can be very cheap to install, especially if you use reclaimed wood, which comes with its environmental benefits. With the right type of wood and solid foundations, your wooden picket fence will last between 15 and 20 years. Other factors, like pest control, will majorly impact its survival. Vinyl Fences Strong, eco-friendly, and bug-resistant, what's not to love about vinyl fences? Two natural substances, ethylene and chlorine, combine to make vinyl fences. This allows them to endure a lot of wear and tear without losing their durability. They come in various designs, including split rail, crossbuck, and lattice. Vinyl is more robust than wood and has extreme flexibility, which is starting to attract more homeowners. Especially in locations prone to harsh weather conditions, wood usually breaks after extended exposure to heavy rainfall, weakening its strength over time. Stone Fencing Stone fencing can give your home a look from the past. To add natural allure to your garden, you can lay down all kinds of stone fencing ideas, such as gabion, faux, stacked, and fieldstone. If you're going to choose stone fencing, you better be in it for the long haul. The sheer amount of work involved in the process can make it difficult to change, and it's not cheap either. Wrought Iron Fence For an extra sense of protection, consider a wrought iron fence. Built with elaborate designs, they often have spikes on the top, which would make any thief second-guess trespassing on your property. Wrought iron fences also have an extravagant, rich vibe to them. They're like what you would have seen out in front of massive castles thousands of years ago, giving your home an added elegance. Which Fencing Solution Will You Choose? Fencing your property as a modern homeowner is a must-do in this day and age. When done right, you can reap the benefits of protecting your property from outsiders with an aesthetic twist. Plus, if you were ever to list your home on the market, you could bet you'd receive more than if you didn't have your fence up. So, which option will you choose? Is metal panel fencing your kind or style, or are you more inclined toward traditional wooden picket fences? Read MoreFront Yard Upgrades for Your Property: How to Create an Inviting First Impression Photo credit: Omri D. Cohen Are you contemplating a front yard upgrade to transform the look of your house from the outside? As a homeowner, you should strive to make a lasting first impression on your guests. Your front yard is the face of your home, and a well-designed one can significantly enhance its overall appeal. Think spotlights, window flower boxes, and wooden patios; additions like these can bring your home to life. There's no better time to change your front outdoor space, and this post will show you how! It's time to give it a complete makeover. Why Should You Upgrade Your Front Yard? Upgrading your front yard has many benefits, from adding some aesthetic appeal to increasing its overall value. Here's why you need to consider a front garden transformation: - Elevated visual charm: A couple of easy enhancements, such as a new walkway or a new shade of paint, can rejuvenate your home's front appearance. - It adds value: As long as the change improves your home's overall look, it will add value. Big changes like hardscaping can hugely increase your property's market worth. - Better functionality: Your front yard is the way people enter your home. Some upgrades make it easier for visitors to get to your front door easily without disturbance. Examples of this are widening your driveway or moving your flowerbeds. Front Yard Upgrades Every Homeowner Must Consider Aluminum and Vinyl Railings Aluminum or vinyl railings are superb for enhancing a front yard, especially if you have a deck or an elevated home. They will secure whatever you store there, whether you've got a set of deck chairs or a barbecue set up for the summer, without sacrificing style. Vinyl railings are known for their strength in withstanding the weather without losing their color and durability over time. This makes them a fantastic addition, especially for homeowners located in places prone to extreme temperatures, heavy rainfall, thunderstorms, and hurricanes. For those more focused on style, aluminum will surely add some curb appeal to your home. It's a fashionable option that comes in various eye-catching styles, requires minimum upkeep, and is rust-proof. Fresh Coat of Paint Who said front yard improvements have to be expensive? It only takes a fresh coat of paint to captivate visitors and passersby. You can go down the route of giving the whole facade a new look with a bright splash. But you don't even have to go that far. All it takes is to add some color to your front door to catch the eye of those in your area. Not only will this improve your garden's front look, but it can also attract potential buyers. A recent study found that potential buyers would be more inclined to purchase a home with a blue door. Overall, they found that people would pay up to $1,537 more for it. New Lighting Adding some stylish lighting is one of the easiest ways to clean up your home's front image. For big front gardens, you can add floodlights to showcase the rest of the features you want everyone to see. This option is particularly favorable if you've done some vast landscaping work on your property. Spotlights are better for smaller front gardens. They can draw people's attention to a specific outdoor space feature, such as decking or a statue. Build a Porch Photo credit: Robin Jonathan Deutsch Sure, building a porch is a big job, but the welcoming feeling it will give your guests is totally worth it. A new porch is especially useful if you're looking to add value to your home. They're practical and striking, and add an extra layer of homey ambiance to your front garden. Here are some types of porches you can consider adding: - Open porches: Elevated porches on a deck are protected by a roof without barriers. - Lanai porches: Typical Hawaii roofed-styled porches with an open-sided veranda. - Porticos: Small porches that cover a home's front steps and are supported with little columns. Add a Pathway A pathway is the number one way to add some structure to your front garden. Depending on your preference, you can lay out a trail using landscaping or hardscaping methods. Some of the most popular types of pathways for front gardens include: - Slicing paths: Split in certain places that separate areas but have a clear route. - Tracing paths: Shaped around landscape work with twists and turns. They'll bring the area to life. - Implied paths: Have a clear direction for the user with no specific material to show the trail. Refresh the Appearance of Your Front Yard! Refreshing the appearance of your front yard is bound to give visitors a welcoming feeling. The frontal area is the first part of your humble abode they'll see, and when it's pristine, it's sure to leave a lasting first impression with them they'll never be able to forget. Read MoreEasy Ways to Make Your Rental More Attractive to Tenants If you've just invested in a rental property and you want to ensure that it doesn't spend an age on the market looking for the right tenants, then you need to make it the place to be. You need to make it that one rental. That, when they see the pictures online, every renter in the area says "We have to see that!" Here's how you do that the simple way: - A Fresh Coat of Paint Works Wonders Nothing says "fresh start" quite like a new paint job. Opt for neutral colours that make your space look bigger and brighter. White, beige, or light grey are safe bets. They create a blank canvas, allowing potential tenants to imagine their lives (and furniture) in the space. Plus, it covers up any scuffs left by previous tenants. - Fix the Fixtures Updating old fixtures is a quick fix that packs a punch. Swap out dated light fixtures, taps, and door handles for modern alternatives. Shiny new fittings can make a place feel luxurious without breaking the bank. Think of it as the property equivalent of putting on a new tie for an interview. - Let There Be Light Good lighting can make or break a room's vibe. Ensure all rooms have adequate lighting options. Add floor lamps or table lamps to brighten up darker corners. It makes the place feel warm and inviting. Because no one wants to live in a cave—unless it's a cave with excellent interior lighting, of course. - Tile Flooring: Stylish and Sturdy Consider tile flooring for high-traffic areas like kitchens and bathrooms. Tiles are durable, easy to clean, and come in various styles. They can instantly elevate the look of your property. Plus, tenants appreciate floors that don't demand too much upkeep. It's the interior design equivalent of a low-maintenance relationship. - Boost Your Bathroom A grimy bathroom is a rental deal-breaker. Ensure yours is spotless and consider upgrading small elements. A new shower curtain, a sleek toilet seat, and a set of coordinated accessories can transform the space. It's like giving your bathroom a mini-makeover without the spa price tag. - Green It Up Plants breathe life into a place, quite literally. Adding some greenery can make a property feel more lived-in and homely. If you worry about maintenance, go for low-care varieties like succulents or spider plants. They're as forgiving as a saint and nearly impossible to kill. - Make It Smart Incorporate a few smart home gadgets. A Wi-Fi thermostat or a few smart bulbs might just clinch the deal. These gadgets save energy and are cool to boot. They show prospective tenants that you care about the environment and their utility bills. - A Welcome Package A small welcome package can leave a big impression. It could be something as simple as a couple of local goodies or a handy map of the area. It shows you're thoughtful and start the landlord-tenant relationship on a positive note. Heres to a rental that won't be on the market for long! Read MoreImproving Your Services For The Customer If you want to make your business as successful as possible, the main thing that you should work on is trying to improve the services that you offer to your customers. As long as you are doing this, you'll find that it's going to bode very well for the business itself, so this is something that is always worth thinking about for sure. In this post, we are going to discuss some of the main ways to improve your services for the customer so that you can effectively ensure you find greater success. Find Out What They Want First of all you need to actually find out what your customers want, which can be a trickier thing than you might assume, and which you are going to need to make sure you are making space for as best as you can. In order to do this, it's essential that you are getting to know your target customer as well as possible through data analysis and through asking them directly for feedback and suggestions and so on. The more information you collect in this way, the better it is going to be in terms of figuring out what they want and providing it to them. Follow Their Journey As much as possible, with every decision you make you should be following the journey that the customer is taking. This is something that you are going to need to make sure you are doing so that you can ensure that you know what the experience is really like for them. You will find that thinking in this way tends to lead to significant improvements very quickly in the service you are providing, so that is something that you really need to think about here. Following their journey is vital to giving them what they want. Provide Many Options One of the main things that customers are always going to want is flexibility. If you can provide them with plenty of options, then this is going to be well appreciated, and you will find that it really makes a huge difference to the experience that they tend to have with you. So that is something that you are going to need to think about here in particular, and you might find that it is surprisingly easy to do once you are thinking about it. From offering a lot of products to having many custom payment solutions api options, it's all going to help. Make It Personal Finally, wherever possible, make sure that you are making it personal for each individual. Again this requires that you learn a little about the person, so this is something that you are going to want to consider. But as long as you do that, it should mean that you are going to be much more likely to provide a service that people are really going to appreciate, and which they will probably tell their friends and family about. Read MoreHow to Get a Loan for an Unmortgageable Property Real estate investments can be financially rewarding when done right, but not all properties are created equal when it comes to financing options. Some properties are deemed "unmortgageable," which means that traditional lenders are hesitant to provide financing due to various factors. Luckily, there are numerous alternative lending solutions to consider, many of which are actually more suitable for these types of investments. This guide will discuss the best financing options available for an unmortgageable property. What Makes a Property Unmortgageable? An unmortgageable property generally poses a higher risk to lenders due to one or several factors, including its condition, location, or legal status. There are a few reasons why a property might be deemed unmortgageable: - It has structural issues or significant damage that makes it inhabitable - There's evidence of non-standard construction materials or methods - There are legal issues with the property, like defective titles or boundary disputes - The property has incomplete or illegal renovations/extensions Why Traditional Lenders are Reluctant to Finance Renovations for Unmortgageable Properties Traditional lenders, like banks and mortgage companies, are typically risk-averse and have strict lending criteria in place. These lenders are unlikely to provide financing or loans for renovating unmortgageable properties because they may perceive these properties as high-risk investments, or they may have concerns about the property's value and marketability. Additionally, banks and mortgage lenders have to adhere to strict regulatory guidelines, and they may face compliance challenges when financing properties with structural issues or legal complications. Financing Options for Unmortgageable Properties: So, traditional financing isn't usually an option for unmortgageable properties – and nor is this the best solution for property investors anyway. One alternative solution is hard money lending, which offers fast, flexible, and asset-based financing tailored to meet the unique needs of real estate investors. Look for financing from companies that specialize in providing financing solutions for unmortgageable properties, like Hard Money Lenders Arizona. These companies offer bridge loans, fix-and-flip loans, and renovation loans to investors, focusing on the value and potential of the property rather than the borrower's credit history or financial status. For an unmortgageable property, a renovation loan is usually the most suitable financing option. Investors can use this loan type to cover the purchase price of the property and the cost of renovations, meaning they can address any structural issues, make necessary repairs, and improve the property's overall condition. Renovation loans provide the flexibility and resources that investors need to rehabilitate unmortgageable properties – and they're often the only viable solution for unlocking their potential for long-term value and profitability. Final Word For savvy investors who are willing to take on the challenge, investing in unmortgageable properties can be a highly rewarding venture. No two property renovation projects are the same, and it's important to choose the right finance for your particular circumstances and plans. Once you're aware of the alternative financing options available to you, you have the knowledge you need to access the most suitable financing for your next major renovation project. Photo by Max Vakhtbovycn: https://www.pexels.com/photo/empty-backyard-of-cottage-house-5997996/ Read MoreCost Versus Value: Is Shingle Roof Repair Worth It? Your home is your castle, and a roof acts as the first line of defense against the elements, keeping you safe from sunshine, rain, and whatever else Mother Nature throws your way. Shingle roofs are a popular pick for many homes because they're both budget-friendly and dependable. But even the sturdiest protective barrier needs occasional upkeep, and your roof is no exception. So, when a leak springs or a shingle pops loose, the question becomes: is repairing your shingle roof worth the cost? Let's explore the reasons why a little TLC for your roof can go a long way! Why Shingle Roof Maintenance Matters Shingle roofs are designed to withstand years of rain, snow, high winds, and other weather conditions. However, don't expect them to be invincible. Over time, exposure to the elements can take a toll. Shingles can become cracked, warped, or even curl at the edges. The good news? Catching these problems early and nipping them in the bud can save you a lot of money and hassle in the long run. Regular inspections and timely maintenance work by a reputable roof repair Milwaukee company are crucial for extending the lifespan of your shingle roof. Think of it like taking your car in for an oil change—preventive maintenance goes a long way in avoiding costly breakdowns. The Advantages of Fixing Your Shingle Roof Now, let's go into detail why keeping your roof in tip-top shape with repairs is a super smart move. Preventing Further Damage Don't ignore a tiny leak! Just like a tear in your clothes, the sooner you address minor issues, the easier and less expensive the fix will be. Left unattended, that small leak can become a gaping hole in your roof. A full-blown roof breach can cause water damage inside your home, leading to extensive (and expensive!) repairs like replacing drywall and fixing mold growth. By addressing minor issues promptly, you can prevent them from becoming big-ticket and time-consuming repairs down the road. Saving Money on Energy Bills A well-maintained roof keeps your home feeling nice and toasty in the winter and cool as a cucumber in the summer. But if your shingles are damaged, all that precious heated or cooled air just escapes, forcing your HVAC system to work overtime to keep things comfy. That translates to higher energy bills—not exactly a recipe for a happy wallet. Here's the cool part: according to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), a roof that's properly sealed can save you up to 15% on your heating and cooling costs! Think of it as finding extra money in your wallet every month, just for taking care of your roof. Boosting Curb Appeal and Property Value Let's be honest: a roof that's all patchy and worn-out doesn't exactly say 'dream home' to potential buyers. On the other hand, a well-maintained roof makes your house look sharp and inviting. Plus, a survey conducted by the National Association of Realtors (NAR) shows that a new roof is one of the best things you can do to boost your home's resale value. So, by fixing your shingles, you're not just protecting your home, you're potentially giving it a major curb appeal upgrade! As you can see, taking care of your shingle roof offers a triple win! You prevent costly future repairs, save money on your energy bills every month, and even boost the value and curb appeal of your home. It's a smart investment that keeps your castle comfortable, efficient, and looking its best! Weighing the Costs: Repair or Replace? So, you're thinking about fixing your roof, but how much is it all going to cost? That's a fair question! Here's the breakdown: Material and Labor Costs The cost of roof repairs depends on how much damage there is and what materials they need to use. Replacing a few shingles might not break the bank, but fixing a huge section of the roof will obviously cost more. Don't forget to factor in how much the qualified roofer charges for their hard work. It's always a good idea to get a few quotes from different roofers before you make a decision. Long-Term Savings Potential Even though a shingle roof repair might seem expensive now, think of all the money you'll save later! By fixing those small problems now, you're avoiding the giant bill of replacing your whole roof down the line. Plus, a roof in tip-top shape might even score you a discount on your homeowners insurance—some companies reward responsible homeowners! Repair Versus Replacement Sometimes, the damage is just too much, and a complete roof replacement is the way to go. But don't worry, a professional roofing contractor can help you figure it out. They'll take a look and tell you if a repair is enough, or if it's time for a new roof. Here are some signs your roof might need a total makeover: Widespread shingle damage Getting close to (or past) the 15 to 20-year lifespan for shingle roofs A roof deck that's sagging or buckling By talking to a pro, you can make the best decision for your roof (and your wallet!). Taking Care of Your Shingle Roof: Top Tips Here are some easy tips to keep your shingle roof in tip-top shape and protect your home like a champ: Tip 1: Spot Problems Early Don't wait for roof leaks! Schedule yearly shingle roof inspection by professionals, especially before harsh weather arrives. Tip 2: DIY or Hire a Pro? Patching a few shingles? Maybe you can pull off a DIY roof repair. But for bigger jobs, hire licensed and insured professionals. Shingle roofs are tricky, and messing up can lead to even more problems later. Tip 3: Choose the Right Shingle Material Different shingle materials offer varying lifespans and costs. Consider these options: Asphalt Shingles The most common and affordable option, asphalt shingles are a budget-friendly choice for repairs or replacements. However, they have a shorter lifespan compared to other materials. Metal Shingles Made from materials like aluminum, steel, copper, or zinc, metal shingles come in styles that resemble traditional shingles or tiles. While the upfront cost is typically higher, they last longer and require minimal maintenance. Composite Shingles They're made from a combination of materials like asphalt, recycled plastic, and wood fibers. They combine affordability with aesthetics and is more durable than asphalt. Consider your budget and desired durability when choosing between shingle repair or replacement. Tip 4: Explore Financing Options For bigger repair bills, explore financing options. Some roofers offer plans, or you might secure a home equity loan or line of credit. Follow these tips for a secure roof that protects your home and looks great, too! Investing in a Secure Roof The upfront cost of shingle roof repair might sting a bit at first. But here's the key takeaway: the long-term benefits often outweigh the expense by a long shot! Regular roof maintenance and addressing minor issues promptly can prevent major (and way more expensive) headaches down the road. Plus, a well-maintained roof can contribute to improved energy efficiency, potentially leading to lower utility bills. And let's not forget curb appeal. A healthy roof enhances your property's attractiveness to potential buyers, which could translate to a higher market value. So, when it comes to shingle roof maintenance, investing in timely repairs can be a smart financial decision, protecting your home and potentially boosting its value. It's a win-win for your wallet and your peace of mind! Read MoreHow to Use the Pareto Principle in Real Estate Business to Improve Your Sales? Image Source: Pexels Italian economist Vilfredo Pareto created the 80/20 principle, also known as Pareto Principle because he notices that it applied to how private wealth was controlled in his country. Nowadays, Pareto's Principle is used in multiple fields, including real estate. Understanding how the 80/20 rule applies to business can help you improve sales in the long and short term. How Does the 80/20 Rule Show Up in Real Estate? It's commonly thought that real estate sports the 80/20 number across the board, but that isn't actually the case. It's closer to 70-75/30-35 for over 120K real estate teams across the United States as stated by MLS (Multiple Listing Service) data. In layman's terms, it means that approximately 30% of agents produce 70-80% of closing in volume and sides. Here are the findings of MLS entities across the study: - 29.02% of agents closed 80% of the total amount of homes. - 30.27% of agents closed 80% on their side of a sales transaction. - 24.66% of agents closed 75% of the total amount of homes. - 25.25% of agents closed 75% on their side of a sales transaction. Note: "Side" in real estate language refers to the amount of money an agent earns in the transaction. Most agents will partner up with various professionals in their real estate team to give a home a better chance at selling. If a real estate agent does the bulk of that work, the agent "closes their side" even though they also helped to close the whole commission. How Can You Apply Pareto Principle to Real Estate for Sales? In a service-based industry like real estate, it's essential to track your business metrics to generate more leads. A Customer Relationship Management (CRM) software can find more potential customers and accommodate current clients simultaneously. Implementing the best CRM for real estate investors can significantly enhance efficiency and effectiveness in nurturing client relationships. With these metrics, you can use Pareto's Principle in the following areas. Advertising Potential When you land on a marketing platform or project that works, you'll want to use it constantly. For example, if 80% of your advertising wins come from 20% of your ads, you won't have to put a lot of effort into marketing projects that don't work. Of course, that doesn't mean you should avoid risks, but it does mean you found something that provides consistent results. Social Media Insights Everyone has fans, even real estate agents! While not all homeowners will follow you on social media, 20% of them will want to engage with your content if you left an impression. While on the topic of social media, the same 80/20 rule will apply to your recent posts. 80% of your engagement will come from a small selection of content, so focus and improve on those posts. Customer Complaints Complaints and criticism are commonplace in any business, but you've likely noticed that a large volume of dissatisfaction comes from a small group of clientele. You might spend a lot of effort keeping these clients satisfied, even though it's an uphill battle. If 80% of your clients are leaving no reviews or positive comments, that's a sure sign you're doing a good job. Management Hours If it's true that 20% of your employees are closing 80% of the sales, you can decide to train the other 80% further or keep the most productive members on the team. To maximize effectiveness and efficiency, you may want to cut the group down into a smaller workforce. A more productive workforce means less time spent on problematic employees. Reducing Overall Costs Cost management won't always improve sales, but if you understand what homes in which areas are more likely to sell, you can reduce them without sacrificing potency. If an area in the city is responsible for 80% of your yearly sales, you can reduce time spent in another part of the state. Now, you can spend more money on marketing or perks for the sales staff. Read More
Thinking of changing to a concierge-style medical practice but still not sure about what the benefits are? Dr. Simoni Baid is here to help! The growth of primary care in the United States in recent times is impressive. The sector is characterized by a boom in integrative healthcare options for patients. Urgent care centers such as Ahimsa MD in Miami are increasingly becoming popular. Interestingly, the total number of urgent care centers was 14382 as of July 2023 and 6100 in 2013, which indicates a forty percent increase in the last decade. Despite the unprecedented increase in alternative healthcare options, many people still get confused about where to go when accidents and emergencies occur at the most inconvenient time. In this article, you will learn about the difference between urgent care and emergency room visits, and when it is convenient to choose each. What is the Difference Between Urgent Care vs. Emergency Care? Urgent Care Urgent care centers are walk-in clinics that offer prompt non-emergent medical healthcare to patients. Most are staffed with nurse practitioners, physicians, and physician assistants, and are equipped to handle lab work, X-rays, and basic diagnostic procedures. They are accessible and convenient hence suitable when a patient wants to save time and resources. Today, any patient can walk into an urgent care center like Ahimsa MD without an appointment and receive immediate attention. The most common reasons for a patient to seek urgent care include: A sore throat that is suspected to be a strep throat or viral Mild to moderate symptoms which are neither Respiratory Syncytial Virus nor Covid-19 A cold or virus symptoms that develop into an infection, like pneumonia or ear infections, and require antibiotic treatment Emergency Room Visits Emergency room services have been in existence as part of hospital services for a long time. They are utilized by patients with severe and life-threatening medical situations. Many patients do not find themselves or their loved ones in the emergency until it is declared that a patient is systematically sick and they require urgent medical attention to save their life. As a result, most emergency rooms are a go-to option for patients whose entire body is affected by sickness, and there is an onset of severe symptoms, severe pain, or a fever that doesn't go away. Doctors in the ER are capable of handling patients who require critical care because of advanced diagnostic tools and collaborate with a team of other medical specialists. The following patients might be considered for treatment in an emergency room: A patient feeling a sudden and severe pain in the head, chest, or the abdomen A patient who is unable to breathe normally or move an arm and part of the body A patient experiencing signs of a heart attack and stroke A patient with a major trauma such as head injuries, significant fractures, or injuries resulting from an accident Tips for Choosing the Right Course of Action for Your Health Concern Both urgent care and emergency rooms seek to provide patients with prompt medical attention but vary significantly in the range of their capabilities and services. To make a better decision about their health, patients must distinguish the two healthcare options to understand the most suitable level of care they need. The following tips might be useful to help you decide on the right course of action to take when faced with a situation that requires medical attention: Carefully evaluate the cost of meeting your health needs: Have you considered the cost of seeking treatment for both? Notably, emergency visits can be expensive because of a higher level of care and specialized services while urgent care centers like Ahimsa MD are budget-friendly for non-emergencies. Nevertheless, you still need to decide based on the medical condition you are facing. Remember that in some instances, cost do not matter because your life is more important. Compare the accessibility and ease of admittance: Before deciding, ask yourself how long it will take for them to admit me and can their facility be accessed urgently? For instance, while urgent care centers like Ahimsa MD are more accessible and patients can walk in anytime, emergency rooms operate 24/7 but they might involve complex administration procedures. It is therefore important to choose what works for your medical needs. Evaluate the waiting times in each: You have to ask yourself whether you will be prioritized in an emergency room or in an urgent care center like Ahimsa MD. Average waiting times in urgent care centers is thirty minutes or less while in an emergency center, it is between two to four hours. Remember the wait times in emergency rooms can be longer based on the severity of the condition while in urgent care centers, you guaranteed a quick turnaround. Emergency Room Services and Urgent Care at Ahimsa MD With the help of Dr. Baid at Ahimsa, a board-certified physician, patients can get proper medical advice on the type of healthcare service they need for a specific medical condition. Ahimsa MD offers emergency room services for critical conditions and urgent care for non-emergent health issues. Through Dr. Baid's expertise and experience in the industry, the facility offers patients a holistic understanding of the medical situation at hand and guides them on the best-suited healthcare alternative. Furthermore, Dr. Baid's concierge-style practice allows her to see you and take cash for service. The healthcare environment is fast changing and patients must be empowered with knowledge to make informed decisions about their health in times of medical uncertainty. At Ahimsa MD, patients are sure they are in safe hands because the incredible Dr. Baid assesses them for the most suitable healthcare option. As a highly experienced doctor, she can be trusted to offer both emergency healthcare services and urgent care services for patients from all walks of life. Patients can find more information about the available services and peruse the doctor's wide range of experience on the Ahimsa MD website. Everyone is free to contact Dr. Baid for all their healthcare needs and ask questions about healthcare services that best suit them. Appointments can be booked through the website and Dr. Baid is available 24/7.
