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I have written columns in the past that discussed the locavore movement. Wanting to know where your food comes from has led some people to give hunting a try. Once successful, new hunters are likely to face new obstacles such as processing the harvest down to pieces that are ready to be cooked or knowing how to cook wild game meat compared to traditional livestock meat. When it comes to wild game, my general rule is to get it the meat cooling down as quickly as possible. I know that some people like to leave bigger animals, such as deer, hanging for a few days before starting the butchering process as the meat can start to age resulting in a more tender finished product. This is fine, but I recommend skinning the deer when it is first hung up. The hide is much easier to remove on a warm carcass than after it has been cold for a few days. That thick hide and hair help deer survive our harsh winters by trapping the heat within the deer's body, which is exactly what it continues to do after the deer has been shot. That heat trapping doesn't let the meat cool and can give you less than favorable results in your end product. For game birds, I usually remove the breast meat as soon as I get home from the hunt. I have never plucked any birds so I don't have experience in that department. No matter what game you are processing, remove as much silver skin as you can while you are processing it. The same goes for fat or any bloody areas in the meat. You can rinse the meat in cold water if needed and then pat it dry with paper towels before packaging it. If you plan on preparing the meat the same or next day, you can put it in a plastic bag or container and refrigerate it. For longer storage before cooking it, you can freeze the meat. Short term freezing can be done in plastic bags or with freezer paper. For longer frozen storage, I like to use a vacuum sealer that removes any air in the package so that the meat does not get freezer burn. I write on the bag what is in it and the month and year so that I can use older meat first. For venison, I have started writing "Deer 1" or "Deer 2" as well to try to use all of the meat from the first deer of the year before going to the meat of the second deer. Another option for long term storage is canning your game meat. I do not have experience doing this myself so I would recommend doing some research on it before trying it. I do know that you need a pressure canner to can meats as they are not acidic enough to prevent bacteria from growing. When you do get ready to cook with wild game you have to remember that they are different than domestic livestock in many ways. One way is fat content in the meat. Steaks cut from a cow have a decent amount of fat in them, often referred to as marbling. This is because they lead a pretty low activity life so they build up fat reserves all over their bodies. Deer are very active animals so they build up less fat reserves, especially within muscle groups where steaks are cut from. This results in venison cuts having almost zero fat. The same goes for game birds. They are active so they don't build up heavy fat reserves like farm birds do. With low fat content, wild game meat dries out very easily. There are two ways to cook wild game that can keep it from getting dry and tough to chew. The first is to cook it hot and fast. Searing the meat so that the outside seals any moisture inside the meat allows it to stay moist. It is very important to monitor the internal temperature of the meat, so invest in a meat thermometer you can trust. Once the meat hits the temperature you want, remove it from heat immediately. The second way of cooking wild game meat is low and slow. Lower temperatures keep the moisture from steaming out of the meat. You can also cook the meat in a liquid such as broth to keep it moist.
…Yet New and Hungarian References of Sacrd Buildings by Tamás Nagy Text and photos: Máté Érsek Tamás Nagy's oeuvre is unavoidable amongst the renowned masters of Hungarian architecture. In addition to his unique formal vocabulary, which combines contemporary forms with historical sensitivity, it is the roots and intellectual foundations of his concepts that make his works outstanding. His buildings draw inspiration from a uniquely rich cultural reference collection, which includes lots of artistic disciplines and architectural references. In terms of the materials used and architecture, the Amsterdam school of brick architecture and the relationship between nature and the built environment, the Scandinavian architecture of the 20th century has served as a model for him. In some of his works, he also explores the source areas of the organic movement of Imre Makovecz and the brick tradition of the 19th and 20th centuries, which are formative for Hungarian architecture. He draws from the vernacular architectural formal vocabulary across national borders. From Portugal to Italy and Transylvania, he has been inspired by buildings built in local materials in several regions, but his solutions have always been integrated into his designs by re-tuning them to fit the wider context. This is how vernacular architecture became an essential part of Tamás Nagy's regional approach. For his sacred buildings, the architecture of religious communities, Shaker culture and monasteries were the dominant models. From the history of Hungarian architecture, the fortified churches of Transylvania, the churches of the Upper Tisza region, and several works of medieval rotunda exerted their influence directly. In addition to architectural sources, we can also highlight artistic references and natural symbols. Issues of the relationship between nature and humans, and the harmony between the built environment and the landscape are recurring componnts in his work. Through an analysis of five church buildings, this paper explores the sources of inspiration that have informed his work. The Evangelical churches of Dunaújváros, Sopronnémeti and Balatonboglár, the Roman Catholic church in Gödöllő and the pilgrimage centre of Mátraverebély-Szentkút describe a coherent arc in several respects.
Optical illusions are methods that manipulate how we perceive objects. They cause us to see things that aren't there or to see things differently than they are. These illusions occur when our brains attempt to make sense of the information our eyes send them, but they occasionally get it wrong. Optical illusions are fascinating because they demonstrate how our minds may be fooled by what we see. This visual test requires you to discover a concealed word within an image in 12 seconds. This task is designed to put your observation abilities to the test, as well as your ability to recognize patterns rapidly. Pay special attention to all of the details in the photograph. Scan the image thoroughly, paying special attention to features and lines that appear to form letters. Try to fit together these shapes to find the hidden word. Remember to remain cool and concentrated, even if the time limit seems to be short. Sometimes the term isn't immediately clear, but with thorough inspection, you can find it. Don't be scared to think imaginatively and from many perspectives as you search for the concealed word. Okay! Now let's go into the solution. Congratulations if you have found the answer! "In a moment, we'll show the answer image for the optical illusion visual test. Be prepared to see the hidden word revealed!" The Full 2024 Pisces Horoscope, Broken Down by Month
When it comes to cosmetic dentistry, two of the most popular procedures are veneers and crowns. Both are designed to improve the appearance of your teeth, but they serve different purposes and have distinct characteristics. Veneers are thin, custom-made shells bonded to your teeth' front surface. They are typically made of porcelain or composite resin materials. Crowns, also known as caps, are tooth-shaped coverings that encase the entire visible portion of a tooth. They are typically made of porcelain, ceramic, or metal alloys. Veneers are generally thinner and less resistant to wear, and tear compared to crowns. With proper care and maintenance, veneers can last up to 10-15 years. Crowns are more durable and can withstand greater biting forces. Well-maintained crowns can last for 15-20 years or even longer. Veneers are typically less expensive than crowns, requiring less tooth preparation and material. The cost of veneers or crowns can vary depending on the material used, the complexity of the procedure, and your condition. Whether you choose veneers or crowns, consulting qualified dentists like Bravo! Dental experts are essential to determine the most suitable treatment option based on individual needs and circumstances. Veneers or crowns can significantly improve the appearance and function of teeth, restoring confidence in one's smile. Make the right dental choice! Fill out the contact form below and Feel free to send any question or query.
If you're considering moving to Rothville City, you may be wondering what the population and stites are like. To answer this question, you should consider a few things. First, let's look at the average family size in Rothville. This is one of the top places to live in the greater Rothville region. This city has an average family size of 4.4 people. Its median home value is $138,400 and its appreciation over the past 10 years has been -0.1%. The demographics of Rothville City indicate a high proportion of Hispanics and single men. The number of women is relatively small. In terms of age distribution, Rothville ranks fourth in the region, while Bucklin has the highest median age. These numbers are important for researching employment and retirement trends in the city. However, it is important to note that while Rothville's population is a diverse one, there are still some trends that make it an attractive place to live. Demographics can help you choose a billboard location in Rothville City. There are three main types of billboards in Rothville. One is in the city center, while the other is outside the city. One way to select a billboard location is by considering the economic characteristics of the city. A typical household size in Rothville is 2.53 people. The median housing value in Rothville is $65,357. The average household size is 2.58 people. Lastly, you may wish to consider demographics that are relevant to your target audience.
Sedum dasyphyllum 'Lilac Mound' is a hardy ground cover that adds colorful accents to outdoor spaces year-round. Scientific Name Sedum dasyphyllum 'Lilac Mound' Scientific Classification Family: Crassulaceae Subfamily: Sempervivoideae Tribe: Sedeae Genus: Sedum Sedum dasyphyllum 'Lilac Mound' is a form of Sedum dasyphyllum that probably originates from the Pyrenees. Sedum dasyphyllum 'Lilac Mound' is a low-growing succulent that forms a dense carpet of tiny colorful leaves on short stems. The leaves are bluish-green with a pink to purple hue that becomes more vibrant in full sun. In the summer, the plant produces clusters of small, star-shaped, usually 5-merous flowers on short, terminal branches. The flowers are typically white, often with a red keel or pinkish. How to Grow and Care for Sedum dasyphyllum 'Lilac Mound' Light: Sufficient light is most important to growing a healthy plant. Sedum dasyphyllum 'Lilac Mound' grows best in locations where it will enjoy the full sun for at least six hours daily but will tolerate some shade. Place the plant near a sunny window or use artificial lights when growing indoors. Soil: This plant does not like to sit in waterlogged soil, so drainage is essential to prevent root rot. Use a commercially available mix for succulents, or create your own. Temperature: Sedum dasyphyllum 'Lilac Mound' has a good tolerance to heat and low temperatures. It grows best in USDA Plant Hardiness Zones 4a to 9b, with average minimum winter temperatures ranging from -30 to 30 °F (-34.4 to -1.1 °C). Watering: From spring through fall, water thoroughly and wait for the soil to dry out before watering again. During the winter, water the plant just enough to keep it from shriveling. When watering, avoid wetting the leaves, stems, and flowers. Fertilizing: Feed a water-soluble fertilizer diluted to half the recommended strength during the growing season. However, feeding is unnecessary if you provide the plant with fresh soil annually. Repotting: When Sedum dasyphyllum 'Lilac Mound' outgrows its current pot, repot it into a larger one during the spring. Make sure the soil is dry before you begin repotting. Propagation: It is easy to propagate Sedum dasyphyllum 'Lilac Mound' by taking leaf or stem cuttings during the growing season or by sowing seeds in spring or summer. Learn more at How to Grow and Care for Sedum. Toxicity of Sedum dasyphyllum 'Lilac Mound' Sedum dasyphyllum 'Lilac Mound' is not listed as toxic for people but can be mildly toxic to pets and children. - Back to genus Sedum - Succupedia: Browse succulents by Scientific Name, Common Name, Genus, Family, USDA Hardiness Zone, Origin, or cacti by Genus Photo Gallery Click on a photo to see a larger version.
Nachum Remba Nachum Remba (Private Archive) Nachum Remba was born in Kolna, Poland in 1910, into a prominent Zionist family, Remba spent most of his adult life as a communal worker. Prior to the Nazi invasion of Poland in September 1939, Remba was the secretary of the education department of the Warsaw Kehililla, the official administrative body of the Warsaw Jewish community. Although himself an employee of the Warsaw Judenrat, he did not hesitate to join a committee to combat corrupt Judenrat practices and he secretly organised some of the Judenrat employees into an association of which he was chairman. During the initial phase of the mass deportation of the Jews of Warsaw Nachum Remba established a "First Aid Station," right next to the Umschlagplatz, which was the collecting area for the Jewish people of Warsaw, before deportation to the Treblinka death camp. The fake "hospital" was staffed with trustworthy doctors and nurses, Remba donned a long white doctors coat and entered the Umschlagplatz as head of the "hospital." He then pointed out to the German officers Jews he claimed were too ill to make the journey east, and demanded that he be permitted to take them into the "hospital." The Germans at first acceded to his requests, began to refer to him as Haupt-Artzt Remba. Jonas Turkow, the well-known Jewish actor whom Remba had rescued in this manner, described what the Umschlagplatz looked like during the height of the deportation Aktion: "Police officers are running back and forth with orders from the little "Napoleon" (chief of the ghetto police – Lejkin), and the convert Schmerling, who is "Platz – Kommandant." On the roof are machine guns manned by SS-men and gendarmes, bullets swish by your nose. Near me a woman falls, wounded, no one pays any attention to her. And in the midst of this nightmarish scene, Remba dressed in his doctor's coat, went from one place to the next, from one German to the other, rescuing Jews, pulling them out of the Umschlagplatz and sending them back into the ghetto. Always calm, always smiling good-naturedly – he would appear where no one dared set foot, where one could get shot for merely standing there. Fearlessly and with dignity he faced the German henchmen on the Umschlagplatz and demanded that they free this very sick one who is unable to make the "difficult journey east." In the "hospital" the rescued were ordered to lie on the beds. Some were "bandaged." As soon as the path was clear, they were taken by "ambulance" back to the ghetto. The nurses wore especially wide coats under which they were able to hide the rescued children. Frequently, it was necessary to chloroform the little ones and put them to sleep to make their rescue possible. Stanislaw Adler remembered Nachum Remba in his memoirs: "Horenstein was replaced by Remba. Tall and robust, he was brown-haired and of a gay disposition, but an idler – no one knew what he was doing. One could meet him in all the offices, gossiping and joking – and here again that vexing pronunciation. I understood Remba's real value as a man and a colleague in the hours of the supreme test when, after 22 July 1942, he took up assignments in a hospital ambulance at the entrance to the Umschlagplatz. His composure and endurance, his great kindness and thoughtfulness, and above all his crystalline honesty and selfless devotion began to shine in all their grandeur. " Remba was betrayed and the Germans ended the "hospital" rescue mission, but many owed their lives to his bravery. In the spring of 1943 Remba was again back on familiar territory at the Umschlagplatz, this time not as a "doctor" but as a deportee. The Germans caught him during the Warsaw ghetto uprising in April / May 1943. He was deported to Lublin (Majdanek) concentration camp where he was murdered in the Aktion Erntefest massacres on 3 November 1943. Y. Suhl, They Fought Back, published by Schocken Books New York 1975 In the Warsaw Ghetto – The Memoirs of Stanislaw Adler published by Yad Vashem, Jerusalem 1982. J Marszlek, Majdanek , published by Interpress 1986 Photograph: Unknown Archive © Holocaust Historical Society December 15, 2021
Although teachers make frequent decisions about whether and how to address difficult topics, they typically do so with minimal support. This article reports a case study of an inquiry community of 20 educators who engaged in practitioner inquiry as professional learning for addressing the difficult topics that they teach within their curricula or otherwise encounter within their professional practices. Through an inductive thematic analysis of semi-structured interviews with 12 community participants, the article's authors identified four themes characterizing how the inquiry community supported teachers to lean into the difficult topics they believed they needed to address. The community helped teachers define difficult-topics inquiry while connecting them across divergent political and professional perspectives. The community assisted teachers in engaging difficult topics through purposefully structured inquiry talk, and it prompted them to (re)conceptualize difficult-topics teaching as inquiry. The article demonstrates the potential of difficult-topics inquiry communities as professional learning for turbulent times. Original language \| English (US) \| Pages (from-to) \| 292-304 \| Number of pages \| 13 \| Journal \| Journal of Teacher Education \| Volume \| 75 \| Issue number \| 3 \| DOIs \| \| State \| Published - May 2024 \| All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes - Education
Lactose intolerance is a condition that affects millions of people worldwide, including infants. While it is more commonly associated with adults, infants can also develop lactose intolerance, which can cause discomfort and nutritional deficiencies if not managed properly. What is Lactose Intolerance? Lactose intolerance is the inability to digest lactose, a sugar found in milk and dairy products. Lactose requires the enzyme lactase to be broken down into its component parts, glucose and galactose, which can then be absorbed into the bloodstream. Individuals with lactose intolerance do not produce enough lactase to digest lactose properly, resulting in digestive symptoms such as bloating, gas, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. Lactose Intolerance in Babies While lactose intolerance is more common in adults, infants can also develop the condition. In babies, lactose intolerance can occur due to a variety of reasons, such as congenital lactase deficiency, which is a rare genetic disorder that prevents the body from producing enough lactase. It can also occur as a result of a gastrointestinal infection or injury that damages the intestinal lining, leading to a temporary lactase deficiency. Symptoms of Lactose Intolerance in Babies Babies with lactose intolerance may experience symptoms such as: Abdominal pain Fussiness during or after feeding Poor weight gain or growth Diagnosing Lactose Intolerance in Babies Diagnosing lactose intolerance in babies can be challenging, as the symptoms may be similar to those of other gastrointestinal disorders. Your baby's pediatrician may conduct a physical examination and take a medical history to help identify potential underlying causes of the symptoms. In some cases, a lactose tolerance test or a stool test may be recommended to confirm the diagnosis. Managing Lactose Intolerance in Babies If your baby is diagnosed with lactose intolerance, there are several strategies that can help manage the condition: Switching to lactose-free or low-lactose formula: There are several lactose-free or low-lactose infant formulas available that can provide the necessary nutrients without causing digestive symptoms. Breastfeeding: If you are breastfeeding, you may need to modify your diet to reduce your baby's lactose intake. Your doctor may recommend working with a lactation consultant or registered dietitian to help manage your baby's lactose intolerance. Probiotics: Some studies suggest that probiotics, which are beneficial bacteria, may help improve lactose digestion and reduce symptoms of lactose intolerance in babies. However, more research is needed to confirm these findings. There are several natural treatments that may help manage lactose intolerance in babies. However, it is important to note that these treatments should not replace medical advice from a pediatrician, and parents should always consult with a healthcare provider before trying any new treatments. Breast milk is naturally low in lactose, and breastfeeding can help reduce the amount of lactose your baby consumes. However, some babies with severe lactose intolerance may still experience symptoms, even with breastfeeding. Lactase Drops Lactase drops contain the enzyme lactase, which helps break down lactose into glucose and galactose. Adding lactase drops to formula or breast milk before feeding may help reduce digestive symptoms in lactose intolerant babies. Probiotics are beneficial bacteria that can help improve gut health and reduce digestive symptoms. Some studies suggest that probiotics may be effective in reducing symptoms of lactose intolerance in babies, but more research is needed to confirm these findings. Switching to Lactose-Free Formula There are several lactose-free formulas available that can provide the necessary nutrients without causing digestive symptoms in lactose intolerant babies. These formulas are often made with alternative sources of carbohydrates, such as corn syrup or glucose. Chamomile Tea Chamomile tea has anti-inflammatory and calming properties and may help reduce digestive symptoms in lactose intolerant babies. However, it is important to consult with a pediatrician before giving chamomile tea to a baby, as it may not be suitable for all babies. Coconut Milk Coconut milk is naturally low in lactose and can be used as a substitute for regular milk in recipes and cooking. However, it is important to ensure that your baby is receiving adequate nutrition and calories from other sources, such as formula or breast milk. In conclusion, there are several natural treatments that may help manage lactose intolerance in babies, but it is essential to work closely with a pediatrician to ensure that your baby receives the necessary nutrients and care to support healthy growth and development.
Support Outside of School Emotional and Mental Well-being defines how we feel, think and relate to ourselves and others. This has an impact on how we understand the world around us. Positive Mental Health improves our ability to manage, communicate, and form and sustain relationships. Coping with other changes in our lives are also affected such as bereavement, transition or parental divorce. Statistics show that one in four people will experience Mental Health problems at some point in their lives. You can talk to the following people if you feel overwhelmed by things: - Form Tutor - Head of House - Mr Charlett - Parents - Friends - A person you trust Also, there are different services and organisations available to give you the support you need. Please select the following links to find support and advice: Forward Thinking Birmingham Offers support, care and treatment for all 0-25s through one organisation, making it easier for you to access the right support at the right time. \| Pause Pause, delivered in partnership with Forward Thinking Birmingham, is a well-being drop-in service for anyone under the age of 25 with a Birmingham GP. Come and talk to us whenever you're ready. We will listen and empower you to take control of whatever is worrying you. Call: 0207 8414470 https://www.childrenssociety.org.uk/information/young-people/well-being/services/pause \| NHS Services Support with attending school due to anxiety. \| Kooth An online mental wellbeing community. \| Samaritans A talking service who will just listen. Call 116123 \| The Children's society Young people come to us when they have low self-esteem. When they're living in families who can't afford the next meal, the next size up in school uniform. Or when there's no one else to lean on. \| Mermaids Telephone information and listening service for children and teenagers with gender identity issues and their families. Call: 0808 801 0400 \| Kids help line Learn what self-harm is, why people self-harm and what can help. Call: 1800 55 1800 \| Shout 85258 Is a free, confidential, 24/7 text messaging support service for anyone who is struggling to cope. Text: 85258 (24 hours a day) https://giveusashout.org/ \| Living Well UK Mental health services to Birmingham and Solihull residents. https://livingwellconsortium.com/ \| Call: 0808 808 4994 \| Anxiety Canada Online programme to support anxiety. MindShift™ CBT Groups – our online therapy program, \| YoungMinds is the UK's leading charity committed to improving the emotional wellbeing and mental health of children and young people. 0808 802 5544 \| Provide confidential help and advice to young people and anyone worried about a young person thinking of suicide 0800 068 41 41 \| Need to talk? Contact ChildLine anytime – calls are free and confidential 0800 1111 \| NSPCC is linked to Childline. The counsellors offer advice and support 365 days a year. Our trained counsellors talk to children on the phone and online, helping them with any problem they are facing. 0800 1111 \| The NCA's CEOP Command (formerly the Child Exploitation and Online Protection Centre) works with child protection partners. We protect children from harm online and offline. 0870 000 3344 \| We equip young people, parents and professionals with the skills to tackle bullying and safeguarding issues across the UK. 020 7730 3300 \| Health indexes to find well researched information and advice for the public such as how to find a psychiatrist. https://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/mental-health 020 7235 2351 \| MindEd is a free educational resource on children and young people's mental health for all adults. \| Find a counsellor or psychotherapist near you. www.counselling-directory.org.uk/ 0844 8030 240 \| Relaxation Exercises for Children – Relaxation exercises help children to manage their reactions to stress, anxiety and worry. www.moodcafe.co.uk/for-children-and-young-people/relaxation-for-children.aspx \| Barnardo's are linked to Childline. What we do: Young Carers, Sexual Exploitation, Child Poverty & Domestic Violence 0800 11 11 \| A wide range of support options for young people struggling with eating disorders. Advice and support is available, via the telephone and online, 365 days of the year. https://www.beateatingdisorders.org.uk/ \| At OK Rehab, the aim is to help individuals break free from the shackles of addiction and find a treatment that's ideally suited to their needs. This treatment is applicable for drug addiction, alcoholism and process/behavioural addictions. \| We present depression in a way that positions those affected by it with strategies for change to help mitigate, reduce or eliminate the impact depression has on their life. \|
In the ever-evolving landscape of financial markets, technology has continuously played a pivotal role in transforming trading practices. One such innovation that has garnered significant attention is the emergence of Forex robots, also known as Expert Advisors (EAs). These automated trading systems have forex robot how investors approach the foreign exchange (Forex) market, offering the promise of increased efficiency, accuracy, and potentially higher returns. But what exactly are Forex robots, and how do they work? Understanding Forex Robots: Forex robots are software programs designed to execute trading strategies on behalf of traders in the Forex market. These algorithms are coded to analyze market conditions, identify trading opportunities, and execute trades automatically without the need for human intervention. They operate based on predefined parameters, including technical indicators, price action patterns, and risk management rules. The functionality of Forex robots varies widely, ranging from simple scripts that execute basic buy and sell orders to complex systems capable of analyzing multiple currency pairs simultaneously and adapting to changing market conditions in real-time. Some robots are designed to scalp small profits from rapid price movements, while others take a more conservative approach, focusing on long-term trends. Advantages of Forex Robots: - Emotion-Free Trading: One of the primary benefits of using Forex robots is their ability to remove emotions from the trading equation. Unlike human traders who may succumb to fear, greed, or indecision, robots operate based on logic and predefined rules, which can help eliminate costly emotional mistakes. - 24/7 Trading: Forex robots can trade round the clock, allowing investors to capitalize on opportunities in different time zones and take advantage of market movements even when they are not actively monitoring the markets. - Backtesting and Optimization: Before deploying a Forex robot in live trading, users can backtest their strategies using historical market data to evaluate performance and fine-tune parameters for optimal results. This process enables traders to identify and eliminate potential flaws in their strategies before risking real capital. - Increased Efficiency: Automated trading systems can execute trades with lightning-fast speed, enabling them to capitalize on fleeting market opportunities that may be missed by manual traders. Additionally, robots can monitor multiple currency pairs simultaneously, providing traders with greater exposure to potential profit-generating trades. Challenges and Risks: While Forex robots offer several advantages, they are not without their challenges and risks. Some of the key considerations include: - Strategy Limitations: Forex robots operate based on predefined algorithms, which may not always adapt effectively to changing market conditions or unforeseen events. As a result, strategies that perform well in backtests may underperform or fail in live trading environments. - Technical Failures: Like any software program, Forex robots are susceptible to technical glitches, bugs, or connectivity issues that can disrupt trading operations and lead to financial losses. - Over-Optimization: Traders may fall into the trap of over-optimizing their strategies based on historical data, which can lead to curve-fitting and poor performance in live trading. It's essential to strike a balance between robustness and performance when developing Forex robot strategies. - Market Risks: Despite their sophistication, Forex robots are not immune to market risks, including sudden price fluctuations, economic events, and geopolitical developments. While risk management measures can help mitigate these risks, no strategy can guarantee profits in all market conditions. Forex robots represent a significant advancement in automated trading technology, offering traders the potential for increased efficiency, precision, and profitability in the Forex market. However, it's crucial for traders to approach automated trading with caution, understanding the risks involved and conducting thorough research and testing before deploying robots in live trading environments. When used prudently and in conjunction with sound risk management practices, Forex robots can be valuable tools for traders seeking to enhance their trading performance in the digital age.
So you've decided to join the sourdough gang, huh? Well, before you dive headfirst into the world of tangy, bubbly goodness, there's something you need to know. Pay attention, my aspiring bread connoisseur, because I'm about to reveal the secret to your sourdough success: the perfect temperature. Yes, my friend, there is such a thing as being too hot for your precious starter. But fear not, for I am here to guide you through the treacherous realm of temperature control. In this short guide, we'll explore the ideal temperature range for your sourdough starter, the risks of overheating, and the importance of monitoring temperature during fermentation. So grab your apron and let's get started on your journey to sourdough perfection! Key Takeaways - The ideal temperature range for sourdough starter is between 70°F and 85°F. - Temperatures below 70°F result in slower fermentation and weaker rise. - Temperatures above 85°F lead to rapid fermentation and overly sour or spoiled sourdough. - Exceeding the maximum temperature decreases yeast activity, alters the taste of sourdough, and increases the risk of contamination and spoilage. Ideal Temperature Range for Sourdough Starter To ensure the optimal growth and fermentation of your sourdough starter, you should keep it between 70°F and 85°F. Temperature control is crucial for maintaining the activity of your starter, as it affects the activity of the yeast and bacteria present in the mixture. Sourdough starters are particularly sensitive to temperature changes, as they thrive in a narrow temperature range. At temperatures below 70°F, the activity of the yeast and bacteria slows down significantly. This can result in a sluggish fermentation process, leading to a weaker rise and a less flavorful final product. On the other hand, temperatures above 85°F can cause the yeast and bacteria to become too active, which can result in a rapid fermentation process that produces an overly sour or even spoiled sourdough. To maintain the activity of your sourdough starter, it's important to monitor the temperature closely. You can use a thermometer to check the temperature of the environment where you store your starter. If the temperature falls below or exceeds the recommended range, you can make adjustments by placing the starter in a warmer or cooler spot. Effects of High Temperatures on Sourdough Starter Exposing your sourdough starter to excessively high temperatures can have detrimental effects on its fermentation process. Heat stress can disrupt the delicate balance of yeast and bacteria, leading to suboptimal fermentation and ultimately affecting the quality of your sourdough bread. Here are some effects of heat stress on sourdough fermentation: - Reduced yeast activity: High temperatures can cause yeast to become less active, resulting in slower fermentation and a weaker rise in the dough. This can lead to denser and less flavorful bread. - Accelerated bacteria growth: While yeast activity decreases, the growth of bacteria in the starter can accelerate at higher temperatures. This can cause the production of unwanted flavors and odors, resulting in a sourdough with an off-putting taste. - Decreased microbial diversity: Heat stress can disrupt the balance between different types of microorganisms in the starter, reducing the overall microbial diversity. This can impact the complexity and depth of flavor in your sourdough bread. If you find that your sourdough starter has been overheated, there are strategies to cool it down and mitigate the effects of heat stress: - Move to a cooler location: Transfer your starter to a cooler area in your kitchen or place it in the refrigerator for a short period to bring down the temperature. - Refresh with cooler water: When feeding your starter, use cooler water to lower its temperature and provide a more favorable environment for fermentation. - Adjust feeding schedule: Consider adjusting the feeding schedule to allow for longer fermentation at lower temperatures, giving the starter time to recover from the heat stress. Signs of Overheating in Your Sourdough Starter If you've subjected your sourdough starter to excessively high temperatures, you may notice certain signs indicating that it has overheated. Overheating can cause damage to the delicate balance of microorganisms in your starter, hindering its ability to ferment and produce the desired sourdough flavor. One common sign of overheating is a change in the smell of your starter. Instead of the pleasant, slightly tangy aroma, an overheated starter may emit an unpleasant odor, indicating the presence of undesirable bacteria. Additionally, an overheated starter may become excessively watery, losing its usual thick, viscous consistency. This can be attributed to the increased activity of enzymes, which can break down the gluten structure in the starter. Another indicator of overheating is the presence of a dark liquid or 'hooch' on the surface of your starter. This liquid is a result of the excessive fermentation that occurs at high temperatures. To prevent overheating, it's important to store your starter in a cool place, away from direct heat sources. If you suspect your starter has overheated, there are steps you can take to help it recover. Start by discarding a portion of the overheated starter and refreshing it with equal parts of flour and water. Feed it regularly at room temperature and monitor its progress. With proper care and attention, your overheated sourdough starter can regain its vitality and be ready for baking once again. Risks of Exceeding the Maximum Temperature Be cautious not to push the temperature of your sourdough starter beyond its limits, as it can pose risks to its overall health and fermentation process. Exceeding the maximum temperature can have consequences that may affect the quality and viability of your sourdough starter. Here are some risks to consider: - Decreased yeast activity: High temperatures can cause yeast cells to become stressed or die off. This can lead to a decrease in yeast activity, resulting in a weaker fermentation process and less rise in your bread. - Reduced bacterial diversity: Sourdough starters rely on a diverse community of bacteria to create the unique flavors and aromas. Excessive heat can harm some of these bacteria, reducing the diversity and potentially altering the taste of your sourdough. - Increased risk of contamination: Exceeding the maximum temperature can create an environment that's more favorable for the growth of unwanted microorganisms. This can increase the risk of contamination and spoilage, potentially ruining your sourdough starter. To maintain the health of your sourdough starter and ensure optimal fermentation, it's important to monitor and control the temperature. Stay within the recommended temperature range to minimize the risks and enjoy the benefits of a thriving sourdough culture. Impact of Temperature Fluctuations on Starter Health Maintaining consistent temperatures is crucial for the health of your sourdough starter. Temperature fluctuations can have a significant impact on the fermentation speed and overall health of your starter. The temperature at which you keep your starter can determine how quickly it ferments and the quality of your final bread. Temperature plays a vital role in the fermentation process of sourdough starter. Higher temperatures accelerate fermentation, allowing the starter to mature more rapidly. Conversely, lower temperatures slow down fermentation, resulting in a longer fermentation process. This can be beneficial in certain situations, as it allows for a more complex flavor development. However, prolonged exposure to low temperatures can have negative effects on your starter's health. When the temperature is too low, the activity of the yeasts and bacteria in the starter slows down significantly. This can lead to a weaker fermentation process and a less active starter. The microbial activity may become sluggish, affecting the rise and texture of your bread. Additionally, the risk of contamination by undesirable microorganisms increases when the starter isn't fermenting at an optimal temperature. To maintain a healthy sourdough starter, it's important to keep the temperature within the recommended range. This will ensure a consistent fermentation speed and a robust starter that produces delicious bread. Monitoring and adjusting the temperature accordingly will help you achieve the best results and maintain the health of your sourdough starter. Best Practices for Maintaining Optimal Temperature To maintain optimal temperature for your sourdough starter, it's important to establish a consistent and controlled environment. Maintaining consistency in temperature is crucial for the health and activity of your starter. Here are some best practices for maintaining optimal temperature: - Choose a suitable location: Find a spot in your kitchen that provides a stable temperature and is away from direct sunlight or drafts. This will help maintain a consistent environment for your starter. - Use a thermometer: Invest in a reliable thermometer to monitor the temperature of your starter. This will allow you to make adjustments if necessary and ensure that it stays within the optimal range. - Consider external temperature control: If your kitchen tends to be too warm or cold, you may need to use additional methods to maintain the ideal temperature. This can include using a proofing box, placing your starter near a heat source, or using a cold water bath to cool it down. Importance of Monitoring Temperature During Fermentation To ensure successful fermentation, it's crucial for you to monitor the temperature of your sourdough starter. Temperature control plays a vital role in the fermentation process, as it directly affects the activity of the microorganisms responsible for the transformation of flour and water into a bubbly, flavorful dough. The ideal temperature range for sourdough fermentation is between 75°F and 85°F (24°C and 29°C). Within this range, the yeasts and bacteria in the starter thrive, producing carbon dioxide and organic acids that give sourdough its characteristic tangy taste and light texture. Monitoring the temperature is important because extreme temperatures can hinder or even halt the fermentation process. If the temperature is too low, the activity of the microorganisms slows down, resulting in a longer fermentation time and a less developed flavor. On the other hand, if the temperature is too high, the microorganisms may become overly active, leading to a faster fermentation that produces a sourdough with a stronger, more acidic taste. To maintain optimal temperature, store your sourdough starter in a warm location, away from drafts and direct sunlight. Use a thermometer to regularly check the temperature and make adjustments as necessary. If the temperature is too low, consider using a proofing box or placing the starter near a warm oven or heating source. On the other hand, if the temperature is too high, move the starter to a cooler area or use a cooler container. Adjusting Temperature for Sourdough Recipes Adjusting Temperature for Sourdough Recipes Adjusting the temperature for your sourdough recipes is crucial for achieving the desired flavor and texture. Proper temperature control during fermentation is essential as it affects the activity of the yeast and bacteria in your sourdough starter. Here are some important factors to consider when adjusting the temperature for your sourdough recipes: - Room Temperature: Maintaining a consistent room temperature is vital for successful fermentation. Aim for a range of 70-75°F (21-24°C) for optimal results. Cooler temperatures will slow down fermentation, while warmer temperatures can speed it up. - Refrigeration: If you need to slow down the fermentation process, you can place your sourdough dough or starter in the refrigerator. This will lower the temperature and slow down the activity of the yeast and bacteria. However, note that a longer fermentation time can also enhance the flavor development. - Proofing Box: Using a proofing box or a temperature-controlled environment can help you maintain a precise temperature for your sourdough. This is especially useful if your room temperature fluctuates or if you want to ferment your dough at a specific temperature for consistent results. By adjusting fermentation temperatures, you can have better control over the flavor, texture, and rise of your sourdough bread. Experimenting with different temperatures will enable you to find the sweet spot that suits your preferences. Troubleshooting High Temperature Issues With Your Starter If your sourdough starter is experiencing high temperatures, it can lead to issues that need troubleshooting. Temperature spikes can have a negative impact on the health and activity of your starter, affecting its ability to ferment and produce the desired results in your bread. To prevent overheating and maintain the optimal temperature range for your starter, there are a few steps you can take. Firstly, make sure to store your starter in a cool and well-ventilated area. Avoid placing it near sources of heat such as ovens or direct sunlight. If the ambient temperature in your kitchen is consistently high, consider moving your starter to a cooler spot in your home, such as a basement or pantry. Another troubleshooting step is to adjust your feeding schedule. Higher temperatures can accelerate fermentation, causing your starter to become too active and consume its food source too quickly. To counteract this, you may need to feed your starter more frequently, using smaller amounts of flour and water each time. This will help maintain a more balanced and controlled fermentation process. Additionally, monitoring the temperature of your starter is crucial. Invest in a thermometer to accurately measure the temperature of your starter and its environment. If you notice that the temperature is consistently too high, you can place your starter in a partially submerged container of cool water to help regulate its temperature. Frequently Asked Questions Can I Use a Thermometer to Measure the Temperature of My Sourdough Starter? You can definitely use a thermometer to measure the temperature of your sourdough starter. It's important to create a temperature controlled environment and follow best practices for accuracy in measuring the temperature. What Can Happen if My Sourdough Starter Gets Too Hot? If your sourdough starter gets too hot, it can have detrimental effects on the fermentation process. High temperatures can kill off the beneficial bacteria and yeasts, leading to a lack of rise and a sourdough starter that won't produce the desired results. How Can I Prevent My Sourdough Starter From Overheating? To prevent your sourdough starter from overheating and maintain the ideal temperature for fermentation, ensure a consistent room temperature between 70-85°F. Use a thermometer, adjust the environment, and monitor your starter regularly for optimal results. Are There Any Risks if I Exceed the Maximum Temperature for My Sourdough Starter? Exceeding the maximum temperature for your sourdough starter poses risks. Overheating can kill beneficial bacteria and yeast, affecting fermentation and flavor. It's crucial to maintain the right temperature range to ensure a healthy and thriving sourdough starter. How Often Should I Monitor the Temperature of My Sourdough Starter During Fermentation? To ensure successful fermentation, it is crucial to monitor the temperature of your sourdough starter regularly. By maintaining proper temperature control, you can promote the growth of beneficial bacteria and yeast, resulting in a healthy and flavorful sourdough bread. In conclusion, maintaining the ideal temperature range for your sourdough starter is crucial for its health and successful fermentation. High temperatures can negatively impact the starter, leading to overheating and potential risks. Monitoring and adjusting the temperature diligently is essential for optimal results. By following best practices and troubleshooting any high temperature issues, you can ensure the vitality and effectiveness of your sourdough starter throughout the fermentation process.
Hypertension damages blood vessels in your retina at the back of your eye, leading to hypertensive retinopathy – damage known as "eye bruise." Your doctor can easily measure your eye pressure during routine examinations by placing drops into your eyes and using a tonometer machine. Low blood pressure in the eyes may result in lightheadedness or dizziness when standing up, and can even lead to fainting. Diarrhea (DIE-uh-REE-ah) occurs when your bowel movements become runny and watery. It's a common issue among those suffering from an infection or taking antibiotics, so if this is happening to you it is essential that you drink lots of liquids to stay hydrated – either oral rehydration fluids, diluted cordial, or juice (1 part fruit to four parts water) should do just fine if feeling queasy; take small frequent sips of liquid. If necessary try taking small frequent sips until feeling better Diarrhea can quickly lead to dehydration and other serious health complications, making it particularly harmful in younger children who already contain less water in their bodies than adults do. If the diarrhea becomes severe enough, hospital treatment with IV fluids may be required. Your doctor will perform an exam and ask about your symptoms and recent eating habits, conducting a stool test to check for signs of illness or parasites and potentially scheduling a colonoscopy to find the cause of diarrhea. In order to avoid future episodes, be sure to wash your hands often, particularly after using the toilet and before preparing food; additionally you can take over-the-counter supplements containing probiotic bacteria or consume foods such as yogurt with active cultures for prevention. Blood may accumulate on the cornea of one eye or spill from it into its anterior segment, leading to bleeding in its front part called the anterior segment. Bleeding can vary in intensity from minor strands of blood on its surface to severe hemorrhage causing blurred vision in this part of the eye – known as hyphema and appearing anywhere from single distinct clots on cornea to diffuse red area hemorrhages that obstruct vision obscuring visual field; bleeding may be due to coagulation disorder or hypertension – these problems may require medications that induce fibrinolysis which break up any clots which form. Blistering may occur when fluid in the eye fails to circulate as intended, leading to high pressure that damages the optic nerve – the main nerve responsible for sending images from eye to brain. This condition is known as glaucoma – an eye disorder in which pressure builds up at the front part of eye that damages optic nerve and potentially results in permanent blindness. Other symptoms of low blood pressure may include an overall sense of illness due to reduced efficiency in blood circulation which supplies nutrients and removes wastes from cells. People experiencing this symptom may become tired easily or feel like their energy reserves have run dry; nausea may also occur as a result. Although anyone is susceptible to low blood pressure, those most at risk are people over 40 with a family history of ocular hypertension or glaucoma and those taking medications that raise their blood pressure or are dehydrated. Therefore, it's wise to visit your eye doctor on a regular basis for IOP testing with a tonometer; this will detect early ocular hypertension signs and potentially avoid more serious complications later down the line. People commonly associate "hypertension" with blood pressure; however, few realize it can also refer to fluid within the eye. Between three and six million Americans suffer from ocular hypertension – wherein fluid pressure in their eye exceeds normal readings – though most show no symptoms and their optic nerves remain undamaged, but could potentially increase risk of glaucoma. Redness is the hallmark symptom of ocular hypertension and may be caused by subconjunctival hemorrhage or superficial vein bleeding, among other things. Patients often report pain that keeps them awake at night or seems like their eye is on fire; an examination reveals dilated vessels that do not blanch with 2.5% phenylephrine as well as bluish hued sclera; connective tissue diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis or Wegener's granulomatosis may contribute to these symptoms while some infections such as tuberculosis or relapsing polychondritis may also play a part. One possible cause of redness in the eyelids is blocked meibomian gland orifices, known as chalazion. People suffering from rosacea or blepharitis are at increased risk for this eye disorder, which manifests itself with painless nodules that feel like hard lumps on the lids. Warm compresses applied three times daily for 10 minutes will usually help clear them away; in addition, punctual occlusion, lubricating ointment or punctual occlusion may also help, while diet, exercise, medication and regular check-in with health care professionals are key steps taken towards managing blood pressure for those living with ocular hypertension. High blood pressure damages the retina – the transparent light-sensitive structure at the back of your eye – by damaging its small blood vessels, leading to swelling in patches of retina and loss of vision due to hypertensive retinopathy. When conducting a dilated exam an ophthalmologist might detect narrowed vessels or areas with poor circulation which have white or pink spots corresponding to decreased blood flow. Scleritis is inflammation of the white covering surrounding the eye (known as the sclera). Patients usually complain of pain that radiates from the eye to the forehead and head; when examined under a slit lamp examination bluish colored sclera with blood vessels that do not blanch with 2.5% phenylephrine is an indicator. Scleritis is caused by various systemic diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, Wegener's granulomatosis, myositis and relapsing polychondritis; however infectious agents such as tuberculosis or Lyme disease may also play a part. Hypertension may result in vascular events in the uvea – an eye layer between cornea and optic nerve. Such events may be symptomless or present symptoms like blurred vision and light sensitivity that require further evaluation by an ophthalmologist with an eye chart and dilated exam. Subconjunctival hemorrhages, or spots of blood under the conjunctiva, are often related to Valsalva maneuvers such as coughing and vomiting. They can also indicate trauma, sinusitis, or lacrimal sac disease; anyone experiencing such symptoms should seek medical advice as antibiotic treatment is often necessary in order to prevent progression to orbital cellulitis. Dacryocystitis – inflammation of the nasolacrimal canaliculus that leads to the lacrimal sac – is caused by bacteria such as Staphylococci, streptococci and diphteroids; patients experience symptoms such as tearfulness with reddening tenderness under pressure in combination with reddening and discharge as well as reddening on medial aspect of lower eyelid. Any discharge expressed from punctum on pressure should be cultured. Blurred vision Blurry vision can be an early symptom of high eye blood pressure (ocular hypertension). It's also often the first telltale sign of glaucoma if not properly diagnosed and treated early enough – failing which it can lead to permanent loss of vision if left undiagnosed and untreated – this is why annual eye exams should be scheduled as routine for everyone. Human eyes produce fluid to stay moist and healthy, known as aqueous humor, that continuously passes over their surface and drains away, creating space for fresh aqueous humor to be produced. To prevent intraocular pressure build-up – often caused by insufficient production or inadequate drainage systems – this cycle should remain balanced; producing equal amounts and draining equal amounts in order to remain in balance and produce less pressure within. If either system breaks down significantly then intraocular pressure rises exponentially, potentially leading to glaucoma as well as permanent damage of optic nerve. A 49-year-old male with a history of hypertension presented with blurry vision that began in his left peripheral field and progressed centrally over both eyes. No symptoms such as headache, dizziness, floaters or difficulty speaking or swallowing had previously been noted by this individual, nor were numbness or tingling sensations found anywhere on his fingers or hands reported. Blurred vision is a common eye symptom caused by various conditions, including astigmatism (in which objects near and far appear blurry due to irregularities on the cornea); myopia or nearsightedness, where distant objects don't focus clearly onto retina; and astigmatism, which creates irregularities on cornea that blurs near- and faraway objects due to irregularities on cornea; myopia/nearsightedness causing objects that are farther away appear blurry due to not clearly focusing on retina; these conditions usually can be corrected using prescription eyeglasses or contact lenses; however if caused by high blood pressure this could signal that blood vessels in eye have narrowed, leading to potential issues with brain or heart damage as well.
Everything You Need To Know Before Moving to Cincinnati Cincinnati, OH, is known for its rich history and diverse cultural scene. The job market and beautiful neighborhoods are also benefits of moving to Cincinnati. However, moving to another town is a life-changing decision, so knowing about the city is essential before you take the giant leap. In this guide, we will explore the Cincinnati housing market, cost of living, job opportunities, and the various activities you can do around town. Knowing more about the city can make moving to Cincinnati a more exciting adventure. Factors To Consider Before Moving to Cincinnati Before packing up and moving to Cincinnati, it is helpful to weigh several important factors. First, evaluate Cincinnati's local housing market to understand your options. This will help you better understand the types of houses available and start to budget. Job opportunities are another critical factor to consider. If your career field is thriving in the area, you could have a lot of employment options. You will also want to consider the things to do in Cincinnati. Enjoying the city's lifestyle and culture can make or break how much you enjoy living in a new town. The Cincinnati Housing Market The housing market is one of the first things you should consider when moving to Cincinnati. Cincinnati has a dynamic housing market that offers a variety of options for potential homeowners and renters. Over the past few years, home values have seen a steady increase. Although, compared to other major cities across the country, Cincinnati remains an affordable place to live. The average home price in Cincinnati is far lower than the national average, making it an attractive place to live if you're a first-time home buyer or have a low budget. There is something for everyone. From urban areas to the suburbs, you can find something that fits your lifestyle desires. Many neighborhoods in Cincinnati fit a diverse type of lifestyle. Cincinnati Cost of Living Cincinnati's affordability extends far beyond the housing market. The cost of living also remains below the national average for utilities, groceries, and healthcare. This can help you create a better quality of life by providing more disposable income so you can enjoy everything the city offers. Transportation costs throughout the city are also reasonable. Multiple public transit options are available, including buses and a streetcar system. Cincinnati's location in the Midwest makes it an excellent location to travel to other major cities nationwide. The Cincinnati Job Market Moving to Cincinnati can provide you with various job opportunities in multiple industries. The city has several nationally recognized companies, including Kroger and Procter and Gamble. In addition to nationally recognized companies, the health care and education sectors are vital. Top employers include Cincinnati Children's Hospital and the University of Cincinnati. Startup culture is thriving in the city. This is excellent news for those in the technology, marketing, and creative industries. It is a great place to find a supportive environment to grow a career. Things To Do and See in Cincinnati If you choose to live in Cincinnati, life will always feel exciting. There are plenty of things to do in this vibrant city. Activities to enjoy while living in the city include: - Cincinnati Art Museum - National Underground Railroad Freedom Center - Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra - Cincinnati Reds game - Cincinnati Bengals game In addition to these activities, you can enjoy annual events. These activities include the Cincinnati Music Festival and Oktoberfest, one of the largest in the United States. The Educational Landscape When relocating to a new city, families with children or those planning to have children need to understand the quality of the local schooling system. In Cincinnati, the educational landscape offers a range of options. There are public schools with strong academic programs and several private and charter schools. Researching the performance metrics of schools can provide insights into the educational environment. Metrics to research include: - Test scores - Student-to-teacher ratios - Extracurricular offerings Cincinnati offers K-12 and higher education opportunities. Considering these options before moving can impact your child's academic environment and overall satisfaction with the move. Make Your Move to Cincinnati Seamless With Prestige Storage Considering these factors can help you make a well-informed decision about moving to Cincinnati or elsewhere. To help with your move, Prestige Storage offers a variety of self-storage options to ease the transition. We offer temporary storage while you're moving or settling in, as well as long-term storage options for downsizing or decluttering your new home. At Prestige, we offer secure and flexible options to keep your things safe during this change. Contact us today to learn more about our storage options and reserve an available unit. We have climate-controlled storage and other amenities to help make storing your items as easy and convenient as possible.
Our project employs a holistic and transdisciplinary research methodology, combining scientific methods with participatory approaches to understand and transform agroecological food systems in the Sahel region. This research methodology is structured around four key elements: We start by conducting a comprehensive territorial diagnosis, which encompasses the analysis of the socio-economic, environmental, and governance contexts. This enables us to identify the key actors, initiatives, and power dynamics at play, as well as the factors influencing the transition towards more sustainable agroecological food systems. To address the complexity of agroecological transitions, we adopt a truly interdisciplinary perspective, integrating insights from fields such as agronomy, ecology, sociology, political science, and economics. This comprehensive approach allows us to generate system knowledge, target knowledge, and transformation knowledge, which in turn inform the development of transformative pathways and action plans. Our methodology emphasizes the importance of involving a wide range of stakeholders, including local communities, farmers, government agencies, NGOs, and the private sector, in the research process. We use deliberative platforms and innovative participatory tools, such as arts-based methods, to foster collective decision-making, co-design transformative pathways, and facilitate knowledge exchange. To test the practical application of our findings, we establish living labs in selected pilot areas where agroecological interventions are implemented, monitored, and evaluated. We maintain constant and iterative feedback loops between theory and practice, ensuring that the generated knowledge is continuously fed back into the research process, and our strategies are refined and adapted based on emerging insights and lessons learned. By combining rigorous scientific research with participatory and inclusive processes, our methodology allows us to generate robust, context-sensitive, and actionable knowledge that can drive the transition towards sustainable agroecological food systems in the Sahel region and beyond.
Free Training on Microsoft Word, Excel and PowerPoint ICT Literacy and Competency Development Bureau is the Department of Information, Communications and Technology (DICT) arm that develops, promotes, & implements ICT literacy and competency in the country A word processing program, a spreadsheet tool, presentation software, an email program, and other tools are all included in the Microsoft Office suite. It's among the most widely used software suites in the world and is sometimes referred to as the MS Office suite. However, it does face competition from other commercial programs, including some from Apple and Google, as well as from open source software like LibreOffice. Both local use on a computer and use on a web browser are options for some of the Microsoft software. Click here for more webinars > CPD, NEAP webinars and trainings for teachers Share the this post! Check more webinars below! Free CPD units International Conference in Education Free CPD units International Conference in Education Metaphors of growth have continually informed debates on the role of education in the development of children, schools, Attend the Rex Webinar Series and earn 8 CPD units Attend the Rex Webinar Series and earn 8 CPD units REX is a leading solutions provider in the Philippines that aims to develop learners who NEAP Lunduyan sa Kahusayan and SEAMEO INNOTECH 𝐋𝐔𝐍𝐃𝐔𝐘𝐀𝐍 𝐒𝐀 𝐊𝐀𝐇𝐔𝐒𝐀𝐘𝐀𝐍 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐂𝐘𝐂𝐋𝐄 𝟐 𝐎𝐅 𝐒𝐄𝐀𝐌𝐄𝐎 𝐈𝐍𝐍𝐎𝐓𝐄𝐂𝐇 𝐁𝐀𝐓𝐂𝐇 𝟐 𝐂𝐎𝐔𝐑𝐒𝐄𝐒 The National Educators Academy of the Philippines (NEAP) and the National Teachers College Rex Education Annual Educator's Congress with 8 CPD units Rex Education Annual Educator's Congress with 8 CPD units Dear fellow Edukampyon, Here's to the warmth of the season, to good health, and best wishes Deped NEAP Free Course Lunduyan sa Kahusayan Cohort 3 Deped NEAP Free Course Lunduyan sa Kahusayan Cohort 3 The National Educators Academy of the Philippines (NEAP) together with the National Teachers College (NTC) announces National Physical Education Teachers Convention National Physical Education Teachers Convention Education conferences offer excellent chances for professional growth. You'll not only gain knowledge of the most recent advancements in your industry, Join our Facebook Groups below for you to be updated for the latest CPD, NEAP, DEPED webinars and trainings. Sign – up below to receive latest updates for Free CPD webinars and trainings. Recent Posts - DepEd School Forms Cover Design - GSIS Emergency Loan - Conduct of the K to 12 Basic Education Program End-of-School-Year Rites for School Year 2023–2024 - Grade 6 Fourth Periodical Test - Grade 5 Second Periodical Test All Subjects - Grade 4 Fourth Periodical Test - Grade 3 Fourth Periodical Test - Grade 2 Fourth Periodical Test - Daily Lesson Log Grade Six Fourth Quarter Week 4 - Daily Lesson Log Grade Four Fourth Quarter Week 4
Nokia, formerly known for consumer mobile phones, has shifted its focus to developing technology and equipment for delivering the internet, including the metaverse. In partnership with an Australian university, the company has already created a 5G-connected microbrewery using metaverse technology and is exploring its use for remote aircraft maintenance. "Nokia set up two labs last year to really look at the Metaverse and the technologies that underpin the Metaverse," says Robert Joyce, chief technical officer of Nokia Oceania. According to Nokia's Chief Strategy and Technology Officer, Nishant Batra, the metaverse will have the greatest initial impact on industries rather than consumers, with a consumer metaverse not expected to take off until 2030. It is projected that by next year, five times more revenue will be spent on the industrial metaverse compared to the consumer or enterprise metaverse. Ports have begun using digital twins to track every container on their docks, no matter how deeply they are buried in stacks. Aerospace companies are building engines and fuselages in the digital world to simulate exactly how an aircraft will fly – long before they tool its first mechanical part, wrote Batra in a Jan. 13 WEF op-ed. The industrial #metaverse promises to fundamentally change the way we work, whilst driving productivity, boosting safety, and enabling new levels of flexibility. — Nokia (@nokia) January 13, 2023 Find out more ahead of Davos in this blog from Nokia's Nishant Batra. ▶️ https://t.co/BiDWssGfm0 @wef #WEF23 pic.twitter.com/d6Jfg5mk2G Joyce mentioned in his Cointelegraph interview that researchers from the University of Technology Sydney's brewery tech lab have been collaborating with researchers from Dortmund University in Germany via augmented reality (AR). They actually do joint experiments where they brew beer, they change the process, the temperature, the timings, the volumes, the recipes […] and they feed back all of that brewing process into the digital twin, he explained. Joyce stated that in South Australia, Nokia is exploring the use of the metaverse to support Cessna aircraft technicians at remote airports. He explained how the company collaborated with a firm that utilized a virtual Cessna aircraft, allowing technicians to receive audio instructions through their earpiece as they perform maintenance tasks, such as changing wheels or engine parts, on the virtual aircraft. When asked about the role of blockchain in the future of the metaverse, Joyce expressed confidence that the technology will play a crucial part when it comes to payments or asset transfers. According to him, Blockchain will be a crucial element for ensuring integrity within the metaverse when payments or asset transfers are involved. "If I was going to buy a house next to Snoop Dogg's and want to ensure that it couldn't be lifted and shifted and copied, that's where blockchain is quite useful in terms of maintaining uniqueness in a digital space." he said.