Trial Token: Crowd sourced litigation funding on the blockchain Imagine a future where justice is accessible. Where fair treatment in the pursuit of legal action is not reliant on your income, job status, or the number of zeros in your bank account. Trial Token, of Trial Funds Society, describes the access to justice as the ability of any one person to use the legal system to advocate for themselves, regardless of their income. Yet thousands of low-income families face multiple barriers when it comes to navigating our legal system, a complicated institution that is already riddled with high fees, complex processes, confusing legal jargon, and inaccessible legal information. In theory, justice applies equally to all. In practice, it applies only to those who can afford it. That's because lawsuits have emerged as a distinct asset class, like real estate, private equity, precious metals or stocks and bonds, in which justice is accessible to those who can afford it. So how do you go about restoring trust in an inaccessible, confusing system that was built to be accessible and designed to provide justice for all? The Premise of Trial Token That's exactly what Trial Token envisions: access and inclusion to legal action. And they're providing it one case at a time with their advanced, online platform for crowdsourced litigation funding that leverages blockchain and Ethereum's smart contracts technology. Trial Token facilitates trust by connecting parties who are seeking funding for their claims with backers who may be interested in their case and in providing support in the way of litigation financing. How it Works It's simple. Plaintiffs seeking legal services purchase Trial Tokens (TT) which is based on the ERC-20 standard. From there, they create a comprehensive case on Trial Funds for which backers to can access and view. Every case taken in by Trial Token is meticulously vetted and reviewed by a team of expert, legal advisors. Backers review a plaintiff's case and select one they wish to support and fund. Plaintiffs receive the funding for their case and pursue justice, and backers can track the progress of the case, Once the case is settled or won, the backer will receive a portion of the settlement. Based on the Ethereum protocol and conforming to the ERC-20 standards, Trial Tokens will utilize the smart contract technology to maintain a public ledger that maps Ethereum addresses to Token balances. Only 1 billion of Trial Tokens will only ever be created with a structured mechanism of allocation and are intended to be sold during their initial Primary Token Sale at a price of USD $0.10 per Token Pre-sale conversion. How to Buy Trial Token recommends creating an Etherwallet, or use any digital wallet that sees you as the owner of the private key. To purchase, send to Trial Token's sale smart contract, where you will receive your Trial Tokens once the primary sale is complete. You can also purchase your tokens via credit card or wire transfer — just email [email protected] for more information. A Revolution Litigation should not be a class asset that parties cannot afford. Trial Token is changing the litigation financial system. By marrying collaboration and the advancements in technology, they are making the pursuit of justice inclusive, empowering, and transparent. Interested in Trial Token's pre-sale? There's still time! Learn more here and be a part of the revolution. RAIR Technologies launches RAIRprotocol – Open source infrastructure for enterprise dApp development RAIR Technologies today announced the launch of RAIRprotocol, a fully open-source dApp protocol layer. RAIRprotocol enables the creation of scalable dApps through an open token licensing model. Smart Account, Marketplace, DRM, & NFT infrastructure all in one place. RAIRprotocol offers out-of-the-box partnerships with Alchemy and Web3Auth, as well as integrations for Filebase, Google Cloud, Hashicorp, MongoDB Atlas, Coingecko, and many more. For the first time, 88+ documented API endpoints are available for enterprises to deploy via a novel open-source token licensing model. "One of the main reasons Web3 isn't growing and expanding beyond Web2 is because every Web3 startup wants to be Google. To succeed, Web3 must adhere to its foundational principles: decentralization, transparency, and community involvement," said Ed Prado, CEO of RAIR Technologies. "Large enterprises can minimize risk and gain a strategic advantage by integrating directly with our code." The RAIR open-source codebase represents four years and $3mm+ of proprietary development. Developers have the flexibility to utilize RAIR Technologies and RAIRprotocol together or independently, tailoring their approach to suit their specific project requirements. The 6 launch open-source microservices services include: - RAIRsolidity: Granular onchain NFT minting, royalty, resale, fungible token credit, and marketplace logic via ERC2535 upgradeable diamond multi-proxy contracts - RAIRnode: A backend to create modular API endpoints and scalable off chain cloud infrastructure. - RAIRfrontend: Deploying customizable mobile-first NFT marketplace frontends - RAIRstream: DRM-protected content with a full FFmpeg encoder/transcoder - RAIRsync: Specify all smart contract addresses to sync via Alchemy syncing engine - RAIRinfra: Full open-sourcing of RAIR cloud infrastructure tooling including Kubernetes and terraform workflows The RAIR open token license, inspired by the Apache 2.0 methodology, requires that an NFT license be included inside the NOTICE file of derivative works. This means that any projects based on or derived from RAIR's open-source code must include a specific NFT license notice to maintain compliance with the licensing terms. "With RAIRprotocol, developers can build onchain starting with a fully working box. It takes years and millions of dollars to build production grade dApps. By starting with a working opensource dApp, we can 10x the speed new developers onboard to Web3." said Garrett Minks, CTO of RAIR Technologies. The RAIRprotocol has been in active development since 2019 as an investor-backed, heretofore proprietary enterprise SaaS product. To learn about the RAIRprotocol and RAIR Technologies' full suite of now open-source Web3 software, please visit https://rairprotocol.org/. RAIR Technologies enables enterprises to seamlessly navigate asset creation, DRM security, royalty tracking, and marketplace trade and execution within a secure white-label environment. RAIR is driving innovation with its open-source RAIRprotocol. RAIRprotocol fosters scalability and innovation through a distinctive token licensing model that allows full access to the underlying RAIR Technologies source code. Chronicle Oracles Arrive on zkSync Chronicle Protocol is proud to announce the launch of support for zkSync. Scribe, blockchain's first fully verifiable and cost-efficient Oracle, is live now on zkSync Era. Chronicle Protocol's integration of zkSync unlocks decentralized, secure, and resilient price feeds for over 100 dApps already in the ecosystem. Chronicle has launched on zkSync Era with its core Oracles, BTC/USD and ETH/USD, with more price feeds such as USDT/USD, USDC/USD, and WSTETH to follow. "Together, Chronicle and zkSync combine the resilience of verifiable, gas-optimized, decentralized Oracles with the security and scalability of zk rollups, helping builders launch and serve their users on high integrity foundational infrastructure," said Jennifer Senhaji, Head of BD & Growth at Chronicle. Scribe tackles the underlying engineering problem behind the high cost of operating Oracles. The result is an Oracle that costs up to 6x less than Chainlink to update and 3.5x less than Pyth (on L1 and L2). This was achieved using Schnorr signatures – to read more about that, users can check out this research report by Token Terminal. With Scribe's arrival on zkSync Era, builders will immediately gain access to these huge cost-saving benefits without compromising on the security, resilience, or decentralization of the Oracle network. Values aligned Chronicle was the first Oracle on Ethereum back in 2017. It has long been a proponent of the "Ethereum approach". Therefore, preserving its foundational values—freedom, self-sovereignty, and decentralization—values that both Chronicle and zkSync are built on—makes this integration a perfect fit in more ways than one. Chronicle is delighted to build together with those on the zkSync ecosystem. The TL;DR on Scribe Choosing an Oracle to secure a protocol and its TVL is the most important consideration of them all. With that in mind, Chronicle Protocol has prepared a short rundown of the questions every Oracle user should have definitive, verifiable answers to and how Scribe stacks up: Where does the data come from? Chronicle Scribe displays every data source in real-time and historically via The Chronicle, its on-chain dashboard. Users can pick an Oracle, choose a time and date on the graph, and click the drop-down arrow on any validator to see which exchanges were queried for the price data. Oracle providers that use low volume and low liquidity exchanges or liquidity pools for data sources are the reason behind most DeFi protocol attacks. Every Oracle protocol should provide complete data source transparency to their users, and in a cryptographically verifiable way – not merely through words and images. Users are encouraged to seek verification rather than relyingsolely on trust. How many validators or signers does the protocol have? At Chronicle, protocol actors are referred to as validators. Other providers might call them signers or Oracles. These actors operate the nodes within the protocol that attest to the integrity of the reported data, such as the price of BTC/USD at a specific time. This is how to establish truth in an Oracle network. Enough of these nodes must report back with the requested data to develop a consensus. However, if a bad actor can gain control of the majority of these nodes, they can manipulate the reported data. Therefore, the more validators or nodes an Oracle protocol has and the more distributed (or decentralized) they are, the more secure it is from being hacked. Using The Chronicle, anyone can see who Chronicle Protocol's validators are, which cryptocurrency pairs or Oracles they are sourcing data for, and when their reported data was last updated. Scribe is the first Oracle design to pioneer the use of Schnorr signatures. This allows Chronicle Protocol to scale to an unlimited number of validators. No other Oracle protocol can achieve this as they all use an implementation of ECDSA that has a linear relationship between the number of validators and the cost of operating the Oracle. Oracle networks constructed in this way must keep validator or signer numbers low to maintain a lower operating cost, sacrificing better security and decentralization. Who are the protocol validators or signers Knowing the identity of the validators is just as important as the total number. This is because an actor running a node can report any data they please. For example, they could have the node report that BTC is worth $10,000 when the market value is $40,000, creating an attack vector and draining the DeFi protocol the Oracle 'secures.' Therefore, decentralized and distributed nodes should be at the top of your Oracle provider shopping list unless you want your Oracle provider to have the power to drain your project. Right now, more than one Oracle provider runs all or the majority of its protocol's nodes themselves, securing millions of dollars of TVL. Nothing stops them from draining your project if they get compromised. This is the risk of using a centralized Oracle. At Chronicle, all of our validators are distributed and identifiable, and many are operated by well-known brands with a good reputation and track record—projects such as MakerDAO, Infura, Gnosis, Gitcoin, Etherscan, and DeFi Saver. Our goal is to create a validator community of some of the most used protocols in the space, creating a positive feedback loop of increasing security and decentralization. What does it cost to operate the Oracles? Oracles are very gas-hungry. For example, every time the BTC/USD Oracle (or Feed) updates to the latest price, this has a gas cost as it is required to post the result on-chain. Regardless of L1 or L2, the more updates, the more cost, and the Oracle provider shoulders that cost. Therefore, many Oracle providers look to update the data less frequently. This creates stale data and opens up opportunities for arbitrage, with both the Dapp and the user of the Dapp losing out. With Scribe, we have tackled the underlying engineering problem behind the high cost of operating Oracles. The result is an Oracle that costs up to 6x less than Chainlink to update and 3.5x less than Pyth (on L1 and L2). This was achieved using Schnorr signatures – to read more about that, check out this research report by Token Terminal. About Chronicle Protocol Chronicle Protocol is a novel Oracle solution that has exclusively secured over $10B in assets for MakerDAO and its ecosystem since 2017. With a history of innovation, including the invention of the first Oracle on Ethereum, Chronicle Protocol continues to redefine Oracle networks. A blockchain-agnostic protocol, Chronicle overcomes the current limitations of transferring data on-chain by developing the first truly scalable, cost-efficient, decentralized, and verifiable Oracles, rewriting the rulebook on data transparency and accessibility. Radix does what other blockchains can't: help cut CO2 in tourism Radix, a full-stack solution for Web3 and DeFi, is being used to build a cutting-edge prototype for a blockchain-based system that reduces the carbon footprint of global tourism — after being identified as the only network with the infrastructure needed to make the project a success. Researchers developing the Carbon Tokenomics Model, which was unveiled on stage at COP28 as a revolutionary approach to tackling climate change, tested multiple blockchains in their search for a platform that was scalable enough to cope with the demands of the multibillion-dollar travel industry. High transaction fees and slow confirmation times meant many of the world's best-known chains were deemed unsuitable by the Surrey Academy for Blockchain and Metaverse Applications (SABMA) — except Radix, which boasts a unique consensus mechanism that can accommodate billions of users. Speaking on stage at ITB Berlin, the world's largest tourism trade fair, Eduard Goean, Visiting Professor at the University of Surrey, said: "We are building a prototype to prove that what we are saying could become reality. In order to make this, we have a partnership with the only blockchain company that we think in this moment is suitable for the visitor economy and the tourism industry. Why Radix? Because we analyzed the atomic composability and scalability of the blockchain." Tourism currently accounts for about 11% of global greenhouse gas emissions — equivalent to about 5.4 billion tonnes of CO2 — and there are fears that this figure could double by 2050 unless urgent action is taken. The goal of the Carbon Tokenomics Model is to help businesses and organizations across the visitor economy accurately measure their footprint, and take steps to mitigate it. The efficiency of existing offsetting solutions has been difficult to assess, especially in the voluntary carbon market. Although such credits can enable businesses, including airlines to diminish the environmental impact of their operations, some schemes have faced criticism for over-representing the reduction of CO2 emissions they cause. Full transparency on the blockchain has the potential to give the tourism and hospitality trade confidence that they're making a difference — and having a positive environmental impact. Some of the research being carried out by the University of Surrey is being partly funded by the U.K. government through a Knowledge Transfer Partnership, offering a vote of confidence into the importance and credibility of this project. A detailed research paper on the mechanics of the Carbon Tokenomics Model is due to be published in the coming months, with Radix founder Dan Hughes now working with SABMA on bringing this concept to life. Hughes said: "Radix's Cerberus consensus mechanism followed eight years of hard work, and it's now paying off. Our infrastructure is now being recognized in the business world as technologically superior to other blockchains — finally giving entrepreneurs the tools they need to bring ambitious ideas to market. I'm proud that Radix is playing its part in the battle against climate change, which is one of the most pressing issues our world faces right now. Our involvement with the Carbon Tokenomics Model and the future-forward team at SABMA shows the use cases for Radix extend far beyond DeFi and crypto." About Radix Radix is the only full-stack, Layer 1 smart contract platform that offers a radically better experience both for users and developers. With Radix, users can confidently use Web3 and DeFi to manage their assets and identities. For developers, Scrypto and Radix Engine provide a powerful and secure asset-oriented programming paradigm that allows builders to intuitively go from idea to production-ready dApps that their users will love. For more information, please visit radixdlt.com. Gora Network expands ecosystem with GORA launch on ERC-20 Gora Network, the leading multichain oracle network built on Algorand, is announcing the official launch of its native token, GORA, on the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) via the ERC-20 standard. This strategic expansion unlocks new possibilities for the Gora ecosystem by fostering wider user adoption and increased liquidity across the DeFi landscape. Enhanced accessibility and interoperability The launch of GORA in ERC-20 marks a significant milestone in the expansion strategy of Gora Network's EVM roadmap, complemented by the RociFi merger and the integration of Gora oracle on EVM networks. Developers can now explore Solidity code examples for data requests and off-chain computations in Gora, empowering them to create sophisticated dApps beyond simple price feeds. The launch of the ERC20 comes after adding testnet support for #EVM-based protocols, and is one more step in Gora's Multichain expansion roadmap.As Gora continues to evolve, it aims to revolutionize the space and empower developers to build the next generation of blockchain applications. Benefits for the Gora community With GORA now available on ERC-20, the Gora community can expect a range of advantages: - Increased liquidity: Listing on a prominent platform like ERC-20 provides access to a broader user base, potentially leading to increased trading volume and liquidity for GORA. - Enhanced utility: Users can now leverage GORA across a wider range of DeFi applications and services built on the EVM chain. - Trading opportunities: By becoming an ERC-20 token, the GORA token gains access to a broader pool of liquidity on Ethereum-based decentralized exchanges (DEXs) and liquidity pools. This increased liquidity enhances the trading experience for GORA token holders, providing them with greater flexibility and efficiency in executing trades and managing their portfolios. A stepping stone for growth The integration of the GORA token as an ERC-20 asset underscores Gora Network's commitment to innovation and growth within the decentralized finance landscape. By embracing interoperability and expanding its presence across multiple blockchain networks, Gora Network is poised to unlock new opportunities for decentralized applications, developers, and users worldwide. This paves the way for GORA integration into a myriad of decentralized applications (DApps) and smart contracts deployed on the Ethereum blockchain. Developers and projects within the Ethereum ecosystem will leverage the power of Gora Network's oracle solutions and decentralized data feeds, powered by the GORA token, to enhance the security, reliability, and functionality of their applications. "The launch of GORA on ERC-20 marks a significant milestone for Gora Network, opening doors to a broader ecosystem of DeFi innovation and interoperability. This integration not only enhances accessibility but also solidifies our commitment to democratizing access to reliable data feeds across multiple blockchain platforms, said Abdul Osman, CEO and Founder of Gora Network." The launch of GORA on ERC-20 marks a pivotal moment in Gora Network's journey. It signifies not only the expansion of its reach but also the unwavering commitment to building a future-proof oracle infrastructure for the ever-evolving DeFi landscape. By fostering interoperability, embracing innovation, and empowering developers, Gora Network is poised to play a vital role in shaping a more secure and accessible DeFi future. Empowering developers: Unveiling new tools and resources Gora Network remains dedicated to supporting developers in building the next generation of DeFi applications. As part of this commitment, Gora is releasing a comprehensive set of developer tools, including solidity code examples for data requests and off-chain computations. These resources will simplify the integration of Gora's oracles into dApps built on the Ethereum ecosystem, ensuring a seamless and efficient development experience. Beyond its EVM expansion, Gora Network is actively exploring the potential of Machine Learning (ML) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) to bolster the security and reliability of its oracle solutions. By embracing AI/ML, Gora aims to push the boundaries of oracle technology and contribute to the creation of a more secure and trustworthy DeFi ecosystem. About Gora Network Gora Network is a multichain oracle network built on Algorand, providing secure and reliable data feeds for DeFi applications. Gora leverages innovative cryptographic techniques and a decentralized oracle network to ensure data integrity and uptime. Through its GORA token, Gora empowers its community to participate in network security, governance and benefit from its growth. Join the Gora community For detailed updates regarding the deployment of the GORA token on ERC-20, ( listing, DEXs, CEXs, etc ) , stay tuned to Gora's social media channels and community forums for the latest news and announcements. Website: www.gora.io Twitter: https://twitter.com/GoraNetwork Discord: https://discord.com/invite/Pe8rwyPvKp Medium: https://goranetwork.medium.com/ Telegram: https://t.me/GoraNetwork Xai Foundation Launches Nodes on Nirvana Cloud, Ushering In a New Era of Layer 3 Scalability and Cutting Edge Web3 Cloud Computing for Gaming In partnership with Nirvana Cloud, Xai Foundation today announced the public launch of Xai RPC nodes to support Xai, the gaming blockchain that will enable real economies in the next generation of gaming. The Xai Foundation has deployed mainnet RPC nodes on Nirvana Cloud, which are available for developers via the Nirvana Labs developer platform. Available today, the RPC nodes are deployed in five of Nirvana Cloud's global regions including North America, Central Europe, Central Asia, and Southeast Asia. With Xai deploying on Nirvana Cloud's global bare metal cloud in five distinct regions, users are guaranteed the strongest uptime, lowest latency, and lowest cost per requests (CPR) for their blockchain data needs. Current Xai ecosystem partners and builders including Camelot DEX, Dora, Goldsky, and Supra Oracles are operational on the nodes. Soby, a core contributor to Xai, commented on today's news: "This collaboration ensures that game developers building on Xai have access to the most reliable and cost-effective infrastructure needed to power their games. Nirvana Cloud's global reach and bare metal technology guarantee the low latency and high uptime crucial for a seamless gaming experience. This is a significant step forward in empowering developers and fostering a thriving ecosystem for the future of blockchain-native gaming." The Xai nodes have been launched on bare metal deployment, with improved cost, global distribution, speed, and reliability for Xai game developers, delivering a better user experience for their end users. Nirvana RPC nodes deliver creators powerful tools such as auto-scaling and provisioning of cloud resources to handle the most demanding web3 use cases, as well as auto-routing to the nearest node, so developers can focus solely on the projects they are building. Dan Burke, CEO of Nirvana Labs, added: "Nirvana and Xai are coming together to solve a critical component of next-gen gaming with the newest in web3 tooling. We are ushering in a new era of blockchain infrastructure and usability with the latest in layer 3 scalability and cutting edge web3 cloud computing to bring high performance and cost optimized cloud infrastructure to the gaming industry. We are proud today to be first to market with Xai mainnet nodes deployed globally on Nirvana's bare metal cloud." Nirvana Labs, by utilizing its own proprietary bare metal cloud purpose built for web3 workloads, differentiates itself in three core areas versus traditional web2 providers and blockchain infrastructure providers reliant on web2 cloud providers: scalability and cost management, availability and latency, and through the comprehensive support and resources provided to clients. Tailored specifically for gaming, the Xai blockchain offers traditional gamers an abstracted wallet and account experience, provides developers with increased gas and contract limits, and establishes a fully decentralized ecosystem that fosters trust and transparency for all participants. About Xai Games Xai was developed to enable real economies and open trade in the next generation of video games. With Xai, potentially billions of traditional gamers can own and trade valuable in-game items in their favorite games for the first time, without the need to use crypto-wallets. Anyone can support the Xai network by operating a node which allows them to receive network rewards and participate in governance. Xai is developed by Offchain Labs leveraging Arbitrum technology. About Nirvana Cloud Nirvana Cloud is purpose built for the distinct workload characteristics of web3, emphasizing high CPU clock speeds, low RAM latency, and low storage latency which are starkly different from conventional web2 general-purpose tasks. Nirvana's cloud architecture is built with key objectives and metrics desirable for web3 firms: low latency and high throughput, resource cost optimization, CPU / RAM scalability and customizations, resilience and reliability, security and privacy, governance and sovereignty, and web3 focused tooling and customer support. XION Pioneers User-Friendly Blockchain Solutions with Latest Chain Abstraction Release XION, the first blockchain purpose-built for mainstream adoption, today launched its user-friendly Chain Abstraction solution. XION's Chain Abstraction combines XION's ease-of-use with seamless composability of users, apps, and liquidity across connected blockchains, beginning today with Injective. XION aims to make Web3 easier to navigate for all users by abstracting away its inherent complexities. Through familiar Web2 methods like email, users can seamlessly interact with XION applications across all devices, including desktop and mobile. Users can also enjoy a frictionless experience reminiscent of traditional Web2 platforms without the concerns associated with blockchain technology, such as gas fees. Today's Chain Abstraction launch serves as an extension of these functionalities to other connected blockchain ecosystems. "Just like the internet, users shouldn't need to know which infrastructure applications they are using are built on. All that matters is that it works," said Burnt Banksy, a core contributor to XION. He added, "We're proud to launch Chain Abstraction as it vastly accelerates XION's impact in making Web3 accessible to all users." Previously, cross-chain usability has been notoriously difficult for users to navigate and has resulted in fragmentation across ecosystems. However, with Chain Abstraction, XION aims to reshape the historically competitive nature of L1s – who typically fight for users, liquidity, and developers – to enable mainstream adoption. Through the inaugural integration with Injective, users can utilize Talis with their XION account, without needing to grapple with complexities such as cross-chain bridging, browser plugins, seed phrases, gas fees, and transaction signing. XION will progressively roll out its user-friendly Chain Abstraction to many more ecosystems. Interested users can try XION's Chain Abstraction on testnet today. About XION XION is the first layer one blockchain purpose-built for consumer adoption through crypto abstraction. Utilizing protocol-level implementations related to abstracted accounts, signatures, fees, interoperability, and more, XION enables secure, intuitive, and seamless user experiences. The project has previously raised over $32M from top-tier investors, including Animoca, Circle Ventures, Multicoin, Draper Dragon, Spartan, and more. To learn more about XION, follow @burnt_xion on Twitter, or visit xion.burnt.com. Saakuru Leads the Gasless Blockchain Revolution, Disrupting the Industry Saakuru announced some recently reached milestones in its development, which put it at the forefront of the gasless blockchain revolution currently disrupting the industry. The consumer-centric L2 protocol entered the top 5 brands in its niche within 9 months of launch. Moreover, according to data from DappRadar, it records over 1.44 million/week. Saakuru is preparing for the official launch of its Saakuru token ($SKR) before the end of April. The project also successfully raised $2.4 million in an oversubscribed private funding round to develop its protocol. The Saakuru Protocol is an up-and-coming proponent of gasless technology, considered by many an accelerator of Web3 adoption into the mainstream. Its mission is to improve the user experience for both developers and end users and drastically reduce costs. These enhancements should forever change the blockchain landscape, enabling the development of more versatile decentralized applications boasting higher security standards, cost-effectiveness, and ease of use. As of 2024, blockchain technology is stagnating and used mainly for crypto trading. Also, the broadly adopted Ethereum model, based on gas fees fluctuating depending on network use, can lead to high costs and a disappointing user experience. Lastly, most blockchain networks face significant security issues, deterring new users from onboarding promising projects. Saakuru has developed a public-permission, gas-less L2 blockchain powered by Oasys High-Speed Optimistic Rollups. The network's design eliminates gas fees, significantly improves user experience, and proposes new tokenomics models. For instance, it enables the easy creation and execution of token contracts, including features like vesting, staking, data tracking, and management. This approach differs significantly from most layer-2 blockchain networks, which rely primarily on governance tokens. The Saakuru token is a multi-purpose token ensuring utility and governance for the Saakuru Protocol. It uses an advanced burning mechanism to gradually reduce its supply while potentially increasing its value. The token is involved in all the operative layers of the Saakuru protocol: - Developer Layer—Also known as Saakuru Labs, this feature provides several products and services with proprietary business models. The system burns the token with 10% of the profit. - DeFi Layer — This feature is facilitated by Taffy DEX technology, and 0.005% of every fee collected from on-chain and cross-chain transactions throughout the Taffy DEX protocol is converted to SKR tokens and burned. - Governance Layer — SKR token holders can use their tokens to participate in the protocol's governance model. Moreover, 5% of the tokens used to initiate the review process are burned. - Protection Layer — The SKR token is burned if the SKR token protection mechanism is triggered, and 3% of saved tokens will be burned. The Saakuru team believes the protocol's gas-less operations will drive quick and consistent adoption of the SKR token. Moreover, developers can stake their SKR tokens to refill their credit balances monthly and drive the ecosystem's growth. Another aspect that should increase demand for gas-less blockchain networks like Saakuru is the outdated properties of the currently available external wallet model. The Saakuru team believes developers and users will soon adopt the embeddable model, defined by increased security and numerous configurable features in any mobile app in one day. This type of wallet can provide a better, user-friendlier experience without reducing security. The Saakuru protocol will also feature prebuilt, easy-to-launch modules for basic Web3 interoperability functions, such as smart contract event tracking and interaction APIs. It will also have an NFTs CRM and zkNFTs verification layer, allowing businesses to integrate Web3 technologies seamlessly into their operations. About Saakuru Saakuru takes a new, innovative approach to Web3 and proposes a blockchain that doesn't charge gas fees, maintains stability through top security practices, and fosters new projects, applications, and ideas. To this end, the team launched the Saakuru Developer Suite, a comprehensive toolset that includes libraries and APIs and enables developers to create applications faster. The development team behind Saakuru has more than ten years of experience making Web2 products and six years of experience in Web3 applications, both from the developer's and business sides. Their experience enabled them to discover the primary issues of decentralized production that prevented them from reaching mainstream use. Saakuru benefits from increasing support from the industry, including prominent educators on blockchain technology, such as Ivan on Tech, an angel investor in the Saakuru Protocol. Linea Going from Strength to Strength with Lynex on the Front Lines The Linea blockchain has gone from strength to strength over the last quarter, seeing TVL and volume soar. Lynex and its ingenious community engagement strategy stand as a key contributor to this organic growth. This impressive achievement highlights the strength and potential of the Linea ecosystem, a product of the renowned blockchain software houseConsenSys, which is also known for owning the popular cryptocurrency wallet MetaMask. With its lattice-based cryptography, which is faster, less computationally heavy and easier to implement than other cryptography methods, Linea is a key player in the market of Layer 2 scaling solutions for Ethereum. Linea has seen mass organic growth with TVL tripling over the last trimester and volume quadrupling in the last month. Part of this growth has been thanks to the community efforts in bolstering liquidity and driving engagement, coordinated by Lynex, the leading DEX and native liquidity layer on Linea. Lynex, the top DEX on the network boasts an elevated rendition of the ve(3,3) DEX model and has contributed greatly to the organic growth and engagement on the network, with TVL on the protocol seeing a 1600% increase in the last month at the time of writing. Through a community-centric airdrop mechanism, Lynex is incentivizing investors to explore the ecosystem to use other protocols, to maximise their chances of airdrop, which has proven to be quite an effective tactic in driving growth. Lynex's Recent Milestones The surge in TVL is a testament to the increasing confidence and interest from the DeFi community in the Linea blockchain and its associated projects, particularly Lynex. The platform has played a crucial role in this growth, thanks partly to its strategic community airdrop, which has successfully attracted a wider user base and fostered a more engaged and vibrant community. A total of 10% of Lynex's initial supply has been earmarked for distribution to holders of existing ve-like protocols and those who have actively engaged with the Lynex community. This strategic airdrop is a testament to Lynex's dedication to fostering a strong, engaged, and empowered community, and truly embodying the role of being a native liquidity layer. Lynex aims to create a more inclusive and collaborative ecosystem that benefits all stakeholders by rewarding our users for their loyalty and participation. Lynex has also been named the official DEX partner of Linea's much-celebrated community coin, FOXY. This partnership comes after Lynex had seen mammoth growth in TVL and token price over the last quarter and solidifies its place at the top of the food chain in the Linea ecosystem. Lynex's Innovative Tokenomic Model Helps Drive Growth Lynex continues leading the way in DeFi innovation with its advanced Automated Liquidity Management (ALM) and unique tokenomics. The ALM feature allows users to optimize their liquidity provision, reducing the risks associated with impermanent loss and ensuring more stable and profitable returns. Meanwhile, Lynex's tokenomics model is designed to align the interests of liquidity providers, token holders, and the broader ecosystem, creating a more sustainable and rewarding platform for all participants. Lynex's innovative tokenomics model, oTokenomics, is revolutionizing the DeFi ecosystem by addressing critical challenges such as token devaluation and incentive misalignment for Liquidity Providers (LPs). This model aligns user and protocol interests, ensuring long-term stability and growth. The "Darkpool" Is Coming Lynex is also set to disrupt the liquidity provision landscape very soon by introducing its groundbreaking 'Darkpool' technology on the Linea blockchain. Developed in collaboration with security experts at Salus Security, this cutting-edge innovation promises to bring unparalleled privacy to the trading world. By leveraging the power of zero-knowledge proofs, zkLynex's Darkpool technology ensures that traders can execute their transactions with complete confidentiality, protecting both their strategies and market positions. About Lynex Lynex is a leading decentralized exchange (DEX) and liquidity marketplace built on the Linea blockchain. With a focus on innovation, security, and user experience, Lynex aims to provide a seamless and efficient trading platform for the DeFi community. The platform features advanced technologies such as Automated Liquidity Management (ALM), innovative ve(3,3) DEX model and tokenomics, and soon, Darkpools for enhanced privacy in trading. About Linea Linea is a Layer 2 blockchain developed by ConsenSys, the company behind MetaMask. It offers a scalable and secure platform for EVM decentralized applications (dApps) and decentralized finance (DeFi) projects. Linea's rapid growth and increasing Total Value Locked (TVL) reflect its potential to become a leading blockchain for DeFi and beyond. Swirlds Labs Brings Open Source HashioDAO Framework to the Hedera Network, Making DAO Formation Simple, Accessible, and Inclusive for All Web3 Communities Swirlds Labs, the team providing development and support for the Hedera network, has released HashioDAO — an open-source, user-friendly interface for creating and managing decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs) on Hedera. HashioDAO makes it easier for communities to form, govern, and operate DAOs efficiently, using Hedera's underlying technology. It can cater to various governance needs, responding to the need for decentralized, transparent decision-making tools that diverse communities can easily adopt. Communities looking to establish DAOs for decentralized governance have often faced extensive technical and financial complexities. HashioDAO provides an interface that simplifies the creation and management of DAOs for users, without requiring extensive technical expertise, leveraging Hedera's enhanced security and performance capabilities. It streamlines the management of DAOs through a web app that guides users through the entire process of launching a DAO, simplifying the technical aspects while leaving decisions and control over structure, governance, and management to the DAO creators. Users will be able to access the open-source HashioDAO code directly on Github. Swirlds Labs will also offer a free, community-hosted version of HashioDAO to support adoption and ensure accessibility. HashioDAO offers DAO creators user-friendly access to features such as customizable governance tokens, multi-sig options, and treasury management, enabling communities to easily adopt decentralized governance models suited to their specific needs. For example, HashioDAO users can adopt token/NFT-based voting and proposal creation, without needing prior technical expertise. Emphasizing transparency, inclusivity, and participation, HashioDAO will foster greater participation in decision-making processes. Dr. Leemon Baird, Co-Founder of Hedera and Swirlds Labs, said, "Traditional decision-making mechanisms within organizations often lack transparency and are inefficient. This reduces the trust and engagement of community members. Not only that, but setting up a DAO from scratch can be a daunting task. It can be technically complex, and require a great amount of knowledge, and development resources. We will change that with the release of HashioDAO. This simplifies establishing a DAO, to make it as simple as possible, to allow any organization or community to quickly and easily create new organizations with democratic governance." The release of HashioDAO follows on from other free services that Swirlds Labs has brought to Hedera in the past including the HashScan ledger explorer and the Hashio JSON-RPC relay. About Swirlds Labs Swirlds Labs was established with the mission to accelerate the future, built on Hedera – the most used, greenest, enterprise-grade public ledger for the decentralized economy. Our vision is to enable 'Shared Worlds', where anyone can gather, collaborate, conduct commerce, and control their own online footprint. We will enable this vision by continuing to provide development and other support for the Hedera network, building community and enterprise solutions that enable fast, rapidly scalable adoption of Hedera network services, and cultivating 'moonshot' projects that will change the way humans and organizations interact in cyberspace. Paragon Network Unveils Test Net, Showcasing Breakthrough Capabilities in Decentralized Computing Excitement fills the air as Paragon Network, the pioneering force in decentralized computing, announces the launch of its highly anticipated Test Net. This significant milestone marks a pivotal moment in the evolution of Paragon Network, as it solidifies its position as a leader in the realm of Layer-1 protocols for smart contracts. "We're thrilled to announce that our Test Net is now live, and we extend our gratitude to the $PARA community for their patience," says a representative for Paragon Network. "Paragon Network stands as a Layer-1 protocol for smart contracts, employing a sharded proof-of-stake (PoS) system capable of processing up to 1000 transactions per second." Paragon Network is not just another blockchain project; it's a game-changer in the world of decentralized computing. Combining a modular, EVM-compatible Layer 1 infrastructure with a Delegated Proof-of-Stake (DPoS) consensus mechanism, Paragon Network offers users unparalleled security, scalability, and accessibility. The Test Net rollout showcases Paragon Network's commitment to innovation and excellence. With efficient sharding technology at its core, Paragon Network offers unmatched scalability and performance, capable of processing transactions at lightning speed while maintaining full compatibility with Ethereum's infrastructure. Transactions within Paragon Network aren't settled directly on Ethereum. However, the network preserves full compatibility with Ethereum's infrastructure. The native token of Paragon Network, $PARA, facilitates this compatibility, thanks to efficient sharding technology, significantly reducing the computational demands of running a node on the network. As Paragon Network gears up for its official launch, the team remains focused on its mission to establish a decentralized chain dedicated to distributing cloud computing power and forming the Cloud Computing Alliance (CCA). By hosting all other cloud computing networks on ETH and migrating them to #PARAGON, Paragon Network aims to revolutionize the cloud computing industry. "We're entering an exciting new era of decentralized computing, and Paragon Network is at the forefront of this revolution," concludes the Paragon Network team. "We invite enthusiasts, developers, and enterprises alike to join us on this journey towards a future powered by decentralized technology." To join the Paragon Network Test Net and experience the future of decentralized computing firsthand, use the following information: - Network Name: Para Test - RPC: http://18.104.22.168:8545 - Chain ID: 1993 - Currency Symbol: PARA - Explorer: http://18.104.22.168:4000 Paragon Network is more than just a project; it's a movement toward a future where decentralized technology is accessible to everyone. Join us as we revolutionize the world of cloud computing and GPU network tokenization with Paragon Network. For more information about Paragon Network and how to get involved, visit Paragon Network's official website at https://networkparagon.io/. To be a part of the Paragon Network community, join the official Telegram channel at https://t.me/Network_Paragon. About Paragon Network Paragon Network is a decentralized computing platform that aims to democratize access to decentralized technology. With its modular, EVM-compatible Layer 1 infrastructure and DPoS consensus mechanism, Paragon Network offers users unparalleled security, scalability, and accessibility. By integrating Real-World Assets (RWA) and employing AI-driven security measures, Paragon Network is revolutionizing the landscape of cloud computing and GPU network tokenization. Website: https://networkparagon.io/ Blockchain2 weeks ago Radix does what other blockchains can't: help cut CO2 in tourism Blockchain3 weeks ago Xai Foundation Launches Nodes on Nirvana Cloud, Ushering In a New Era of Layer 3 Scalability and Cutting Edge Web3 Cloud Computing for Gaming Blockchain2 weeks ago Gora Network expands ecosystem with GORA launch on ERC-20 Altcoins3 weeks ago Royal Finance Coin Pre-Sale Announced: An Environmental-Friendly Investment Opportunity Prioritizing Long-Time Value Growth Blockchain2 weeks ago Chronicle Oracles Arrive on zkSync News2 weeks ago The gaming ecosystem giant E-PAL declares official entry in the Web3 gaming world Altcoins2 weeks ago CREAT'OR Shakes Up Equity Crowdfunding With Beta Stage ICO and StakeXchange Platform Altcoins2 weeks ago BitVM-Based Bitlayer's $50M Developer Incentive Airdrop Program Brings in Over 800 Projects
Protecting Your Digital Footprint: Essential Online Privacy and Data Security Ti In today's digital age, protecting your digital footprint is more important than ever. With the constant threat of online privacy breaches and data security risks, it's essential to take proactive measures to safeguard your personal information and online activities. Whether you're browsing the web, using social media, or making online purchases, there are steps you can take to minimize the risk of your information falling into the wrong hands. In this blog, we'll explore some essential online privacy and data security tips to help you protect your digital footprint and stay safe online. Main Points - Use strong, unique passwords for all of your online accounts - Enable two-factor authentication whenever possible - Avoid oversharing personal information on social media - Regularly update your software and devices to patch security vulnerabilities - Be cautious of phishing attempts and suspicious links Understanding and Mitigating Risks in the Digital Ecosystem Hey there, digital world can be a bit tricky sometimes, don't you think? But no worries, we've got your back! In this article, we'll dive into the nitty-gritty of understanding the risks lurking in the digital ecosystem and how to deal with them. So, grab a cup of coffee and let's get started! What are the risks? First and foremost, it's important to acknowledge that the digital world is not all rainbows and unicorns. From cyber attacks to data breaches, there are a myriad of risks that businesses and individuals face in the online realm. But fret not! By educating ourselves about these risks and implementing robust security measures, we can effectively mitigate the threats and keep our digital assets safe and sound. Adopting Best Practices for Strong Password Management and Authentication Hey there, folks! Today, we're going to dive into the world of password management and authentication. It's extremely important to follow the best practices in this area to keep your online accounts and information safe and secure. When it comes to creating strong passwords, length, complexity, and uniqueness are key factors to consider. It's crucial to use a combination of uppercase and lowercase letters, numbers, and special characters to make your passwords as secure as possible. Additionally, using a different password for each of your accounts is essential in case one of them gets compromised. Best Practices for Password Management and Authentication Practice \| Description \| Enable multi-factor authentication \| Adding an extra layer of security to your accounts by requiring a second form of verification, such as a code sent to your phone. \| Use a reputable password manager \| Storing and generating complex passwords, and syncing them across your devices for convenience. \| Regularly update and change passwords \| Changing your passwords every few months and updating them immediately if a security breach is announced. \| By adopting these best practices for strong password management and authentication, you can significantly reduce the risk of unauthorized access to your accounts and protect your valuable information from cyber threats. Understanding the Maze of Data Encryption and Safe Communication Hey there folks! Today we're going to dive into the fascinating world of data encryption and secure communications. It's a complex topic, but don't worry, we've got you covered. We'll explore the ins and outs of privacy, security, and protection when it comes to safeguarding your data and communication. Let's get started! In conclusion, protecting your digital footprint is essential for maintaining online privacy and data security. By implementing the tips and strategies mentioned in this article, such as using strong and unique passwords, enabling two-factor authentication, and being cautious about sharing personal information online, you can better protect yourself from potential cyber threats. With the increasing amount of personal data being shared online, it is crucial to be proactive in safeguarding your digital footprint to prevent unauthorized access and potential misuse of your information. Stay informed and vigilant about online privacy and data security to ensure that your digital footprint remains protected.
Health professionals regularly screen for five types of cancer — breast, colon, lung, prostate and cervical — yet those five comprise only half of all cancer deaths. Researchers at the University of Oklahoma are studying a new blood test that potentially can identify more than 50 types of cancer, notably the ones that might otherwise go undetected until after the cancer has spread. The clinical trial, offered at OU Health Stephenson Cancer Center, is studying a multi-cancer early detection test made by the company Grail. OU is among about 40 institutions across North America that are enrolling participants to determine how well the test can detect cancer and identify where it is in the body. "This is an exciting trial because we know that catching cancer early saves lives. We are already seeing instances where the test finds a cancer at an early stage, when it is much more treatable," said OU Health radiation oncologist Jerry Jaboin, M.D., Ph.D., professor and chair of the Department of Radiation Oncology in the OU College of Medicine. He is leading the trial with OU Health radiation oncologist Andrea Johnston, M.D., assistant professor in the department. The trial is open to people ages 50 to 80 because aging itself is one of the biggest risk factors for cancer. Participants have their blood drawn and pathologists study the samples to determine if there is a "signal" for cancer and where it is originating from in the body. Those who receive a positive signal undergo follow-up diagnostic testing appropriate for the type of cancer suspected, such as imaging or further blood analysis. The costs of the follow-up testing are covered by the clinical trial. "When someone has a positive finding, our health care professionals will usually find a tumor within 60 days if it is present," Jaboin said. "If the person has a false positive, it usually takes four to six months to complete the work-up. Then we touch base with participants for the following three years." The Grail multi-cancer early detection test works first by determining if cancer cells are present. The body's cells naturally release DNA into the bloodstream, and if cancer cells are present, they do the same. The Grail test spots the cancer cells because of their genetic dysfunction. Finding evidence of cancer isn't helpful, however, unless researchers also know where it is located in the body. To determine the site of origin, the test analyzes methylation patterns, which signify that genes are being turned off or on. "When we receive data from these tests, the patterns look like barcodes with light and dark areas. Through those patterns, we can say, 'This cancer is probably from the colon' or 'This one is from the esophagus.' With those two sets of information — the genetic abnormalities and the methylation patterns — we have a pretty good predictive model of where the tumor is coming from," Jaboin said. This is the second clinical trial to study this particular test. In the first trial, and thus far in the second, the patients who receive a signal for cancer go on to be officially diagnosed nearly 40% of the time. That rate is similar to cancer detected by colonoscopies and mammograms, Jaboin said. Researchers are also collecting information about how trial participants react to a test that has the potential to detect multiple cancers. When people typically undergo cancer screening, they are only worried about one type of cancer, such as breast cancer. "With this test, people don't necessarily know what they should be worried about, so it probably comes with more stress than we realize," Johnston said. "In health care, we are starting to better understand people's mental states, how they're handling information and how that impacts their overall quality of life. This trial is helping us to see what people are going through outside of our jobs of diagnosing and treating the cancer." Jaboin said the research staff has been intentional in its enrollment of all populations, including those historically underrepresented. The trial has also drawn the interest of groups of people who have a higher risk of cancer because of their careers, such as firefighters. Although the Grail test is available commercially, insurance typically does not cover it, leaving patients to pay about $1,000 for the test itself and more for any follow-up diagnostic tests. Jaboin said the outcomes of this trial could help insurance companies decide future coverage. This clinical trial offers a preview of many similar trials yet to come at OU Health Stephenson Cancer Center. Earlier this year, OU received a grant to join the National Cancer Institute's new Cancer Screening Research Network to study promising new approaches for cancer screening; multi-cancer detection tests will feature prominently in the trials. "It is exciting to do this work at an academic health center because we can implement new detection and treatment options sooner than other facilities can do," Johnston said. "Meanwhile, we are teaching residents about these promising technologies, and they are taking that knowledge forward into their careers." For more information about the trial, call 405-271-8001, extension 33524.
- West Linn - Wilsonville School District - Special Education Handbook - Eligibility - Hearing Impairment Eligibility Student Services Page Navigation - Student Services Department - Special Education Programs & Services - 2022-2023 Newsletters - Prior Newsletters - Motor Team Website - Mental Health Specialists - Parents - School Counseling Tools & Resources Special Education Handbook - Assistive Technology - Autism Support - Bathroom Skills - Independence - Behavior Support - Case Management - Child Find - Co-Curricular Activities - Discipline - SPED - EI/ECSE Evaluations - Autism Eligibility - Communication Disorder Eligibility - Deaf-Blindness Eligibility - Developmental Delay Eligibility - Emotional Disturbance Eligibility - Hearing Impairment Eligibility - Intellectual Disability Eligibility - Orthopedic Impairment Eligibility - Other Health Impairment Eligibility - Specific Learning Disability Eligibility - Traumatic Brain Injury Eligibility - Visual Impairment Eligibility - Evaluation - Grading - Home Instruction - Home School, Private School, and Charter School - Instructional Resources Primary - Instructional Resources Secondary - Motor (OT/PT) - Move-ins and Transfer Students - ParaEducators - Parents: Collaboration, Communication & Procedural Safeguards - Peer Supports - Placement - Regional Programs - Safe Eating Teams - Specially Designed Instruction (SDI) - Speech & Language - State/District Assessments - Transition and Graduation - Translation - Interpretation - Transportation - Health Services - Inclusive Classrooms and Behavior Support - Smart Start - Professional Development Hearing Impairment Eligibility Guiding Principles As with any eligibility decision, the question of eligibility for special education under the category of Hearing Impairment is an important one. Special education can provide much needed supports and insight for students with disabilities. At the same time, the identification for special education can impact the ways a student experiences school, and the mindset of the learner and those around them. Hearing Impairment (HI) refers to a hearing condition, whether permanent or fluctuating, that adversely affects a child's educational performance. The term includes hard-of-hearing or deaf. "Hard-of-Hearing" typically means a hearing condition which is functional with or without amplified sound and adversely affects the student's educational performance. "Deaf" means a hearing impairment that is so severe that the student is impaired in processing linguistic information through hearing, with or without amplification. Students who are deaf or hard-of-hearing and their families are a heterogeneous group in terms of hearing levels, cause, age of onset, use of assistive technology, and language skills. They also reflect the diversity of society and can share membership in other groups related to differences in religion, ethnicity, disability and sexual identity. Most students who are deaf or hard-of-hearing share a common trait in that they can access language fully through the visual channel. (NASP Position Statement, 2012) Procedural Guidance The Columbia Regional Program (CRP) provides vital assistance and guidance in the eligibility process and providing service for students with a hearing impairment. Contact your building Special Education Instructional Coordinator (SPED IC) to complete the CRP referral form - An audiogram is required for an eligibility of Hearing Impairment - A copy of the audiogram must be sent to CRP with the referral form - As with any medical statement required for eligibility, the Student Services office can work with families to help them obtain an audiogram Additional evaluation components: - A medical statement that confirms the presence of either a sensory-neural hearing loss or a conductive loss that has been determined to be untreatable by a physician - Additional assessments to determine impact of disability (educational performance for school-age students and developmental progress for preschool aged children) conducted in collaboration with the CRP Hearing Impaired Specialist Use of Interpreters in the Evaluation Process: - Whenever possible, to ensure the student's right to an evaluation in his or her primary language, an evaluator proficient in the student's preferred language or communication mode should utilized. When that is not possible, a certified sign language interpreter should be provided. - The evaluator is responsible for training the interpreter to serve in an ancillary examiner role. The evaluator will need to collaborate with the interpreter to make sure that the visual communication does not unduly influence the responses of the student (i.e. finger-spelling words that may not have a conceptual sign could impact the validity of the results if the assessment is measuring spelling). - Invite the CRP hearing specialist as the professional who is knowledgeable and experienced in the evaluation and education of children with Hearing Impairment unless the district has another professional with the requisite knowledge. In the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), Hearing Impairment is listed with the disability code #20 Link to Columbia Regional Deaf/Hard-of-Hearing Program Columbia Regional Deaf/Hard-of-Hearing Student Referral Form
Create successful ePaper yourself Turn your PDF publications into a flip-book with our unique Google optimized e-Paper software. <strong>26</strong>CHAPTERA <strong>Closer</strong> <strong>Look</strong><strong>at</strong> <strong>Amniotes</strong>KEY CONCEPTS<strong>26</strong>.1 <strong>Amniotes</strong>Reptiles, birds, and mammals are amniotes.<strong>26</strong>.2 ReptilesReptiles were the first amniotes.<strong>26</strong>.3 BirdsBirds have many adapt<strong>at</strong>ions for flight.<strong>26</strong>.4 MammalsEvolutionary adapt<strong>at</strong>ions allowed mammals to succeeddinosaurs as a dominant terrestrial vertebr<strong>at</strong>e.BIOLOGYCLASSZONE.COMBIOLOGYView anim<strong>at</strong>ed chapterconcepts.• Bird Flight• Beak Shape and DietKeep current with biology news.• Fe<strong>at</strong>ured stories• News feeds• CareersRESOURCE CENTERGet more inform<strong>at</strong>ion on• Body Temper<strong>at</strong>ure• Reptiles• Birds786 Unit 8: Animals Is this a monkeyor a mouse?The large eyes and ears of this easterntarsier make it an excellent nocturnalhunter. These unusual mammals are prim<strong>at</strong>esand are closely rel<strong>at</strong>ed to modernmonkeys. About the same size as a kitten,a tarsier has strong hind legs similar tothose of frogs. The tarsier's eyes cannotmove but it has a full range of view becauseit can rot<strong>at</strong>e its head almost 360 degrees.ConnectingCONCEPTSBiomes Tarsiers areexceptional climbers th<strong>at</strong>live only in the tropical rainforests of southeastern Asia.Deep within these junglesare areas of the highestbiodiversity on Earth. Highabove the ground, an entirecommunity of species haveadapted to become arboreal.They live almost their entirelives in the treetops, orforest canopy, very rarelysetting foot on the denseforest floor.Chapter <strong>26</strong>: A <strong>Closer</strong> <strong>Look</strong> <strong>at</strong> <strong>Amniotes</strong> 787 <strong>26</strong>.1 <strong>Amniotes</strong>KEY CONCEPT Reptiles, birds, and mammals are amniotes.MAIN IDEAS• Amniote embryos develop in a fluid-filled sac.• An<strong>at</strong>omy and circul<strong>at</strong>ion differ among amniotes.• <strong>Amniotes</strong> can be ectothermic or endothermic.VOCABULARYpulmonary circuit, p. 789systemic circuit, p. 789ectotherm, p. 791endotherm, p. 791Connect When you were about nine weeks into your development, you had amass of about 2 grams and measured about 18 millimeters long, roughly the sizeof a dime. Over the next seven months, you grew and developed while livingsafely inside a fluid-filled membrane, or amniotic sac. There are many differenttypes of amniotes, but each of them, like you, begins life inside an amniotic sac.FIGURE <strong>26</strong>.1 Amniotic EggInside the shell of an amniotic egg, four membranesperform specific functions during development ofthe embryo.embryoAmnion Protectsand surroundsthe embryoChorion Allows gas exchangewith outside environmentMAIN IDEAAmniote embryos develop in a fluid-filled sac.Reptiles, birds, and mammals are all amniotes. Recall from Chapter 25 th<strong>at</strong>amniotes develop in a sac inside the mother's abdomen. This sac containseverything an embryonic vertebr<strong>at</strong>e needs to grow and prepare for the worldoutside. In some amniotes, the sac is contained inside the mother's body. Inother amniotes, a tough outer shell protects embryos as they develop outsideof the mother. This shell is semipermeable, which means th<strong>at</strong> it allows gasessuch as oxygen and carbon dioxide to pass through but prevents the embryofrom drying out by holding w<strong>at</strong>er inside.Allantois Holdswaste m<strong>at</strong>erials asthe embryo growsYolk sac Contains thenutrient supply for thegrowing embryoAn egg is a completely self-sustaining containerth<strong>at</strong> provides enough energy and nutrients toenable the embryo to m<strong>at</strong>ure. The illustr<strong>at</strong>ion inFIGURE <strong>26</strong>.1 shows the different membranes foundinside an amniotic egg. The egg you may havee<strong>at</strong>en for breakfast this morning was formed withall of the necessary membranes and nutrient storesto support a chicken embryo. But because the eggwas never fertilized, the genetic composition ofthe egg remained haploid and did not develop intoan embryo.The development of the amniotic egg was animportant adapt<strong>at</strong>ion because it allowed vertebr<strong>at</strong>esto reproduce on land. Without the self-containedsource of energy and w<strong>at</strong>er, an egg needed todevelop in w<strong>at</strong>er or else the embryo would dry out.Predict Wh<strong>at</strong> happens when all of the resources th<strong>at</strong>are stored inside the egg are used?788 Unit 8: Animals MAIN IDEAAn<strong>at</strong>omy and circul<strong>at</strong>iondiffer among amniotes.Over time, amniotes have evolved manydifferent body shapes and sizes, resultingin many differences in an<strong>at</strong>omy andblood circul<strong>at</strong>ion.An<strong>at</strong>omyThe first amniotes walked in a sprawl similarto th<strong>at</strong> of the lizard in FIGURE <strong>26</strong>.2. A lizard'slegs stick out on either side of its body. Itwalks with its elbows and knees bent.Muscles around the ribs help propel the bodyforward, and their contractions make the lizard's body sway from side to sidewith each step. Because these same muscles also infl<strong>at</strong>e the lungs, many animalswith a sprawling stance cannot run and bre<strong>at</strong>he <strong>at</strong> the same time. However,some reptiles have adapt<strong>at</strong>ions th<strong>at</strong> allow them to bre<strong>at</strong>he while running.<strong>Amniotes</strong> such as mammals, dinosaurs, and birds evolved a more uprightstance. The c<strong>at</strong> in FIGURE <strong>26</strong>.2 has straighter limbs than the lizard. Its legs areunderne<strong>at</strong>h its body and hold it far away from the ground. When it walks, itslegs swing back and forth like pendulums, and its body does not wiggle fromside to side. An upright stance uses less energy than a sprawling one. It alsosepar<strong>at</strong>es the muscles the animal uses to bre<strong>at</strong>he from the muscles it uses towalk and run. The evolution of the diaphragm, an independent muscle usedto expand the chest cavity and force air into the lungs, separ<strong>at</strong>ed the musclesneeded for walking and bre<strong>at</strong>hing. A diaphragm enables amniotes with anupright stance to run and bre<strong>at</strong>he <strong>at</strong> the same time.Circul<strong>at</strong>ionAs amniotes evolved, their bodies required more energy for movement andgrowth. To get this energy, their tissues demanded more energy and neededhighly efficient ways of delivering this oxygen. This need led to the developmentof many different types of circul<strong>at</strong>ory systems. All amniotes have acentralized heart th<strong>at</strong> moves blood through a complex system of blood vesselsto deliver nutrients to tissues and organs.All amniotes have two circuits of blood vessels. Because the circuits aresepar<strong>at</strong>e, amniotes can conserve energy more effectively. The two circuitsof blood vessels are the pulmonary and systemic circuits.• The pulmonary circuit moves oxygen-poor blood from the heart to thelungs, and oxygen-rich blood back to the heart.• The systemic circuit moves oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the restof the body.The differences in amniote circul<strong>at</strong>ory systems evolved over millions ofyears. As you will see, these differences affect the efficiency of an organism'severyday functions and behavior.FIGURE <strong>26</strong>.2 The sprawling walkingstyle illustr<strong>at</strong>ed by thisKomodo dragon is very differentfrom the upright stance of a c<strong>at</strong>.An<strong>at</strong>omical fe<strong>at</strong>ures make bre<strong>at</strong>hingeasier and more efficient forupright walkers.TAKING NOTESUse a two-column chart to takenotes on the pulmonary andsystemic blood circuits.Pulmonary CircuitSystemic CircuitChapter <strong>26</strong>: A <strong>Closer</strong> <strong>Look</strong> <strong>at</strong> <strong>Amniotes</strong> 789 ConnectingCONCEPTSCircul<strong>at</strong>ory System The heart isa muscle for pumping bloodthrough the body. It is made oftwo different types of chambers.The right and left <strong>at</strong>ria collectblood from the body and lungs,and the right and left ventriclespump blood to the lungs andbody. You will learn more aboutthe heart in Chapter 30.Like amphibians, reptiles have a three-chambered heart. A reptile's hearthas two <strong>at</strong>ria and one ventricle, as shown in FIGURE <strong>26</strong>.3. One <strong>at</strong>rium collectsoxygen-poor blood from the body. The other collects oxygen-rich blood fromthe lungs. Both <strong>at</strong>ria send blood into the ventricle, which pumps blood intothe pulmonary and systemic circuits. This unique an<strong>at</strong>omy lets these animalstemporarily "turn off" their lungs. Like amphibians, amniotes such as lizardsand turtles do not bre<strong>at</strong>he continuously. Remember th<strong>at</strong> sprawling amniotesstop bre<strong>at</strong>hing when they run. Others spend a lot of time under w<strong>at</strong>er. Ineither case, a single ventricle can divert blood away from the lungs when theanimal is not using them. This str<strong>at</strong>egy lets these animals adjust blood flowin response to their oxygen needs.Mammals and birds have a four-chambered heart. As you can see inFIGURE <strong>26</strong>.3, four-chambered hearts have two <strong>at</strong>ria and two ventricles. Thisan<strong>at</strong>omy keeps oxygen-poor and oxygen-rich blood separ<strong>at</strong>e, but it cannotshift blood away from the lungs when the animal is not bre<strong>at</strong>hing. Keepingoxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood separ<strong>at</strong>e effectively increases the flow ofoxygen-rich blood to tissues. This adapt<strong>at</strong>ion gives these active animals a largeand constant supply of oxygen. The development of the four-chambered heartallowed for an increase in energy use and eventually gave organisms increasedcontrol over their body temper<strong>at</strong>ure.Infer Many reptiles are ambush pred<strong>at</strong>ors, hiding and waiting for prey to come tothem as opposed to actively hunting. Explain how this behavior may be rel<strong>at</strong>ed totheir circul<strong>at</strong>ory system.FIGURE <strong>26</strong>.3 Amniote HeartsThe heart, the pump th<strong>at</strong> moves blood around an organism'sbody, has developed differently in reptiles and mammals.Oxygen-poor bloodOxygen-rich bloodTHREE-CHAMBERED HEARTReptile hearts have three chambers. A septum th<strong>at</strong> only partiallydivides the heart helps direct oxygen-rich and oxygenpoorblood.to bodyto bodyright<strong>at</strong>riumfrom lungsFOUR-CHAMBERED HEARTBirds and mammals have a heart divided into four chambers,which keeps oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood separ<strong>at</strong>e.from bodyto bodyfrom lungsto lungsto lungsleft <strong>at</strong>riumright<strong>at</strong>riumleft <strong>at</strong>riumfrom bodyventricleseptumrightventricleseptumleft ventricleContrast How do differences in the septum affect blood flow in these hearts?790 Unit 8: Animals MAIN IDEA<strong>Amniotes</strong> can be ectothermic or endothermic.Like all organisms, amniotes are more active when they are warm. Enzymesth<strong>at</strong> speed up the chemical reactions inside cells are more active <strong>at</strong> highertemper<strong>at</strong>ures. A warm amniote digests food faster and can send more nutrientsto its tissues. It can also move faster because its muscles contract morequickly and more often. All living organisms absorb he<strong>at</strong> from the environmentand release he<strong>at</strong> as a byproduct of metabolism. But all animals managehe<strong>at</strong> in different ways.You may have heard the term "cold-blooded" to describe asnake or a lizard. This term does not accur<strong>at</strong>ely describe reptilesand amphibians, because their blood is not actually cold.Instead, scientists use the term ectotherms to refer to organismswhose body temper<strong>at</strong>ures are determined by their surroundingenvironment. These organisms' body temper<strong>at</strong>ure fluctu<strong>at</strong>eswith the temper<strong>at</strong>ure of their environment. They have higherbody temper<strong>at</strong>ures in a warm environment than in a cool one.Ectotherms regul<strong>at</strong>e their body temper<strong>at</strong>ure through theirbehavior. For example, many reptiles, such as the chameleon inFIGURE <strong>26</strong>.4, bask in sunny places to warm their tissues when theyare cold. Similarly, desert lizards move into shady burrows whenoutside temper<strong>at</strong>ures climb too high. Large animals have aharder time shedding he<strong>at</strong> than small animals. If an ectothermicanimal is massive enough, it will take a long time to cool down.Large ectotherms, such as crocodiles, can stay warm even whenthe environment is rel<strong>at</strong>ively cool.On the other hand, you have probably heard humans andother mammals described as "warm-blooded." But to describethese organisms more accur<strong>at</strong>ely, scientists use the term endotherm.Endotherms are organisms th<strong>at</strong> use their own metaboliche<strong>at</strong> to keep their tissues warm. More specifically, endothermsregul<strong>at</strong>e their metabolic activity in ways th<strong>at</strong> keep their bodytemper<strong>at</strong>ure rel<strong>at</strong>ively constant all of the time. They may shiverwhen they get too cold, contracting their muscles to gener<strong>at</strong>eextra he<strong>at</strong>. If they get too hot, they may cool down by swe<strong>at</strong>ingor panting. Many endotherms, such as the polar bear inFIGURE <strong>26</strong>.4, are covered with insul<strong>at</strong>ion in the form of hair, f<strong>at</strong>cells, or fe<strong>at</strong>hers, which helps them control he<strong>at</strong> loss.You can think of endotherms and ectotherms as having two differentstr<strong>at</strong>egies for managing energy use. There is a trade-off between an animal'sbody temper<strong>at</strong>ure and the amount of energy it uses. Warm tissues workquickly and require more ATP, which requires an animal to e<strong>at</strong> more. Forexample, lions and crocodiles are both large pred<strong>at</strong>ors, but a crocodile cansurvive on much less me<strong>at</strong> than a lion can. In short, ectotherms are less activewhen it is cold but can survive on less food than endotherms. Endothermsare active all the time but must e<strong>at</strong> more than ectotherms e<strong>at</strong>.FIGURE <strong>26</strong>.4 As an ectotherm,a chameleon increases its bodytemper<strong>at</strong>ure by basking in sunlight.Endotherms such as thispolar bear can maintain a rel<strong>at</strong>ivelyconstant body temper<strong>at</strong>ureeven in cold environments.Chapter <strong>26</strong>: A <strong>Closer</strong> <strong>Look</strong> <strong>at</strong> <strong>Amniotes</strong> 791 DATA ANALYSISCHOOSING GRAPHSChoosing an appropri<strong>at</strong>e type ofgraph to represent d<strong>at</strong>a collected inan experiment is an important partof the scientific process.The table to the right contains d<strong>at</strong><strong>at</strong>h<strong>at</strong> show the differences in energyrequirements for endotherms andectotherms. Despite having similarsizes, endotherms and ectothermsuse energy in different ways andtherefore require different amountsof food.TABLE 1. BODY MASS AND FOOD INTAKEOrganism Mass (kg) Food Intake (kg/yr)Nile crocodile 150 750Grey kangaroo 45 1108Komodo dragon 45 250Koala 8 252Monitor lizard 8 93Source: Nagy, K.A. Nutrition Abstracts and Reviews Series B:71.1. Graph Choose and construct one graph th<strong>at</strong> canrepresent both sets of d<strong>at</strong>a.2. Analyze Explain why there is a difference in energyrequirements between endotherms and ectotherms.The ability to regul<strong>at</strong>e their own temper<strong>at</strong>ure served as an importantfunction in the early stages of endotherm evolution. This adapt<strong>at</strong>ion gaveendotherms a distinct advantage over ectotherms as Earth's clim<strong>at</strong>e changedmillions of years ago. Because they could stay warm in colder we<strong>at</strong>her, endothermswere able to exploit resources th<strong>at</strong> the ectotherms could not. Manyscientists believe th<strong>at</strong> the ability to regul<strong>at</strong>e their own body temper<strong>at</strong>ureallowed endotherms to survive the c<strong>at</strong>astrophic events th<strong>at</strong> led to theextinction of dinosaurs.Analyze As you move away from Earth's equ<strong>at</strong>or into colder l<strong>at</strong>itudes, why are therefewer ectotherms and more endotherms?<strong>26</strong>.1 ASSESSMENTREVIEWINGMAIN IDEAS1. How did the development of anamniotic egg allow vertebr<strong>at</strong>es toreproduce on land?2. How does an<strong>at</strong>omy and circul<strong>at</strong>iondiffer among amniotes?3. Wh<strong>at</strong> is the difference between anendotherm and an ectotherm?CRITICAL THINKING4. Infer A 30-gram shrew will die ifit cannot e<strong>at</strong> for a few hours. A30-gram gecko thrives on a fewcrickets every other day. Why mightshrews need food more often?5. Compare Illustr<strong>at</strong>e the p<strong>at</strong>h ofblood through a three-chamberedheart when the animal is bre<strong>at</strong>hing.Show how the p<strong>at</strong>hway changeswhen the animal is not bre<strong>at</strong>hing.ConnectingONLINE QUIZClassZone.comCONCEPTS6. Survivorship When eggs arelaid by a species of reptile orbird, they generally stay in anest th<strong>at</strong> is closely guarded bya mother. How does thisbehavior affect the chancesfor offspring to survive toadulthood? Wh<strong>at</strong> type ofsurvivorship str<strong>at</strong>egy does thisrepresent?792 Unit 8: Animals <strong>26</strong>.2 ReptilesKEY CONCEPT Reptiles were the first amniotes.MAIN IDEAS• Reptiles are a diverse group of amniotes.• Reptiles have been evolving for millionsof years.• There are four modern groups of reptiles.VOCABULARYreptile, p. 793oviparous, p. 793viviparous, p. 793Connect Basking on the sunny banks of the river, the lizard may look slow, butit has a top speed of almost 20 kilometers per hour, and strong jaws filled withsharp teeth. It is a daunting pred<strong>at</strong>or. The eastern w<strong>at</strong>er dragon may only growto 80 centimeters in length and may never compare to a crocodile as a thre<strong>at</strong> tohumans, but it hunts, kills, and e<strong>at</strong>s its prey in the same way th<strong>at</strong> its largercousins do. Wh<strong>at</strong> makes reptiles unique?VOCABULARYThe name reptile comes fromthe L<strong>at</strong>in word, reptilis, whichmeans "creeping."FIGURE <strong>26</strong>.5 As a reptile, thiseastern w<strong>at</strong>er dragon must useenergy from sunlight to maintainits body temper<strong>at</strong>ure. From itsperch <strong>at</strong>op a rock, it can alsospot pred<strong>at</strong>ors or look for prey.MAIN IDEAReptiles are a diverse group of amniotes.About 200 million years ago, a mass extinction resulted in the loss of manyof Earth's plant and animal species. One group of organisms th<strong>at</strong> survived—the reptiles—have thrived for millions of years. Reptiles are ectotherms th<strong>at</strong>are covered with dry scales or pl<strong>at</strong>es and reproduce by laying amniotic eggscovered with a tough outer shell.Unlike amphibians, reptiles produce a completely self-sustaining, amnioticegg th<strong>at</strong> allows an embryonic reptile to develop fully before it is born. Thereare two ways th<strong>at</strong> reptile eggs develop.• Oviparous reptiles deposit their eggs into an external nest, and the eggsdevelop completely independent of the adult reptile.• Viviparous reptiles hold the eggs inside their body through the dur<strong>at</strong>ionof development and give birth to live offspring.The shapes and sizes of modern reptiles vary widely. Some reptiles haveno legs. Other reptiles run swiftly on land or spend much of their time in thew<strong>at</strong>er. The oddly shaped turtles and tortoises carry their homes on their backs.Each reptile group has adapted different fe<strong>at</strong>ures th<strong>at</strong> allow it to be successful.But despite these differences, all reptiles share a few similarities.All living reptiles are ectotherms. Recall th<strong>at</strong> an ectotherm's body temper<strong>at</strong>urechanges based on the surrounding environment. Similar to the easternw<strong>at</strong>er dragon in FIGURE <strong>26</strong>.5, many reptiles spend a gre<strong>at</strong> deal of time basking,or sunb<strong>at</strong>hing, to absorb energy from sunlight. In addition, reptiles have dryscales or pl<strong>at</strong>es th<strong>at</strong> absorb energy and help contain he<strong>at</strong> needed to maintainnormal body functions.Analyze Wh<strong>at</strong> advantages does a self-sustaining egg give reptiles?Chapter <strong>26</strong>: A <strong>Closer</strong> <strong>Look</strong> <strong>at</strong> <strong>Amniotes</strong> 793 FIGURE <strong>26</strong>.6 Turtles and tortoisesare anapsids. Aside fromthe holes for eyes and nose, thisskull of a modern turtle has notemporal holes.AMNIOTE SKULL TYPESSKULLTYPENUMBER OFHOLESAnapsid 0 turtlesSynapsid 1 mammalsDiapsid 2 birds, lizards,crocodiliansMAIN IDEAReptiles have been evolving for millions of years.Fossil evidence suggests th<strong>at</strong> reptiles began to emerge from the w<strong>at</strong>er duringthe l<strong>at</strong>e Paleozoic era, almost 350 million years ago. They became the dominantvertebr<strong>at</strong>e during the Mesozoic era.Synapsids, Anapsids, and DiapsidsScientists discovered th<strong>at</strong>, over time, amniotes evolved into three differentgroups. This discovery was based on temporal holes th<strong>at</strong> are found onthe sides of the amniote skull.Synapsids Reptiles th<strong>at</strong> had one hole in each temporal region were synapsids.The synapsids eventually gave rise to modern mammals.Anapsids Reptiles th<strong>at</strong> have skulls with no temporal holes are anapsids. Scientistsdo not know why anapsids have no skull holes. Some think th<strong>at</strong> they maystill have the same skull an<strong>at</strong>omy as the first amniotes or th<strong>at</strong> they may havelost skull holes through n<strong>at</strong>ural selection. The anapsids of today are turtles andtortoises, with skulls similar to the one shown in FIGURE <strong>26</strong>.6.Diapsids Reptiles th<strong>at</strong> have two holes in each temporal region, oneabove the other, are diapsids. Diapsid skulls came about as reptilesEXAMPLE began to colonize land. For the next 200 million years, diapsidreptiles ruled Earth. Eventually, this group gave rise to many of themodern reptiles and birds of today.Skull holes may have started out as a weight-reducing adapt<strong>at</strong>ion.Less bone would have made the skull lighter and easier to move andgiven more space for muscle <strong>at</strong>tachments, allowing jaw musclesto get larger. The phylogenetic tree in FIGURE <strong>26</strong>.7 shows how theancient and now extinct groups of reptiles may have evolved.Diversity of Extinct <strong>Amniotes</strong>Pelycosaurs were synapsids th<strong>at</strong> first appeared during the l<strong>at</strong>e Carboniferousperiod. This group included both carnivores and herbivores. Some pelycosaurshad a distinctive "sail-back" made of elong<strong>at</strong>ed vertebral spines. Most pelycosaursdied in a mass extinction 245 million years ago, but some of theirdescendants l<strong>at</strong>er gave rise to the mammals.Ichthyosaurs were some of the first diapsid reptiles. An ichthyosaur's sleekbody, flipper-shaped limbs, and fleshy dorsal fin were similar to those of themodern day dolphin. Ichthyosaurs swam by be<strong>at</strong>ing their fishlike tails backand forth in the w<strong>at</strong>er, and their peglike teeth suggest th<strong>at</strong> they <strong>at</strong>e fish. Fossilevidence indic<strong>at</strong>es th<strong>at</strong> ichthyosaurs first appeared about 250 million years agoand went extinct about 90 million years ago.Plesiosaurs were some of the strangest prehistoric marine reptiles. They"flew" through the w<strong>at</strong>er like sea lions, using four limbs like elong<strong>at</strong>ed flippers.Some plesiosaurs had small heads and very long necks, which were likely usedto help them c<strong>at</strong>ch fish. Others had short necks and long heads and probablychased down larger prey. Fossils show the plesiosaurs first appeared around220 million years ago and then died out around 80 million years ago.794 Unit 8: Animals FIGURE <strong>26</strong>.7 Phylogenetic Tree of ReptilesThe diversific<strong>at</strong>ion of ancient reptiles eventually led to the evolution of modern animals.lizards, snakes,mammals turtles and tu<strong>at</strong>aras crocodiliansbirdsMillions ofyears agoCenozoicCretaceousichthyosaursplesiosaurspterosaursdinosaurs50100150Jurassic200TriassicPermianpelycosaurs250300Carboniferousanapsidsdiapsids350synapsidsreptilesAnalyze Are there any diapsid mammals? Explain your answer using the diagram.Dinosaurs were the second gre<strong>at</strong> radi<strong>at</strong>ion of the amniote family. Theyappeared 230 million years ago and were the dominant land vertebr<strong>at</strong>es forthe next 150 million years. Many kinds of dinosaurs evolved during th<strong>at</strong> time.Herbivorous species included huge sauropods, tanklike cer<strong>at</strong>opsians, andduck-billed dinosaurs. They were hunted by carnivorous theropod dinosaurs,which eventually gave rise to