Wealth Distribution is the execution of a plan to make sure we pass along our accumulated wealth in the most seamless fashion possible when we've finished our last lap around the sun. Read the Previous Posts in This Series: - Phase 1: Wealth Creation - A Wealth Creation Story - Phase 2: Wealth Preservation - On Preserving Wealth and Managing Risk - Phase 3: Wealth Distribution The importance of a having a cohesive plan cannot be overstated. In a perfect world, each of our assets will flow to the intended parties and the appropriate professionals will already be engaged to lend assistance in their respective specialties. Those receiving portions of our estate will know what they are getting, when they will get it and have a clear understanding of their responsibility as it relates to each asset they receive. Making sure that your heirs know what to do with what they get is critical, especially when it comes to commercial real estate. If you hand off real estate assets to heirs who lack the experience and depth of real estate knowledge that you have, the results could be disastrous. Industrial business parks, retail shopping centers and office buildings are complicated investments, all requiring a high level of expertise in multiple disciplines. You may be quite comfortable negotiating a tenant improvement package with a prospective lessee, but the person inheriting that asset may not even know where to start. Real estate decisions are complex and markets are in a constant state of change. So, if you will be passing along real estate investment properties to your heirs, either make sure they can fill your shoes or engage the appropriate professionals in advance to act in their interests. As we mentioned in our last post, keeping things simple may be the best strategy. So, if you have assets that are management intensive, maybe you should consider exchanging into simpler properties that require less hands-on experience to manage. Also, you may own assets that have elements of functional obsolescence or have deferred maintenance issues that need attention. If so, exchanging into more modern facilities might become part of your wealth distribution strategy. Planning ahead means that you get to make the important decisions. Without a good plan, your heirs may find themselves overwhelmed, and you won't be there to help. So, we recommend that you evaluate all your assets, real estate and otherwise, and visualize the simplest transition of each one to your heirs. If your current distribution plan comes up short, now is the time to come up with one that will get the job done. We can help you with evaluating your real estate in terms of its value and relative position in the market, but you'll need advice from attorneys, accountants, financial planners, insurance professionals and others depending on the size and complexity of your estate. If all your assets will flow through to just a few who understand your assets as well as you do, that's one thing. But if there are children, grandchildren, brothers, sisters and charities all receiving shares of your estate, the need for simplicity becomes more important. Let's also not forget Uncle Sam. The tax implications alone can be enormous, as federal estate tax rates run as high as 40% on the net value of individual estates exceeding approximately $13.6 million. If your estate is worth more than that, then some of your assets may need to be disposed of to generate cash to meet tax obligations. That's where life insurance can come in handy, as cash proceeds from life insurance can be used to pay taxes, so that other assets don't have to be liquidated for that purpose. We could go on, but we want to be careful not get too far afield in terms of our area of expertise. However, we do want to pass along one more idea before we close, and that's the act of distributing your estate while you are still alive. The truth of it is, you can pass your estate along to your heirs while you are alive, giving you the opportunity to see them enjoy their inheritance. Of course, there are rules and regulations to follow, but it can be done. There may be tax implications to you, as well, if you sell highly appreciated assets to generate cash for distribution. As a general rule, you will give up just about a third of your gain on appreciated commercial real estate. That sounds like a lot, and it is. However, most long term property owners have seen their property values triple or more in just the last decade, and their potential after-tax proceeds exceed their wildest expectations by orders of magnitude. With that in mind, maybe one of your heirs needs capital to start a business or another needs to pay for law or medical school. Perhaps you'd like to make the down payment on your son or daughter's first house as a wedding gift or start college trust funds for your grandchildren. In simplest terms, you can use up to the limit of your estate tax exemption to distribute your estate without incurring estate tax liability. You can also gift up to $18,000 per year to each of your heirs without the need for the filing of a gift tax return. By doing so, the taxable value of your estate will be reduced and your future heirs receive their gifts tax free. For example, if your estate is large enough to be subject to estate taxes and you gifted the maximum to ten heirs for the next ten years, it could reduce the federal tax on your estate by as much as $720,000 (40% of $1,800,000). You can even establish trusts that restrict the distribution of those gifts to heirs too young or otherwise unable to handle their own financial affairs. Whatever you decide to do with your assets, the sooner you focus on the issue the better. Planning ahead cannot work against you. It's your plan and you can change it any time you want to. You earned your wealth and only you should decide what happens to it and who benefits from it. This series is meant to get you thinking seriously about this important final phase of the wealth cycle. We are real estate market experts, and know just enough about estate planning to know that only trained professionals in the field of estate planning should be relied upon for specific advice. But, if we have you wondering if your wealth distribution plan truly serves your interests and those of your heirs, then we consider that to be another "mission accomplished". Next week we continue the wealth distribution phase with a discussion on the oft-used estate planning tool known as the step-up in basis.
Germination of Morus alba White Mulberry: Morus Alba, Silkworm Tree, Chinese Mulberry To germinate Morus alba, start by stratifying the seeds in the refrigerator for 30-60 days. After stratification, fill a seed tray with a well-draining potting mix, then scatter the seeds on top of the mix and cover them with a thin layer of soil. Place the tray in a bright and warm location, and keep the soil moist but not waterlogged. The seeds should start to germinate within 2-3 weeks. Some of plants may have very have specific germination requirements that may not be covered in these general instructions. Many seeds require pre-treatment before sowing which we try to list here when we can, but this information may not be present here. Germination times and germination temperatures are to be a guide only. Many factors can DRASTICALLY affect this. It's always a good idea to research the specific germination requirements from multiple sources for each plant before attempting to grow them from seed.
Impact of Medical Technology on Healthcare in Times of Pandemic and Beyond Digital transformation in healthcare has never been so urgent before. Pandemic has revealed the weaknesses and unpreparedness of the healthcare systems in many countries across the world. Even the states with well-funded and strong healthcare sector were shocked by the unprecedented influx of patients and reported a wide range of pandemic-related issues, such as the shortage of PPE, equipment and medical staff, overwhelming paperwork and poorly developed processes. Not surprisingly, digital technologies often successfully address these and other problems in healthcare. After all, it's digital technology that helps keep our society running in the times of widespread work from home, social distancing and lockdown. Digital technology in medicine, in turn, plays even a more important role for it helps save lives and provide adequate health and social care to millions of people in need. In this article, we will dwell on the plenty of opportunities of digital transformation in healthcare in times of crisis and beyond. If you are a healthcare professional, a decision-maker and an innovator in this sector, this article will provide you with several ideas on how to leverage digital technology for the benefits of customers, patients, doctors and staff and the whole industry. If by the end of reading this article you still have some questions unanswered, simply contact our team. We have extensive experience in eHealth, worked with different hospitals, pharmaceutical companies, foundations and health tech startups and will be happy to help you. How can we help? In the middle of April, UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs issued the new policy brief where the organization emphasized the importance of digital technology in addressing the issues and embracing reality during the pandemic. "The crisis has demonstrated that it is impossible for societies to ignore technological advancements as they are continuing to change business models and people's everyday lives. Governments should embrace these policy- and technological developments and harvest the digital opportunities that can support the long-term sustainable development of their countries." (un.org) From the very beginning of mass quarantine, the benefits of integrating digital technology into people's everyday lives became clear. Thanks to digital technology we could work from home, socialize, get the necessary information, exercise and maintain a healthy lifestyle, shop and even get basic medical and mental care. However, the role of information technology in medicine and healthcare, in general, became particularly critical. First of all, existing and ubiquitous digital systems in healthcare such as patient tracking devices, RFID and Internet of Things systems for healthcare asset tracking, mobile apps for doctors and patients, EHR and e-prescriptions, telemedicine solutions, etc. could be and are used as the primary tools to address the many risks and issues associated with the crisis in healthcare. Here are just some of the problems these technologies help solve: Common risks and issues of healthcare systems working under pressure - Shortages caused by an insufficient supply of PPE, medication, equipment. - Hectic patient admission/discharge processes caused by the unpredictable patient influx. - Disrupted medical supply chain at national and global levels. - Insufficient human resources caused both by huge influx of patients and high rate of infection among healthcare staff. - Uncontrolled infection spreading. - Delayed treatment for non-urgent patients. - Neglected patients with chronic diseases. - Higher risks of mistakes, undeserving in terms of crisis. - High pressure on the mental and physical health of medical staff. Secondly, businesses, governments and world organizations use novel digital solutions to identify problems in healthcare that technology can solve. Corporations such as Apple and Google and several countries including Norway, Australia, China, Singapore either work on or have already launched different COVID-19 contact tracking apps to keep the spread of the pandemic under control. Governments and agencies allocate serious budgets to speed up innovation in healthcare and help medical facilities and healthcare professionals successfully get over the pandemic crisis. eHealth startups receive massive support and investment. Not to mention all the attention top biotech companies on the vaccine development landscape are getting these days. The growing interest to digital transformation in healthcare in the context of pandemic and beyond prove the focus on technology in this industry will likely increase in the future. It's still too early to say how much the existing technology in healthcare and digital transformation in this sector will contribute to mitigating this pandemic crisis. However, we can already talk about the positive role of technology in improving healthcare outcomes in the frontline today. It's hard to underestimate the importance of technology in healthcare. From EHR and virtual consultations to hospital asset tracking systems, digital tools help make healthcare processes smarter, safer and more efficient. Implement infection control Tracking technology such as RFID, RTLS as well as more complex networks of connected devices and spaces help monitor and control people flow (patients, doctors, nurses, other staff), locate medical tools and equipment, track sterilization processes. These technologies are indispensable in identifying infected spots and mitigating infection spread. Increase efficiency There's a whole range of time-proven and widely adopted digital systems for doctors, patients, hospitals in general that help deliver better, safer and more timely healthcare services. Among them are electronic health records, hospital management systems, medical inventory software and e-prescriptions. These and many other platforms help regulate patient admission and discharge, track treatment effects in real time, improve medication adherence as well as smoothly manage financial, administrative and supply processes behind the scene. Eliminate human from the process Commonly used EHR, HMS and e-prescriptions help better organize the very basic processes in health and social care and free staff from time-consuming routine and paperwork. Other emerging technology in healthcare such as wearables, smart hospital equipment, healthcare app for cancer patients, robots and drones completely eliminate human interaction in the cases where it's possible thus relieving the pressure on the healthcare system and limiting the risks associated with direct contact. Among good examples are drones delivering medication, self-adjusting vitals tracking hospital beds, autonomous insulin delivery devices, assisting apps for people with mental health issues, etc. Now let's dive into a more detailed view of digital transformation in healthcare and see how technology has changed healthcare using real case examples. Increase patient engagement and medication adherence Nearly 75% of adults are nonadherent to their medical prescriptions in any way, according to the research conducted by the Polling Company. Mainly, it is caused by various reasons from inability to follow complicated procedures and drug prescriptions to costly treatment and doctor-to-patient communication barriers. The reason for low patient engagement is often lack of easy-to-use tools and channels for patients to connect with doctors and caregivers. Modern patient engagement and management systems can solve these problems by equipping patients, doctors and healthcare organizations with intuitive cross-channel tools for monitoring, communication and remote consultations. Optimize patient admission and discharge Unautomated process of patient rotation, lack of patient tracking systems and inefficient exploitation of ambulance and paramedic resources snowball into delays in hospital discharges and emergency admission slowdown. Modern tracking and sensor technology in IoT systems should make a game-changing impact on the problem of performance in health and social care. IoT-based patient and facility monitoring and management could become a forward-looking solution for hospitals, ambulance vehicles and care centers. Globally, 60% of healthcare organizations have already introduced some IoT facilities to their process. Curiously, 42% of industry executives rank monitoring as a primary use of IoT-enabled technology in healthcare. Consider IBM Bluemix-powered solution TMS able to clean the roads for ambulances via smart vehicle tracking and traffic management. Or successfully adopted CSIRO's Patient Admission and Prediction Tool that analyzes big data to forecast hospital emergency admission with 93% accuracy. Altogether, the adoption of IoT technology for patient traffic tracking, emergency performance monitoring and smart route management for ambulances should accelerate the admission and discharge processes. Wearables for people tracking The wearable market has significantly grown in recent years and became one of the central emerging technologies in healthcare 2020. Today, there is a great variety of wearable devices from affordable connected inhalers to tracking systems for patients used in hospitals. One of such wearable devices is a medical-grade Biosensor BX100 by Philips that helps remotely track patient vitals including respiratory and heartbeat rate, collect and analyze condition data, detect the risks of deterioration and notify doctors and caregivers in time. Platforms for patient monitoring Wearables are not the only important tracking technology that improved healthcare monitoring practices. In fact, in the times of increasing patient flow, large connected systems for patient monitoring in hospitals play even a more important role as they allow significantly unload staff and enable remote continuous monitoring of dozens of ICU patients from one central hub. One of such unique systems is the product created by the joined efforts of Microsoft and GE Healthcare. Its launch was speeded up on the wave of the pandemic. The system allows managing a 100-bed intensive care network with only several nurses and doctors on-site and significantly reduce the use of PPE. Artificial intelligence for early diagnosis AI technologies like computer vision and deep learning are considered some of the most promising technological advancements used in healthcare for early diagnostics. Among recognized applications are automatic skin cancer classification and early pneumonia diagnostics and classification. Machine learning in preventive medicine Not only can AI applications in healthcare be used in the diagnostics, but also help identify the problem before it shows. For example, a tech giant Cognizant used machine learning and data analytics to elaborate preventive care practices. Using advanced algorithms, the company was able to identify the early signs of emerging drug addiction among high-risk patients by analyzing their health records, physician's notes and behavioral patterns. Mobile apps for doctors and patients Hardly would we call the benefits of mobile technology in healthcare undiscovered or novel. But new challenges provide new ideas for healthcare mobile apps. Earlier, we have already mentioned the growing interest in contact-tracking apps which could have become popular only in the unique situation of the pandemic. At the same time, many mobile systems for doctor-patient communication and treatment tracking, medication adherence, telemedicine, etc. have been gaining attention and receiving serious support and funding. Read: Medication calendar app and engagement tool for patients who undergo chemo Among them is Doximity telemedicine app that helps quickly and safely transfer patient data among healthcare professionals, enable secure patient-doctor communication, manage patient updates, and more. Digital in-home care In times of crisis in healthcare, people with chronic conditions and mental health issues become particularly vulnerable. Even if they are not affected by the virus directly, they are most probably underserved and have to miss necessary doctor appointments for safety reasons. In this case, digital tools for in-home care become important if not the only means of support for such people. Among such tools are Tomorrow Health's system for in-home care supply, Forward at Home biometric kit for remote care and How Do I? platform that helps people with different conditions including dementia, Alzheimer and learning disabilities maintain a self-sufficient living. We offer our clients leverage Digiteum tech expertise in the healthcare sector. We've delivered a number of digital systems for enterprise-grade pharmaceuticals (Merck, Takeda, Sanofi), hospitals (OLVG), health tech companies (Nextgate, everywhereIM), innovative startups (How Do I?) and foundations (Focus on Lymphoma). If you are looking for a skilled tech partner who could help you create an actionable plan on how to create SaaS healthcare app or design and deliver a digital system based on your ideas, you are in the right place. Contact our team right away and let's start working on your project. We found ourselves in a stressful period full of uncertainty and unpredictability. But pandemic is a rare thing, while a healthcare crisis caused by the leaps in patient influx is seasonal, predictable and, therefore, controllable. Digital transformation in healthcare is one of the major steps to take in order to keep increasing the pressure under control and help prevent the healthcare crisis entirely. Interested in implementing new technology in healthcare and looking for an experienced team to work on your ideas? Contact Digiteum. Contact Digiteum
About Enable Technology Birmingham Excel Training Courses We have a twenty year history of providing skills based Excel industry training. All training will be delivered by an appropriately qualified Microsoft Certified Solutions Expert. All course participants are issued Excel training manuals they can refer to after the course. If delegates have have questions about Excel after the course they are welcome to contact the course Tutor. This post training support is ongoing. Enable Technology training courses are delivered as instructor led courses. If you can provide a training room, we can bring the necessary laptops with software installed and deliver the Excel onsite. Alternatively we could schedule a Excel course at an alternative training site in Birmingham. We are happy to modify the Excel syllabus to match your teams training requirements. We can also deliver Excel courses through an online virtual classroom. You log onto a scheduled virtual classroom, can view the tutor and exercise demonstrations, ask questions and allow the tutor to share your screen if need help completing the course exercises. We have two decades of delivering technical training predominantly in the West Midlands. Some of our clients are Birmingham City Council, Barclays Bank PLC, TalkTalk Direct Limited, Fujistu PLC, University of Birmingham, Norfolk Police Constabulary, Birmingham Heartlands Hospital and Loughborough University. Excel 365 Intermediate - 1 day course - Location: Birmingham - Telephone on 01952 938014 - Course Outline Upon successful completion of this course, you will be able to leverage the power of data analysis and presentation in order to make informed, intelligent organizational decisions. You will: Work with functions. Work with lists. Analyze data. Visualize data with charts. Use PivotTables and PivotCharts. - Some of the training topics covered include ... Query Data with Database Functions - See Training Course Details... Filter Data by Using Timelines and Slicers Apply Advanced Conditional Formatting Visualizing Data with Charts Modify and Format Charts Use Specialized Functions Working with Functions Work with Ranges Work with Text Functions Working with Lists Create a PivotTable Present Data with PivotCharts Analyze PivotTable Data Use Advanced Chart Features Using PivotTables and PivotCharts Sort Data Create Charts Work with Date and Time Functions Apply Intermediate Conditional Formatting Outline and Subtotal Data Analyzing Data Work with Logical Functions Filter Data Create and Modify Tables Microsoft Excel Power Query - 1 day course - Location: Birmingham - Telephone on 01952 938014 - Course Outline This course familiarises the participant with Microsoft Power Query, a revolutionary data tool for Excel that allows you to intuitively discover and automate the import, transformation, and combination of data across a variety of data sources for use in Excel and Microsoft Power BI. Power Query is a free add-in for Excel that enhances the self-service Business Intelligence experience in Excel. The course uses Excel 2016, however Power Query works with Excel 2010 and above. Participants should be familiar with Excel and the concepts of datasets and basic reporting including the use of PivotTables. - Some of the training topics covered include ... Combining Worksheets - See Training Course Details... Transforming Data Appending Operations Grouping Options Working with Folders and Files Understand and utilize merges. LOADING YOUR DATA Understanding the Issues Understand working with relational data. Performing Merges Using Ranges in Excel Loading Data Summarising WORKING WITH THE POWER QUERY LANGUAGE "M" Understand and perform importing from SQL Server Analysis Services Tabular. PERFORMING MERGES Introduction to Power BI Desktop Importing, Transforming, and Loading Data into Excel and Power Pivot Power Query Interface Understand and perform importing from SQL Server Analysis Services Multidimensional. Loading into Excel Using PivotTables CONNECTING TO DATABASES Understanding Data Types WORKING WITH CSV, TXT AND EXCEL WORKSHEETS Loading into Power BI Desktop Excel 365 Basic - 1 day course - Location: Birmingham - Telephone on 01952 938014 - Course Outline In this course, you will learn fundamental Excel skills. You will: Familiarize yourself with Excel's layout, its various parts, its commands, and its terminology. Outline Excel's abilities to quickly, efficiently, and accurately calculate data. Update worksheets without throwing away all of the valuable work you've already done. Format a worksheet and organize your data. Print workbooks. Manage the overall structure of your workbooks. - Some of the training topics covered include ... Adjust Cells, Columns, and Rows - See Training Course Details... Search for and Replace Data Reuse Formulas and Functions Modifying a Worksheet Apply Text Formats Apply Colors, Borders, and Styles Configure Headers and Footers Managing Workbooks Navigate the Excel User Interface Align Cell Contents Manage Workbook and Worksheet Views Navigate in Excel for the Web Apply Number Formats Use Excel Commands Preview and Print a Workbook Set Up the Page Layout Apply Basic Conditional Formatting Printing Workbooks Create and Save a Basic Workbook Enter Cell Data Performing Calculations Insert Functions Manage Workbook Properties Getting Started with Excel Create Worksheet Formulas Excel 365 Advanced - 1 day course - Location: Birmingham - Telephone on 01952 938014 - Course Outline Upon successful completion of this course, you will be able to perform advanced data analysis, collaborate on workbooks with other users, and automate workbook functionality. You will: Work with multiple worksheets and workbooks. Share and protect workbooks. Automate workbook functionality. Use Lookup functions and formula auditing. Forecast data. Create sparklines and map data. - Some of the training topics covered include ... Search for Invalid Data and Formulas with Errors - See Training Course Details... Collaborate on a Workbook Determine Potential Outcomes Using Data Tables Watch and Evaluate Formulas Forecasting Data Use Links and External References Trace Cells Use Lookup Functions Use 3-D References Work with Macros Using Lookup Functions and Formula Auditing Forecast Data Trends Working with Multiple Worksheets and Workbooks Determine Potential Outcomes Using Scenarios Use the Goal Seek Feature Protect Worksheets and Workbooks Automating Workbook Functionality Apply Data Validation Consolidate Data Sharing and Protecting Workbooks Microsoft Excel PowerPivot Data Analytic Expressions DAX Language - 2 day course - Location: Birmingham - Telephone on 01952 938014 - Course Outline This course is intended for Power Users, Business Intelligence Developers and IT Professionals who will be involved with the development of Excel PowerPivot queries and tabular modelling. The course is intended to expose the delegates to the technology of DAX and to familiarise them with functionality of DAX at an advanced level. Prior experience with Excel and Microsoft SQL query writing is useful. - Some of the training topics covered include ... Single Table Evaluation Context - See Training Course Details... Relational Functions Understanding Evaluation Contexts Using Multiple Calendars Utilising Advanced DAX Functionality Text Functions Exploring Data Types Multiple Table Evaluation Context Working with Dates Mathematical Functions Introduction to DAX Explaining Syntax Understanding Values Many-to-Many Relationships Logical Functions Date Functions Conversion Functions Working with Calendars Filter Functions PowerPivot Data Model The CALCULATE Function Statistical Functions Utilizing Operators Excel Programming Using VBA - 2 day course - Location: Birmingham - Telephone on 01952 938014 - Course Outline A two day Excel VBA programming course which introduces advanced Excel users to the process of writing and editing Macros. No prior programming experience is assumed. - Some of the training topics covered include ... Understanding Macro Security - See Training Course Details... Working with Variable Scope Running a Macro Understanding PivotTables Using the For...To...Next Structure Working with Inline Error Handling Creating a Standard Module Understanding Procedures Editing a Macro in the Visual Basic Editor Using the Do...Loop Structure Working with the Code Editor Using Break Mode during Run mode Stepping through Code Debugging Code Working with the PivotTable Objects Using the Select Case...End Select Structure Using Debugging Tools Understanding Control-of-Flow Structures Excel Power Pivot - 1 day course - Location: Birmingham - Telephone on 01952 938014 - Course Outline A one day course introducing candidates to Power View and Power Pivot Excel tools. - Some of the training topics covered include ... Rearranging and Sorting Fields - See Training Course Details... Transforming Data Creating a Timeline Understanding Get & Transform Updating a Power View Report Viewing and Editing a Tour Using Calculated Fields Working With Scenes Working With Location Fields Understanding the Query Editor Filtering in Power View Adding Slicers Get & Transform Adding Power View to the Ribbon The Advanced Editor Working With the Data Model Connecting to a Data Source Working With Measure Fields Creating a Data Model PivotTable Filtering Data Understanding Power Map Email us about this courses Other Birmingham Enable Technology Training Courses PL/SQL Birmingham Training Courses SSIS - Birmingham SQL Server Integration Services Training Courses Report Builder - Birmingham SQL Server Reporting Services Training Courses SQL - Birmingham SQL Training Courses Access VBA - Birmingham Access Training Courses JQuery Birmingham Training Courses JavaScript - Birmingham JavaScript Training Courses Oracle SQL Birmingham Training Courses Data Warehouse - Birmingham SQL Training Courses Access - Birmingham Access Training Courses Power BI Birmingham Training Courses TSQL - Birmingham SQL Training Courses SSRS Birmingham Training Courses SSAS - Birmingham SQL Server Analysis Services Training Courses JQuery Mobile Birmingham Training Courses SSAS Tabular Birmingham Training Courses
In Bavaria, people infected with corona no longer have to stay at home from Wednesday. Reactions to the measure have been mixed. Munich (dpa/lby) – Corona infected people in Bavaria no longer have to go into isolation from today (16.11.). "Instead of the obligation to isolate, there are mandatory protective measures for those who have tested positive," said Health Minister Klaus Holetschek (CSU) on Tuesday. From now on, they will be required to wear a mask, as well as being banned from entering and working in medical and nursing facilities, for example. Baden-Württemberg, Hesse and Schleswig-Holstein also announced new regulations last week. The new measures will also apply to Bavarian schools from Wednesday. The principle applies: "Anyone who is ill does not go to school," said the health and education ministries in unison. Representatives of the Bavarian teachers' associations called for clear and implementable rules and a clear definition of what "sick" or "contagious" means on Tuesday. Holetschek said that the decision to lift the obligation to isolate and the new protective measures was taken in consultation with experts. "One thing is clear: we will not let the pandemic run free". The new regulations are a balance between personal responsibility and the protection of vulnerable groups of people. The German Foundation for Patient Protection criticized the new regulations as "contradictory" and "chaotic". There can be no talk of infection protection for vulnerable groups. The Bavarian Economic Advisory Council, on the other hand, called the end of the obligation to isolate a "right step at the right time". So far, people who have been infected with the corona virus have had to be isolated in Bavaria for five to ten days – depending on whether and how long they had symptoms. Similarly, the new protective measures for those who have tested positive apply for at least five days. Infected people must then be symptom-free for at least 48 hours before the measures are lifted – however, they end after 10 days even if the symptoms persist. It is still unclear how the mask requirement in local public transport will behave in Bavaria in the future. The current regulation is valid until December 9th. According to the situation, it will then be decided whether the obligation is still needed, it said on Tuesday after a cabinet meeting in Munich. Prime Minister Markus Söder (CSU) had previously discussed an end to the obligation.
Welcome to the world of mobile technology! In today's fast-paced digital landscape, it's essential to understand the basics of mobile site information technology. Whether you're a business owner or an individual curious about the mobile web experience, this article will provide you with a solid foundation. So, what is a mobile site information technology? Simply put, it refers to the technologies, strategies, and services that enable users to access information and computational resources while on the move. Mobile site information technology empowers you to stay connected, access data, and make informed decisions wherever you are. Mobile sites and mobile websites are key components of this technology. They are optimized versions of traditional websites specifically designed for mobile devices like smartphones and tablets. Mobile sites are built to provide seamless navigation, responsive design, and improved user experience on smaller screens. Now that you have a glimpse into the world of mobile site information technology, let's dive deeper into its various aspects and explore its benefits, trends, and future possibilities. Key Takeaways: - Mobile site information technology enables access to information and computational resources on the go. - Mobile sites and mobile websites are optimized versions of traditional websites for mobile devices. - Understanding the basics of mobile site information technology is crucial for staying connected in today's digital world. - Mobile technology continues to evolve, offering exciting trends like augmented reality, virtual reality, and wearable technology. - Stay tuned to discover the limitless possibilities of mobile site information technology! Types of Mobile Networks When it comes to mobile technology, there are various types of networks that enable seamless communication and connectivity. Understanding these networks is essential for a comprehensive understanding of mobile technology. In this section, we will explore the three primary types of mobile networks: cellular networks, Wifi, and Bluetooth. Cellular Networks Cellular networks are the backbone of mobile communication. They are responsible for enabling mobile devices, such as cell phones and tablets, to connect and communicate with each other across large geographic areas without interruption. These networks use radio waves to transmit and receive data, allowing users to make calls, send text messages, and access the internet on their mobile devices. 4G Networking 4G networking refers to the fourth generation of cellular network technology. It is the current standard for cellular service, offering faster and more efficient data transmission compared to its predecessor, 3G. With download speeds up to 10 times faster than 3G, 4G networking has revolutionized mobile internet access, enabling users to stream videos, download large files, and browse the web at lightning-fast speeds. Wifi, short for wireless fidelity, refers to wireless network technology that allows devices to connect to the internet using radio waves. Wifi networks are created using localized routers called hotspots, which provide internet connectivity to nearby devices. Wifi has become ubiquitous, available in homes, offices, cafes, and public spaces, offering high-speed internet access to mobile devices without using cellular data. Bluetooth is a telecommunications industry specification that enables short-range communication between devices using short-wavelength radio waves. It allows devices such as smartphones, laptops, and headphones to connect and share data wirelessly. Bluetooth is commonly used for transferring files, streaming audio, and connecting devices such as keyboards, speakers, and fitness trackers. Network Type \| Key Features \| Cellular Networks \| Wide coverage, uninterrupted communication \| 4G Networking \| Faster download and upload speeds compared to 3G \| Wifi \| Wireless internet connectivity, commonly found in public spaces \| Bluetooth \| Short-range wireless communication between devices \| Mobile Computing and its Benefits Mobile computing is a revolutionary concept that has transformed the way we access information and carry out tasks. With the advent of mobile devices, such as smartphones and tablets, the world is now at our fingertips. Whether you're checking emails, browsing the internet, or managing your professional commitments on the go, mobile computing has become an integral part of our daily lives. One of the primary advantages of mobile computing is its portability. Unlike traditional desktop computers, mobile devices offer the flexibility to work from anywhere. Whether you're in a coffee shop, airport lounge, or even outdoors, you can easily carry your mobile device and stay connected. This portability has revolutionized the way we work and communicate, enabling us to be productive even outside the office environment. Another significant benefit of mobile computing is the convenience it provides. With mobile devices, you no longer need to rely on bulky laptops or inconvenient desktop setups. Instead, you can enjoy the convenience of a lightweight device that fits in your pocket or bag. This convenience allows for seamless integration of technology into our daily lives, empowering us to stay connected and productive at all times. Wireless communication is another key feature of mobile computing. With the advent of cellular networks, wifi, and Bluetooth, we can access the internet and communicate with others without the constraints of wired connections. This wireless connectivity adds to the convenience and flexibility of mobile devices, ensuring that we are always connected and can access information whenever we need it. Furthermore, mobile computing enables us to collect and analyze data on the go. Whether you're a business professional gathering customer feedback or a health enthusiast monitoring your fitness progress, mobile devices offer a range of applications and tools to collect and analyze data in real-time. This capability empowers individuals and businesses to make informed decisions based on accurate and up-to-date information. Overall, mobile computing has revolutionized the way we live and work. Its portability, convenience, wireless communication, and data collection capabilities have made it an essential part of our daily lives. Whether you're a student, professional, or simply someone who enjoys the convenience of technology, mobile computing has changed the way we interact with the world. As technology continues to advance, the potential for mobile computing is boundless. With the integration of artificial intelligence, cloud computing, and other emerging technologies, the future of mobile computing holds even more exciting possibilities. Evolving Trends in Mobile Technology As technology continues to advance, mobile technology is at the forefront with its ever-evolving trends. In this section, we will explore some of the exciting developments in augmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR), wearable technology, and mobile IoT applications. Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality Augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) have taken industries by storm and have found applications in various fields such as healthcare, real estate, construction, education, and sports. AR enhances the real world by overlaying digital information, graphics, and objects onto the physical environment, while VR immerses users in a simulated reality. Imagine touring a property and visualizing different designs and layouts using AR or experiencing a virtual classroom where students can interact with 3D models and simulations. These technologies have opened up new possibilities for businesses and enhanced user experiences. Wearable Technology Wearable technology has become increasingly popular among both casual users and professionals. From smartwatches that track your fitness and provide notifications to VR glasses that transport you to virtual worlds, wearables offer convenience, functionality, and style. With wearable devices, users can monitor their health, receive alerts, access information, and even control other smart devices. This technology has revolutionized the way we interact with our surroundings, making tasks and activities more seamless and accessible. Mobile IoT Applications Another significant trend in mobile technology is the integration of the Internet of Things (IoT) with mobile applications. Mobile IoT applications combine the power of IoT devices and the convenience of mobile devices, enabling data collection, sharing, and connectivity across portable devices. Imagine a world where your smartphone seamlessly connects to your smart home devices, allowing you to control your lights, thermostat, and security system with just a few taps. Mobile IoT applications have the potential to transform industries, enhance efficiency, and improve our daily lives. Technology \| Industries \| Benefits \| Augmented Reality (AR) \| Healthcare, Real Estate, Construction, Education, Sports \| Enhanced user experiences, improved training and visualization \| Virtual Reality (VR) \| Gaming, Entertainment, Training, Simulation \| Immersive experiences, realistic simulations, enhanced learning \| Wearable Technology \| Fitness, Healthcare, Lifestyle, Entertainment \| Convenience, real-time monitoring, hands-free functionality \| Mobile IoT Applications \| Smart Homes, Transportation, Manufacturing, Retail \| Increased connectivity, streamlined processes, data-driven insights \| These evolving trends in mobile technology are shaping the way we interact with the digital world and are revolutionizing various industries. Businesses and individuals can reap the benefits of augmented reality, virtual reality, wearable technology, and mobile IoT applications by embracing these advancements and exploring their potential. Mobile technology is continually evolving and has become an integral part of our daily lives. The emergence of trends like augmented reality, virtual reality, wearable technology, and mobile IoT applications has transformed various industries and revolutionized the way we live and work. One crucial aspect of mobile technology is mobile site information technology, which plays a significant role in enhancing the mobile web experience. With the increasing number of mobile users, having a mobile-friendly website is essential for businesses and individuals who want to stay ahead in today's digital landscape. Understanding the basics of mobile site information technology is crucial for creating websites optimized for mobile devices. This includes implementing responsive designs, optimizing loading speeds, and ensuring seamless user experiences across different screen sizes and internet connections. By harnessing the power of mobile technology and utilizing the advancements in mobile site information technology, businesses and individuals can embrace the opportunities presented by the mobile era and provide better access and experiences on the go. What is a mobile site? A mobile site is a website that is designed and optimized specifically for mobile devices like smartphones and tablets. It ensures that users have a seamless and user-friendly experience while accessing the site on their mobile devices. What is mobile site information technology? Mobile site information technology refers to the technology and strategies used in designing and developing mobile sites. It involves creating mobile-friendly layouts, responsive designs, and optimizing the site's performance for mobile devices. How is a mobile site different from a mobile app? A mobile site is a website that is accessed through a web browser on a mobile device, while a mobile app is a stand-alone application that needs to be downloaded and installed on a device. Both have their advantages and are used for different purposes. Why is it important to have a mobile site? Having a mobile site is crucial because of the increasing number of mobile device users. It ensures that your website is accessible and user-friendly on mobile devices, providing a positive user experience and improving your brand's visibility and reach. How do I optimize my website for mobile devices? To optimize your website for mobile devices, you can implement responsive design, which automatically adjusts the layout and content based on the device's screen size. You can also optimize images, reduce page load times, and simplify navigation for better mobile user experience. Can I use my existing website for mobile users? Yes, you can use your existing website for mobile users by implementing mobile optimization techniques like responsive design or creating a separate mobile version of your website. However, it is recommended to consult with a web designer or developer to ensure the best user experience.
32,000-21,000 years ago, Yana Culture, at the Yana Woolly Rhinoceros Horn Site in Siberia, with genetic proximity to Ancient North Eurasian populations (Mal'ta, Afontova Gora), but also Ust-Ishim, Sunghir, and to a lesser extent Tianyuan, as well as similarities with the Clovis culture ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref "There are two geographically plausible routes that have been proposed for humans to emerge from Africa: through the current Egypt and Sinai (Northern Route), or through Ethiopia, the Bab el Mandeb strait, and the Arabian Peninsula (Southern Route)." ref "Although there is a general consensus on the African origin of early modern humans, there is disagreement about how and when they dispersed to Eurasia. This paper reviews genetic and Middle Stone Age/Middle Paleolithic archaeological literature from northeast Africa, Arabia, and the Levant to assess the timing and geographic backgrounds of Upper Pleistocene human colonization of Eurasia. At the center of the discussion lies the question of whether eastern Africa alone was the source of Upper Pleistocene human dispersals into Eurasia or were there other loci of human expansions outside of Africa? The reviewed literature hints at two modes of early modern human colonization of Eurasia in the Upper Pleistocene: (i) from multiple Homo sapiens source populations that had entered Arabia, South Asia, and the Levant prior to and soon after the onset of the Last Interglacial (MIS-5), (ii) from a rapid dispersal out of East Africa via the Southern Route (across the Red Sea basin), dating to ~74,000-60,000 years ago." ref "Within Africa, Homo sapiens dispersed around the time of its speciation, roughly 300,000 years ago. The so-called "recent dispersal" of modern humans took place about 70–50,000 years ago. It is this migration wave that led to the lasting spread of modern humans throughout the world. The coastal migration between roughly 70,000 and 50,000 years ago is associated with mitochondrial haplogroups M and N, both derivative of L3. Europe was populated by an early offshoot that settled the Near East and Europe less than 55,000 years ago. Modern humans spread across Europe about 40,000 years ago, possibly as early as 43,000 years ago, rapidly replacing the Neanderthal population." ref, ref "When researchers completed the final analysis of the Human Genome Project in April 2003, they confirmed that the 3 billion base pairs of genetic letters in humans were 99.9 percent identical in every person. It also meant that individuals are, on average, 0.1 percent different genetically from every other person on the planet. And in that 0.1 percent lies the mystery of why some people are more susceptible to a particular illness or more likely to be healthy than their neighbor – or even another family member." ref "Ancient people in Africa, invented boats, probably before 100,000 years ago. Around 60,000 years ago, African explorers left Africa and settled in India and Australia. Soon, they reached West Asia, Central Asia, Europe, and China. A little later, they got to the Americas. The Africans who stayed behind in Africa – most of the people alive at that time – kept right on inventing things. Around 50,000 years ago, they began to make fish-hooks. By around 35,000 years ago, African people were using tally sticks to keep track of numbers." ref Animism (simplified to me as a belief in a perceived spirit world) passably by at least 100,000 years ago "the primal stage of early religion" To me, Animistic Somethingism: You just feel/think there has to be something supernatural/spirit-world or feel/think things are supernatural/spirit-filled. Totemism (simplified to me, as a belief that these perceived spirits could be managed or related with by created physical expressions) passably by at least 50,000 years ago "progressed stage of early religion" A totem is a representational spirit being, a sacred object, or symbol of a group of people, clan, or tribe. Shamanism (simplified to me as a belief that some special person can commune with these perceived spirits on the behalf of others by way of rituals) passably by at least 30,000 years ago Shamanism is an otherworld connection belief thought to heal the sick, communicate with spirits/deities, and escort souls of the dead. "The paleolithic Denisovan Tiara can be dated approximately between 45,000 to 50,000 years ago and was made of woolly mammoth ivory found in the famous Denisova Cave. And there were mammoth ivory tiaras, including some decorated, found on Palaeolithic sites in the extreme North, and in the east of Siberia. But these tiaras were created much later, from 20,000 to 28,000 years ago. Such examples are from the Yana site in Yakutia." ref Yana Rhinoceros Horn Site "The people of Yana RHS have genetic proximity with the Ancient North Eurasian populations (Mal'ta, Afontova Gora), but also Ust-Ishim and Sunghir and, to a lesser extent, Tianyuan, within a principal component analysis of ancient and present-day individuals from worldwide populations. The remains of two young male humans discovered at the site, dating to around 31,630 years ago, represent a distinct archaeogenetic lineage, named 'Ancient North Siberians' (ANS). The Yana RHS site is preceded in Siberia by a few Initial Upper Paleolithic archaeological sites such as Ust-Ischim (with modern human remains, 45,000 years ago), or Kara-Bom (dating to 46,620 years ago), Kara-Tenesh, Kandabaevo, and Podzvonskaya." ref "Human teeth, dated to around 31,630 years ago, were found at the site, at the Northern Point locality. DNA extracted from two of these teeth, which were found to be from two unrelated males, were found to represent a distinct archaeogenetic lineage that can be modeled as a mixture of early West Eurasian with significant contribution (c. 22% to 50%) from early East Asians (represented by Tianyuan man), an ancestral lineage that the authors have named 'Ancient North Siberian' (ANS), thought to have diversified around 38,000 years ago. Both individuals from the Yana site were found to belong to mitochondrial haplogroup U, and Y chromosome haplogroup P1. This is currently the oldest human genetic material retrieved from Siberia." ref "The Yana Rhinoceros Horn Site (Yana RHS) is an Upper Palaeolithic archaeological site located near the lower Yana river in northeastern Siberia, Russia, north of the Arctic Circle in the far west of Beringia. It was discovered in 2001, after thawing and erosion exposed animal bones and artifacts. The site features a well-preserved cultural layer due to the cold conditions, and includes hundreds of animal bones and ivory pieces and numerous artifacts, which are indicative of sustained settlement and a relatively high level of technological development. With an estimated age of around 32,000 calibrated years before present (cal BP), the site provides the earliest archaeological evidence for human settlement in this region, or anywhere north of the Arctic Circle, where people survived extreme conditions and hunted a wide range of fauna before the onset of the Last Glacial Maximum. The Yana site is perhaps the earliest unambiguous evidence of mammoth hunting by humans." ref According to Cambridge.org, "The excavated site termed Yana RHS is dated to about 28000 years ago and contained a stunning assemblage of ornamented and symbolic objects—the earliest art to be excavated in the Arctic zone. Decorated beads, pendants and needles connect the site to the Eurasian Upper Palaeolithic; but other forms and ornaments are unparalleled. Shallow dishes and anthropomorphic designs on mammoth tusks find echoes among hunting practice and shamanistic images of the indigenous Yukaghir people recorded in the early twentieth century." ref "The first found artifact was a foreshaft of a spear made from the horn of a woolly rhinoceros in the Yana Valley. The discovery was made following thawing and erosion, which exposed numerous artifacts and animal bones near the site. Following this discovery, the Upper Paleolithic site was now known as Yana RHS. The Yana RHS is located near the left bank of the Yana river, north of the Arctic Circle, around 100 km south of the current river mouth. It is situated on the far west of the coastal lowland between the Yana River in the west and the Kolyma River in the east. The site consists of a complex of several roughly contemporaneous locations, separated by tens or hundreds of meters, over an area of more than 3500 square meters. The cultural layer is retained to a significant extent at three of these locations (Northern Point, Yana B, and Tums1). Three other locations (Upstream Point, ASN, and Southern Point) only yield surface finds. At an additional location, now known as 'Yana Mass Accumulation of Mammoth' (YMAM), many mammoth remains, comprising over 1,000 mammoth bones, were discovered." The site has been radiocarbon dated to approximately 32,000 years ago, before the Last Glacial Maximum and more than twice the age of any previously known human settlement of the Arctic. By the time of the Last Glacial Maximum, around 21,000 years ago, the archaeological culture represented by the Yana site had disappeared." ref "Deadly spear tips were all found in inhospitable Arctic areas of Yakutia, two made by Stone Age man from the tusks of woolly mammoths, the other hewn from the horn of a long-gone hairy Siberian rhinoceros. This weapon dated as 28,500 seems to have been a collapsible weapon for Arctic dwellers of the time. Of the three, a special interest currently surrounds the front end of a lance or javelin dating back 10,000 to 12,000 years ago. This weapon was found in the tundra close to the Syalakh River 'inside the ribs' of 'adult mammoth bones. Also, a weapon that dated between 12,000 and 10,000 was found in the tundra close to the Syalakh River 'inside the ribs' of 'adult mammoth bones." ref "From the exposed cultural layer, hundreds of animal bones have been discovered at the site, from a wide variety of species, including many that are now extinct. The species include woolly rhinoceros (Coelodonta antiquitatis), woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius), Pleistocene hare (Lepus tanaiticus), steppe bison (Bison priscus), horse (Equus ferus caballus), musk ox (Ovibos moschatus), wolf (Canis lupus), polar fox (Vulpes lagopus), brown bear (Ursus arctos), Pleistocene lion (Panthera spelaea), wolverine (Gulo gulo), rock ptarmigan (Lagopus mutus hyperboreus), and reindeer (Rangifer tarandus), the last of which was probably the primary source of game. There is direct evidence for the hunting of steppe bison, reindeer, and brown bear at the site. The faunal remains suggest that the human settlers at this site had a diverse diet." ref "Some animals were probably hunted by humans for their fur. For instance, hare skeletons are found fully articulated, and were likely snared for their pelts, which are light and warm, rather than for meat. 