birds. All of the nonavian, or walking, dinosaurswent extinct 65 million years ago.Pterosaurs were the first vertebr<strong>at</strong>es to evolve powered flight. Their wingsconsisted of skin supported by an extremely elong<strong>at</strong>ed fourth finger. Theearliest species, from the end of the Triassic, were small animals with longtails. L<strong>at</strong>er species, such as Pteranodon lost their tails and grew as large as smallairplanes. Recent fossils show th<strong>at</strong> pterosaurs may have been covered withhair, suggesting th<strong>at</strong> they were endothermic. They went extinct <strong>at</strong> the endof the Cretaceous along with the dinosaurs.Apply How did the discovery of temporal skull holes help scientists determinephylogeny of amniotes?ConnectingCONCEPTSPhylogeny Recall from Chapter17 th<strong>at</strong> a phylogeny is a type ofevolutionary tree th<strong>at</strong> illustr<strong>at</strong>eshow different species are rel<strong>at</strong>edto each other. The rel<strong>at</strong>ionshipsbetween modern animals andancient reptiles help scientistsunderstand evolution.Chapter <strong>26</strong>: A <strong>Closer</strong> <strong>Look</strong> <strong>at</strong> <strong>Amniotes</strong> 795 MAIN IDEAThere are four modern groups of reptiles.Of all the reptiles th<strong>at</strong> evolved during the Mesozoic era, only four groupsare alive today: turtles, sphenodonts, snakes and lizards, and crocodilians.FIGURE <strong>26</strong>.8 Sea turtles live intropical ocean w<strong>at</strong>ers all over theworld.TurtlesThere are about 200 living species of turtles today. Turtles, tortoises, andterrapins are the only remaining anapsid group of amniotes. The distinctiveshape of a turtle is actually a bony shell th<strong>at</strong> encases the reptile's body. Thedomed back of a turtle's shell is called the carapace, while the smooth ventralpart is called the plastron. This shell is covered with tough, fl<strong>at</strong>tened pl<strong>at</strong>esmade of ker<strong>at</strong>in th<strong>at</strong> are fused to the turtle's rib cage and vertebrae. Manyturtles can pull their head and limbs into the shell for protection.Turtles are toothless and have sharp, horny beaks. Most turtles are omnivorous—theye<strong>at</strong> plants as well as animals. They are found in terrestrial, freshw<strong>at</strong>er,and marine environments. Fully terrestrial turtles are called tortoises.They have high domed shells and thick stumpy limbs. Freshw<strong>at</strong>er turtles havefl<strong>at</strong>ter shells. Some species have lost the bone in their shells to become "softshell" turtles. The sea turtle in FIGURE <strong>26</strong>.8, like most marine turtles, has forelimbsth<strong>at</strong> are large flippers th<strong>at</strong> let it "fly" underw<strong>at</strong>er.FIGURE <strong>26</strong>.9 Snakes and lizardsprotrude a forked tongue to collecttiny molecules out of the air.These molecules are interpretedby the Jacobson's organ to informthe reptile about its surroundings.braintongueJacobson'sorganSphenodontsThe only living sphenodonts are two species of tu<strong>at</strong>ara th<strong>at</strong> live on a few smallislands off the coast of New Zealand. They are closely rel<strong>at</strong>ed to lizards andsnakes, and look similar to a spiny iguana. Tu<strong>at</strong>aras have primitive characteristics,such as a diapsid skull and an eyespot in the center of their head.Snakes and LizardsSnakes and lizards are very closely rel<strong>at</strong>ed and share a number offe<strong>at</strong>ures. Snakes and lizards all shed their skin <strong>at</strong> regular intervals.They also have flexible skulls th<strong>at</strong> let them capture and swallowprey larger than their head. All snakes and lizards use a highlydeveloped organ th<strong>at</strong> allows them to "taste" the air. As shown inFIGURE <strong>26</strong>.9, when a snake or lizard flicks its forked tongue out ofits mouth, the tongue collects particles out of the air. Particles areinterpreted by a sensory receptor called the Jacobson's organ,which is found in the top of the reptile's mouth. This organallows lizards and snakes to loc<strong>at</strong>e prey and avoid pred<strong>at</strong>ors.Most lizards are carnivorous. Small species hunt insects,but large species such as the Komodo dragon prey on mammals.Some species, such as iguanas, are strict herbivores. Snakes are agroup of legless lizards. All snakes are pred<strong>at</strong>ors. Some snakes killtheir prey by constriction, wrapping their body around their preyand squeezing. Others use poisons th<strong>at</strong> are injected into theirprey through modified teeth.796 Unit 8: Animals FIGURE <strong>26</strong>.10 Reptile An<strong>at</strong>omyThe unique fe<strong>at</strong>ures of reptiles include a three-chambered heartand a single reproductive and excretory opening called a cloaca.brainreproductivelung organovarystomachoviductkidneyuretercloac<strong>at</strong>racheaheartliversmall intestinebladderrectumApply How does reptile an<strong>at</strong>omy prevent the organism fromrunning and bre<strong>at</strong>hing <strong>at</strong> the same time?CrocodiliansThere are 23 species of crocodilians, including allig<strong>at</strong>ors, crocodiles, andcaimans. They are all semiaqu<strong>at</strong>ic pred<strong>at</strong>ors th<strong>at</strong> live in swamps and riversin the tropics and subtropics. They are ambush pred<strong>at</strong>ors, waiting underw<strong>at</strong>erto surprise other animals. Their sprawling resting posture makes them lookslow, but they are capable of lifting up their bodies and running <strong>at</strong> up to27 kilometers per hour (17 mph).Crocodilians are one of two groups of archosaurs th<strong>at</strong> survived the massreptile extinction 65 million years ago. Archosaurs were a large group ofreptiles th<strong>at</strong> included crocodiles, dinosaurs, and modern-day birds. Based onfossil evidence, crocodilians are actually more closely rel<strong>at</strong>ed to birds than theyare to lizards and snakes. Many of the body shapes and structures of ancientcrocodilians are similar to the fe<strong>at</strong>ures of modern crocodilians.Summarize Wh<strong>at</strong> fe<strong>at</strong>ures do all reptiles share?<strong>26</strong>.2 ASSESSMENTREVIEWINGMAIN IDEAS1. How is a viviparous reptile differentfrom an oviparous reptile?2. Wh<strong>at</strong> are the major groups ofextinct reptiles?3. Wh<strong>at</strong> fe<strong>at</strong>ures do modern reptilesshare?CRITICAL THINKING4. Classify You find a fossil of a reptileth<strong>at</strong> has a long neck and four longflippers for limbs. It is in marinesediments. To which group of ancientreptiles could it belong?5. Infer Explain why there are noreptiles found in the Arctic.ConnectingONLINE QUIZClassZone.comCONCEPTS6. Amphibians <strong>Amniotes</strong> emergefrom their shell fully developed.Amphibians must gothrough metamorphosis toreach their adult form. Wh<strong>at</strong> isthe advantage of directdevelopment for amniotes?Chapter <strong>26</strong>: A <strong>Closer</strong> <strong>Look</strong> <strong>at</strong> <strong>Amniotes</strong> 797 <strong>26</strong>.3 BirdsKEY CONCEPT Birds have many adapt<strong>at</strong>ions for flight.MAIN IDEAS• Birds evolved from theropod dinosaurs.• A bird's body is specialized for flight.• Birds have spread to many ecological niches.VOCABULARYairfoil, p. 799sternum, p. 801air sac, p. 801Connect You may share certain fe<strong>at</strong>ures with your parents or siblings. Perhapsyour eyes are the same color or your nose is the same shape. Certain traits makeit easy to identify your ancestors. Birds have a bit more trouble. Th<strong>at</strong> cardinal <strong>at</strong>your bird feeder would probably be surprised to discover th<strong>at</strong> it is rel<strong>at</strong>ed to aferocious Velociraptor, but birds are the surviving rel<strong>at</strong>ives of those prehistoricanimals. Birds are dinosaurs th<strong>at</strong> evolved powered flight.FIGURE <strong>26</strong>.11 Fossil evidenceof Archaeopteryx shows fe<strong>at</strong>uressuch as fe<strong>at</strong>hers and a beaklikestructure not seen in dinosaurs.Archaeopteryx is an importantlink between dinosaurs andmodern-day birds.MAIN IDEABirds evolved from theropod dinosaurs.Most paleontologists agree th<strong>at</strong> birds are the descendants of one group oftheropod dinosaurs. Theropods were bipedal, or two-legged, dinosaurs th<strong>at</strong>evolved during the Triassic period of the Mesozoic era. Most were carnivorous,and some, such as Allosaurus and Tyrannosaurus, were enormous. Theropodfossils support the hypothesis th<strong>at</strong> these dinosaurs are closely rel<strong>at</strong>ed to birds.They show th<strong>at</strong> birds and many theropods share an<strong>at</strong>omical fe<strong>at</strong>ures, including• hollow bones• fused collarbones th<strong>at</strong> form a V-shaped wishbone, or furcula• rearranged muscles in the hips and legs th<strong>at</strong> improve bipedal movement• "hands" th<strong>at</strong> have lost their fourth and fifth fingers• fe<strong>at</strong>hersIn the 1990s scientists discovered theropod fossils with fe<strong>at</strong>hers. Thisimportant discovery showed th<strong>at</strong> fe<strong>at</strong>hers did not origin<strong>at</strong>e as an adapt<strong>at</strong>ionfor flight. These theropods were covered with fe<strong>at</strong>hers, but they did not havewings. They were running animals. This means th<strong>at</strong> fe<strong>at</strong>hers originally hadanother function in the theropods. They may have been insul<strong>at</strong>ion th<strong>at</strong>trapped air to keep the animals warm. Or they may have been used in courtshipor territorial displays. As birds evolved, they used the fe<strong>at</strong>hers they hadinherited from their theropod ancestors to form wings.The oldest undisputed fossil bird is shown in FIGURE <strong>26</strong>.11. Archaeopteryxwas a chicken-sized animal th<strong>at</strong> lived about 150 million years ago. Like allmodern birds, it had fe<strong>at</strong>hered wings and a furcula. But it also had manyreptilian fe<strong>at</strong>ures, including clawed fingers, a long tail, and teeth. Because ofits fe<strong>at</strong>ures, Archaeopteryx was classified as a dinosaur. However, its fe<strong>at</strong>hersmade it an important link between flightless dinosaurs and avian, or flying,dinosaurs, as well as the birds of today.798 Unit 8: Animals Scientists have two hypotheses for the originof flight in birds. The "trees-down" hypothesissuggests th<strong>at</strong> birds evolved from animals th<strong>at</strong> usedtheir fe<strong>at</strong>hers to glide down to the forest floor. Incontrast, the "ground-up" hypothesis suggests th<strong>at</strong>birds evolved from running animals th<strong>at</strong> usedtheir fe<strong>at</strong>hered arms for balance.The fossil evidence showing a close rel<strong>at</strong>ionshipbetween theropods and birds tends to supportthe "ground-up" hypothesis. Many theropodswere bipedal carnivores th<strong>at</strong> hunted by runningdown their prey. Scientists still do not know howthese dinosaurs moved from running and grabbingto flapping and flying. Some recent researchsuggests th<strong>at</strong> small theropods could have flappedtheir fe<strong>at</strong>hered arms to run up trees and escapepred<strong>at</strong>ors. Whether they also used those fe<strong>at</strong>hered arms to glide back down tothe ground is unknown, but future fossil discoveries may provide an answer.Infer How might hollow bones have helped theropods move more efficiently?FIGURE <strong>26</strong>.12 The broad wings ofan eagle owl are adapted for silentflight, making this nocturnal bird aquiet and deadly pred<strong>at</strong>or.MAIN IDEAA bird's body is specialized for flight.Birds such as the eagle owl in FIGURE <strong>26</strong>.12 have many specialized adapt<strong>at</strong>ionsfor powered flight. Some of them are modific<strong>at</strong>ions of fe<strong>at</strong>ures inheritedfrom their theropod ancestors. Others are unique to birds. These adapt<strong>at</strong>ionsinclude• wings th<strong>at</strong> produce flight• strong flight muscles th<strong>at</strong> move the wings• an active metabolism th<strong>at</strong> provides energy to the muscles• hollow bone structure th<strong>at</strong> minimizes weight• reproductive adapt<strong>at</strong>ionsWingsWings are structures th<strong>at</strong> enable birdsto fly. Bird wings are curved similar tothe shape of an airplane wing. Thiskind of curved surface is called anVISUAL VOCABAn airfoil is convex on the top andconcave on the bottom. Differencesin air pressure above and below theairfoil cre<strong>at</strong>e lift.airfoil. An airfoil is curved down onthe top (convex) and curved up onthe bottom (concave). The curvedshape makes air move faster over thetop of the airfoil than underne<strong>at</strong>h it.The difference in air speed above and below the airfoil produces a pressuredifference th<strong>at</strong> lifts the wing up. In birds, the airfoil is constructed of limbsth<strong>at</strong> are homologous to human arms and covered by large fe<strong>at</strong>hers.Chapter <strong>26</strong>: A <strong>Closer</strong> <strong>Look</strong> <strong>at</strong> <strong>Amniotes</strong> 799 FIGURE <strong>26</strong>.13 Bird An<strong>at</strong>omyBird an<strong>at</strong>omy is highly adapted, with unique fe<strong>at</strong>uresth<strong>at</strong> help to conserve energy and allow flight.BIOLOGYSee bird flightin action <strong>at</strong>ClassZone.com.FEATHERSFe<strong>at</strong>hers are complex branching structuresmade of ker<strong>at</strong>in. Not only are fe<strong>at</strong>hersimportant for flight but they also provideinsul<strong>at</strong>ion th<strong>at</strong> helps maintain body temper<strong>at</strong>ureand protect the bird's skin.Fe<strong>at</strong>hers can be shed and replaced if theyare damaged.barbbarbulelunggizzardcropkidneypectoral musclesternum(keel)heartliversmall intestinelarge intestinecloacaHOLLOW BONESstrutThe strut system found in the bonestructure of birds reduces weight withoutcompromising strength. Unlike otheramniotes, birds have bones th<strong>at</strong> are hollowand are directly connected to thebird's respir<strong>at</strong>ory system.CRITICALVIEWINGA few species of birds do not actually fly. How might the unique fe<strong>at</strong>ures ofbirds be beneficial for penguins, which spend most of their time in w<strong>at</strong>er?800 Unit 8: Animals MusclesA bird's chest muscles provide the power for flight. In almost all vertebr<strong>at</strong>es,chest muscles <strong>at</strong>tach to the arms and the breastbone, or sternum. But anyonewho has carved a chicken knows th<strong>at</strong> a bird's chest muscles are enormous.They are so large th<strong>at</strong> the sternum has evolved a large keel, or ridge, th<strong>at</strong>supports the muscles. The keel provides a large <strong>at</strong>tachment surface for the chestmuscles, and serves as an anchor th<strong>at</strong> they can pull against to flap the wings.When birds fly, their chest muscles contract to pull their wings backwardand down. The downstroke moves the wings to produce lift and propel theanimal forward. Deeper chest muscles contract during the upstroke, movingthe wings forward and up until the bird starts another downstroke.MetabolismFlying takes a lot of energy. Birds are endotherms and have active metabolismsth<strong>at</strong> can produce large amounts of ATP for the flight muscles. But maintainingan active metabolism during flight requires an enormous amount ofoxygen. Birds meet this challenge with a respir<strong>at</strong>ory system th<strong>at</strong> increases theamount of oxygen they can take out of the air.A bird's body is filled with a series of air sacs AIR SACth<strong>at</strong> connect to the lungs. Air sacs store air astrache<strong>at</strong>he bird bre<strong>at</strong>hes. During flight, movementslungsof the furcula help push air through the air sacs air sacand lungs. Inhaled air travels through the lungsand air sacs in such a way th<strong>at</strong> oxygen-rich airis always available. In other vertebr<strong>at</strong>es, oxygenrichair mixes with oxygen-poor air inside thelungs during respir<strong>at</strong>ion. But because onlyoxygen-rich air flows through a bird's lungs,the amount of oxygen th<strong>at</strong> can be absorbedinto the bloodstream is dram<strong>at</strong>ically increasedand maximizes a bird's metabolism.TAKING NOTESUse a main idea diagram to takenotes on how the fe<strong>at</strong>ures ofbirds help them to achieveflight.adapt<strong>at</strong>ions for flightConnectingCONCEPTSCellular Respir<strong>at</strong>ion Birds requirelarge amounts of ATP to providethe energy needed for flight.Recall from Chapter 4 th<strong>at</strong>cellular respir<strong>at</strong>ion needs oxygenand glucose to produce ATP.Air sacs provide a gre<strong>at</strong> deal ofoxygen, but birds must also consumelarge amounts of food tosupport their active metabolism.Bone StructureThe structure of a bird's skeletal system is different than th<strong>at</strong> of other amniotes.Birds have evolved bones th<strong>at</strong> are hollow. As you can see in FIGURE <strong>26</strong>.13,inside bird bones, a system of struts and support structures maintain thebird's bones to meet the demanding requirements of flight. In all birds, manybones are connected to the air sacs, and air fills the cavities in the bone, aidingin flight. This adaption further increases the amount of air in a bird's body,and makes flying easier. It also helps to decrease the mass of the bird. In fact, abird's skeleton makes up only five percent of its overall body mass.Reproductive Adapt<strong>at</strong>ionsThe reproductive organs of both male and female birds are only active for thetwo to three months of the m<strong>at</strong>ing season. During the rest of the year, theunused organs shrink to reduce the mass of the bird. This weight-reducingadapt<strong>at</strong>ion serves to decrease the amount of energy needed for flight.Summarize How are bird bodies adapted to flying?Chapter <strong>26</strong>: A <strong>Closer</strong> <strong>Look</strong> <strong>at</strong> <strong>Amniotes</strong> 801 QUICK LABOBSERVINGComparing Fe<strong>at</strong>hersFe<strong>at</strong>hers are fe<strong>at</strong>ures th<strong>at</strong> allow birds to adapt to a unique way of life. In this lab, you willexamine three different types of fe<strong>at</strong>hers.SKILL ObservingPROBLEM How do the structures and functions of different fe<strong>at</strong>hers compare?PROCEDURE1. Obtain a large quill fe<strong>at</strong>her and study its overall shape, structure and weight. Drawthe fe<strong>at</strong>ures.2. Examine the central shaft of the fe<strong>at</strong>her. Hold the end of the shaft with one hand.With your other hand, gently try to bend the upper third of the fe<strong>at</strong>her withoutbreaking it.3. Observe the vane, the fl<strong>at</strong> part of the fe<strong>at</strong>her on either side of the shaft. Separ<strong>at</strong>esome of the barbs of a vane. Join them again with your fingers.4. Hold the end of the shaft and wave the fe<strong>at</strong>her so th<strong>at</strong> it c<strong>at</strong>ches the air. Note theresistance you feel as you move the fe<strong>at</strong>her through the air.5. Repe<strong>at</strong> steps 1–4 with the contour and down fe<strong>at</strong>hers.ANALYZE AND CONCLUDE1. Analyze Wh<strong>at</strong> is the function of the shaft?2. Analyze How are down fe<strong>at</strong>hers different from contour and quill fe<strong>at</strong>hers?3. Infer Describe the function of each type of fe<strong>at</strong>her.4. Apply Wh<strong>at</strong> characteristics make quill fe<strong>at</strong>hers well suited for their function?5. Apply How are contour fe<strong>at</strong>hers designed to make a bird streamlined?6. Infer How do you think the structure of down fe<strong>at</strong>hers helps to insul<strong>at</strong>e a bird?MATERIALS• purchased quill fe<strong>at</strong>her• purchased contour fe<strong>at</strong>her• purchased down fe<strong>at</strong>herMAIN IDEABirds have spread to many ecological niches.Birds first evolved during the Mesozoic era, but most Mesozoic bird specieswent extinct with the dinosaurs. All modern birds are the descendants of theone group th<strong>at</strong> survived the mass extinction. This group diversified into themore than 9000 species of bird we see today. Through n<strong>at</strong>ural selection, birdshave adapted to many different habit<strong>at</strong>s and methods of feeding. This has ledto visible physical differences in the shapes of the wings, beaks, and feet.Differences in Wing ShapeThe shape of a bird's wing reflects the way it flies. Most birds have short, broadwings th<strong>at</strong> allow them to maneuver very easily. In contrast, alb<strong>at</strong>rosses andgulls, such as the blue-footed booby in FIGURE <strong>26</strong>.14, have long, narrow wingsspecialized for soaring long distances over w<strong>at</strong>er. Hawks, eagles, and condorshave wide, broad wings specialized for soaring <strong>at</strong> low speeds over land. Manytypes of songbirds, including woodpeckers, finches, and robins, have stout,tapered wings th<strong>at</strong> help them to maneuver through tight spaces. Penguinshave short wings adapted to "fly" in w<strong>at</strong>er. Flightless birds, such as ostrichesand emus, have wings th<strong>at</strong> are too small to let them fly <strong>at</strong> all.802 Unit 8: Animals Differences in Beak ShapeThe shape of a bird's beak reflects how it e<strong>at</strong>s. A bird'sbeak is a she<strong>at</strong>h of ker<strong>at</strong>in th<strong>at</strong> covers the jaw bones. AsCharles Darwin observed in the many finch species ofthe Galapagos Islands, beak shapes are adapted for manydifferent functions. For example, the blue-footed boobyuses its long, spearlike beak to capture fish on the bird'sdives into the ocean. The beak of the bald eagle ishooked to tear flesh from its prey. Birds th<strong>at</strong> c<strong>at</strong>chinsects often have thin, pointed bills. Woodpeckers havebeaks like chisels to pry insects out of trees. Other birds,such as hummingbirds, have long, thin beaks th<strong>at</strong> canreach deep into flowers for nectar. Pelicans have largepouches of skin <strong>at</strong>tached to their beaks for scooping fishout of the w<strong>at</strong>er. Parrots use their thick, strong beaks forripping open fruits and cracking nuts.Differences in Foot ShapeWith few exceptions, bird feet have four toes. But asFIGURE <strong>26</strong>.14 shows, their feet can look very different.The blue-footed booby and other aqu<strong>at</strong>ic birds havewebbed feet, with skin connecting the toes to formpaddles. Pred<strong>at</strong>ory birds such as the bald eagle haveheavy claws th<strong>at</strong> they use to capture and kill prey. Birdsth<strong>at</strong> live in trees have feet th<strong>at</strong> can grab onto branchesand tree bark. Woodpeckers, for example, have two toespointing forward and two pointing backward, which letsthem cling to vertical tree trunks. Sparrows and crowshave three toes pointing forward and one pointingbackward, which lets them perch on horizontal tree limbs.Infer Where would you expect to find a bird with webbed feetand very long and narrow wings?blue-footed boobybald eaglegreen woodpeckerFIGURE <strong>26</strong>.14 Birds' fe<strong>at</strong>uresare specifically adapted to theirhabit<strong>at</strong> and niche. N<strong>at</strong>ural selectionhas led to a wide array ofwings, beaks, and feet.<strong>26</strong>.3 ASSESSMENTONLINE QUIZClassZone.comREVIEWINGMAIN IDEAS1. Wh<strong>at</strong> are three an<strong>at</strong>omical fe<strong>at</strong>uresth<strong>at</strong> birds share with their theropodancestors?2. Wh<strong>at</strong> adapt<strong>at</strong>ions do birds haveth<strong>at</strong> help them with flight?3. Describe how the wings, beak, andfeet of an eagle are well adapted toits niche.CRITICAL THINKING4. Analyze The red-headed woodpeckerhas an unusually long tongueand a stout, pointed beak. How arethese fe<strong>at</strong>ures rel<strong>at</strong>ed to thewoodpecker's feeding habits?5. Connect Reptiles and birds areclosely rel<strong>at</strong>ed. Why is the evolutionfrom being an ectotherm tobeing an endotherm so importantfor bird evolution?ConnectingCONCEPTS6. Selection Male cardinals havebright red fe<strong>at</strong>hers, whereasfemales have dull brownfe<strong>at</strong>hers. Wh<strong>at</strong> type of selectionlikely caused thesedifferences?Chapter <strong>26</strong>: A <strong>Closer</strong> <strong>Look</strong> <strong>at</strong> <strong>Amniotes</strong> 803 CHAPTER <strong>26</strong>MATERIALS• balance• 100 mL gradu<strong>at</strong>edcylinder• 50 mL w<strong>at</strong>er• boiled chicken bone(flightless bird)• boiled duck or turkeybone (flying bird)• boiled cow bone(mammal)• hammer• hand lensPROCESS SKILLS• Observing• Measuring• AnalyzingINVESTIGATIONA Bird's AirframeWings were an important adapt<strong>at</strong>ion for birds. The structure of wings gave birdsthe ability to fly and move gre<strong>at</strong> distances in search of resources. But for somebirds, flight was not necessary for survival. In this lab, you will investig<strong>at</strong>e thedifferences and similarities between flying and flightless birds, and compare themwith mammals.PROBLEM Besides wings, wh<strong>at</strong> major adapt<strong>at</strong>ion is beneficial for flight?PROCEDURE1. Measure the mass of each bone (chicken, duck, cow) using the balance.Record the mass for each.2. Pour the w<strong>at</strong>er in the gradu<strong>at</strong>ed cylinder and note the volume. Add oneof the bones to the cylinder and record the volume again. To find thevolume of the bone, subtract the original volume from the second reading.3. Repe<strong>at</strong> step 2 for each bone used.4. Attempt to break the bone by hand and note how easy or difficult it is.(If you can't break the bone by hand, it is okay.)Caution: Wearing your safety goggles, carefully breakeach experimental bone with the hammer (w<strong>at</strong>ch out forflying pieces).5. Examine the internal structure of each bone with thehand lens. Make a labeled drawing for each bone.ANALYZE AND CONCLUDE1. Predict Which bone do you think has the gre<strong>at</strong>estdensity? Which bone is the least dense?2. Calcul<strong>at</strong>e Calcul<strong>at</strong>e the densities for each bone(density = _____ massvolume ).3. Apply Wh<strong>at</strong> can you conclude about bone density andthe ability to fly?4. Observe How does the structure of the flightless birdbone compare with th<strong>at</strong> of the flying bird bone? withthe cow bone?5. Infer Wh<strong>at</strong> bones are easier to break by hand thanothers? Explain why you think this is true.6. Analyze Wh<strong>at</strong> fe<strong>at</strong>ures of the bird bones might beadapt<strong>at</strong>ions for flight?7. Contrast Were there any significant differencesbetween bones from flying birds and those fromflightless birds? Why might one bird be able to flywhile another cannot fly?100 mL gradu<strong>at</strong>ed cylinder804 Unit 8: Animals <strong>26</strong>.4 MammalsKEY CONCEPT Evolutionary adapt<strong>at</strong>ions allowed mammals to succeed dinosaurs as a dominantterrestrial vertebr<strong>at</strong>e.MAIN IDEAS• All mammals share several commoncharacteristics.• Modern mammals are divided into threemain groups.VOCABULARYmammal, p. 805mammary gland, p. 806monotreme, p. 807marsupial, p. 808eutherian, p. 809Connect Each time you get your hair cut, you are having a fe<strong>at</strong>ure clipped offth<strong>at</strong> sets humans and other mammals apart from reptiles, birds, amphibians, andfish. In addition to hair, wh<strong>at</strong> other traits make mammals unique?FIGURE <strong>26</strong>.15 This Yuma myotisb<strong>at</strong> has all of the basic mammalianfe<strong>at</strong>ures. B<strong>at</strong>s are the only mammalsth<strong>at</strong> can fly.MAIN IDEAAll mammals share several commoncharacteristics.All mammals are active, large-brained, endothermic animals with complexsocial, feeding, and reproductive behaviors. Modern mammals—such as theb<strong>at</strong> in FIGURE <strong>26</strong>.15—come in many shapes, but they share a set of four an<strong>at</strong>omicalcharacteristics.• hair• mammary glands• a middle ear containing three bones• a jaw th<strong>at</strong> lets them chew their foodMammals are as ancient as dinosaurs and are the only group of synapsidsalive today. They are descended from a group of carnivorous synapsids. Manyof the characteristics we now see only in mammals were actually inheritedfrom these reptilian ancestors. Earth's first mammals appearedmore than 200 million years ago, when dinosaurs were alreadyon their way to becoming the top pred<strong>at</strong>ors and herbivores onthe planet. During the Cretaceous period, while Tyrannosaurusrex was hunting Tricer<strong>at</strong>ops, tiny rodentlike mammals hadfound a niche as nocturnal insect e<strong>at</strong>ers.Fossil evidence suggests th<strong>at</strong> early mammals had longnoses and short legs. They may have looked similar to moderndayshrews. They probably lived underground, reproduced by layingeggs, and nursed their young on nutrient-rich milk produced byhighly adapted glands. The ability to regul<strong>at</strong>e their own bodytemper<strong>at</strong>ure was an important adapt<strong>at</strong>ion th<strong>at</strong> gave mammals adistinct advantage over reptiles. When the dinosaurs went extinct,mammals survived and filled their vacant ecological niches. In time,mammals succeeded dinosaurs as a dominant terrestrial life form.Chapter <strong>26</strong>: A <strong>Closer</strong> <strong>Look</strong> <strong>at</strong> <strong>Amniotes</strong> 805 ConnectingCONCEPTSN<strong>at</strong>ural Selection All mammalshave hair or, more accur<strong>at</strong>ely, hairfollicles. Whales are mammals,but most adult whales do nothave hair. Recall from Chapter 10th<strong>at</strong> n<strong>at</strong>ural selection favorstraits th<strong>at</strong> increase the fitnessof individuals. In the underw<strong>at</strong>erenvironment of whales, haircauses resistance and may beobstructions in c<strong>at</strong>ching prey,thus making them less likely tosurvive and reproduce.FIGURE <strong>26</strong>.16 Mammals producemilk in mammary glands to providenutrients to their offspring.These piglets will nurse from theirmother for three to eight weeks.HairMammals are furry. Most species are covered with a layer of hair th<strong>at</strong> helpsthem retain he<strong>at</strong>. Each hair is a long, thin shaft of dead, ker<strong>at</strong>inized cells th<strong>at</strong>grows out of a follicle in the skin. The hair traps a layer of air next to the skin,which insul<strong>at</strong>es the animal, much like a down vest insul<strong>at</strong>es you. When mammalsget cold, muscles around the follicles pull the hair upright. When you get"goose bumps," your insul<strong>at</strong>ing air layer is thickening to help keep you warm.Hair also has other functions. Anyone who has w<strong>at</strong>ched a frightened c<strong>at</strong>fluff up knows th<strong>at</strong> mammals can use hair for behavioral displays. P<strong>at</strong>ternsof pigmented hairs provide camouflage for many mammals. Porcupines andhedgehogs have modified hairs th<strong>at</strong> form stiff protective quills. And manymammals have long, stiff whiskers th<strong>at</strong> collect sensory inform<strong>at</strong>ion. Evenmammals th<strong>at</strong> have lost most of their hair, such as whales, retain somesensory bristles.Mammary GlandsAll mammals take care of their babies after they are born.Females feed them a specialized fluid called milk.Mammary glands are specialized glands th<strong>at</strong> produce milk.Milk contains w<strong>at</strong>er, sugars, protein, f<strong>at</strong>s, minerals, andantibodies th<strong>at</strong> help young animals grow and develop.Mammary glands are unique to mammals. They arepresent in both males and females but produce milk only infemales. Some mammals, such as pigs or dogs, have a seriesof glands along the belly. Other mammals have glands onlyin specific areas, such as udders in a cow's groin or the pairof glands on a prim<strong>at</strong>e's chest. Mammary glands containmasses of milk-producing tissues th<strong>at</strong> are connected to aseries of ducts. The ducts bring milk to the surface of theskin. In most mammals, the ducts empty into nipples orte<strong>at</strong>s th<strong>at</strong> young mammals, such as the piglets inFIGURE <strong>26</strong>.16, can hold in the mouth and suckle.Middle EarMammals have three small bones in their middle ear. One of the bones, thestapes, is also found in other tetrapods. The other two, the malleus and incus,are unique to mammals. They were derived from reptilian jaw bones.The top part of the hyoid arch became modified to form the stapes in earlytetrapods. Bones th<strong>at</strong> supported the jaws in fish became bones th<strong>at</strong> transferredvibr<strong>at</strong>ions to the inner ear in tetrapods. A similar shift, illustr<strong>at</strong>ed inFIGURE <strong>26</strong>.17, occurred as mammals evolved from their reptilian ancestors.Synapsids such as the pelycosaur had jaws th<strong>at</strong> were made of many bonesfused together. The middle ear of these reptiles contained only one bone, thestapes, which transmitted sound to the inner ear, where it was converted tonerve impulses and interpreted by the brain. This is the same configur<strong>at</strong>ion ofbones we see in reptiles today.806 Unit 8: Animals Over time, the form<strong>at</strong>ion of these bones changed.Two bones, the quadr<strong>at</strong>e and the articular bones,once formed the joint between the jaws of reptiles.These bones evolved to serve a different function—hearing. In mammals, the quadr<strong>at</strong>e and articularbones are now tiny and are incorpor<strong>at</strong>ed into themiddle ear as the malleus and the incus. Soundscollected in the ear canal vibr<strong>at</strong>e the eardrum. Thesevibr<strong>at</strong>ions are transferred through the malleus andincus bones to the stapes. These tiny vibr<strong>at</strong>ions areconverted into nerve impulses in the inner ear andthen interpreted by the brain. The ability to detectsmall vibr<strong>at</strong>ions allowed mammals to hear higherpitchedsounds.ChewingMammals developed the ability to chew their food.Amphibians, reptiles, and birds usually bite off largechunks of food or swallow it whole. Most of theirmechanical processing occurs inside their digestivetract. Mammals, in contrast, start to break up theirfood as soon as it enters the mouth.REPTILIAN EAR BONEeardrum inner earmiddle earstapesMAMMALIAN EAR BONESeardruminner earmalleusincusA set of adapt<strong>at</strong>ions in the mammalian jawmakes chewing possible. While food is in the mouth,ear canal stapesa secondary pal<strong>at</strong>e separ<strong>at</strong>es the nasal and oralcavities. It keeps the passages for air and food separ<strong>at</strong>e, so mammals can chewand bre<strong>at</strong>he <strong>at</strong> the same time. In addition, complex muscles can move the jawfrom side to side.Infer Hair was an important adapt<strong>at</strong>ion for mammals. How might hair and otheradapt<strong>at</strong>ions have enabled mammals to survive where reptiles could not?FIGURE <strong>26</strong>.17 As mammalsevolved, the structures of theinner ear changed. The incusand malleus bones th<strong>at</strong> wereonce part of reptilian jawstructures evolved in waysth<strong>at</strong> enhanced hearing.MAIN IDEAModern mammals are divided into threemain groups.More than 4500 species of mammal are alive today. They can be classified intothree groups: monotremes, marsupials, and eutherian mammals.MonotremesThe monotremes are mammals th<strong>at</strong> lay eggs. They are remnants of an ancientgroup of mammals th<strong>at</strong> have characteristics of both mammals and reptiles.The group split off from the line th<strong>at</strong> led to the other living mammals sometimeduring the