'Yana Mass Accumulation of Mammoth' (YMAM), containing around 1,000 mammoth bones representing at least 26 individuals, and grouped according to type. At the YMAM locality, over 95 percent of the faunal remains are mammoth, compared to around 50 percent at Yana-B and only 3.3 percent at Northern Point. Recent studies suggest that there is convincing evidence of sporadic mammoth hunting, perhaps every few years, which is perhaps the earliest unambiguous evidence of mammoth hunting by humans. It is likely that obtaining mammoth meat was not the main purpose of mammoth hunting at this site. Instead, mammoths were hunted mainly for ivory and bone to use as building materials, tools, and fuel. It has been suggested that people of Yana RHS selectively hunted adolescent and young adult female mammoths with tusks of a particular size and shape, facilitating the manufacture of better hunting weapons." ref "The Yana stone industry is flake-based, using a simple knapping technology. Blades are rare, and microblades are absent. Large tools are mostly unifacial or incomplete bifaces. Among thousands of stone artifacts, no stone hunting tools have been discovered at the Yana site. Instead, hunting tools seem to have been made from bone and ivory. A variety of other stone tools have been found at the site, however, including chopping tools, scrapers, chisel-like tools, and a hammer stone." ref "Organic materials are well-preserved at the site due to the permafrost. Around 2,500 bone and ivory artefacts have been discovered at the site. These include a rhinoceros horn foreshaft and two mammoth ivory foreshafts, which may have been straightened with a shaft-wrench, combined with heating or steaming. The foreshafts are said to be similar to those of the Clovis culture, and are the earliest examples of bi-beveled osseous rods, and also the only example found outside the Americas. There are also numerous ivory utensils, bone and ivory points, bone needles, a punch or an awl made from wolf bone, decorations and personal ornaments, and hunting weapons. Non-local materials such as amber were used to manufacture ornaments such as pendants, suggesting high mobility or extensive trade networks." ref "Over 1,500 beads, some painted with red ochre, have been discovered at the site. These include rounded mammoth ivory beads and tubular beads made from Pleistocene hare bone. Pendants were found made from reindeer teeth and herbivore incisors, and occasionally carnivore canines, or more rarely from minerals such as amber, as well as one specimen made from anthraxolite shaped like a horse or mammoth head. Ivory hair band ornaments are also found. Three-dimensional objects are less common, but include 19 antler animal figurines, probably intended to represent mammoths, three ornamented ivory vessels, and two engraved mammoth tusks, possibly engraved with drawings of hunters or dancers. The extent and density of the finds indicate a sustained and long-term human occupation of the site, and demonstrate a high level of cultural and technological development." ref "Archaeologists have noted similarities between the Yana RHS and the Clovis culture, especially their respective stone industries and distinctive spear foreshafts. Human teeth, dated to around 31,630 calibrated years before present, were found at the site, at the Northern Point locality. DNA extracted from two of these teeth, which were found to be from two unrelated males, were found to represent a distinct archaeogenetic lineage which can be modelled as a mixture of early West Eurasian with significant contribution (c. 22% to 50%) from early East Asians (represented by Tianyuan man), an ancestral lineage that the authors have named 'Ancient North Siberian' (ANS), thought to have diversified around 38,000 years ago. Both individuals from the Yana site were found to belong to mitochondrial haplogroup U, and Y chromosome haplogroup P1. This is currently the oldest human genetic material retrieved from Siberia." ref Yana (river) "The Yana is a river in Sakha in Russia, located between the Lena to the west and the Indigirka to the east. The Yana freezes up on the surface in October and stays under the ice until late May or early June. In the Verkhoyansk area, it stays frozen to the bottom for 70 to 110 days, and partly frozen for 220 days of the year. The river begins at the confluence of the rivers Sartang and Dulgalakh in the Yana-Oymyakon Highlands. It flows north across the vast Yana-Indigirka Lowland, part of the greater East Siberian Lowland, shared with the Indigirka to the east. As the river flows into the Yana Bay of the Laptev Sea, it forms a huge river delta covering 10,200 square kilometres (3,900 sq mi). Yarok is a large flat island located east of the main mouths of the Yana." ref "There are approximately 40,000 lakes in the Yana basin, including both alpine lakes formed from glaciation in the Verkhoyansk Mountains (lowlands were always too dry for glaciation) and overflow lakes on the marshy plains in the north of the basin. The whole Yana basin is under continuous permafrost and most is larch woodland grading to tundra north of about 70°N, though trees extend into suitable microhabitats right to the delta. Verkhoyansk, Batagay, Ust-Kuyga, and Nizhneyansk are the main ports on the Yana. The Yana basin is the site of the so-called Pole of Cold of Russia, where the lowest recorded temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere are found. In the winter, temperatures in the centre of the basin average as low as −51 °C (−60 °F) and have reached as low as −71 °C (−96 °F); in the mountains it is believed that temperatures have reached −82 °C (−116 °F). Yakut folklore says that, at such temperatures, if you shout to a friend and they cannot hear you, it is because the words have frozen in the air. However, when spring comes, the words "thaw" and one can hear everything that was said months ago." ref "Evidence of modern human habitation was found in the delta at the Yana RHS (Rhinoceros Horn Site) as early as 32,000 years ago. These people, designated as "Ancient North Siberians," genetically diverged 38,000 years ago from Western Eurasians, soon after the Western Eurasians split from East Asians." ref Mammoth ivory technologies in the Upper Palaeolithic: a case study based on the materials from Yana RHS, Northern Yana-Indighirka lowland, Arctic Siberia "Processing of mammoth ivory and manufacturing of diverse ivory artifacts is widely recognized as one of the most important characteristics of the material culture of ancient humans. These technological skills reach their greatest extent and development shortly before the Last Glacial Maximum but are recognizable until the Pleistocene-Holocene boundary across Northern Eurasia in all areas populated by mammoths and humans. As a cultural phenomenon, ivory working is intriguing with respect to flaking technology and especially the production of long ivory shafts. Technological operations in the Upper Palaeolithic of Northern Eurasia have been closely influenced, on the one hand, by the size and shape of the desirable final product and, on the other, by knowledge of raw material properties. The study of the morphology of the artefactual material from the Yana site complex in Arctic Siberia convincingly reveals the technological processes involved. Several technological cycles (chaînes opératoires) can be recognized, including the manufacture of long ivory shafts by exfoliation and wedging. The Yana ivory technology dates roughly to 28,000 years ago." ref Evidence from the Yana Palaeolithic site, Arctic Siberia, yields clues to the riddle of mammoth hunting "It has become commonplace to talk about humans hunting mammoths, and overhunting is thought to have been one of the causes of the mammoth extinction. However, definite evidence of mammoth kills by humans remains surprisingly scarce. Here, the researchers show convincing evidence of mammoth hunting in the Siberian Arctic between 29,000 and 27,000 years ago. Our data set, from the Yana Upper Palaeolithic site (Siberian Arctic), includes the following: fragments of lithic points and ivory shaft embedded in two mammoth scapulae; two identical holes made by projectiles in a mammoth scapula and a pelvic bone; mammoth tongue bones found in the cultural layer far away from the main mammoth bone accumulation, indicating the consumption of fresh mammoth meat; and a narrow mammoth bone size distribution, implying hunting selection based on animal size. The data suggest that Palaeolithic Yana humans hunted mammoths sporadically, presumably when ivory was needed for making tools. Such nonintensive hunting practiced by humans over millennia would not be fatal to a sustainable mammoth population." ref The Yana RHS site: Humans in the Arctic before the Last Glacial Maximum "The Paleolithic site on the Yana River, Siberia, at 71 degrees N, lies well above the Arctic circle and dates to 27,000 radiocarbon years before present, during glacial times. This age is twice that of other known human occupations in any Arctic region. Artifacts at the site include a rare rhinoceros foreshaft, other mammoth foreshafts, and a wide variety of tools and flakes. This site shows that people adapted to this harsh, high-latitude, Late Pleistocene environment much earlier than previously thought." ref The Berelekh Mammoth "Graveyard": New Chronological and Stratigraphical Data "To clarify unanswered questions of site formation, geology and the archaeology of the Berelekh geoarchaeological complex, a special survey was undertaken in 2009 of the area surrounding the site. Several geological units have been revealed. By establishing the spatial and temporal relationship of these deposits—as well as their age—we have reconstructed the formation history of the Berelekh bone bed. The mammoth bone deposit belongs to a paleochannel. Radiocarbon dating of mammoth remains at Berelekh demonstrates rapid accumulation during the Bølling warming. Human involvement in its formation is, at best, questionable, since there is no real overlap between the radiocarbon dates associated with past human activity, and those of the mammoth bone bed. This study confirms that humans used mammoth bone remains after the bone bed was deposited. Culturally, the Berelekh "site" does not have any relationship to the so-called "Dyuktai culture." Instead, the Berelekh archaeological finds (side-notch stone pendants) show certain similarities to non-microblade terminal Pleistocene assemblages found from Yenisei to Kamchatka. Additionally, the Berelekh complex presents a clear analogy with lithics found in Eastern Beringia. Teardrop-shaped incomplete bifaces found in the assemblage are comparable to the Chindadn points of Alaska. The nature of this "Chindadn connection" is intriguing, but it is the only visible cultural link between Western and Eastern Beringia." ref "Possible ethnographic parallels for some of the designs found on the artifacts excavated from Yana RHS: A) Selkup shaman's belt; B) Yukaghir wooden container; C) Yukaghirized Even/Tugus shaman's pinafore; D) example of Yukaghir pictographic writing, birch-bark. Not to scale (shaman's coat parts, wooden box, and a drawing)." ref The oldest art of the Eurasian Arctic: personal ornaments and symbolic objects from Yana RHS, Arctic Siberia "The excavated site termed Yana RHS is dated to about 28 000 years ago and contained a stunning assemblage of ornamented and symbolic objects—the earliest art to be excavated in the Arctic zone. Decorated beads, pendants, and needles connect the site to the Eurasian Upper Palaeolithic, but other forms and ornaments are unparalleled. Shallow dishes and anthropomorphic designs on mammoth tusks find echoes among hunting practices and shamanistic images of the indigenous Yukaghir people recorded in the early twentieth century." ref "Early life, art, and symbolic behavior in the Eurasian Arctic have been glimpsed only from a handful of Pleistocene and Early Holocene sites. The world-famous Malta-Buret complex was discovered in the Angara Valley, west of Lake Baikal, Siberia, almost a century ago and is now at 22,000–21,000 years ago. Like sites in Central and Eastern Europe, it has an impressive assemblage of symbolic materials. Recent discoveries have extended the record earlier than the LGM after Kara-Bom and Denisova Cave in the Altai Mountains yielded decorated objects and symbolic artifacts. To date, the overwhelming majority of EUP symbolic objects are from the southern part of central Siberia and the Baikal region, from Khotyk, Kamenka, and Podzvonkaya. Elsewhere in East Siberia, only three sites (Ushki, Kheta, and Berelekh) have yielded ornamented objects, and only one, Berelekh, is in the Arctic." ref "These age determinations agree with the dating of underlying and overlying deposits. The faunal assemblage includes mammoth, woolly rhinoceros, Pleistocene bison, reindeer, musk ox, Pleistocene horse, brown bear, wolf, wolverine, arctic fox, Pleistocene hare, and ptarmigan. Most numerous are horse, reindeer, and hare bones. Mammoth remains are relatively rare except for certain areas of the site. Judging by the abundance of fully-articulated hare remains found during the excavations, this animal must have been hunted (snared) for its fur rather than its meat. Hare pelts are very light and warm but not durable. The fur was used by many northern peoples for underclothes, insoles, and socks. According to Malorie (1968), Inuit hunters of the Thule District in Greenland trapped as many as 1000–1500 hares each season for use in clothing but rarely ate them as they considered the meat to be tasteless." ref Yana site Personal ornaments "Type 2 beads are made of bones from the Pleistocene hare. Manufacture begins with the bone shaft being cut into pieces, which were then decorated with a groove around the cylinder and then polished. Some of the beads were painted with red ochre. This pigment was produced from polymict pink sandstone, which contains small amounts of hematite. The raw material comes from outcrops known upstream from the Yana site. Production of the pigment required four major steps: (1) crushing the debris of the raw material to the smallest possible size, (2) powdering it by grinding, (3) water extraction of the pigment, followed by (4) drying and then mixing with animal fat, which was needed to aggregate small particles of red ochre pigment in the form of a substance convenient to handle. Samples of red paint were analyzed by NMR to determine the source of fat residue and the closest match found in reindeer fat. Pendants are represented by tooth pendants and, more rarely, forms made of minerals. A piece of the soft jet-black mineral, antraxolite, is shaped like a horse (mammoth?)head, the likeness of which has been enhanced by a conical drilled eye. The same exotic raw material was used at the Malta site, in Siberia. Another piece is a red amber pebble pendant that has a double encircling cut." ref "The same style ivory pendant is also known from Malta, where it was identified as a symbolic anthropomorphic figurine. Antraxolite and amber are also reported from New Siberia Island, around 600km north of the Yana site area, signifying the long-distance transportation of such exotic materials. Tooth pendants were made from herbivore incisors and, rarely, from arctic fox canines. Twenty-nine pendants have been recovered; many were found in groups, the composition of which indicates necklaces made from single (bison or musk ox) or combined species (reindeer and bison). Most teeth have a drilled hole or cut perforation through the root portion of the tooth, which in many cases had been flattened, while others are grooved or notched. Another pendant group includes eight fragments representing ring-shaped mammoth ivory artifacts similar to those found at the Upper Yenisei Kurtak 4 site and radiocarbon dated to c. 26,000–23,000 years ago. In order to recognize the cultural importance of these artifacts, we propose to name them 'Kurtak-type pendants.' They are manufactured from flat pieces of ivory (natural splinters or flakes) into which a hole has been cut before the final shaping of the pendant." ref "A number of flat perforated plaques probably served to decorate hair-bands (also termed 'diadems'). Only one was intact, while 40 others were end fragments with a single or, in one case, double perforation. The level of fragmentation makes it hard to tell whether all of them belong to hair-band decorations, bracelets, or some other flat, sewn-on ornament. Hair-band ornaments and their fragments clearly fall into two metric classes: narrow (4–6mm) and wide (9–12mm). All are plano-convex in cross-section and have either conical or biconical drilled holes. They are decorated with a linear arrangement of strokes and dots parallel to the long axis. Wavy linear designs are also present, as well as patterns composed of transverse lines and complex rectangular compositions. These design elements may be either drawn or formed by dots. Finally, a peculiar motif formed like the letter 'A' should be noted. This is possibly a symbolic, very simplified representation of a human being. A small fragment of a thin ivory plaque also carries this motif. Its surface bears a complex geometrical design of widely spaced dotted lines separated with either diagonals or a double oblique cross. Continuous crossing lines have an additional decoration of short, regular strokes set at a right angle to them from one side. Anthropomorphic symbols make a row parallel to the edge of the object." ref "Three-dimensional art objects were rare and less well preserved. This group included 19 antler animal figurines, ornamented ivory vessels (two fragmented, one intact), and two engraved mammoth tusks. Antler animal figurines were made of detached antler bases that have been whittled into animal forms. The bottom surfaces are groundflat. The rough texture of the antler base with its bony excrescences may have simulated association with fur or hair, leading to the choice of this material for figurines. Most resemble mammoths. The most finished specimen has a ridge decorated with transverse notches. It retains portions of a carefully polished surface with thin incision marks. Possibly, this may be a polyiconic figure of a mammoth whose face and a silhouette of the entire animal are seen when viewing from the front and profile. These very abstract, schematic zoomorphic images resemble the marl sculptures from Kostenki. Their function is unclear, but perhaps they were used as counters for games or for children's toys, as was the case for similar objects (small animal figures) known from the Siberian ethnographic record. At least three ivory vessels have been unearthed, in different states of preservation. One is an edge fragment 120mm long with widely-spaced oblique incisions. The second is an edge fragment of a small (about 50mm wide) vessel. Its rim is decorated with oblique incisions, while the surface bears dots arranged in lines. The most complete ivory vessel has a complicated surface decoration that covers the entire artifact. This decoration consists of dotted lines arranged in wavy strips. The artifact also retains a pair of drilled holes near the edge with an indication of an unsuccessful repair attempt, and an opening pierced from the inside. Manufacturing these objects involved diverse tasks including whittling, cutting, gouging, and polishing, followed by engraving, scratching, cutting and/or pecking designs on polished surfaces. The designs consist either of relatively sparse or dense impressions creating 'knotty' lines arranged in wavy or zigzag patterns on the outer surface and in a sort of primitive meander on the front." ref Primitive Mammoth Hunters and the Earliest Breed of Dog "Paleolithic humans have managed to survive in the rigorous climatic conditions of the arctic regions in northeast Asia owing to the hunting for mammoth, bison, wooly rhinoceros, and other Pleistocene mammals with the assistance of the laika, a domesticated wolf. This is how the colonization of the Arctic began. The domestic dog appeared in this region about 25,000 – 30,000 thousand years ago as a result of the severe climatic conditions in which both hunting tribes and the ancestors of the domestic dog had to live. A wolf is a predator, an able hunter. Therefore, most likely, wolves were originally trained to hunt with humans—the leaders of the hunting pack. Thus, in northeast Asia, there was a direct relationship between man's colonization of the Arctic, the appearance of the hunting dog, and a decrease in the number of mammoth, bison, and other large animals in the region, as a result of hunting when whole herds were killed. About 30 thousand years ago, hunting tribes reached arctic latitudes in Siberia, northeast Asia. This is evidenced by a Paleolithic site found at the mouth of the Yana River (30,000 years ago) falling into the Laptev Sea. According to molecular genetic data, it's clearly defined that, all dogs are descendants of wolves. Apparently the domestication of the wolf went on in several populations at different times in different regions of the world. We won't discuss where and when the domestic dog first appeared and became important for man. We'll focus on an interesting little–studied theme—the reasons and methods of the domestication of the wolf. There could have been several reasons and ways. Man needed dogs as: helpers for hunting; a food source; a protector of the dead; a guard; a friend; a draught dog, a deer flushing dog etc." ref "At 48,000 – 33,500 years ago the climate in the Lena River delta was close to that existing now. Humans hunted for mammoths, bison, wooly rhinoceros, musk-ox, wild horse, and other animals. He could see that along with him, wolves preyed on these large animals, too, migrating toward northeast Asia. These two hunters, man, and wolf, constantly ran into each other, particularly beside the bodies of dead mammoths. Ancient hunters could see that the wolf is an intelligent, cautious, and observant animal; it has excellent hearing and sight, and a fantastic sense of smell. A wolf can lie in ambush and wait for a convenient moment to attack prey. It can run fast (up to 65 km/h), is strong, and knows well that hunting in packs for large animals yields better results. Of all the animals, the dog is man's best friend and helper. However, the questions concerned with the origin of the domestic dog are debatable and as yet poorly studied. No wonder they are ignored by many authors. Genetic scientists from the USA, Sweden, and Australia have concluded that the domestic dog first appeared in northeast Asia. This conclusion was based on the fact that the gene composition of dogs from this region is highly variable, which is indicative of their long evolution. The finding of two dog skulls on the Rassokha River, a left tributary of Alazeya falling into the East Siberian Sea, confirms this conclusion. The skulls were removed from the Edoma Formation aged at 25,000 – 35,000 years ago." ref "The Paleolithic dog was a Late Pleistocene canine. They were directly associated with human hunting camps in Europe over 30,000 years ago and it is proposed that these were domesticated. They are further proposed to be either a proto-dog and the ancestor of the domestic dog or an extinct, morphologically and genetically divergent wolf population. There are a number of recently discovered specimens which are proposed as being Paleolithic dogs, however, their taxonomy is debated. These have been found in either Europe or Siberia and date 40,000–17,000 years ago. They include Hohle Fels in Germany, Goyet Caves in Belgium, Predmosti in the Czech Republic, and four sites in Russia: Razboinichya Cave in the Altai Republic, Kostyonki-8, Ulakhan Sular in the Sakha Republic, and Eliseevichi 1 on the Russian plain." ref 1. 40,000–35,500 years ago Hohle Fels, Schelklingen, Germany 2. 36,500 years ago Goyet Caves, Samson River Valley, Belgium 3. 33,500 years ago Razboinichya Cave, Altai Mountains, (Russia/Siberia) 4. 33,500–26,500 years ago Kostyonki-Borshchyovo archaeological complex, (Kostenki site) Voronezh, Russia 5. 31,000 years ago Predmostí, Moravia, Czech Republic 6. 26,000 years ago Chauvet Cave, Vallon-Pont-d'Arc, Ardèche region, France 7. 17,300–14,100 years ago Dyuktai Cave, northern Yakutia, Siberia 8. 17,000–16,000 years ago Eliseevichi-I site, Bryansk Region, Russian Plain, Russia 9. 16,900 years ago Afontova Gora-1, Yenisei River, southern Siberia 10. 14,223 years ago Bonn–Oberkassel, Germany 11. 13,500 years ago Mezine, Chernigov region, Ukraine 12. 13,000 years ago Palegawra, (Zarzian culture) Iraq 13. 12,800 years ago Ushki I, Kamchatka, eastern Siberia 14. 12,790 years ago Nanzhuangtou, China 15. 12,300 years ago Ust'-Khaita site, Baikal region, Siberia 16. 12,000 years ago Ain Mallaha (Eynan) and HaYonim terrace, Israel 17. 10,150 years ago Lawyer's Cave, Alaska, USA 18. 9,000 years ago Jiahu site, China 19. 8,000 years ago Svaerdborg site, Denmark 20. 7,425 years ago Lake Baikal region, Siberia 21. 7,000 years ago Tianluoshan archaeological site, Zhejiang province, China ref 1. 40,000–35,500 years ago Hohle Fels, Schelklingen, Germany "Canid maxillary fragment. The size of the molars matches those of a wolf, the morphology matches a dog. Proposed as a Paleolithic dog. The figurine Venus of Hohle Fels was discovered in this cave and dated to this time." ref 2. 36,500 years ago Goyet Caves, Samson River Valley, Belgium "The "Goyet dog" is proposed as being a Paleolithic dog. The Goyet skull is very similar in shape to that of the Eliseevichi-I dog skulls (16,900 years ago) and to the Epigravettian Mezin 5490 and Mezhirich dog skulls (13,500 years ago), which are about 18,000 years younger. The dog-like skull was found in a side gallery of the cave, and Palaeolithic artifacts in this system of caves date from the Mousterian, Aurignacian, Gravettian, and Magdalenian, which indicates recurrent occupations of the cave from the Pleniglacial until the Late Glacial. The Goyet dog left no descendants, and its genetic classification is inconclusive because its mitochondrial DNA (mDNA) does not match any living wolf nor dog. It may represent an aborted domestication event or phenotypically and genetically distinct wolves. A genome-wide study of a 35,000-year-old Pleistocene wolf fossil from northern Siberia indicates that the dog and the modern grey wolf genetically diverged from a common ancestor between 27,000 and 40,000 years ago." ref 3. 33,500 years ago Razboinichya Cave, Altai Mountains, (Russia/Siberia) "The "Altai dog" is proposed as being a Paleolithic dog. The specimens discovered were a dog-like skull, mandibles (both sides), and teeth. The morphological classification, and an initial mDNA analysis, found it to be a dog. A later study of its mDNA was inconclusive, with 2 analyses indicating dog and another 2 indicating wolf. In 2017, two prominent evolutionary biologists reviewed the evidence and supported the Altai dog as being a dog from a lineage that is now extinct and that was derived from a population of small wolves that are also now extinct." ref 4. 33,500–26,500 years ago Kostyonki-Borshchyovo archaeological complex, (Kostenki site) Voronezh, Russia "One left mandible paired with the right maxilla, proposed as a Paleolithic dog." ref 5. 31,000 years ago Predmostí, Moravia, Czech Republic "Three dog-like skulls proposed as being Paleolithic dogs. Predmostí is a Gravettian site. The skulls were found in the human burial zone and identified as Palaeolithic dogs, characterized by – compared to wolves – short skulls, short snouts, wide palates and braincases, and even-sized carnassials. Wolf skulls were also found at the site. One dog had been buried with a bone placed carefully in its mouth. The presence of dogs buried with humans at this Gravettian site corroborates the hypothesis that domestication began long before the Late Glacial. Further analysis of bone collagen and dental microwear on tooth enamel indicates that these canines had a different diet when compared with wolves (refer under diet)." ref 6. 26,000 years ago Chauvet Cave, Vallon-Pont-d'Arc, Ardèche region, France "50-metre trail of footprints made by a boy of about ten years of age alongside those of a large canid. The size and position of the canid's shortened middle toe in relation to its pads indicate a dog rather than a wolf. The footprints have been dated by soot deposited from the torch the child was carrying. The cave is famous for its cave paintings. A later study using geometric morphometric analysis to compare modern wolves with modern dog tracks proposes that these are wolf tracks." ref 7. 17,300–14,100 years ago Dyuktai Cave, northern Yakutia, Siberia "Large canid remains along with human artifacts. And from a nearby site dating to around 17,200–16,800 Ulakhan Sular, northern Yakutia, Siberia held a fossil dog-like skull similar in size to the "Altai dog", proposed as a Paleolithic dog." ref 8. 17,000–16,000 years ago Eliseevichi-I site, Bryansk Region, Russian Plain, Russia "Two fossil canine skulls proposed as being Paleolithic dogs. In 2002, a study looked at the fossil skulls of two large canids that had been found buried 2 meters and 7 meters from what was once a mammoth-bone hut at this Upper Paleolithic site, and using an accepted morphologically based definition of domestication declared them to be "Ice Age dogs". The carbon dating gave a calendar-year age estimate that ranged between 16,945 and 13,905 years ago. The Eliseevichi-1 skull is very similar in shape to the Goyet skull (36,000 years ago), the Mezine dog skull (13,500 years ago) and Mezhirich dog skull (13,500 years ago). In 2013, a study looked at the mDNA sequence for one of these skulls and identified it as Canis lupus familiaris i.e. dog. However, in 2015 a study using three-dimensional geometric morphometric analyses indicated the skull is more likely from a wolf. These animals were larger in size than most grey wolves and approached the size of a Great Dane." ref 9. 16,900 years ago Afontova Gora-1, Yenisei River, southern Siberia "Fossil dog-like tibia, proposed as a Paleolithic dog. The site is on the western bank of the Yenisei River about 2,500 km southwest of Ulakhan Sular, and shares a similar timeframe to that canid. A skull from this site described as dog-like has been lost in the past, but there exists a written description of it possessing a wide snout and a clear stop, with a skull length of 23 cm that falls outside of those of wolves." ref 10. 14,223 years ago Bonn–Oberkassel, Germany "The "Bonn-Oberkassel dog". Undisputed dog skeleton buried with a man and woman. All three skeletal remains were found sprayed with red hematite powder. The consensus is that a dog was buried along with two humans. Analysis of mDNA indicates that this dog was a direct ancestor of modern dogs. Domestic dog." ref 11. 13,500 years ago Mezine, Chernigov region, Ukraine "Ancient dog-like skull proposed as being a Paleolithic dog. Additionally, ancient wolf specimens were found at the site. Dated to the Epigravettian period (17,000–10,000 years ago). The Mezine skull is very similar in shape to the Goyet skull (36,000 years ago), the Eliseevichi-1 dog skulls (16,900 years ago), and the Mezhirich dog skull (13,500 years ago). The Epigravettian Mezine site is well known for its round mammoth bone dwelling. Taxonomy uncertain." ref 12. 13,000 years ago Palegawra, (Zarzian culture) Iraq "The fossil jaw and teeth of a domesticated dog, recovered from a cave in Iraq, have been found to be about 14,000 years old. The bone was found in a shallow cave with a number of stone tools suggesting that its keepers were hunters. The scientists who found and studied the bone speculated that the animal served either as a hunting dog in the field or as a watchdog back at the cave or perhaps as both." ref, ref 13. 12,800 years ago Ushki I, Kamchatka, eastern Siberia "Complete skeleton buried in a buried dwelling. Located 1,800 km to the southeast from Ulakhan Sular. Domestic dog." ref 14. 12,790 years ago Nanzhuangtou, China "31 fragments including a complete dog mandible." ref 15. 12,300 years ago Ust'-Khaita site, Baikal region, Siberia "Sub-adult skull located 2,400 km southwest of Ulakhan Sular and proposed as a Paleolithic dog. Also a somewhat close find at 12,450 years old mummified dog carcass. The "Black Dog of Tumat" was found frozen into the ice core of an oxbow lake steep ravine at the middle course of the Syalaah River in the Ust-Yana region. DNA analysis confirmed it as an early dog." ref The Archaeology of Ushki Lake, Kamchatka, and the Pleistocene Peopling of the Americas: The Ushki Paleolithic sites of Kamchatka, Russia, have long been thought to contain information critical to the peopling of the Americas, especially the origins of Clovis. New radiocarbon dates indicate that human occupation of Ushki began only 13,000 calendar years ago-nearly 4000 years later than previously thought. Although biface industries were widespread across Beringia contemporaneous to the time of Clovis in western North America, these data suggest that late-glacial Siberians did not spread into Beringia until the end of the Pleistocene, perhaps too recently to have been ancestral to proposed pre-Clovis populations in the Americas." ref 16. 12,000 years ago Ain Mallaha (Eynan) and HaYonim terrace, Israel "Three canid finds. A diminutive carnassial and a mandible, and a wolf or dog puppy skeleton buried with a human during the Natufian culture. These Natufian dogs did not exhibit tooth-crowding. The Natufian culture occupied the Levant, and had earlier interred a fox together with a human in the Uyun al-Hammam burial site, Jordan dated 17,700–14,750 years ago." ref 17. 10,150 years ago Lawyer's Cave, Alaska, USA "Bone of a dog, oldest find in North America. DNA indicates a split from Siberian relatives 16,500 years ago, indicating that dogs may have been in Beringia earlier. Lawyer's Cave is on the Alaskan mainland east of Wrangell Island in the Alexander Archipelago of southeast Alaska." ref 18. 9,000 years ago Jiahu site, China "Eleven dog interments. Jaihu is a Neolithic site 22 kilometers north of Wuyang in Henan Province." ref Most archaeologists consider the Jaihu site to be one of the earliest examples of the Peiligang culture. Settled around 7000 BCE or around 9,000 years ago, the site was later flooded and abandoned around 5700 BCE or around 7,700 years ago. At one time, it was "a complex, highly organized Chinese Neolithic society", home to at least 250 people and perhaps as many as 800. The important discoveries of the Jiahu archaeological site include the Jiahu symbols, possibly an early example of proto-writing, carved into tortoise shells and bones; the thirty-three Jiahu flutes carved from the wing bones of cranes, believed to be among the oldest playable musical instruments in the world; and evidence of alcohol fermented from rice, honey and hawthorn leaves." ref 19. 8,000 years ago Svaerdborg site, Denmark "Three different sized dog types recorded at this Maglemosian culture site. Maglemosian (c. 9000 – c. 6000 BCE or around 11,000 to 8,000 years ago) is the name given to a culture of the early Mesolithic period in Northern Europe. In Scandinavia, the culture was succeeded by the Kongemose culture. It appears that they had domesticated the dog. Similar settlements were excavated from England to Poland and from Skåne in Sweden to northern France." ref, ref 20. 7,425 years ago Lake Baikal region, Siberia "Dog buried in a human burial ground. Additionally, a human skull was found buried between the legs of a "tundra wolf" dated 8,320 years ago (but it does not match any known wolf DNA). The evidence indicates that as soon as formal cemeteries developed in Baikal, some canids began to receive mortuary treatments that closely paralleled those of humans. One dog was found buried with four red deer canine pendants around its neck dated 5,770 years ago. Many burials of dogs continued in this region with the latest finding at 3,760 years ago, and they were buried lying on their right side and facing towards the east as did their humans. Some were buried with artifacts, e.g., stone blades, birch bark, and antler bone." ref 21. 7,000 years ago Tianluoshan archaeological site, Zhejiang province, China "In 2020, an mDNA study of ancient dog fossils from the Yellow River and Yangtze River basins of southern China showed that most of the ancient dogs fell within haplogroup A1b, as do the Australian dingoes and the pre-colonial dogs of the Pacific, but in low frequency in China today. The specimen from the Tianluoshan archaeological site is basal to the entire lineage. The dogs belonging to this haplogroup were once widely distributed in southern China, then dispersed through Southeast Asia into New Guinea and Oceania, but were replaced in China 2,000 years ago by dogs of other lineages." ref ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref An interesting potential dog genetic lineage is connected to a group of ancient canids date to more than 47,000 years ago had separated from the other ancient canids including wolves. Genetic studies of modern dog and wolf populations show origins in East/South Asia and/or the Near East to multiple areas of domestication and/or hybridization with regional wolf breeds. A 33,000-year-old emerging dog from southern Siberia in the Altai Mountains seems to demonstrate an early domestication. The oldest similar emergence of this behavior seems to be demonstrated a pre-Natufian burial site in Jordan Uyun al-Hammam dated to around 16,500-year-old with elaborate human burials with grave goods as well as include evidence for unique human-animal relationships, seeming to show foxes where used similar to modern dogs demonstrating that the dog like domestication features were not unique to the later Natufians. Moreover, dog genetics is one way to further demonstrate human migration as well as its oven accompanying religious transfer. While most dogs buried at this time were individual others were placed back-to-back in pairs. Moreover, a general genetic analysis of modern dogs suggests a general origin in southern China approximately 16,000 years ago. The Natufian culture existed in the Levant roughly from 14,500 to 11,500 years. It seems two different human burials at the Ain Mallaha Natufian settlement and Hayonim cave sites include dogs which likely suggest dogs were domesticated by at least by around 12,000 years ago. In addition, at Ain Mallaha there is a widespread influence of the culture and as always, the presumed religious transfer can be estimated by the presence of obsidian from Turkey and shellfish from the Nile-valley as part of the artifacts found. Furthermore, generally by around 12,000 years ago domestic dogs are presumed to be found from the Levant, Cyprus, Iraq, Northern China, and the Kamchatka peninsula in Far Eastern Russia. A 12,000-year-old tomb in northern Israel held a fifty-year-old woman was buried with a puppy close to her head with her left hand on it seemingly expressing a religious or an emotional connection, possibly some kind of shaman burial. By around 8,000 years ago at Svaerdborg in Denmark there are already three differently sized dog types found. To me, Animism starts in Southern Africa, then to West Europe, and becomes Totemism. Another split goes near the Russia and Siberia border becoming Shamanism, which heads into Central Europe meeting up with Totemism, which also had moved there, mixing the two which then heads to Lake Baikal in Siberia. From there this Shamanism-Totemism heads to Turkey where it becomes Paganism. Shamanism (beginning around 30,000 years ago) Shamanism (such as that seen in Siberia Gravettian culture: 30,000 years ago). Gravettian culture (34,000–24,000 years ago; Western Gravettian, mainly France, Spain, and Britain, as well as Eastern Gravettian in Central Europe and Russia. The eastern Gravettians, which include the Pavlovian culture). And, the Pavlovian culture (31,000 – 25,000 years ago such as in Austria and Poland). 31,000 – 20,000 years ago Oldest Shaman was Female, Buried with the Oldest Portrait Carving. Shamanism is approximately a 30,000-year-old belief system and believe in spirit-filled life and/or afterlife that can be attached to or be expressed in things or objects and these objects can be used by special persons or in special rituals that can connect to spirit-filled life and/or afterlife. If you believe like this, regardless of your faith, you are a hidden shamanist. Around 29,000 to 25,000 years ago in Dolní Vestonice, Czech Republic, the oldest human face representation is a carved ivory female head that was found nearby a female burial and belong to the Pavlovian culture, a variant of the Gravettian culture. The left side of the figure's face was a distorted image and is believed to be a portrait of an elder female, who was around 40 years old. She was ritualistically placed beneath a pair of mammoth scapulae, one leaning against the other. Surprisingly, the left side of the skull was disfigured in the same manner as the aforementioned carved ivory figure, indicating that the figure was an intentional depiction of this specific individual. The bones and the earth surrounding the body contained traces of red ocher, a flint spearhead had been placed near the skull, and one hand held the body of a fox. This evidence suggests that this was the burial site of a shaman. This is the oldest site not only of ceramic figurines and artistic portraiture but also of evidence of early female shamans. Before 5,500 years ago, women were much more prominent in religion. Archaeologists usually describe two regional variants: the western Gravettian, known namely from cave sites in France, Spain, and Britain, and the eastern Gravettian in Central Europe and Russia. The eastern Gravettians include the Pavlovian culture, which were specialized mammoth hunters and whose remains are usually found not in caves but in open air sites. The origins of the Gravettian people are not clear, they seem to appear simultaneously all over Europe. Though they carried distinct genetic signatures, the Gravettians and Aurignacians before them were descended from the same ancient founder population. According to genetic data, 37,000 years ago, all Europeans can be traced back to a single 'founding population' that made it through the last ice age. Furthermore, the so-called founding fathers were part of the Aurignacian culture, which was displaced by another group of early humans members of the Gravettian culture. Between 37,000 years ago and 14,000 years ago, different groups of Europeans were descended from a single founder population. To a greater extent than their Aurignacian predecessors, they are known for their Venus figurines. ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, & ref Gravettian Culture "last European culture many consider unified" (33/35,000–24/20,000 years ago). Which Damien thinks expresses the first earliest shamanism. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravettian Pavlovian Culture "variant of the Gravettian" as seen in Czech Republic, Austria, and Poland (29,000–25,000 years ago). Which Damien thinks expresses the earliest burial of a shaman. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavlovian_culture Epigravettian Culture (Greek: epi "above, on top of", and Gravettian, because they likely continued a lot of the Gravettian Culture) as seen in Southern and Eastern Europe (20,000–10,000 years ago) Which Damien thinks may have brought/influenced the people in the Middle East/Turkey to add belief in goddesses and female art/figurine themes to their early paganism emerging out or older shamanism 11,000/10,000 years ago. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigravettian Magdalenian Culture as seen in Western Europe: "The earliest Magdalenian sites are in France and the Epigravettian is a similar culture appearing around the same time" (17,000–12,000 years ago) Which Damien thinks started to evolve Western Eurasian shamanism. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalenian "The Magdalenian constitutes a civilization in the full meaning of the term, with its unique metaphysics, social rules, exchanges codified with nature via its art and weaponry. Before any climatic improvement then, daring was enough to both distinguish these populations from those that disappeared on a European scale and to invent facultative weapons, a conquering mythology, appropriate displacements, episodic ruptures, long-distance relays, flexibility in control over all kinds of environments, ritual delegation by shamanism, the "descent" of mythical decoration of rock walls in favor of mobile supports, such as modern crucifixes or portable altars." https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1040618212001450 Gravettian culture "The Gravettian was an archaeological industry of the European Upper Paleolithic that succeeded the Aurignacian circa 33,022 years ago. It is archaeologically the last European culture many consider unified, and had mostly disappeared by c. 22,022 years ago, close to the Last Glacial Maximum, although some elements lasted until c. 17,022 years ago. In Spain and France, it was succeeded by the Solutrean, and developed into or continued as the Epigravettian in Italy, the Balkans, Ukraine, and Russia. The Gravettian culture is known for Venus figurines, which were typically carved from either ivory or limestone. The culture was first identified at the site of La Gravette in the southwestern French department of Dordogne." ref "The Gravettians were hunter-gatherers who lived in a bitterly cold period of European prehistory, and the Gravettian lifestyle was shaped by the climate. Pleniglacial environmental changes forced them to adapt. West and Central Europe were extremely cold during this period. Archaeologists usually describe two regional variants: the western Gravettian, known mainly from cave sites in France, Spain, and Britain, and the eastern Gravettian in Central Europe and Russia. The eastern Gravettians, which include the Pavlovian culture, were specialized mammoth hunters, whose remains are usually found not in caves but in open-air sites." ref "Gravettian culture thrived on their ability to hunt animals. They utilized a variety of tools and hunting strategies. Compared to theorized hunting techniques of Neanderthals and earlier human groups, Gravettian hunting culture appears much more mobile and complex. They lived in caves or semi-subterranean or rounded dwellings which were typically arranged in small "villages". Gravettians are thought to have been innovative in the development of tools such as blunted-back knives, tanged arrowheads, and boomerangs. Other innovations include the use of woven nets and oil lamps made of stone. Blades and bladelets were used to make decorations and bone tools from animal remains." ref "Gravettian culture extends across a large geographic region, as far as Estremadura in Portugal. but is relatively homogeneous until about 27,022 years ago. They developed burial rites, which included the inclusion of simple, purpose-built offerings and/or personal ornaments owned by the deceased, placed within the grave or tomb. Surviving Gravettian art includes numerous cave paintings and small, portable Venus figurines made from clay or ivory, as well as jewelry objects. The fertility deities mostly date from the early period; there are over 100 known surviving examples. They conform to a very specific physical type, with large breasts, broad hips, and prominent posteriors. The statuettes tend to lack facial details, and their limbs are often broken off. During the post-glacial period, evidence of the culture begins to disappear from northern Europe but was continued in areas around the Mediterranean." ref "Physical remains of people of the Gravettian have revealed that they were tall and relatively slender people. The male height of the Gravettian culture ranged between 179 and 188 centimeters (5 ft 10 in and 6 ft 2 in) tall with an average of 183.5 centimeters (6 ft 0.2 in), which is exceptionally tall not only for that period of prehistory but for all periods of history. They were fairly slender and normally weighed between 67–73 kilograms (148–161 lb), although they would likely have had a higher ratio of lean muscle mass compared to body fat in comparison to modern humans as a result of a very physically active and demanding lifestyle. The females of the Gravettian were much shorter, standing 158 centimeters (5 ft 2 in) on average, with an average weight of 54 kilograms (119 lb). Examinations of Gravettian skulls reveal that high cheekbones were common among them." ref "Clubs, stones, and sticks were the primary hunting tools during the Upper Paleolithic period. Bone, antler, and ivory points have all been found at sites in France; but proper stone arrowheads and throwing spears did not appear until the Solutrean period (~20,000 years ago). Due to the primitive tools, many animals were hunted at close range. The typical artifact of the Gravettian tool industry, once considered diagnostic, is the small pointed blade with a straight blunt back. They are today known as the Gravette point, and were used to hunt big game. Gravettians used nets to hunt small game, and are credited with inventing the bow and arrow." ref "Gravettian settlers tended towards the valleys that pooled migrating prey. Examples found through discoveries in Gr. La Gala, a site in Southern Italy, shows a strategic settlement based in a small valley. As the settlers became more aware of the migration patterns of animals like red deer, they learned that prey herd in valleys, thereby allowing the hunters to avoid traveling long distances for food. Specifically in Gr. La Gala, the glacial topography forced the deer to pass through the areas in the valley occupied by humans. Additional evidence of strategically positioned settlements include sites like Klithi in Greece, also placed to intercept migrating prey." ref "Discoveries in the Czech Republic suggest that nets were used to capture large numbers of smaller prey, thus offering a quick and consistent food supply and thus an alternative to the feast/famine pattern of large game hunters. Evidence comes in the form of 4 mm (0.16 in) thick rope preserved on clay imprints. Research suggests that although no larger net imprints have been discovered, there would be little reason for them not to be made as no further knowledge would be required for their creation. The weaving of nets was likely a communal task, relying on the work of both women and children." ref "The Gravettian era landscape is most closely related to the landscape of present-day Moravia. Pavlov I in southern Moravia is the most complete and complex Gravettian site to date, and a perfect model for a general understanding of Gravettian culture. In many instances, animal remains indicate both decorative and utilitarian purposes. In the case of, for example, Arctic foxes, incisors, and canines were used for decoration, while their humeri and radii bones were used as tools. Similarly, the skeletons of some red foxes contain decorative incisors and canines as well as ulnas used for awls and barbs." ref "Some animal bones were only used to create tools. Due to their shape, the ribs, fibulas, and metapodia of horses were good for awl and barb creation. In addition, the ribs were also implemented to create different types of smoothers for pelt preparation. The shapes of hare bones are also unique, and as a result, the ulnas were commonly used as awls and barbs. Reindeer antlers, ulnas, ribs, tibias, and teeth were utilized in addition to a rare documented case of a phalanx. Mammoth remnants are among the most common bone remnants of the culture, while long bones and molars are also documented. Some mammoth bones were used for decorative purposes. Wolf remains were often used for tool production and decoration." ref "In a genetic study published in Nature in May 2016, the remains of fourteen Gravettians were examined. The eight samples of Y-DNA analyzed were determined to be three samples of haplogroup CT, one sample of I, one sample of IJK, one sample of BT, one sample of C1a2, and one sample of F. Of the fourteen samples of mtDNA, there were thirteen samples of U and one sample of M. The majority of the sample of U belonged to the U5 and U2. In a genetic study published in Nature in November 2020, the remains of one adult male and two twin boys from a Gravettian site were examined. The Y-DNA analysis revealed that all 3 individuals belonged to haplogroup I. The 3 individuals had the same mtDNA, U5." ref Shamanism (such as that seen in Siberia Gravettian culture: 30,000 years ago) - Gravettian culture (34,000–24,000 years ago; Western Gravettian, mainly France, Spain, and Britain, as well as Eastern Gravettian in Central Europe and Russia. The eastern Gravettians, which include the Pavlovian culture) - Pavlovian culture (31,000 – 25,000 years ago such as in Austria and Poland) Shamanism is approximately a 30,000-year-old belief system and believe in spirit-filled life and/or afterlife that can be attached to or be expressed in things or objects and these objects can be used by special persons or in special rituals that can connect to spirit-filled life and/or afterlife. If you believe like this, regardless of your faith, you are a hidden shamanist. Around 29,000 to 25,000 years ago in Dolní Vestonice, Czech Republic, the oldest human face representation is a carved ivory female head that was found nearby a female burial and belong to the Pavlovian culture, a variant of the Gravettian culture. The left side of the figure's face was a distorted image and is believed to be a portrait of an elder female, who was around 40 years old. She was ritualistically placed beneath a pair of mammoth scapulae, one leaning against the other. Surprisingly, the left side of the skull was disfigured in the same manner as the aforementioned carved ivory figure, indicating that the figure was an intentional depiction of this specific individual. The bones and the earth surrounding the body contained traces of red ocher, a flint spearhead had been placed near the skull, and one hand held the body of a fox. This evidence suggests that this was the burial site of a shaman. This is the oldest site not only of ceramic figurines and artistic portraiture but also of evidence of early female shamans. Before 5,500 years ago, women were much more prominent in religion. Archaeologists usually describe two regional variants: the western Gravettian, known namely from cave sites in France, Spain, and Britain, and the eastern Gravettian in Central Europe and Russia. The eastern Gravettians include the Pavlovian culture, which were specialized mammoth hunters and whose remains are usually found not in caves but in open air sites. The origins of the Gravettian people are not clear, they seem to appear simultaneously all over Europe. Though they carried distinct genetic signatures, the Gravettians and Aurignacians before them were descended from the same ancient founder population. According to genetic data, 37,000 years ago, all Europeans can be traced back to a single 'founding population' that made it through the last ice age. Furthermore, the so-called founding fathers were part of the Aurignacian culture, which was displaced by another group of early humans members of the Gravettian culture. Between 37,000 years ago and 14,000 years ago, different groups of Europeans were descended from a single founder population. To a greater extent than their Aurignacian predecessors, they are known for their Venus figurines. ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, & ref - "33,000 years ago: oldest known domesticated dog skulls show they existed in both Europe and Siberia by this time. - 31,000–16,000 years ago: Last Glacial Maximum (peak at 26,500 years ago). - 30,000 years ago: rock paintings tradition begins in Bhimbetka rock shelters in India, which presented as a collection is the densest known concentration of rock art. In an area about 10 km2, there are about 800 rock shelters of which 500 contain paintings. - 29,000 years ago: The earliest ovens found. - 28,500 years ago: New Guinea is populated by colonists from Asia or Australia. - 28,000 years ago: the oldest known twisted rope. - 28,000–24,000 years ago: some of the oldest known pottery—used to make figurines rather than cooking or storage vessels (Venus of Dolní Věstonice). - 28,000–20,000 years ago: Gravettian period in Europe. Harpoons and saws invented. - 26,000 years ago: people around the world use fibers to make baby carriers, clothes, bags, baskets, and nets. - 25,000 years ago: a hamlet consisting of huts built of rocks and of mammoth bones is founded in what is now Dolní Věstonice in Moravia in the Czech Republic. This is the oldest human permanent settlement that has yet been found by archaeologists. - 21,000 years ago: artifacts suggests early human activity occurred in Canberra, the capital city of Australia. - 20,000 years ago: Kebaran culture in the Levant. - 20,000 years ago: oldest pottery storage/cooking vessels from China. - 20,000-10,000 years ago: Khoisanid expansion to Central Africa. - 16,000-14,000 years ago: Minatogawa Man (Proto-Mongoloid phenotype) in Okinawa, Japan - 16,000–13,000 years ago: the first colonization of North America. - 16,000-11,000 years ago: Caucasian Hunter-Gatherer (Caucasoid phenotype) expansion to Europe. - 16,000 years ago: Wisent sculpted in clay deep inside the cave now known as Le Tuc d'Audoubert in the French Pyrenees near what is now the border of Spain. - 15,000–14,700 years ago: Earliest supposed date for the domestication of the pig. - 14,800 years ago: The Humid Period begins in North Africa. The region that would later become the Sahara is wet and fertile, and the aquifers are full. - 14,500-11,500: Red Deer Cave people in China, possible late survival of archaic or archaic-modern hybrid humans. - 14,000-12,000 years ago: Oldest evidence for prehistoric warfare (Jebel Sahaba massacre, Natufian culture). - 13,000–10,000 years ago: Late Glacial Maximum, end of the Last glacial period, climate warms, glaciers recede. - 13,000 years ago: A major water outbreak occurs on Lake Agassiz, which at the time could have been the size of the current Black Sea and the largest lake on Earth. Much of the lake is drained in the Arctic Ocean through the Mackenzie River. - 13,000–11,000 years ago: Earliest dates suggested for the domestication of the sheep. - Approximately 13,000 years ago, the Younger Dryas ice age." ref "Haplogroup U is a human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup (mtDNA). The clade arose from haplogroup R, likely during the early Upper Paleolithic. Its various subclades (labeled U1–U9, diverging over the course of the Upper Paleolithic) are found widely distributed across Northern and Eastern Europe, Central, Western, and South Asia, as well as North Africa, the Horn of Africa, and the Canary Islands. Basal U was found in the 26,000-year-old remains of Ancient North Eurasian, Mal'ta boy (MA1). The age of U5 is estimated at between 25,000 and 35,000 years old, roughly corresponding to the Gravettian culture. and is the DNA associated with the seeming first Gravettian shaman burial seen in the Pavlovian culture, around Dolní Věstonice in southern Moravia. One of the Dolní Věstonice burials, located near the huts, revealed a human female skeleton aged to 40+ years old, ritualistically placed beneath a pair of mammoth scapulae, one leaning against the other. Surprisingly, the left side of the skull was disfigured in the same manner as the aforementioned carved ivory figure, indicating that the figure was an intentional depiction of this specific individual. The bones and the earth surrounding the body contained traces of red ocher, a flint spearhead had been placed near the skull, and one hand held the body of a fox. This evidence suggests that this was the burial site of a shaman. This is the oldest site not only of ceramic figurines and artistic portraiture, but also of evidence of female shamans." ref, ref, ref, ref "Approximately 11% of Europeans (10% of European-Americans) have some variant of haplogroup U5. U5 was the predominant mtDNA of mesolithic Western Hunter Gatherers (WHG). U5 has been found in human remains dating from the Mesolithic in England, Germany, Lithuania, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Sweden, France, and Spain. Neolithic skeletons (~7,000 years old) that were excavated from the Avellaner cave in Catalonia, northeastern Spain included a specimen carrying haplogroup U5. Haplogroup U5 and its subclades U5a and U5b today form the highest population concentrations in the far north, among Sami, Finns, and Estonians. However, it is spread widely at lower levels throughout Europe. This distribution, and the age of the haplogroup, indicate individuals belonging to this clade were part of the initial expansion tracking the retreat of ice sheets from Europe around 10,000 years ago. The modern Basques and Cantabrians possess almost exclusively U5b lineages (U5b1f, U5b1c1, U5b2)." ref 6 Ice Age Humans (30,000 Years Ago) "Abstract: Starting about 35,000 years ago, humans seem to have made a great leap forward culturally. The authors argue that this wasn't because of genetic changes that caused the human brain to have increased capacity. It was because some groups culturally evolved the "social tools" that allowed them to maintain connections and share information over long distances. The groups with the most effective social tools managed to stay connected and to survive, and their descendants inherited this culture of connectedness. It's likely that forming greater connectedness and more complex culture was necessary in order to survive the periods of high climate variability that were a feature of the last ice age." ref "Archaeologists usually describe two regional variants: the western Gravettian, known mainly from cave sites in France, Spain, and Britain, and the eastern Gravettian in Central Europe and Russia. The eastern Gravettians, which include the Pavlovian culture, were specialized mammoth hunters, whose remains are usually found not in caves but in open air sites. Gravettian culture thrived on their ability to hunt animals. They utilized a variety of tools and hunting strategies. Compared to theorized hunting techniques of Neanderthals and earlier human groups, Gravettian hunting culture appears much more mobile and complex. They lived in caves or semi-subterranean or rounded dwellings which were typically arranged in small "villages". Gravettians are thought to have been innovative in the development of tools such as blunted-back knives, tanged arrowheads, and boomerangs. Other innovations include the use of woven nets and oil lamps made of stone. Blades and bladelets were used to make decorations and bone tools from animal remains." ref "Gravettian culture extends across a large geographic region, as far as Estremadura in Portugal. but is relatively homogeneous until about 27,000 years ago. They developed burial rites, which included simple, purpose-built offerings and/or personal ornaments owned by the deceased, placed within the grave or tomb. Surviving Gravettian art includes numerous cave paintings and small, portable Venus figurines made from clay or ivory, as well as jewelry objects. The fertility deities mostly date from the early period; there are over 100 known surviving examples. They conform to a very specific physical type, with large breasts, broad hips and prominent posteriors. The statuettes tend to lack facial details, and their limbs are often broken off. During the post glacial period, evidence of the culture begins to disappear from northern Europe but was continued in areas around the Mediterranean. The Mal'ta Culture (c. 24,000 years ago) in Siberia is often considered as belonging to the Gravettian, due to its similar characteristics, particularly its Venus figurines, but any hypothetical connection would have to be cultural and not genetic: a 2016 genomic study showed that the Mal'ta people have no genetic connections with the people of the European Gravettian culture (the Vestonice Cluster)." ref "Fu et al. (2016) examined the remains of fourteen Gravettians. The eight males included three samples of Y-chromosomal haplogroup CT, one of I, one IJK, one BT, one C1a2, and one sample of F. Of the fourteen samples of mtDNA, there were thirteen samples of U and one sample of M. The majority of the sample of U belonged to the U5 and U2. Teschler et al. (2020) examined the remains of one adult male and two twin boys from a Gravettian site in Austria. All belonged to haplogroup Y-Haplogroup I. and all had the same mtDNA, U5. According to Scorrano et al. (2022), "the genome of an early European individual from Kostenki 14, dated to around 37,000 years ago, demonstrated that the ancestral European gene pool was already established by that time." ref Here are Damien's thoughts/speculations on where he believes is the possible origin of shamanism, which may have begun sometime around 35,000 to 30,000 years ago seen in the emergence of the Gravettian culture, just to outline his thinking, on what thousands of years later led to evolved Asian shamanism, in general, and thus WU shamanism as well. In both Europe-related "shamanism-possible burials" and in Gravettian mitochondrial DNA is a seeming connection to Haplogroup U. And the first believed Shaman proposed burial belonged to Eastern Gravettians/Pavlovian culture at Dolní Věstonice in southern Moravia in the Czech Republic, which is the oldest permanent human settlement that has ever been found. It is at Dolní Věstonice where approximately 27,000-25,000 years ago a seeming female shaman was buried and also there was an ivory totem portrait figure, seemingly of her. "The Pavlovian is an Upper Paleolithic culture, a variant of the Gravettian, that existed in the region of Moravia, northern Austria, and southern Poland around 29,000–25,000 years ago. Its name is derived from the village of Pavlov, in the Pavlov Hills, next to Dolní Věstonice in southern Moravia. The culture used sophisticated stone age technology to survive in the tundra on the fringe of the ice sheets around the Last Glacial Maximum. Excavation has yielded flint implements, polished and drilled stone artifacts, bone spearheads, needles, digging tools, flutes, bone ornaments, drilled animal teeth, and seashells. Art or religious finds are bone carvings and figurines of humans and animals made of mammoth tusk, stone, and fired clay." ref "One of the burials, located near the huts, revealed a human female skeleton aged to 40+ years old, ritualistically placed beneath a pair of mammoth scapulae, one leaning against the other. Surprisingly, the left side of the skull was disfigured in the same manner as the aforementioned carved ivory figure, indicating that the figure was an intentional depiction of this specific individual. The bones and the earth surrounding the body contained traces of red ocher, a flint spearhead had been placed near the skull, and one hand held the body of a fox. This evidence suggests that this was the burial site of a shaman. This is the oldest site not only of ceramic figurines and artistic portraiture, but also of evidence of female shamans." ref "A burial of an approximately forty-year-old woman was found at Dolní Věstonice in an elaborate burial setting. Various items found with the woman have had a profound impact on the interpretation of the social hierarchy of the people at the site, as well as indicating an increased lifespan for these inhabitants. The remains were covered in red ochre, a compound known to have religious significance, indicating that this woman's burial was ceremonial in nature. Also, the inclusion of a mammoth scapula and a fox are indicative of a high-status burial." ref "In the Upper Paleolithic, anatomically modern humans began living longer, often reaching middle age, by today's standards. Rachel Caspari argues in "Human Origins: the Evolution of Grandparents," that life expectancy increased during the Upper Paleolithic in Europe (Caspari 2011). She also describes why elderly people were highly influential in society. Grandparents assisted in childcare, perpetuated cultural transmission, and contributed to the increased complexity of stone tools (Caspari 2011). The woman found at Dolní Věstonice was old enough to have been a grandparent. Although human lifespans were increasing, elderly individuals in Upper Paleolithic societies were still relatively rare. Because of this, it is possible that the woman was attributed with great importance and wisdom, and revered because of her age. Because of her advanced age, it is also possible she had a decreased ability to care for herself, instead relying on her family group to care for her, which indicates strong social connections." ref "Furthermore, a female figurine was found at the site and is believed to be associated with the aged woman, because of remarkably similar facial characteristics. The woman was found to have deformities on the left side of her face. The special importance accorded with her burial, in addition to her facial deformity, makes it possible that she was a shaman in this time period, where it was "not uncommon that people with disabilities, either mental or physical, are thought to have unusual supernatural powers" (Pringle 2010)." ref "In 1981, Patricia Rice studied a multitude of female clay figurines found at Dolní Věstonice, believed to represent fertility in this society. She challenged this assumption by analyzing all the figurines and found that, "it is womanhood, rather than motherhood that is symbolically recognized or honored" (Rice 1981: 402). This interpretation challenged the widely held assumption that all prehistoric female figurines were created to honor fertility. The fact is that we have no idea why these figurines proliferated nor of their purpose or usage." ref "Haplogroup U5 is estimated to be about 30,000 years old, and it is primarily found today in people with European ancestry. Both the current geographic distribution of U5 and testing of ancient human remains indicate that the ancestor of U5 expanded into Europe before 31,000 years ago. A 2013 study by Fu et al. found two U5 individuals at the Dolni Vestonice burial site in the Czech Republic that has been dated to 31,155 years ago. A third person from the same burial was identified as haplogroup U8. The Dolni Vestonice samples have only two of the five mutations ( C16192T and C16270T) that are found in the present day U5 population. This indicates that the U5-(C16192T and C16270T) mtDNA sequence is ancestral to the present day U5 population that includes the additional three mutations T3197C, G9477A and T13617C." ref "Haplogroup U5 is thought to have evolved in the western steppe region and then entered Europe around 30,000 to 55,000 years ago. Results support previous hypotheses that haplogroup U5 mtDNAs expanded throughout Northern, Southern, and Central Europe with more recent expansions into Western Europe and Africa. The results further allow us to explain how U5 mtDNAs are now found with high frequency in Northern Europe, as well as delineate the origins of the specific U5 subhaplogroups found in that part of Europe." ref "Haplogroup U5 is found throughout Europe with an average frequency ranging from 5% to 12% in most regions. U5a is most common in north-east Europe and U5b in northern Spain. Nearly half of all Sami and one fifth of Finnish maternal lineages belong to U5. Other high frequencies are observed among the Mordovians (16%), the Chuvash (14.5%) and the Tatars (10.5%) in the Volga-Ural region of Russia, the Estonians (13%), the Lithuanians (11.5%) and the Latvians in the Baltic, the Dargins (13.5%), Avars (13%) and the Chechens (10%) in the Northeast Caucasus, the Basques (12%), the Cantabrians (11%) and the Catalans (10%) in northern Spain, the Bretons (10.5%) in France, the Sardinians (10%) in Italy, the Slovaks (11%), the Croatians (10.5%), the Poles (10%), the Czechs (10%), the Ukrainians (10%) and the Slavic Russians (10%). Overall, U5 is generally found in population with high percentages of Y-haplogroups I1, I2, and R1a, three lineages already found in Mesolithic Europeans. The highest percentages are observed in populations associated predominantly with Y-haplogroup N1c1 (the Finns and the Sami), although N1c1 is originally an East Asian lineage that spread over Siberia and Northeast Europe and assimilated indigenous U5 maternal lineages." ref "The age of haplogroup U5 is uncertain at present. It could have arisen as recently as 35,000 years ago, or as early was 50,000 years ago. U5 appear to have been a major maternal lineage among the Paleolithic European hunter-gatherers, and even the dominant lineage during the European Mesolithic. In two papers published two months apart, Posth et al. 2016 and Fu et al. 2016 reported the results of over 70 complete human mitochondrial genomes ranging from 45,000 to 7,000 years ago. The oldest U5 samples all dated from the Gravettian culture (c. 32,000 to 22,000 years ago), while the older Aurignacian samples belonged to mt-haplogroups M, N, R, and U2. Among the 16 Gravettian samples that yielded reliable results, six belonged to U5 – the others belonging mostly to U2, as well as isolated samples of M, U, and U8c. Two Italian Epigravettian samples, one from the Paglicci Cave in Apulia (18,500 years ago), and another one from Villabruna in Veneto (14,000 years ago), belonged to U5b2b, as did two slightly more recent Epipaleolithic samples from the Rhône valley in France. U5b1 samples were found in Epipalaeolithic Germany, Switzerland (U5b1h in the Grotte du Bichon), and France. More 80% of the numerous Mesolithic European mtDNA tested to date belonged to various subclades of U5. Overall, it appears that U5 arrived in Europe with the Gravettian tool makers, and that it particularly prospered from the end of the glacial period (from 11,700 years ago) until the arrival of Neolithic farmers from the Near East (between 8,500 and 6,000 years ago)." ref "Carriers of haplogroup U5 were part of the Gravettian culture, which experienced the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, 26,000 to 19,000 years ago). During this particularly harsh period, Gravettian people would have retreated into refugia in southern Europe, from which they would have re-expanded to colonise the northern half of the continent during the Late Glacial and postglacial periods. For