Mesozoic. Their fossils suggest th<strong>at</strong> they once lived throughoutthe Southern Hemisphere. But today only three species of monotremesurvive. The duck-billed pl<strong>at</strong>ypus is found only in Australia and Tasmania.Two types of echidna live in Australia, Tasmania, and New Guinea.VOCABULARYThe name monotreme comesfrom a Greek word th<strong>at</strong> means"single opening," referring tothe cloaca opening, whichthese mammals have in commonwith birds and reptiles.Chapter <strong>26</strong>: A <strong>Closer</strong> <strong>Look</strong> <strong>at</strong> <strong>Amniotes</strong> 807 FIGURE <strong>26</strong>.18 The shovel-likebill of the duck-billed pl<strong>at</strong>ypus istightly packed with nerve endings.The pl<strong>at</strong>ypus uses this bill toscrape the bottom of rivers andlakes in search of food.FIGURE <strong>26</strong>.19 The red kangarooof Australia gives birth to tinybabies th<strong>at</strong> develop within apouch in the mother's abdomen.Inside the pouch, the infant<strong>at</strong>taches to a mammary gland,where it will stay until it is m<strong>at</strong>ure.Monotremes such as the pl<strong>at</strong>ypus in FIGURE <strong>26</strong>.18 have a mix of ancestralmammalian and reptilian fe<strong>at</strong>ures. Monotremes have retained reptiliancharacteristics such as• a sprawling posture• a single external opening, called the cloaca, for their urinary, digestive, andreproductive tracts• amniotic eggs with le<strong>at</strong>hery shells th<strong>at</strong> develop outside the bodyMonotremes also have characteristic mammalian fe<strong>at</strong>ures, including mammaryglands. When monotreme babies h<strong>at</strong>ch, their mothers feed them milk.But monotremes do not have nipples. Their babies lick milk from pools ontheir mother's belly.MarsupialsKangaroos, womb<strong>at</strong>s, koalas, and opossums are a few of the 282 living speciesof marsupial. Marsupials are mammals th<strong>at</strong> give birth to imm<strong>at</strong>ure, underdevelopedlive young th<strong>at</strong> grow to m<strong>at</strong>urity inside a marsupium, or pouch.After fertiliz<strong>at</strong>ion, marsupial embryos begin to develop internally, <strong>at</strong>tached toa placenta th<strong>at</strong> exchanges nutrients and wastes with the mother. But theamount of time the embryo develops inside the mother is very short. Mostmarsupial species give birth only a few weeks after fertiliz<strong>at</strong>ion. The imm<strong>at</strong>urebabies, such as the one seen in FIGURE <strong>26</strong>.19, <strong>at</strong>tach themselves to a nipple insidethe marsupium and nurse for up to six months before emerging from theirmother's pouch.Fossil evidence shows marsupials once lived all over the world. They havegone extinct over most of their former range. Most living species are foundonly in Australia and New Guinea. A few live in South America.One species, the Virginia opossum, lives in North America.Australian marsupials have diversified into many forms,and there are many examples of convergent evolutionbetween these marsupials and eutherian mammals. Ineach case, the animals share similar ecological roles.For example, Australia is home to mouselike, molelike,ante<strong>at</strong>ing, and gliding marsupials th<strong>at</strong> are physicallysimilar to unrel<strong>at</strong>ed mice, moles, ante<strong>at</strong>ers, andflying squirrels.808 Unit 8: Animals Eutherian MammalsAll the mammals most familiar to you are eutherians. Eutherian mammalsgive birth to live young th<strong>at</strong> have completed fetal development. Eutherianmammals are commonly called placental mammals, but this term is misleadingbecause most marsupials also use a placenta during embryo development.In most eutherian development, an embryo is <strong>at</strong>tached to themother's uterine wall. The connection between the fetus and themother forms an organ called the placenta. Through the placenta,the mother delivers oxygen and nutrients to the embryo andremoves waste products. The placenta only forms during gest<strong>at</strong>ionand leaves the mother's body following birth. The placenta isthe only example of a disposable organ.Eutherian gest<strong>at</strong>ion lasts longer than in marsupials—oftenmonths—and the babies are born <strong>at</strong> a more advanced stage ofdevelopment. In some species, including the Bengal tiger inFIGURE <strong>26</strong>.20, newborns are still rel<strong>at</strong>ively helpless and need extensiveparental care until they can survive on their own. In others,such as deer or horses, the time shortly after birth is when thenewborn is most vulnerable to pred<strong>at</strong>ors, so it is important th<strong>at</strong>they are able to get up and run within hours of birth.After the extinction of the dinosaurs, eutherians quickly filledvacant ecological niches, and the modern groups of mammalsappeared quickly. Rodents and carnivores appeared about 55million years ago, and the first known species of b<strong>at</strong>, elephant,man<strong>at</strong>ee, and horse appeared soon afterwards. Modern eutherians includefast carnivores such as cheetahs, and massive herbivores such as elephants.Three groups of aqu<strong>at</strong>ic eutherians—whales, man<strong>at</strong>ees, and seals—evolvedfrom land-dwelling mammals. B<strong>at</strong>s evolved powered flight. And one groupof prim<strong>at</strong>es, the humans, evolved the ability to think about their ancestors.FIGURE <strong>26</strong>.20 The cubs of thisBengal tiger will stay with theirmother for up to 18 months untilthey are able to hunt on theirown. Many eutherian mammalscare for their young after birth.To find out more about mammals,visit scilinks.org.Keycode: MLB0<strong>26</strong>Compare and Contrast Compare and contrast the advantages and disadvantages ofmarsupial and eutherian mammal reproduction.<strong>26</strong>.4 ASSESSMENTONLINE QUIZClassZone.comREVIEWINGMAIN IDEASCRITICAL THINKINGConnecting CONCEPTS1. Wh<strong>at</strong> fe<strong>at</strong>ures make mammalsdifferent from reptiles?2. How does fetal development differamong the three living groups ofmammals?3. Summarize How did the massextinction th<strong>at</strong> ended the reptilereign help lead to today's mammaldiversity?4. Classify Monotremes were confusingto early scientists because theyhad both reptilian and mammalianfe<strong>at</strong>ures. How might scientists haveclassified monotremes differently?5. Ecology A sea turtle may layup to 200 eggs in a nest, thenleave and return to the ocean.When the young turtles h<strong>at</strong>chthey must fend for themselves.How do mammals differ in thenumber of offspring producedand in the role of parental careof offspring?Chapter <strong>26</strong>: A <strong>Closer</strong> <strong>Look</strong> <strong>at</strong> <strong>Amniotes</strong> 809 CHAPTER <strong>26</strong>OPTIONS FOR INQUIRYUse these inquiry-based labs and online activities to deepen yourunderstanding of amniotes.INVESTIGATIONThe Parts of an EggBirds, some reptiles, and even a few mammals lay eggs. Inthis lab, you will dissect and identify the parts of an egg.SKILL ObservingPROBLEM Wh<strong>at</strong> are the parts of an egg, and wh<strong>at</strong> aretheir functions?PROCEDUR1. Use colored pencils to illustr<strong>at</strong>e and label thestructures you observe.2. With the various dissecting tools, carefully chip away<strong>at</strong> the eggshell without breaking the delic<strong>at</strong>eMATERIALS• chicken egg• dissecting tray• Egg Drawing• colored pencils• fine scissors• dissecting needle• dissecting forceps• hand lensmembranes bene<strong>at</strong>h the shell or the yolk. Make observ<strong>at</strong>ions with the hand lensand record them.3. In an unfertilized egg, you will find several structures, including the vitellinemembrane, which surrounds the yolk; a white spot on the yolk called the germinaldisk; and two cordlike strands on either side of the yolk, called chalazae.4. In a fertilized egg, you may find an embryo <strong>at</strong>tached to the yolk and twoadditional membranes within the yolk: the amnion and the allantois.Surrounding the yolk is chorion.5. Use the Egg Drawing to identify and illustr<strong>at</strong>e additional structures.6. When you have identified all structures and investig<strong>at</strong>ed both fertilizedand unfertilized eggs, dispose of the eggs and wash your hands.ANALYZE AND CONCLUDE1. Infer Wh<strong>at</strong> do you think would happen to the yolk if the egg wereto become fertilized?2. Infer Wh<strong>at</strong> is the function of the vitelline membrane and the albumen? Explain.810 Unit 8: Animals INVESTIGATIONMigr<strong>at</strong>ion and RangeEach year, when thedays begin to getshorter and thetemper<strong>at</strong>ure begins todrop, you may noticeflocks of birds flyingacross the sky. Theseasonal movement ofbirds is called migr<strong>at</strong>ion. Birds use a gre<strong>at</strong>deal of energy to migr<strong>at</strong>e.Tiny ruby-thro<strong>at</strong>ed hummingbirds, for example,spend much of the spring and summer in theeastern United St<strong>at</strong>es and Canada. But each year,they make an incredible migr<strong>at</strong>ion, flying southaround the Gulf of Mexico to Central America, andsome go as far south as Panama. Compare this tothe Arctic tern, which travels over 32,000 kilometers(20,000 mi) per year.In this activity, you will research aspects of birdmigr<strong>at</strong>ion.SKILL ResearchingMATERIALS• pencil• North America mapBIOLOGYCLASSZONE.COMANIMATED BIOLOGYBeak Shape and DietThe shape of a bird's beak allows it to takeadvantage of specific food sources. Examine aset of bird images and use the shape of eachbeak as a clue to identify the food source.WEBQUESTThere are seven species of sea turtles onEarth; all are endangered or thre<strong>at</strong>ened. Inthis WebQuest, you will explore the thre<strong>at</strong>ssea turtles face and the actions people aretaking to save them. Find out if we canreverse the sea turtles' p<strong>at</strong>hs to extinction.PROBLEM Why do birds migr<strong>at</strong>e?PROCEDUREChoose three of the following questions to researchand help explain bird migr<strong>at</strong>ion.1. Why do birds migr<strong>at</strong>e?2. How do birds know when to start migr<strong>at</strong>ing?3. How do migr<strong>at</strong>ing birds navig<strong>at</strong>e?4. Wh<strong>at</strong> methods do scientists use to monitor birdmigr<strong>at</strong>ion?5. Wh<strong>at</strong> problems do migr<strong>at</strong>ing birds face?6. Wh<strong>at</strong> are the major routes of bird migr<strong>at</strong>ions inNorth America? On the <strong>at</strong>tached map, shade inareas of major flyways over the United St<strong>at</strong>es.DATA ANALYSIS ONLINEInternal body temper<strong>at</strong>ure can provideinform<strong>at</strong>ion about an unknown amniote.Graph and compare body temper<strong>at</strong>ures offour hypothetical animals over a range ofenvironmental temper<strong>at</strong>ures. Use d<strong>at</strong>a in thegraphs to make inferences about the animals.Chapter <strong>26</strong>: A <strong>Closer</strong> <strong>Look</strong> <strong>at</strong> <strong>Amniotes</strong> 811 CHAPTER<strong>26</strong>@ CLASSZONE.COMKEY CONCEPTS Vocabulary Games Concept Maps Anim<strong>at</strong>ed Biology Online Quizamnionembryochorionallantoisyolk sac<strong>26</strong>.1 <strong>Amniotes</strong>Reptiles, birds, andmammals areamniotes. Organismsth<strong>at</strong> develop inside anamniotic sac are calledamniotes. Inside thissac, an embryo is providedwith the necessarynutrients to help it develop and prepare forlife. <strong>Amniotes</strong> pump blood through pulmonaryand systemic circuits and use lungs to exchangeessential gases with the environment and providefor the body. In ectotherms, the external environmentplays an important role in maintainingbody temper<strong>at</strong>ure, while endotherms control theirbody temper<strong>at</strong>ure by regul<strong>at</strong>ing their metabolism.<strong>26</strong>.2 ReptilesReptiles were the first amniotes. Reptiles comein many shapes and sizes, but all have a threechamberedheart and are ectotherms. Oviparousreptiles lay eggs externally, and viviparous reptilesretain eggs internally to full development.Scientists have traced the ancestorsof modern reptiles based on skullan<strong>at</strong>omy and have determined howmodern birds, reptiles, and mammalsare descended from ancient reptiles.Today, turtles, sphenodonts, snakes andlizards, and crocodilians are the majorreptile groups.Synthesize Your NotesConcept Map Use a concept map like the one below tosummarize distinctive amniote characteristics.<strong>26</strong>.3 BirdsBirds have many adapt<strong>at</strong>ions for flight. All birdsshare unique fe<strong>at</strong>ures such as hollow bones, ahighly modified circul<strong>at</strong>ory system, and fe<strong>at</strong>hers.Bird wings have a convex curved shape, called anairfoil, to enable flight. Their strong chest musclesare <strong>at</strong>tached to a large sternum, or keel. Birdshave a very high metabolism and a unique onewaybre<strong>at</strong>hing system th<strong>at</strong> is highly efficient.Birds are directly descended from dinosaurs. Birdscome in many shapes and sizes, and fe<strong>at</strong>uressuch as wings, beak, and feet are highly adaptedto each species' niche.<strong>26</strong>.4 MammalsEvolutionary adapt<strong>at</strong>ionsallowed mammals to succeeddinosaurs as a dominantterrestrial vertebr<strong>at</strong>e.Mammals evolved whiledinosaurs were walking Earth.After the dinosaurs wentextinct, many new species ofmammals evolved and filledthe vacant niches. Mammalsshare four fe<strong>at</strong>ures—hair,mammary glands, a modifiedmiddle ear, and a jaw th<strong>at</strong>lets them chew food. Mammals are endotherms,and hair plays an important role in keeping theirbody temper<strong>at</strong>ure stable. Mammary glands producenutrient-rich milk, which is the primaryfood source for growing infant mammals. Thereare three major groups of mammals: monotremes,marsupials, and eutherians.Main Idea Web Use a main idea web like the one below tosummarize the fe<strong>at</strong>ures of mammals, birds, and reptiles.<strong>Amniotes</strong>hairincludeincludeMammalsdeveloparedeveloparein an eggendothermsmiddle ear812 Unit 8: Animals Chapter AssessmentChapter Vocabulary<strong>26</strong>.1 pulmonary circuit, p. 789systemic circuit, p. 789ectotherm, p. 791endotherm, p. 791<strong>26</strong>.2 reptile, p. 793oviparous, p. 793viviparous, p. 793<strong>26</strong>.3 airfoil, p. 799sternum, p. 801air sac, p. 801<strong>26</strong>.4 mammal, p. 805mammary gland, p. 806monotreme, p. 807marsupial, p. 808eutherian, p. 809Reviewing VocabularyVocabulary ConnectionsWrite a sentence or two to clearly explain how thevocabulary terms in this chapter are connected. Forexample, for the terms mammal and mammary gland,you could write, "The mammary gland is one of theunique characteristics of a mammal."1. endotherm, mammal2. reptile, viviparous3. marsupial, eutherianGreek and L<strong>at</strong>in Word OriginsUse the definitions of the word parts to answer thefollowing questions.Partpulmo-endo--parousMeaninglunginnerto give birth4. Explain why the prefix pulmo- is used to describe bloodcircuits.5. Why is the prefix endo- used to describe thetemper<strong>at</strong>ure regul<strong>at</strong>ion str<strong>at</strong>egy of mammals and birds?6. How is the meaning of the suffix -parous rel<strong>at</strong>ed to itsuse in the word oviparous?Compare and ContrastDescribe one similarity and one difference betweenthe two terms in each of the following pairs.7. pulmonary circuit, systemic circuit8. oviparous, viviparous9. endotherm, ectothermReviewing MAIN IDEAS10. Name the four membranes found in an amniotic egg andexplain the function of each.11. Describe one similarity and one difference between thefunctions of a three-chambered heart and those of afour-chambered heart.12. The desert tortoise, an ectotherm, spends as much as95 percent of its time in underground burrows. Evenin a pred<strong>at</strong>or-free environment, why might it have todo this?13. Birds live in hot deserts and in Antarctica. How is itpossible for birds to live in hot and frigid environmentswhere reptiles cannot survive?14. Wh<strong>at</strong> are two ways th<strong>at</strong> reptiles can reproduce?15. Summarize the rel<strong>at</strong>ionships between modern birds,reptiles, and mammals and their ancient ancestors.16. Compare how snakes and lizards find prey with howcrocodiles find prey.17. Wh<strong>at</strong> five pieces of evidence indic<strong>at</strong>e th<strong>at</strong> birds evolvedfrom theropod dinosaurs?18. Wh<strong>at</strong> is the sternum? How does it help make flightpossible for birds?19. How is the reproductive system of a bird adapted forflight?20. Wh<strong>at</strong> three parts of a bird's body can indic<strong>at</strong>e wh<strong>at</strong>ecological niche the bird fills?21. How is the mammalian middle ear different from th<strong>at</strong>of reptiles?22. How does development differ among the three groupsof mammals?Chapter <strong>26</strong>: A <strong>Closer</strong> <strong>Look</strong> <strong>at</strong> <strong>Amniotes</strong> 813 Critical Thinking23. Analyze A person goes out for a jog wearing a jacketbecause the morning is cool. After about 15 minutes, theperson feels very warm and has to take off the jacket,even though the temper<strong>at</strong>ure hasn't changed. Explainwh<strong>at</strong> is happening.24. Classify Imagine th<strong>at</strong> a new animal has been discoveredin the rain forest. It has four limbs and a tail. Scientistsobserve th<strong>at</strong> it can e<strong>at</strong> prey larger than its head. It givesbirth to live young. Based on this inform<strong>at</strong>ion, howwould you classify this animal? Explain your answer.25. Apply Explain why the number of n<strong>at</strong>ive reptile speciesdecreases as you move away from Earth's equ<strong>at</strong>or.<strong>26</strong>. Analyze Fe<strong>at</strong>hers are one of the most importantadapt<strong>at</strong>ions for birds. Why are fe<strong>at</strong>hers a more usefuladapt<strong>at</strong>ion for flying than hair?27. Infer Elephants and leopards both live in Africa, where itis hot. But elephants have very little hair, and leopardshave a full co<strong>at</strong> of hair. Explain why this might be.28. Analyze Though it is bad manners, why is it possible fora person to talk while chewing a mouthful of food?Interpreting VisualsUse the following illustr<strong>at</strong>ion to answer the next threequestions.to bodyto lungs3to body1from lungs2Analyzing D<strong>at</strong>aThe table below shows the weight loss of two boxturtles during hibern<strong>at</strong>ion. A box turtle should loseonly about 1 percent of its body weight during eachmonth of hibern<strong>at</strong>ion and no more than 5 percentduring the entire hibern<strong>at</strong>ing period. Use the d<strong>at</strong>a toanswer the next two questions.WEIGHT LOSS DURING HIBERNATIONTurtle Nov Dec Jan Feb MarNo. 1 600g 594g 588g 582g 576gNo. 2 600g 590g 585g 580g 576g32. Graph Which type of graph would best represent bothsets of d<strong>at</strong>a in the table? Why?33. Evalu<strong>at</strong>e Based on the differences in mass over thecourse of hibern<strong>at</strong>ion, which turtle will be healthier <strong>at</strong>the end of hibern<strong>at</strong>ion? Explain your reasoning.Connecting CONCEPTS34. Write a Script Birds, reptiles, and mammals coexist inmany environments on Earth. But many times their p<strong>at</strong>hscross and confront<strong>at</strong>ions occur. Perhaps while a lion isfeeding, a vulture may fly down to try and get a bite toe<strong>at</strong>, or maybe a bird's nest is being invaded by a reptile.Choose a place where two very different amniotesmight interact, and write a script of their convers<strong>at</strong>ion.Using wh<strong>at</strong> you have learned about birds, reptiles, andmammals and how they function, have them discussadvantages and disadvantages of each other's lifestylesand how their conflict could be resolved.35. Apply <strong>Look</strong> again <strong>at</strong> the picture of the tarsier onpage 787 and read the description. Despite body partsth<strong>at</strong> might remind you of other types of animals, whyare scientists sure th<strong>at</strong> the tarsier is a mammal?29. Analyze Blood coming from the lungs enters which partof this heart? Give the number and identify the part.30. Analyze Blood going to the body comes from whichpart of the heart? Give the number and identify the part.31. Synthesize Is this a three-chambered heart or a fourchamberedheart? Explain how you know.814 Unit 8: Animals For more test practice,go to ClassZone.com.1. A researcher studies dairy cows to determineif feed type affects milk production. Theresearcher gives each cow one of the threetypes of feed for a month and measures milkproduction. Which of the following sources oferror were unavoidable in this experiment?A the genetic make up of cows in each groupB the average age of cows in each groupC the number of cows in each groupD the types of cows in each group2.Fossils discovered1000Fossils Discovered <strong>at</strong> Hypothetical Site750500AB250C0500 250 1Millions of years agoThis graph shows the number of fossils found <strong>at</strong>a hypothetical site from each time period overthe past 500 million years. Which of thesest<strong>at</strong>ements is best supported by the d<strong>at</strong>a?A Many speci<strong>at</strong>ion events occurred <strong>at</strong> Node A.B Nodes B and D indic<strong>at</strong>e a lack of biodiversity.C Species diversity increased after Node D.D A possible mass extinction occurred <strong>at</strong> Node C.3. During the summer, the arctic fox producesenzymes th<strong>at</strong> cause its fur to become reddishbrown. These enzymes do not function duringthe winter, causing the fox's fur to become whiteand blend in with the snow. Which of thefollowing st<strong>at</strong>ements is most likely true?A The genes in arctic fox popul<strong>at</strong>ions areunstable.B Reddish brown fur during the fall is likely notselected for in arctic fox popul<strong>at</strong>ions.C White fur during the winter is a trait th<strong>at</strong> wasselected for in arctic fox popul<strong>at</strong>ions.D The enzyme th<strong>at</strong> controls fur color is notaffected by temper<strong>at</strong>ure.D4. <strong>Amniotes</strong> are multicellular animals whoseembryos develop in an enclosed membrane.Wh<strong>at</strong> else must be true of all amniotes?A They can only reproduce asexually.B Fertiliz<strong>at</strong>ion is always external.C They lay eggs during their life cycle.D Half of their DNA comes from each parent.THINK THROUGH THE QUESTIONFirst, think about wh<strong>at</strong> an embryo is. Can anembryo be produced asexually? Next, elimin<strong>at</strong>eanswer choices th<strong>at</strong> could be true for someamniotes, but may not be true for all amniotes.5. During chewing, digestive enzymes in themouths of mammals begin breaking down foodparticles. Which is true about enzymes?A Without enzymes, certain chemical reactionswould require more energy input.B Once enzymes react, new ones must replacethose th<strong>at</strong> were changed during the reaction.C Enzymes work faster <strong>at</strong> high temper<strong>at</strong>ures.D Enzymes bond to substr<strong>at</strong>es, forming newmolecules.6.These illustr<strong>at</strong>ions show the bones of theforelimbs of three organisms. The similarities inbone arrangement supports the hypothesis th<strong>at</strong>these organismsA are members of one species.B descended from a common ancestor.C have adapt<strong>at</strong>ions for similar environments.D have the same genetic inform<strong>at</strong>ion.Chapter <strong>26</strong>: A <strong>Closer</strong> <strong>Look</strong> <strong>at</strong> <strong>Amniotes</strong> 815
Relatives of Japanese Island Evacuees Create VR Map 2:00 JST, March 25, 2023 Grandchildren of former residents of Iwoto Island in Ogasawara, Tokyo, have created a virtual reality map of part of the island to convey its history to younger generations. Fierce battles took place on the island during the Pacific War. The map features pre-war and modern-day photo panels, allowing viewers to compare the different eras. Residents who were forced to evacuate to the mainland during the war have not been allowed to return to the Pacific Ocean island — located about 1,250 kilometers from central Tokyo — due primarily to volcanic activity. The map project was spearheaded by a group mainly comprising third-generation children of former residents. The island was first settled in 1889 with the aim of extracting sulfur. Later, sugarcane was cultivated. In 1944, about 1,000 residents were ordered to evacuate the island. In February and March1945, Japan and the United States fought on the island, resulting in the deaths of more than 20,000 Japanese soldiers and about 7,000 U.S. servicemen. Most of the about 100 residents who did not evacuate and who served as civilian personnel to support Japan's military also died. Iwoto was returned to Japan by the United States in 1968, but the Japanese government declared it was difficult people to return due to volcanic activity, among other reasons. Nonetheless, delegations of former residents are allowed to make exceptional trips to the island to visit family graves. Against this background, the group, which formed in 2018, began digitizing old photos depicting island life. Images for the VR map were taken at Iwo ga Oka hill — near the former center of the island — with a 360-degree camera in August 2022 when a delegation organized by the Kanto district council of Junior Chamber International Japan visited. Photos were also taken on the former site of a prewar elementary school, among other facilities. The old photos seen in the map belonged to the evacuees who fled the island in summer 1944. The Kanto council, which organizes visits to Iwoto Island, recognized the historical value of the photos and encouraged the group to incorporate them into the map. The map — which can be downloaded and viewed on smartphones and computers in an app called "Cluster" — can been found by inputting the Japanese kanji characters for "Iwoto." Looking back The map has helped some former islanders reconnect with the past. Tokiko Okuyama, 89, of Matsudo City, Chiba Prefecture, lost her two brothers who had remained behind on the island. "I can't forget my brothers, Okuyama said. "I want to go back to the island to visit their graves." Iwo ga Oka hill stirs strong memories for Okuyama, as she and her brothers used to eat potatoes there, cooking them with hot steam that emanated from the ground. The group's chairman, Ryoma Nishimura, said, "I was seriously concerned that our ancestors who pioneered life on the island … would be forgotten if we did nothing." Nishimura's grandparents lived on the island. The 41 year-old who also serves as a member of the VR-map production team, remembers the words of his grandmother, Yasuko Kikuchi, who said, "Don't forget our island." Kikuchi died at 92 in 2015. In February, Nishimura visited Iwoto for the first time in seven years. While there, he visited the former site of a recently rediscovered factory that made sugarcane shochu spirit. "People lived on and developed the island before the war came along," Nishimura said. "We're keen to pass down the island's history to future generations." The group aims to increase the scope of the VR map in the future. "Society" POPULAR ARTICLE Cherry tree falls on man on Sanneizaka steps leading to famous Kiyomizu Temple in Kyoto Tokyo District Court Rules AI Cannot Be Issued Patents; Law Recognizes Only 'Natural Persons' as Inventors Small Animal That Appears to be Mouse Found in Chojuku Bread Products; Some Brands on Same Production Line to be Recalled Voluntarily Earthquake Hits Japan's Ibaraki, Tochigi, Chiba Prefectures, No Risk of Tsunami Man Repels Bear Attack in Hokkaido by Kicking its Face After Encountering 2 Bears While Sightseeing - Weakening Yen Adds Complexity to BOJ's Rate Hike Decisions; Rising Commodity Prices may Impact 'Virtuous Cycle' Efforts - Japanese Seafood Exports to China Sink 57% in FY23; U.S. Becomes Largest Seafood Export Destination - 70% of Japan Companies to Raise Pay Scales in FY 2024 - 48.6% of Global Patent Applications Related to All-Solid-State Batteries Came from Japanese Firms; Panasonic Tops List - UNRWA Director Describes Catastrophic Destruction in Gaza; Says Relief Trucks Robbed, 'People's Hearts Destroyed'
Lambda-CDM model Опубликовано 2023-05-05 20:00 , обновлено 2023-05-05 20:27 The ΛCDM (Lambda cold dark matter) or Lambda-CDM model is a parameterization of the Big Bang cosmological model in which the universe contains three major components: first, a cosmological constant denoted by Lambda (Greek Λ) associated with dark energy; second, the postulated cold dark matter (abbreviated CDM); and third, ordinary matter. It is frequently referred to as the standard model of Big Bang cosmology because it is the simplest model that provides a reasonably good account of the following properties of the cosmos: - the existence and structure of the cosmic microwave background - the large-scale structure in the distribution of galaxies - the observed abundances of hydrogen (including deuterium), helium, and lithium - the accelerating expansion of the universe observed in the light from distant galaxies and supernovae The model assumes that general relativity is the correct theory of gravity on cosmological scales. It emerged in the late 1990s as a concordance cosmology, after a period of time when disparate observed properties of the universe appeared mutually inconsistent, and there was no consensus on the makeup of the energy density of the universe. The ΛCDM model can be extended by adding cosmological inflation, quintessence, and other elements that are current areas of speculation and research in cosmology. Some alternative models challenge the assumptions of the ΛCDM model. Examples of these are modified Newtonian dynamics, entropic gravity, modified gravity, theories of large-scale variations in the matter density of the universe, bimetric gravity, scale invariance of empty space, and decaying dark matter (DDM).[1][2][3][4][5] The ΛCDM model includes an expansion of metric space that is well documented both as the red shift of prominent spectral absorption or emission lines in the light from distant galaxies and as the time dilation in the light decay of supernova luminosity curves. Both effects are attributed to a Doppler shift in electromagnetic radiation as it travels across expanding space. Although this expansion increases the distance between objects that are not under shared gravitational influence, it does not increase the size of the objects (e.g. galaxies) in space. It also allows for distant galaxies to recede from each other at speeds greater than the speed of light; local expansion is less than the speed of light, but expansion summed across great distances can collectively exceed the speed of light. The letter Λ (lambda) represents the cosmological constant, which is currently associated with a vacuum energy or dark energy in empty space that is used to explain the contemporary accelerating expansion of space against the attractive effects of gravity. A cosmological constant has negative pressure, �=−��2, which contributes to the stress–energy tensor that, according to the general theory of relativity, causes accelerating expansion. The fraction of the total energy density of our (flat or almost flat) universe that is dark energy, ΩΛ, is estimated to be 0.669 ± 0.038 based on the 2018 Dark Energy Survey results using Type Ia Supernovae[6] or 0.6847 ± 0.0073 based on the 2018 release of Planck satellite data, or more than 68.3% (2018 estimate) of the mass–energy density of the universe.[7] Dark matter is postulated in order to account for gravitational effects observed in very large-scale structures (the "flat" rotation curves of galaxies; the gravitational lensing of light by galaxy clusters; and enhanced clustering of galaxies) that cannot be accounted for by the quantity of observed matter. Cold dark matter as currently hypothesized is: - non-baryonic - It consists of matter other than protons and neutrons (and electrons, by convention, although electrons are not baryons). - cold - Its velocity is far less than the speed of light at the epoch of radiation–matter equality (thus neutrinos are excluded, being non-baryonic but not cold). - dissipationless - It cannot cool by radiating photons. - collisionless - The dark matter particles interact with each other and other particles only through gravity and possibly the weak force. Dark matter constitutes about 26.5%[8] of the mass–energy density of the universe. The remaining 4.9%[8] comprises all ordinary matter observed as atoms, chemical elements, gas and plasma, the stuff of which visible planets, stars and galaxies are made. The great majority of ordinary matter in the universe is unseen, since visible stars and gas inside galaxies and clusters account for less than 10% of the ordinary matter contribution to the mass–energy density of the universe.