reasons that are yet unknown, haplogroup U5 seems to have resisted better to the LGM to other Paleolithic haplogroups like U, U2 and U8. Mitochondrial DNA being essential for energy production, it could be that the mutations selected in early U5 subclades (U5a1, U5a2, U5b1, U5b2) conferred an advantage for survival during the coldest millennia of the LGM, which had for effect to prune less energy efficient mtDNA lineages." ref "It is likely that U5a and U5b lineages already existed prior to the LGM and they were geographically scattered to some extent around Europe before the growing ice sheet forced people into the refugia. Nonetheless, founder effects among the populations of each LGM refugium would have amplified the regional division between U5b and U5a. U5b would have been found at a much higher frequency in the Franco-Cantabrian region. We can deduce this from the fact that modern Western Europeans have considerably more U5b than U5a, but also because the modern Basques and Cantabrians possess almost exclusively U5b lineages. What's more, all the Mesolithic U5 samples from Iberia whose subclade could be identified belonged to U5b." ref "Conversely, only U5a lineages have been found so far in Mesolithic Russia (U5a1) and Sweden (U5a1 and U5a2), which points at an eastern origin of this subclade. Mesolithic samples from Poland, Germany and Italy yielded both U5a and U5b subclades. German samples included U5a2a, U5a2c3, U5b2 and U5b2a2. The same observations are valid for the Neolithic and Chalcolithic periods too, with U5a1 being found in Russia and Ukraine, U5b in France (Cardium Pottery and Megalithic), U5b2 in Portugal. U5b1b1 arose approximately 10,000 years ago, over two millennia after the end of the Last Glaciation, when the Neolithic Revolution was already under way in the Near East. Despite this relatively young age, U5b1b1 is found scattered across all Europe and well beyond its boundaries. The Saami, who live in the far European North and have 48% of U5 and 42% of V lineages, belong exclusively to the U5b1b1 subclade. Amazingly, the Berbers of Northwest Africa also possess that U5b1b1 subclade and haplogroup V." ref "Probably occupied from as much as around 38,900–32,630 years ago. It had previously been dated at a lower date as low as around 23,000-19,000 years ago which changed." ref Sungar "Gravettian culture" (Russia) and related Dolni Vestonice Pavlovian/Gravettian culture (Czech Republic). Sungar (Russia), found posable evidence of shamanistic Gravettian culture burials and that seem to match the latter indigenous American shamanistic burials in Alaska at the Tanana River site with around 11,500 years old duel infant burial very similar shamanistic grave offerings like decorated stone weapons. To further a clear connection is the Bluefish Cave (Yukon Territory Canada) that held bones with cut marks which is possibly as old as 24,000 to 19,650 years ago and the youngest are around 12,000 years old seem to offer strong support for the "Beringian hypothesis" human population dispersed to North and South America. ref To me, is seems Siberian is the general origin of native Americans at least by around 11,000 years ago, by the land bridge "Beringia" from Asia by way of Siberia in Russia over to Alaska in the Americas, which the Paleoindians had crossover on, finally flooded over by rising sea levels and was submerged. Siberia has a large variety of climate, vegetation, and landscape. Siberia's Prehistory demonstrates several distinct cultures sometimes transferring ideas, other times not, and some split from earlier cultures creating new ones often in illation, mainly starting with hunter-gatherer nomadism. During glaciation around 115,000 to 15,000 years ago, the Siberia tundra extended south and an ice sheet covered area of Russia around the Ural Mountains that while some of the oldest mountains are more like large hills, and the area to the east of the lower Yenisei River basin, which in the general area of central and southern Siberia. ref Some of the first nomadic peoples entered Siberia about 50,000 years ago. Ancient nomadic tribes such as the Ket people and the Yugh people a separate but similar group lived along its banks. Shamanism among Kets shares characteristics with those of Turkic and Mongolic peoples thus not at all homogeneous in expression though neither is shamanism in Siberia in general. As for shamanism among Kets had several types of Ket shamans and shared characteristics with those of Turkic and Mongolic peoples. The Yana River sites, in Siberia, demonstrate that modern human populations had reached Western Beringia by 32,000 years ago then engaging in an early dispersal possibly by 24,000 years ago. ref "Shamanism is still practiced in Russia, particularly in the Lake Baikal area of southern Siberia near the Mongolian border and in the middle Volga regions. The word Shamanism comes from Siberia. And believed shamanistic powers are passed on from generation to generation or by spontaneous vocation during an initiation ceremony that usually involves some kind of ecstatic death, rebirth, vision or experience. Though a for some shaman cultures a distinction is made between hereditary ones and those who have become shaman after suffering a serious illness. A shamanist is a one person cult-authority, spirit medium, soul-traveler, meteorologist, physician, philosopher, and ideologist." ref "Shaman have traditionally been important religious figures and healers among many Siberian peoples and commonly connect to and revolved around hunting and family/ancestor cults. The word "shaman" comes to us from the Tungus language via Russian. In Siberia, shamans have traditionally been called upon to heal the sick, solve problems, protect groups from hostile spirts, make predictions and mediate between the spiritual world and human world and guide dead souls to the afterlife." ref "After death it was believed that the breath soul left through the nostrils. Many groups make wooden images of dolls of the deceased and for a period of time, they are treated like the real person. A wide variety of goods may be placed in the graves of the deceased, depending on the group. These generally include things the deceased needs in the next life. Often totems are broken or defaced in some way to "kill" them so they don't assist the dead in returning. Some groups placed the dead in graves others on the ground covering them with something, while other groups placed the dead on a special platform on the trees." ref "Shaman cults tend to revolve around animals, natural objects, heroes and clan leaders have also been central to the lives of many of Siberia's indigenous people. Many groups have strong beliefs in spirits, in realms of the sky and earth and follow cults associated with animals, especially the Raven. Things like illness and other misfortunes were attributed to spirits. Many Arctic people believe that each person has two souls: (1) a shadow soul that may leave the body during sleep or unconsciousness and take the form of a bee or a butterfly, and (2) a "breath" soul that provides life to humans and animals. Many groups believe the life forces lies within the bones, blood, and vital organs. For this reason the bones of the dead are treated with great reverence so a new life can be regenerated from them." ref "The Khanty (an indigenous people calling themselves Khanti, Khande, Kantek, living in Khanty–Mansi Autonomous Okrug, a region historically known as "Yugra" in Russia) shamans who believe the forest is inhabited by invisible people and spirits of animals, forest, rivers and natural landmarks. The most important spirits belong to the sun, moon, and bear. Khanty shaman work as intermediaries between the living worlds and the spiritual world. The invisible people are like gremlins or trolls. They are blamed for missing puppies, strange events and unexplained behavior." ref Why This Paleolithic Burial Site Is So Strange (and So Important) "In addition to beads and ochre, carefully manufactured mammoth ivory spears, ivory disks, and pierced cervid antlers were found with the skeletons. And this is not supersizing because by approximately 40,000 years ago, narrow stone blades and tools made of bone, ivory, and antler appeared, along with simple wood instruments. Yet these extravagant burials are only part of the reason why Sungir stands out as the site is characterized by a much greater diversity of mortuary behaviors than archaeologists previously thought. " ref, ref "Sungir – Sunghir is a site that held multiple burials of least 10 individuals and specifically two of the most extraordinary Upper Paleolithic burials known: one of an adult male "Sungir-1" and another of two children "Sungir-2 and Sungir-3. The two children originally thought to be a boy and girl,are now thought to be two boys interred head-to-head. All remains were covered in ochre and were accompanied by rich grave goods including ivory beads and spears, armbands, and carvings, as well as arctic fox canines. Adjacent to Sungir-2 was the femoral diaphysis (main or midsection (shaft) of a long bone) of an adult "Sungir 4″ that had been polished, hollowed out, and filled with red ochre. The site also yielded other less complete human remains, some of uncertain stratigraphic provenance [Sunghir 5 to 9. Radiocarbon analyses place the age of Sungir-1 to Sungir 4 date between 33,600-34,600 years ago. The homogeneity in morphological traits (e.g., metopism) among the remains, as well as signs of possible congenital pathologies in SIII, have been interpreted as evidence of inbreeding. Other Upper Paleolithic individuals with reported congenital or degenerative pathologies (e.g., at Barma Grande and Dolní Věstonice) reinforce the view that Upper Paleolithic groups were small and susceptible to inbreeding, possibly as extensive as what has been reported for the Altai Neandertal. However, genomic data available for some of those individuals were of insufficient coverage to infer population sizes or inbreeding levels." ref, ref Picture: link "There where at least three different forms of burials were practiced at Sunghir. While an adult femur shaft was found in the grave with the two youngsters, another femur bone was discovered isolated near the graves, with indications that the body had been abandoned on the surface without receiving any formal treatment. A cranium, was found with artifacts just above the adult's lavish grave. This cranium represents only one part of the skeleton, it appears to have been deposited there in the context of a funerary ritual." ref "Sungir may thus be considered as the earliest modern human burial site in Europe with evidence of a social structure that would not have solely depended on people's acquired status. And as can be indicative to a general shamanism thinking about body difference being special, both the juvenile and the adolescent appear to have suffered from physical abnormalities and likely their disabilities would have been visible to others. Their difference may have been part of the reason they were given an extravagant burial." ref "Analyses of mtDNA genomes from Sungir1 to Sungir 4 put them in haplogroup U, consistent with West Eurasian and Siberian Paleolithic and Mesolithic genomes. Sungir1 belongs to haplogroup U8c; the sequences for the three individuals from the double burial ( Sungir 2 to Sungir 4) are identical and belong to haplogroup U2, which is closely related to the Upper Paleolithic Kostenki 12 and Kostenki 14 individuals. Phylogenetic analyses of the Y chromosome sequences place all Sungir individuals in an early divergent lineage of haplogroup C1a2. Y chromosome haplogroup C1, which is rare among contemporary Eurasians, has been found in other early European individuals, including the ~36,000-year-old Kostenki 14." ref "Haplogroup C1a2 (also known as Haplogroup C-V20): which has been discovered in the remains of Palaeolithic people in Czech Republic (30,000 years ago), Belgium (35,000 years ago), and the Sunghir archaeological site near Vladimir, Russia. Regarding more recent prehistory, Haplogroup C-V20 has been found in the remains of a male (died ca. 7,000 years ago) associated with a late group of the Alföld Linear Pottery culture at Kompolt-Kigyósér, Hungary whose mtDNA belonged to haplogroup J1c1, the remains of a male (died ca. 7,000 years ago) associated with the LBK Culture at Apc-Berekalja (I.), Hungary whose mtDNA belonged to haplogroup K1a3a3, and the remains of a male (died ca. 7,000 years ago) associated with Mesolithic culture at La Braña-Arintero, León, Spain whose mtDNA belonged to haplogroup U5b2c1. Haplogroup C-V20 Y-DNA also has been found in a small number of modern Europeans, Algerian Berbers,[6]Armenians, and Nepalis. It includes many Y-DNA samples associated with the oldest currently known population of anatomically modern humans in Europe (Cro-Magnons), and it is considered to be a carrier of the Upper Paleolithic Aurignacian culture that began 40,000 years ago." ref "There is significant Totamistic-Shamanism activity from Dolni Vestonice in the Czech Republic, with triple burial three teenagers to larger males DV 13 and DV 14 side by side flanking a smaller handicap male DV 15 in the middle position of the burial, a single older woman shaman burial with a carved portrait, and a Venus of Dolní Věstonice, 27,000 and 25,000 years ago. The Dna of three inhabitants of Dolni Vestonice, lived 31,155 years ago and to have mitochondrial haplogroup U, and one inhabitant mitochondrial haplogroup U8." ref, ref, ref, ref, ref Early Gravettian – The Pavlovian "As the most important component of the Early Gravettian in Danubian Europe, the Pavlovian (30 – 25 ky) occupies a central location within the Lower Austrian – Moravian – South Polish geomorphological corridor (fig. 2a). Both the Pavlovian settlement archaeology and the resource analysis suggest a discontinuity compared to the previous Early Upper Paleolithic settlement strategies: the typical formation of the large open-air settlements in an axial manner, in lower altitudes and along the rivers; the long-distance transport of lithic raw materials; the intensive exploitation of mammoths supplemented by a variety of small animals; and, finally, aspects of ritual and style." ref "The art production at this stage of the Gravettian is remarkably complex, and includes carvings and engravings, soft stone carvings, and especially the ceramic plastic production. A majority of the human skeletal remains are equally dated to this period (Predmostí, Dolní Vestonice – Pavlov, Krems). Some of the ritual burials are covered by ochre, and some are covered by mammoth shoulderblades. It should be underlined, however, that they are poorly equipped by additive artifacts (if any, so just a few pierced decorative objects. The earliest Pavlovian occupation is best documented at Willendorf II, layer 5 (around and after 30 ky BP), Krems, and Dolní Vestonice II (a complex occupation horizons dated to 27 ky). The industry is dominated by burins, backed implements, and endscrapers, where burins are about the twice as numerous as endscrapers. The number of microliths, and especially geometric microliths, is usually low. A variety of pointed blades (including the Jerzmanowice-type points) and pointed microblades (including the Krems or Font Yves points) occur as well." ref 31,000-25,000 Dolni Vestonice, Czech Republic Totemistic-Shamanism "A remarkable cluster of Pavlovian radiocarbon dates is recorded during the following two millennia, between 27,000 – 25,000 years ago. These dates were received from Willendorf II (layers 6-8), Aggsbach, Krems, Grub/Kranawetberg, Dolní Vestonice – Pavlov, Milovice (settlement), Borsice, Jarosov (settlement), Spytihnev, and Predmostí (the main occupation layer). An increase of microliths, including the geometric microliths (lunates, triangles, trapezes), is typical at this stage, especially within the Dolní Vestonice – Pavlov area. A variety of pointed blades and micro blades continue to occur, but the typical leaf-points are absent at this stage. A few of the 14 C datings from sites like Dolní Vestonice, Milovice, and Jarosov are later than 25,000 years ago; so, for example, the mammoth bone deposits at Milovice and Jarosov are dated later than the related settlements. If these dates are correct, they would suggest a prolongation of occupation at these sites after the Pavlovian." ref "The most typical example of another type of Early Gravettian, non-Pavlovian site, is Bodrogkeresztúr-Henye in eastern Hungary. The site provided two dates, 28,700 and 26,300 years ago that place it chronologically to the Early Gravettian. Contrary to the Pavlovian sites, however, the fauna is dominated by horse and elk, and the lithic industry, dominated by burins, retouched blades, endscrapers, and sidescrapers, lacks the typical microliths. In addition, there are differences of a rather functional nature. Nemsová, a workshop site with an Early Gravettian date in western Slovakia, is located near an important raw material source: the radiolarite. Two smaller cave sites, Slaninova Cave and Dzeravá skala Cave, yielded early Gravettian dates in association with fragments of the typical ivory points with circular sections. This may be an evidence for periodical visits of Gravettian hunters in the karstic regions." ref 31,000-25,000 years old Dolni Vestonice, Czech Republic Totemistic-Shamanism 31,000 – 30,000 Years Ago – Dolni Vestonice (Czech Republic) an Odd Triple Shamanistic Burial ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref Here are my thoughts/speculations on where I believe is the possible origin of shamanism, which may have begun sometime around 35,000 to 30,000 years ago seen in the emergence of the Gravettian culture, just to outline his thinking, on what thousands of years later led to evolved Asian shamanism, in general, and thus WU shamanism as well. In both Europe-related "shamanism-possible burials" and in Gravettian mitochondrial DNA is a seeming connection to Haplogroup U. And the first believed Shaman proposed burial belonged to Eastern Gravettians/Pavlovian culture at Dolní Věstonice in southern Moravia in the Czech Republic, which is the oldest permanent human settlement that has ever been found. It is at Dolní Věstonice where approximately 27,000-25,000 years ago a seeming female shaman was buried and also there was an ivory totem portrait figure, seemingly of her. And my thoughts on how cultural/ritual aspects were influenced in the area of Göbekli Tepe. I think it relates to a few different cultures starting in the area before the Neolithic. Two different groups of Siberians first from northwest Siberia with U6 haplogroup 40,000 to 30,000 or so. Then R Haplogroup (mainly haplogroup R1b but also some possible R1a both related to the Ancient North Eurasians). This second group added its "R1b" DNA of around 50% to the two cultures Natufian and Trialetian. To me, it is likely both of these cultures helped create Göbekli Tepe. Then I think the female art or graffiti seen at Göbekli Tepe to me possibly relates to the Epigravettians that made it into Turkey and have similar art in North Italy. I speculate that possibly the Totem pole figurines seen first at Kostenki, next went to Mal'ta in Siberia as seen in their figurines that also seem "Totem-pole-like", and then with the migrations of R1a it may have inspired the Shigir idol in Russia and the migrations of R1b may have inspired Göbekli Tepe. "Migration from Siberia behind the formation of Göbeklitepe: Expert states. People who migrated from Siberia formed the Göbeklitepe, and those in Göbeklitepe migrated in five other ways to spread to the world, said experts about the 12,000-year-old Neolithic archaeological site in the southwestern province of Şanlıurfa." The upper paleolithic migrations between Siberia and the Near East is a process that has been confirmed by material culture documents," he said." ref "Semih Güneri, a retired professor from Caucasia and Central Asia Archaeology Research Center of Dokuz Eylül University, and his colleague, Professor Ekaterine Lipnina, presented the Siberia-Göbeklitepe hypothesis they have developed in recent years at the congress held in Istanbul between June 11 and 13. There was a migration that started from Siberia 30,000 years ago and spread to all of Asia and then to Eastern and Northern Europe, Güneri said at the international congress." ref "The relationship of Göbeklitepe high culture with the carriers of Siberian microblade stone tool technology is no longer a secret," he said while emphasizing that the most important branch of the migrations extended to the Near East. "The results of the genetic analyzes of Iraq's Zagros region confirm the traces of the Siberian/North Asian indigenous people, who arrived at Zagros via the Central Asian mountainous corridor and met with the Göbeklitepe culture via Northern Iraq," he added." ref "Emphasizing that the stone tool technology was transported approximately 7,000 kilometers from east to west, he said, "It is not clear whether this technology is transmitted directly to long distances by people speaking the Turkish language at the earliest, or it travels this long-distance through using way stations." According to the archaeological documents, it is known that the Siberian people had reached the Zagros region, he said. "There seems to be a relationship between Siberian hunter-gatherers and native Zagros hunter-gatherers," Güneri said, adding that the results of genetic studies show that Siberian people reached as far as the Zagros." ref "There were three waves of migration of Turkish tribes from the Southern Siberia to Europe," said Osman Karatay, a professor from Ege University. He added that most of the groups in the third wave, which took place between 2600-2400 BCE, assimilated and entered the Germanic tribes and that there was a genetic kinship between their tribes and the Turks. The professor also pointed out that there are indications that there is a technology and tool transfer from Siberia to the Göbeklitepe region and that it is not known whether people came, and if any, whether they were Turkish." ref "Around 12,000 years ago, there would be no 'Turks' as we know it today. However, there may have been tribes that we could call our 'common ancestors,'" he added. "Talking about 30,000 years ago, it is impossible to identify and classify nations in today's terms," said Murat Öztürk, associate professor from İnönü University. He also said that it is not possible to determine who came to where during the migrations that were accepted to have been made thousands of years ago from Siberia. On the other hand, Mehmet Özdoğan, an academic from Istanbul University, has an idea of where "the people of Göbeklitepe migrated to." ref "According to Özdoğan, "the people of Göbeklitepe turned into farmers, and they could not stand the pressure of the overwhelming clergy and started to migrate to five ways." "Migrations take place primarily in groups. One of the five routes extends to the Caucasus, another from Iran to Central Asia, the Mediterranean coast to Spain, Thrace and [the northwestern province of] Kırklareli to Europe and England, and one route is to Istanbul via [Istanbul's neighboring province of] Sakarya and stops," Özdoğan said. In a very short time after the migration of farmers in Göbeklitepe, 300 settlements were established only around northern Greece, Bulgaria, and Thrace. "Those who remained in Göbeklitepe pulled the trigger of Mesopotamian civilization in the following periods, and those who migrated to Mesopotamia started irrigated agriculture before the Sumerians," he said." ref Haplogroup migrations related to the Ancient North Eurasians: I added stuff to this map to help explain. People reached Lake Baikal Siberia around 25,000 years ago. They (to Damien) were likely Animistic Shamanists who were also heavily totemistic as well. Being animistic thinkers they likely viewed amazing things in nature as a part of or related to something supernatural/spiritual (not just natural as explained by science): spirit-filled, a sprit-being relates to or with it, it is a sprit-being, it is a supernatural/spiritual creature, or it is a great spirit/tutelary deity/goddess-god. From there comes mythology and faith in things not seen but are believed to somehow relate or interact with this "real world" we know exists. Both areas of Lake Baikal, one on the west side with Ancient North Eurasian culture and one on the east side with Ancient Northern East Asian culture (later to become: Ancient Northeast Asian culture) areas are the connected areas that (to Damien) are the origin ancestry religion area for many mythologies and religious ideas of the world by means of a few main migrations and many smaller ones leading to a distribution of religious ideas that even though are vast in distance are commonly related to and centering on Lake Baikal and its surrounding areas like the Amur region and Altai Mountains region. To an Animistic Thinker: "Things are not just as they seem, they may have a spirit, or spirit energy relates to them" To a Totemistic Thinker: "Things are not just as they seem, they may have a spirit, or spirit energy relates to them; they may have religio-cultural importance." "Ancient North Eurasian population had Haplogroups R, P, U, and Q DNA types: defined by maternal West-Eurasian ancestry components (such as mtDNA haplogroup U) and paternal East-Eurasian ancestry components (such as yDNA haplogroup P1 (R/Q)." ref "On closer inspection, the so-called Venuses in the Mal'ta have been unmasked as a group of ordinary-looking people of all ages, including men, women, and children, from 20,000 years ago." ref Mal'ta–Buret' culture "The Mal'ta–Buret' culture (also Maltinsko-buretskaya culture) is an archaeological culture of the Upper Paleolithic (generally dated to 24,000-15,000 years ago). It is located roughly northwest of Lake Baikal, about 90km to the northwest of Irkutsk, on the banks of the upper Angara River. The type sites are named for the villages of Mal'ta (Мальта́), Usolsky District and Buret' (Буре́ть), Bokhansky District (both in Irkutsk Oblast)." ref "A boy whose remains were found near Mal'ta is usually known by the abbreviation MA-1 (or MA1) dated to 24,000 years ago. According to research published since 2013, MA-1 belonged to the population of Ancient North Eurasians, who were genetically "intermediate between modern western Eurasians and Native Americans, but distant from east Asians", and partial genetic ancestors of Siberians, American Indians, and Bronze Age Yamnaya and Botai people of the Eurasian steppe. In particular, modern-day Native Americans, Kets, Mansi, and Selkup have been found to harbor a significant amount of ancestry related to MA-1. MA-1 is the only known example of basal Y-DNA R (R-M207) – that is, the only member of haplogroup R that did not belong to haplogroups R1, R2, or secondary subclades of these. The mitochondrial DNA of MA-1 belonged to an unresolved subclade of haplogroup U." ref "Mal'ta consists of semi-subterranean houses that were built using large animal bones to assemble the walls, and reindeer antlers covered with animal skins to construct a roof that would protect the inhabitants from the harsh elements of the Siberian weather. These dwellings built from mammoth bones were similar to those found in Upper Paleolithic Western Eurasia, such as in the areas of France, Czechoslovakia, and Ukraine. Evidence seems to indicate that Mal'ta is the most ancient known site in eastern Siberia, with the nearby site of Buret'." ref "However, relative dating illustrates some irregularities. The use of flint flaking and the absence of pressure flaking used in the manufacture of tools, as well as the continued use of earlier forms of tools, seem to confirm the fact that the site belongs to the early Upper Paleolithic. Yet it lacks typical skreblos (large side scrapers) that are common in other Siberian Paleolithic sites. Additionally, other common characteristics such as pebble cores, wedge-shaped cores, burins, and composite tools have never been found. The lack of these features, combined with an art style found in only one other nearby site (the Venus of Buret'), make Mal'ta culture unique in Siberia." ref "There were two main types of art during the Upper Paleolithic: mural art, which was concentrated in Western Europe, and portable art. Portable art, typically some type of carving in ivory tusk or antler, spans the distance across Western Europe into Northern and Central Asia. Artistic remains of expertly carved bone, ivory, and antler objects depicting birds and human females are the most commonly found; these objects are, collectively, the primary source of Mal'ta's acclaim." ref "In addition to the female statuettes there are bird sculptures depicting swans, geese, and ducks. Through ethnographic analogy comparing the ivory objects and burials at Mal'ta with objects used by 19th and 20th-century Siberian shamans, it has been suggested that they are evidence of a fully developed shamanism. Also, there are engraved representations on slabs of mammoth tusk. One is the figure of a mammoth, easily recognizable by the trunk, tusks, and thick legs. Wool also seems to be etched, by the placement of straight lines along the body. Another drawing depicts three snakes with their heads puffed up and turned to the side. It is believed that they were similar to cobras." ref "Perhaps the best example of Paleolithic portable art is something referred to as "Venus figurines". The Mal'ta boy (dated 24,000 years ago) was buried with various artifacts and a Venus figurine. Until they were discovered in Mal'ta, "Venus figurines" were previously found only in Europe. Carved from the ivory tusk of a mammoth, these images were typically highly stylized, and often involved embellished and disproportionate characteristics (typically the breasts or buttocks). It is widely believed that these emphasized features were meant to be symbols of fertility. Around thirty female statuettes of varying shapes have been found in Mal'ta. The wide variety of forms, combined with the realism of the sculptures and the lack of repetitiveness in detail, are definite signs of developed, albeit early, art." ref "At first glance, what is obvious is that the Mal'ta Venus figurines are of two types: full-figured women with exaggerated forms, and women with a thin, delicate form. Some of the figures are nude, while others have etchings that seem to indicate fur or clothing. Conversely, unlike those found in Europe, some of the Venus figurines from Mal'ta were sculpted with faces. Most of the figurines were tapered at the bottom, and it is believed that this was done to enable them to be stuck into the ground or otherwise placed upright. Placed upright, they could have symbolized the spirits of the dead, akin to "spirit dolls" used nearly worldwide, including in Siberia, among contemporary people." ref "The Mal'ta figurines garner interest in the western world because they seem to be of the same basic form as European female figurines of roughly the same time period, suggestion some cultural and cultic connection. This similarity between Mal'ta and Upper Paleolithic Europe coincides with other suggested similarities between the two, such as in their tools and dwelling structures. A 2016 genomic study shows that the Mal'ta people have no genetic connections to the Dolní Věstonice people from the Gravettian culture. The researchers conclude that the similarity between the figurines may be either due to cultural diffusion or to a coincidence, but not to common ancestry between the populations." ref "Discussing this easternmost outpost of paleolithic culture, Joseph Campbell finishes by commenting on the symbolic forms of the artifacts found there: We are clearly in apaleolithicprovince where theserpent,labyrinth, and rebirth themes already constitute a symbolic constellation, joined with the imagery of the sunbird andshamanflight, with the goddess in her classic role ofprotectress of the hearth, mother of man's second birth, andlady of wild thingsand of the food supply." ref "The term Ancient North Eurasian (ANE) has been given in genetic literature to an ancestral component that represents descent from the people similar to the Mal'ta–Buret' culture and the closely related population of Afontova Gora. A people similar to MA1 and Afontova Gora were important genetic contributors to Native Americans, Siberians, Europeans, Caucasians, Central Asians, with smaller contributions to Middle Easterners and some East Asians. Lazaridis et al. (2016) notes "a cline of ANE ancestry across the east-west extent of Eurasia." The "ANE-cline", as observed among Paleolithic Siberian populations and their direct descendants, developed from a sister lineage of Europeans with significant admixture from early East Asians. MA1 is also related to two older Upper Paleolithic Siberian individuals found at the Yana Rhinoceros Horn Site called Ancient North Siberians (ANS)." ref Afontova Gora "Afontova Gora is a Late Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic Siberian complex of archaeological sites located on the left bank of the Yenisei River near the city of Krasnoyarsk, Russia. Afontova Gora has cultural and genetic links to the people from Mal'ta-Buret'. The complex was first excavated in 1884 by Ivan Savenkov. Afontova Gora is a complex, consisting of multiple stratigraphic layers, of five or more campsites. The campsites shows evidence of mammoth hunting and were likely the result of an eastward expansion of mammoth hunters. The human fossils discovered at Afontova Gora, a male and a girl dated to 17,000~15,000 years ago." ref "Afontova Gora I is situated on the western bank of the Enisei River and has yielded the remains from horse, mammoth, reindeer, steppe bison, and large canids. A canid tibia has been dated 16,900 years old and the skull has been taxonomically described as being that of a dog, but it is now lost. Its description falls outside of the range of Pleistocene or modern northern wolves. (The name Afontova Gora 1 refers to the remains of a canid.)" ref "Afontova Gora II is the site human fossil remains were found, and remains of mammoth, Arctic fox, Arctic hare, reindeer, bison, and horse were discovered at the site. Afontova Gora II consists of 7 layers. Layer 3 from Afontova Gora II is the most significant: the layer produced the largest amount of cultural artifacts and is the layer where the human fossil remains were discovered. Over 20,000 artifacts were discovered at layer 3: this layer produced over 450 tools and over 250 osseous artifacts (bone, antler, ivory). The fossils of two distinct individuals were discovered in the initial excavations: the upper premolar of an 11-15-year-old child and the left radius, ulna, humerus, phalanx, and frontal bone of an adult." ref "The bodies of two individuals, known as Afontova Gora 2 (AG2). The human fossil remains of Afontova Gora 2 were dated to around 17,000 years ago. DNA from the humerus of Afontova Gora 2, despite significant contamination, DNA analysis confirmed that the individual was male. The individual showed close genetic affinities to Mal'ta 1 (Mal'ta boy). Afontova Gora 2 also showed a greater genetic affinity for the Karitiana people than for the Han Chinese. Around 1.9-2.7% of the genome was Neanderthal in origin. More human fossil remains were discovered at Afontova Gora II, The remains belonged to two different females: the atlas of an adult female and the mandible and five lower teeth of a teenage girl (Afontova Gora 3) estimated to be around 14–15 years old. Initially, the new findings were presumed to be roughly contemporaneous with Afontova Gora 2." ref "Afontova Gora III is a site that consists of 3 layers. Afontova Gora 3 (AG3) was discovered within the complex. Direct AMS dating revealed that Afontova Gora 3 is dated to around 16,090 cal BCE or around 18,090 years ago). Researchers analyzing the dental morphology of Afontova Gora 3 concluded that the teeth showed distinct characteristics with most similarities to another fossil (the Listvenka child) from the Altai-Sayan region and were neither western nor eastern. Afontova Gora 3 and Listvenka showed distinct dental characteristics that were also different from other Siberian fossils, including those from Mal'ta." ref "DNA was extracted from one of the teeth of Afontova Gora 3 and analyzed. Compared to Afontova Gora 2, researchers were able to obtain higher coverage genomes from Afontova Gora 3. DNA analysis confirmed that the individual was female. mtDNA analysis revealed that Afontova Gora 3 belonged to the mitochondrial Haplogroup R1b. Around 2.9-3.7% of the genome was Neanderthal in origin. Researchers determined that Afontova Gora 2, Afontova Gora 3, and Mal'ta 1 (Mal'ta boy) shared common descent and were clustered together in a Mal'ta cluster. Genetically, Afontova Gora 3 is not closer to Afontova Gora 2 when compared to Mal'ta 1. When compared to Mal'ta 1, the Afontova Gora 3 lineage apparently contributed more to modern humans and is genetically closer to Native Americans." ref "Phenotypic analysis shows that Afontova Gora 3 carries the derived rs12821256 allele associated with, and likely causal for, blond hair color, making Afontova Gora 3 the earliest individual known to carry this derived allele. The allele was found in three later members of the largely ANE-derived Eastern Hunter-Gatherers populations from Samara, Motala and Ukraine c. 10,000 years ago, suggesting that it originated in the Ancient North Eurasian population before spreading to western Eurasia. The hundreds of millions of copies of this mutated alelle (a single-nucleotide polymorphism) are at the root of the classic European blond hair mutation, as massive population migrations from the Eurasian steppe, by a people who had substantial Ancient North Eurasian ancestry, entered continental Europe." ref "A genetic study on the Tarim mummies found that they were primarily descended from a population represented by the Afontova Gora 3 specimen (AG3), genetically displaying "high affinity" with it. The genetic profile of the Afontova Gora 3 individual represented about 72% of the ancestry of the Tarim mummies, while the remaining 28% of their ancestry was derived from Baikal EBA (Early Bronze Age Baikal populations). The Tarim mummies are thus one of the rare Holocene populations who derive most of their ancestry from the Ancient North Eurasians (ANE, specifically the Mal'ta and Afontova Gora populations), despite their distance in time (around 14,000 years). More than any other ancient populations, they can be considered as "the best representatives" of the Ancient North Eurasians." ref "Afontova Gora V is the site where remains of hare, pika, cave lion, horse, reindeer, bison, and partridge were discovered at the site." ref - Lake Baikal and Myths of Creation: Primordial waters, Supernatural Creatures of water, and the Mounds of creation - Leda and the Swan: possibly relates back to 24,000–15,000 years old Mal'ta–Buret' culture, Lake Baikal, Siberia? - Shaman Rock, on Olkhon Island, Lake Baikal, Siberia, with a natural rock image that resembles a dragon. And is one of the "Nine Holy Sites of Asia." - Sacred Snakes or Dragons and Rivers, Lakes, and Seas? Shamanism in Siberia "A large minority of people in North Asia, particularly in Siberia, follow the religio-cultural practices of shamanism. Some researchers regard Siberia as the heartland of shamanism. The people of Siberia comprise a variety of ethnic groups, many of whom continue to observe shamanistic practices in modern times. Many classical ethnographers recorded the sources of the idea of "shamanism" among Siberian peoples. Siberian shamans' spirit-journeys (reenacting their dreams wherein they had rescued the soul of the client) were conducted in, e.g., Oroch, Altai, and Nganasan healing séances." ref "Shamanism or samanism is a religious practice that involves a practitioner (shaman or saman) interacting with the spirit world through altered states of consciousness, such as trance. The goal of this is usually to direct spirits or spiritual energies into the physical world for the purpose of healing, divination, or to aid human beings in some other way. Beliefs and practices categorized as "shamanic" have attracted the interest of scholars from a variety of disciplines, including anthropologists, archeologists, historians, religious studies scholars, philosophers, and psychologists. Hundreds of books and academic papers on the subject have been produced, with a peer-reviewed academic journal being devoted to the study of shamanism." ref "The Modern English word shamanism derives from the Russian word šamán, which itself comes from the word samān from a Tungusic language – possibly from the southwestern dialect of the Evenki spoken by the Sym Evenki peoples, or from the Manchu language. The etymology of the word is sometimes connected to the Tungus root sā-, meaning "to know". However, Finnish ethnolinguist Juha Janhunen questions this connection on linguistic grounds: "The possibility cannot be completely rejected, but neither should it be accepted without reservation since the assumed derivational relationship is phonologically irregular (note especially the vowel quantities)." ref "Mircea Eliade noted that the Sanskrit word śramaṇa, designating a wandering monastic or holy figure, has spread to many Central Asian languages along with Buddhism and could be the ultimate origin of the word shaman. The term was adopted by Russians interacting with the indigenous peoples in Siberia. It is found in the memoirs of the exiled Russian churchman Avvakum. It was brought to Western Europe twenty years later by the Dutch traveler Nicolaes Witsen, who reported his stay and journeys among the Tungusic- and Samoyedic-speaking Indigenous peoples of Siberia in his book Noord en Oost Tataryen (1692). Adam Brand, a merchant from Lübeck, published in 1698 his account of a Russian embassy to China; a translation of his book, published the same year, introduced the word shaman to English speakers." ref "According to the Oxford English Dictionary, a shaman (/ˈʃɑːmən/ SHAH-men, /ˈʃæmən/ or /ˈʃeɪmən/) is someone who is regarded as having access to, and influence in, the world of benevolent and malevolent spirits, who typically enters into a trance state during a ritual, and practices divination and healing. The word "shaman" probably originates from the Tungusic Evenki language of North Asia. According to Juha Janhunen, "the word is attested in all of the Tungusic idioms" such as Negidal, Lamut, Udehe/Orochi, Nanai, Ilcha, Orok, Manchu and Ulcha, and "nothing seems to contradict the assumption that the meaning 'shaman' also derives from Proto-Tungusic" and may have roots that extend back in time at least two millennia. The term was introduced to the west after Russian forces conquered the shamanistic Khanate of Kazan in 1552." ref "The term "shamanism" was first applied by Western anthropologists as outside observers of the ancient religion of the Turks and Mongols, as well as those of the neighbouring Tungusic- and Samoyedic-speaking peoples. Upon observing more religious traditions around the world, some Western anthropologists began to also use the term in a very broad sense. The term was used to describe unrelated magicoreligious practices found within the ethnic religions of other parts of Asia, Africa, Australasia, and even completely unrelated parts of the Americas, as they believed these practices to be similar to one another. While the term has been incorrectly applied by cultural outsiders to many Indigenous spiritual practices, the words "shaman" and "shamanism" do not accurately describe the variety and complexity that is Indigenous spirituality. Each nation and tribe has its own way of life, and uses terms in their own languages." ref "There is no single agreed-upon definition for the word "shamanism" among anthropologists. Thomas Downson suggests three shared elements of shamanism: practitioners consistently alter consciousness, the community regards altering consciousness as an important ritual practice, and the knowledge about the practice is controlled. Anthropologist and archeologist Silvia Tomaskova argued that by the mid-1600s, many Europeans applied the Arabic term shaitan (meaning "devil") to the non-Christian practices and beliefs of Indigenous peoples beyond the Ural Mountains. She suggests that shaman may have entered the various Tungus dialects as a corruption of this term, and then been told to Christian missionaries, explorers, soldiers, and colonial administrators with whom the people had increasing contact for centuries. A female shaman is sometimes called a shamanka, which is not an actual Tungus term but simply shaman plus the Russian suffix -ka (for feminine nouns)." ref Shamanism Terminology in Siberian languages - "'shaman': saman (Nedigal, Nanay, Ulcha, Orok), sama (Manchu). The variant /šaman/ (i.e., pronounced "shaman") is Evenk (whence it was borrowed into Russian). - 'shaman': alman, olman, wolmen (Yukagir) - 'shaman': [qam] (Tatar, Shor, Oyrat), [xam] (Tuva, Tofalar) - The Buryat word for shaman is бөө (böö) [bøː], from early Mongolian böge. Itself borrowed from Proto-Turkic bögü ("sage, wizard") - 'shaman': ńajt (Khanty, Mansi), from Proto-Uralic nojta (c.f. Sámi noaidi) - 'shamaness': [iduɣan] (Mongol), [udaɣan] (Yakut), udagan (Buryat), udugan (Evenki, Lamut), odogan (Nedigal). Related forms found in various Siberian languages include utagan, ubakan, utygan, utügun, iduan, or duana. All these are related to the Mongolian name of Etügen, the hearth goddess, and Etügen Eke 'Mother Earth'. Maria Czaplicka points out that Siberian languages use words for male shamans from diverse roots, but the words for female shaman are almost all from the same root. She connects this with the theory that women's practice of shamanism was established earlier than men's, that "shamans were originally female." ref "Shamanistic practice shows great diversity, even if restricted to Siberia. In some cultures, the music or song related to shamanistic practice may mimic natural sounds, sometimes with onomatopoeia. This holds true for the practices of the noaidi among Sami groups. Although the Sami people live outside of Siberia, many of their shamanistic beliefs and practice shared important features with those of some Siberian cultures. The joiks of the Sami were sung on shamanistic rites. Recently, joiks are sung in two different styles: one of these is sung only by young people; the traditional one may be the other, the "mumbling" style, which resembles magic spells. Several surprising characteristics of joiks can be explained by comparing the music ideals, as observed in joiks and contrasted to music ideals of other cultures. Some joiks intend to mimic natural sounds. This can be contrasted to bel canto, which intends to exploit human speech organs on the highest level to achieve an almost "superhuman" sound." ref "The intention to mimic natural sounds is present in some Siberian cultures as well: overtone singing, and also shamanic songs of some cultures can be examples. - In a Soyot shamanic song, sounds of bird and wolf are imitated to represent helping spirits of the shaman. - The seances of Nganasan shamans were accompanied by women imitating the sounds of the reindeer calf, (thought to provide fertility for those women). In 1931, A. Popov observed the Nganasan shaman Dyukhade Kosterkin imitating the sound of polar bear: the shaman was believed to have transformed into a polar bear." ref "Sound mimesis is not restricted to Siberian cultures and is not necessarily linked to shamanistic beliefs or practices. See, for example, Inuit throat singing, a game played by women, an example of Inuit music that employs overtone singing, and, in some cases, the imitation of natural sounds (mostly those of animals, e.g. geese). The imitation of animal sounds can also serve such practical reasons as luring game in hunt." ref "Uralic languages are proven to form a genealogical unit, a language family. Not all speakers of these languages live in Siberia or have shamanistic religions. The largest populations, the Hungarians and Finns, live outside Siberia and are mostly Christian. Sámi people had kept shamanic practices alive for a long time. They live in Europe, but practiced shamanism until the 18th century. Most others (e.g. Hungarian, Finnic, Mari) have only remnant elements of shamanism. The majority lives outside Siberia. Some of them used to live in Siberia, but have migrated to their present locations since then. The original location of the Proto-Uralic peoples (and its extent) is debated. Combined phytogeographical and linguistic considerations (distribution of various tree species and the presence of their names in various Uralic languages) suggest that this area was somewhere between the Kama and Vyatka rivers on the western side of the Ural Mountains." ref "Among several Samoyedic peoples shamanism was a living tradition also in modern times, especially at groups living in isolation until recent times (Nganasans). There were distinguished several types of shamans among Nenets, Enets, and Selkup people. (The Nganasan shaman used three different crowns, according to the situation: one for upper world, one for underneath word, one for occasion of childbirth.) Nenets people, Enets people, Nganasan people speak Northern Samoyedic languages. They live in North Siberia (Nenets live also in European parts), they provide classical examples. Selkups are the only ones who speak Southern Samoyedic languages nowadays. They live more to the south, shamanism was in decline also at the beginning of the 20th century, although folklore memories could be recorded even in the 1960s. Other Southern Samoyedic languages were spoken by some peoples living in the Sayan Mountains, but language shift has taken place, making all these languages extinct. There were several types of shamans distinguishing ones contacting upper world, ones contacting underneath world, ones contacting the dead." ref "The isolated location of Nganasan people enabled that shamanism was a living phenomenon among them even in the beginning of the 20th century, the last notable Nganasan shaman's seances could be recorded on film in the 1970s. One of the occasions in which the shaman partook was the clean tent rite, held after the polar night, which included sacrifices. Some peoples of the Sayan Mountains spoke once Southern Samoyedic languages. Most of them underwent a language shift in the beginning and middle of the 19th century, borrowing the language of neighboring Turkic peoples. The Kamassian language survived longer: 14 old people spoke it yet in 1914. In the late 20th century, some old people had passive or uncertain knowledge of the language, but collecting reliable scientific data was no longer possible. Today Kamassian is regarded as extinct." ref "The shamanism of Samoyedic peoples in the Sayan Mountains survived longer (if we regard Karagas as a Samoyedic people, although such approaches have been refined: the problem of their origin may be more comple). Diószegi Vilmos could record not only folklore memories in the late 1950s, but he managed also to talk personally to (no longer practicing) shamans, record their personal memories, songs, some of their paraphernalia. Starting from the late 9th century onwards, the ancestors of the Hungarian people migrated from their Proto-Uralic homeland in Siberia to the Pannonian Basin, an area that includes present-day Hungary. Today, shamanism is no longer widely practiced by Hungarians, but elements of shamanism have been preserved in their folklore." ref "Comparative methods reveal that some motifs used in folktales, fragments of songs, and folk rhymes retain aspects of the ancient belief system. In an effort to prove that shamanistic remnants existed within Hungarian folklore ethnographer, Diószegi Vilmos, compared ethnographic records of Hungarian and neighboring peoples, and works about various shamanic traditions of some Siberian peoples. Mihály Hoppál continued Diószegi Vilmos's work comparing shamanic beliefs of speakers of Uralic languages with those of several non-Uralic Siberian peoples. Although Ugrian folklore preserves many traces of shamanism, shamanism itself was a dying practice among the Khanty and Mansi people by the 1930s. Shamanism is still practiced by many indigenous peoples, but, among the modern Ugrians, shamanism is largely practiced by the Khanty." ref "Whether this shamanism is borrowed entirely from neighboring Turkic peoples, or whether it has some ethnic features, maybe remnants of Samoyedic origin, is unresolved. Comparative considerations suggest, that - Karagas shamanism is affected by Abakan-Turkic and Buryat influence. Among the various Soyot cultures, the central Soyot groups, keeping cattle and horses, show Khalkha Mongol phenomena in their shamanism, the shamanism of Western Soyots, living on the steppe, is similar to that of Altai Turkic peoples. A shaman story narrates contacts between Soyots and Abakan Turkic peoples in a mythical form. - Karagas and Eastern (reindeer-breeding, mountain-inhabiting) Soyots. have many similarities in their culture and shamanism. It was these two cultures who presented some ethnic features, phenomena lacking among neighboring Turkic peoples. E.g., the structure of their shamanic drum showed such peculiarity: it had two transoms. It was also these two cultures who showed some features, which could be possibly of Samoyedic origin: the shaman's headdress, dress and boots has the effigies symbolizing human organs, mostly bones; in the case of headdress, representation of human face. Also the dress-initiating song of the Karagas shaman Kokuyev contained the expression "my shamanic dress with seven vertebrae". Hoppál interprets the skeleton-like overlay of the Karagas shaman-dress as symbol of shamanic rebirth, similar remark applies for the skeleton-like iron ornamentation of the (not Samoyedic, but genealogically unclassified, Paleosiberian) Ket shamanic dress, although it may symbolize also the bones of the loon (the helper animal of the shaman). (The theory of Ket origin of the Karagas has already been mentioned above.) The skeleton-like overlay symbolized shamanic rebirth also among some other Siberian cultures." ref "The traditional culture of Ket people was researched by Matthias Castrén, Vasiliy Ivanovich Anuchin, Kai Donner, Hans Findeisen, Yevgeniya Alekseyevna Alekseyenko. Shamanism was a living practice in the 1930s yet, but by the 1960s almost no authentic shaman could be found. Ket shamanism shared features with those of Turkic and Mongolic peoples. Besides that, there were several types of shamans, differing in function (sacral rites, curing), power, and associated animal (deer, bear). Also among Kets (like at several other Siberian peoples, e.g. Karagas), there are examples of using skeleton symbolics, Hoppál interprets it as a symbol of shamanic rebirth, although it may symbolize also the bones of the loon (the helper animal of the shaman, joining air and underwater world, just like the shaman who traveled both to the sky and the underworld as well). The skeleton-like overlay represented shamanic rebirth also among some other Siberian cultures." ref "Turkic peoples spread over large territories, and are far from alike. In some cases, shamanism has been widely amalgamated with Islam, in others with Buddhism, but there are surviving traditions among the Siberian Tatars, Tuvans, and Tofalar. The Altai Turks may be related to neighboring Ugrian, Samoyed, Ket, or Mongols. There may be also ethnographic traces of such past of these nowadays Turkic-speaking peoples of the Altai. For example, some of them have phallic-erotic fertility rites, and that can be compared to similar rites of Ugriansɮ. Among the Tungusic peoples of Siberia, shamanism is also widespread. The Tale of the Nisan Shaman, a famous piece of folklore which describes the resurrection of a rich landowner's son by a female shaman, is known among various Tungusic peoples including the Manchus, Evenks, and Nanai people." ref "Linguistically, Koryak and Chukchi are close congeners of Yup'il. Koryak shamanism is known. Yup'ik groups comprise a huge area stretching from Eastern Siberia through Alaska and Northern Canada (including Labrador Peninsula) to Greenland. Shamanistic practice and beliefs have been recorded at several parts of this vast area crosscutting continental borders. Like Yup'ik cultures themselves, shamanistic practices reveal diversity. Some mosaic-like examples from various cultures: the soul concepts of the various cultures were diverse as well, some groups believed that the young child had to be taken for by guardian names inherited from a recently deceased relative. Among some groups, this belief amounted to a kind of reincarnation. Also shamanism might include beliefs in soul dualism, where the free-soul of the shaman could fly to celestial or underneath realms, contacting mythological beings, negotiating with them in order to cease calamities or achieve success in hunt. If their wrath was believed to be caused by taboo breaches, the shaman asked for confessions by members of the community. In most cultures, shamanism could be refused by the candidate: calling could be felt by visions, but generally, becoming a shaman followed conscious considerations." ref ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref "A 2016 study found that the global maximum of Ancient North Eurasian (ANE) ancestry occurs in modern-day Kets, Mansi, Native Americans, and Selkups. ANE ancestry has spread throughout Eurasia and the Americas in various migrations since the Upper Paleolithic, and more than half of the world's population today derives between 5 and 42% of their genomes from the Ancient North Eurasians. Significant ANE ancestry can be found in Native Americans, as well as in regions of northern Europe, South Asia, Central Asia, and Siberia. It has been suggested that their mythology may have featured narratives shared by both Indo-European and some Native American cultures, such as the existence of a metaphysical world tree and a fable in which a dog guards the path to the afterlife." ref Ancient Northern East Asian/ later became Ancient Northeast Asian Ancient Paleo-Siberian Mal'ta–Buret' culture (Mal'ta boy MA-1) The Kolyma Shaitans: Legends and Reality (I only use just a small part) "A unique "shaitan" burial was discovered on the bank of Omuk-Kuel Lake in the Middle-Kolyma ulus in Yakutia. According to the legends, buried in it are mummified remains of a shaman woman who died during a devastating smallpox epidemics in the 18th c. In an attempt to overcome the deadly disease, the shaman's relatives used her remains as an emeget fetish. The author believes that these legends reflect the real events of those far-away years. The Arabic word "shaitan" came to the Russian language from Turkic languages. According to Islamic tradition, a shaitan is a genie, an evil spirit, a demon. During Russian colonization and Christianization of Siberia, all sacred things used by the aborigines as fetishes, patron spirits of the family, and the tribe, grew to be called "shaitans." There are various facts, dating to the 18th and 19th cc., confirming that this word also referred to the mummified remains of outstanding shamans." ref "In the 1740s, a member of the Second Kamchatka Expedition Yakov Lindenau wrote, "Meat is scratched off the [shaman's] bones and the bones are put together to form a skeleton, which is dressed in human's clothes and worshipped as a deity. The Yukagirs place such dressed bones…in their yurts, their number can sometimes reach 10 or 15. If somebody commits even a minor sacrilege with respect to these bones, he stirs up rancor on the part of the Yukagirs… While traveling and hunting, the Yukagirs carry these bones in their sledges, and moreover, in their best sledges pulled by their best deer. When the Yukagirs are going to undertake something really important, they tell fortune using these skeletons: lift a skeleton up, and if it seems light, it means that their enterprise will have a favorable outcome. The Yukagirs call these skeletons stariks (old men), endow them with their best furs, and sit them on beds covered with deer hides, in a circle, as though they are alive." (Lindenau, 1983, p. 155)" ref "In the late 19th c., a famous explorer of aboriginal culture V. I. Jochelson noted the changes that occurred in the ritual in the last century and a half. So, the Yukagirs divided among themselves the shaman's meat dried in the sun and then put it in separate tents. The dead bodies of killed dogs were left there as well. "After that," V. I. Jochelson writes, "they would divide the shaman's bones, dry them and wrap in clothes. The skull was an object of worshipping. It was put on top of a trunk (body) cut out of wood. A caftan and two hats – a winter and a summer one – were sewn for the idol. The caftan was all embroidered. On the skull, a special mask was put, with holes for the eyes and the mouth… The figure was placed in the front corner of the home. Before a meal, a piece of food was thrown into the fire and the idol was held above it. This feeding of the idol… was committed before each meal." (V. I. Jochelson, 2005, pp. 236—237)" ref "The idol was kept by the children of the dead shaman. One of them was inducted into the shamanism mysteries while his father was still alive. The idol was carried in a wooden box. Sometimes, in line with the air burial ritual, the box was erected on poles or trees, and the idol was taken out only before hunting or a long journey so that the outcome of the enterprise planned could be predicted. With time, the Yukagirs began using wooden idols as charms. V. I. Jochelson notes that by the late 19th c. the Yukagirs had developed a skeptical attitude towards idols and referred to them as "shaitans." In this way, under the influence of Christianity, the worshipped ancestor's spirit turned into its opposite – an evil spirit, a devil, a Satan." ref Ancestral Native American, Ancient Beringian 14,000-year-old Ust-Kyakhta-3 (UKY) individual found near Lake Baikal Ancient North Eurasian (ANE) Ancient Beringian/Ancestral Native American (AB/ANA) Eastern Hunter-Gatherer (EHG) Western Hunter-Gatherers (WHG) Western Steppe Herders (WSH) Scandinavian Hunter-Gatherer (SHG) Early European Farmers (EEF) Jōmon people (Ainu people OF Hokkaido Island) Neolithic Iranian farmers (Iran_N) (Iran Neolithic) Haplogroup R possible time of origin about 27,000 years in Central Asia, South Asia, or Siberia: - Mal'ta–Buret' culture (24,000-15,000 years ago) - Afontova Gora culture (21,000-12,000 years ago) - Trialetian culture (16,000–8000 years ago) - Samara culture (7,000-6,500 years ago) - Khvalynsk culture (7,000-6,500 years ago) - Afanasievo culture (5,300-4,500 years ago) - Yamna/Yamnaya Culture (5,300-4,500 years ago) - Andronovo culture (4,000–2,900 years ago) ref "The ANE lineage is defined by association with the MA-1, or "Mal'ta boy", remains of 24,000 years ago in central Siberia Mal'ta-Buret' culture 24,000-15,000 years ago. The Ancient North Eurasians (ANE) samples (Afontova Gora 3, Mal'ta 1, and Yana-RHS) show evidence for minor gene flow from an East Asian-related group (simplified by the Amis, Han, or Tianyuan) but no evidence for ANE-related geneflow into East Asians (Amis, Han, Tianyuan), except the Ainu, of North Japan." ref "The ANE lineage is defined by association with the MA-1, or "Mal'ta boy", remains of 24,000 years ago in central Siberia Mal'ta-Buret' culture 24,000-15,000 years ago "basal to modern-day Europeans". Some Ancient North Eurasians also carried East Asian populations, such as Tianyuan Man." ref "Bronze-age-steppe Yamnaya and Afanasevo cultures were ANE at around 50% and Eastern Hunter-Gatherer (EHG) at around 75% ANE. Karelia culture: Y-DNA R1a-M417 8,400 years ago, Y-DNA J, 7,200 years ago, and Samara, of Y-haplogroup R1b-P297 7,600 years ago is closely related to ANE from Afontova Gora, 18,000 years ago around the time of blond hair first seen there." ref Ancient North Eurasian "In archaeogenetics, the term Ancient North Eurasian (often abbreviated as ANE) is the name given to an ancestral West Eurasian component that represents descent from the people similar to the Mal'ta–Buret' culture and populations closely related to them, such as from Afontova Gora and the Yana Rhinoceros Horn Site. Significant ANE ancestry are found in some modern populations, including Europeans and Native Americans." ref "The ANE lineage is defined by association with the MA-1, or "Mal'ta boy", the remains of an individual who lived during the Last Glacial Maximum, 24,000 years ago in central Siberia, Ancient North Eurasians are described as a lineage "which is deeply related to Paleolithic/Mesolithic hunter-gatherers in Europe," meaning that they diverged from Paleolithic Europeans a long time ago." ref "The ANE population has also been described as having been "basal to modern-day Europeans" but not especially related to East Asians, and is suggested to have perhaps originated in Europe or Western Asia or the Eurasian Steppe of Central Asia. However, some samples associated with Ancient North Eurasians also carried ancestry from an ancient East Asian population, such as Tianyuan Man. Sikora et al. (2019) found that the Yana RHS sample (31,600 BP) in Northern Siberia "can be modeled as early West Eurasian with an approximately 22% contribution from early East Asians." ref "Populations genetically similar to MA-1 were an important genetic contributor to Native Americans, Europeans, Central Asians, South Asians, and some East Asian groups, in order of significance. Lazaridis et al. (2016:10) note "a cline of ANE ancestry across the east-west extent of Eurasia." The ancient Bronze-age-steppe Yamnaya and Afanasevo cultures were found to have a noteworthy ANE component at ~50%." ref "According to Moreno-Mayar et al. 2018 between 14% and 38% of Native American ancestry may originate from gene flow from the Mal'ta–Buret' people (ANE). This difference is caused by the penetration of posterior Siberian migrations into the Americas, with the lowest percentages of ANE ancestry found in Eskimos and Alaskan Natives, as these groups are the result of migrations into the Americas roughly 5,000 years ago." ref "Estimates for ANE ancestry among first wave Native Americans show higher percentages, such as 42% for those belonging to the Andean region in South America. The other gene flow in Native Americans (the remainder of their ancestry) was of East Asian origin. Gene sequencing of another south-central Siberian people (Afontova Gora-2) dating to approximately 17,000 years ago, revealed similar autosomal genetic signatures to that of Mal'ta boy-1, suggesting that the region was continuously occupied by humans throughout the Last Glacial Maximum." ref "The earliest known individual with a genetic mutation associated with blonde hair in modern Europeans is an Ancient North Eurasian female dating to around 16000 BCE from the Afontova Gora 3 site in Siberia. It has been suggested that their mythology may have included a narrative, found in both Indo-European and some Native American fables, in which a dog guards the path to the afterlife." ref "Genomic studies also indicate that the ANE component was introduced to Western Europe by people related to the Yamnaya culture, long after the Paleolithic. It is reported in modern-day Europeans (7%–25%), but not of Europeans before the Bronze Age. Additional ANE ancestry is found in European populations through paleolithic interactions with Eastern Hunter-Gatherers, which resulted in populations such as Scandinavian Hunter-Gatherers." ref "The Ancient North Eurasians (ANE) split from the ancestors of European peoples somewhere in the Middle East or South-central Asia, and used a northern dispersal route through Central Asia into Northern Asia and Siberia. Genetic analyses show that all ANE samples (Afontova Gora 3, Mal'ta 1, and Yana-RHS) show evidence for minor gene flow from an East Asian-related group (simplified by the Amis, Han, or Tianyuan). In contrast, no evidence for ANE-related geneflow into East Asians (Amis, Han, Tianyuan), except the Ainu, was found." ref "Genetic data suggests that the ANE formed during the Terminal Upper-Paleolithic (36+-1,5ka) period from a deeply European-related population, which was once widespread in Northern Eurasia, and from an early East Asian-related group, which migrated northwards into Central Asia and Siberia, merging with this deeply European-related population. These population dynamics and constant northwards geneflow of East Asian-related ancestry would later gave rise to the "Ancestral Native Americans" and Paleosiberians, which replaced the ANE as dominant population of Siberia." ref Groups partially derived from the Ancient North Eurasians "Eastern Hunter-Gatherer (EHG) is a lineage derived predominantly (75%) from ANE. It is represented by two individuals from Karelia, one of Y-haplogroup R1a-M417, dated c. 8.4 kya, the other of Y-haplogroup J, dated c. 7.2 kya; and one individual from Samara, of Y-haplogroup R1b-P297, dated c. 7.6 kya. This lineage is closely related to the ANE sample from Afontova Gora, dated c. 18 kya. After the end of the Last Glacial Maximum, the Western Hunter-Gatherers (WHG) and EHG lineages merged in Eastern Europe, accounting for early presence of ANE-derived ancestry in Mesolithic Europe. Evidence suggests that as Ancient North Eurasians migrated West from Eastern Siberia, they absorbed Western Hunter-Gatherers and other West Eurasian populations as well." ref "Caucasian Hunter-Gatherer (CHG) is represented by the Satsurblia individual dated ~13 kya (from the Satsurblia cave in Georgia), and carried 36% ANE-derived admixture. While the rest of their ancestry is derived from the Dzudzuana cave individual dated ~26 kya, which lacked ANE-admixture, Dzudzuana affinity in the Caucasus decreased with the arrival of ANE at ~13 kya Satsurblia." ref "Scandinavian Hunter-Gatherer (SHG) is represented by several individuals buried at Motala, Sweden ca. 6000 BC. They were descended from Western Hunter-Gatherers who initially settled Scandinavia from the south, and later populations of EHG who entered Scandinavia from the north through the coast of Norway." ref "Iran Neolithic (Iran_N) individuals dated ~8.5 kya carried 50% ANE-derived admixture and 50% Dzudzuana-related admixture, marking them as different from other Near-Eastern and Anatolian Neolithics who didn't have ANE admixture. Iran Neolithics were later replaced by Iran Chalcolithics, who were a mixture of Iran Neolithic and Near Eastern Levant Neolithic." ref "Ancient Beringian/Ancestral Native American are specific archaeogenetic lineages, based on the genome of an infant found at the Upward Sun River site (dubbed USR1), dated to 11,500 years ago. The AB lineage diverged from the Ancestral Native American (ANA) lineage about 20,000 years ago." ref "West Siberian Hunter-Gatherer (WSHG) are a specific archaeogenetic lineage, first reported in a genetic study published in Science in September 2019. WSGs were found to be of about 30% EHG ancestry, 50% ANE ancestry, and 20% to 38% East Asian ancestry." ref "Western Steppe Herders (WSH) is the name given to a distinct ancestral component that represents descent closely related to the Yamnaya culture of the Pontic–Caspian steppe. This ancestry is often referred to as Yamnaya ancestry or Steppe ancestry." ref "Late Upper Paeolithic Lake Baikal – Ust'Kyakhta-3 (UKY) 14,050-13,770 BP were mixture of 30% ANE ancestry and 70% East Asian ancestry." ref "Lake Baikal Holocene – Baikal Eneolithic (Baikal_EN) and Baikal Early Bronze Age (Baikal_EBA) derived 6.4% to 20.1% ancestry from ANE, while rest of their ancestry was derived from East Asians. Fofonovo_EN near by Lake Baikal were mixture of 12-17% ANE ancestry and 83-87% East Asian ancestry." ref "Hokkaido Jōmon people specifically refers to the Jōmon period population of Hokkaido in northernmost Japan. Though the Jōmon people themselves descended mainly from East Asian lineages, one study found an affinity between Hokkaido Jōmon with the Northern Eurasian Yana sample (an ANE-related group, related to Mal'ta), and suggest as an explanation the possibility of minor Yana gene flow into the Hokkaido Jōmon population (as well as other possibilities). A more recent study by Cooke et al. 2021, confirmed ANE-related geneflow among the Jōmon people, partially ancestral to the Ainu people. ANE ancestry among Jōmon people is estimated at 21%, however, there is a North to South cline within the Japanese archipelago, with the highest amount of ANE ancestry in Hokkaido and Tohoku." ref "Haplogroup R1 is very common throughout all of Eurasia except East Asia and Southeast Asia. Its distribution is believed to be associated with the re-settlement of Eurasia following the last glacial maximum. Its main subgroups are R1a and R1b." ref "The split of R1a (M420) is computed to ca 25,000 years ago or roughly the last glacial maximum. A large study using 16,244 individuals from over 126 populations from across Eurasia, concluded that there was compelling evidence that "the initial episodes of haplogroup R1a diversification likely occurred in the vicinity of present-day Iran." ref "A subclade of haplogroup R1a (especially haplogroup R1a1) is the most common haplogroup in large parts of South Asia, Eastern Europe, Central Asia, Western China, and South Siberia. One subclade of haplogroup R1b (especially R1b1a2), is the most common haplogroup in Western Europe and Bashkortostan which is a federal subject of Russia. It is located between the Volga River and the Ural Mountains." ref Haplogroup R possible time of origin about 27,000 years in Central Asia, South Asia, or Siberia: - Mal'ta–Buret' culture (24,000-15,000 years ago) - Afontova Gora culture (21,000-12,000 years ago) - Trialetian culture (16,000–8000 years ago) - Samara culture (7,000-6,500 years ago) - Khvalynsk culture (7,000-6,500 years ago) - Afanasievo culture (5,300-4,500 years ago) - Yamna/Yamnaya Culture (5,300-4,500 years ago) - Andronovo culture (4,000–2,900 years ago) ref "Sequencing of another south-central Siberian, Afontova Gora-2 dating to approximately 17,000 years ago, revealed similar autosomal genetic signatures as MA-1, suggesting that the region was continuously occupied by humans throughout the Last Glacial Maximum." ref "Afontova Gora is a Late Upper Paleolithic Siberian complex of archaeological sites located on the left bank of the Yenisei River near the city of Krasnoyarsk, Russia. Afontova Gora has cultural and genetic links to the people from Mal'ta-Buret'. Afontova Gora II consists of 7 layers. Layer 3 from Afontova Gora II is the most significant: the layer produced the largest amount of cultural artefacts and is the layer where the human fossil remains were discovered. Over 20,000 artefacts were discovered at layer 3: this layer produced over 450 tools and over 250 osseous artefacts (bone, antler, ivory). The human fossil remains of Afontova Gora 2 discovered at Afontova Gora II dated to around 16,930-16,490 years ago. The individual showed close genetic affinities to Mal'ta 1 (Mal'ta boy). Afontova Gora 2 also showed more genetic affinity for the Karitiana people versus Han Chinese. Moreover, human fossil remains consisting of five lower teeth of a young girl (Afontova Gora 3) estimated to be around 14–15 years old is dated to around 16,130-15,749 BC (14,710±60 BP)." ref "The great majority of European ancestry derives from three distinct sources. 177 First, there is "hunter-gatherer-related" ancestry that is more closely related 178 to Mesolithic hunter-gatherers from Europe than to any other population, and that can be 179 further subdivided into "Eastern" (EHG) and "Western" (WHG) hunter-gatherer-related ancestry. 7 180 Second, there is "NW Anatolian Neolithic-related" ancestry related to the Neolithic farmers of northwest Anatolia and tightly linked to the appearance of agriculture.9,10 181 182 The third source, "steppe-related" ancestry, appears in Western Europe during the Late 183 Neolithic to Bronze Age transition and is ultimately derived from a population related to Yamnaya steppe pastoralists. 184 Steppe-related ancestry itself can be modeled as a mixture of 185 EHG-related ancestry, and ancestry related to Upper Palaeolithic hunter-gatherers of the Caucasus (CHG) and the first farmers of northern Iran." ref Map showing Afontova Gora (27) and Mal'ta (29), both circled. "Afontova Gora is an important site has cultural ties with Mal'ta and Buret', hundreds of kilometres to the south east. It is on a north flowing river, the Yenisei, Енисея. The settlement is dated to 20,000 – 18,000 years ago." ref Haplogroup R1b (R-M343), is the most frequently occurring paternal lineage in Western Europe, as well as some parts of Russia (e.g. the Bashkir minority) and Central Africa (e.g. Chad and Cameroon). The clade is also present at lower frequencies throughout Eastern Europe, Western Asia, as well as parts of North Africa and Central Asia. R1b also reaches high frequencies in the Americas and Australasia, due largely to immigration from Western Europe. There is an ongoing debate regarding the origins of R1b subclades found at significant levels among some indigenous peoples of the Americas, such as speakers of Algic languages in central Canada. It has been found in Bahrain, Bhutan, Ladakh, Tajikistan, Turkey, and Western China. The point of origin of R1b is thought to lie in Western Eurasia, most likely in Western Asia." ref "Within haplogroup R1b, there are extremely large subclades, R-U106 and R-P312. While these subclades are important to the overall picture, their size leads tonoise in the analysis of an R1b origin. It isthe minority branches of R1b (R-L278, R-V88, R-M73, R-YSC0000072/PF6426 andR-L23-) that provide the resolution required.(While the data from R-V88 supports anIberian origin, and along the Western Atlantic coast, with R-L278 origins south of the Pyrenees. And the Pyrenees, Spanish Pirineos, French Pyrénées, Catalan Pireneus, mountain chain of southwestern Europe that consists of flat-topped massifs and folded linear ranges. It stretches from the shores of the Mediterranean Sea on the east to the Bay of Biscay on the Atlantic Oceanon the west. The Pyrenees form a high wall between France and Spain that has played a significant role in the history of both countries and of Europe as a whole." ref, ref "R1b-V88 originated in Europe about 12 000 years ago and crossed to North Africa by about 8000 years ago; it may formerly have been common in southern Europe, where it has since been replaced by waves of other haplogroups, leaving remnant subclades almost excusively in Sardinia. It first radiated within Africa likely between 7 and 8 000 years ago – at the same time as trans-Saharan expansions within the unrelated haplogroups E-M2 and A-M13 – possibly due to population growth allowed by humid conditions and the adoption of livestock herding in the Sahara. R1b-V1589, the main subclade within R1b-V88, underwent a further expansion around 5500 years ago, likely in the Lake Chad Basin region, from which some lines recrossed the Sahara to North Africa." ref "The majority of modern R1b and R1a would have expanded from the Caspian Sea along with the Indo-European languages. And genetic studies support the Kurgan hypothesis regarding the Proto-Indo-European homeland. According to those studies, haplogroups R1b and R1a, now the most common in Europe (R1a is also common in South Asia) would have expanded from the West Eurasian Steppe, along with the Indo-European languages; they also detected an autosomal component present in modern Europeans which was not present in Neolithic Europeans, which would have been introduced with paternal lineages R1b and R1a, as well as Indo-European languages." ref The oldest human remains found to carry R1b include: - Villabruna 1 (individual I9030), found in an Epigravettian culture setting in the Cismon valley (modern Veneto, Italy), who lived circa 14,000 years BP and belonged to R1b-L754, - numerous individuals from the Mesolithic Iron Gates culture of the central Danube (modern Romania and Serbia), dating from 10,000 to 8,500 BP – most of them falling into R1b-L754; - two individuals, dating from circa 7,800–6,800 BP, found at the Zvejnieki burial ground, belonging to the Narva culture of the Baltic neolithic, both determined to belong to the R1b-P297 subclade, and; - the "Samara hunter-gatherer" (I0124/SVP44), who lived approximately 7,500 BP in the Volga River area and carried R1b-L278. ref "This burial is from the early Mesolithic stage which is proto-Lepenski Vir. Whereas, the general Lepenski Vir, located in Serbia, Mesolithic Iron Gates culture of the Balkans. Around 11,500/9,200–7,900 years ago." ref,ref, ref "A particularly important hunter-gatherer population that we report is from the Iron Gates region that straddles the border of present-day Romania and Serbia. This population (Iron_Gates_HG) is represented in our study by 40 individuals from five sites. Modeling Iron Gates hunter-gatherers as a mixture of WHG and EHG (Supplementary Table 3) shows that they are intermediate between WHG (~85%) and EHG (~15%). However, this qpAdm model 244 does not fit well (p=0.0003, Supplementary table 3) and the Iron Gates hunter-gatherers carry mitochondrial haplogroup K1 (7/40) as well as other subclades of haplogroups U (32/40) and H (1/40). This contrasts with WHG, EHG and Scandinavian hunter-gatherers who almost all carry haplogroups U5 or U2. One interpretation is that the Iron Gates hunter-gatherers have ancestry that is not present in either WHG or EHG. Possible scenarios include genetic contact between the ancestors of the Iron Gates population and Anatolia, or that the Iron Gates population is related to the source population from which the WHG split during a reexpansion into Europe from the Southeast after the Last Glacial Maximum." ref "A notable finding from the Iron Gates concerns the four individuals from the site of Lepenski Vir, two of whom (I4665 & I5405, 8,200-7,600 years ago), have entirely NW Anatolian Neolithicrelated ancestry. Strontium and Nitrogen isotope data indicate that both these individuals were migrants from outside the Iron Gates, and ate a primarily terrestrial diet. A third individual (I4666, 8,070 years ago) has a mixture of NW Anatolian Neolithic-related and hunter-gatherer-related ancestry and ate a primarily aquatic diet, while a fourth, probably earlier, individual (I5407) had entirely hunter-gatherer-related ancestry. We also identify one individual from Padina (I5232), dated to 7,950 years ago that had a mixture of NW Anatolian Neolithic-related and hunter-gatherer-related ancestry. These results demonstrate that the Iron Gates was a region of interaction between groups distinct in both ancestry and subsistence strategy." ref "R-M173, also known as R1, has been common throughout Europe and South Asia since pre-history. It is the second most common haplogroup in Indigenous peoples of the Americasfollowing haplogroup Q-M242, especially in the Algonquian peoples of Canada and the United States. There is a great similarity of many R-M173 subclades found in North America to those found in Siberia, suggesting prehistoric immigration from Asia and/or Beringia." ref Picture links: ref, ref, ref, ref "The Dyuktai culture was defined by Yuri Mochanov in 1967, following the Dyuktai Cave discovery on the Aldan River, Yakutia. In the Pleistocene deposits, at a 2-m depth, lithic tools and Pleistocene animal bones were exposed, radiocarbon dated to 14,000-12,000 BP. Further research in Yakutia resulted in the discovery of other Dyuktai culture sites on the Aldan, Olenyok, and Indigirka rivers. The sites are located along the banks and at the estuary capes of smaller tributaries. The Dyuktai culture tool assemblage is represented by choppers, wedge-shaped cores, microblades, end scrapers on blades, oval bifaces, points, as well as angle, dihedral, and transversal burins on flakes and blades. The emergence of the Dyuktai culture defines the time when the microblade technique first appeared in northeast Asia. Judging by bones found in the same layers with tools, the Dyuktai people used to hunt mammoth, wooly rhino, bison, horse, reindeer, moose, and snow ram. Fishing tools have not been excavated, although a few fish bones were found in the Dyuktai cave Pleistocene cultural levels." ref "The cultural materials at the sites were concentrated around small hearths with no special lining. The question of whether the bow and arrow existed in the Dyuktai culture has so far been open, because just a few stone points small enough to be used on arrows were found. Yu. Mochanov associates the Dyuktai culture emergence in Yakutia with the bifacial Paleolithic cultures coming from the southern Urals, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, and northern China. From Dyuktai materials of some stratified sites, Yu. Mochanov dated the Dyuktai culture to 35,000-11,500 BP. This date was broadly discussed by scholars within the debates on the question of the microblade industry emergence in Siberia and aroused some serious objections. The dates exceeding 25,000 BP are deemed to be erroneous, so the microblade technique appeared in Siberia no earlier than 25,000 BP. A. Derevyanko supposes that the origin of the Dyuktai culture can be found on the Selemja River, tributary of the Amur, in the Selemja culture, by 25000-11000 BP." ref "The Dyuktai tradition was spread over all of northeast Asia. In Kamchatka, it has been represented by the materials of the Late Ushki Upper Paleolithic culture in levels V and VI of the Ushki I-V sites. It determines the latest period in the Dyuktai tradition development, 10,800-8800 BP. Its general outlook differs significantly from that of the Dyuktai culture in Yakutia. The sites are located on the bank of a small lake in the valley of Kamchatka's largest river in its medium flow. The exposed dwellings are represented by surface, teepee-type, 8-16 m2, and semi-subterranean with the corridor, 10-44 m2, with circular stone hearths in the center. Several inhabited horizons exposed on the site and numerous stone tools, burials, and caches found in the dwellings testify to its long-term use, perhaps even as a winter camp." ref "Judging by tooth remains in the cultural level, its people hunted for reindeer, bison, and moose. Burned salmon and other fish bones found in the hearths as well as the sites location at the spawning lake confirm the existence of fishing. The tool assemblage of the Ushki culture consisted of small- and medium-sized bifacial projectile points; end scrapers; angle, transversal, and dihedral burins; semilunar and oval bifaces; end scrapers on blades and flakes; microblades and wedge-shaped cores; and grooved pumice shaft straighteners. Ornaments were represented by oval pendants. In the dwellings, a pair and a group (as many as five human bodies) children's burial were found. The corpses in both graves were in a flexed position and covered with ochre. The bottom of the pair-burial grave was covered with lemming incisors; the group burial was covered with a large animal's scapula. The rich burial inventory included arrow and spear points, leaf-shaped knives, grinding plates, grooved pumice shaft." ref "To help with geography, the following google map shows the following locations: A=the Altai Republic, in Russia, B=Mal'ta, the location of the 24,000 year old skeletal remains and C=Lake Baikal, the region from where the Native American population originated in Asia." ref The genome from Ust'-Ishim (Main Semi-Related Ancestor DNA Branch) "The Ust'-Ishim DNA was from northern Siberia that dates to 45,000 years ago, from the bank of the Irtysh River, which is in the Siberian plain near Omsk. Its source lies in the Mongolian Altai in Dzungaria (the northern part of Xinjiang, China) close to the border with Mongolia. The Ob-Irtysh system forms a major drainage basin in Asia, encompassing most of Western Siberia and the Altai Mountains." ref, ref "Ust'-Ishim is more similar to genomes of non-Africans than it is to sub-Saharan African genomes. Ust'-Ishim is not more like the Mal'ta genome than it is like any other genomes of Asians or Native Americans. It is not like any living population of Asians or Native Americans more than any other." ref Link to Enlarge Population history inferences "The MA-1 sequence compare to that of another 40,000-year-old individual from Tianyuan Cave, China whose genome has been partially sequenced. This Chinese individual has been shown to be ancestral to both modern-day Asians and Native Americans. This comparison was particularly useful, because it showed that MA-1 is not closely related to the Tianyuan Cave individual, and is more closely related to Native Americans. This means that MA-1's line and Tianyuan Cave's line had not yet met and admixed into the population that would become the Native Americans. That occurred sometime later than 24,000 years ago and probably before crossing Beringia into North America sometime between about 18,000 and 20,000 years ago." ref "A basal Ancestral Native American (ANA) lineage. This lineage formed by admixture of early East Asian and Ancient North Eurasian lineages prior to the Last Glacial Maximum, ca. 36–25 kya. Basal ANA diverged into an "Ancient Beringian" (AB) lineage at ca. 20 kya. The non-AB lineage further diverged into "Northern Native American" (NNA) and "Southern Native American" (SNA) lineages between about 17.5 and 14.6 kya. Most pre-Columbian lineages are derived from NNA and SNA, except for the American Arctic, where there is evidence of later (after 10kya) admixture from Paleo-Siberian lineages." ref "DNA of a 12,500+-year-old infant from Montana was sequenced from a skeleton referred to as Anzick-1, found in close association with several Clovis artifacts. Comparisons showed strong affinities with DNA from Siberian sites, and virtually ruled out that particular individual had any close affinity with European sources (the "Solutrean hypothesis"). The DNA also showed strong affinities with all existing Amerindian populations, which indicated that all of them derive from an ancient population that lived in or near Siberia, the Upper Palaeolithic Mal'ta population." ref "Native Americans descend of at least three main migrant waves from East Asia. Most of it is traced back to a single ancestral population, called 'First Americans'. However, those who speak Inuit languages from the Arctic inherited almost half of their ancestry from a second East Asian migrant wave. And those who speak Na-dene, on the other hand, inherited a tenth of their ancestry from a third migrant wave. The initial settling of the Americas was followed by a rapid expansion southwards, by the coast, with little gene flow later, especially in South America. One exception to this are the Chibcha speakers, whose ancestry comes from both North and South America." ref "Linguistic studies have backed up genetic studies, with ancient patterns having been found between the languages spoken in Siberia and those spoken in the Americas. Two 2015 autosomal DNA genetic studies confirmed the Siberian origins of the Natives of the Americas. However an ancient signal of shared ancestry with Australasians (Natives of Australia, Melanesia and the Andaman Islands) was detected among the Natives of the Amazon region. The migration coming out of Siberia would have happened 23,000 years ago." ref "R1 is very common throughout all of Eurasia except East Asia and Southeast Asia. R1 (M173) is found predominantly in North American groups like the Ojibwe (50-79%), Seminole (50%), Sioux(50%), Cherokee (47%), Dogrib (40%) and Tohono O'odham (Papago) (38%). Skeletal remain of a south-central Siberian child carrying R* y-dna (Mal'ta boy-1) "is basal to modern-day western Eurasians and genetically closely related to modern-day Amerindians, with no close affinity to east Asians. This suggests that populations related to contemporary western Eurasians had a more north-easterly distribution 24,000 years ago than commonly thought." Sequencing of another south-central Siberian (Afontova Gora-2) revealed that "western Eurasian genetic signatures in modern-day Amerindians derive not only from post-Columbian admixture, as commonly thought, but also from a mixed ancestry of the First Americans." It is further theorized if "Mal'ta might be a missing link, a representative of the Asian population that admixed both into Europeans and Native Americans." ref Swan Point 15,000 – 14,200 years ago "It is significant that Swan Point is not only the oldest site (radiocarbon dated between circa 15,000 and 14,200 cal. BP), but also contains microblade technology throughout the multiple components. This makes the site comparable with the other Tanana Valley sites, yet distinctive- a position that may be advantageous for testing theories on site formation, group mobility, and landscape exploitation patterns." ref "Microblade technology, exemplified by the Dyuktai culture of Siberia, has been seen as linked to early cultures in Alaska, e.g., Denali complex and American Paleoarctic tradition. Clovis-like characteristics (e.g., blades, bifaces, scrapers and gravers) found in the Nenana complex, have been argued as evidence for a regional presence of the Paleoindian tradition. Swan Point appears to have aspects of both of these complexes at the earliest levels, as well as multiple occupation levels that range from the terminal Pleistocene to the late Holocene. Swan Point has the potential to provide information on past life ways that would be of interest locally, regionally, and hemispherically." ref "Evidence of charcoal that has been radiocarbon dated to approximately 14,000 years ago. The charcoal dating makes this the oldest known site in the Tanana River Valley. The mammoth artifacts found in the Latest Pleistocene zone date to approximately 14,000 cal years ago. With no other mammoth remains found beyond tusk ivory, it is assumed that the people who lived on the site scavenged the ivory rather than hunting the mammoth themselves." ref Terminal Pleistocene "This is the oldest cultural level from approximately 11,660 cal – 10,000 cal years ago. Artifactsfound at this level include worked mammoth tusk fragments, microblades, microblade core preparation flakes, blades, dihedral burins, red ochre, pebble hammers, and quartz hammer tools and choppers. The microblades found at this zone are significant as they are the oldest securely dated microblades in eastern Beringia." ref Latest Pleistocene "A variety of bifacial points were found at this level, which dates to approximately 10,230 ± 80 cal years ago, including lanceolate points with convex to straight bases, along with graver spurs, quartz pebble choppers and hammers.The mammoth artifacts found in the Latest Pleistocene zone date to approximately 14,000 cal years ago. With no other mammoth remains found beyond tusk ivory, it is assumed that the people who lived on the site scavenged the ivory rather than hunting the mammoth themselves." ref Migration map of Y-haplogroup R1b from the Paleolithic to the end of the Bronze Age (c. 1000BCE) ref Paleolithic mammoth hunters "Haplogroup R* originated in North Asia just before the Last Glacial Maximum (26,500-19,000 years ago). This haplogroup has been identified in the remains of a 24,000 year-old boy from the Altai region, in south-central Siberia. This individual belonged to a tribe of mammoth hunters that may have roamed across Siberia and parts of Europe during the Paleolithic. Autosomally this Paleolithic population appears to have contributed mostly to the ancestry of modern Europeans and South Asians, the two regions where haplogroup R also happens to be the most common nowadays (R1b in Western Europe, R1a in Eastern Europe, Central and South Asia, and R2 in South Asia)." ref "The oldest forms of R1b (M343, P25, L389) are found dispersed at very low frequencies from Western Europe to India, a vast region where could have roamed the nomadic R1b hunter-gatherers during the Ice Age. The three main branches of R1b1 (R1b1a, R1b1b, R1b1c) all seem to have stemmed from the Middle East. The southern branch, R1b1c (V88), is found mostly in the Levant and Africa. The northern branch, R1b1a (P297), seems to have originated around the Caucasus, eastern Anatolia or northern Mesopotamia, then to have crossed over the Caucasus, from where they would have invaded Europe and Central Asia. R1b1b (M335) has only been found in Anatolia." ref Neolithic cattle herders "It has been hypothetised that R1b people (perhaps alongside neighbouring J2 tribes) were the first to domesticate cattle in northern Mesopotamia some 10,500 years ago. R1b tribes descended from mammoth hunters, and when mammoths went extinct, they started hunting other large game such as bisons and aurochs. With the increase of the human population in the Fertile Crescent from the beginning of the Neolithic (starting 12,000 years ago), selective hunting and culling of herds started replacing indiscriminate killing of wild animals. The increased involvement of humans in the life of aurochs, wild boars and goats led to their progressive taming. Cattle herders probably maintained a nomadic or semi-nomadic existence, while other people in the Fertile Crescent (presumably represented by haplogroups E1b1b, G and T) settled down to cultivate the land or keep smaller domesticates." ref "The analysis of bovine DNA has revealed that all the taurine cattle (Bos taurus) alive today descend from a population of only 80 aurochs. The earliest evidence of cattle domestication dates from circa 8,500 BCE in the Pre-Pottery Neolithic cultures in the Taurus Mountains. The two oldest archaeological sites showing signs of cattle domestication are the villages of Çayönü Tepesi in southeastern Turkey and Dja'de el-Mughara in northern Iraq, two sites only 250 km away from each others. This is presumably the area from which R1b lineages started expanding – or in other words the "original homeland" of R1b." ref "The early R1b cattle herders would have split in at least three groups. One branch (M335) remained in Anatolia, but judging from its extreme rarity today wasn't very successful, perhaps due to the heavy competition with other Neolithic populations in Anatolia, or to the scarcity of pastures in this mountainous environment. A second branch migrated south to the Levant, where it became the V88 branch. Some of them searched for new lands south in Africa, first in Egypt, then colonising most of northern Africa, from the Mediterranean coast to the Sahel. The third branch (P297), crossed the Caucasus into the vast Pontic-Caspian Steppe, which provided ideal grazing grounds for cattle. They split into two factions: R1b1a1 (M73), which went east along the Caspian Sea to Central Asia, and R1b1a2 (M269), which at first remained in the North Caucasus and the Pontic Steppe between the Dnieper and the Volga. It is not yet clear whether M73 actually migrated across the Caucasus and reached Central Asia via Kazakhstan, or if it went south through Iran and Turkmenistan. In any case, M73 would be a pre-Indo-European branch of R1b, just like V88 and M335." ref "R1b-M269 (the most common form in Europe) is closely associated with the diffusion of Indo-European languages, as attested by its presence in all regions of the world where Indo-European languages were spoken in ancient times, from the Atlantic coast of Europe to the Indian subcontinent, which comprised almost all Europe (except Finland, Sardinia and Bosnia-Herzegovina), Anatolia, Armenia, European Russia, southern Siberia, many pockets around Central Asia (notably in Xinjiang, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan and Afghanistan), without forgetting Iran, Pakistan, northern India and Nepal. The history of R1b and R1a are intricately connected to each others." ref The Levantine & African branch of R1b (V88) "Like its northern counterpart (R1b-M269), R1b-V88 is associated with the domestication of cattle in northern Mesopotamia. Both branches of R1b probably split soon after cattle were domesticated, approximately 10,500 years ago (8,500 BCE). R1b-V88 migrated south towards the Levant and Egypt. The migration of R1b people can be followed archeologically through the presence of domesticated cattle, which appear in central Syria around 8,000-7,500 BCE (late Mureybet period), then in the Southern Levant and Egypt around 7,000-6,500 BCE (e.g. at Nabta Playa and Bir Kiseiba). Cattle herders subsequently spread across most of northern and eastern Africa. The Sahara desert would have been more humid during the Neolithic Subpluvial period (c. 7250-3250 BCE), and would have been a vast savannah full of grass, an ideal environment for cattle herding." ref "Evidence of cow herding during the Neolithic has shown up at Uan Muhuggiag in central Libya around 5500 BCE, at the Capeletti Cave in northern Algeria around 4500 BCE. But the most compelling evidence that R1b people related to modern Europeans once roamed the Sahara is to be found at Tassili n'Ajjer in southern Algeria, a site famous pyroglyphs (rock art) dating from the Neolithic era. Some painting dating from around 3000 BCE depict fair-skinned and blond or auburn haired women riding on cows. The oldest known R1b-V88 sample in Europe is a 6,200 year-old farmer/herder from Catalonia. Autosomally this individual was a typical Near Eastern farmer, possessing just a little bit of Mesolithic West European admixture." ref "After reaching the Maghreb, R1b-V88 cattle herders could have crossed the Strait of Gibraltar to Iberia, probably accompanied by G2 farmers, J1 and T1a goat herders. These North African Neolithic farmers/herders could have been the ones who established the Almagra Pottery culturein Andalusia in the 6th millennium BCE. R1b-V88 would have crossed the Sahara between 9,200 and 5,600 years ago, and is most probably associated with the diffusion of Chadic languages, a branch of the Afroasiatic languages. V88 would have migrated from Egypt to Sudan, then expanded along the Sahel until northern Cameroon and Nigeria. However, R1b-V88 is not only present among Chadic speakers, but also among Senegambian speakers (Fula-Hausa) and Semitic speakers (Berbers, Arabs)." ref "R1b-V88 is found among the native populations of Rwanda, South Africa, Namibia, Angola, Congo, Gabon, Equatorial Guinea, Ivory Coast, Guinea-Bissau. The wide distribution of V88 in all parts of Africa, its incidence among herding tribes, and the coalescence age of the haplogroup all support a Neolithic dispersal. In any case, a later migration out of Egypt would be improbable since it would have brought haplogroups that came to Egypt during the Bronze Age, such as J1, J2, R1a or R1b-L23." ref The maternal lineages associated with the spread of R1b-V88 in Africa are mtDNA haplogroups J1b, U5 and V, and perhaps also U3 and some H subclades (=> see Retracing the mtDNA haplogroups of the original R1b people). ref The North Caucasus and the Pontic-Caspian steppe : the Indo-European link "Modern linguists have placed the Proto-Indo-European homeland in the Pontic-Caspian Steppe, a distinct geographic and archeological region extending from the Danube estuary to the Ural mountains to the east and North Caucasus to the south. The Neolithic, Eneolithic and early Bronze Age cultures in Pontic-Caspian steppe has been called the Kurgan culture (4200-2200 BCE) by Marija Gimbutas, due to the lasting practice of burying the deads under mounds ("kurgan") among the succession of cultures in that region. It is now known that kurgan-type burials only date from the 4th millenium BCE and almost certainly originated south of the Caucasus. The genetic diversity of R1b being greater around eastern Anatolia, it is hard to deny that R1b evolved there before entering the steppe world." ref "Horse domesticated around 4600 BCE in the Caspian Steppe, perhaps somewhere around the Don or the lower Volga, and soon became a defining element of steppe culture. Nevertheless it is unlikely that R1b was already present in the eastern steppes at the time, so the domestication of the horse should be attributed to the indigenous R1a people, or tribes belonging to the older R1b-P297 branch, which settled in eastern Europe during the Late Paleolithic or Mesolithic period. Samples from Mesolithic Samara (Haak 2015) and Latvia (Jones 2017) all belonged to R1b-P297. Autosomally these Mesolithic R1a and R1b individuals were nearly pure Mesolithic East European, sometimes with a bit of Siberian admixture, but lacked the additional Caucasian admixture found in the Chalcolithic Afanasevo, Yamna and Corded Ware samples." ref It is not yet entirely clear when R1b-M269 crossed over from the South Caucasus to the Pontic-Caspian steppe. This might have happened with the appearance of the Dnieper-Donets culture(c. 5100-4300 BCE). This was the first truly Neolithic society in the Pontic-Caspian Steppe. Domesticated animals (cattle, sheep and goats) were herded throughout the steppes and funeral rituals were elaborate. Sheep wool would play an important role in Indo-European society, notably in the Celtic and Germanic (R1b branches of the Indo-Europeans) clothing traditions up to this day. However, many elements indicate a continuity in the Dnieper-Donets culture with the previous Mesolithic hunter-gatherers, and at the same time an influence from the Balkans and Carpathians, with regular imports of pottery and copper objects. It is therefore more likely that Dnieper-Donets marked the transition of indigenous R1a and/or I2a1b people to early agriculture, perhaps with an influx of Near Eastern farmers from 'Old Europe'. "Over 30 DNA samples from Neolithic Ukraine (5500-4800 BCE). They belonged to Y-haplogroups I, I2a2, R1a, R1b1a (L754) and one R1b1a2 (L388). None of them belonged to R1b-M269 or R1b-L23 clades, which dominated during the Yamna period. Mitochondrial lineages were also exclusively of Mesolithic European origin (U4a, U4b, U4d, U5a1, U5a2, U5b2, as well as one J2b1 and one U2e1). None of those maternal lineages include typical Indo-European haplogroups, like H2a1, H6, H8, H15, I1a1, J1b1a, W3, W4 or W5 that would later show up in the Yamna, Corded Ware and Unetice cultures. Indeed, autosomally genomes from Neolithic Ukraine were purely Mesolithic European (about 90% EHG and 10% WHG) and completely lacked the Caucasian (CHG) admxiture later found in Yamna and subsequent Indo-European cultures during the Bronze Age." ref "The first clearly Proto-Indo-European cultures were the Khvalynsk (5200-4500 BCE) and Sredny Stog (4600-3900 BCE) cultures in the Pontic-Caspian Steppe. This is when small kurgan burials begin to appear, with the distinctive posturing of the dead on the back with knees raised and oriented toward the northeast, which would be found in later steppe cultures as well. There is evidence of population blending from the variety of skull shapes. Towards the end of the 5th millennium, an elite starts to develop with cattle, horses and copper used as status symbols. It is at the turn of the Khvalynsk and Sredny Stog periods that R1b-M269's main subclade, L23, is thought to have appeared, around 4,500 BCE. 99% of Indo-European R1b descends from this L23 clade. The other branch descended from M269 is PF7562, which is found mostly in the Balkans, Turkey and Armenia today, and may represent an early Steppe migration to the Balkans dating from the Sredny Stog period." ref "Another migration across the Caucasus happened shortly before 3700 BCE, when the Maykop culture, the world's first Bronze Age society, suddenly materialised in the north-west Caucasus, apparently out of nowhere. The origins of Maykop are still uncertain, but archeologists have linked it to contemporary Chalcolithic cultures in Assyria and western Iran. Archeology also shows a clear diffusion of bronze working and kurgan-type burials from the Maykop culture to the Pontic Steppe, where the Yamna culture developed soon afterwards (from 3500 BCE). Kurgan (a.k.a. tumulus) burials would become a dominant feature of ancient Indo-European societies and were widely used by the Celts, Romans, Germanic tribes, and Scythians, among others." ref "The Yamna period (3500-2500 BCE) is the most important one in the creation of Indo-European culture and society. Middle Eastern R1b-M269 people had been living and blending to some extent with the local R1a foragers and herders for over a millennium, perhaps even two or three. The close cultural contact and interactions between R1a and R1b people all over the Pontic-Caspian Steppe resulted in the creation of a common vernacular, a new lingua franca, which linguists have called Proto-Indo-European (PIE). It is pointless to try to assign another region of origin to the PIE language. Linguistic similarities exist between PIE and Caucasian and Hurrian languages in the Middle East on the one hand, and Uralic languages in the Volga-Ural region on the other hand, which makes the Pontic Steppe the perfect intermediary region." ref "During the Yamna period cattle and sheep herders adopted wagons to transport their food and tents, which allowed them to move deeper into the steppe, giving rise to a new mobile lifestyle that would eventually lead to the great Indo-European migrations. This type of mass migration in which whole tribes moved with the help of wagons was still common in Gaul at the time of Julius Caesar, and among Germanic peoples in the late Antiquity. The Yamna horizon was not a single, unified culture. In the south, along the northern shores of the Black Sea coast until the the north-west Caucasus, was a region of open steppe, expanding eastward until the Caspian Sea, Siberia and Mongolia (the Eurasian Steppe)." ref "The western section, between the Don and Dniester Rivers (and later the Danube), was the one most densely settled by R1b people, with only a minority of R1a people (5-10%). The eastern section, in the Volga basin until the Ural mountains, was inhabited by R1a people with a substantial minority of R1b people (whose descendants can be found among the Bashkirs, Turkmans, Uyghurs and Hazaras, among others). The northern part of the Yamna horizon was forest-steppe occupied by R1a people, also joined by a small minority of R1b (judging from Corded Ware samples and from modern Russians and Belarussians, whose frequency of R1b is from seven to nine times lower than R1a). The western branch would migrate to the Balkans and Greece, then to Central and Western Europe, and back to their ancestral Anatolia in successive waves (Hittites, Phrygians, Armenians, etc.). The eastern branch would migrate to Central Asia, Xinjiang, Siberia, and South Asia (Iran, Pakistan, India). The northern branch would evolve into the Corded Ware culture and disperse around the Baltic, Poland, Germany and Scandinavia." ref The Maykop culture, the R1b link to the Steppe? "The Maykop culture (3700-2500 BCE) in the north-west Caucasus was culturally speaking a sort of southern extension of the Yamna horizon. Although not generally considered part of the Pontic-Caspian steppe culture due to its geography, the North Caucasus had close links with the steppes, as attested by numerous ceramics, gold, copper and bronze weapons and jewelry in the contemporaneous cultures of Mikhaylovka, Sredny Stog and Kemi Oba. The link between the northern Black Sea coast and the North Caucasus is older than the Maykop period. Its predecessor, the Svobodnoe culture (4400-3700 BCE), already had links to the Suvorovo-Novodanilovka and early Sredny Stog cultures. The even older Nalchik settlement (5000-4500 BCE) in the North Caucasus displayed a similar culture as Khvalynsk in the Caspian Steppe and Volga region. This may be the period when R1b started interracting and blending with the R1a population of the steppes." ref "The Yamna and Maykop people both used kurgan burials, placing their deads in a supine position with raised knees and oriented in a north-east/south-west axis. Graves were sprinkled with red ochre on the floor, and sacrificed domestic animal buried alongside humans. They also had in common horses, wagons, a heavily cattle-based economy with a minority of sheep kept for their wool, use of copper/bronze battle-axes (both hammer-axes and sleeved axes) and tanged daggers. In fact, the oldest wagons and bronze artefacts are found in the North Caucasus, and appear to have spread from there to the steppes." ref "Maykop was an advanced Bronze Age culture, actually one of the very first to develop metalworking, and therefore metal weapons. The world's oldest sword was found at a late Maykop grave in Klady kurgan 31. Its style is reminiscent of the long Celtic swords, though less elaborated. Horse bones and depictions of horses already appear in early Maykop graves, suggesting that the Maykop culture might have been founded by steppe people or by people who had close link with them. However, the presence of cultural elements radically different from the steppe culture in some sites could mean that Maykop had a hybrid population. Without DNA testing it is impossible to say if these two populations were an Anatolian R1b group and a G2a Caucasian group, or whether R1a people had settled there too. The two or three ethnicities might even have cohabited side by side in different settlements. The one typical Caucasian Y-DNA lineage that does follow the pattern of Indo-European migrations is G2a-L13, which is found throughout Europe, Central Asia and South Asia. In the Balkans, the Danube basin and Central Europe its frequency is somewhat proportional to the percentage of R1b." ref "Maykop people are the ones credited for the introduction of primitive wheeled vehicles (wagons) from Mesopotamia to the Steppe. This would revolutionise the way of life in the steppe, and would later lead to the development of (horse-drawn) war chariots around 2000 BCE. Cavalry and chariots played an vital role in the subsequent Indo-European migrations, allowing them to move quickly and defeat easily anybody they encountered. Combined with advanced bronze weapons and their sea-based culture, the western branch (R1b) of the Indo-Europeans from the Black Sea shores are excellent candidates for being the mysterious Sea Peoples, who raided the eastern shores of the Mediterranean during the second millennium BCE." ref "The rise of the IE-speaking Hittites in Central Anatolia happened a few centuries after the disappearance of the Maykop and Yamna cultures. Considering that most Indo-European forms of R1b found in Anatolia today belong to the R1b-Z2103 subclade, it makes little doubt that the Hittites came to Anatolia via the Balkans, after Yamna/Maykop people invaded Southeast Europe. The Maykop and Yamna cultures were succeeded by the Srubna culture (1600-1200 BCE), possibly representing an advance of R1a-Z282 people from the northern steppes towards the Black Sea shores, filling the vacuum left by the R1b tribes who migrated to Southeast Europe and Anatolia." ref Trialetian culture (16,000–8000 years ago) "Trialetian is the name for an Upper Paleolithic–Epipaleolithic stone tool industry from the area south of the Caucasus Mountains and to the northern Zagros Mountains. It is tentatively dated to the period between 14,000 / 11,000 BCE and 6,000 BCE. The Trialetian culture was preceded by the Baradostian culture and followed by the Nemrikian culture. The name of the archaeological culture derives from sites in the district of Trialeti in south Georgian Khrami river basin. These sites include Barmaksyzkaya and Edzani-Zurtaketi. Major sites Trialeti, Shanidar Cave, Huto and Kamarband Caves, Kotias Klde. In Edzani, an Upper Paleolithic site, a significant percentage of the artifacts are made of obsidian. The Caucasian–Anatolian area of Trialetian culture was adjacent to the Iraqi–Iranian Zarzian culture to the east and south as well as the Levantine Natufian to the southwest. Alan H. Simmons describes the culture as "very poorly documented". In contrast, recent excavations in the Valley of Qvirila river, to the north of the Trialetian region, display a Mesolithic culture. The subsistence of these groups were based on hunting Capra caucasica, wild boar and brown bear." ref "Early Anatolian farmers derived the vast majority of their ancestry (~90%) from a population related to the Anatolian hunter-gatherer in the study. "This suggests a long-term genetic stability in central Anatolia over five millennia, despite changes in climate and subsistence strategy." ref "The Proto-Neolithic begins about 12500 cal BC and ended about 8400 cal BC, spanning more than four millennia. Therefore, we must acknowledge that this period, which includes the Natufian in the Levant and other contemporary cultures in the East (Zarzian and Trialetian) and also the PPNA (Period 2) in the Levant, and other contemporary cultures in the East (Mlefatian and Nemrikian). In the period begins about 14,500 – 11,500 cal years ago there are two noticeable peaks: the first one around 14,000 cal years ago applies to the Ancient Natufian culture found in the Levant, as confirmed by the dates from Hammeh, Mallaha, Beidha, the Hayonim cave or El Wad. It is interesting to note that sites further east that belong to different cultures such as Belt (the Trialetian culture), Shanidar (the Zarzian culture) or Okuzini are also occupied during this period. Ali Tappeh, on the Caspian Sea." ref "The second peak, around 13,000 cal years ago corresponds to the Recent Natufian culture where the majority of sites are found. The central point of the period is at around 13,098 cal years ago. Rosh Horesha, Nahal Oren, Mureybet, and Abu Hureyra stand out as being of a somewhat later Natufian culture. The two sites on the Euphrates mark the northern boundary of the Natufian region. At Abu Hureyra though, most of the dates are clustered between 13,000 – 12,000 cal years ago, a series of accelerated dates (OxA) would suggest occupation continued there until beyond 11,500 cal years ago. These could be indicative of a problem with the samples or the stratigraphy. At Mureybet, occupation would have taken place between 12,600 – 11,600 cal years ago." ref This could relate to the "Urfa Man and Gobekli Tepe both in the similar region and at a seeming similar time as the Trialetian culture. "13,500-year-old statue, the world's oldest, discovered during an excavation in Balıklıgöl." ref Shown in Turkey from the Province of Şanlıurfa "Urfa man, known formally as the Balikligöl statue, is the oldest human-size statue of a man yet discovered in the world. If Urfa man embraced a notion of fertility, and if he depicts a deceased person, it might not directly relate to the human, but symbolise the annual reappearance of the seasons, comparable to the Egyptian god Osiris who mysteriously germinated the world from his invisible realm of the dead. In relation to this, we recall the theme of a headless, ithyphallic man on pillar 43 (the 'vulture-stone') at Göbekli Tepe. This image merges a figure of death with a continuity of fecundity. Conversely, so to speak, there have been detached stone phalluses discovered at the site. It is likely that Urfa man, fervent in deceptive silence and stood at the boundary of the living and the dead, was consulted at night." ref "The European takeover of the Colony of Vancouver Island began in 1851. First Nations peoples vastly outnumbered settlers in 1860, yet almost no sign of their presence can be seen in the panorama of Victoria. The commonly used term Totem Pole refers to the tall cedar poles with multiple figures carved by Native people of the northern Northwest Coast. Several different types of monumental poles include: Mortuary poles made in the nineteenth century which housed the coffins of important people in a niche at the top; free standing memorial poles placed in front of houses to honor deceased chiefs; house frontal poles placed against the house front, often serving as doorways of houses; carved interior house posts that support roof beams. Carved of red cedar logs, the figures on totem poles are inherited crests, which identify the pole owners and tell their family histories." ref, ref "Totem poles (Gyáa'aang in the Haida language) are monumental carvings, a type of Northwest Coast art, consisting of poles, posts or pillars, carved with symbols or figures. They are usually made from large trees, mostly western red cedar, by First Nations and indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest coastincluding northern Northwest Coast Haida, Tlingit, and Tsimshiancommunities in Southeast Alaska and British Columbia, Kwakwaka'wakw and Nuu-chah-nulthcommunities in southern British Columbia, and the Coast Salish communities in Washingtonand British Columbia." ref, ref "Totem poles have been made throughout the history of the Inuit People. When christian settlers, missionaries, invaded these areas they either convinced the Inuits to destroy them (seeing them as heathen forms of worship) or destroyed them themselves. Currently the oldest still standing totem's are from the mid 1800's. While poles made by Native American tribes are the most famously known, the Mayans, Aztecs, Native Canadians, Native Australians, Maori, ingenious Koreans and ingenious Chinese are also known to have built totem poles. Totem poles are an ancient cultural practice of the Pacific Northwest, British Columbia, and Alaska. They have probably been made for as long as these areas have been inhabited but then don't tend to last over 100 years." ref, ref "Anybody who claims the Native Americans were the first to build totem poles are actually incorrect. Truth is, we don't know where they originated from. The empires of ancient China and ancient Korea have existed long before the native Americans settled. Ancient ingenious Chinese and Koreans erected small totems to signify their obedience to their Gods and respect to their ancestors. They were often also used by Native Australian tribes and Maori tribes to mark their territories, warning rival tribes that they are entering their land, as well as to tell stories like most totem poles. Aztec and Mayan totem poles were carved from stone, mostly limestone. The poles are carved with images or representations of great battles and representations of Gods." ref "The word totem derives from the Algonquian word odoodem [oˈtuːtɛm] meaning "(his) kinship group". The carvings may symbolize or commemorate ancestors, cultural beliefs that recount familiar legends, clan lineages, or notable events. The poles may also serve as functional architectural features, welcome signs for village visitors, mortuary vessels for the remains of deceased ancestors, or as a means to publicly ridicule someone. They may embody a historical narrative of significance to the people carving and installing the pole. Given the complexity and symbolic meanings of totem pole carvings, their placement and importance lies in the observer's knowledge and connection to the meanings of the figures and the culture in which they are embedded." ref "'Urfa Man' is not from Göbekli Tepe and was found in the area of the Pre-Pottery Neolithic site at Urfa-Yeni Mahalle / Yeni Yol, broken in four nearly equal pieces. The settlement was largely destroyed, but it featured a small T-shaped pillar similar to those from Göbekli Tepe's Layer II. This speaks for a PPN B date, as does the archaeological material recovered. The presence of a sculpture like the 'Urfa Man' and of T-shaped pillars are strong evidence for the presence of a special building inside the settlement at Urfa-Yeni Yol. It may have been comparable to the PPN B 'cult buildings' of Nevalı Çori." ref "New Neolithic cult centers and domestic settlements in the light of Urfa Region Surveys: The study concerns Neolithic period cult centres and settlements discovered recently during surface surveys in the central district of Urfa (Sanlıurfa) region in south-eastern Turkey. The presence of T-shaped pillars was ascertained at Ayanlar Höyük and Kurt Tepesi cult sites. Other settlements are domestic settlements arranged around cult centre settlements. Some sites belong to Pre Pottery Neolithic, and the others to Pottery Neolithic. They are believed to be coeval with Göbekli Tepe and Nevali Çori cult sites. Nineteen Neolithic sites were examined as a result of the studies conducted in the Urfa region, at Kurt Te-pesi, Guhera Abid Mevkii, Selamet Kuzey Mevkii, Se-lamet Kuzey Höyügü, Çam-çak Tepesi, Terzi Village Batı Mevkii, Sıluba Tepesi, Asagı Yazıcı Güney Mevkii, Mınzilit Feris, Mınzilit Hıleyil, Mınzilit I ·sa, KarakusKuzeybatı Mev-kii, Çillo Mevkii 1, Çillo Mev-kii 2, omuzcurnu Tepesi, Ne-bi Tarlası, Ömer AltundagTar-lası, Hasan Sırtı and Ayanlar Höyük, respectively." ref "Among these sites, T-shaped pillars were discovered at Kurt Te-pesi. At Ayanlar Höyük, on the other hand, a pedestal piece of what are thought to be T-shaped pillars and a lion head used for cult purposes have been unearthed. Based on these finds, Ayanlar Höyük is also thought to be a cult center. Flintstone tools and ceramics with characteristics of the Neolithic have been found at other sites. Selamet Guhera Abid Mevkii is one of the interesting sites discovered, and is thought to be a large snare area designed for catch-ing animals during this period." ref Assessment and conclusion of the 19 Neolithic sites in Urfa "Circular building architecture was unearthed at Se-lamet Kuzey Höyügü and Çamçak Tepe amongst the recently discovered sites. The remains of circular buildings were observed at Herzo Tepe, I ·nanlı Tepe, Hamzan Tepe and Sanlıurfa-Yeni Mahalle during studies conduct-ed in the region in previous years. Both T-shaped pil-lars and remains of circular buildings were encountered at Hamzan Tepe. Likewise, a body piece of a T-shaped pillar as well as the remains of circular ar-chitectural buildings were also discovered at Yeni Mahalle." ref "The number of examples of this architectural tradition, which also resembles the circular cult buildings from Layers II and III of Göbekli Tepe, is gradually rising every day as a result of surface surveys. Examples of such buildings should date to the early stages of the Pre-Pottery Neolithic period. Similar buildings were also encountered at settle-ments such as Çayönü, Hallan Çemi, Gusir Höyük, Hasankeyf Höyük and Körtik Tepe. The presence of T-shaped pillars is a feature com-mon to the Göbekli Tepe, Nevali Çori, Karahan Te-pe, Sefer Tepe, Taslı Tepe, Hamzan Tepe and Adıya-man Kilisik settlements. These pillars were also en-countered at Kurt Tepesi." ref "One of the pillars unearth-ed at Kurt Tepesi has necktie-shaped groove and chevron pattern relief that we recognise from Göbekli Tepe and Nevali Çori. The chevron pattern on the pillar at Kurt Tepesi is dis-tinct from the pattern on the pillars at Nevali Çori, as this pattern has a single strip. However, this pat-tern is similar to the single-strip pattern on pillar 18 at the center of building D in Göbekli Tepe. In particular, the T-shaped pillars un-earthed at Kurt Tepesi have several characteristics in common with Layer II of Göbekli Tepe and the cult building at Nevali Çori. Due to such similarities, Kurt Tepesi should be dated to the late PPPA and early PPNB." ref "Located approx. 10–15 km southeast of Karahan Te-pe, the Mınzilit I ·sa, Mınzilit Feris, Mınzilit Hıleyil and Asagı Yazıcı Güney Mevkii settlements present, due to their location, characteristics distinct from the Neolithic settlements. The common feature of these settlements is that they are generally found on the southern slope of a rocky plateau and that they were inhabited in all periods. No architectural ele-ments were encountered, as agricultural activities are being conducted on the land where the settle-ments are located. The fact that such small-scale set-tlements are located in the vicinity of Karahan Tepe, and that such settlements contain no cult finds sug-gest they might have been domestic settlements af-filiated with Karahan Tepe cult center." ref "Studies are being conducted at an area located ap-prox. 25km west of Sanlıurfa city centre in order to understand the discovery site of two artefacts from the Pre-Pottery Neolithic brought to Sanlıurfa Mu-seum in 2013 (Ercan, Çelik 2013.Figs. 1a–d, 3a–d). The studies conducted revealed that Ayanlar Höyük extends over an area of approx. 14ha. As a result of the research, the settlement was identified as a set-tlement inhabited during the Pre-Pottery Neolithic. Furthermore, seven additional satellite settlements thought to be affiliated to this settlement were also discovered during the surface survey carried out south of the Ayanlar Höyük." ref "Domuzcurnu Tepesi, Nebi Tarlası, Ömer AltundagTarlası, Hasan Sırtı, Çil-lo Mevkii 1 and Çillo Mevkii 2 settlements, located at distances varying from 2–7km from Ayanlar Hö-yük. Finds from both the Pre-Pottery and Pottery Neolithic were unearthed at these settlements. These settlements are arranged in the form of a large set-tlement site at the centre with smaller domestic set-tlements arranged around it, as at Karahan Tepe and Kurt Tepesi. Guhera Abid Mevkii was probably used for mass hunting and snaring of wild animals. The site is lo-cated approx. 3km southeast of the Selamet Kuzey Mevkii, Selamet Kuzey Höyügü and Kurt Tepesi set-tlements. This large snare area, the largest encoun-tered in the region so far, lies in a pass that sepa-rates the Harran Plain and Viransehir plain." ref "This site was most probably used for hunting antelope during the Neolithic period. The Çamçak Tepesi and Terzi village Batı Mevkii Neolithic settlements are located approx. 