[9] Also, the energy density includes a very small fraction (~ 0.01%) in cosmic microwave background radiation, and not more than 0.5% in relic neutrinos. Although very small today, these were much more important in the distant past, dominating the matter at redshift > 3200. The model includes a single originating event, the "Big Bang", which was not an explosion but the abrupt appearance of expanding spacetime containing radiation at temperatures of around 1015 K. This was immediately (within 10−29 seconds) followed by an exponential expansion of space by a scale multiplier of 1027 or more, known as cosmic inflation. The early universe remained hot (above 10,000 K) for several hundred thousand years, a state that is detectable as a residual cosmic microwave background, or CMB, a very low energy radiation emanating from all parts of the sky. The "Big Bang" scenario, with cosmic inflation and standard particle physics, is the only current cosmological model consistent with the observed continuing expansion of space, the observed distribution of lighter elements in the universe (hydrogen, helium, and lithium), and the spatial texture of minute irregularities (anisotropies) in the CMB radiation. Cosmic inflation also addresses the "horizon problem" in the CMB; indeed, it seems likely that the universe is larger than the observable particle horizon. The model uses the Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker metric, the Friedmann equations and the cosmological equations of state to describe the observable universe from right after the inflationary epoch to present and future. Cosmic expansion history[edit] The expansion of the universe is parameterized by a dimensionless scale factor �=�(�) (with time � counted from the birth of the universe), defined relative to the present day, so �0=�(�0)=1; the usual convention in cosmology is that subscript 0 denotes present-day values, so �0 is the current age of the universe. The scale factor is related to the observed redshift[10] � of the light emitted at time �em by - �(�em)=11+�. The expansion rate is described by the time-dependent Hubble parameter, �(�), defined as - �(�)≡�˙�, where �˙ is the time-derivative of the scale factor. The first Friedmann equation gives the expansion rate in terms of the matter+radiation density �, the curvature �, and the cosmological constant Λ,[10] where as usual � is the speed of light and � is the gravitational constant. A critical density �crit is the present-day density, which gives zero curvature �, assuming the cosmological constant Λ is zero, regardless of its actual value. Substituting these conditions to the Friedmann equation gives - �crit=3�028��=1.87847(23)×10−26ℎ2kgm−3,[11] where ℎ≡�0/(100kms−1Mpc−1) is the reduced Hubble constant. If the cosmological constant were actually zero, the critical density would also mark the dividing line between eventual recollapse of the universe to a Big Crunch, or unlimited expansion. For the Lambda-CDM model with a positive cosmological constant (as observed), the universe is predicted to expand forever regardless of whether the total density is slightly above or below the critical density; though other outcomes are possible in extended models where the dark energy is not constant but actually time-dependent. It is standard to define the present-day density parameter Ω� for various species as the dimensionless ratio - Ω�≡��(�=�0)�crit=8��(�=�0)3�02 where the subscript � is one of b for baryons, c for cold dark matter, rad for radiation (photons plus relativistic neutrinos), and Λ for dark energy. Since the densities of various species scale as different powers of �, e.g. �−3 " aria-hidden="true" /> for matter etc., the Friedmann equation can be conveniently rewritten in terms of the various density parameters as - �(�)≡�˙�=�0(Ωc+Ωb)�−3+Ωrad�−4+Ω��−2+ΩΛ�−3(1+�) where � is the equation of state parameter of dark energy, and assuming negligible neutrino mass (significant neutrino mass requires a more complex equation). The various Ω parameters add up to 1 by construction. In the general case this is integrated by computer to give the expansion history �(�) and also observable distance–redshift relations for any chosen values of the cosmological parameters, which can then be compared with observations such as supernovae and baryon acoustic oscillations. In the minimal 6-parameter Lambda-CDM model, it is assumed that curvature Ω� is zero and �=−1, so this simplifies to - �(�)=�0Ωm�−3+Ωrad�−4+ΩΛ Observations show that the radiation density is very small today, Ωrad∼10−4; if this term is neglected the above has an analytic solution[12] - �(�)=(Ωm/ΩΛ)1/3sinh2/3(�/�Λ) where �Λ≡2/(3�0ΩΛ) ; this is fairly accurate for �>0.01 or �>10 million years. Solving for �(�)=1 gives the present age of the universe �0 in terms of the other parameters. It follows that the transition from decelerating to accelerating expansion (the second derivative �¨ crossing zero) occurred when - �=(Ωm/2ΩΛ)1/3 which evaluates to �∼0.6 or �∼0.66 for the best-fit parameters estimated from the Planck spacecraft. Historical development[edit] The discovery of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) in 1964 confirmed a key prediction of the Big Bang cosmology. From that point on, it was generally accepted that the universe started in a hot, dense state and has been expanding over time. The rate of expansion depends on the types of matter and energy present in the universe, and in particular, whether the total density is above or below the so-called critical density. During the 1970s, most attention focused on pure-baryonic models, but there were serious challenges explaining the formation of galaxies, given the small anisotropies in the CMB (upper limits at that time). In the early 1980s, it was realized that this could be resolved if cold dark matter dominated over the baryons, and the theory of cosmic inflation motivated models with critical density. During the 1980s, most research focused on cold dark matter with critical density in matter, around 95% CDM and 5% baryons: these showed success at forming galaxies and clusters of galaxies, but problems remained; notably, the model required a Hubble constant lower than preferred by observations, and observations around 1988–1990 showed more large-scale galaxy clustering than predicted. These difficulties sharpened with the discovery of CMB anisotropy by the Cosmic Background Explorer in 1992, and several modified CDM models, including ΛCDM and mixed cold and hot dark matter, came under active consideration through the mid-1990s. The ΛCDM model then became the leading model following the observations of accelerating expansion in 1998, and was quickly supported by other observations: in 2000, the BOOMERanG microwave background experiment measured the total (matter–energy) density to be close to 100% of critical, whereas in 2001 the 2dFGRS galaxy redshift survey measured the matter density to be near 25%; the large difference between these values supports a positive Λ or dark energy. Much more precise spacecraft measurements of the microwave background from WMAP in 2003–2010 and Planck in 2013–2015 have continued to support the model and pin down the parameter values, most of which are now constrained below 1 percent uncertainty. There is currently active research into many aspects of the ΛCDM model, both to refine the parameters and to resolve the tensions between recent observations and the ΛCDM model, such as the Hubble tension and the CMB dipole.[13] In addition, ΛCDM has no explicit physical theory for the origin or physical nature of dark matter or dark energy; the nearly scale-invariant spectrum of the CMB perturbations, and their image across the celestial sphere, are believed to result from very small thermal and acoustic irregularities at the point of recombination. Historically, a large majority of astronomers and astrophysicists support the ΛCDM model or close relatives of it, but recent observations that contradict the ΛCDM model have recently led some astronomers and astrophysicists to search for alternatives to the ΛCDM model, which include dropping the Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker metric or modifying dark energy.[13][14] On the other hand, Milgrom, McGaugh, and Kroupa have long been leading critics of the ΛCDM model, attacking the dark matter portions of the theory from the perspective of galaxy formation models and supporting the alternative modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND) theory, which requires a modification of the Einstein field equations and the Friedmann equations as seen in proposals such as modified gravity theory (MOG theory) or tensor–vector–scalar gravity theory (TeVeS theory). Other proposals by theoretical astrophysicists of cosmological alternatives to Einstein's general relativity that attempt to account for dark energy or dark matter include f(R) gravity, scalar–tensor theories such as galileon theories, brane cosmologies, the DGP model, and massive gravity and its extensions such as bimetric gravity. In addition to explaining many pre-2000 observations, the model has made a number of successful predictions: notably the existence of the baryon acoustic oscillation feature, discovered in 2005 in the predicted location; and the statistics of weak gravitational lensing, first observed in 2000 by several teams. The polarization of the CMB, discovered in 2002 by DASI,[15] has been successfully predicted by the model: in the 2015 Planck data release,[16] there are seven observed peaks in the temperature (TT) power spectrum, six peaks in the temperature–polarization (TE) cross spectrum, and five peaks in the polarization (EE) spectrum. The six free parameters can be well constrained by the TT spectrum alone, and then the TE and EE spectra can be predicted theoretically to few-percent precision with no further adjustments allowed. Over the years, numerous simulations of ΛCDM and observations of our universe have been made that challenge the validity of the ΛCDM model, to the point where some cosmologists now believe that the ΛCDM model may be superseded by another standard cosmological model.[13][14][17] Lack of detection[edit] Extensive searches for dark matter particles have so far shown no well-agreed detection; the dark energy may be almost impossible to detect in a laboratory, and its value is unnaturally small compared to vacuum energy theoretical predictions. Violations of the cosmological principle[edit] The ΛCDM model has been shown to satisfy the cosmological principle, which states that, on a large-enough scale, the universe looks the same in all directions (isotropy) and from every location (homogeneity); "the universe looks the same whoever and wherever you are."[18] The cosmological principle exists because when the predecessors of the ΛCDM model were first being developed, there was not sufficient data available to distinguish between more complex anisotropic or inhomogeneous models, so homogeneity and isotropy were assumed to simplify the models,[19] and the assumptions were carried over into the ΛCDM model.[20] However, recent findings have suggested that violations of the cosmological principle, especially of isotropy, exist. These violations have called the ΛCDM model into question, with some authors suggesting that the cosmological principle is now obsolete or that the Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker metric breaks down in the late universe.[13][21][22] This has additional implications for the validity of the cosmological constant in the ΛCDM model, as dark energy is implied by observations only if the cosmological principle is true.[23][20] Violations of isotropy[edit] Evidence from galaxy clusters,[24][25] quasars,[26] and type Ia supernovae[27] suggest that isotropy is violated on large scales. Data from the Planck Mission shows hemispheric bias in the cosmic microwave background in two respects: one with respect to average temperature (i.e. temperature fluctuations), the second with respect to larger variations in the degree of perturbations (i.e. densities). The European Space Agency (the governing body of the Planck Mission) has concluded that these anisotropies in the CMB are, in fact, statistically significant and can no longer be ignored.[28] Already in 1967, Dennis Sciama predicted that the cosmic microwave background has a significant dipole anisotropy.[29][30] In recent years, the CMB dipole has been tested, and current results suggest our motion with respect to distant radio galaxies[31] and quasars[32] differs from our motion with respect to the cosmic microwave background. The same conclusion has been reached in recent studies of the Hubble diagram of Type Ia supernovae[33] and quasars.[34] This contradicts the cosmological principle. The CMB dipole is hinted at through a number of other observations. First, even within the cosmic microwave background, there are curious directional alignments[35] and an anomalous parity asymmetry[36] that may have an origin in the CMB dipole.[37] Separately, the CMB dipole direction has emerged as a preferred direction in studies of alignments in quasar polarizations,[38] scaling relations in galaxy clusters,[39][40] strong lensing time delay,[21] Type Ia supernovae,[41] and quasars and gamma-ray bursts as standard candles.[42] The fact that all these independent observables, based on different physics, are tracking the CMB dipole direction suggests that the Universe is anisotropic in the direction of the CMB dipole. Nevertheless, some authors have stated that the universe around Earth is isotropic at high significance by studies of the cosmic microwave background temperature maps.[43] Violations of homogeneity[edit] Based on N-body simulations in ΛCDM, Yadav and his colleagues showed that the spatial distribution of galaxies is statistically homogeneous if averaged over scales 260/h Mpc or more.[44] However, many large-scale structures have been discovered, and some authors have reported some of the structures to be in conflict with the predicted scale of homogeneity for ΛCDM, including - The Clowes–Campusano LQG, discovered in 1991, which has a length of 580 Mpc - The Sloan Great Wall, discovered in 2003, which has a length of 423 Mpc,[45] - U1.11, a large quasar group discovered in 2011, which has a length of 780 Mpc - The Huge-LQG, discovered in 2012, which is three times longer than and twice as wide as is predicted possible according to ΛCDM - The Hercules–Corona Borealis Great Wall, discovered in November 2013, which has a length of 2000–3000 Mpc (more than seven times that of the SGW)[46] - The Giant Arc, discovered in June 2021, which has a length of 1000 Mpc[47] Other authors claim that the existence of structures larger than the scale of homogeneity in the ΛCDM model does not necessarily violate the cosmological principle in the ΛCDM model.[48][13] El Gordo galaxy cluster collision[edit] El Gordo is an interacting galaxy cluster in the early Universe (�=0.87). The extreme properties of El Gordo in terms of its redshift, mass, and the collision velocity leads to strong (6.16�) tension with the ΛCDM model.[49] The properties of El Gordo are however consistent with cosmological simulations in the framework of MOND due to more rapid structure formation.[50] KBC void[edit] The KBC void is an immense, comparatively empty region of space containing the Milky Way approximately 2 billion light-years (600 megaparsecs, Mpc) in diameter.[51][52][13] Some authors have said the existence of the KBC void violates the assumption that the CMB reflects baryonic density fluctuations at �=1100 or Einstein's theory of general relativity, either of which would violate the ΛCDM model,[53] while other authors have claimed that supervoids as large as the KBC void are consistent with the ΛCDM model.[54] Hubble tension[edit] The Hubble tension in cosmology is widely acknowledged to be a major problem for the ΛCDM model.[14][55][13][17] In December 2021, National Geographic reported that the cause of the Hubble tension discrepancy is not known.[56] However, if the cosmological principle fails (see Violations of the cosmological principle), then the existing interpretations of the Hubble constant and the Hubble tension have to be revised, which might resolve the Hubble tension.[13][21] Some authors postulate that the Hubble tension can be explained entirely by the KBC void, as measuring galactic supernovae inside a void is predicted by the authors to yield a larger local value for the Hubble constant than cosmological measures of the Hubble constant.[57] However, other work has found no evidence for this in observations, finding the scale of the claimed underdensity to be incompatible with observations which extend beyond its radius.[58] Important deficiencies were subsequently pointed out in this analysis, leaving open the possibility that the Hubble tension is indeed caused by outflow from the KBC void.[53] As a result of the Hubble tension, other researchers have called for new physics beyond the ΛCDM model.[59] Moritz Haslbauer et al. proposed that MOND would resolve the Hubble tension.[53] Another group of researchers led by Marc Kamionkowski proposed a cosmological model with early dark energy to replace ΛCDM.[60] S8 tension[edit] The �8 tension in cosmology is another major problem for the ΛCDM model.[13] The �8 parameter in the ΛCDM model quantifies the amplitude of matter fluctuations in the late universe and is defined as Early- (e.g. from CMB data collected using the Planck observatory) and late-time (e.g. measuring weak gravitational lensing events) facilitate increasingly precise values of �8. However, these two categories of measurement differ by more standard deviations than their uncertainties. This discrepancy is called the �8 tension. The name "tension" reflects that the disagreement is not merely between two data sets: the many sets of early- and late-time measurements agree well within their own categories, but there is an unexplained difference between values obtained from different points in the evolution of the universe. Such a tension indicates that the ΛCDM model may be incomplete or in need of correction.[13] Axis of evil[edit] The ΛCDM model assumes that the data of the cosmic microwave background and our interpretation of the CMB are correct. However, there exists an apparent correlation between the plane of the Solar System,[61] the rotation of galaxies,[62][63][64] and certain aspects of the CMB. This may indicate that there is something wrong with the data or the interpretation of the cosmic microwave background used as evidence for the ΛCDM model, or that the Copernican principle and cosmological principle are violated.[65] Cosmological lithium problem[edit] The actual observable amount of lithium in the universe is less than the calculated amount from the ΛCDM model by a factor of 3–4.[66][13] If every calculation is correct, then solutions beyond the existing ΛCDM model might be needed.[66] Shape of the universe[edit] The ΛCDM model assumes that the shape of the universe is flat (zero curvature). However, recent Planck data have hinted that the shape of the universe might in fact be closed (positive curvature), which would contradict the ΛCDM model.[67][13] Some authors have suggested that the Planck data detecting a positive curvature could be evidence of a local inhomogeneity in the curvature of the universe rather than the universe actually being closed.[68][13] Violations of the strong equivalence principle[edit] The ΛCDM model assumes that the strong equivalence principle is true. However, in 2020 a group of astronomers analyzed data from the Spitzer Photometry and Accurate Rotation Curves (SPARC) sample, together with estimates of the large-scale external gravitational field from an all-sky galaxy catalog. They concluded that there was highly statistically significant evidence of violations of the strong equivalence principle in weak gravitational fields in the vicinity of rotationally supported galaxies.[69] They observed an effect inconsistent with tidal effects in the ΛCDM model. Cold dark matter discrepancies[edit] Several discrepancies between the predictions of cold dark matter in the ΛCDM model and observations of galaxies and their clustering have arisen. Some of these problems have proposed solutions, but it remains unclear whether they can be solved without abandoning the ΛCDM model.[70] Cuspy halo problem[edit] The density distributions of dark matter halos in cold dark matter simulations (at least those that do not include the impact of baryonic feedback) are much more peaked than what is observed in galaxies by investigating their rotation curves.[71] Dwarf galaxy problem[edit] Cold dark matter simulations predict large numbers of small dark matter halos, more numerous than the number of small dwarf galaxies that are observed around galaxies like the Milky Way.[72] Satellite disk problem[edit] Dwarf galaxies around the Milky Way and Andromeda galaxies are observed to be orbiting in thin, planar structures whereas the simulations predict that they should be distributed randomly about their parent galaxies.[73] However, latest research suggests this seemigly bizarre alignment is just a quirk which will dissolve over time.[74] High-velocity galaxy problem[edit] Galaxies in the NGC 3109 association are moving away too rapidly to be consistent with expectations in the ΛCDM model.[75] In this framework, NGC 3109 is too massive and distant from the Local Group for it to have been flung out in a three-body interaction involving the Milky Way or Andromeda Galaxy.[76] Galaxy morphology problem[edit] If galaxies grew hierarchically, then massive galaxies required many mergers. Major mergers inevitably create a classical bulge. On the contrary, about 80% of observed galaxies give evidence of no such bulges, and giant pure-disc galaxies are commonplace.[77] The tension can be quantified by comparing the observed distribution of galaxy shapes today with predictions from high-resolution hydrodynamical cosmological simulations in the ΛCDM framework, revealing a highly significant problem that is unlikely to be solved by improving the resolution of the simulations.[78] The high bulgeless fraction was nearly constant for 8 billion years.[79] Fast galaxy bar problem[edit] If galaxies were embedded within massive halos of cold dark matter, then the bars that often develop in their central regions would be slowed down by dynamical friction with the halo. This is in serious tension with the fact that observed galaxy bars are typically fast.[80] Small scale crisis[edit] Comparison of the model with observations may have some problems on sub-galaxy scales, possibly predicting too many dwarf galaxies and too much dark matter in the innermost regions of galaxies. This problem is called the "small scale crisis".[81] These small scales are harder to resolve in computer simulations, so it is not yet clear whether the problem is the simulations, non-standard properties of dark matter, or a more radical error in the model. High redshift galaxies[edit] Observations from the James Webb Space Telescope have resulted in various galaxies confirmed by spectroscopy at high redshift, such as JADES-GS-z13-0 at cosmological redshift of 13.2.[82][83] Other candidate galaxies which have not been confirmed by spectroscopy include CEERS-93316 at cosmological redshift of 16.4. Existence of surprisingly massive galaxies in the early universe challenges the currently preferred models describing how dark matter halos drive galaxy formation. It remains to be seen whether a revision of the Lambda-CDM model with parameters given by Planck Collaboration is necessary to resolve this issue. The discrepancies could also be explained by particular properties (stellar masses or effective volume) of the candidate galaxies, yet unknown force or particle outside of the Standard Model through which dark matter interacts, more efficient baryonic matter accumulation by the dark matter halos, early dark energy models,[84] or the hypothesized long-sought Population III stars.[85][86][87][88] Missing baryon problem[edit] Massimo Persic and Paolo Salucci[89] first estimated the baryonic density today present in ellipticals, spirals, groups and clusters of galaxies. They performed an integration of the baryonic mass-to-light ratio over luminosity (in the following ��/�), weighted with the luminosity function �(�) over the previously mentioned classes of astrophysical objects: - �b=∑∫��(�)�b��. The result was: - Ωb=Ω∗+Ωgas=2.2×10−3+1.5×10−3ℎ−1.3≃0.003 where ℎ≃0.72. Note that this value is much lower than the prediction of standard cosmic nucleosynthesis Ωb≃0.0486, so that stars and gas in galaxies and in galaxy groups and clusters account for less than 10% of the primordially synthesized baryons. This issue is known as the problem of the "missing baryons". The missing baryon problem is claimed to be resolved. Using observations of the kinematic Sunyaev–Zel'dovich effect spanning more than 90% of the lifetime of the Universe, in 2021 astrophysicists found that approximately 50% of all baryonic matter is outside dark matter haloes, filling the space between galaxies.[90] Together with the amount of baryons inside galaxies and surrounding these, the total amount of baryons in the late time Universe is now compatible with early Universe measurements. It has been argued that the ΛCDM model is built upon a foundation of conventionalist stratagems, rendering it unfalsifiable in the sense defined by Karl Popper.[91] Description \| Symbol \| Value-2015[94] \| Value-2018[95] \| \| Indepen- dent para- meters \| Physical baryon density parameter[a] \| Ωb h2 \| 0.02230±0.00014 \| 0.0224±0.0001 \| Physical dark matter density parameter[a] \| Ωc h2 \| 0.1188±0.0010 \| 0.120±0.001 \| \| Age of the universe \| t0 \| (13.799±0.021)×109 years \| (13.787±0.020)×109 years[98] \| \| Scalar spectral index \| ns \| 0.9667±0.0040 \| 0.965±0.004 \| \| Curvature fluctuation amplitude, k0 = 0.002 Mpc−1 \| ? \| \| Reionization optical depth \| τ \| 0.066±0.012 \| 0.054±0.007 \| \| Fixed para- meters \| Total density parameter[b] \| Ωtot \| 1 \| ? \| Equation of state of dark energy \| w \| −1 \| w0 = −1.03 ± 0.03 \| \| Tensor/scalar ratio \| r \| 0 \| r0.002 < 0.06 \| \| Running of spectral index \| ��s/�ln� \| 0 \| ? \| \| Sum of three neutrino masses \| ∑�� \| 0.06 eV/c2[c][92]: 40 \| 0.12 eV/c2 \| \| Effective number of relativistic degrees of freedom \| Neff \| 3.046[d][92]: 47 \| 2.99±0.17 \| \| Calcu- lated values \| Hubble constant \| H0 \| 67.74±0.46 km s−1 Mpc−1 \| 67.4±0.5 km s−1 Mpc−1 \| Baryon density parameter[b] \| Ωb \| 0.0486±0.0010[e] \| ? \| \| Dark matter density parameter[b] \| Ωc \| 0.2589±0.0057[f] \| ? \| \| Matter density parameter[b] \| Ωm \| 0.3089±0.0062 \| 0.315±0.007 \| \| Dark energy density parameter[b] \| ΩΛ \| 0.6911±0.0062 \| 0.6847±0.0073 \| \| Critical density \| ρcrit \| (8.62±0.12)×10−27 kg/m3[g] \| ? \| \| The present root-mean-square matter fluctuation averaged over a sphere of radius 8h–1 Mpc \| σ8 \| 0.8159±0.0086 \| 0.811±0.006 \| \| Redshift at decoupling \| z∗ \| 1089.90±0.23 \| 1089.80±0.21 \| \| Age at decoupling \| t∗ \| 377700±3200 years[99] \| ? \| \| Redshift of reionization (with uniform prior) \| zre \| 8.5+1.0 −1.1[100] \| 7.68±0.79 \| The simple ΛCDM model is based on six parameters: physical baryon density parameter; physical dark matter density parameter; the age of the universe; scalar spectral index; curvature fluctuation amplitude; and reionization optical depth.[101] In accordance with Occam's razor, six is the smallest number of parameters needed to give an acceptable fit to current observations; other possible parameters are fixed at "natural" values, e.g. total density parameter = 1.00, dark energy equation of state = −1. (See below for extended models that allow these to vary.) The values of these six parameters are mostly not predicted by current theory (though, ideally, they may be related by a future "Theory of Everything"), except that most versions of cosmic inflation predict the scalar spectral index should be slightly smaller than 1, consistent with the estimated value 0.96. The parameter values, and uncertainties, are estimated using large computer searches to locate the region of parameter space providing an acceptable match to cosmological observations. From these six parameters, the other model values, such as the Hubble constant and the dark energy density, can be readily calculated. Commonly, the set of observations fitted includes the cosmic microwave background anisotropy, the brightness/redshift relation for supernovae, and large-scale galaxy clustering including the baryon acoustic oscillation feature. Other observations, such as the Hubble constant, the abundance of galaxy clusters, weak gravitational lensing and globular cluster ages, are generally consistent with these, providing a check of the model, but are less precisely measured at present. Parameter values listed below are from the Planck Collaboration Cosmological parameters 68% confidence limits for the base ΛCDM model from Planck CMB power spectra, in combination with lensing reconstruction and external data (BAO + JLA + H0).[92] See also Planck (spacecraft). - ^ Jump up to:a b The "physical baryon density parameter" Ωb h2 is the "baryon density parameter" Ωb multiplied by the square of the reduced Hubble constant h = H0 / (100 km s−1 Mpc−1).[96][97] Likewise for the difference between "physical dark matter density parameter" and "dark matter density parameter". - ^ Jump up to:a b c d e A density ρx = Ωxρcrit is expressed in terms of the critical density ρcrit, which is the total density of matter/energy needed for the universe to be spatially flat. Measurements indicate that the actual total density ρtot is very close if not equal to this value, see below. - ^ This is the minimal value allowed by solar and terrestrial neutrino oscillation experiments. - ^ from the Standard Model of particle physics - ^ Calculated from Ωbh2 and h = H0 / (100 km s−1 Mpc−1). - ^ Calculated from Ωch2 and h = H0 / (100 km s−1 Mpc−1). - ^ Calculated from h = H0 / (100 km s−1 Mpc−1) per ρcrit = 1.87847×10−26 h2 kg m−3.[11] Extended models[edit] Description \| Symbol \| Value \| Total density parameter \| Ωtot \| 0.9993±0.0019[102] \| Equation of state of dark energy \| � \| −0.980±0.053 \| Tensor-to-scalar ratio \| � \| < 0.11, k0 = 0.002 Mpc−1 (2�) \| Running of the spectral index \| ��/�ln� \| −0.022±0.020, k0 = 0.002 Mpc−1 \| Sum of three neutrino masses \| ∑�� \| < 0.58 eV/c2 (2�) \| Physical neutrino density parameter \| Ω�ℎ2 \| < 0.0062 \| Extended models allow one or more of the "fixed" parameters above to vary, in addition to the basic six; so these models join smoothly to the basic six-parameter model in the limit that the additional parameter(s) approach the default values. For example, possible extensions of the simplest ΛCDM model allow for spatial curvature (Ω�� may be different from 1); or quintessence rather than a cosmological constant where the equation of state of dark energy is allowed to differ from −1. Cosmic inflation predicts tensor fluctuations (gravitational waves). Their amplitude is parameterized by the tensor-to-scalar ratio (denoted �), which is determined by the unknown energy scale of inflation. Other modifications allow hot dark matter in the form of neutrinos more massive than the minimal value, or a running spectral index; the latter is generally not favoured by simple cosmic inflation models. Allowing additional variable parameter(s) will generally increase the uncertainties in the standard six parameters quoted above, and may also shift the central values slightly. The Table below shows results for each of the possible "6+1" scenarios with one additional variable parameter; this indicates that, as of 2015, there is no convincing evidence that any additional parameter is different from its default value. Some researchers have suggested that there is a running spectral index, but no statistically significant study has revealed one. Theoretical expectations suggest that the tensor-to-scalar ratio � should be between 0 and 0.3, and the latest results are now within those limits. See also - Bolshoi Cosmological Simulation - Galaxy formation and evolution - Illustris project - List of cosmological computation software - Millennium Run - Weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) - The ΛCDM model is also known as the standard model of cosmology, but is not related to the Standard Model of particle physics. - ^ Maeder, Andre (2017). "An Alternative to the ΛCDM Model: The Case of Scale Invariance". The Astrophysical Journal. 834 (2): 194. arXiv:1701.03964. Bibcode:2017ApJ...834..194M. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/834/2/194. ISSN 0004-637X. S2CID 119513478. - ^ Brouer, Margot (2017). "First test of Verlinde's theory of emergent gravity using weak gravitational lensing measurements". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 466 (3): 2547–2559. arXiv:1612.03034. Bibcode:2017MNRAS.466.2547B. doi:10.1093/mnras/stw3192. S2CID 18916375. - ^ P. Kroupa, B. Famaey, K.S. de Boer, J. Dabringhausen, M. Pawlowski, C.M. Boily, H. Jerjen, D. Forbes, G. Hensler, M. Metz, "Local-Group tests of dark-matter concordance cosmology. Towards a new paradigm for structure formation" A&A 523, 32 (2010). - ^ Petit, J. P.; D'Agostini, G. (2018-07-01). "Constraints on Janus Cosmological model from recent observations of supernovae type Ia". Astrophysics and Space Science. 363 (7): 139. Bibcode:2018Ap&SS.363..139D. doi:10.1007/s10509-018-3365-3. ISSN 1572-946X. S2CID 125167116. - ^ Pandey, Kanhaiya L.; Karwal, Tanvi; Das, Subinoy (2019-10-21). "Alleviating the H0 and S8 Anomalies With a Decaying Dark Matter Model". Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics. arXiv:1902.10636. doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2020/07/026. S2CID 119234939. - ^ DES Collaboration (2018). "First Cosmology Results using Type Ia Supernovae from the Dark Energy Survey: Constraints on Cosmological Parameters". The Astrophysical Journal. 872 (2): L30. arXiv:1811.02374. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ab04fa. S2CID 84833144. - ^ Planck Collaboration (2020). "Planck 2018 results. VI. Cosmological parameters". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 641: A6. arXiv:1807.06209. Bibcode:2020A&A...641A...6P. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833910. S2CID 119335614. - ^ Jump up to:a b Tanabashi, M.; et al. (Particle Data Group) (2019). "Astrophysical Constants and Parameters" (PDF). Physical Review D. Particle Data Group. 98 (3): 030001. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.98.030001. Retrieved 2020-03-08. - ^ Persic, Massimo; Salucci, Paolo (1992-09-01). "The baryon content of the Universe". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 258 (1): 14P–18P. arXiv:astro-ph/0502178. Bibcode:1992MNRAS.258P..14P. doi:10.1093/mnras/258.1.14P. ISSN 0035-8711. S2CID 17945298. - ^ Jump up to:a b Dodelson, Scott (2008). Modern cosmology (4 ed.). San Diego, CA: Academic Press. ISBN 978-0122191411. - ^ Jump up to:a b K.A. Olive; et al. (Particle Data Group) (2015). "The Review of Particle Physics. 2. Astrophysical constants and parameters" (PDF). Particle Data Group: Berkeley Lab. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 December 2015. Retrieved 10 January 2016. - ^ Frieman, Joshua A.; Turner, Michael S.; Huterer, Dragan (2008). "Dark Energy and the Accelerating Universe". Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 46 (1): 385–432. arXiv:0803.0982. Bibcode:2008ARA&A..46..385F. doi:10.1146/annurev.astro.46.060407.145243. S2CID 15117520. - ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g h i j k l m Elcio Abdalla; Guillermo Franco Abellán; et al. (11 Mar 2022), "Cosmology Intertwined: A Review of the Particle Physics, Astrophysics, and Cosmology Associated with the Cosmological Tensions and Anomalies", Journal of High Energy Astrophysics, 34: 49, arXiv:2203.06142v1, Bibcode:2022JHEAp..34...49A, doi:10.1016/j.jheap.2022.04.002, S2CID 247411131 - ^ Jump up to:a b c Matthew Chalmers (2 July 2021). "Exploring the Hubble tension". CERN Courier. Retrieved 25 March 2022. - ^ Kovac, J. M.; Leitch, E. M.; Pryke, C.; Carlstrom, J. E.; Halverson, N. W.; Holzapfel, W. L. (2002). "Detection of polarization in the cosmic microwave background using DASI". Nature. 420 (6917): 772–787. arXiv:astro-ph/0209478. Bibcode:2002Natur.420..772K. doi:10.1038/nature01269. PMID 12490941. S2CID 4359884. - ^ Planck Collaboration (2016). "Planck 2015 Results. XIII. Cosmological Parameters". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 594 (13): A13. arXiv:1502.01589. Bibcode:2016A&A...594A..13P. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201525830. S2CID 119262962. - ^ Jump up to:a b Michael Turner (12 Jan 2022). "The Road to Precision Cosmology". Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science. 32: 1–35. arXiv:2201.04741. Bibcode:2022ARNPS..72....1T. doi:10.1146/annurev-nucl-111119-041046. S2CID 245906450. - ^ Andrew Liddle. An Introduction to Modern Cosmology (2nd ed.). London: Wiley, 2003. - ^ Steven Weinberg (1972). Gravitation and Cosmology: Principles and Applications of the General Theory of Relativity. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 978-0471925675. - ^ Jump up to:a b Jacques Colin; Roya Mohayaee; Mohamed Rameez; Subir Sarkar (20 November 2019). "Evidence for anisotropy of cosmic acceleration". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 631: L13. arXiv:1808.04597. Bibcode:2019A&A...631L..13C. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201936373. S2CID 208175643. Retrieved 25 March 2022. - ^ Jump up to:a b c Krishnan, Chethan; Mohayaee, Roya; Colgáin, Eoin Ó; Sheikh-Jabbari, M. M.; Yin, Lu (16 September 2021). "Does Hubble Tension Signal a Breakdown in FLRW Cosmology?". Classical and Quantum Gravity. 38 (18): 184001. arXiv:2105.09790. Bibcode:2021CQGra..38r4001K. doi:10.1088/1361-6382/ac1a81. ISSN 0264-9381. S2CID 234790314. - ^ Asta Heinesen; Hayley J. Macpherson (15 July 2021). "Luminosity distance and anisotropic sky-sampling at low redshifts: A numerical relativity study". Physical Review D. 104 (2): 023525. arXiv:2103.11918. Bibcode:2021PhRvD.104b3525M. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.104.023525. S2CID 232307363. Retrieved 25 March 2022. - ^ Ellis, G. F. R. (2009). "Dark energy and inhomogeneity". Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 189 (1): 012011. Bibcode:2009JPhCS.189a2011E. doi:10.1088/1742-6596/189/1/012011. S2CID 250670331. - ^ Lee Billings (April 15, 2020). "Do We Live in a Lopsided Universe?". Scientific American. Retrieved March 24, 2022. - ^ Migkas, K.; Schellenberger, G.; Reiprich, T. H.; Pacaud, F.; Ramos-Ceja, M. E.; Lovisari, L. (8 April 2020). "Probing cosmic isotropy with a new X-ray galaxy cluster sample through the LX-T scaling relation". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 636 (April 2020): 42. arXiv:2004.03305. Bibcode:2020A&A...636A..15M. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201936602. S2CID 215238834. Retrieved 24 March 2022. - ^ Nathan J. Secrest; Sebastian von Hausegger; Mohamed Rameez; Roya Mohayaee; Subir Sarkar; Jacques Colin (February 25, 2021). "A Test of the Cosmological Principle with Quasars". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 908 (2): L51. arXiv:2009.14826. Bibcode:2021ApJ...908L..51S. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/abdd40. S2CID 222066749. Retrieved March 24, 2022. - ^ B. Javanmardi; C. Porciani; P. Kroupa; J. Pflamm-Altenburg (August 27, 2015). "Probing the Isotropy of Cosmic Acceleration Traced By Type Ia Supernovae". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 810 (1): 47. arXiv:1507.07560. Bibcode:2015ApJ...810...47J. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/810/1/47. S2CID 54958680. Retrieved March 24, 2022. - ^ "Simple but challenging: the Universe according to Planck". ESA Science & Technology. October 5, 2016 [March 21, 2013]. Retrieved October 29, 2016. - ^ Dennis Sciama (12 June 1967). "Peculiar Velocity of the Sun and the Cosmic Microwave Background". Physical Review Letters. 18 (24): 1065–1067. Bibcode:1967PhRvL..18.1065S. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.18.1065. Retrieved 25 March 2022. - ^ G. F. R. Ellis; J. E. Baldwin (1 January 1984). "On the expected anisotropy of radio source counts". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 206 (2): 377–381. doi:10.1093/mnras/206.2.377. Retrieved 25 March 2022. - ^ Siewert, Thilo M.; Schmidt-Rubart, Matthias; Schwarz, Dominik J. (2021). "Cosmic radio dipole: Estimators and frequency dependence". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 653: A9. arXiv:2010.08366. Bibcode:2021A&A...653A...9S. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202039840. S2CID 223953708. - ^ Secrest, Nathan; von Hausegger, Sebastian; Rameez, Mohamed; Mohayaee, Roya; Sarkar, Subir; Colin, Jacques (25 February 2021). "A Test of the Cosmological Principle with Quasars". The Astrophysical Journal. 908 (2): L51. arXiv:2009.14826. Bibcode:2021ApJ...908L..51S. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/abdd40. ISSN 2041-8213. S2CID 222066749. - ^ Singal, Ashok K. (2022). "Peculiar motion of Solar system from the Hubble diagram of supernovae Ia and its implications for cosmology". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 515 (4): 5969–5980. arXiv:2106.11968. doi:10.1093/mnras/stac1986. - ^ Singal, Ashok K. (2022). "Solar system peculiar motion from the Hubble diagram of quasars and testing the cosmological principle". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 511 (2): 1819–1829. arXiv:2107.09390. doi:10.1093/mnras/stac144. - ^ de Oliveira-Costa, Angelica; Tegmark, Max; Zaldarriaga, Matias; Hamilton, Andrew (25 March 2004). "The significance of the largest scale CMB fluctuations in WMAP". Physical Review D. 69 (6): 063516. arXiv:astro-ph/0307282. Bibcode:2004PhRvD..69f3516D. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.69.063516. ISSN 1550-7998. S2CID 119463060. - ^ Land, Kate; Magueijo, Joao (28 November 2005). "Is the Universe odd?". Physical Review D. 72 (10): 101302. arXiv:astro-ph/0507289. Bibcode:2005PhRvD..72j1302L. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.72.101302. ISSN 1550-7998. S2CID 119333704. - ^ Kim, Jaiseung; Naselsky, Pavel (10 May 2010). "Anomalous parity asymmetry of the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe power spectrum data at low multipoles". The Astrophysical Journal. 714 (2): L265–L267. arXiv:1001.4613. Bibcode:2010ApJ...714L.265K. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/714/2/L265. ISSN 2041-8205. S2CID 24389919. - ^ Hutsemekers, D.; Cabanac, R.; Lamy, H.; Sluse, D. (October 2005). "Mapping extreme-scale alignments of quasar polarization vectors". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 441 (3): 915–930. arXiv:astro-ph/0507274. Bibcode:2005A&A...441..915H. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20053337. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 14626666. - ^ Migkas, K.; Schellenberger, G.; Reiprich, T. H.; Pacaud, F.; Ramos-Ceja, M. E.; Lovisari, L. (April 2020). "Probing cosmic isotropy with a new X-ray galaxy cluster sample through the �X−� scaling relation". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 636: A15. arXiv:2004.03305. Bibcode:2020A&A...636A..15M. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201936602. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 215238834. - ^ Migkas, K.; Pacaud, F.; Schellenberger, G.; Erler, J.; Nguyen-Dang, N. T.; Reiprich, T. H.; Ramos-Ceja, M. E.; Lovisari, L. (May 2021). "Cosmological implications of the anisotropy of ten galaxy cluster scaling relations". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 649: A151. arXiv:2103.13904. Bibcode:2021A&A...649A.151M. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202140296. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 232352604. - ^ Krishnan, Chethan; Mohayaee, Roya; Colgáin, Eoin Ó; Sheikh-Jabbari, M. M.; Yin, Lu (2022). "Hints of FLRW breakdown from supernovae". Physical Review D. 105 (6): 063514. arXiv:2106.02532. Bibcode:2022PhRvD.105f3514K. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.105.063514. S2CID 235352881. - ^ Luongo, Orlando; Muccino, Marco; Colgáin, Eoin Ó; Sheikh-Jabbari, M. M.; Yin, Lu (2022). "Larger H0 values in the CMB dipole direction". Physical Review D. 105 (10): 103510. arXiv:2108.13228. Bibcode:2022PhRvD.105j3510L. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.105.103510. S2CID 248713777. - ^ Saadeh D, Feeney SM, Pontzen A, Peiris HV, McEwen, JD (2016). "How Isotropic is the Universe?". Physical Review Letters. 117 (13): 131302. arXiv:1605.07178. Bibcode:2016PhRvL.117m1302S. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.117.131302. PMID 27715088. S2CID 453412. - ^ Yadav, Jaswant; J. S. Bagla; Nishikanta Khandai (25 February 2010). "Fractal dimension as a measure of the scale of homogeneity". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 405 (3): 2009–2015. arXiv:1001.0617. Bibcode:2010MNRAS.405.2009Y. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2010.16612.x. S2CID 118603499. - ^ Gott, J. Richard, III; et al. (May 2005). "A Map of the Universe". The Astrophysical Journal. 624 (2): 463–484. arXiv:astro-ph/0310571. Bibcode:2005ApJ...624..463G. doi:10.1086/428890. S2CID 9654355. - ^ Horvath, I.; Hakkila, J.; Bagoly, Z. (2013). "The largest structure of the Universe, defined by Gamma-Ray Bursts". arXiv:1311.1104 [astro-ph.CO]. - ^ "Line of galaxies is so big it breaks our understanding of the universe". - ^ Nadathur, Seshadri (2013). "Seeing patterns in noise: gigaparsec-scale 'structures' that do not violate homogeneity". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 434 (1): 398–406. arXiv:1306.1700. Bibcode:2013MNRAS.434..398N. doi:10.1093/mnras/stt1028. S2CID 119220579. - ^ Asencio, E; Banik, I; Kroupa, P (2021-02-21). "A massive blow for ΛCDM – the high redshift, mass, and collision velocity of the interacting galaxy cluster El Gordo contradicts concordance cosmology". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 500 (2): 5249–5267. arXiv:2012.03950. Bibcode:2021MNRAS.500.5249A. doi:10.1093/mnras/staa3441. ISSN 0035-8711. - ^ Katz, H; McGaugh, S; Teuben, P; Angus, G. W. (2013-07-20). "Galaxy Cluster Bulk Flows and Collision Velocities in QUMOND". The Astrophysical Journal. 772 (1): 10. arXiv:1305.3651. Bibcode:2013ApJ...772...10K. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/772/1/10. ISSN 1538-4357. - ^ Keenan, Ryan C.; Barger, Amy J.; Cowie, Lennox L. (2013). "Evidence for a ~300 Mpc Scale Under-density in the Local Galaxy Distribution". The Astrophysical Journal. 775 (1): 62. arXiv:1304.2884. Bibcode:2013ApJ...775...62K. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/775/1/62. S2CID 118433293. - ^ Siegel, Ethan. "We're Way Below Average! Astronomers Say Milky Way Resides In A Great Cosmic Void". Forbes. Retrieved 2017-06-09. - ^ Jump up to:a b c Haslbauer, M; Banik, I; Kroupa, P (2020-12-21). "The KBC void and Hubble tension contradict LCDM on a Gpc scale – Milgromian dynamics as a possible solution". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 499 (2): 2845–2883. arXiv:2009.11292. Bibcode:2020MNRAS.499.2845H. doi:10.1093/mnras/staa2348. ISSN 0035-8711. - ^ Sahlén, Martin; Zubeldía, Íñigo; Silk, Joseph (2016). "Cluster–Void Degeneracy Breaking: Dark Energy, Planck, and the Largest Cluster and Void". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 820 (1): L7. arXiv:1511.04075. Bibcode:2016ApJ...820L...7S. doi:10.3847/2041-8205/820/1/L7. ISSN 2041-8205. S2CID 119286482. - ^ Mann, Adam (26 August 2019). "One Number Shows Something Is Fundamentally Wrong with Our Conception of the Universe – This fight has universal implications". Live Science. Retrieved 26 August 2019. - ^ Gresko, Michael (17 December 2021). "The universe is expanding faster than it should be". nationalgeographic.com. National Geographic. Retrieved 21 December 2021. - ^ Shanks, T; Hogarth, L M; Metcalfe, N (2019-03-21). "Gaia Cepheid parallaxes and 'Local Hole' relieve H 0 tension". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters. 484 (1): L64–L68. arXiv:1810.02595. Bibcode:2019MNRAS.484L..64S. doi:10.1093/mnrasl/sly239. ISSN 1745-3925. - ^ Kenworthy, W. D'Arcy; Scolnic, Dan; Riess, Adam (2019-04-24). "The Local Perspective on the Hubble Tension: Local Structure Does Not Impact Measurement of the Hubble Constant". The Astrophysical Journal. 875 (2): 145. arXiv:1901.08681. Bibcode:2019ApJ...875..145K. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab0ebf. ISSN 1538-4357. S2CID 119095484. - ^ di Valentino, Eleonora; et al. (2021). "In the realm of the Hubble tension – a review of solutions". Classical and Quantum Gravity. 38 (15): 153001. arXiv:2103.01183. Bibcode:2021CQGra..38o3001D. doi:10.1088/1361-6382/ac086d. S2CID 232092525. - ^ Poulin, Vivian; Smith, Tristan L.; Karwal, Tanvi; Kamionkowski, Marc (2019-06-04). "Early Dark Energy can Resolve the Hubble Tension". Physical Review Letters. 122 (22): 221301. arXiv:1811.04083. Bibcode:2019PhRvL.122v1301P. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.221301. PMID 31283280. S2CID 119233243. \| - ^ Mariano, Antonio; Perivolaropoulos, Leandros (2013). "CMB maximum temperature asymmetry axis: Alignment with other cosmic asymmetries". Physical Review D. 87 (4): 043511. arXiv:1211.5915. Bibcode:2013PhRvD..87d3511M. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.87.043511. ISSN 1550-7998. S2CID 119258571. - ^ Shamir, Lior (2020-05-27). "Multipole alignment in the large-scale distribution of spin direction of spiral galaxies". arXiv:2004.02963 [astro-ph.GA]. - ^ "K-State study reveals asymmetry in spin directions of galaxies, suggests early universe could have been spinning \| Kansas State University \| News and Communications Services". www.k-state.edu. Retrieved 2020-10-13. - ^ Starr, Michelle (2 June 2020). "Patterns Formed by Spiral Galaxies Suggest The Universe's Structure Isn't Totally Random". ScienceAlert. Retrieved 2020-10-13. - ^ "The Energy of Empty Space That Isn't Zero". www.edge.org. 2006-05-07. Retrieved 2018-08-05. - ^ Jump up to:a b Fields, B. D. (2011). "The primordial lithium problem". Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science. 61 (1): 47–68. arXiv:1203.3551. Bibcode:2011ARNPS..61...47F. doi:10.1146/annurev-nucl-102010-130445. - ^ Eleonora Di Valentino; Alessandro Melchiorri; Joseph Silk (4 November 2019). "Planck evidence for a closed Universe and a possible crisis for cosmology". Nature Astronomy. 4 (2): 196–203. arXiv:1911.02087. doi:10.1038/s41550-019-0906-9. S2CID 207880880. Retrieved 24 March 2022. - ^ Philip Bull; Marc Kamionkowski (15 April 2013). "What if Planck's Universe isn't flat?". Physical Review D. 87 (3): 081301. arXiv:1302.1617. Bibcode:2013PhRvD..87h1301B. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.87.081301. S2CID 118437535. Retrieved 24 March 2022. - ^ Chae, Kyu-Hyun; Lelli, Federico; Desmond, Harry; McGaugh, Stacy S.; Li, Pengfei; Schombert, James M. (2020). "Testing the Strong Equivalence Principle: Detection of the External Field Effect in Rotationally Supported Galaxies". The Astrophysical Journal. 904 (1): 51. arXiv:2009.11525. Bibcode:2020ApJ...904...51C. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abbb96. S2CID 221879077. - ^ Kroupa, P.; Famaey, B.; de Boer, Klaas S.; Dabringhausen, Joerg; Pawlowski, Marcel; Boily, Christian; Jerjen, Helmut; Forbes, Duncan; Hensler, Gerhard (2010). "Local-Group tests of dark-matter Concordance Cosmology: Towards a new paradigm for structure formation". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 523: 32–54. arXiv:1006.1647. Bibcode:2010A&A...523A..32K. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201014892. S2CID 11711780. - ^ Gentile, G.; Salucci, P. (2004). "The cored distribution of dark matter in spiral galaxies". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 351 (3): 903–922. arXiv:astro-ph/0403154. Bibcode:2004MNRAS.351..903G. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.07836.x. S2CID 14308775. - ^ Klypin, Anatoly; Kravtsov, Andrey V.; Valenzuela, Octavio; Prada, Francisco (1999). "Where are the missing galactic satellites?". Astrophysical Journal. 522 (1): 82–92. arXiv:astro-ph/9901240. Bibcode:1999ApJ...522...82K. doi:10.1086/307643. S2CID 12983798. - ^ Pawlowski, Marcel; et al. (2014). "Co-orbiting satellite galaxy structures are still in conflict with the distribution of primordial dwarf galaxies". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 442 (3): 2362–2380. arXiv:1406.1799. Bibcode:2014MNRAS.442.2362P. doi:10.1093/mnras/stu1005. - ^ Sawala, Till; Cautun, Marius; Frenk, Carlos; et al. (2022). "The Milky Way's plane of satellites: consistent with ΛCDM". Nature Astronomy. arXiv:2205.02860. Bibcode:2022NatAs.tmp..273S. doi:10.1038/s41550-022-01856-z. S2CID 254920916. - ^ Banik, Indranil; Zhao, H (2018-01-21). "A plane of high velocity galaxies across the Local Group". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 473 (3): 4033–4054. arXiv:1701.06559. Bibcode:2018MNRAS.473.4033B. doi:10.1093/mnras/stx2596. ISSN 0035-8711. - ^ Banik, Indranil; Haslbauer, Moritz; Pawlowski, Marcel S.; Famaey, Benoit; Kroupa, Pavel (2021-06-21). "On the absence of backsplash analogues to NGC 3109 in the ΛCDM framework". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 503 (4): 6170–6186. arXiv:2105.04575. Bibcode:2021MNRAS.503.6170B. doi:10.1093/mnras/stab751. ISSN 0035-8711. - ^ Kormendy, J.; Drory, N.; Bender, R.; Cornell, M.E. (2010). "Bulgeless giant galaxies challenge our picture of galaxy formation by hierarchical clustering". The Astrophysical Journal. 723 (1): 54–80. arXiv:1009.3015. Bibcode:2010ApJ...723...54K. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/723/1/54. S2CID 119303368. - ^ Haslbauer, M; Banik, I; Kroupa, P; Wittenburg, N; Javanmardi, B (2022-02-01). "The High Fraction of Thin Disk Galaxies Continues to Challenge ΛCDM Cosmology". The Astrophysical Journal. 925 (2): 183. arXiv:2202.01221. Bibcode:2022ApJ...925..183H. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac46ac. ISSN 1538-4357. - ^ Sachdeva, S.; Saha, K. (2016). "Survival of pure disk galaxies over the last 8 billion years". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 820 (1): L4. arXiv:1602.08942. Bibcode:2016ApJ...820L...4S. doi:10.3847/2041-8205/820/1/L4. S2CID 14644377. - ^ Mahmood, R; Ghafourian, N; Kashfi, T; Banik, I; Haslbauer, M; Cuomo, V; Famaey, B; Kroupa, P (2021-11-01). "Fast galaxy bars continue to challenge standard cosmology". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 508 (1): 926–939. arXiv:2106.10304. Bibcode:2021MNRAS.508..926R. doi:10.1093/mnras/stab2553. hdl:10023/24680. ISSN 0035-8711. - ^ Rini, Matteo (2017). "Synopsis: Tackling the Small-Scale Crisis". Physical Review D. 95 (12): 121302. arXiv:1703.10559. Bibcode:2017PhRvD..95l1302N. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.95.121302. S2CID 54675159. - ^ Cesari, Thaddeus (9 December 2022). "NASA's Webb Reaches New Milestone in Quest for Distant Galaxies". Retrieved 9 December 2022. - ^ Curtis-Lake, Emma; et al. (December 2022), Spectroscopy of four metal-poor galaxies beyond redshift ten (PDF), arXiv:2212.04568 - ^ Smith, Tristian L.; Lucca, Matteo; Poulin, Vivian; Abellan, Guillermo F.; Balkenhol, Lennart; Benabed, Karim; Galli, Silvia; Murgia, Riccardo (August 2022), "Hints of early dark energy in Planck, SPT, and ACT data: New physics or systematics?", Physical Review D, 106 (4): 043526, arXiv:2202.09379, Bibcode:2022PhRvD.106d3526S, doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.106.043526, S2CID 247011465 - ^ Boylan-Kolchin, Michael (2 August 2022), Stress Testing ΛCDM with High-redshift Galaxy Candidates, arXiv:2208.01611 - ^ O'Callaghan, Jonathan (6 December 2022). "Astronomers Grapple with JWST's Discovery of Early Galaxies". Scientific American. Retrieved 10 December 2022. - ^ Behroozi, Peter; Conroy, Charlie; Wechsler, Risa H.; Hearin, Andrew; Williams, Christina C.; Moster, Benjamin P.; Yung, L. Y. Aaron; Somerville, Rachel S.; Gottlöber, Stefan; Yepes, Gustavo; Endsley, Ryan (December 2020), "The Universe at z > 10: predictions for JWST from the UNIVERSEMACHINE DR1", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 499 (4): 5702–5718, arXiv:2007.04988, Bibcode:2020MNRAS.499.5702B, doi:10.1093/mnras/staa3164 - ^ Volker Springel; Lars Hernquist (February 2003), "The history of star formation in a Λ cold dark matter universe", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 339 (2): 312–334, arXiv:astro-ph/0206395, Bibcode:2003MNRAS.339..312S, doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2003.06207.x, S2CID 8715136 - ^ Persic, M.; Salucci, P. (1992-09-01). "The baryon content of the Universe". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 258 (1): 14P–18P. arXiv:astro-ph/0502178. Bibcode:1992MNRAS.258P..14P. doi:10.1093/mnras/258.1.14P. ISSN 0035-8711. - ^ Chaves-Montero, Jonás; Hernández-Monteagudo, Carlos; Angulo, Raúl E; Emberson, J D (2021-03-25). "Measuring the evolution of intergalactic gas from z = 0 to 5 using the kinematic Sunyaev–Zel'dovich effect". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 503 (2): 1798–1814. arXiv:1911.10690. doi:10.1093/mnras/staa3782. ISSN 0035-8711. - ^ Merritt, David (2017). "Cosmology and convention". Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part B: Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics. 57: 41–52. arXiv:1703.02389. Bibcode:2017SHPMP..57...41M. doi:10.1016/j.shpsb.2016.12.002. S2CID 119401938. - ^ Jump up to:a b c d e Planck Collaboration (2016). "Planck 2015 results. XIII. Cosmological parameters". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 594 (13): A13. arXiv:1502.01589. Bibcode:2016A&A...594A..13P. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201525830. S2CID 119262962. - ^ Planck 2015,[92] p. 32, table 4, last column. - ^ Planck 2015,[92] p. 32, table 4, last column. - ^ Planck Collaboration (2020). "Planck 2018 results. VI. Cosmological parameters". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 641. page A6 (see PDF page 15, Table 2: "Age/Gyr", last column). arXiv:1807.06209. Bibcode:2020A&A...641A...6P. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833910. S2CID 119335614. - ^ Appendix A of the LSST Science Book Version 2.0 Archived 2013-02-26 at the Wayback Machine - ^ p. 7 of Findings of the Joint Dark Energy Mission Figure of Merit Science Working Group - ^ Planck Collaboration (2020). "Planck 2018 results. VI. Cosmological parameters". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 641. page A6 (see PDF page 15, Table 2: "Age/Gyr", last column). arXiv:1807.06209. Bibcode:2020A&A...641A...6P. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833910. S2CID 119335614. - ^ Jump up to:a b c Table 8 on p. 39 of Jarosik, N. et al. (WMAP Collaboration) (2011). "Seven-Year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) Observations: Sky Maps, Systematic Errors, and Basic Results" (PDF). The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 192 (2): 14. arXiv:1001.4744. Bibcode:2011ApJS..192...14J. doi:10.1088/0067-0049/192/2/14. hdl:2152/43001. S2CID 46171526. Retrieved 2010-12-04. (from NASA's WMAP Documents page) - ^ Planck Collaboration; Adam, R.; Aghanim, N.; Ashdown, M.; Aumont, J.; Baccigalupi, C.; Ballardini, M.; Banday, A. J.; Barreiro, R. B. (2016-05-11). "Planck intermediate results. XLVII. Planck constraints on reionization history". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 596 (108): A108. arXiv:1605.03507. Bibcode:2016A&A...596A.108P. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201628897. S2CID 5892152. - ^ Spergel, D. N. (2015). "The dark side of the cosmology: dark matter and dark energy". Science. 347 (6226): 1100–1102. Bibcode:2015Sci...347.1100S. doi:10.1126/science.aaa0980. PMID 25745164. - ^ Zyla, P.A.; et al. (Particle Data Group) (2020). "Cosmological Parameters" (PDF). Prog. Theor. Exp. Phys. 083C01. Further reading[edit] - Ostriker, J. P.; Steinhardt, P. J. (1995). "Cosmic Concordance". arXiv:astro-ph/9505066. - Ostriker, Jeremiah P.; Mitton, Simon (2013). Heart of Darkness: Unraveling the mysteries of the invisible universe. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-13430-7. - Rebolo, R.; et al. (2004). "Cosmological parameter estimation using Very Small Array data out to ℓ= 1500". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 353 (3): 747–759. arXiv:astro-ph/0402466. Bibcode:2004MNRAS.353..747R. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.08102.x. S2CID 13971059. Оставлять комментарии могут только зарегистрированные пользователи. Войдите в систему используя свою учетную запись на сайте: \|
Rodrigo Rodriguez, as area head for UMEA at Takeda, leads a vast and varied region that includes Ukraine, the Middle East and Africa and is characterised by what he calls "geographical and economic volatility," with an extreme example being the conflict in Ukraine. He discusses the challenges presented by the conflict as well as much of the region's commitment to innovation as witnessed through fast track registrations in the UAE and other GCC countries, and the impact of digitalisation. What have you seen as the major trends affecting your region over the last few years? Digitalisation is a concept and idea that keeps on growing stronger and we are looking to use the data we generate to build cases for key stakeholders. It has also shaped the way we face the world in our daily operations as there is no need to come into the office every day. And Takeda is proud to have implemented a hybrid business model for its employees while encouraging them to interact and solve problems with colleagues rather than just sitting in front of a computer. We also have seen some changes during and post COVID. The need for a strong and sustainable healthcare system is more evident than ever and we must as a contributor collaborate with key stakeholders within the healthcare ecosystem to help build it. The financial strains placed on governments during COVID due to the challenge of budget management and optimization were clear to see, and a new approach is needed. Saying that, investment is not a one size fits all approach. Some markets require investments into better technology, some infrastructure, and others capability building, while within this, the roles and responsibilities vary for pharmaceutical companies, the scientific community, and the government. How successful has Takeda been over the last two years within the region you control? We faced some ups and downs which is normal, especially during the COVID and post-COVID period and our demands have shifted as the value given to innovation in the region has changed. The number of patients getting access to our innovative solutions is a lot higher, which could be considered as a good indicator of success. You recently took up a new position, could you tell us more about it and how you manage these new dynamics? I just took up the role as the Area Head of UMEA, which encompasses Ukraine, the Middle East and Africa. This region is extremely vibrant with varying economies and extraordinarily rich cultures. Some markets are developing, others are developed, and we have a mix of private and public systems. We have witnessed that stakeholders in the territory are open to discussions and partnerships, and we must adopt a localised strategy within each market that helps the healthcare systems and at the end of the day benefit patients. What are your current priorities as the Area Head of UMEA? In Takeda we believe in our PTRB values, reflecting Patient, Trust, Reputation and Business in that order. Therefore, our key priority is to bring and accelerate access to innovative medicines in the region in a sustainable manner. It is also important, to establish trust-based partnerships as we cannot succeed alone, and we must collaborate with different stakeholders throughout the healthcare ecosystem by reinforcing our reputation within the industry. Finally, and as a backbone to our strategy, we need to invest in our people and ensure their development as well as the company culture. If we are able to create an inclusive and exceptional workspace, we will harness the potential of our fantastic employees. What is the situation for Takeda in Ukraine at this moment? One characteristic of the region is the geographical and economic volatility, and obviously the situation with the war in Ukraine is an extreme of that. Our main priority is to make sure patients on Takeda medications are still getting access to the products, therefore, maintaining a strong supply chain is key. Furthermore, we must ensure our staff there are looked after physically and mentally. On the government level, we are collaborating closely, and they have been receptive to new technologies, even recently signing a new agreement with Takeda. We were one of the first companies to deliver treatments during the war and we will continue to operate there despite the challenges that the country is facing. Given Takeda's positioning as a global leader in terms of R&D, what are the key innovations that you are bringing to the UMEA region? Takeda has a large number of products in its R&D pipeline within the therapeutic areas of gastrointestinal & inflammation, neuroscience, oncology, rare genetic & haematology and vaccines and plasma-derived therapies. All of these areas have significant unmet needs in the region. For example, Inflammatory bowel disease is a condition which will see a rapid increase in patients over the next 15 years, and if patients are not treated quickly, they will have a decreased quality of life and the healthcare system will be impacted immensely. There is a lot more to the innovation we are bringing forward than medicines alone. In the UAE we have Patient Assistance Programs in place that help patients that cannot afford treatments due to financial burdens. We also help patients through Patient Support Programs. For instance, administering treatments at home, and the importance of homecare was made a lot clearer during COVID. Hospitals were having to make tough decisions about whether to treat a COVID patient or one with a different ailment as there was not enough bedspace. By utilising homecare, they could do both. In addition to that we have in place diagnostic services that help in the early diagnosis of rare diseases leading to early treatment and offering those patients a unique opportunity to have a near-normal life. Another step we are taking is giving scientific support to ensure the medical community in the UAE has the right level of knowledge to identify patients and provide quality care. Rare disease is a therapeutic area on the rise, but different approaches are being utilised across the world. How well is Takeda doing in this field? The company has had some good success stories globally, and that includes the UAE. The nation has a clear regulatory pathway that promotes fast-track access to patients, and this is also occurring in Kuwait and Saudi Arabia and other GCC countries. In fact, our region has the third highest number of registrations in the last year globally for the company, with 60 percent of them being made using the fast track system. This is utterly amazing and shows the commitment to innovation here. Once a product has EMA or FDA approval the dossier is strong enough to use the accelerated approval pathway. We must continually work with the relevant stakeholders to have open scientific discussions while putting forward innovative access schemes. All in all, companies are happy with innovation acceptance here, and within rare diseases this is no different. Given that its innovation seems to be rewarded in the UAE, might the company invest more in the country in areas such as clinical trials? For sure, and collaboration with key stakeholders is a key element of clinical trial investments in a country. We believe that the diversity of the population here offers an opportunity for Takeda and the UAE government has improved the clinical study framework to make it easier for companies to undertake such R&D here. Rare disease clinical studies can be challenging due to the lack of patients, but overall innovation has many clear advantages for the country. It is a good way of understanding the prevalence of a condition, how to develop strategies to treat a disease and how to better incorporate disease therapies within the budget. Bringing clinical studies to a nation is sometimes about changing perceptions. How prepared is the UAE? We need to grow awareness of clinical studies to show what the advantages for patients and the healthcare system are. The Emirates is establishing its R&D footprint and the government is creating an ecosystem that promotes innovation which is a critical element. Takeda is working with patient groups, such as the Rare Diseases Society of the UAE, in order to raise awareness. They are doing an incredible job here and together we are strengthening this partnership to ensure early patient diagnoses and develop a rare disease framework. It seems, until now, innovation has been widely accepted in the UAE. Do you believe it will reach a point where the market access process for new products will become more challenging? There is a clear indication that the UAE government is shifting its innovation acceptance model to be less about pricing and more value-based healthcare. I am confident that, with the innovation Takeda offers, this will make it an even stronger market for us as we truly deliver medicines that treat unmet medical needs and can benefit any healthcare system immensely. Your Takeda colleagues in other geographies are very excited about the company's Dengue Fever vaccine. Has that been rolled out here yet? The story of this vaccine is an amazing one as more than three billion people globally are in areas where they could potentially contract Dengue Fever. The UMEA region has no countries that are endemic zones, and the company is first prioritising those countries which are mostly in Latin America and Southeast Asia. Afterwards, we will receive the vaccine along with the other less-risky territories. Diversity is key for Takeda, and you yourself are a Brazilian working in the UAE for a Japanese company. What advantages do you believe this brings to your operations? Diversity brings new mindsets and ideas to the challenges we face as a society and a company. We have over 26 nationalities working out of UMEA Offices with people with different backgrounds coming from Europe, Latin America, the Middle East and Africa and top GDP countries to some of the lowest. Together we draw different conclusions and thoughts based on our experiences and this allows us to find solutions to complex problems and better serve patients.
19 Mar South Korea's Nvidia wannabe, AI chip start-up Rebellions, to begin mass production of NPUs, backed by Samsung A version of this article was first published by The Korea Times in a partnership with the South China Morning Post. In an office building in southern Seoul, a dozen chips were laid side by side on shelves, each next to their own electric fan to cool them down as they operate. Regarded as the next generation of AI chips, NPUs are optimised to perform so-called simultaneous matrix operations, which give them a step up in the AI method known as deep learning, compared with general-purpose central processing units (CPUs) and GPUs. Rebellions, a fabless AI chip company co-founded by five South Korean engineers in 2020, has been viewed as the country's best hope to rival Nvidia in AI inference – the process of running live data through an AI model to make a prediction or solve a task, as opposed to training. Park Sung-hyun, CEO and co-founder of Rebellions, said in a recent interview with The Korea Times that Atom is set to be mass-produced with Samsung Electronics' 5-nanometre technology in the first half of this year. That will be an important milestone for the South Korean chip industry, as Atom will be the first domestically developed, mass-produced chip to support language models: AI models trained to mimic natural language. "We are much more energy-efficient than Nvidia's GPUs in AI inference," said Park. Atom is up to five times more power-efficient than Nvidia's A100, but in a language model inference benchmark test, Atom's latency – a measure of the speed of performance of chips – was just half of Nvidia's A2, according to Park. In practice, that means the Atom chips can be cooled down by only fans, while Nvidia chips need to operate in air-conditioned rooms that consume more electricity and entail higher operating costs. Rebellions has secured backing from some of the biggest names in the South Korean tech industry, including Samsung, telecoms company KT and internet firm Kakao. In January, Rebellions raised US$124 million in a funding round led by KT, which has invested over US$50 million in the start-up so far, bringing its valuation to US$650 million and making it the most-funded chip start-up in the country. Going into mass production will be a big boost for the company's revenue after years in the prototype stage, Park said. KT, the second-largest telecoms operator and largest data centre company in South Korea, will become Rebellions' first customer after mass production of Atom begins, according to Park, who believes telecoms companies are the most ideal clients for AI chips. "The future of the AI industry is going to be an infrastructure game," he said. "Telecoms companies are willing to invest large amounts of money into building up data centres." Park also hopes the partnership with KT will help its global expansion, especially in the US market, where Rebellions has been in talks with data processing giants such as IBM. After graduating from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 2014 with a doctorate in electrical engineering and computer science, Park spent six years developing chips in the US, working for companies including Samsung's US research arm, Intel and SpaceX. Despite his experience in the US chip industry, Park saw better chances for starting a semiconductor company in South Korea. "In the semiconductor hardware ecosystem, Asia is going to be the next big thing," he said. "South Korea and Taiwan are catching up." Park went back to his home country and founded Rebellions, joined by Oh Jin-wook – another Korean AI chip expert with an industry background in the US – and others. Moving back was not an easy decision, Park said, because his professional network at the time was primarily in the US. Rebellions' initial team members included former employees at IBM, Intel, Apple and Samsung US. But as the team expanded, it has attracted experts with local backgrounds. Today, Rebellions has around 120 employees including 100 engineers. Nearly 70 per cent of its staff came from large Korean semiconductor companies, according to Park. In 2021, the start-up launched its first product, Ion. Manufactured by TSMC, the NPU was designed for AI tasks in the financial industry. But after seeing higher demand from data centre companies than finance companies, Rebellions decided to focus on chips for AI models. Samsung, the largest chip-maker in South Korea, is Rebellions' manufacturing partner for Atom. China narrows mobile memory chip gap with South Korea, US China narrows mobile memory chip gap with South Korea, US The two companies deepened their collaboration last October by announcing plans to co-develop Rebel, the start-up's next-generation NPU after Atom, which targets large language models (LLMs) with large parameter size and competes against Nvidia's top-end GPU, the H200, in inference tasks. Park said the company expects its market share in inference chips used for LLMs in South Korea to grow 30 per cent in two and a half years and its global market share to reach "at least 3 to 5 per cent". Nvidia currently controls up to 90 per cent of the global AI chip market, according to analysts. "If you catch just a little share of the LLM market, that's already huge," Park said.