7km north- west of the Sefer Tepe site. These settlements were also probably domestic settlements of Sefer Tepe, like the Kocanizam, Basaran Höyük, Herzo Tepesi and I·nanlı Tepesi settlements. The Kurt Tepesi site has T-shaped pillars. An inter-esting fact is that this settlement is located at equal distances from both Karahan Tepe and Taslı Tepe. Karahan Tepe, Taslı Tepe and Kurt Tepesi are align-ed in a north-south direction, with 15km distance between the settlements." ref "Another common aspect of these settlements, which are not yet excavated, is that probably all three were constructed only for cult purposes. The studies conducted indicate that the number of settlements in the region from the Neolithic period is considerable. Moreover, the finds unearthed from several settlements not only represent the Pre-Pot-tery Neolithic but also the Pottery Neolithic period. The surface surveys revealed new cult buildings and domestic settlements that we believe were affiliated with such cult buildings. Research will continue in the future around the previously discovered cult buildings." ref "During the first phase, belonging to the Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA), circles of massive T-shaped stone pillars were erected – the world's oldest known megaliths. More than 200 pillars in about 20 circles are currently known through geophysical surveys. Each pillar has a height of up to 6 m (20 ft) and weighs up to 10 tons. They are fitted into sockets that were hewn out of the bedrock. In the second phase, belonging to the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB), the erected pillars are smaller and stood in rectangular rooms with floors of polished lime. The site was abandoned after the PPNB." ref Layer I "Layer I is the uppermost part of the hill. It is the shallowest, but accounts for the longest stretch of time. It consists of loose sediments caused by erosion and the virtually-uninterrupted use of the hill for agricultural purposes since it ceased to operate as a ceremonial center. The site was deliberately backfilled sometime after 8000 BCE: the buildings were buried under debris, mostly flint gravel, stone tools, and animal bones. In addition to Byblos points (weapon heads, such as arrowheads etc.) and numerous Nemrik points, Helwan-points, and Aswad-points dominate the backfill's lithic inventory." ref Layer II "Creation of the circular enclosures in layer III later gave way to the construction of small rectangular rooms in layer II. Rectangular buildings make a more efficient use of space compared with circular structures. They often are associated with the emergence of the Neolithic, but the T-shaped pillars, the main feature of the older enclosures, also are present here, indicating that the buildings of Layer II continued to serve the same function in the culture, presumably as sanctuaries. Layer II is assigned to Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB)." ref "The several adjoining rectangular, doorless and windowless rooms have floors of polished lime reminiscent of Roman terrazzo floors. Carbon dating has yielded dates between 8800 and 8000 BCE. Several T-pillars up to 1.5 meters tall occupy the center of the rooms. A pair decorated with fierce-looking lions is the rationale for the name "lion pillar building" by which their enclosure is known. A stone pillar resembling totem pole designs was discovered at Göbekli Tepe, Layer II in 2010. It is 1.92 metres high, and is superficially reminiscent of the totem poles in North America. The pole features three figures, the uppermost depicting a predator, probably a bear, and below it a human-like shape. Because the statue is damaged, the interpretation is not entirely clear. Fragments of a similar pole also were discovered about 20 years ago in another Turkey site at Nevalı Çori. Also, an older layer at Gobekli features some related sculptures portraying animals on human heads." ref Layer III "At this early stage of the site's history, circular compounds or temene first appear. They range from 10 to 30 metres in diameter. Their most notable feature is the presence of T-shaped limestone pillars evenly set within thick interior walls composed of unworked stone. Four such circular structures have been unearthed so far. Geophysical surveys indicate that there are 16 more, enclosing up to eight pillars each, amounting to nearly 200 pillars in all. The slabs were transported from bedrock pits located approximately 100 metres (330 ft) from the hilltop, with workers using flint points to cut through the limestone bedrock. Two taller pillars stand facing one another at the centre of each circle. Whether the circles were provided with a roof is uncertain. Stone benches designed for sitting are found in the interior." ref "Many of the pillars are decorated with abstract, enigmatic pictograms and carved animal reliefs. The pictograms may represent commonly understood sacred symbols, as known from Neolithiccave paintings elsewhere. The reliefs depict mammals such as lions, bulls, boars, foxes, gazelles, and donkeys; snakes and other reptiles; arthropods such as insects and arachnids; and birds, particularly vultures. At the time the edifice was constructed, the surrounding country was likely to have been forested and capable of sustaining this variety of wildlife, before millennia of human settlement and cultivation led to the near–Dust Bowl conditions prevalent today. Vultures also feature prominently in the iconography of Çatalhöyük and Jericho." ref "Few humanoid figures have appeared in the art at Göbekli Tepe. Some of the T-shaped pillars have human arms carved on their lower half, however, suggesting to site excavator Schmidt that they are intended to represent the bodies of stylized humans (or perhaps deities). Loincloths appear on the lower half of a few pillars. The horizontal stone slab on top is thought by Schmidt to symbolize shoulders, which suggests that the figures were left headless. Whether they were intended to serve as surrogate worshippers, symbolize venerated ancestors, or represent supernatural, anthropomorphic beings is not known.Some of the floors in this, the oldest, layer are made of terrazzo (burnt lime), others are bedrock from which pedestals to hold the large pair of central pillars were carved in high relief. Radiocarbon dating places the construction of these early circles in the range of 9600 to 8800 BCE. Carbon dating suggests that (for reasons unknown) the enclosures were backfilled during the Stone Age." ref "Karahan Tepe is the sister site to the enigmatic Göbekli Tepe, that sits around 23 miles southeast of Göbekli, upon an elevated limestone ridge. It has many striking similarities to Göbekli. Firstly, it consists of T-Shaped pillars – 266 of them that mostly form parallel rows. The pillars have relief carvings, and the site appears, like Göbekli, to be deliberately buried under a great artificial mound, although this could be natural, as after 10,500 years the accumulation of dirt, combined with high winds, could have covered it back up. The comparisons do not end there. It also has serpent relief carvings, strange rock indentations, large cup-marks, porthole stones, and an unfinished T-shaped pillar still in the quarry. Like Göbekli Tepe it is located within the boundaries of Sanliurfa (ancient Edessa – the birthplace of Abraham) around 30 miles from the city." ref "One T-shaped pillar measure it and discovered it was indeed 18 feet (5.5 metres) in length with a maximum width of 6.6 feet (2 metres) across its T-shaped head. This is similar in size to the twin monoliths at the centre of Göbekli's Enclosure C and D. (3). The weathering was vey bad, much like the exposed parts of the pillars on the main hill. However, what lies underneath could be as well preserved as Göbekli Tepe. There was further evidence of another unfinished T-shaped pillar on the eastern slope, next to other carvings, and what looked like a water channel leading through the bedrock. This pillar was smaller, perhaps 12-14ft long, and was more difficult to discern to the naked eye. As with Göbekli Tepe, there are cup-marks all over the bedrock, which indicates this was in use long before the cup-mark phenomenon began in Britain, and could have even been the inspiration for it. Altogether, Karahan Tepe is a fascinating site that begs excavation, as the significance of the nearby Göbekli Tepe has now hit the headlines." ref "The Tektek Mountains are a range of mountains located east of Şanlıurfa (Urfa, formerly Edessa) in southeastern Turkey near the border with Syria known for the proliferation of large stone markers and cairns at summit of every height. There are also at least two ancient sites located there: Karahan Tepe and Sumatar Harabesi. The Tektek Mountains are located on the northern border of the Urfa-Harran plain, between the headwaters of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, some 63 kilometers (39 mi) east of Urfa, and Sumatar Harabesi, some 60 kilometers (37 mi) from the same. Sumatar Harabesi is an oasis that served as an ancient watering hole for semi-nomadic peoples, as well as a sacred site with baetyls and altars dedicated to the worship of the deity, Sin." ref ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref "Several linguists and geneticists suggest that the Uralic languages are related to various Siberian languages and possibly also some languages of northern Native Americans. A proposed family is named Uralo-Siberian, it includes Uralic, Yukaghir, Eskimo–Aleut (Inuit), possibly Nivkh, and Chukotko-Kamchatkan. Haplogroup Q is found in nearly all Native Americans and nearly all of the Yeniseian Ket people (90%)." ref, ref You can find some form of Shamanism, among Uralic, Transeurasian, Dené–Yeniseian, Chukotko-Kamchatkan, and Eskaleut languages. My speculations of shamanism are its dispersals, after 24,000 to 4,000 years ago, seem to center on Lake Baikal and related areas. To me, the hotspot of Shamanism goes from west of Lake Baikal in the "Altai Mountains" also encompassing "Lake Baikal" and includes the "Amur Region/Watershed" east of Lake Baikal as the main location Shamanism seems to have radiated out from. Shamanistic and Animistic Cultures map by "The Shamanism Magazine" (http://SacredHoop.org) People don't commonly teach religious history, even that of their own claimed religion. No, rather they teach a limited "pro their religion" history of their religion from a religious perspective favorable to the religion of choice. Do you truly think "Religious Belief" is only a matter of some personal choice? Do you not see how coercive one's world of choice is limited to the obvious hereditary belief, in most religious choices available to the child of religious parents or caregivers? Religion is more commonly like a family, culture, society, etc. available belief that limits the belief choices of the child and that is when "Religious Belief" is not only a matter of some personal choice and when it becomes hereditary faith, not because of the quality of its alleged facts or proposed truths but because everyone else important to the child believes similarly so they do as well simply mimicking authority beliefs handed to them. Because children are raised in religion rather than being presented all possible choices but rather one limited dogmatic brand of "Religious Belief" where children only have a choice of following the belief as instructed, and then personally claim the faith hereditary belief seen in the confirming to the belief they have held themselves all their lives. This is obvious in statements asked and answered by children claiming a faith they barely understand but they do understand that their family believes "this or that" faith, so they feel obligated to believe it too. While I do agree that "Religious Belief" should only be a matter of some personal choice, it rarely is… End Hereditary Religion! Animism: Respecting the Living World by Graham Harvey "How have human cultures engaged with and thought about animals, plants, rocks, clouds, and other elements in their natural surroundings? Do animals and other natural objects have a spirit or soul? What is their relationship to humans? In this new study, Graham Harvey explores current and past animistic beliefs and practices of Native Americans, Maori, Aboriginal Australians, and eco-pagans. He considers the varieties of animism found in these cultures as well as their shared desire to live respectfully within larger natural communities. Drawing on his extensive casework, Harvey also considers the linguistic, performative, ecological, and activist implications of these different animisms." ref We are like believing machines we vacuum up ideas, like Velcro sticks to almost everything. We accumulate beliefs that we allow to negatively influence our lives, often without realizing it. Our willingness must be to alter skewed beliefs that impend our balance or reason, which allows us to achieve new positive thinking and accurate outcomes. My thoughts on Religion Evolution with external links for more info: - (Pre-Animism Africa mainly, but also Europe, and Asia at least 300,000 years ago), (Pre-Animism – Oxford Dictionaries) - (Animism Africa around 100,000 years ago), (Animism – Britannica.com) - (Totemism Europe around 50,000 years ago), (Totemism – Anthropology) - (Shamanism Siberia around 30,000 years ago), (Shamanism – Britannica.com) - (Paganism Turkey around 12,000 years ago), (Paganism – BBC Religion) - (Progressed Organized Religion "Institutional Religion" Egypt around 5,000 years ago), (Ancient Egyptian Religion – Britannica.com) - (CURRENT "World" RELIGIONS after 4,000 years ago) (Origin of Major Religions – Sacred Texts) - (Early Atheistic Doubting at least by 2,600 years ago) (History of Atheism – Wikipedia) "Religion is an Evolved Product" and Yes, Religion is Like Fear Given Wings… Atheists talk about gods and religions for the same reason doctors talk about cancer, they are looking for a cure, or a firefighter talks about fires because they burn people and they care to stop them. We atheists too often feel a need to help the victims of mental slavery, held in the bondage that is the false beliefs of gods and the conspiracy theories of reality found in religions. Understanding Religion Evolution: - Pre-Animism (at least 300,000 years ago) - Animism (Africa: 100,000 years ago) - Totemism (Europe: 50,000 years ago) - Shamanism (Siberia: 30,000 years ago) - Paganism (Turkey: 12,000 years ago) - Progressed organized religion (Egypt: 5,000 years ago), (Egypt, the First Dynasty 5,150 years ago) - CURRENT "World" RELIGIONS (after 4,000 years ago) - Early Atheistic Doubting (at least by 2,600 years ago) "An Archaeological/Anthropological Understanding of Religion Evolution" It seems ancient peoples had to survived amazing threats in a "dangerous universe (by superstition perceived as good and evil)," and human "immorality or imperfection of the soul" which was thought to affect the still living, leading to ancestor worship. This ancestor worship presumably led to the belief in supernatural beings, and then some of these were turned into the belief in gods. This feeble myth called gods were just a human conceived "made from nothing into something over and over, changing, again and again, taking on more as they evolve, all the while they are thought to be special," but it is just supernatural animistic spirit-belief perceived as sacred. Quick Evolution of Religion? Pre-Animism (at least 300,000 years ago) pre-religion is a beginning that evolves into later Animism. So, Religion as we think of it, to me, all starts in a general way with Animism (Africa: 100,000 years ago) (theoretical belief in supernatural powers/spirits), then this is physically expressed in or with Totemism (Europe: 50,000 years ago) (theoretical belief in mythical relationship with powers/spirits through a totem item), which then enlists a full-time specific person to do this worship and believed interacting Shamanism (Siberia/Russia: 30,000 years ago) (theoretical belief in access and influence with spirits through ritual), and then there is the further employment of myths and gods added to all the above giving you Paganism (Turkey: 12,000 years ago) (often a lot more nature-based than most current top world religions, thus hinting to their close link to more ancient religious thinking it stems from). My hypothesis is expressed with an explanation of the building of a theatrical house (modern religions development). Progressed organized religion (Egypt: 5,000 years ago) with CURRENT "World" RELIGIONS (after 4,000 years ago). Historically, in large city-state societies (such as Egypt or Iraq) starting around 5,000 years ago culminated to make religion something kind of new, a sociocultural-governmental-religious monarchy, where all or at least many of the people of such large city-state societies seem familiar with and committed to the existence of "religion" as the integrated life identity package of control dynamics with a fixed closed magical doctrine, but this juggernaut integrated religion identity package of Dogmatic-Propaganda certainly did not exist or if developed to an extent it was highly limited in most smaller prehistoric societies as they seem to lack most of the strong control dynamics with a fixed closed magical doctrine (magical beliefs could be at times be added or removed). Many people just want to see developed religious dynamics everywhere even if it is not. Instead, all that is found is largely fragments until the domestication of religion. Religions, as we think of them today, are a new fad, even if they go back to around 6,000 years in the timeline of human existence, this amounts to almost nothing when seen in the long slow evolution of religion at least around 70,000 years ago with one of the oldest ritual worship. Stone Snake of South Africa: "first human worship" 70,000 years ago. This message of how religion and gods among them are clearly a man-made thing that was developed slowly as it was invented and then implemented peace by peace discrediting them all. Which seems to be a simple point some are just not grasping how devastating to any claims of truth when we can see the lie clearly in the archeological sites. I wish people fought as hard for the actual values as they fight for the group/clan names political or otherwise they think support values. Every amount spent on war is theft to children in need of food or the homeless kept from shelter. Here are several of my blog posts on history: - To Find Truth You Must First Look - (Magdalenian/Iberomaurusian) Connections to the First Paganists of the early Neolithic Near East Dating from around 17,000 to 12,000 Years Ago - Natufians: an Ancient People at the Origins of Agriculture and Sedentary Life - Possible Clan Leader/Special "MALE" Ancestor Totem Poles At Least 13,500 years ago? - Jewish People with DNA at least 13,200 years old, Judaism, and the Origins of Some of its Ideas - Baltic Reindeer Hunters: Swiderian, Lyngby, Ahrensburgian, and Krasnosillya cultures 12,020 to 11,020 years ago are evidence of powerful migratory waves during the last 13,000 years and a genetic link to Saami and the Finno-Ugric peoples. - The Rise of Inequality: patriarchy and state hierarchy inequality - Fertile Crescent 12,500 – 9,500 Years Ago: fertility and death cult belief system? - 12,400 – 11,700 Years Ago – Kortik Tepe (Turkey) Pre/early-Agriculture Cultic Ritualism - Ritualistic Bird Symbolism at Gobekli Tepe and its "Ancestor Cult" - Male-Homosexual (female-like) / Trans-woman (female) Seated Figurine from Gobekli Tepe - Could a 12,000-year-old Bull Geoglyph at Göbekli Tepe relate to older Bull and Female Art 25,000 years ago and Later Goddess and the Bull cults like Catal Huyuk? - Sedentism and the Creation of goddesses around 12,000 years ago as well as male gods after 7,000 years ago. - Alcohol, where Agriculture and Religion Become one? Such as Gobekli Tepe's Ritualistic use of Grain as Food and Ritual Drink - Neolithic Ritual Sites with T-Pillars and other Cultic Pillars - Paganism: Goddesses around 12,000 years ago then Male Gods after 7,000 years ago - First Patriarchy: Split of Women's Status around 12,000 years ago & First Hierarchy: fall of Women's Status around 5,000 years ago. - Natufians: an Ancient People at the Origins of Agriculture and Sedentary Life - J DNA and the Spread of Agricultural Religion (paganism) - Paganism: an approximately 12,000-year-old belief system - Paganism 12,000 years old: related to "Anarchism and Socialism" (Pre-Capitalism) - Shaman burial in Israel 12,000 years ago and the Shamanism Phenomena - Need to Mythicized: gods and goddesses - 12,000 – 7,000 Years Ago – Paleo-Indian Culture (The Americas) - 12,000 – 2,000 Years Ago – Indigenous-Scandinavians (Nordic) - Norse did not wear helmets with horns? - Pre-Pottery Neolithic Skull Cult around 11,500 to 8,400 Years Ago? - 10,400 – 10,100 Years Ago, in Turkey the Nevail Cori Religious Settlement - 9,000-6,500 Years Old Submerged Pre-Pottery/Pottery Neolithic Ritual Settlements off Israel's Coast - Catal Huyuk "first religious designed city" around 9,500 to 7,700 years ago (Turkey) - Cultic Hunting at Catal Huyuk "first religious designed city" - Special Items and Art as well as Special Elite Burials at Catal Huyuk - New Rituals and Violence with the appearance of Pottery and People? - Haplogroup N and its related Uralic Languages and Cultures - Ainu people, Sámi people, Native Americans, the Ancient North Eurasians, and Paganistic-Shamanism with Totemism - Ideas, Technology and People from Turkey, Europe, to China and Back again 9,000 to 5,000 years ago? - First Pottery of Europe and the Related Cultures - 9,000 years old Neolithic Artifacts Judean Desert and Hills Israel - 9,000-7,000 years-old Sex and Death Rituals: Cult Sites in Israel, Jordan, and the Sinai - 9,000-8500 year old Horned Female shaman Bad Dürrenberg Germany - Neolithic Jewelry and the Spread of Farming in Europe Emerging out of West Turkey - 8,600-year-old Tortoise Shells in Neolithic graves in central China have Early Writing and Shamanism - Swing of the Mace: the rise of Elite, Forced Authority, and Inequality begin to Emerge 8,500 years ago? - Migrations and Changing Europeans Beginning around 8,000 Years Ago - My "Steppe-Anatolian-Kurgan hypothesis" 8,000/7,000 years ago - Around 8,000-year-old Shared Idea of the Mistress of Animals, "Ritual" Motif - Pre-Columbian Red-Paint (red ochre) Maritime Archaic Culture 8,000-3,000 years ago - 7,522-6,522 years ago Linear Pottery culture which I think relates to Arcane Capitalism's origins - Arcane Capitalism: Primitive socialism, Primitive capital, Private ownership, Means of production, Market capitalism, Class discrimination, and Petite bourgeoisie (smaller capitalists) - 7,500-4,750 years old Ritualistic Cucuteni-Trypillian culture of Moldova, Romania, and Ukraine - Roots of a changing early society 7,200-6,700 years ago Jordan and Israel - Agriculture religion (Paganism) with farming reached Britain between about 7,000 to 6,500 or so years ago and seemingly expressed in things like Western Europe's Long Barrows - My Thoughts on Possible Migrations of "R" DNA and Proto-Indo-European? - "Millet" Spreading from China 7,022 years ago to Europe and related Language may have Spread with it leading to Proto-Indo-European - Proto-Indo-European (PIE), ancestor of Indo-European languages: DNA, Society, Language, and Mythology - The Dnieper–Donets culture and Asian varieties of Millet from China to the Black Sea region of Europe by 7,022 years ago - Kurgan 6,000 years ago/dolmens 7,000 years ago: funeral, ritual, and other? - 7,020 to 6,020-year-old Proto-Indo-European Homeland of Urheimat or proposed home of their Language and Religion - Ancient Megaliths: Kurgan, Ziggurat, Pyramid, Menhir, Trilithon, Dolman, Kromlech, and Kromlech of Trilithons - The Mytheme of Ancient North Eurasian Sacred-Dog belief and similar motifs are found in Indo-European, Native American, and Siberian comparative mythology - Elite Power Accumulation: Ancient Trade, Tokens, Writing, Wealth, Merchants, and Priest-Kings - Sacred Mounds, Mountains, Kurgans, and Pyramids may hold deep connections? - Between 7,000-5,000 Years ago, rise of unequal hierarchy elite, leading to a "birth of the State" or worship of power, strong new sexism, oppression of non-elites, and the fall of Women's equal status - Paganism 7,000-5,000 years old: related to "Anarchism and Socialism" (Capitalism) (World War 0) Elite & their slaves - Hell and Underworld mythologies starting maybe as far back as 7,000 to 5,000 years ago with the Proto-Indo-Europeans? - The First Expression of the Male God around 7,000 years ago? - White (light complexion skin) Bigotry and Sexism started 7,000 years ago? - Around 7,000-year-old Shared Idea of the Divine Bird (Tutelary and/or Trickster spirit/deity), "Ritual" Motif - Nekhbet an Ancient Egyptian Vulture Goddess and Tutelary Deity - 6,720 to 4,920 years old Ritualistic Hongshan Culture of Inner Mongolia with 5,000-year-old Pyramid Mounds and Temples - First proto-king in the Balkans, Varna culture around 6,500 years ago? - 6,500–5,800 years ago in Israel Late Chalcolithic (Copper Age) Period in the Southern Levant Seems to Express Northern Levant Migrations, Cultural and Religious Transfer - KING OF BEASTS: Master of Animals "Ritual" Motif, around 6,000 years old or older… - Around 6000-year-old Shared Idea of the Solid Wheel & the Spoked Wheel-Shaped Ritual Motif - "The Ghassulian Star," a mysterious 6,000-year-old mural from Jordan; a Proto-Star of Ishtar, Star of Inanna or Star of Venus? - Religious/Ritual Ideas, including goddesses and gods as well as ritual mounds or pyramids from Northeastern Asia at least 6,000 years old, seemingly filtering to Iran, Iraq, the Mediterranean, Europe, Egypt, and the Americas? - Maykop (5,720–5,020 years ago) Caucasus region Bronze Age culture-related to Copper Age farmers from the south, influenced by the Ubaid period and Leyla-Tepe culture, as well as influencing the Kura-Araxes culture - 5-600-year-old Tomb, Mummy, and First Bearded Male Figurine in a Grave - Kura-Araxes Cultural 5,520 to 4,470 years old DNA traces to the Canaanites, Arabs, and Jews - Minoan/Cretan (Keftiu) Civilization and Religion around 5,520 to 3,120 years ago - Evolution Of Science at least by 5,500 years ago - 5,500 Years old birth of the State, the rise of Hierarchy, and the fall of Women's status - "Jiroft culture" 5,100 – 4,200 years ago and the History of Iran - Stonehenge: Paganistic Burial and Astrological Ritual Complex, England (5,100-3,600 years ago) - Around 5,000-year-old Shared Idea of the "Tree of Life" Ritual Motif - Complex rituals for elite, seen from China to Egypt, at least by 5,000 years ago - Around 5,000 years ago: "Birth of the State" where Religion gets Military Power and Influence - The Center of the World "Axis Mundi" and/or "Sacred Mountains" Mythology Could Relate to the Altai Mountains, Heart of the Steppe - Progressed organized religion starts, an approximately 5,000-year-old belief system - China's Civilization between 5,000-3,000 years ago, was a time of war and class struggle, violent transition from free clans to a Slave or Elite society - Origin of Logics is Naturalistic Observation at least by around 5,000 years ago. - Paganism 5,000 years old: progressed organized religion and the state: related to "Anarchism and Socialism" (Kings and the Rise of the State) - Ziggurats (multi-platform temples: 4,900 years old) to Pyramids (multi-platform tombs: 4,700 years old) - Did a 4,520–4,420-year-old Volcano In Turkey Inspire the Bible God? - Finland's Horned Shaman and Pre-Horned-God at least 4,500 years ago? - 4,000-year-Old Dolmens in Israel: A Connected Dolmen Religious Phenomenon? - Creation myths: From chaos, Ex nihilo, Earth-diver, Emergence, World egg, and World parent - Bronze Age "Ritual" connections of the Bell Beaker culture with the Corded Ware/Single Grave culture, which were related to the Yamnaya culture and Proto-Indo-European Languages/Religions - Low Gods (Earth/ Tutelary deity), High Gods (Sky/Supreme deity), and Moralistic Gods (Deity enforcement/divine order) - The exchange of people, ideas, and material-culture including, to me, the new god (Sky Father) and goddess (Earth Mother) religion between the Cucuteni-Trypillians and others which is then spread far and wide - Koryaks: Indigenous People of the Russian Far East and Big Raven myths also found in Tlingit, Haida, Tsimshian, and other Indigenous People of North America - 42 Principles Of Maat (Egyptian Goddess of the justice) around 4,400 years ago, 2000 Years Before Ten Commandments - "Happy Easter" Well Happy Eostre/Ishter - 4,320-3,820 years old "Shimao" (North China) site with Totemistic-Shamanistic Paganism and a Stepped Pyramid - 4,250 to 3,400 Year old Stonehenge from Russia: Arkaim? - 4,100-year-old beaker with medicinal & flowering plants in a grave of a woman in Scotland - Early European Farmer ancestry, Kelif el Boroud people with the Cardial Ware culture, and the Bell Beaker culture Paganists too, spread into North Africa, then to the Canary Islands off West Africa - Flood Accounts: Gilgamesh epic (4,100 years ago) Noah in Genesis (2,600 years ago) - Paganism 4,000 years old: related to "Anarchism and Socialism" (First Moralistic gods, then the Origin time of Monotheism) - When was the beginning: TIMELINE OF CURRENT RELIGIONS, which start around 4,000 years ago. - Early Religions Thought to Express Proto-Monotheistic Systems around 4,000 years ago - Kultepe? An archaeological site with a 4,000 years old women's rights document. - Single God Religions (Monotheism) = "Man-o-theism" started around 4,000 years ago with the Great Sky Spirit/God Tiān (天)? - Confucianism's Tiān (Shangdi god 4,000 years old): Supernaturalism, Pantheism or Theism? - Yes, Your Male God is Ridiculous - Mythology, a Lunar Deity is a Goddess or God of the Moon - Sacred Land, Hills, and Mountains: Sami Mythology (Paganistic Shamanism) - Horse Worship/Sacrifice: mythical union of Ruling Elite/Kingship and the Horse - The Amorite/Amurru people's God Amurru "Lord of the Steppe", relates to the Origins of the Bible God? - Bronze Age Exotic Trade Routes Spread Quite Far as well as Spread Religious Ideas with Them - Sami and the Northern Indigenous Peoples Landscape, Language, and its Connection to Religion - Prototype of Ancient Analemmatic Sundials around 3,900-3,150 years ago and a Possible Solar Connection to gods? - Judaism is around 3,450 or 3,250 years old. ("Paleo-Hebrew" 3,000 years ago and Torah 2,500 years ago) - The Weakening of Ancient Trade and the Strengthening of Religions around 3000 years ago? - Are you aware that there are religions that worship women gods, explain now religion tears women down? - Animistic, Totemistic, and Paganistic Superstition Origins of bible god and the bible's Religion. - Myths and Folklore: "Trickster gods and goddesses" - Jews, Judaism, and the Origins of Some of its Ideas - An Old Branch of Religion Still Giving Fruit: Sacred Trees - Dating the BIBLE: naming names and telling times (written less than 3,000 years ago, provable to 2,200 years ago) - Did a Volcano Inspire the bible god? - Dené–Yeniseian language, Old Copper Complex, and Pre-Columbian Mound Builders? - No "dinosaurs and humans didn't exist together just because some think they are in the bible itself" - Sacred Shit and Sacred Animals? - Everyone Killed in the Bible Flood? "Nephilim" (giants)? - Hey, Damien dude, I have a question for you regarding "the bible" Exodus. - Archaeology Disproves the Bible - Bible Battle, Just More, Bible Babble - The Jericho Conquest lie? - Canaanites and Israelites? - Accurate Account on how did Christianity Began? - Let's talk about Christianity. - So the 10 commandments isn't anything to go by either right? - Misinformed christian - Debunking Jesus? - Paulism vs Jesus - Ok, you seem confused so let's talk about Buddhism. - Unacknowledged Buddhism: Gods, Savior, Demons, Rebirth, Heavens, Hells, and Terrorism - His Foolishness The Dalai Lama - Yin and Yang is sexist with an ORIGIN around 2,300 years ago? - I Believe Archaeology, not Myths & Why Not, as the Religious Myths Already Violate Reason! - Archaeological, Scientific, & Philosophic evidence shows the god myth is man-made nonsense. - Aquatic Ape Theory/Hypothesis? As Always, Just Pseudoscience. - Ancient Aliens Conspiracy Theorists are Pseudohistorians - The Pseudohistoric and Pseudoscientific claims about "Bakoni Ruins" of South Africa - Why do people think Religion is much more than supernaturalism and superstitionism? - Religion is an Evolved Product - Was the Value of Ancient Women Different? - 1000 to 1100 CE, human sacrifice Cahokia Mounds a pre-Columbian Native American site - Feminist atheists as far back as the 1800s? - Promoting Religion as Real is Mentally Harmful to a Flourishing Humanity - Screw All Religions and Their Toxic lies, they are all fraud - Forget Religions' Unfounded Myths, I Have Substantiated "Archaeology Facts." - Religion Dispersal throughout the World - I Hate Religion Just as I Hate all Pseudoscience - Exposing Scientology, Eckankar, Wicca and Other Nonsense? - Main deity or religious belief systems - Quit Trying to Invent Your God From the Scraps of Science. - Archaeological, Scientific, & Philosophic evidence shows the god myth is man-made nonsense. - Ancient Alien Conspiracy Theorists: Misunderstanding, Rhetoric, Misinformation, Fabrications, and Lies - Misinformation, Distortion, and Pseudoscience in Talking with a Christian Creationist - Judging the Lack of Goodness in Gods, Even the Norse God Odin - Challenging the Belief in God-like Aliens and Gods in General - A Challenge to Christian use of Torture Devices? - Yes, Hinduism is a Religion - Trump is One of the Most Reactionary Forces of Far-right Christian Extremism - Was the Bull Head a Symbol of God? Yes! - Primate Death Rituals - Christian – "God and Christianity are objectively true" - Australopithecus afarensis Death Ritual? - You Claim Global Warming is a Hoax? - Doubter of Science and Defamer of Atheists? - I think that sounds like the Bible? - History of the Antifa ("anti-fascist") Movements - Indianapolis Anti-Blasphemy Laws #Free Soheil Rally - Damien, you repeat the golden rule in so many forms then you say religion is dogmatic? - Science is a Trustable Methodology whereas Faith is not Trustable at all! - Was I ever a believer, before I was an atheist? - Atheists rise in reason - Mistrust of science? - Open to Talking About the Definition of 'God'? But first, we address Faith. - 'United Monarchy' full of splendor and power – Saul, David, and Solomon? Most likely not. - Is there EXODUS ARCHAEOLOGY? The short answer is "no." - Lacking Proof of Bigfoots, Unicorns, and Gods is Just a Lack of Research? - Religion and Politics: Faith Beliefs vs. Rational Thinking - Hammer of Truth that lying pig RELIGION: challenged by an archaeologist - "The Hammer of Truth" -ontology question- What do You Mean by That? - Navigation of a bad argument: Ad Hominem vs. Attack - Why is it Often Claimed that Gods have a Gender? - Why are basically all monotheistic religions ones that have a male god? - Shifting through the Claims in support of Faith - Dear Mr. AtHope, The 20th Century is an Indictment of Secularism and a Failed Atheist Century - An Understanding of the Worldwide Statistics and Dynamics of Terrorist Incidents and Suicide Attacks - Intoxication and Evolution? Addressing and Assessing the "Stoned Ape" or "Drunken Monkey" Theories as Catalysts in Human Evolution - Sacred Menstrual cloth? Inanna's knot, Isis knot, and maybe Ma'at's feather? - Damien, why don't the Hebrews accept the bible stories? - Dealing with a Troll and Arguing Over Word Meaning - Knowledge without Belief? Justified beliefs or disbeliefs worthy of Knowledge? - Afrocentrism and African Religions - Crecganford @crecganford offers history & stories of the people, places, gods, & culture - Empiricism-Denier? I am not an academic. I am a revolutionary that teaches in public, in places like social media, and in the streets. I am not a leader by some title given but from my commanding leadership style of simply to start teaching everywhere to everyone, all manner of positive education. To me, Animism starts in Southern Africa, then to West Europe, and becomes Totemism. Another split goes near the Russia and Siberia border becoming Shamanism, which heads into Central Europe meeting up with Totemism, which also had moved there, mixing the two which then heads to Lake Baikal in Siberia. From there this Shamanism-Totemism heads to Turkey where it becomes Paganism. Not all "Religions" or "Religious Persuasions" have a god(s) but All can be said to believe in some imaginary beings or imaginary things like spirits, afterlives, etc. Paganism 12,000-4,000 years old 12,000-7,000 years old: related to (Pre-Capitalism) 7,000-5,000 years old: related to (Capitalism) (World War 0) Elite and their slaves! 5,000 years old: related to (Kings and the Rise of the State) 4,000 years old: related to (First Moralistic gods, then the Origin time of Monotheism) ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref Low Gods "Earth" or Tutelary deity and High Gods "Sky" or Supreme deity "An Earth goddess is a deification of the Earth. Earth goddesses are often associated with the "chthonic" deities of the underworld. Ki and Ninhursag are Mesopotamian earth goddesses. In Greek mythology, the Earth is personified as Gaia, corresponding to Roman Terra, Indic Prithvi/Bhūmi, etc. traced to an "Earth Mother" complementary to the "Sky Father" in Proto-Indo-European religion. Egyptian mythology exceptionally has a sky goddess and an Earth god." ref "A mother goddess is a goddess who represents or is a personification of nature, motherhood, fertility, creation, destruction or who embodies the bounty of the Earth. When equated with the Earth or the natural world, such goddesses are sometimes referred to as Mother Earth or as the Earth Mother. In some religious traditions or movements, Heavenly Mother (also referred to as Mother in Heaven or Sky Mother) is the wife or feminine counterpart of the Sky father or God the Father." ref "Any masculine sky god is often also king of the gods, taking the position of patriarch within a pantheon. Such king gods are collectively categorized as "sky father" deities, with a polarity between sky and earth often being expressed by pairing a "sky father" god with an "earth mother" goddess (pairings of a sky mother with an earth father are less frequent). A main sky goddess is often the queen of the gods and may be an air/sky goddess in her own right, though she usually has other functions as well with "sky" not being her main. In antiquity, several sky goddesses in ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, and the Near East were called Queen of Heaven. Neopagans often apply it with impunity to sky goddesses from other regions who were never associated with the term historically. The sky often has important religious significance. Many religions, both polytheistic and monotheistic, have deities associated with the sky." ref "In comparative mythology, sky father is a term for a recurring concept in polytheistic religions of a sky god who is addressed as a "father", often the father of a pantheon and is often either a reigning or former King of the Gods. The concept of "sky father" may also be taken to include Sun gods with similar characteristics, such as Ra. The concept is complementary to an "earth mother". "Sky Father" is a direct translation of the Vedic Dyaus Pita, etymologically descended from the same Proto-Indo-European deity name as the Greek Zeûs Pater and Roman Jupiter and Germanic Týr, Tir or Tiwaz, all of which are reflexes of the same Proto-Indo-European deity's name, Dyēus Ph₂tḗr. While there are numerous parallels adduced from outside of Indo-European mythology, there are exceptions (e.g. In Egyptian mythology, Nut is the sky mother and Geb is the earth father)." ref Tutelary deity "A tutelary (also tutelar) is a deity or spirit who is a guardian, patron, or protector of a particular place, geographic feature, person, lineage, nation, culture, or occupation. The etymology of "tutelary" expresses the concept of safety and thus of guardianship. In late Greek and Roman religion, one type of tutelary deity, the genius, functions as the personal deity or daimon of an individual from birth to death. Another form of personal tutelary spirit is the familiar spirit of European folklore." ref "A tutelary (also tutelar) in Korean shamanism, jangseung and sotdae were placed at the edge of villages to frighten off demons. They were also worshiped as deities. Seonangshin is the patron deity of the village in Korean tradition and was believed to embody the Seonangdang. In Philippine animism, Diwata or Lambana are deities or spirits that inhabit sacred places like mountains and mounds and serve as guardians. Such as: Maria Makiling is the deity who guards Mt. Makiling and Maria Cacao and Maria Sinukuan. In Shinto, the spirits, or kami, which give life to human bodies come from nature and return to it after death. Ancestors are therefore themselves tutelaries to be worshiped. And similarly, Native American beliefs such as Tonás, tutelary animal spirit among the Zapotec and Totems, familial or clan spirits among the Ojibwe, can be animals." ref "A tutelary (also tutelar) in Austronesian beliefs such as: Atua (gods and spirits of the Polynesian peoples such as the Māori or the Hawaiians), Hanitu (Bunun of Taiwan's term for spirit), Hyang (Kawi, Sundanese, Javanese, and Balinese Supreme Being, in ancient Java and Bali mythology and this spiritual entity, can be either divine or ancestral), Kaitiaki (New Zealand Māori term used for the concept of guardianship, for the sky, the sea, and the land), Kawas (mythology) (divided into 6 groups: gods, ancestors, souls of the living, spirits of living things, spirits of lifeless objects, and ghosts), Tiki (Māori mythology, Tiki is the first man created by either Tūmatauenga or Tāne and represents deified ancestors found in most Polynesian cultures). " ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref Mesopotamian Tutelary Deities can be seen as ones related to City-States "Historical city-states included Sumerian cities such as Uruk and Ur; Ancient Egyptian city-states, such as Thebes and Memphis; the Phoenician cities (such as Tyre and Sidon); the five Philistine city-states; the Berber city-states of the Garamantes; the city-states of ancient Greece (the poleis such as Athens, Sparta, Thebes, and Corinth); the Roman Republic (which grew from a city-state into a vast empire); the Italian city-states from the Middle Ages to the early modern period, such as Florence, Siena, Ferrara, Milan (which as they grew in power began to dominate neighboring cities) and Genoa and Venice, which became powerful thalassocracies; the Mayan and other cultures of pre-Columbian Mesoamerica (including cities such as Chichen Itza, Tikal, Copán and Monte Albán); the central Asian cities along the Silk Road; the city-states of the Swahili coast; Ragusa; states of the medieval Russian lands such as Novgorod and Pskov; and many others." ref "The Uruk period (ca. 4000 to 3100 BCE; also known as Protoliterate period) of Mesopotamia, named after the Sumerian city of Uruk, this period saw the emergence of urban life in Mesopotamia and the Sumerian civilization. City-States like Uruk and others had a patron tutelary City Deity along with a Priest-King." ref "Chinese folk religion, both past, and present, includes myriad tutelary deities. Exceptional individuals, highly cultivated sages, and prominent ancestors can be deified and honored after death. Lord Guan is the patron of military personnel and police, while Mazu is the patron of fishermen and sailors. Such as Tu Di Gong (Earth Deity) is the tutelary deity of a locality, and each individual locality has its own Earth Deity and Cheng Huang Gong (City God) is the guardian deity of an individual city, worshipped by local officials and locals since imperial times." ref "A tutelary (also tutelar) in Hinduism, personal tutelary deities are known as ishta-devata, while family tutelary deities are known as Kuladevata. Gramadevata are guardian deities of villages. Devas can also be seen as tutelary. Shiva is the patron of yogis and renunciants. City goddesses include: Mumbadevi (Mumbai), Sachchika (Osian); Kuladevis include: Ambika (Porwad), and Mahalakshmi. In NorthEast India Meitei mythology and religion (Sanamahism) of Manipur, there are various types of tutelary deities, among which Lam Lais are the most predominant ones. Tibetan Buddhism has Yidam as a tutelary deity. Dakini is the patron of those who seek knowledge." ref "A tutelary (also tutelar) The Greeks also thought deities guarded specific places: for instance, Athena was the patron goddess of the city of Athens. Socrates spoke of hearing the voice of his personal spirit or daimonion: You have often heard me speak of an oracle or sign which comes to me … . This sign I have had ever since I was a child. The sign is a voice which comes to me and always forbids me to do something which I am going to do, but never commands me to do anything, and this is what stands in the way of my being a politician." ref "Tutelary deities who guard and preserve a place or a person are fundamental to ancient Roman religion. The tutelary deity of a man was his Genius, that of a woman her Juno. In the Imperial era, the Genius of the Emperor was a focus of Imperial cult. An emperor might also adopt a major deity as his personal patron or tutelary, as Augustus did Apollo. Precedents for claiming the personal protection of a deity were established in the Republican era, when for instance the Roman dictator Sulla advertised the goddess Victory as his tutelary by holding public games (ludi) in her honor." ref "Each town or city had one or more tutelary deities, whose protection was considered particularly vital in time of war and siege. Rome itself was protected by a goddess whose name was to be kept ritually secret on pain of death (for a supposed case, see Quintus Valerius Soranus). The Capitoline Triad of Juno, Jupiter, and Minerva were also tutelaries of Rome. The Italic towns had their own tutelary deities. Juno often had this function, as at the Latin town of Lanuvium and the Etruscan city of Veii, and was often housed in an especially grand temple on the arx (citadel) or other prominent or central location. The tutelary deity of Praeneste was Fortuna, whose oracle was renowned." ref "The Roman ritual of evocatio was premised on the belief that a town could be made vulnerable to military defeat if the power of its tutelary deity were diverted outside the city, perhaps by the offer of superior cult at Rome. The depiction of some goddesses such as the Magna Mater (Great Mother, or Cybele) as "tower-crowned" represents their capacity to preserve the city. A town in the provinces might adopt a deity from within the Roman religious sphere to serve as its guardian, or syncretize its own tutelary with such; for instance, a community within the civitas of the Remi in Gaul adopted Apollo as its tutelary, and at the capital of the Remi (present-day Rheims), the tutelary was Mars Camulus." ref Household deity (a kind of or related to a Tutelary deity) "A household deity is a deity or spirit that protects the home, looking after the entire household or certain key members. It has been a common belief in paganism as well as in folklore across many parts of the world. Household deities fit into two types; firstly, a specific deity – typically a goddess – often referred to as a hearth goddess or domestic goddess who is associated with the home and hearth, such as the ancient Greek Hestia." ref "The second type of household deities are those that are not one singular deity, but a type, or species of animistic deity, who usually have lesser powers than major deities. This type was common in the religions of antiquity, such as the Lares of ancient Roman religion, the Gashin of Korean shamanism, and Cofgodas of Anglo-Saxon paganism. These survived Christianisation as fairy-like creatures existing in folklore, such as the Anglo-Scottish Brownie and Slavic Domovoy." ref "Household deities were usually worshipped not in temples but in the home, where they would be represented by small idols (such as the teraphim of the Bible, often translated as "household gods" in Genesis 31:19 for example), amulets, paintings, or reliefs. They could also be found on domestic objects, such as cosmetic articles in the case of Tawaret. The more prosperous houses might have a small shrine to the household god(s); the lararium served this purpose in the case of the Romans. The gods would be treated as members of the family and invited to join in meals, or be given offerings of food and drink." ref "In many religions, both ancient and modern, a god would preside over the home. Certain species, or types, of household deities, existed. An example of this was the Roman Lares. Many European cultures retained house spirits into the modern period. Some examples of these include: - Brownie (Scotland and England) or Hob (England) / Kobold (Germany) / Goblin / Hobgoblin - Domovoy (Slavic) - Nisse (Norwegian or Danish) / Tomte (Swedish) / Tonttu (Finnish) - Húsvættir (Norse)" ref "Although the cosmic status of household deities was not as lofty as that of the Twelve Olympians or the Aesir, they were also jealous of their dignity and also had to be appeased with shrines and offerings, however humble. Because of their immediacy they had arguably more influence on the day-to-day affairs of men than the remote gods did. Vestiges of their worship persisted long after Christianity and other major religions extirpated nearly every trace of the major pagan pantheons. Elements of the practice can be seen even today, with Christian accretions, where statues to various saints (such as St. Francis) protect gardens and grottos. Even the gargoyles found on older churches, could be viewed as guardians partitioning a sacred space." ref "For centuries, Christianity fought a mop-up war against these lingering minor pagan deities, but they proved tenacious. For example, Martin Luther's Tischreden have numerous – quite serious – references to dealing with kobolds. Eventually, rationalism and the Industrial Revolution threatened to erase most of these minor deities, until the advent of romantic nationalism rehabilitated them and embellished them into objects of literary curiosity in the 19th century. Since the 20th century this literature has been mined for characters for role-playing games, video games, and other fantasy personae, not infrequently invested with invented traits and hierarchies somewhat different from their mythological and folkloric roots." ref "In contradistinction to both Herbert Spencer and Edward Burnett Tylor, who defended theories of animistic origins of ancestor worship, Émile Durkheim saw its origin in totemism. In reality, this distinction is somewhat academic, since totemism may be regarded as a particularized manifestation of animism, and something of a synthesis of the two positions was attempted by Sigmund Freud. In Freud's Totem and Taboo, both totem and taboo are outward expressions or manifestations of the same psychological tendency, a concept which is complementary to, or which rather reconciles, the apparent conflict. Freud preferred to emphasize the psychoanalytic implications of the reification of metaphysical forces, but with particular emphasis on its familial nature. This emphasis underscores, rather than weakens, the ancestral component." ref "William Edward Hearn, a noted classicist, and jurist, traced the origin of domestic deities from the earliest stages as an expression of animism, a belief system thought to have existed also in the neolithic, and the forerunner of Indo-European religion. In his analysis of the Indo-European household, in Chapter II "The House Spirit", Section 1, he states: The belief which guided the conduct of our forefathers was … the spirit rule of dead ancestors." ref "In Section 2 he proceeds to elaborate: It is thus certain that the worship of deceased ancestors is a vera causa, and not a mere hypothesis. … In the other European nations, the Slavs, the Teutons, and the Kelts, the House Spirit appears with no less distinctness. … [T]he existence of that worship does not admit of doubt. … The House Spirits had a multitude of other names which it is needless here to enumerate, but all of which are more or less expressive of their friendly relations with man. … In [England] … [h]e is the Brownie. … In Scotland this same Brownie is well known. He is usually described as attached to particular families, with whom he has been known to reside for centuries, threshing the corn, cleaning the house, and performing similar household tasks. His favorite gratification was milk and honey." ref ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref "These ideas are my speculations from the evidence." I am still researching the "god's origins" all over the world. So you know, it is very complicated but I am smart and willing to look, DEEP, if necessary, which going very deep does seem to be needed here, when trying to actually understand the evolution of gods and goddesses. I am sure of a few things and less sure of others, but even in stuff I am not fully grasping I still am slowly figuring it out, to explain it to others. But as I research more I am understanding things a little better, though I am still working on understanding it all or something close and thus always figuring out more. Sky Father/Sky God? "Egyptian: (Nut) Sky Mother and (Geb) Earth Father" (Egypt is different but similar) Turkic/Mongolic: (Tengri/Tenger Etseg) Sky Father and (Eje/Gazar Eej) Earth Mother Transeurasian* Hawaiian: (Wākea) Sky Father and (Papahānaumoku) Earth Mother Austronesian New Zealand/ Māori: (Ranginui) Sky Father and (Papatūānuku) Earth Mother Austronesian Proto-Indo-European: (Dyḗus/Dyḗus ph₂tḗr) Sky Father and (Dʰéǵʰōm/Pleth₂wih₁) Earth Mother Indo-Aryan: (Dyaus Pita) Sky Father and (Prithvi Mata) Earth Mother Indo-European Italic: (Jupiter) Sky Father and (Juno) Sky Mother Indo-European Etruscan: (Tinia) Sky Father and (Uni) Sky Mother Tyrsenian/Italy Pre–Indo-European Hellenic/Greek: (Zeus) Sky Father and (Hera) Sky Mother who started as an "Earth Goddess" Indo-European Nordic: (Dagr) Sky Father and (Nótt) Sky Mother Indo-European Slavic: (Perun) Sky Father and (Mokosh) Earth Mother Indo-European Illyrian: (Deipaturos) Sky Father and (Messapic Damatura's "earth-mother" maybe) Earth Mother Indo-European Albanian: (Zojz) Sky Father and (?) Indo-European Baltic: (Perkūnas) Sky Father and (Saulė) Sky Mother Indo-European Germanic: (Týr) Sky Father and (?) Indo-European Colombian-Muisca: (Bochica) Sky Father and (Huythaca) Sky Mother Chibchan Aztec: (Quetzalcoatl) Sky Father and (Xochiquetzal) Sky Mother Uto-Aztecan Incan: (Viracocha) Sky Father and (Mama Runtucaya) Sky Mother Quechuan China: (Tian/Shangdi) Sky Father and (Dì) Earth Mother Sino-Tibetan Sumerian, Assyrian and Babylonian: (An/Anu) Sky Father and (Ki) Earth Mother Finnish: (Ukko) Sky Father and (Akka) Earth Mother Finno-Ugric Sami: (Horagalles) Sky Father and (Ravdna) Earth Mother Finno-Ugric Puebloan-Zuni: (Ápoyan Ta'chu) Sky Father and (Áwitelin Tsíta) Earth Mother Puebloan-Hopi: (Tawa) Sky Father and (Kokyangwuti/Spider Woman/Grandmother) Earth Mother Uto-Aztecan Puebloan-Navajo: (Tsohanoai) Sky Father and (Estsanatlehi) Earth Mother Na-Dene ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref, ref Hinduism around 3,700 to 3,500 years old. ref Judaism around 3,450 or 3,250 years old. (The first writing in the bible was "Paleo-Hebrew" dated to around 3,000 years ago Khirbet Qeiyafa is the site of an ancient fortress city overlooking the Elah Valley. And many believe the religious Jewish texts were completed around 2,500) ref, ref Judaism is around 3,450 or 3,250 years old. ("Paleo-Hebrew" 3,000 years ago and Torah 2,500 years ago) "Judaism is an Abrahamic, its roots as an organized religion in the Middle East during the Bronze Age. Some scholars argue that modern Judaism evolved from Yahwism, the religion of ancient Israel and Judah, by the late 6th century BCE, and is thus considered to be one of the oldest monotheistic religions." ref "Yahwism is the name given by modern scholars to the religion of ancient Israel, essentially polytheistic, with a plethora of gods and goddesses. Heading the pantheon was Yahweh, the national god of the Israelite kingdoms of Israel and Judah, with his consort, the goddess Asherah; below them were second-tier gods and goddesses such as Baal, Shamash, Yarikh, Mot, and Astarte, all of whom had their own priests and prophets and numbered royalty among their devotees, and a third and fourth tier of minor divine beings, including the mal'ak, the messengers of the higher gods, who in later times became the angels of Judaism, Christianity and Islam. Yahweh, however, was not the 'original' god of Israel "Isra-El"; it is El, the head of the Canaanite pantheon, whose name forms the basis of the name "Israel", and none of the Old Testament patriarchs, the tribes of Israel, the Judges, or the earliest monarchs, have a Yahwistic theophoric name (i.e., one incorporating the name of Yahweh)." ref "El is a Northwest Semitic word meaning "god" or "deity", or referring (as a proper name) to any one of multiple major ancient Near Eastern deities. A rarer form, 'ila, represents the predicate form in Old Akkadian and in Amorite. The word is derived from the Proto-Semitic *ʔil-, meaning "god". Specific deities known as 'El or 'Il include the supreme god of the ancient Canaanite religion and the supreme god of East Semitic speakers in Mesopotamia's Early Dynastic Period. 'Ēl is listed at the head of many pantheons. In some Canaanite and Ugaritic sources, 'Ēl played a role as father of the gods, of creation, or both. For example, in the Ugaritic texts, ʾil mlk is understood to mean "'Ēl the King" but ʾil hd as "the god Hadad". The Semitic root ʾlh (Arabic ʾilāh, Aramaic ʾAlāh, ʾElāh, Hebrew ʾelōah) may be ʾl with a parasitic h, and ʾl may be an abbreviated form of ʾlh. In Ugaritic the plural form meaning "gods" is ʾilhm, equivalent to Hebrew ʾelōhîm "powers". In the Hebrew texts this word is interpreted as being semantically singular for "god" by biblical commentators. However the documentary hypothesis for the Old Testament (corresponds to the Jewish Torah) developed originally in the 1870s, identifies these that different authors – the Jahwist, Elohist, Deuteronomist, and the Priestly source – were responsible for editing stories from a polytheistic religion into those of a monotheistic religion. Inconsistencies that arise between monotheism and polytheism in the texts are reflective of this hypothesis." ref Jainism around 2,599 – 2,527 years old. ref Confucianism around 2,600 – 2,551 years old. ref Buddhism around 2,563/2,480 – 2,483/2,400 years old. ref Christianity around 2,o00 years old. ref Shinto around 1,305 years old. ref Islam around 1407–1385 years old. ref Knowledge to Ponder: - Possibly, around 30,000 years ago (in simpler form) to 6,000 years ago, Stars/Astrology are connected to Ancestors, Spirit Animals, and Deities. - The star also seems to be a possible proto-star for Star of Ishtar, Star of Inanna, or Star of Venus. - Around 7,000 to 6,000 years ago, Star Constellations/Astrology have connections to the "Kurgan phenomenon" of below-ground "mound" stone/wood burial structures and "Dolmen phenomenon" of above-ground stone burial structures. - Around 6,500–5,800 years ago, The Northern Levant migrations into Jordon and Israel in the Southern Levant brought new cultural and religious transfer from Turkey and Iran. - "The Ghassulian Star," a mysterious 6,000-year-old mural from Jordan may have connections to the European paganstic kurgan/dolmens phenomenon. "Astrology is a range of divinatory practices, recognized as pseudoscientific since the 18th century, that claim to discern information about human affairs and terrestrial events by studying the apparent positions of celestial objects. Different cultures have employed forms of astrology since at least the 2nd millennium BCE, these practices having originated in calendrical systems used to predict seasonal shifts and to interpret celestial cycles as signs of divine communications. Most, if not all, cultures have attached importance to what they observed in the sky, and some—such as the Hindus, Chinese, and the Maya—developed elaborate systems for predicting terrestrial events from celestial observations. Western astrology, one of the oldest astrological systems still in use, can trace its roots to 19th–17th century BCE Mesopotamia, from where it spread to Ancient Greece, Rome, the Islamicate world and eventually Central and Western Europe. Contemporary Western astrology is often associated with systems of horoscopes that purport to explain aspects of a person's personality and predict significant events in their lives based on the positions of celestial objects; the majority of professional astrologers rely on such systems." ref Around 5,500 years ago, Science evolves, The first evidence of science was 5,500 years ago and was demonstrated by a body of empirical, theoretical, and practical knowledge about the natural world. ref Around 5,000 years ago, Origin of Logics is a Naturalistic Observation (principles of valid reasoning, inference, & demonstration) ref Around 4,150 to 4,000 years ago: The earliest surviving versions of the Sumerian Epic of Gilgamesh, which was originally titled "He who Saw the Deep" (Sha naqba īmuru) or "Surpassing All Other Kings" (Shūtur eli sharrī) were written. ref - 3,700 years ago or so, the oldest of the Hindu Vedas (scriptures), the Rig Veda was composed. - 3,500 years ago or so, the Vedic Age began in India after the collapse of the Indus Valley Civilization. - around 3,000 years ago, the first writing in the bible was "Paleo-Hebrew" - around 2,500 years ago, many believe the religious Jewish texts were completed Myths: The bible inspired religion is not just one religion or one myth but a grouping of several religions and myths - Around 3,450 or 3,250 years ago, according to legend, is the traditionally accepted period in which the Israelite lawgiver, Moses, provided the Ten Commandments. - Around 2,500 to 2,400 years ago, a collection of ancient religious writings by the Israelites based primarily upon the Hebrew Bible, Tanakh, or Old Testament is the first part of Christianity's bible. - Around 2,400 years ago, the most accepted hypothesis is that the canon was formed in stages, first the Pentateuch (Torah). - Around 2,140 to 2,116 years ago, the Prophets was written during the Hasmonean dynasty, and finally the remaining books. - Christians traditionally divide the Old Testament into four sections: - The first five books or Pentateuch (Torah). - The proposed history books telling the history of the Israelites from their conquest of Canaan to their defeat and exile in Babylon. - The poetic and proposed "Wisdom books" dealing, in various forms, with questions of good and evil in the world. - The books of the biblical prophets, warning of the consequences of turning away from God: - Henotheism: - Exodus 20:23 "You shall not make other gods besides Me (not saying there are no other gods just not to worship them); gods of silver or gods of gold, you shall not make for yourselves." - Polytheism: - Judges 10:6 "Then the sons of Israel again did evil in the sight of the LORD, served the Baals and the Ashtaroth, the gods of Aram, the gods of Sidon, the gods of Moab, the gods of the sons of Ammon, and the gods of the Philistines; thus they forsook the LORD and did not serve Him." - 1 Corinthians 8:5 "For even if there are so-called gods whether in heaven or on earth, as indeed there are many gods and many lords." - Monotheism: - Isaiah 43:10 "You are my witnesses," declares the LORD, "and my servant whom I have chosen, so that you may know and believe me and understand that I am he. Before me no god was formed, nor will there be one after me. Around 2,570 to 2,270 Years Ago, there is a confirmation of atheistic doubting as well as atheistic thinking, mainly by Greek philosophers. However, doubting gods is likely as old as the invention of gods and should destroy the thinking that belief in god(s) is the "default belief". The Greek word is apistos (a "not" and pistos "faithful,"), thus not faithful or faithless because one is unpersuaded and unconvinced by a god(s) claim. Short Definition: unbelieving, unbeliever, or unbelief. Expressions of Atheistic Thinking: - Around 2,600 years ago, Ajita Kesakambali, ancient Indian philosopher, who is the first known proponent of Indian materialism. ref - Around 2,535 to 2,475 years ago, Heraclitus, Greek pre-Socratic philosopher, a native of the Greek city Ephesus, Ionia, on the coast of Anatolia, also known as Asia Minor or modern Turkey. ref - Around 2,500 to 2,400 years ago, according to The Story of Civilization book series certain African pygmy tribes have no identifiable gods, spirits, or religious beliefs or rituals, and even what burials accrue are without ceremony. ref - Around 2,490 to 2,430 years ago, Empedocles, Greek pre-Socratic philosopher and a citizen of Agrigentum, a Greek city in Sicily. ref - Around 2,460 to 2,370 years ago, Democritus, Greek pre-Socratic philosopher considered to be the "father of modern science" possibly had some disbelief amounting to atheism. ref - Around 2,399 years ago or so, Socrates, a famous Greek philosopher was tried for sinfulness by teaching doubt of state gods. ref - Around 2,341 to 2,270 years ago, Epicurus, a Greek philosopher known for composing atheistic critics and famously stated, "Is God willing to prevent evil, but not able? Then he is not omnipotent. Is he able, but not willing? Then he is malevolent. Is he both able and willing? Then whence cometh evil? Is he neither able nor willing? Then why call him god?" ref This last expression by Epicurus, seems to be an expression of Axiological Atheism. To understand and utilize value or actually possess "Value Conscious/Consciousness" to both give a strong moral "axiological" argument (the problem of evil) as well as use it to fortify humanism and positive ethical persuasion of human helping and care responsibilities. Because value-blindness gives rise to sociopathic/psychopathic evil. "Theists, there has to be a god, as something can not come from nothing." Well, thus something (unknown) happened and then there was something. This does not tell us what the something that may have been involved with something coming from nothing. A supposed first cause, thus something (unknown) happened and then there was something is not an open invitation to claim it as known, neither is it justified to call or label such an unknown as anything, especially an unsubstantiated magical thinking belief born of mythology and religious storytelling. While hallucinogens are associated with shamanism, it is alcohol that is associated with paganism. The Atheist-Humanist-Leftist Revolutionaries Shows in the prehistory series: Show two: Pre-animism 300,000 years old and animism 100,000 years old: related to "Anarchism and Socialism" Show tree: Totemism 50,000 years old: related to "Anarchism and Socialism" Show four: Shamanism 30,000 years old: related to "Anarchism and Socialism" Show five: Paganism 12,000 years old: related to "Anarchism and Socialism" Show six: Emergence of hierarchy, sexism, slavery, and the new male god dominance: Paganism 7,000-5,000 years old: related to "Anarchism and Socialism" (Capitalism) (World War 0) Elite and their slaves! Prehistory: related to "Anarchism and Socialism" the division of labor, power, rights, and recourses: VIDEO Pre-animism 300,000 years old and animism 100,000 years old: related to "Anarchism and Socialism": VIDEO Totemism 50,000 years old: related to "Anarchism and Socialism": VIDEO Shamanism 30,000 years old: related to "Anarchism and Socialism": VIDEO Paganism 12,000 years old: related to "Anarchism and Socialism" (Pre-Capitalism): VIDEO Paganism 7,000-5,000 years old: related to "Anarchism and Socialism" (Capitalism) (World War 0) Elite and their slaves: VIEDO Paganism 5,000 years old: progressed organized religion and the state: related to "Anarchism and Socialism" (Kings and the Rise of the State): VIEDO Paganism 4,000 years old: related to "Anarchism and Socialism" (First Moralistic gods, then the Origin time of Monotheism): VIEDO I do not hate simply because I challenge and expose myths or lies any more than others being thought of as loving simply because of the protection and hiding from challenge their favored myths or lies. The truth is best championed in the sunlight of challenge. An archaeologist once said to me "Damien religion and culture are very different" My response, So are you saying that was always that way, such as would you say Native Americans' cultures are separate from their religions? And do you think it always was the way you believe? I had said that religion was a cultural product. That is still how I see it and there are other archaeologists that think close to me as well. Gods too are the myths of cultures that did not understand science or the world around them, seeing magic/supernatural everywhere. I personally think there is a goddess and not enough evidence to support a male god at Çatalhöyük but if there was both a male and female god and goddess then I know the kind of gods they were like Proto-Indo-European mythology. This series idea was addressed in, Anarchist Teaching as Free Public Education or Free Education in the Public: VIDEO Our 12 video series: Organized Oppression: Mesopotamian State Force and the Politics of power (9,000-4,000 years ago), is adapted from: The Complete and Concise History of the Sumerians and Early Bronze Age Mesopotamia (7000-2000 BC): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=szFjxmY7jQA by "History with Cy" Show #1: Mesopotamian State Force and the Politics of Power (Samarra, Halaf, Ubaid) Show #2: Mesopotamian State Force and the Politics of Power Show #3: Mesopotamian State Force and the Politics of Power (Uruk and the First Cities) Show #4: Mesopotamian State Force and the Politics of Power (First Kings) Show #5: Mesopotamian State Force and the Politics of Power (Early Dynastic Period) Show #6: Mesopotamian State Force and the Politics of Power Show #7: Mesopotamian State Force and the Politics of Power (Sargon and Akkadian Rule) Show #9: Mesopotamian State Force and the Politics of Power (Gudea of Lagash and Utu-hegal) Show #12: Mesopotamian State Force and the Politics of Power (Aftermath and Legacy of Sumer) The "Atheist-Humanist-Leftist Revolutionaries" Cory Johnston ☭ Ⓐ Atheist Leftist @Skepticallefty & I (Damien Marie AtHope) @AthopeMarie (my YouTube & related blog) are working jointly in atheist, antitheist, antireligionist, antifascist, anarchist, socialist, and humanist endeavors in our videos together, generally, every other Saturday. Why Does Power Bring Responsibility? Think, how often is it the powerless that start wars, oppress others, or commit genocide? So, I guess the question is to us all, to ask, how can power not carry responsibility in a humanity concept? I know I see the deep ethical responsibility that if there is power their must be a humanistic responsibility of ethical and empathic stewardship of that power. Will I be brave enough to be kind? Will I possess enough courage to be compassionate? Will my valor reach its height of empathy? I as everyone, earns our justified respect by our actions, that are good, ethical, just, protecting, and kind. Do I have enough self-respect to put my love for humanity's flushing, over being brought down by some of its bad actors? May we all be the ones doing good actions in the world, to help human flourishing. I create the world I want to live in, striving for flourishing. Which is not a place but a positive potential involvement and promotion; a life of humanist goal precision. To master oneself, also means mastering positive prosocial behaviors needed for human flourishing. I may have lost a god myth as an atheist, but I am happy to tell you, my friend, it is exactly because of that, leaving the mental terrorizer, god belief, that I truly regained my connected ethical as well as kind humanity. Cory and I will talk about prehistory and theism, addressing the relevance to atheism, anarchism, and socialism. At the same time as the rise of the male god, 7,000 years ago, there was also the very time there was the rise of violence, war, and clans to kingdoms, then empires, then states. It is all connected back to 7,000 years ago, and it moved across the world. Cory Johnston: https://damienmarieathope.com/2021/04/cory-johnston-mind-of-a-skeptical-leftist/?v=32aec8db952d The Mind of a Skeptical Leftist (YouTube) Cory Johnston: Mind of a Skeptical Leftist @Skepticallefty The Mind of a Skeptical Leftist By Cory Johnston: "Promoting critical thinking, social justice, and left-wing politics by covering current events and talking to a variety of people. Cory Johnston has been thoughtfully talking to people and attempting to promote critical thinking, social justice, and left-wing politics." http://anchor.fm/skepticalleft Cory needs our support. We rise by helping each other. Cory Johnston ☭ Ⓐ @Skepticallefty Evidence-based atheist leftist (he/him) Producer, host, and co-host of 4 podcasts @skeptarchy @skpoliticspod and @AthopeMarie Damien Marie AtHope ("At Hope") Axiological Atheist, Anti-theist, Anti-religionist, Secular Humanist. Rationalist, Writer, Artist, Poet, Philosopher, Advocate, Activist, Psychology, and Armchair Archaeology/Anthropology/Historian. Damien is interested in: Freedom, Liberty, Justice, Equality, Ethics, Humanism, Science, Atheism, Antiteism, Antireligionism, Ignosticism, Left-Libertarianism, Anarchism, Socialism, Mutualism, Axiology, Metaphysics, LGBTQI, Philosophy, Advocacy, Activism, Mental Health, Psychology, Archaeology, Social Work, Sexual Rights, Marriage Rights, Woman's Rights, Gender Rights, Child Rights, Secular Rights, Race Equality, Ageism/Disability Equality, Etc. And a far-leftist, "Anarcho-Humanist." I am not a good fit in the atheist movement that is mostly pro-capitalist, I am anti-capitalist. Mostly pro-skeptic, I am a rationalist not valuing skepticism. Mostly pro-agnostic, I am anti-agnostic. Mostly limited to anti-Abrahamic religions, I am an anti-religionist. To me, the "male god" seems to have either emerged or become prominent around 7,000 years ago, whereas the now favored monotheism "male god" is more like 4,000 years ago or so. To me, the "female goddess" seems to have either emerged or become prominent around 11,000-10,000 years ago or so, losing the majority of its once prominence around 2,000 years ago due largely to the now favored monotheism "male god" that grow in prominence after 4,000 years ago or so. My Thought on the Evolution of Gods? Animal protector deities from old totems/spirit animal beliefs come first to me, 13,000/12,000 years ago, then women as deities 11,000/10,000 years ago, then male gods around 7,000/8,000 years ago. Moralistic gods around 5,000/4,000 years ago, and monotheistic gods around 4,000/3,000 years ago. To me, animal gods were likely first related to totemism animals around 13,000 to 12,000 years ago or older. Female as goddesses was next to me, 11,000 to 10,000 years ago or so with the emergence of agriculture. Then male gods come about 8,000 to 7,000 years ago with clan wars. Many monotheism-themed religions started in henotheism, emerging out of polytheism/paganism. Damien Marie AtHope (Said as "At" "Hope")/(Autodidact Polymath but not good at math): Axiological Atheist, Anti-theist, Anti-religionist, Secular Humanist, Rationalist, Writer, Artist, Jeweler, Poet, "autodidact" Philosopher, schooled in Psychology, and "autodidact" Armchair Archaeology/Anthropology/Pre-Historian (Knowledgeable in the range of: 1 million to 5,000/4,000 years ago). I am an anarchist socialist politically. Reasons for or Types of Atheism My Website, My Blog, & Short-writing or Quotes, My YouTube, Twitter: @AthopeMarie, and My Email: email@example.com