High jump is a thrilling sport. Athletes build momentum before leaping into the air and clearing obstacles to achieve breathtaking records. But like every other sport, consumers must train to develop their jumping skills and techniques to a professional level. However, these athletes can't enjoy a fulfilling training experience without the right tools. Thankfully, that's where businesses can make more sales—by targeting these consumers with the right training equipment! So, what kind of equipment would these athletes need? Keep reading to find five high jump sports training equipment businesses can profit from in 2024. Table of Contents High jump sports: 5 training equipment athletes need in 2024 Wrapping up High jump sports: 5 training equipment athletes need in 2024 1. High jump crossbars Athletes can't train their high jump skills without crossbars. This equipment serves as an elected bar, setting the height athletes must clear for a successful performance or training session. Manufacturers typically make them from lightweight materials, like fiberglass or aluminum, making them easy to move and set up. Additionally, consumers can easily adjust these crossbars, accommodating various skill levels and competition standards. More importantly, crossbar dimensions vary depending on the trainees' level of competition. If they're professional high jumpers, they'll need crossbars approximately 4 meters long with a 30-millimeter diameter. On the other hand, novice jumpers (like youth and school settings) will need crossbar lengths reduced to 3 meters with a smaller diameter, often ranging from 25 to 28 millimeters. These novice crossbars will also have a narrower width, making jumps less challenging. Crossbars are also on-trend. They had an impressive performance in January 2024, totaling 27,100 searches (based on Google data). 2. High jump pits and shelters These components are crucial for any high jump event, whether competitive or training. They ensure athlete safety while providing a designated area for jump attempts. Since they're more like structures, jump pits are not very popular. Regardless, they've attracted 350 searches in January 2024. Despite its low popularity, this high jump gear has several elements that cushion and protect athletes during their jumps. Here's a closer look at each of them. Landing mat Landing mats are the central part of the high jump pit. Typically, manufacturers make them from foam or a combination of foam and air-filled chambers, creating a soft and shock-absorbing surface. Even better, these mats help minimize the landing impact on athletes after clearing the bar or during trial-and-error sessions. Although the foam's thickness and density vary, manufacturers design them to meet specific safety standards. While landing mats cushion the athlete's fall, a sturdy base gives them the necessary support to handle the momentum. These bases often come from reinforced vinyl or other durable materials, which helps maintain the landing area's shape and integrity—an unstable landing surface would be bad for everyone. Weather shelter In outdoor high jump training, weather shelters are necessary for protecting athletes and coaches from adverse weather conditions. Often made of durable and weather-resistant materials, these shelters provide a covered space for athletes to wait between attempts and for coaches to handle the training comfortably. 3. High jump standards High jump standards are essential for anyone looking to hone their jumping skills. They provide the framework for supporting the crossbar at various heights during training sessions. Consumers can get high jump standards in metal, aluminum, or steel—they are the best materials for maximum durability and stability. Nevertheless, trainees choose these materials based on weight, strength, and weather resistance. One of the key features of high jump standards is their height adjustment mechanism. It allows athletes to make easy and precise changes to their crossbar height, ensuring it matches their capabilities. Usually, the mechanism involves different holes and pins along the standard's sides. With high jump standards, athletes can raise the crossbar to higher levels or reduce it if it's too challenging during practice. Plus, high jump standards have experienced a steady increase in popularity. According to Google data, they rounded up January 2024 with 1,900 searches, a 60% increase from 1,000 in 2023. 4. Replacement spikes While athletes definitely pull off jumps based on their skill, their shoes go a long way in assisting them. That's why replacement spikes are also among the necessary training equipment—they have also gotten 1,300 searches in January 2024 (based on Google data). But what are these replacement spikes? They help athletes customize and optimize their high jump footwear for different track and field conditions. These shoe mods offer various lengths, allowing athletes to choose based on their preferences and training track surfaces. While shorter spikes provide better traction on harder surfaces, longer spikes are the go-to for softer or muddy tracks. But there's more. High jump spikes also offer different designs (pyramid or conical shapes). However, both design styles aim to provide improved grip and stability. With these unique shapes (reminiscent of soccer cleats), athletes can maintain traction during the approach run and takeoff. More importantly, replacement spikes come with different thread types to fit various track shoes. The most common thread types include pyramid, needle, and Christmas tree designs. So, compatibility is a must! Note: Manufacturers make replacement spikes from lightweight and durable materials (stainless steel and hardened plastics are top choices). 5. Approach runway and take-off boards High jump requires athletes to build momentum and launch over crossbars with amazing agility. However, athletes can't train their technique without approaching runways and take-off boards. Approach runways for training must match the ones for competitions. So, while consumers can use various lengths, they'll most likely stick to the standard 40 to 45 meters. Additionally, training runways must have the same markings as standard ones to guide athletes during their approach. These markings are mostly lane lines, as they're the go-to for getting the best take-off position. Approach runaways should also have textured patterns to reduce slipping chances and ensure secure footing when building momentum. On the other hand, take-off boards are rectangular pieces made from wood or composite material. Consumers can place them at the end of their runway to serve as an official take-off point. The best part is that take-off boards are adjustable! That way, athletes can easily customize their placement to take off from their preferred point. While approach runways got 90 searches in January 2024, take-off boards garnered 880 queries. Wrapping up Striking the perfect pose and launching at the right speed require practice. Athletes have to train and tone their bodies to get that one perfect jump in international or local competitions. The best way to prepare for such events is to use equipment to stimulate the experience. This training gear must be as close to the standard as possible, so athletes don't feel less familiar with the tracks when competing. If there are sellers planning on entering the high jump sports market, they should be ready to invest in crossbars, standards, landing pits/shelters, replaceable spikes, and approach runaways/take-off pads. These are the best bets to attract consumers in 2024.
Log In Anime Discussion Group for Teens Class experience Anime is a great way for students to gain insight about Japanese culture in terms of language, food, and music. It is an animation style that has given life to many famous characters that have inspired people from around the world. In this ongoing discussion group students will discuss different aspects of anime. Sometimes we will watch clips and talk about them. Students do not need to have any previous knowledge to participate in this discussion group, they only need to have an interest... Students will develop their interpersonal communication skills. Students will learn more about different Japanese anime. Students will learn more about Japanese culture through anime. I have been watching anime since I was six years old, from series like Sailor Moon to Yuyu Hakusho and Attack on Titan. I watch anime regularly and I love to talk about it with friends. Students should use a headset or headphones to ensure a pleasant listening environment for everyone. In addition to the Outschool classroom, this class uses: I will use age appropriate anime however some age appropriate anime may still include fight scenes or crime scenes. I am a fossil and language lover. I love talking about natural history just as much as I love to talk about languages. I believe we can learn a lot about our natural environment from fossils, just as much as we can learn about culture and history... Group Class weekly1x per week 50 min Completed by 237 learners Live video meetings Ages: 13-18 3-8 learners per class
UK Most Thrown Out Items for Disposal In the UK, every year, people throw away an eye-watering 330 million tonnes of rubbish, but shockingly, only 12% of this gets recycled. This is a huge amount, especially when you think about how much other countries manage to recycle. Brits live in a world where many items that are essential in other cultures are easily discarded, highlighting a culture of excess. As incomes in Britain have risen, so too has the number of things people buy and then throw away, showing a trend towards more disposable lifestyles. This is evident from the massive 30 million tonnes of trash collected from the streets annually. This behaviour points to a bigger problem: a general disregard for the environment and the consequences of waste. What Gets Thrown Away the Most? Food: Brits toss an enormous amount of food. Supermarkets lead the charge, but households aren't far behind, with kitchen scraps making up over a third of home garbage. Food is so affordable in the UK that many people don't think twice about discarding it. In fact, British households throw away about 4.4 million tonnes of edible food each year, with bread, fruits, and vegetables topping the list due to their perishability. If this food waste were reduced, it could significantly impact global malnutrition issues. Plastics: Despite being largely recyclable, plastics constitute 18% of household trash. Everyday items like drink bottles, toiletry containers, and packaging are almost always thrown away after use. Many people also discard plastic bags, which could be reused at home, adding to the problem. About 75% of this plastic ends up in landfills. Paper and Cardboard: These materials are also recyclable, yet they still make up 8% of our trash. Often, people don't realise that items like paper packaging can be recycled, so they throw them away. Even in paper-heavy environments like offices, a significant amount of paper and cardboard is wasted. Appliances: Each year, Brits throw out 800,000 tonnes of appliances. It's not just the number of items that's concerning, but their total weight, which has a considerable environmental impact. Many of these appliances could be repaired, but due to the fast-paced British lifestyle, many opt to throw them away instead. How Can This Change? Awareness and action are key. Many local and national initiatives are trying to increase recycling and reduce waste. For example, educational programs are helping people understand the importance of recycling and how they can make better choices. Adding more recycling bins in public areas and improving the efficiency of recycling systems could help increase the percentage of waste that gets recycled. Also, encouraging supermarkets and manufacturers to reduce packaging and use biodegradable materials could significantly decrease waste volumes. Hiring private waste removal companies also helps to keep the environment as clean as possible. By adding these changes, the UK can make strides towards a more sustainable future and significantly reduce the environmental impact of its waste. In doing so, Britons can lead by example and help create a blueprint for reducing waste worldwide.
Is SOCaaS useful for your business? In today's article, we'll explain what a Security Operations Center (SOC) is and help determine if a SOC-as-a-Service (SOCaaS) solution is right for your business. Just because you have to manage cybersecurity doesn't mean your business has to deal with cybersecurity. In fact, your core business could be pretty much anything else. Proper management of IT security, however, is essential to allow your company to grow and to obtain the certifications for data processing required by law. Having the right cybersecurity skills available at the right time is critical to your success, but you have no idea when that time will be. Choosing the right technology, people and processes to build a modern security operations section is one of the biggest challenges for IT security managers. What is a SOCaaS and what it can do for you Before understanding what the management challenges are, it is good to understand what a SOC is. It performs the following functions: Plan, configure and maintain your security infrastructure. With a SOC it is possible to configure the technology stack (endpoint, SaaS applications, cloud infrastructure, network, etc.) to identify the relevant activity and eliminate unnecessary data. Monitor data sources to ensure the ecosystem is always connected. Detect and respond In addition, it is possible to monitor the incoming alarm activity. Investigate alarms to determine if it is a true security issue or a false alarm. If something is a real security threat, you can evaluate the magnitude of the situation and take response actions. Threat hunting The activity of a certain event can be examined to determine if there are any signs of impairment that may have eluded the automated controls. The most common scenario is to review the history of an IP address or file that has been determined to be malicious. Storage of log files Another possibility is to securely collect and archive log files, for up to seven years, for compliance with regulations. The team will need to provide this critical data for forensic analysis in the event of a security situation. Measure performance indicators Obviously it is possible to monitor the KPIs (performance indicators). In detail it is possible to measure and report the KPIs to demonstrate to the executive team how the SOC is working. The challenges of implementing your own SOC Finding, training and retaining cybersecurity professionals is expensive The skills needed to manage IT security tasks are in high demand. Unfortunately, the shortage is bound to get worse before it gets better. According to the International Certification Organization (ISC), the number of vacant positions worldwide was over 4 million professionals in 2019, up from nearly three million the previous year. Training personnel with a broad IT background in cybersecurity skills is an option, but retaining these people is expensive. Their replacement, when eventually taken elsewhere, starts a cycle that usually ends up being more expensive than expected, especially compared to SOCaaS. Also, people who work well in this industry usually want to explore new topics and take on new challenges. You will need to find other related projects or roles to rotate SOC staff to keep them engaged. This also helps build their skills, so they are ready to respond and act promptly when needed. Cyber security is a team sport It is important to have a diverse set of skills and a team that works well as a team. Security threats evolve rapidly, proper investigation and responses require people who understand endpoints, networks, cloud applications, and more. Often you end up being a SOC manager, a sysadmin and a threat hunter, depending on the day and what happens in your environment. This means that you will need a team that is constantly learning, so that you have the right skills when you need them. People who do well in this industry thrive in a team environment where they can learn and challenge each other. For this, you need a workflow that regularly brings together several SOC analysts. Think of it this way: you wouldn't put a football team on the pitch that didn't train together. Your SOC team collides with an opponent who plays as a team every day. To be successful, you need professionals who have a lot of playing experience to build their skills both in the single position and as a team. A team of SOC analysts who do not do regular training will not be ready when hit by a well-trained opponent. It is difficult to get this experience in a small organization. A SOCaaS is the immediate answer to this need. The team that will take care of your IT security is trained and stimulated every day by ever new challenges, having to deal with different infrastructures every day. 24/7 coverage is a necessity Letting an opponent be free to bait for hours, days or weeks makes it infinitely more difficult to contain and remove threats. The adversary knows they have limited time to do as much damage as possible, as in the case of ransomware, or to overshadow ports, as in the case of data extrusion. You will have the best chance of recovery if you can investigate and respond within minutes. A solution that provides 24 × 7 coverage is therefore essential. In computer security there are no "working hours" for one particular reason: an attack could come from anywhere on the globe, consequently you cannot rely on conventional hours. This is the result of the spread of the network as an instrument of worldwide connection, we can only deal with it adequately. A SOCaaS relieves the company using it from keeping a division open 24/7. Managing suppliers and integrating tools is quite expensive Cyber security is complex and technology evolves rapidly. There will be more and more technologies that need to work together, which requires maintaining the skills to implement, update and configure each component and train your staff on new versions and features. If you have your own SOC, you also need to manage these supplier relationships, licensing, and training. The bottom line is that building the skills you need requires a lot of low-level tasks and extensive daily work. For organizations that can support it, the effort makes sense. For most organizations, the task is best left to a partner who can provide this service, allowing you to get all the benefits of a high-end SOC without the expense and distraction of building it yourself. If budget is not an issue and you have enough staff to focus on building and maintaining a 24 × 7 SOC, then it may make sense to go this route. If you are constrained on one of these two fronts, then SOCaaS will be the best approach. In summary, SOCaaS allows you to: 1. Spend time managing security, not technology and vendors 2. Have a predictable expense. No surprise budget requests 3. Obtain security information from other organizations 4. Manage alarms more efficiently and with more predictable results 5. Be agile and keep up with the IT needs of your evolving organization 6. Stay abreast of today's security tool innovations. If your company wants to know more about Secure Online Desktop SOCaaS solutions, contact us for a non-binding consultation. We will show you all the advantages and clear up any doubts regarding this solution. [btnsx id="2931″] Useful links: Twitter FEED Recent activity Estimated reading time: 6 minutes L'impatto crescente delle minacce informatiche, su sistemi operativi privati op… https://t.co/FimxTS4o9G Estimated reading time: 6 minutes The growing impact of cyber threats, on private or corporate operating systems… https://t.co/y6G6RYA9n1 Tempo di lettura stimato: 6 minuti Today we are talking about the CTI update of our services. Data security is… https://t.co/YAZkn7iFqa Estimated reading time: 6 minutes Il tema della sicurezza delle informazioni è di grande attualità in questo peri… https://t.co/tfve5Kzr09 Estimated reading time: 6 minutes The issue of information security is very topical in this historical period ch… https://t.co/TP8gvdRcrF {subscription_form_1}© 2024 Cyberfero s.r.l. All Rights Reserved. Sede Legale: via Statuto 3 - 42121 Reggio Emilia (RE) – PEC [email protected] Cod. fiscale e P.IVA 03058120357 – R.E.A. 356650 Informativa Privacy - Certificazioni ISO
Discover the , , and of graphite and steel shafts in golf clubs. Make the right choice for your game based on factors like clubhead speed, , durability, and . Differences between Graphite and Steel Shafts When it comes to choosing the right shaft for your golf clubs, one of the main decisions you'll need to make is whether to go for graphite or steel. Both materials have their own unique characteristics and , so it's important to understand the between them. In this section, we'll explore the dissimilarities in weight, material composition, flexibility, vibration dampening, and . One of the most noticeable between graphite and steel shafts is their weight. Graphite shafts are significantly lighter than their steel counterparts. This weight reduction can have a significant impact on your swing speed and overall performance. With a lighter shaft, you'll be able to generate more , resulting in increased distance and potentially improved . On the other hand, steel shafts are much heavier. While this may seem like a disadvantage at first, it can actually be beneficial for certain players. Stronger players who already have a fast swing speed may prefer the additional weight provided by steel shafts, as it can help them maintain control and stability throughout their swing. Material Composition The material composition of graphite and steel shafts also differs greatly. Graphite shafts are made from carbon fibers that are woven together, resulting in a lightweight and durable construction. The use of carbon fibers allows for greater flexibility and responsiveness, which can enhance the feel and feedback you receive from your club. Steel shafts, on the other hand, are typically made from a combination of iron and carbon steel. This composition gives them a solid and sturdy feel, making them popular among players who prioritize and control. The rigid nature of steel shafts can provide a consistent performance, allowing you to have better control over your shots. Flexibility is another area where graphite and steel shafts differ. Graphite shafts are known for their greater flexibility, which can provide a smoother and more effortless swing. The increased flex allows the shaft to store and release energy more efficiently, resulting in higher clubhead speed and improved distance. This flexibility can also help reduce the risk of injury, as it absorbs some of the shock that can be transferred to your body during impact. Steel shafts, on the other hand, are generally stiffer and offer less flex. This stiffness can provide more accurate and controlled shots, especially for players with a faster swing speed. The reduced flex in steel shafts can be beneficial for players who prefer a more predictable and consistent performance. Vibration Dampening When it comes to vibration dampening, graphite and steel shafts have different capabilities. Graphite shafts are known for their excellent vibration dampening properties. The carbon fibers used in their construction help absorb and disperse the vibrations that occur upon impact with the ball. This can result in a more comfortable and enjoyable experience, as you'll experience less harsh feel and feedback. Steel shafts, on the other hand, are not as effective in dampening vibrations. The rigid nature of steel can transmit more vibrations to your hands, resulting in a harsher feel and feedback. However, some players actually prefer this feedback, as it allows them to have a better sense of the impact and the quality of their shots. Last but not least, the is an important factor to consider when deciding between graphite and steel shafts. Graphite shafts tend to be more expensive than steel shafts. This price difference is mainly due to the higher manufacturing costs associated with creating carbon fiber shafts. However, it's worth noting that the can vary depending on the brand, quality, and specific features of the shaft. Steel shafts, on the other hand, are generally more affordable. The materials used in their construction are less expensive, resulting in a lower price tag. For players who are on a tighter budget or are just starting out in golf, steel shafts can be a more -effective option. Advantages of Graphite Shafts When it comes to choosing the right type of shaft for your golf clubs, graphite shafts offer several over steel shafts. In this section, we will explore the benefits of using graphite shafts and why they are a popular choice among golfers of all skill levels. Lighter Weight One of the key of graphite shafts is their lighter weight. Unlike steel shafts, which can be quite heavy, graphite shafts are made from carbon fibers that are woven together. This construction not only makes them incredibly lightweight but also allows for better control and increased swing speed. With a lighter shaft, golfers can generate more clubhead speed, resulting in longer shots and increased distance. This is especially beneficial for players who struggle with slower swing speeds or those looking to maximize their distance off the tee. Increased Clubhead Speed Graphite shafts are known for their ability to increase clubhead speed. The lighter weight of these shafts allows golfers to swing the club faster, resulting in more power and distance. This increased clubhead speed can make a significant difference in a golfer's overall performance on the course. By utilizing the lightweight properties of graphite shafts, golfers can achieve higher swing speeds without sacrificing control or . This advantage is particularly valuable for players who want to add extra yards to their shots and improve their overall game. Enhanced Distance The combination of lighter weight and increased clubhead speed provided by graphite shafts leads to enhanced distance. By utilizing the energy transfer from the golfer's swing more efficiently, graphite shafts can propel the ball farther down the fairway. The enhanced distance offered by graphite shafts is especially beneficial for golfers who struggle with generating power or have a slower swing speed. It allows them to achieve longer shots without exerting excessive effort, making the game more enjoyable and rewarding. Reduced Risk of Injury Another advantage of using graphite shafts is the reduced risk of injury. The lightweight properties of these shafts help to minimize the stress and strain on a golfer's body, particularly on the joints and muscles. Steel shafts, due to their heavier weight, can put additional pressure on the body, leading to potential injuries such as tendonitis or joint pain. In contrast, graphite shafts provide a more forgiving experience, allowing golfers to play without unnecessary strain and discomfort. Improved Feel and Feedback Graphite shafts offer improved feel and feedback compared to steel shafts. The carbon fibers used in their construction absorb vibrations more effectively, resulting in a smoother and more comfortable swing. This enhanced feel allows golfers to have better control over their shots and make adjustments as needed. Additionally, the improved feedback provided by graphite shafts allows golfers to better understand how they are striking the ball. This insight can help them make necessary adjustments to their swing and improve their overall performance on the course. (Table: Advantages of Graphite Shafts) Advantages of Graphite Shafts \| Lighter Weight \| Increased Clubhead Speed \| Enhanced Distance \| Reduced Risk of Injury \| Improved Feel and Feedback \| Advantages of Steel Shafts Durability and Longevity When it comes to durability and longevity, steel shafts are hard to beat. These shafts are made from a solid piece of steel, which makes them incredibly sturdy and resistant to wear and tear. Unlike graphite shafts, which can be prone to cracking or breaking, steel shafts are built to withstand the rigors of the game. Accuracy and Control One of the key of steel shafts is their ability to provide exceptional and control. The stiffness of steel shafts allows for precise shot-making, making them the preferred choice for golfers who prioritize over distance. With a steel shaft, you can trust that your shots will go exactly where you want them to go. Consistent Performance Another benefit of steel shafts is their consistent performance. Unlike graphite shafts, which can vary in terms of flex and feel, steel shafts offer a consistent experience swing after swing. This consistency allows golfers to develop a more reliable and repeatable swing, leading to improved overall performance on the course. Lower Cost For golfers on a budget, steel shafts offer a more affordable option compared to their graphite counterparts. Steel shafts are generally less expensive to produce, resulting in a lower price tag for consumers. This affordability makes steel shafts a popular choice for beginner golfers or those looking for a -effective upgrade. Better for Stronger Players If you have a strong swing speed or prefer a more aggressive swing, steel shafts are the ideal choice. The stiffness of steel shafts provides the necessary stability and control for powerful swings, allowing stronger players to maximize their potential on the course. Whether you're a professional golfer or a weekend warrior, steel shafts can help you unleash the full force of your swing. In summary, steel shafts offer several over graphite shafts. They provide unparalleled durability and longevity, ensuring that your clubs will withstand the test of time. The and control offered by steel shafts make them a favorite among golfers who prioritize precision. The consistent performance and lower of steel shafts make them an attractive option for golfers of all skill levels. And for those with a strong swing, steel shafts offer the stability and control needed to maximize power and performance. Consider giving steel shafts a try and experience the benefits they can bring to your game. Disadvantages of Graphite Shafts For golfers, choosing the right shaft for their clubs is essential to optimize their performance on the course. While graphite shafts have gained popularity in recent years, it's important to consider the potential they may bring. In this section, we will explore the drawbacks of graphite shafts, including less durability, higher , reduced control and , limited suitability for stronger players, and the potential for increased dispersion. Less Durability One of the main concerns with graphite shafts is their durability compared to steel shafts. Graphite is inherently more fragile and prone to damage, especially when exposed to excessive force or mishits. While modern graphite shafts have improved in strength and resilience, they still cannot match the durability of their steel counterparts. Golfers who frequently encounter rough conditions or tend to be more aggressive in their swings may find that graphite shafts are more susceptible to wear and tear over time. Higher Cost Another factor to consider when choosing graphite shafts is their higher compared to steel shafts. Graphite shafts are generally more expensive due to the materials used in their construction and the manufacturing processes involved. This higher can be a significant barrier for golfers on a budget or those looking to upgrade their clubs without breaking the bank. It's important to weigh the potential benefits of graphite shafts against the additional investment required. Reduced Control and Accuracy While graphite shafts offer in terms of weight and flexibility, they may also result in reduced control and compared to steel shafts. The lighter weight of graphite shafts can make it more challenging for golfers to consistently strike the ball with precision, especially for those who prefer a heavier club feel. Additionally, the increased flexibility of graphite shafts may lead to a loss of control during the swing, resulting in less accurate shots. Golfers who prioritize control and shot may find that steel shafts better suit their playing style. Limited for Stronger Players Graphite shafts are generally recommended for players with slower swing speeds or those who need assistance in generating more clubhead speed. However, for stronger players or those with faster swing speeds, graphite shafts may not provide the necessary stability and control. The inherent flexibility of graphite shafts may lead to a loss of power and control for golfers with a stronger swing. Stronger players may find that steel shafts offer the stability and control they need to maximize their performance on the course. Potential for Increased Dispersion Another consideration when using graphite shafts is the potential for increased dispersion, or the spread of shots on the course. Due to their increased flexibility, graphite shafts can sometimes result in shots that are less consistent in terms of direction and distance. This dispersion can be more pronounced for golfers who have a more aggressive swing or struggle with consistency. It's important to take into account the potential trade-off between increased distance and the potential for shots to stray off target. Disadvantages of Steel Shafts When it comes to choosing the right shaft for your golf clubs, it's important to consider the various factors that can affect your overall performance on the course. While steel shafts have their , they also come with some that may make them less suitable for certain players. In this section, we will explore the drawbacks of using steel shafts and why some golfers may opt for alternative options. Heavier Weight One of the primary of steel shafts is their heavier weight compared to graphite shafts. Steel shafts are generally made from a combination of iron and other metals, which gives them a solid and robust construction. However, this added weight can make it more challenging for some golfers to generate the necessary clubhead speed for maximum distance and . Slower Clubhead Speed Due to their heavier weight, steel shafts can result in slower clubhead speeds for some players. This can have a direct impact on the distance that can be achieved with each swing. Golfers who struggle with generating sufficient clubhead speed may find that their shots fall short of the desired target. Additionally, slower clubhead speeds can also lead to a lack of control and , as timing and coordination may be compromised. Reduced Distance The combination of the heavier weight and slower clubhead speed often leads to a reduction in overall distance with steel shafts. Golfers who rely on their ability to hit the ball long distances may find that steel shafts do not provide the desired results. This can be particularly problematic on longer holes or when playing in unfavorable weather conditions, where every yard counts. Increased Risk of Injury Another potential disadvantage of steel shafts is the increased risk of injury. The heavier weight and stiffer nature of these shafts can put additional strain on a golfer's body, especially when swinging at high speeds repeatedly. This can lead to various injuries, such as tendonitis or muscle strains, which can affect a player's ability to continue playing and enjoy the game. Harsher Feel and Feedback Steel shafts are known for providing a harsher feel and feedback compared to graphite shafts. This is mainly due to the stiffer nature of steel, which can transmit more vibrations to the player's hands upon impact. While some golfers prefer this solid and responsive feel, others may find it uncomfortable or distracting. The harsher feedback can also make it more challenging to fine-tune one's swing and make necessary adjustments. Table: Disadvantages of Steel Shafts Disadvantages \| Description \| Heavier Weight \| Steel shafts are heavier compared to graphite shafts, making it more challenging to generate . \| Slower Clubhead Speed \| The added weight of steel shafts can result in slower clubhead speeds, impacting distance and control. \| Reduced Distance \| Golfers may experience a reduction in overall distance with steel shafts due to the slower and heavier weight. \| Increased Risk of Injury \| The stiffer nature and heavier weight of steel shafts can put additional strain on a golfer's body, increasing the risk of injuries. \| Harsher Feel and Feedback \| Steel shafts provide a harsher feel and feedback, transmitting more vibrations to the player's hands upon impact. \|
Dubai Museum Private Message - Places - Bur Dubai, Dubai, United Arab Emirates - Posted 1 year ago The Dubai Museum is a museum located in the Al Fahidi Fort in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. It provides visitors with a unique insight into the history and culture of Dubai, showcasing the city's rich heritage and its evolution into the modern metropolis it is today. Some of the most popular attractions at the Dubai Museum include: - Interactive Exhibits: The museum features a range of interactive exhibits that allow visitors to experience the history and culture of Dubai in an engaging and educational way. - Traditional Dubai Homes: Visitors can step back in time and explore traditional Dubai homes, learning about the lifestyles of the city's residents in the past. - Historic Artefacts: The museum houses a range of historic artefacts, including weapons, coins, and textiles, giving visitors a glimpse into the city's rich cultural heritage. - Life in the Emirates: Visitors can learn about life in the Emirates through exhibits that showcase the traditions, customs, and daily life of Dubai's residents. Visitors to the Dubai Museum often praise its informative and educational exhibits, as well as the museum's beautiful architecture and historic surroundings. However, some visitors may find the museum to be quite small and may prefer to allocate more time to other attractions in Dubai. Overall, the Dubai Museum is a must-visit destination for anyone interested in learning about the history and culture of Dubai and the United Arab Emirates.
3 Steps to Flat Towing with an RV Anyone who has tried parking an RV on a busy street or crowded parking lot can appreciate the practicality of bringing a second car. But what's the best way to tow it? Flat towing, also know as four-down or dinghy towing, is a popular method due to the ease of connecting and disconnecting the vehicle and because of its relatively low cost compared to other methods. Here's the basic steps to start flat towing your vehicle. 1. Check the Manuals While flat-towing is a pretty straightforward process, it can cause a lot of damage if done improperly or with the wrong vehicle. Not all makes and models can be flat-towed without modification, which is one of the reasons you will see so many Jeeps and Honda CRV's being pulled behind motorhomes. The vehicle owner's manual will tell you if your vehicle is suitable for flat-towing and if any special precautions need to be taken. Also, Be sure to check the manual for the motorhome to find the maximum towing capacity. 2. Install the Tow Kit Once you've made sure that both car and coach can handle the towing, it's time to get a tow Kit. There are several companies and models to choose from, all with their own pros and cons, and available options. Any tow kit should have at least three main parts; a mount, which attaches to the RV's receiver hitch, a base plate, which is installed on the front or bottom of the vehicle to be towed, and a tow bar, which connects the two. A good tow kit should also include chains or cables that prevent the towed vehicle from separating from the RV if one of the components detaches for some reason. Safety chains are usually required by law and are always recommended for safe towing. Installing a tow kit can be difficult, and most manufactures recommend having a professional mount the base plate to the vehicle, as it may require modification to the body or other components. 3. Brakes and Wiring So now that your vehicle is hooked up to the back of the RV, it's time to wire up the lights and brakes. There are a few different lighting systems available, but most of them work very similar to trailer lights and plug into a socket in the rear of the RV. The lights themselves may be the existing brake lights or another set attached to the outside of the vehicle. Supplemental brakes are required by law in many states for a reason; they substantially reduce braking distance, making towing significantly safer. Besides the matter of safety, supplementary brakes also reduce the wear on your vehicles, and are a good idea whether legally required or not. As with tow kits and wiring systems, there are a variety of different supplemental braking systems. Make sure to find one that meets your needs and have it professionally installed if necessary. Once everything is installed and you're ready to hit the road, start off by driving around a familiar area. it may take a little practice to get used to making turns with the additional length from the towed vehicle. Also, it's important to remember that braking and acceleration may also be affected so start off slow and make sure you're used to towing before driving in congested or unfamiliar roadways. Recent Posts Why Replace Your RV Furniture? You may wonder when is the best time to replace your RV furniture. There is no one right answer to t …May 20th 2024 - Can You Put Regular Furniture in an RV? Many new and old RV owners ask themselves this question when they feel the need to update th …Apr 25th 2024 - 4 Tips for Securing RV Furniture While Traveling \| RecPro How To Secure RV Furniture There are few things that beat going out on an adventure with an RV …Apr 25th 2024 - How To Keep RV Furniture From Peeling Peeling RV Furniture \| Why it Peels and How to Stop it Your RV furniture is a point of pride on yo …Apr 25th 2024 - Turning up the Heat With an RV Fireplace There's an unlimited number of cool and exciting features you could add to your recreational vehicle …Apr 25th 2024 - How To Install An RV Fireplace A Warm Addition to Your On-Wheels: The DIY RV Fireplace Installation Guide Many RV enthusiasts ask …Apr 25th 2024
Serving 544 students in grades 6-8, Lisa West Middle School ranks in the top 50% of all schools in Arkansas for overall test scores (math proficiency is top 50%, and reading proficiency is top 50%). The percentage of students achieving proficiency in math is 39% (which is higher than the Arkansas state average of 36%). The percentage of students achieving proficiency in reading/language arts is 43% (which is higher than the Arkansas state average of 37%). The student:teacher ratio of 13:1 is equal to the Arkansas state level of 13:1. Minority enrollment is 87% of the student body (majority Black and Hispanic), which is higher than the Arkansas state average of 41% (majority Black and Hispanic). Quick Stats (2024) - School Type: Charter School - Grades: 6-8 - Enrollment: 544 students - Student:Teacher Ratio: 13:1 - Minority Enrollment: 87% - Overall Testing Rank: Top 50% in AR - Math Proficiency: 39% (Top 50%) - Reading Proficiency: 43% (Top 30%) - Source: National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), AR Dept. of Education Top Rankings Lisa West Middle School ranks among the top 20% of public schools in Arkansas for: School Overview Lisa West Middle School's student population of 544 students has grown by 66% over five school years. The teacher population of 43 teachers has grown by 72% over five school years. School Type Grades Offered Grades 6-8 (offers virtual instruction) (offers virtual instruction) Total Students 544 students Gender % Total Classroom Teachers 43 teachers Students by Grade School Calendar School Rankings Lisa West Middle School ranks within the top 50% of all 993 schools in Arkansas (based off of combined math and reading proficiency testing data). The diversity score of Lisa West Middle School is 0.73, which is more than the diversity score at state average of 0.59. The school's diversity has stayed relatively flat over five school years. Overall Testing Rank #298 out of 993 schools (Top 50%) (Top 50%) Math Test Scores (% Proficient) Reading/Language Arts Test Scores (% Proficient) Student : Teacher Ratio American Indian Two or more races All Ethnic Groups Participates in the National School Lunch Program (NSLP) Eligible for Free Lunch Eligible for Reduced Lunch School Statewide Testing School District Name Source: National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), AR Dept. of Education Frequently Asked Questions What is Lisa West Middle School's ranking? Lisa West Middle School is ranked #298 out of 993 schools, which ranks it among the top 50% of public schools in Arkansas. What schools are Lisa West Middle School often compared to? Lisa West Middle Schoolis often viewed alongside schools like Forest Heights Stem Academy by visitors of our site. What percent of students have achieved state testing proficiency in math and reading? 39% of students have achieved math proficiency (compared to the 36% AR state average), while 43% of students have achieved reading proficiency (compared to the 37% AR state average). How many students attend Lisa West Middle School? 544 students attend Lisa West Middle School. What is the racial composition of the student body? 41% of Lisa West Middle School students are Black, 26% of students are Hispanic, 16% of students are Asian, 13% of students are White, 3% of students are Two or more races, and 1% of students are American Indian. What is the student:teacher ratio of Lisa West Middle School? Lisa West Middle School has a student ration of 13:1, which is equal to the Arkansas state average of 13:1. What grades does Lisa West Middle School offer ? Lisa West Middle School offers enrollment in grades 6-8 (offers virtual instruction). What school district is Lisa West Middle School part of? Lisa West Middle School is part of Lisa Academy School District. In what neighborhood is Lisa West Middle School located? Lisa West Middle School is located in the West Markham neighborhood of Little Rock, AR. There are 2 other public schools located in West Markham. School Reviews Review Lisa West Middle School. Reviews should be a few sentences in length. Please include any comments on: - Quality of academic programs, teachers, and facilities - Availability of music, art, sports and other extracurricular activities Recent Articles Banishing the Phone-based Childhood The article advocates for a dramatic cultural shift - delaying kids' smartphone ownership until high school and social media access until 16, promoting more free play, and fostering a healthier, screen-free childhood through collective action. Spanking in Public Schools: The Ongoing Debate Indeed, there are still school districts today in America that allow teachers to spank students. Learn about the current spanking situation in schools and why the debate continues to heat up. April 12, 2024 Understanding ADHD in Children: Signs, Diagnosis, and Support StrategiesThis comprehensive article explores the complex nature of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children, providing insights into its symptoms, diagnosis process, and effective support strategies. From recognizing early signs to navigating the diagnostic journey, parents will gain valuable knowledge to help their child thrive. Expert insights, real-life examples, and practical tips empower readers to create a supportive environment that meets the unique needs of children with ADHD.

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.