Tag: Renoir Auguste Renoir and his arthritis Renowned for his colorful portraits and landscapes, Auguste Renoir (1841–1919) was one of the greatest French Impressionists. He painted some 4,000 compositions, many still admired all over the world. But during his last twenty years, he suffered from a debilitating illness that greatly impacted his work. As a child, Renoir contracted pneumonia, which left him… The Portrait of Doctor Gachet Nicholas KangAuckland, New Zealand On a spring evening in New York, a portrait is unveiled before a crowded auction room. It pictures an older man wearing a dark blue coat with luminous green buttons. His elbow rests on a red table beside two yellow books. In front of him is a glass with faded purple…
What is the difference between homology and analogy quizlet? Homologous structures share a common ancestry, but not necessarily a common function. Analogous structures share a common function, but do not share a common ancestry. What is difference between homologous organs and analogous organs? Homologous structures share an identical embryonic origin; analogous organs have an identical function. For instance, the bones within the front flipper of a whale are homologous to the bones within the human arm. These structures aren't analogous. What is the difference between homologous structures and analogous structures give examples? The limbs of vertebrates are examples of homologous structures, and in fact the same bones are present, yet modified from one animal to another. The wings of insects and birds are examples of analogous structures with completely different evolutionary paths and origins. What is difference between homologous and analogous organs? What is the difference between homology and analogy in structures? Homologous structures are structures that evolve in living organisms that have a common ancestor. Analogous structures are those that evolve independently in different living organisms but have a similar or the same function. What's the definition of homologies? Medical Definition of homology 1a : likeness in structure between parts of different organisms due to evolutionary differentiation from the same or a corresponding part of a remote ancestor — compare analogy, homomorphy. What is the difference between homologous and analogous with example? What are the differences between homologous organs and analogous organs? Similar traits are often either homologous or analogous. Homologous structures share an identical embryonic origin; analogous organs have an identical function. For instance, the bones within the front flipper of a whale are homologous to the bones within the human arm. These structures aren't analogous. What are the key elements that distinguish homologous from analogous structures? What's the Difference Between Homologous and Analogous Structures? Homologous Structures \| Analogous Structures \| Shared ancestry Similar internal structure May look different externally \| No shared ancestry Similar function May look similar externally \| What are the similarities and differences between homologous and analogous structures? What is the correct definition of homology? The similarity of a structure or function of parts of different origins based on their descent from a common evolutionary ancestor is homology. What are homologies and analogies in biology? These are called homologies and analogies. Homology Homology: traits inherited by two different organisms from a common ancestor Analogy Analogy: similarity due to convergent evolution (often occurs when both lineages face similar environmental challenges and selective pressures) The Tale of the Limb What is an analogy analogy? Analogy Analogy, or analogous structures, is actually the one that does not indicate there is a recent common ancestor between two organisms. Even though the anatomical structures being studied look similar and maybe even perform the same functions, they are actually a product of convergent evolution. How does homology contribute to divergent evolution? Homology. Migration to new climates, competition for niches with other species, and even microevolutionary changes like DNA mutations can contribute to divergent evolution. An example of homology is the tailbone in humans with the tails of cats and dogs. While our coccyx or tailbone has become a vestigial structure,… Are all characters homologies? Not all characters are homologies. For example, birds and bats both have wings, while mice and crocodiles do not. Does that mean that birds and bats are more closely related to one another than to mice and crocodiles?
Students focus on dialogue skills by learning a set of topical words/phrases used at a hair salon or barber shop. Students perform role-plays using these words and phrases to discuss their hair style and what they would like to change about it. Giving advice and making recommendations/suggestions is also reviewed. Speaking in a Hair Salon People and places Level Intermediate: B1 4 student pagesTeaching notes Teaching time 120 mins Language functions Describing people, places, or thingsGiving advice or recommendations Language forms Adjectives Questions and answersReadingRole-playWriting Related lessons These handouts are the same level as "Speaking in a Hair Salon". You might also like these… English Verb Tense and Aspect Chart 3 Level B1, B2, C1 1 page Class essentials Help your students understand and compare English verb tenses and aspects. The tense of a verb tells us when something… All about the Second Conditional Level A2+, B1 3 pages 90 mins Talking about imaginary situations with the second conditional. Students are introduced to vocabulary used to talk about games, sports, and… All about the First Conditional Level A2+, B1 3 pages 90 mins Talking about plans and what you will do if plans change using the first conditional. Students discuss different plans they… Antonio's Restaurant Menu Level A2+, B1 2 pages 60 mins Food and restaurants Review a restaurant menu and make recommendations. Students review a descriptive restaurant menu and practice making recommendations. Understanding how to… Have or Get something done Level B1, B2 2 pages 60 mins Daily life Students practice using causative verbs "have" and "get" in the structure have/get something done. A Thanksgiving Feast Level A2+, B1 5 pages 120 mins Students read about a family's preparation for their Thanksgiving feast and learn new vocabulary for Thanksgiving food and preparation. Students… I've Been Wrapping Presents all Morning Level B1, B2 4 pages 120 mins Students focus on the use of present perfect and present perfect continuous forms and understand how to use them to… Causative Verbs and DIY Level B1, B2 3 pages 90 mins Daily lifeWork Students review causative verbs: have, get, let, and make. DIY verb noun collocations and idiomatic phrases are reviewed. Students will… Would you mind… ? Level B1 3 pages 90 mins BusinessDaily lifeWork Making requests and responding to "Would you mind… ?" and "Do you mind… ?" Students practice making formal requests and… Four Ways to Talk about the Future Level A2+, B1 4 pages 90 mins Daily lifeTravelWork Check students' understanding of talking about the future by reviewing four future forms: will/won't, be going to, present continuous, and…
Oak Ridge is a city in Anderson and Roane counties in the eastern part of the U.S. state of Tennessee, about 25 miles (40 km) west of downtown Knoxville. Oak Ridge's population was 31,402 at the 2020 census.[9] It is part of the Knoxville Metropolitan Area. Oak Ridge's nicknames include the Atomic City,[10] the Secret City,[11] and the City Behind a Fence.[1] Oak Ridge, Tennessee \| \| Images, from top down, left to right: Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Commemorative Walk monument, Y-12 National Security Complex, Melton Hill Lake, American Museum of Science and Energy, International Friendship Bell, The Chapel on the Hill \| \| Nickname(s): \| \| Motto: "The Vision Lives On" \| \| Coordinates: 36°0′37″N 84°16′11″W / 36.01028°N 84.26972°W \| \| Country \| United States \| State \| Tennessee \| Counties \| Anderson, Roane \| Established \| 1942 \| Incorporated \| 1959 \| Government \| \| • Type \| Council-manager (under home-rule charter) \| • Mayor \| Warren Gooch (D[2])[a] \| • City Manager \| Randall Hemann \| • City Council \| List of Councilmembers \| Area \| \| • Total \| 89.95 sq mi (232.98 km2) \| • Land \| 85.25 sq mi (220.80 km2) \| • Water \| 4.70 sq mi (12.18 km2) \| • Rank \| 134th US \| Elevation \| 850 ft (260 m) \| Population \| \| • Total \| 31,402 \| • Density \| 368.35/sq mi (142.22/km2) \| Time zone \| UTC−5 (EST) \| • Summer (DST) \| UTC−4 (EDT) \| ZIP codes \| 37830-37831 \| Area code \| 865 \| FIPS code \| 47-55120[8] \| Website \| www \| In 1942,[12] the United States federal government forcibly purchased nearly 60,000 acres (240 km2) of farmland in the Clinch River valley for the development of a planned city supporting 75,000 residents. It was constructed with assistance from architectural and engineering firm Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, from 1942 to 1943.[13] Oak Ridge was established in 1942 as a production site for the Manhattan Project—the massive American, British, and Canadian operation that developed the atomic bomb. Being the site of Oak Ridge National Laboratory and Y-12 National Security Complex, scientific and technological development still plays a crucial role in the city's economy and culture in general.[14] In 2016, the element tennessine was named for Tennessee, in recognition of the role played by Oak Ridge and other institutions in the state in its discovery.[15] History edit The earliest substantial occupation of the Oak Ridge area occurred during the Woodland period (c. 1000 BC – 1000), although artifacts dating to the Paleo-Indian period have been found throughout the Clinch River valley.[16] Two Woodland mound sites—the Crawford Farm Mounds and the Freels Farm Mounds—were uncovered in the 1930s as part of the Norris Basin salvage excavations. Both sites were just southeast of the former Scarboro community.[17] The Bull Bluff site, which was occupied during the Woodland and Mississippian (c. 1000–1600) periods, was uncovered in the 1960s in anticipation of the construction of Melton Hill Dam.[18] Bull Bluff is a cliff immediately southeast of Haw Ridge, opposite Melton Hill Park. The Oak Ridge area was largely uninhabited when Euro-American explorers and settlers arrived in the late 18th century, although the Cherokee claimed the land as part of their hunting grounds. During the early 19th century, several rural farming communities developed in the Oak Ridge area, namely Edgemoor and Elza in the northeast, East Fork and Wheat in the southwest, Robertsville in the west, and Bethel and Scarboro in the southeast. The European-American settlers who founded these communities arrived in the late 1790s after the American Revolutionary War and after the Cherokee signed the Treaty of Holston, ceding what is now Anderson County to the United States. A popular legend holds that John Hendrix (1865-1915), a largely unknown local man, predicted the creation of the city of Oak Ridge around 40 years before construction on the project began. Hendrix lacked any formal education and was a simple logger for much of his life. Following the death of his youngest daughter, Ethel, to diphtheria, and the subsequent departure of his wife and three remaining children, Hendrix began hearing voices in his head. These voices urged him to stay in the woods and pray for guidance for 40 days and 40 nights, which Hendrix proceeded to do. As the story is told, following these 40 days spent in rugged isolation, Hendrix began seeing visions of the future, and he sought to spread his prophetic message to any who would listen.[19] According to published accounts,[20] one vision that he described repeatedly was a description of the city and production facilities built 28 years after his death, during World War II. The version recalled by neighbors and relatives reported: In the woods, as I lay on the ground and looked up into the sky, there came to me a voice as loud and as sharp as thunder. The voice told me to sleep with my head on the ground for 40 nights and I would be shown visions of what the future holds for this land.... And I tell you, Bear Creek Valley someday will be filled with great buildings and factories, and they will help toward winning the greatest war that ever will be. And there will be a city on Black Oak Ridge and the center of authority will be on a spot middle-way between Sevier Tadlock's farm and Joe Pyatt's Place. A railroad spur will branch off the main L&N line, run down toward Robertsville and then branch off and turn toward Scarborough. Big engines will dig big ditches, and thousands of people will be running to and fro. They will be building things, and there will be great noise and confusion and the earth will shake. I've seen it. It's coming.[20] Hendrix, in light of his tales of prophetic visions, was considered insane by most and at one point was institutionalized. His grave lies in an area of Oak Ridge now known as the Hendrix Creek Subdivision. There are ongoing concerns over the preservation of his gravestone, as the man who owns the lot adjacent to the grave wishes to build a home there, while members of the Oak Ridge Heritage and Preservation Association are fighting to have a monument placed on the site of his grave.[19] Manhattan Project edit In 1942, the United States federal government chose the area as a site for developing materials for the Manhattan Project. Major General Leslie Groves, military head of the Manhattan Project, liked the area for several reasons. Its relatively low population made acquisition affordable, yet the area was accessible by highway and rail, and utilities such as water and electricity were readily available with the recent completion of Norris Dam. The project location was established within a 17-mile-long (27 km) valley. This feature was linear and partitioned by several ridges, providing natural protection against the spread of disasters at the four major industrial plants—so they plants would not blow up "like firecrackers on a string".[21] In October 1942, the United States Army Corps of Engineers began acquiring more than 60,000 acres (24,000 ha) in the Oak Ridge area for the United States' Manhattan Project. Due to the urgency and secrecy of the Manhattan Project, the Corps' "declaration of taking" was swift and final. Many residents came home to find eviction notices tacked to their doors. Others found out when their children came home from school with a message from the principal: Senator McKellar wants me to tell you to go home and tell your parents you are going to have to find another place to live." There was no further explanation as to why. All the students were told was this: "The government is going to take your property for the war effort."[22] By March 1943 the Corps had removed the area's earlier communities and established fences and checkpoints. Anderson County lost one-seventh of its land and $391,000 in annual property tax revenue. The manner by which the Oak Ridge area was acquired by the government created a tense, uneasy relationship between the Oak Ridge complex and the surrounding towns.[23] Although the area's original residents were allowed to be buried in existing cemeteries, every coffin was reportedly opened for inspection.[24] The Corps' Manhattan Engineer District (MED) managed the acquisition and clearing. The K-25, S-50, and Y-12 plants were each built in Oak Ridge to separate the fissile isotope uranium-235 from natural uranium, which consists almost entirely of the isotope uranium-238. During construction of the electromagnets required for the uranium separation process at the Y-12 site, a shortage of copper forced the MED to borrow 14,700 tons of silver bullion from the United States Treasury as a copper substitute in wire for the electromagnet coils.[25] The X-10 site, now the site of Oak Ridge National Laboratory, was established as a pilot plant for production of plutonium using the Graphite Reactor. When the Tennessee Governor Prentice Cooper was officially handed the July 1943 presidential proclamation by a junior officer (a lieutenant)—making Oak Ridge a military district not subject to state control—he tore it up and refused to see the Manhattan Project engineer, Lieutenant Colonel James C. Marshall. The new district engineer, Lieutenant Colonel Kenneth Nichols, had to placate him.[26][27] Cooper came to see the project (except for the production facilities under construction) on November 3, 1943; and he appreciated the bourbon-laced punch served (although Anderson County was "dry").[28] House and dormitory accommodations at the Clinton Engineer Works (CEW) in Oak Ridge and Hanford Engineer Works in Washington were basic, with coal rather than oil or electric furnaces. But they were of a higher standard than Groves wanted and were better than at Los Alamos.[29] Medical care was provided by Army doctors and hospitals, with civilians paying $2.50 per month ($5 for families) to the medical insurance fund. [30] Planned community edit The location and low population helped keep the town a secret, though the settlement grew from 3,000 to 3,750 in 1942 to about 75,000 by 1945.[31][32] Because of the large number of workers recruited to the area for the Manhattan Project, the Army planned a town for project workers at the eastern end of the valley. The time required for the project's completion caused the Army to opt for a relatively permanent establishment rather than an enormous camp. The name "Oak Ridge" was chosen for the settlement in 1943 from suggestions submitted by project employees. The name evoked the settlement's location along Black Oak Ridge, and officials thought the rural-sounding name "held outside curiosity to a minimum".[33] The name was formally adopted in 1949. The architectural and engineering firm Skidmore, Owings & Merrill was contracted to provide the layout for the town and house designs.[34] John O. Merrill moved to Tennessee to take charge of designing the secret buildings at Oak Ridge.[35] He directed the creation of a town,[36] which soon had 300 miles (480 km) of roads, 55 miles (89 km) of railroad track, ten schools, seven theaters, 17 restaurants and cafeterias, and 13 supermarkets. A library with 9,400 books, a symphony orchestra, sporting facilities, church services for 17 denominations, and a Fuller Brush Company salesman served the new city and its 75,000 residents.[31] No airport was built, for security reasons.[24] Prefabricated modular homes, apartments, and dormitories, many made from cemesto (bonded cement and asbestos) panels, were quickly erected. Streets were laid out in the manner of a "planned community". The original streets included several main east-to-west roads, namely the Oak Ridge Turnpike, Tennessee Avenue, Pennsylvania Avenue, Hillside Road, Robertsville Road, and Outer Drive. North-to-south oriented streets connecting these main roads were designated "avenues", and streets branching off from the avenues were designated "roads", "places", "lanes", or "circles". "Roads" connected two streets, while "lanes" and "places" were dead ends.[37] The names of the main avenues generally progressed alphabetically from east to west (e.g., Alabama Avenue in the east, Vermont Avenue in the west), and the names of the smaller streets began with the same letter as the main avenue from which they started (e.g., streets connected to Florida Avenue began with "F"). The dramatic population increase, and the secret nature of the project, meant chronic shortages of housing and supplies during the war years. The town was administered by Turner Construction Company through a subsidiary named the Roane-Anderson Company.[24] For most residents, however, their "landlord" was known as "MSI" (Management Services, Inc.). All workers wore badges. The town was surrounded by guard towers and a fence with seven gates. Segregation and desegregation edit Oak Ridge was developed by the federal government as a segregated community, required by the Southern bloc of Democrats in Congress to authorize funding for the project. Due to generally holding lower-ranked jobs, their assigned dwellings were predominantly government-built "hutments" (one-room shacks) located very close to the Y-12 plant, in the one residential area designated as colored. Nichols, the MED District Engineer, was told by the main construction contractor for the K-25 plant that the black construction labor force had a large turnover rate, so Nichols gave permission to set up a separate black women's camp. When Groves visited the plant with K. T. Keller of Chrysler, Keller saw twelve Black women sweeping the 30-foot wide alley between the production units, and said "Nichols, don't you know there is a machine made to sweep a concrete floor like this?" Nichols replied "Sure I do, but these gals can do more than one of those machines". The men now had an opportunity to "fracas" on Saturday night, and labor turnover had reduced.[38] During the war, plans were made for a colored neighborhood of houses equal in quality to those provided for whites, but it was not implemented because of limited resources. After the war, all hutments were dismantled, and a colored neighborhood of permanent houses was developed in the Gamble Valley area of Oak Ridge, which during wartime had been occupied by a white trailer community. Oak Ridge elementary education prior to 1954 was segregated; it was legally part of the Anderson County system though built and operated primarily with federal funds.[39] Black children could attend only the Scarboro Elementary School. Oak Ridge High School was closed to black students, who had to be bused to Knoxville for an education. Starting in 1950, Scarboro High School was established at Scarboro Elementary School to offer classes for African-American students.[citation needed] In 1955, 85 young Black students from the Scarboro community were the first to enter all-white classes in Oak Ridge High School and Robertsville Junior High School (now Robertsville Middle School).[40] In 2023, on the 68th anniversary, a Scarboro 85 Monument was erected in Oak Ridge.[41] Robertsville Junior High School, serving the west half of Oak Ridge, was desegregated at the same time as the high school. Elementary schools in other parts of the city and Jefferson Junior High School, serving the east half of the city, were desegregated slowly as African-American families moved into housing outside of Gamble Valley. In 1967 Scarboro Elementary School was closed, and African-American students from Gamble Valley were bused to other schools around the city.[citation needed] The nearby high school in Clinton was desegregated in the fall of 1956. On October 5, 1958, it was bombed and closed while being rebuilt. Oak Ridge provided space at a recently vacated elementary school building (the original Linden Elementary School) for the education of high school students from Clinton for two years while Clinton High School was being rebuilt. Following the Brown decision, public accommodations in Oak Ridge were gradually integrated, which took several years. In 1955, the spring-fed Oak Ridge Municipal Outdoor Swimming Pool, which had been completed in June 1945, became integrated.[42] In the early 1960s, Oak Ridge briefly experienced protest picketing against racial segregation in public accommodations, notably outside a local cafeteria and a laundromat.[43] Since World War II edit Two years after World War II ended, Oak Ridge was shifted to civilian control, under the authority of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission. The Roane Anderson Company administered community functions, including arranging housing and operating buses, under a government contract.[44] In 1959 the town was incorporated. The community adopted a city manager and City Council form of government rather than direct federal control. The S-50 liquid thermal diffusion plant was demolished soon after the war. K-25, where uranium was enriched by the gaseous diffusion process until 1985, was demolished in 2013–15. Two of the four major facilities created for the wartime bomb production remain standing: - Y-12, originally used for electromagnetic separation of uranium, is used for nuclear weapons processing and materials storage. - X-10, site of a graphite test reactor, is now Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). The Department of Energy (DOE) runs ORNL, a nuclear and high-tech research establishment. In 1983, the DOE declassified a report showing that significant amounts of mercury had been released from the Oak Ridge Reservation into the East Fork Poplar Creek between 1950 and 1977. A federal court ordered the DOE to bring the Oak Ridge Reservation into compliance with federal and state environmental regulations.[45] In June 2018 IBM and ORNL unveiled Summit, the "world's fastest supercomputer", claimed to be more than twice as powerful as the previous world leader, with a peak performance of 200,000 trillion calculations per second. Oak Ridge's scientific heritage is curated in the American Museum of Science and Energy. Its role in the Manhattan Project is preserved in the Manhattan Project National Historical Park (along with sites in Hanford, Washington and Los Alamos, New Mexico), run cooperatively by the National Park Service and the Department of Energy. A bus tour and several virtual tours are available for the public.[46] Economic development edit In 2003, the city extended its borders west beyond the Clinch River boundary for the annexation of the master planned community, the Preserve at Oak Ridge, paving the way for economic growth into the 21st century.[47] In January 2020, the city council of Oak Ridge approved the "Wilson Street Corridor" project plan, intended to develop and construct a downtown area in the city situated along Wilson Street. The plan consists of a mixed-use development of retail, residential usage, and restaurants with a primary focus of multi-story residential space.[48][49] Geography edit Immediately northeast of Oak Ridge, the southwestward-flowing Clinch River bends sharply to the southeast for roughly 6 miles (10 km) toward Solway, where it turns again to the southwest. After flowing for approximately 17 miles (27 km), the river bends sharply to the northwest at Copper Ridge, and continues in this direction for nearly 7 miles (11 km). At the K-25 plant, the Clinch turns southwest again and flows for another 11 miles (18 km) to its mouth along the Tennessee River at Kingston. This series of bends creates a half-rectangle formation—surrounded by water on the northeast, east, and southwest—in which Oak Ridge is situated. The Oak Ridge area is striated by five ridges that run roughly parallel to one another in a northeast-to-southwest direction. In order from west-to-east, the five ridges are Blackoak Ridge (which connects the Elza and K-25 bends of the Clinch and thus "walls off" the half-rectangle), East Fork Ridge, Pine Ridge, Chestnut Ridge, and Haw Ridge. The five ridges are divided by four valleys: East Fork Valley (between Blackoak Ridge and East Fork Ridge), Gamble Valley (between East Fork Ridge and Pine Ridge), Bear Creek Valley (between Pine Ridge and Chestnut Ridge), and Bethel Valley (between Chestnut and Haw). These ridges and valleys are part of the Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians physiographic province. The main section of the city is located in the northeast, where East Fork and Pine Ridge give way to low, scattered hills. Many of the city's residences are located along the relatively steep northeastern slope of Blackoak Ridge. The completion of Melton Hill Dam (along the Clinch near Copper Ridge) in 1963 created Melton Hill Lake, which borders the city on the northeast and east. The lakefront on the east side of the city is a popular recreation area, with bicycling trails and picnic areas lining the shore. The lake is well known as a venue for rowing competitions. Watts Bar Lake, an impoundment of the Tennessee River which covers the lower 23 miles (37 km) of the Clinch, borders Oak Ridge to the south and southwest. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 90.0 square miles (233.0 km2), of which 85.3 square miles (220.8 km2) is land and 4.7 square miles (12.2 km2), or 5.25%, is water.[50] The highest point is Melton Hill (35°54′35″N 84°18′19″W / 35.90962°N 84.30525°W) on the DOE reservation, at elevation 1,356 feet (413 m). Climate edit Like much of the rest of the state, Oak Ridge has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa in the Köppen climate classification); it is part of USDA hardiness zone 7a.[51] The normal monthly mean temperature ranges from 37.9 °F (3.3 °C) in January to 77.5 °F (25.3 °C) in July, while on average there are 4.3 days where the temperature stays at or below freezing and 39 days with a high at or above 90 °F (32 °C) per year.[52][53] The all-time record low is −17 °F (−27 °C), set on January 21, 1985, while the all-time record high is 105 °F (41 °C), set on June 30, 2012, and July 28, 1952.[52] However, temperatures reaching either 0 °F (−18 °C) or 100 °F (38 °C) are uncommon, having last occurred February 5, 1996 (the date of the all-time record low for February) and July 1, 2012.[52] Precipitation averages 59.70 inches (1,516 mm) annually and reaches a low during late summer. The rainiest calendar day on record is August 10, 1960, when 7.45 inches (189 mm) of rain fell; monthly precipitation has ranged from trace amounts in October 1963 to 19.27 inches (489 mm) in July 1967.[52] Climate data for Oak Ridge (Atmospheric Turbulence & Diffusion Division), Tennessee (1991–2020 normals,[b] extremes 1947–present) \| \|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\|\| Month \| Jan \| Feb \| Mar \| Apr \| May \| Jun \| Jul \| Aug \| Sep \| Oct \| Nov \| Dec \| Year \| Record high °F (°C) \| 76 (24) \| 82 (28) \| 86 (30) \| 92 (33) \| 96 (36) \| 105 (41) \| 105 (41) \| 103 (39) \| 102 (39) \| 98 (37) \| 85 (29) \| 78 (26) \| 105 (41) \| Mean maximum °F (°C) \| 67.3 (19.6) \| 71.2 (21.8) \| 79.4 (26.3) \| 86.0 (30.0) \| 89.6 (32.0) \| 93.8 (34.3) \| 96.0 (35.6) \| 94.8 (34.9) \| 92.5 (33.6) \| 84.6 (29.2) \| 75.3 (24.1) \| 67.4 (19.7) \| 96.8 (36.0) \| Mean daily maximum °F (°C) \| 46.6 (8.1) \| 51.4 (10.8) \| 60.7 (15.9) \| 70.4 (21.3) \| 77.7 (25.4) \| 84.0 (28.9) \| 87.0 (30.6) \| 86.6 (30.3) \| 81.0 (27.2) \| 71.0 (21.7) \| 58.9 (14.9) \| 49.3 (9.6) \| 68.7 (20.4) \| Daily mean °F (°C) \| 37.9 (3.3) \| 41.7 (5.4) \| 49.7 (9.8) \| 58.6 (14.8) \| 66.9 (19.4) \| 74.1 (23.4) \| 77.5 (25.3) \| 76.8 (24.9) \| 70.8 (21.6) \| 59.7 (15.4) \| 48.1 (8.9) \| 40.9 (4.9) \| 58.6 (14.8) \| Mean daily minimum °F (°C) \| 29.2 (−1.6) \| 32.1 (0.1) \| 38.7 (3.7) \| 46.8 (8.2) \| 56.1 (13.4) \| 64.1 (17.8) \| 68.1 (20.1) \| 67.0 (19.4) \| 60.6 (15.9) \| 48.4 (9.1) \| 37.3 (2.9) \| 32.4 (0.2) \| 48.4 (9.1) \| Mean minimum °F (°C) \| 11.3 (−11.5) \| 16.2 (−8.8) \| 22.4 (−5.3) \| 31.5 (−0.3) \| 41.0 (5.0) \| 53.7 (12.1) \| 60.4 (15.8) \| 59.3 (15.2) \| 47.4 (8.6) \| 33.2 (0.7) \| 23.8 (−4.6) \| 17.7 (−7.9) \| 8.7 (−12.9) \| Record low °F (°C) \| −17 (−27) \| −13 (−25) \| 1 (−17) \| 20 (−7) \| 30 (−1) \| 39 (4) \| 49 (9) \| 50 (10) \| 33 (1) \| 21 (−6) \| 0 (−18) \| −7 (−22) \| −17 (−27) \| Average precipitation inches (mm) \| 5.50 (140) \| 5.93 (151) \| 5.55 (141) \| 5.58 (142) \| 4.50 (114) \| 4.76 (121) \| 5.90 (150) \| 3.72 (94) \| 4.13 (105) \| 3.29 (84) \| 5.00 (127) \| 5.84 (148) \| 59.70 (1,516) \| Average snowfall inches (cm) \| 1.8 (4.6) \| 1.4 (3.6) \| 0.6 (1.5) \| 0.0 (0.0) \| 0.0 (0.0) \| 0.0 (0.0) \| 0.0 (0.0) \| 0.0 (0.0) \| 0.0 (0.0) \| 0.0 (0.0) \| 0.0 (0.0) \| 0.6 (1.5) \| 4.4 (11) \| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) \| 11.9 \| 11.7 \| 12.3 \| 11.0 \| 12.0 \| 12.3 \| 12.5 \| 10.0 \| 8.2 \| 8.4 \| 9.2 \| 12.2 \| 131.7 \| Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) \| 1.2 \| 1.1 \| 0.4 \| 0.0 \| 0.0 \| 0.0 \| 0.0 \| 0.0 \| 0.0 \| 0.0 \| 0.0 \| 0.6 \| 3.3 \| Source: NOAA[52][53] \| Demographics edit Census \| Pop. \| Note \| %± \| 1960 \| 27,169 \| — \| \| 1970 \| 28,319 \| 4.2% \| \| 1980 \| 27,662 \| −2.3% \| \| 1990 \| 27,310 \| −1.3% \| \| 2000 \| 27,387 \| 0.3% \| \| 2010 \| 29,330 \| 7.1% \| \| 2020 \| 31,402 \| 7.1% \| \| 2022 (est.) \| 32,614 \| 3.9% \| \| Sources:[54][55][7] \| 2020 census edit Race \| Number \| Percentage \| White (non-Hispanic) \| 24,163 \| 76.95% \| Black or African American (non-Hispanic) \| 2,317 \| 7.38% \| Native American \| 84 \| 0.27% \| Asian \| 818 \| 2.6% \| Pacific Islander \| 47 \| 0.15% \| Other/Mixed \| 2,040 \| 6.5% \| Hispanic or Latino \| 1,933 \| 6.16% \| As of the 2020 United States census, there were 31,402 people, 12,008 households, and 7,641 families residing in the city. 2010 census edit As of the 2010 United States Census,[8] there were 29,330 people, 12,772 households, and 7,921 families residing in the city. The population density was 344.0 inhabitants per square mile (132.8/km2). There were 14,494 housing units at an average density of 161.2 per square mile (62.2/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 86.8% White (81.8% non-Hispanic), 8.1% African American, 0.4% Native American or Alaska Native, 2.5% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 2.0% from other races, and 3.0% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 4.6% of the population. There were 12,772 households, with 25.2% having children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.2% being married couples living together, 12.9% having a female householder with no husband present, 3.9% having a male householder with no wife present, and 38.0% being non-families. 33.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.26 and the average family size was 2.86. The age distribution was 22.0% under the age of 18, 7.1% from 18 to 24, 22.8% from 25 to 44, 28.9% from 45 to 64, and 19.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43.5 years. For every 100 females, there were 89.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.3 males. The median income for a household in the city was $48,716, and the median income for a family was $69,333. Full-time, year-round male workers had a median income of $54,316 versus $36,140 for females in the same employment situation. The per capita income for the city was $30,430. About 10.7% of families and 16.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 28.1% of those under age 18 and 6.7% of those age 65 or over. Government edit Oak Ridge uses the council-manager government system, which was established in 1959 when the city was incorporated. It is governed by a seven-member city council composed of the mayor and six council members.[57] Oak Ridge is represented in the Tennessee House of Representatives in the 33rd District in Anderson County, and the 32nd district in Roane County, by Representatives John Ragan and Kent Calfee respectively, both of whom are Republican.[58][59] In the Tennessee Senate, Oak Ridge is represented in the 5th district in Anderson County and the 12th district in Roane County, by Lieutenant Governor of Tennessee and Senator Randy McNally, and Senator Ken Yager respectively, both of whom are Republican.[60][61] Oak Ridge is represented in the United States House of Representatives by Republican Chuck Fleischmann of the 3rd congressional district.[62] Unlike the rest of Anderson County, Oak Ridge, along with nearby Norris, has voted democratic in recent federal elections, with the majority of the city having voted for Democratic presidential candidate Joe Biden in 2020.[63] Economy edit The federal government projects at Oak Ridge are reduced in size and scope but are still the city's principal economic activity and one of the largest employers in the Knoxville metropolitan area. The DOE owns the federal sites and maintains a major office in the city. Oak Ridge National Laboratory is the largest multipurpose lab in the DOE's National Laboratory system. It is home to the Spallation Neutron Source, a $1.4 billion project completed in 2006, and "Titan", one of the world's most powerful scientific supercomputers, which has peak performance of more than one quadrillion operations per second. The Y-12 National Security Complex is a component of the U.S. nuclear weapons complex. The DOE's Environmental Management office is conducting an extensive program of decontamination and decommissioning, environmental cleanup, and waste management to remove or stabilize the hazardous residues remaining from decades of government production and research activities. The DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information disseminates government research and development information and operates the science.gov[64] website. The Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, operated by Oak Ridge Associated Universities, conducts research and education programs for the DOE, Department of Homeland Security, and other federal agencies. The Atmospheric Turbulence and Diffusion Division (ATDD), one of several field divisions of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Air Resources Laboratory, is also located in the city. ATDD began under AEC sponsorship in 1948 as a Weather Bureau research office providing meteorological information and expertise for the AEC. Currently its main function is to perform air quality-related research directed toward issues of national and global importance. The nuclear industry continues to grow in Oak Ridge following the demolition of the K-25 site. Currently planned in Oak Ridge are a small modular reactor and/or a light-water reactor,[65] two nuclear fuel plants,[66][67] a nuclear research reactor,[68] and a nuclear medicine plant.[69] Boeing operated a manufacturing plant in the city beginning in the early 1980s which closed in 2007. IPIX, Remotec (now a subsidiary of Northrop Grumman), ZYP Coatings, and several other technology-based companies have been founded in Oak Ridge, including Greg LeMond's carbon fiber-manufacturing business, LeMond Composites. Several radioactive waste processing companies, including EnergySolutions, have operations in Oak Ridge. The infrastructure that was new in the 1940s is aging. The once-isolated city is now incorporated into the Knoxville metropolitan area. Oak Ridge is now challenged to blend into the suburban orbit of Knoxville as its heritage as a "super secret" government installation subsides. Changing economic forces have led to continuing changes in the commercial sector. For example, the Oak Ridge City Center, a shopping center built in the 1950s and converted to an indoor shopping mall in the 1980s, sat largely empty in the years leading to its eventual partial demolition [70] and redevelopment.[71] Education edit The city operates a preschool, four elementary schools enrolling kindergarten through grade 4, two middle schools enrolling grades 5 through 8, and one high school enrolling grades 9 through 12. The Oak Ridge school district was ranked number one in the state of Tennessee, and Oak Ridge High School was ranked the number three high school in the state of Tennessee, in the Niche 2017 Best School Districts.[72] Independent schools in the city include the Montessori School of Oak Ridge, St. Mary's School, and several preschools. The Oak Ridge Institute for Continued Learning offers a diverse array of educational opportunities for adults.[73] Roane State Community College has its largest branch campus in Oak Ridge. Other higher education organizations present in the community but not offering classes locally include the Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge Associated Universities, and the University of Tennessee Forestry Stations and Arboretum. Media edit Oak Ridge is served by a daily newspaper, The Oak Ridger, and was for many years the home of AM radio station WATO. Sports edit Oak Ridge has a rowing venue on the Melton Hill Lake that hosts U.S. Rowing events such as the US Rowing Youth Summer National Championship [74] Oak Ridge has hosted cycling events for USA Cycling including the USA Cycling Individual Time Trial National Championships.[75] A Minor League Baseball team called the Oak Ridge Pioneers played at the city's Ridgeview Park for one season in 1954.[76] The Oak Ridge Bombers played briefly in 1948 before relocating.[77] Notable people edit Notable persons who were born or lived in Oak Ridge: - Arnold Anderson, chemical engineer on Manhattan Project,[78] consultant for American Indian Policy Review Commission[79] and founder of American Indian Science and Engineering Society[80] - E. Riley Anderson, Tennessee Supreme Court justice - Jennifer Azzi, WNBA player, coach, and Olympic gold medalist - General B.B. Bell, retired general, commander of U.S. Forces Korea and previously of U.S. Army, Europe and NATO's Joint Command - Manson Benedict, nuclear engineering pioneer - A. Keith Bissell, member of Tennessee House of Representatives and chairman of Tennessee Public Service Commission[81] - Jane Blankenship, spectroscopist[82] - Mike Caldwell, NFL player and coach - Nikki Caldwell, women's basketball head coach for LSU[83][84] - Paulo Campos, Filipino physician and educator noted for his promotion of wider community health care and his achievements in the field of nuclear medicine, for which he was dubbed as "The Father of Nuclear Medicine in the Philippines",[85] became the first president of the National Academy of Science and Technology, and was conferred the rank and title of National Scientist of the Philippines - Kenneth Lee Carder, United Methodist Church bishop - Lee Clayton, country-rock singer/songwriter, composer of "Ladies Love Outlaws"[86] - Waldo Cohn, biochemist known principally for developing techniques for separation of isotopes necessary for the Manhattan Project[87] - Charles Counts, artist, potter, and author - Trae Crowder, comedian and author - Sheldon Datz, chemist[88] - Dean Dillon, songwriter in the Country Music Hall of Fame.[89] - Charlie Ergen, co-founder and CEO of EchoStar Communications Corporation, parent company of Dish Network - Megan Fox, actress[90] - Matthew Friedman, film editor - Jeannine Hall Gailey, author[91] - John H. (Jack) Gibbons, director of Office of Technology Assessment and White House Office of Science and Technology Policy - Eugene Guth, physicist - Elaine Hendrix, actress - Tee Higgins, NFL player - Alexander Hollaender, one of the world's leading researchers in radiation biology and in genetic mutations and 1983 recipient of the Enrico Fermi Award[92] - Otis Howard, NBA player[93] - Alston Scott Householder, mathematician who invented Householder transformation - Mary Gaulden Jagger, radiation geneticist, professor of radiology, and political activist who authored some 60 scientific publications and helped lead the desegregation movement in Anderson County - Kathy Johnson, gymnast - Gene Kimmelman, consumer advocate and attorney[94] - Kai-Fu Lee, Google executive - Doug Martin, football coach[95][96] - Thomas Mason, physicist and director of Oak Ridge National Laboratory from 2007 to 2017 - Matt McMahon, basketball head coach - Randy McNally, Tennessee Lieutenant Governor - John O. Merrill, architect[97] - Edgar Meyer, Grammy Award-winning bassist - Sarah Monette, author - Karl Z. Morgan, health physics pioneer - Clarice Phelps, nuclear chemist - Ward Plummer, physicist - William G. Pollard, nuclear physicist, author, and Episcopal priest, first director of Oak Ridge Institute of Nuclear Studies (now Oak Ridge Associated Universities) - Herman Postma, physicist and former director of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory - Ellen Reid, Pulitzer Prize-winning composer[98] - Bobby Richards, NFL player[99] - Mitch Rouse, actor, director, and screenwriter - Danny Sanders, football player - Sophia Schubert, golfer[100] - Cameron Sexton, Tennessee state representative and Speaker of the State House[101][102] - William Shepherd, astronaut, commander of Expedition 1, first crew on International Space Station - Clifford Shull, Nobel Prize-winning physicist - Louis Slotin, physicist and chemist - Gore Verbinski, film director of Pirates of the Caribbean series - Alvin Weinberg, nuclear physicist - Ed Westcott, only authorized photographer in Oak Ridge during the Manhattan Project - Richard White, actor - Eugene Wigner, Nobel Prize-winning physicist - Adam Wingard, director - Herbert York, nuclear physicist The Oak Ridge Boys draw their name from the group's frequent performances at Oak Ridge National Laboratory during their earliest incarnation under Wally Fowler. Points of interest edit - Alexander Inn (retirement home) - American Museum of Science and Energy - Children's Museum of Oak Ridge - East Tennessee Technology Park - Manhattan Project National Historical Park, National Park Service and Department of Energy site - Oak Ridge National Laboratory - Office of Scientific and Technical Information - United Church, The Chapel on the Hill - University of Tennessee Arboretum - Y-12 National Security Complex Sister cities edit Oak Ridge has two sister cities, as designated by Sister Cities International: Notes edit - ^ Tennessee Code 2-13-208 requires all municipal elections and their respective offices to be nonpartisan.[3] - ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020. References edit - ^ a b Charles Johnson and Charles Jackson, City Behind a Fence: Oak Ridge, Tennessee, 1942–1946 (Knoxville, Tenn.: University of Tennessee Press, 1981). - ^ "Warren Gooch for Anderson County mayor". Knoxville News Sentinel. Retrieved May 5, 2021. - ^ "Tennessee Code 2-13-208 – Municipal elections to be nonpartisan". LawServer.com. Retrieved February 6, 2022. - ^ "Oak Ridge". Municipal Technical Advisory Service. University of Tennessee. Retrieved September 15, 2020. - ^ "ArcGIS REST Services Directory". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 15, 2022. - ^ a b "Oak Ridge". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. - ^ a b "Census Population API". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 15, 2022. - ^ a b "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008. - ^ "U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Oak Ridge city, Tennessee". census.gov. Retrieved December 14, 2021. - ^ Olwell, Russell, At Work in the Atomic City: A Labor and Social History of Oak Ridge, Tennessee (Knoxville, Tenn.: University of Tennessee Press, 2004). - ^ Warren Resen, "The Secret City: Oak Ridge, Tennessee" Archived June 15, 2012, at the Wayback Machine," The Observer News, August 3, 2010. Retrieved November 9, 2011. - ^ "The Atomic City: Why Oak Ridge Was Chosen for the Manhattan Project". Explore Oak Ridge. January 8, 2018. Retrieved August 11, 2022. - ^ Oliver, Mark (July 24, 2019). "Inside The Top-Secret World Of Oak Ridge, The Small Town That Helped Make The Atom Bomb". AllThatsInteresting. Retrieved November 7, 2021. - ^ Johnson, Charles (October 8, 2017). "Oak Ridge". Tennessee Encyclopedia. Tennessee Historical Society. Retrieved July 13, 2020. - ^ "IUPAC Announces the Names of the Elements 113, 115, 117, and 118". International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. November 30, 2016. Archived from the original on September 23, 2018. Retrieved July 2, 2019. - ^ Beverly Burbage, "Paleo-Indian Points and Uniface Material from the Clinch River Valley." Tennessee Archaeologist 28, no. 1 (Spring of 1962), 47–50. - ^ William Webb, An Archaeological Survey of the Norris Basin in Eastern Tennessee (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1938), 180–189. - ^ Glyn DuVall, "A Phase I Archaeological Survey of Proposed Potable Water Storage and Force Main Facilities, Y-12 National Security Complex Site, Anderson County, Tennessee" (August 2005), p. 4. Retrieved April 3, 2008. - ^ a b Freeman, Lindsey A. (April 13, 2015). Longing for the Bomb. University of North Carolina Press. doi:10.5149/northcarolina/9781469622378.001.0001. ISBN 978-1-4696-2237-8. - ^ a b See ORNL, Swords to Plowshares: A Short History of Oak Ridge National Laboratory (1943–1993) Archived 2012-12-01 at the Wayback Machine; David Ray Smith, John Hendrix and the Y-12 National Security Complex Archived April 30, 2006, at the Wayback Machine; and D. Ray Smith, John Hendrix – Oak Ridge Prophet Archived October 25, 2007, at the Wayback Machine, The Oak Ridger, March 15, 2006. The first written record of the vision is reported to have been in The Oak Ridge Story, by George O. Robinson, 1950. - ^ Johnson and Jackson, City Behind a Fence, 6–8. - ^ "Inside Oak Ridge, the Secret Government Town Built to Help Construct the First Atomic Bomb". July 24, 2019. - ^ Johnson and Jackson, City Behind a Fence, pp. 41–47. - ^ a b c Wickware, Francis Sill (September 9, 1946). "Oak Ridge". Life. p. 2. Retrieved December 17, 2014. - ^ "14,700 tons of silver at Y-12" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on October 27, 2014. Retrieved January 6, 2017. - ^ * Groves, Leslie (1962). Now it can be told: The Story of the Manhattan Project. New York: Harper & Brothers. pp. 26, 27. - ^ Nichols 1987, pp. 99–100. - ^ Nichols 1987, pp. 117–9. - ^ Nichols 1987, pp. 59, 125, 175. - ^ Nichols 1987, pp. 121–4. - ^ a b "Mystery Town Cradled Bomb: 75,000 in Oak Ridge, Tenn. Worked Hard and Wondered Long about Their Secret Job". Life. August 20, 1945. p. 94. Retrieved November 25, 2011. - ^ "National Archives at Atlanta". archives.gov. - ^ For Your Information: A Guide to Oak Ridge (United States Engineering Department – Community Relations Section, September 1946), p. 3. - ^ Johnson and Jackson, City Behind a Fence, 14. - ^ Westcott, Ed. (2005). Westcott, Ed. (2005). Oak Ridge, Charleston, South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7385-4170-9; OCLC 62511041, page 61 - ^ Lehman College Art Gallery, Skidmore, Owings and Merrill (SOM), Merrill bio notes Archived November 15, 2022, at the Wayback Machine - ^ For Your Information: A Guide to Oak Ridge (United States Engineering Department – Community Relations Section, September 1946), p. 18. - ^ Nichols, Kenneth (1987). The Road to Trinity: A Personal Account of How America's Nuclear Policies Were Made. New York: William Morrow. pp. 287–8. ISBN 068806910X. - ^ Nichols 1987, p. 121. - ^ "The Secret in Scarboro: The Oak Ridge 85". November 19, 2020. - ^ "Scarboro 85 Monument in Oak Ridge to honor students for their place in history". - ^ Pounds, Benjamin. "Historical marker unveiled for Oak Ridge outdoor pool", The Oak Ridger(June 2, 2022). - ^ Much of this history is documented in The Oak Ridger, particularly in the Historically Speaking columns by D. Ray Smith. - ^ "Carson v. Roane-Anderson Co., 342 U.S. 232 (1952)". Supreme.justia.com. December 31, 1946. Retrieved July 26, 2011. - ^ "Status Report to the Public" Archived April 9, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, The Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation, December 1998. Retrieved March 20, 2008. - ^ https://www.ornl.gov/content/come-see-us - ^ "DECLARATION OF COVENANTS, CONDITIONS, AND RESTRICTIONS FOR RARITY RIDGE" (PDF). The Preserve at Oak Ridge. City of Oak Ridge. Retrieved June 12, 2021. - ^ Pounds, Ben (January 17, 2020). "'Vision' for Downtown Oak Ridge approved". OakRidger. Retrieved June 29, 2020. - ^ City of Oak Ridge, Tennessee (January 10, 2020). "A Development-Oriented Vision for Downtown Oak Ridge" (PDF). oakridgetn.gov. Retrieved June 29, 2020. - ^ "Geographic Identifiers: 2010 Demographic Profile Data (G001): Oak Ridge city, Tennessee". U.S. Census Bureau, American Factfinder. Archived from the original on February 12, 2020. Retrieved January 28, 2013. - ^ United States Department of Agriculture. "USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map". United States National Arboretum. Archived from the original on March 3, 2015. Retrieved March 2, 2015. - ^ a b c d e "NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved May 29, 2021. - ^ a b "Station: Oak Ridge ATDD, TN". U.S. Climate Normals 2020: U.S. Monthly Climate Normals (1991-2020). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved May 29, 2021. - ^ "Census of Population and Housing: Decennial Censuses". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 4, 2012. - ^ "U.S. Census Bureau Quick Facts: Oak Ridge city, Tennessee". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 22, 2021. - ^ "Explore Census Data". data.census.gov. Retrieved December 26, 2021. - ^ City of Oak Ridge, Tennessee. "City Council Members". oakridgetn.gov. Retrieved June 29, 2020. - ^ Tennessee General Assembly, State of Tennessee. "Representative John Ragan". capitol.tn.gov. Retrieved June 29, 2020. - ^ Tennessee General Assembly, State of Tennessee. "Representative Kent Calfee". capitol.tn.gov. Retrieved June 29, 2020. - ^ Tennessee General Assembly, State of Tennessee. "Lt. Governor Randy McNally". capitol.tn.gov. Retrieved June 29, 2020. - ^ Tennessee General Assembly, State of Tennessee. "Senator Ken Yager". capitol.tn.gov. Retrieved June 29, 2020. - ^ "Our District". fleischmann.house.gov. Retrieved June 29, 2020. - ^ "An Extremely Detailed Map of the 2020 Election Results: Trump vs. Biden". nytimes.com. New York Times Company. Retrieved May 8, 2024. - ^ "Science.gov: USA.gov for Science - Government Science Portal". science.gov. - ^ https://www.tva.com/environment/environmental-stewardship/environmental-reviews/nepa-detail/clinch-river-nuclear-site-advanced-nuclear-reactor-technology-park - ^ "X-energy's TRISO-X Selects Oak Ridge Horizon Center for First Commercial Advanced Reactor Fuel Fabrication Facility in North America". x-energy.com. April 4, 2022. Retrieved April 5, 2022. - ^ Silas, Sloan. "US nuclear fuel manufacturer will open $13 million production facility in Oak Ridge". knoxnews.com. Knoxville News Sentinel. Retrieved March 2, 2022. - ^ Benjamin, Pounds. "Making plans, hiring people for the Hermes reactor". oakridger.com. The Oak Ridger. Retrieved March 3, 2022. - ^ Crocker, Brittany. "Oak Ridge: Medical isotope producer to be built on decontaminated land near old uranium production plant". knoxnews.com. Knoxville News Sentinel. Retrieved March 3, 2022. - ^ "Mall demolition begins - Oak Ridge Today". July 26, 2016. - ^ "Oak Ridge celebrates grand opening of new shopping center". November 21, 2017. - ^ WVLT. "Oak Ridge school district ranked number one in state". - ^ "Oak Ridge Institute for Continued Learning website". Archived from the original on January 9, 2008. Retrieved December 8, 2007. - ^ 2022 USRowing Youth Summer National Championship - ^ Race Against the Clock: Oak Ridge Sets the Stage for 2023 USA Cycling Individual Time Trial National Championships - ^ "1954 Oak Ridge Pioneers Statistics". Stats Crew. Retrieved May 22, 2020. - ^ "1948 Oak Ridge/Hazard Bombers Roster". Stats Crew. Retrieved May 22, 2020. - ^ "AIBE S 2nd Draft" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on October 29, 2008. Retrieved June 3, 2014. - ^ "Joint Resolution to provide for the establishment of the American Indian Policy Review Commission" (PDF). 93rd United States Congress. January 2, 1975 – via Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library. - ^ American Indian Science and Engineering Society - ^ Sandra Whitten Plant, ORHS Class of '59 makes its mark on the world Archived September 28, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, The Oak Ridger, May 26, 2009 - ^ "Jane Blankenship Gibson". Smithsonian Institution Archives. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved July 16, 2013. - ^ "Nikki Caldwell accepts UCLA head coaching job". Wate.com. Archived from the original on March 22, 2012. Retrieved July 26, 2011. - ^ "Nikki Caldwell Bio- LSUsports.net". Archived from the original on October 25, 2012. Retrieved September 9, 2011. - ^ Sabater, Madel R. (June 5, 2007). "National Scientist Dr. Paulo Campos passes away at 85". Manila Bulletin. Archived from the original on September 14, 2007. Retrieved December 29, 2007. - ^ Lee Clayton biography, AllMusic - ^ "Waldo E. Cohn". Atomic Heritage Foundation. 2022. Retrieved August 5, 2023. - ^ Sheldon Datz, 74, Pioneer in Molecular Chemistry, Dies Archived November 15, 2022, at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times, September 6, 2001 - ^ Clouse, Allie (August 13, 2020). "East Tennessee native Dean Dillon joins the Country Music Hall of Fame". Knoxville News Sentinel. - ^ "Megan Fox at The Insider". Archived from the original on July 10, 2008. - ^ Gailey, Jeannine Hall (2015). The Robot Scientist's Daughter. Mayapple Press. ISBN 978-1936419425. Retrieved March 1, 2015. - ^ "The Enrico Fermi Award 1983". Archived from the original on December 22, 2009. Retrieved November 29, 2009. - ^ Otis Howard, Basketball-Reference.com - ^ "Caroline Moore Chambers Is Wed". The New York Times. September 23, 1991. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 13, 2021. - ^ Mike Blackerby, Martin faces alma mater; Ex-Oak Ridge QB takes Kent to Kentucky in upset bid, Knoxville News Sentinel, September 6, 2007 - ^ Mike Blackerby, Doug Martin, a coach on the rise, Oak Ridge Sports website, August 5, 2006 - ^ Westcott, p. 61., p. 61, at Google Books; see photo - ^ "Ellen Reid, who grew up in Oak Ridge, wins Pulitzer Prize in music". Oak Ridge Today. April 16, 2019. - ^ "Oak Ridge Sports Hall of Fame to induct 4 new members". The Oak Ridger. September 18, 2013. - ^ Nichols, Beth Ann (November 17, 2022). "How would Sophia Schubert spend CME's $2 million payday? She'd steal a move from Arnold Palmer's playbook". Golfweek. - ^ "Speaker Cameron Sexton". Tennessee General Assembly. Retrieved November 6, 2019. - ^ Pounds, Ben (October 9, 2019). "'I have great memories here' -TN House Speaker Cameron Sexton". The Oak Ridger. Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Further reading edit - Charles W. Johnson, Charles O. Jackson, City Behind A Fence: Oak Ridge, Tennessee, 1942–1946. Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press, 1981 - Lindsey A. Freeman, Longing for the Bomb: Oak Ridge and Atomic Nostalgia. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2015. - Lindsey A. Freeman, This Atom Bomb in Me. Stanford, CA: Redwood Press, 2019. - Rusell Olwell, At Work in the Atomic City: A Labor and Social History of Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press, 2008.
FeaturedNeurologyNeurosciencePsychology·April 8, 2019·3 min readAdvances in deep brain stimulation could lead to new treatmentsResearchers discuss the potential of deep brain stimulation in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, OCD, Tourette syndrome and other disorders.Read More FeaturedGeneticsNeurologyNeuroscience·September 22, 2022·3 min readAged Neurons Generated Directly From Skin More Accurately Model Parkinson's DiseaseResearchers successfully turned skin cells from Parkinson's patients into dopaminergic neurons by introducing a combination of neural-inducing genes into the skin cells.Read More FeaturedGeneticsNeuroscienceOpen Neuroscience Articles·September 8, 2021·5 min readAging: It's More Complicated Than We ThoughtA new study on aging reveals a surprising discovery about the connection between protein shape and mitochondrial health.Read More FeaturedGenetics·October 8, 2015·4 min readAhead of Time: Researchers Learn How to Grow Old Brain CellsResearchers have developed a technique to yield neurons which resemble those found in the brains of old people. They believe this can help with future research for age related neurological diseases, such as Alzheimer's.Read More FeaturedNeurologyNeuroscience·May 9, 2023·5 min readAI Detects Early Signs of Parkinson's Disease in Patients' BloodResearchers developed an AI tool that can detect signs of Parkinson's disease in patients' blood samples, up to 15 years before the onset of symptoms. The tool uses machine learning to analyze combinations of metabolites in the body, revealing unique markers that may signal the onset of Parkinson's. Although validation studies are needed, the tool was able to predict Parkinson's disease with up to 96% accuracy in the study's limited cohort.Read More FeaturedGeneticsNeurologyNeuroscience·August 11, 2023·6 min readAI Pinpoints Parkinson's Subtypes Using Stem Cell ImagesResearchers enabled machine learning to accurately predict Parkinson's disease subtypes using stem cell images. This breakthrough showcases computer models classifying four Parkinson's subtypes, with top accuracies reaching 95%.Read More FeaturedNeurologyNeuroscience·May 12, 2023·4 min readAI Reveals Distinct Speech Patterns in Parkinson's Disease PatientsResearchers used artificial intelligence to analyze speech in Parkinson's disease patients, revealing distinct patterns. The AI found Parkinson's patients used more verbs but fewer nouns and fillers in their speech, even before cognitive decline typically associated with PD was evident. The analysis was capable of identifying Parkinson's patients with over 80% precision, offering a potential new tool for early diagnosis. This study underscores the potential of natural language processing, a branch of AI, in enhancing healthcare diagnostics.Read More FeaturedNeurologyNeuroscience·April 17, 2024·5 min readAI Revolutionizes Hunt for Parkinson's TreatmentsResearchers employed AI to fast-track the discovery of treatments for Parkinson's disease. They utilized machine learning techniques to screen millions of compounds and successfully identified five promising candidates that prevent the harmful clumping of alpha-synuclein, a key protein in Parkinson's pathology.Read More FeaturedNeurologyNeuroscienceOpen Neuroscience Articles·March 2, 2023·4 min readAI Semantic Similarity Study Leads to Novel Drug Candidates for Parkinson's DiseaseUsing AI, researchers identified Probucol, an existing anti-cholesterol drug that promotes the disposal of mitochondria, as a potential new therapy for the treatment of Parkinson's disease.Read More FeaturedNeurologyNeuroscience·February 23, 2023·4 min readAir Pollution Exposure Linked to Parkinson's Risk: Study Identifies U.S. Hot SpotExposure to air pollution has previously been linked to an increased risk of Alzheimer's disease. Now, researchers provide preliminary data linking air pollution to an increased risk of Parkinson's disease. The new study, which considered geographical data and diagnosis rates for Parkinson's, revealed those who live in the Mississippi-Ohio River Valley are at particularly higher risk of being diagnosed with Parkinson's.Read More FeaturedNeurologyNeuroscience VideosOpen Neuroscience Articles·February 19, 2019·5 min readAltered Brain Activity Patterns of Parkinson's Captured in MiceResearchers have pinpointed how brain activity changes in mouse models of Parkinson's disease, providing clues as to what may drive symptoms of the disease in humans.Read More FeaturedNeurology·August 29, 2017·5 min readAltered Gut Microbiome Could Indicate Parkinson's DiseaseEven during early stages of the disease, gut bacteria in those with Parkinson's differs significantly from those without the disease, a new study reports.Read More
Birth: March 21, 1752 Death: 1837 Specialty: Inventor Major Contributions: First women to hold a U.S. patent Image: The Metropolitan Museum of Art Prior to the passing of the Patent Act of 1790, only men could file a patent to protect their inventions in the United States. With the passage of this law these protections were opened to any inventor without regard to their gender or marital status. Unfortunately, there were many state laws still in place that forbid wives from owning property independent of their husbands and many women didn't bother to patent their inventions. That is until May 5, 1809, when Mary Dixon Kies was granted the first American patent given to a woman. While not the first to create hats woven from straw, she was the first to weave straw with silk creating a new hat-making method that benefited from the political climate at the time. Europe was embroiled in the Napoleonic Wars and in an effort to remain out of the conflict, the US embargoed all trade with France and Great Britain. Without these imports the hat industry was taking a huge hit. In 1798 another woman, Betsy Metcalf, created a way of braiding straw that allowed her to make hats that quickly took off in popularity, but she decided not to patent her invention as she didn't want her name sent to congress. It was her design that Kies improved upon and patented. The First Lady, Dolly Madison, was so pleased that she sent a personal letter applauding Kies' work. Her method was a very cost-effective way of creating these new hats and was for a while a great bolster to the economy of the area. While her method was primarily used for women's hats and bonnets it was also used to make some men's hats – both types being popular in the United States and exported to Europe and Asia. Kies' original patent was destroyed in a fire in the U.S. Patent Office in 1836 and due to the changing fashions of the day she was unable to profit from her invention and died penniless in 1837. Honored by an induction to the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 2006, examples of her woven hats can be found in many museum collections in the New England area of the United States. Written by Angela Goad History of American Women: Mary Kies Save the American Inventor: Inventor Highlight: Mary Dixon Kies National Inventors Hall of Fame: Mary Dixon Kies See Also: The Straw Shop: Mary Dixon Kies Example of hat from 1831 Meet Mary Kies, America's First Woman to Become a Patent Holder
Lateral loads Lateral loads are live loads that are applied parallel to the ground; that is, they are horizontal forces acting on a structure. They are different to gravity loads for example which are vertical, downward forces. The most common types are: Wind load may not be a significant concern for small, massive, low-level buildings, but becomes more importance with height, the use of lighter materials and the use of shapes that may affect the flow of air, typically roof forms. Significant seismic loads can be imposed on a structure during an earthquake. They are likely to be relatively instantaneous loads compared to wind loads. Buildings in areas of seismic activity need to be carefully designed to ensure they do not fail if an earthquake should occur. Water pressure tends to exert a lateral load which increases linearly with depth and is proportional to the liquid density. Similarly, earth pressure (such as settlement) can be applied against below-ground structures such as basement walls, retaining walls, and so on. Lateral loads such as wind load, water and earth pressure have the potential to become an uplift force (an upward pressure applied to a structure that has the potential to raise it relative to its surroundings). For more information, see Uplift force. Structures should be designed carefully with likely lateral loads in mind. A structural element that is typically used to resist lateral loads is a shear wall. In simple terms, lateral forces could push over parallel structural panels of a building were it not for perpendicular shear walls keeping them upright. For more information see: Shear wall. Similarly, bracing can be used to resist lateral loads. The beams and columns of a braced frame structure carry vertical loads, whilst the bracing carries the lateral loads. For more information, see Braced frame structure. [edit] Related articles on Designing Buildings Wiki - Bearing capacity. - Bending moment. - Biaxial bending. - Braced frame. - Dead loads. - Floor loading. - Force. - Ground heave. - Hurricane design considerations. - Limit state design. - Live loads. - Loadbearing capacity. - Moment. - Point of contraflexure. - Settlement of buildings. - Shear force. - Shear wall. - Structural engineer. - The design of temporary structures and wind adjacent to tall buildings. - Torsion. - Types of structural load. - Uniformly Distributed Load. - Uplift force. - Vibrations. - Wind load. Featured articles and news Grenfell Tower Inquiry announcement Phase 2 hearings come to a close and the final report due in September. Progress from Parts L, F and O: A whitepaper, one year on. A replicated study to understand the opinion of practitioners. A distinct type of countryside that should be celebrated. Should Part O be extended to existing buildings? EAC brands heatwave adaptation a missed opportunity. Definition of Statutory in workplace and facilities management Established by IWFM, BESA, CIBSE and BSRIA. Tackling the transition from traditional heating systems 59% lack the necessary information and confidence to switch. The general election and the construction industry As PM, Rishi Sunak announces July 4 date for an election. Home improvements swapped for green energy upgrades As applications down since and desire to reduce bills up. Eco apprenticeships continue help grow green workforce A year after being recognised at the King's coronation. The Use of Natural Insulation Materials in Retrofit New paper from STBA with support from SDF. National Retrofit Hub in partnership with InstallerSHOW. Permitted development rights for agricultural buildings The changes coming into effect as of May 21, 2024. Biodiversity and the built environment digital series The nature of building, with CIOB and CWP. A call for prevention and sensitive re-use. Risks to the long-term effectiveness of the BNG scheme National Audit Office publish review of Biodiversity Net Gain. The CIAT principal designer register Providing assurance and verification of the capability and competence of registered ATs. Scottish Government action to reach net-zero targets Retrofit expert group highlight critical actions needed.
Oguta Lake Amishi Ventures (OLAMV), in partnership with Global Green Bioenergy Limited from California, USA, has finalized plans to establish a Jatropha Curcas plantation covering approximately 15 hectares along the banks of Oguta Lake in Oguta Local Government Area of Imo State. This initiative is part of an investment in a biodiesel processing plant. According to representatives from Global Green Bioenergy Limited and OLAMV, the cultivation of Jatropha Curcas will also contribute to the restoration of degraded environments around Oguta Lake. The plantation and processing activities will also facilitate the export of biodiesel. During a media interview conducted after inspecting a section of the farm site along Oguta Lake with OLAMV members and consultants, Cons Ejiogu, a project and content development consultant working with OLAMV, revealed that the investment is valued at $50 million and will be based in Oguta. Ejiogu emphasized that OLAMV, a community-led intervention organization, was established to safeguard the environment in Oguta due to the adverse effects of carbon emissions, pollution resulting from oil and gas operations, and diesel spills. He explained, "The temperature rise in this area is higher than in others due to gas flaring activities and other carbon emissions within the community. To address these emissions, OLAMV identified planting Jatropha curcas trees, which offer value and produce biodiesel, as a natural solution to combat climate change caused by carbon emissions." Furthermore, Ejiogu highlighted that aside from environmental protection, the project is economically viable, underscoring that neither the Imo State Government nor the Federal Government has attracted such significant investment to Imo. He expressed gratitude for the opportunity, stating, "Through divine providence, this organization has attracted a $50 million project domiciled in Oguta. American technicians will arrive with their equipment to process and refine the diesel for export, as outlined in the documents they have provided us. Additionally, they plan to export the resulting waste residue."
Forventes på lager: 09-07-2021 Alle Kategorier som dette produkt er en del af Alle Kategorier som dette produkt er en del af Published in 1861, 'The Château of Prince Polignac' is one of Anthony Trollope's early short stories. Set in Le Puy in the South of France, it follows the story of widowed Englishwoman Mrs Thompson and her two daughters; Lilian who is attending school in the area, and her younger daughter Mimmy. During their stay, Mrs Thompson catches the eye of Frenchman Monsieur Lacordaire, but is the gentleman all that he seems? Anthony Trollope (1815 – 1882) was a Victorian writer and author of 47 novels. He also wrote an autobiography, short stories and plays, travel articles, reviews and lectures. A prolific writer, he made no secret of the fact that money was his motivation for writing – an admission which raised eyebrows among his literary contemporaries at the time. The amount of works Trollope authored are testament to his belief in hard work. His first successful novel was The Warden followed by its sequel, Barchester Towers. The Chronicles of Barsetshire are perhaps his most well-known series of novels, though many of his works have been adapted for TV and radio, starring many familiar faces such as Alan Rickman, David Tennant, Bill Nighy and Tom Hollander. Alongside his literary career, Trollope also worked for some time for the Post Office and is credited with the introduction of the iconic post box to Britain. A memorial to Anthony Trollope was unveiled in Poets' Corner in Westminster Abbey in 1993.
The 20 Worst Places To Live In Iowa Iowa is known as the "land where the tall corn grows," and yes, it's corn that most people think of when they hear the word Iowa. Are you thinking about potatoes instead? No, no, that's Idaho…a common mistake. Corny jokes aside, Iowa is actually a beautiful place to live overall. The state has gorgeous rolling hills, clean neighborhoods, and great schools. It's also known as a pretty safe place to live, as most of it is fairly rural. As the 29th state admitted to the United States, it is bordered by the Missouri River, the Big Sioux River, and the Mississippi River. Dubbed 'The Hawkeye State' (for those of you not familiar with the great Iowa Hawkeye football team of the University of Iowa), it is referred to in honor of the scout 'Hawkeye,' a character in the book 'Last of the Mohicans' by James Fenimore Cooper. Rich in history and abundant in some of the finest growing soil the Earth has to offer, Iowa's ability to basically stick with its country-rich roots has paid off…it has been voted one of the safest states in the US to live in for many years running. So, why don't more people relocate to Iowa every year? There are Problems Here Well, nothing is perfect, and with all those positive things being said about the state, Iowa has locations that are less than savory. It's not alone in that fact, and Iowa's bigger towns and cities see their share of lowness and hardship. There are even places with high crime and/or riddled with drugs. These are the places that anyone considering a relocation to this midwestern state should avoid. They might not be as dangerous as the worst places in the country, but they have their problems. Whether it's high crime, expensive homes, or poor schools, these areas struggle. So, in an effort to make things a bit easier for you, we have decided to put together a list of towns and cities in the Hawkeye State that may not be the best choice for anyone focused on the family lifestyle. We have listed our choices from 20 to 1. Unfortunately, the number one city isn't exactly winning a great place and is the worst place to live in Iowa. Check out the following to learn a bit about a state that is being literally dragged into our modern times, no matter how hard they have fought to maintain its wholesome appeal. Our Methodology Each of our articles is carefully researched to provide the most accurate and detailed information possible. We focus heavily on quality and research and want to make sure anyone moving knows the worst places to live in Iowa. Just a few steps that we follow during our writing process include how we: - Examine our previous list for accuracy - Do deeper research into the problems affecting these cities - Compile information and present it in a streamlined manner - Carefully update the list and rearrange the cities, if necessary - Continually upgrade the list to ensure it's as accurate as possible every year The 20 Worst Places to Live in Iowa The worst cities in Iowa might seem rather genial compared to dangerous areas like Los Angeles and New York City. However, they're problematic enough to avoid if you plan on relocating to the area. Read through these listings to make sure your family is prepared for these potential issues. 20. Cedar Rapids First, we will take a look at some of this city's good points. Cedar Rapids is a fairly big city, with a variety of neighborhoods from which to choose and many jobs for the person looking to be employed outside the home. It's a common destination for many people moving to the region. In fact, not too long ago, Cedar Rapids (or 'CR' as it is lovingly referred to by its inhabitants) was the epitome of wholesomeness, but the last twenty years have taken their toll. It's now one of the worst cities in Iowa and is safer than just 10% of the nation, with schools that are shaky at best. Violence, drug activity, and a general lack of the citizens' respect have resulted in a downfall, as did the flood of 2008, which managed to wreak havoc on homes and businesses all over the place. Many of these facilities were never usable again but still stand shabby and stark. For these reasons, the once-beautiful city of Cedar Rapids comes in at number twenty on our list. Furthermore, its cost of living is higher than the state average, though home prices are $10,000 lower as of 2024. 19. Marshalltown While rated safer than 88% of the cities and towns in the United States as a whole, Marshalltown is another small city that has suffered from higher crime and drug activity, which caused it to be voted one of the trashiest cities in the state. It actually has a higher crime rate per capita than 81% of the country. Mostly, Marshalltown rated fairly high in areas like commutability, affordability, and diversity, but when it comes to housing, education, and jobs, it rated pretty darn low. The cost of living is decent but not a whole lot lower than the state average. Even worse, the schools rank as low as 1-2 on a 10-point scale! All of these reasons manage to bring this city in at 19. 18. Clarinda This small Iowa town is home to a prison, which is causing many to shy away from the area. Now that we have that point out of the way, there really isn't a lot to be said that is good about this town with a population of nearly 5,400. The commute rating is great, and it's considered an affordable place to reside, but it's the crime rate everyone is talking about. It turns out that Clarinda has an average of 174 crimes committed per year. The fact that it's still safer than 44% of the nation is astonishing and shows how bad things have gotten. Well, what about the schools? These have tragic ratings of just 4 and 6 out of 10, making it a poor place to raise your children. It's also not particularly walkable, which is strange for such a small city. Simply put, Clarinda is the kind of place you drive through on your way to somewhere safer. 17. Oelwein This is a smaller town most haven't heard of yet in their lives. Many might even find this beautiful native town name a little hard to pronounce. As a lifelong Iowa resident and a longtime Oelwein citizen, the crime and drugs in this small town can be personally attested to with honesty. Sure, it's ranked safer than 32% of all American neighborhoods. But that's on a per capita basis. The fact that this tiny area isn't safer than more cities makes it a questionable place to live. Furthermore, its schools aren't great. Furthermore, job growth is negative in this area. So while the hometown feel and affordability are outstanding and feature large, beautiful homes going for next to nothing, the departure of the one-time booming railroad industry and the drug epidemic in our nation finding a home in this town make it unnecessarily unsafe and even grimy. At least it's very walkable: that's something positive, huh? 16. Waterloo Considered something of a twin city to the neighboring Cedar Falls, Waterloo has an individual population of just over 68,000. That said, Waterloo has a much worse reputation than Cedar Rapids. That's why it's higher on this list than its larger and more popular sister city. Good points first, the cost of living in this Iowa city is 75.7, which is far below the 100 USA average and the 80.1 state average. There's also positive job growth in the city, which is surprising considering its relatively small size. That's about it for good news, however. The city is safer than just 10% of all neighborhoods in the country, which is shocking considering it's going up against some pretty big cities. We also have to mention the fact that the city has a dirty look and feel. If you have your heart set on Blackhawk County, Cedar Falls is definitely a better option. 15. Fort Madison As one of the worst cities in Iowa, Fort Madison has a strange history. It houses a maximum security men's penitentiary. However, that's not the reason Fort Madison made our list. Let's start by saying that the reality of the situation is that amenities and commute ratings are high. Furthermore, the cost of living there is below the national average, and median home prices are just one-third the national average. That said, every other scorable point for this place is low when compared to other similar Iowa towns, making this one of the worst places to live in Iowa. It has a population of just over 10,000 and is safer than just 8% of the nation. That's a staggering fact and is often centered on violent and property crimes. There's a 3.4% chance that you'll be a victim of crimes in this city, which is a very high level for such a small city. Pair that with atrocious schools (the highest is ranked 4 out of 10), and Fort Madison is easily one of the worst cities in Iowa. Interestingly, though, it's considered very walkable. That doesn't mean it's worth your time and energy to relocate here, though. 14. Council Bluffs At first glance, Council Bluffs appears to be a great choice for relocation. As a city with a population of over 62,000, it's a relatively large area for the state. However, problems like low walkability scores are just the tip of the iceberg when it comes to this frustratingly unsafe area. Crime is a serious problem here for a city of such a size. It's currently safer than just 6% of the rest of the nation and has 224 violent crimes every year and 2,127 property crimes. There's a 3.7% chance that you'll be a victim of crime just living here, which is unacceptable for such a small area. What about the schools? Frankly, it's best not to talk about them. A couple of well-ranked elementary schools top the list, with most falling between putrid 1-5 rankings on a 10-point scale. All that with a cost of living that's higher than the state average. Run, don't walk, from Council Bluffs! 13. Red Oak Located 45 minutes southeast of Council Bluffs, we have Red Oak, a small town that is seemingly quaint and quite perfect when it comes to Iowa life. The truth of the matter is that this small town, population 5,434, has been voted number six on a list of the worst overall places to live. While the city is technically safer than 31% of the rest of the nation, it's surprising that it's not even safer. After all, it's practically a village. Why isn't it safer than far more of the nation? Well, high poverty and poor school systems seem to create a high level of trouble in the area. The cost of living is good, however, and well below the state average. That's pretty nice, as is the city's high walkability. That said, job growth in the region has been negative for many years now. The highest paying jobs are decent ($117,000), but the lowest paying is insulting to consider ($11,000). Even worse, the city's climate isn't all that great, with six months of snow out of the year. While that's common in Iowa, it's still a bit of a kick in the shins in such a questionable city. 12. Mason City Some parts of this city, with its population of 27,309, are considered wonderful spots to live and raise a family, and the education ratings here are high when compared to other comparable locations (it scored eight out of ten points). But why is it on this list? Let's take a look. First, the crime rate isn't great for such a small area. It's safer than just 9% of the nation, which is absurd considering it's not even 30,000 people. While most crimes are property-related, there are more violent crimes here than expected. Even worse, the schools are crap, and jobs could be better. There are actually jobs in this city that pay as low as $6,700 a year. That's not a typo. Furthermore, the average income is $32,000 compared to the nation's $37,000, though the unemployment rate here is surprisingly lower than the nation. 11. Ottumwa This town, which was once well-known for a restaurant serving loose meat sandwiches that were owned by Roseanne and Tom Arnold (which was actually 20 miles away in Eldon), is now considered one of the very worst places to live in Iowa for a variety of reasons. As one of the worst cities in Iowa, its crime rate is worse than 95% of the nation. That's staggering, considering that's not exactly a huge town. According to many sources, the public school system there is shambles, and the local economy is shot. Jobs range from $13,000 to $87,000 a year: not great. People can find very affordable houses in Ottumwa, but unfortunately, they will find themselves commuting because the town has one of the highest unemployment rates in the whole country. Unfortunately, another booming town has lost its momentum and stalled out. For those reasons, the cost of living is almost 10 points lower than the state average and a full 30 lower than the national average. Housing is often as low as under $100,000, which is increasingly rare in the nation. That doesn't mean you should tolerate this town for a second. 10. Sioux City With a population of just under 82,500, Sioux City is admittedly just the right size to give people the feeling they're at home while providing all the amenities one would expect from a city. It has a low cost of living and high ratings when it comes to diversity and ease of commute. That makes it an area that people obviously gravitate toward. But there are many problem areas when it comes to this Iowa locale. After all, looks can be deceiving, and the beautiful surface presented by Sioux City crumbles to reveal one of the worst places to live in Iowa. The city scores low in education, with one great elementary school surrounded by a lot of sub-par offerings. True, the city will see positive job growth over the next 10 years, but at a rate that's far lower than the US average (22.6% compared to 33.5%). Where the city really struggles is its crime. Perhaps that's not surprising for one of the largest cities in the state. However, it's shocking just how bad things are here. It's safer than just 7% of the nation and experiences nearly 500 violent crimes a year and over 2,500 property crimes. 9. Maquoketa Here is an Iowa town with some pretty positive points about it. Maquoketa is mostly famous for its caves, which are visited by hundreds of people every season, and there was a time, very recently, in fact, when the town was considered and chosen by many to be their home. After all, it's decently walkable. The cost of living is lower than the state average by nearly 10 points. However, housing is sadly lacking, which makes it much less favorable for newcomers. While the city is safer than 12% of the nation, that's a shockingly low level for a town of its size and general feel. The bottom line? Maquoketa is generally a town living at the poverty level, which is a terrible catch-22 for those who reside there or even think about it. Furthermore, the schools are beyond bad, so please don't take your children here if you love them. 8. Fairfield Here's one you might not expect from the name: Fairfield, Iowa, which almost sounds like the setting of a 50s sitcom. With that being said, don't judge a book by its title. Statistically speaking, residents of this town are 33% safer than the rest of the nation. On the surface, that makes it seem like an okay place to live. However, it's simply far too high for such a small town. It's like moving to a farm and still being more dangerous than 66% of the country. The education system rates high, as does commutability, but low safety scores hardly make up for it. We do want to point out a decent cost of living expense and lower housing costs, as well as relatively decent walkability ratings. Does that make it worth relocating here and dealing with crime? No, because you're just not going to make any money. The average earnings in this city are $32,000, with lows that fall into the $10,000 range. Sure, if you can get a job as a lawyer, you'll make good money here, but you'll still have to deal with crime and other issues. 7. Centerville When conducting the research for this piece, Centerville was mentioned on nearly every list of the worst places to live in Iowa. This sub-6,000-person town has a crime rate that's higher than 80% of the nation. That's ridiculous, so we did a little more research to find out what else made this a bad town. While it does have a low cost of living that is nearly 10 points lower than the state, its diversity ratings are very low. Furthermore, it has an atrociously low housing availability and a safety rating that is nearly as low. Jobs here pay between $11,000 to $68,000, which is frankly tragic. Sure, houses cost just about $77,000 in the area, which is almost unheard of in other areas, and the unemployment rate is relatively strong. But the commute time is over 20 minutes, which is silly for such a small city. The schools are also beyond bad, almost embarrassingly putrid. 6. Burlington One former resident of the town said, "Burlington is not a horrible place to live, just not where I would want to raise my children," while another stated that the safety there is the worst. After all, this fairly small town is more dangerous than 94% of America, which hardly seems to make sense. When looking at the numbers, there are even more problems here. Jobs are rated lower than they could be, with salaries ranging from $12,000 to $76,000. Sure, the sub-15 minute commute time is decent, but you'll hardly be making any money and may struggle to find child care. Home prices are also getting higher and higher, with a cost of $108,000. Good: you get to live in an unsafe area and pay over six figures? Perhaps that's why 29% of the population rents. However, there are only 2% of homes available to rent, making it nearly impossible to relocate here. As if you'd want to live here! The schools are even worse, with many ranked as low as 1 and 2 out of 10 on Great Schools. Do yourself a favor: live somewhere else! 5. Dubuque We're really getting into the worst cities in Iowa now! While Dubuque is located along the Mississippi River and has beautiful sites and an awesome history, it doesn't have many family-oriented activities. Even worse, it is said the homes are overpriced, with prices as high as $208,400. For a city of such a size, that's a ridiculously high and unfair home price. In fact, some call this 58,340-person town a mini-Chicago due to its housing. That said, it does have an affordable overall cost of living. It also has a fair rate of job availability and commute. So why is Dubuque so low on our list? Its safety rating is very low, which makes it a questionable place to live. Crime, specifically. Sure, it's safer than 16% of the nation, but is that great? No, especially when nearly 300 violent crimes are committed in this city every year. It's truly one of the worst cities in Iowa. It's amazing that such a small city could be so violent, but it's a problem that seems to be spreading throughout much of Iowa. Furthermore, its schools aren't all that hot. Yeah, there are a few good elementary and middle schools here. But a look at the high schools reveals a string of very poor options. Your child deserves better, so make sure you keep them away from Dubuque's public schools. There might be some private options but they aren't worth your time if the city itself is so questionable. 4. Clinton We will be blunt when it comes to Clinton: It has been ranked as THE worst place to live in Iowa more than once and on more than one list. The truth is, Clinton was once a town worth boasting about on a fair level, but over the years, the decline has been rapid and obvious. Sadly, this means that Clinton has jumped even higher on our list than in previous years. All areas rated run on the low side and are surprisingly low, considering surrounding towns and cities, but there is a fair number of jobs there. That said, job growth has been low; the average income is below $30,000, and the lowest-earning job is a measly $12,000 a year. Are you ready to live in poverty while spending a lot of money to live in a city? Then move here! Furthermore, people who move to Clinton must deal with one of the lowest safety scores on our list. Put simply, it's safer than just 6% of the nation, which is ridiculous considering its small size. There are mostly property crimes, but nearly 150 violent crimes every year as well. That's a serious problem because it could result in serious injury or even death. There has also been a bit of bashing in regard to education there, so be sure to take some time considering your options before you jump and move to Clinton. Even more frustrating, its walkability, transit, and bike scores are low: is there nothing Clinton can't do wrong? You need to get your family and move away from this area if you live here and avoid it whenever possible. 3. Des Moines With an unemployment rate of 5.9% and a crime rate that is higher than ever, Des Moines is in a bit of trouble. Iowa's largest city has a population of 215,932 and a crime rate that makes it more dangerous than 94% of the country. Sure, it's a big city, but that doesn't make that crime acceptable. Any amount of violent crime is a problem that has to be managed. Frankly, most residents of Des Moines are underemployed and underpaid, and they have a higher crime level to deal with every year. Sure, the highest-paying jobs make nearly $100,000 a year. But are you a lawyer? If not, expect an average salary of $31,000 and a low of $14,000. You're not going to be living in the lap of luxury if you move to this city. As if that isn't bad enough, the city is about as walkable as the moon and has low transit and bike scores. That gives it a high pollution rating in many neighborhoods. The schools? A few great ones, mostly balanced by absolute crap. Hopefully, the state's capital will find its way out of the hole it is in right now. It's odd that the state can't rebuild itself better. 2. Davenport Davenport earns the number two spot on our list of the worst places to live in Iowa due to the high level of crime and drug activity that abound throughout the area. Frankly put, it is also one of the most dangerous cities in the state and the kind of place that your family warns you about as a child, making in one of the worst cities in Iowa. Though it's not the most dangerous city in the nation and wouldn't even make a top 20 list, it is more dangerous than 96% of the country. It has 670 violent crimes a year and 3,600 property crimes. That means you're over 4% likely to get impacted by crime if you live in this city: a prodigious rate. What truly makes this one of the worst cities is the fact that its cost of living is higher than the state average! Sure, it's lower than the nation in general, but the fact that you have to spend good money to live in a dangerous city makes it an even worse proposition than you likely anticipated. Education is high, it's true, but housing is a bit average. Until things change in Davenport, if they ever do, this is simply one of the worst Iowa cities you can choose to try to reside in and raise your family. It doesn't even bother to have a very good walkability rate: talk about frustrating. 1. Keokuk We hate to say it, but Keokuk is easily one of the worst places to live in Iowa. We've done our research, and even with all the larger cities competing pretty heavily for its position, it tops our list of the worst cities in Iowa. Why? For starters, Keokuk has one of the highest crime rates in the state. Sure, it has only 87 violent crimes and 281 property crimes. But it's a tiny town, and these rates make it more dangerous than all but 6% of the nation. According to statistics, residents of the town of just over 10K have a 1 in 115 chance of being murdered, raped, or otherwise attacked. These numbers bring us to an obvious conclusion that begs to be shared: Keokuk is the worst place in Iowa to establish residency and, therefore, makes the number one spot on our list. But let's look a little deeper at a few other statistics to see if there's anything good here. How are the schools? Beyond one elementary school, some of the worst in the state. The cost of living? It's low but not incredibly affordable. Home prices? Just $81,000 with low chances of increase. Job opportunities? Limited to jobs between $12,000 to $73,000 with an average of $25,000. You can also read: Written by Liz Flynn Read more posts by Liz Flynn
Dryer Dangers – Dryer Vent Cleaning Miami Searching for a dryer vent cleaning in Miami? There were 24,000 clothes dryer fires in the US in 1987, resulting in 20 deaths, 180 injuries and property loss estimated at more than 96 million. According to the Consumer Product Safety Commission, in most of these cases the culprit was lint – Robert J. Richards, The Detroit News. Dryer Vent Cleaners in Miami We can clean residential and commercial dryer vents. When dryer vents become clogged with lint it makes the dryer work harder. This can cause the dryer to fail, or with a gas dryer it can be a fire hazard. A clogged dryer vent will lessen your efficiency costing you more money to run your dryer. If you have to run your dryer more than one cycle to dry towels, jeans, or heavy linens, your dryer vent may need cleaning. Air duct cleaning can improve indoor air quality by removing the breeding ground for microorganisms from the air duct system. A study by the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health indicates that occupants in buildings where ducts have never been cleaned are 60% more likely to develop respiratory ailments. Consider these facts: - Indoor Air Quality (IAQ), Sick Building Syndrome, and Building-Related Illness are emerging as critical health, environmental, and legal issues throughout the world. - Environmental Protection Agency studies show that indoor air may be as much as 100 times more polluted than the outside air. - Improperly cleaned and maintained ventilation systems allow microbes to breed. This leads to a host of serious medical problems including: asthma, allergies, skin rash, fatigue, tuberculosis, and legionnaire's diseases. - The World Health Organization estimates that 1 in 3 buildings in America have sick building syndrome. - 50% of ALL ILLNESSES are either caused or aggravated by polluted indoor air. American College of Allergists. Elevate the cleanliness and freshness of your living space with our specialized cleaning services. Our tile and grout cleaning experts breathe new life into your surfaces, removing built-up grime and stains. When it comes to upholstery cleaning, we restore your furniture to its original beauty, eliminating allergens and unsightly spots. For your drapery cleaning needs, trust us to refresh and revitalize your window treatments, ensuring they look as good as new. Experience a complete home transformation with our comprehensive cleaning solutions, from sparkling tiles to pristine upholstery and drapery.
The Work Summary of a Locksmith A locksmith professional is an individual who provides security for houses and organizations. For instance, he can set up reinforced property doors as well as aid incorporate safety and security right into clever residence automation systems. Along with providing safety and security options, locksmith professionals are readily available night and day to meet emergency situation needs. A locksmith is a specialist who can react to an emergency scenario at any time, which makes him the equivalent of a fire or authorities department. The work description for a locksmith professional is really varied. If you have any questions pertaining to where and the best ways to use Locksmith Dallas, you can contact us at the web site. Work description A locksmith's work description details a selection of jobs and responsibilities. It involves running machine devices as well as cutting keys and also mounting locks. It also consists of maintaining supplies of locks and key parts. Locksmiths are also in charge of advertising safety in the workplace as well as complying with safety and also wellness policies. Locksmith professionals' work description also identifies in between different tasks performed by different locksmith professionals. Some locksmith professionals may just switch out locksets or leave devices, however these jobs are considered to be "tasks" as well as call for the proficiency of journey degree locksmiths. Some locksmith professionals use specialized tools. A transit authority locksmith professional might equip panic bars, locksets, as well as key blanks. Transit authorities additionally make use of digital systems that videotape every one of their activities in databases. These data sources track whatever from getting service requests to dispatching them. Locksmiths are frequently required to utilize computer systems to handle their customers. Locksmith professionals may also use e-mail and also the net for business interaction. It is necessary to follow health and wellness laws and also follow lawful driving methods. Price of training The price of locksmith training depends on the institution you choose. Some organizations are totally free, while others charge a charge. In California, the price of locksmith training can be from $675 to $1,500. The cost varies depending upon the training course and also place, yet it is worth it for those who wish to get hands-on experience. The expense of locksmith professional training is high, yet you can discover scholarships for some colleges. Some schools also provide complete scholarships to novice trainees. In North Carolina, the state board of locksmiths charges $10 per shed certificate. Locksmiths are needed to finish an instruction and also obtain their licenses. Commonly, the locksmith professional training program will certainly additionally include hands-on experience. A locksmith professional training course will take a minimum of 6 months. The state board of locksmiths additionally needs that you take the state's licensing exam prior to you can work. In addition to accreditation, the locksmith professional market has a high demand for experienced employees. Demands to end up being a locksmith The prerequisites for coming to be a locksmith professional consist of a good school education and learning and an ability for locks and also locksmithing. Locksmith training programs normally involve discovering the complexities of locks by viewing video clips. Those with prior locksmithing experience can additionally register in programs to obtain more understanding. In today's market, clients look for social recognition signals, such as a locksmith professional's ALOA accreditation. Getting certification from a trustworthy locksmith professional training program will offer you integrity with clients. As a locksmith professional, you'll handle a wide array of consumers. Some people have emergency situation circumstances that call for your solutions whatsoever hours. To handle such scenarios, you'll need to have the capacity to comprehend individuals's moods as well as work to guarantee them. Usually, one of the most controversial part of any kind of interaction is the discussion concerning the cost of your solution. It is very important to be able to relax people down when they're agitated or angry. Occupation expectation Locksmith professionals are in high demand, primarily as a result of the development of high-tech electronic safety and security systems. Therefore, job opportunity will enhance, although the number of task openings is not expected to raise significantly. Locksmiths need to expand their abilities to meet the needs of a swiftly changing world. A certified alarm technician course is available through the Electronic Safety And Security Organization. For a wider viewpoint on locksmith professional occupation leads, consider making the Associated Locksmiths of America Licensed Alarm system Professional designation. If you have an interest in a busy, challenging task, take into consideration ending up being a locksmith professional. Locksmiths frequently function weird hours, responding to lockouts and also lost tricks. Some locksmiths also work for emergency situation services and neighborhood law enforcement. No matter the precise function you're looking for, locksmith professional training involves a large range of topic. If you have an interest in mounting safes and safety systems, electrical understanding is necessary. If you cherished this short article in addition to you wish to obtain more info relating to Locksmith https://www.dfwlocallocksmith.com generously visit our own web-page. Should you be considering this content with this report, below are a few even more pages and posts with similar material:
Edinburgh by Numbers is survey to smile about - Cammy Day They've found that record levels of Edinburgh residents are saying they feel positive and satisfied with life in the Capital, with feelings of 'worthwhile' the highest they have been for a decade. And that this positive outlook extends to the health of Edinburgh's environment and economy. We have the highest percentage of residents who consider the climate emergency to be 'urgent' and we are walking and cycling more, especially for shorter journeys, while holding some of the highest satisfaction rates for public transport in the country. Hide AdAdvertisement Hide AdIn a far cry from the height of the pandemic, the data finds that more businesses are opening than closing and that major new investment is being drawn to the city. Just look to the transformation of the West and East ends of Princes Streets in recent times and the new hotels opening and changing hands around the city. Plus, we already know that Edinburgh has been named as the top UK city outside London for foreign direct investment planned over the next year. Our economy is listed in the data as the UK's most productive economy outside of London and job opportunities remain some of the best in the UK. In fact, in the last 10 years we've seen unemployment rates more than halve from 6.3% to 2.6%. Overall, there is a lot to smile about from this year's results – but there are also some alarming statistics. An increase in poverty and an aging population. Changes which place pressure on core services and infrastructure, at a time when public sector finances are limited, and Edinburgh remains the worst funded local authority in Scotland. While the recovery of tourism provides a welcome boost to our economy, this too means greater use and upkeep of facilities and we need to balance this against our Housing Emergency. Hide AdAdvertisement Hide AdWe know these challenges are on the horizon and that's why the Council budget we set in February prioritises poverty, climate, and vital services for residents. We can't plan for these changes alone and reaching net zero as a city will mean everyone acting and planning for climate change. Preparing our streets and transport for more passengers needs to happen now and our population growth will mean looking at developing different parts of the city, expanding to the West for example to create housing at scale like we're doing at the Granton Waterfront. We've already launched consultation for next year's budget, and you can let us know what you'd like to see prioritised with our online budget survey. There has been a joint effort in recent years to work together as one city and that will set us on the right track to retain Edinburgh's position as a special, welcoming, and unique place to live. Comment Guidelines National World encourages reader discussion on our stories. User feedback, insights and back-and-forth exchanges add a rich layer of context to reporting. Please review our Community Guidelines before commenting.
Hôpital de la Charité \| \| \| \| Geography \| \| Location \| Paris, France \| Coordinates \| 48°51′03″N 2°20′29″E / 48.850795°N 2.341270°E (approximate) \| History \| \| Opened \| 17th Century \| Closed \| 1935 \| Links \| \| Lists \| Hospitals in France \| Hôpital de la Charité (French pronunciation: [opital də la ʃaʁite], "Charity Hospital") was a hospital in Paris founded by the Brothers Hospitallers of St. John of God in the 17th century. In 1935, it was closed and demolished to make way for the new faculty of medicine. Located at 45, rue des Saints-Pères, the premises currently house the Centre Universitaire des Saints-Pères, one of the sites of the University of Paris-Descartes (Paris V). In 1601, Marie de Médicis, second wife of King Henry IV of France, invited the Brothers Hospitallers of St. John of God – commonly called "Brothers of Charity" – to come to France to care for the sick indigents. [1] They were, by their order's rule, doctors and pharmacists who cared for the sick. [2] They first occupied a house located rue de la Petite Seine (current locations of numbers 2-4 rue Bonaparte and 9 quai Malaquais). A few years later, the Brothers had to move because, Marguerite de Valois, the first wife of Henri IV, had decided in 1607 to establish a convent there (future convent of the Petits-Augustins, established within the perimeter of the current National School of Fine Arts or Beaux-Arts de Paris). [3] In exchange, she offered them the hôtel de Sansac, located near the chapel of Saint-Pierre (or Saints-Pères), which formed the original core of what was to become the hôpital de la Charité. The hospital was re-established there in 1608. It opened under the name of Saint Jean Baptiste de la Charité and was available only to male patients who did not suffer from incurable or venereal diseases. [1] From 1613 onwards, the Brothers engaged in a major construction project, which created several important hospital structures. They received from the abbot of Saint-Germain-des-Prés the use of the small Saint-Père chapel. The Brothers repaired the chapel and, ultimately, received it outright as a gift along with the small cemetery that was associated with it. The old chapel was demolished and a new one was consecrated in July 1621 by the Archbishop of Embrun. It was refurbished in the middle of the 17th century and, in 1732, a portal by the architect Robert de Cotte was added. [4] The chapel still stands at the corner of the boulevard Saint-Germain and the rue des Saints-Pères. From 1652, [3] [5] [6] the Brothers of Charity also acquired – thanks to an anonymous donation – a house on rue du Bac, which was initially equipped with eight beds for poor convalescents after their discharge from hospital. The establishment, called "Hospital for convalescents of Charité", was located on the south-west corner of rue du Bac and rue de Varenne and had extensive gardens. It had its origins in a foundation created in 1628 by Angélique Faure (1593-1664) (widow of the former finance superintendent Claude de Bullion de Bonnelles), though her identity as the donor was not revealed until after her death. [6] The Hospital for convalescents did not admit the sick, only convalescents who did not require medications and who were not infected with contagious diseases. The establishment employed no doctors, surgeons or apothecaries. Two monks and a servant (who were fed and housed according to the terms of a contract established on March 30, 1652) watched over the convalescents during their stay. Limited to fifteen days, this stay was intended to allow them to regain their strength and recover their health. It constituted an early form of follow-up care and rehabilitation. [7] [8] The hospital was rebuilt again in 1778-1781. In 1786 it contained 208 beds in 6 rooms and had the reputation of being the best kept hospital in Paris. [9] The Brothers of Charity also had under their care the Charity of Charenton, a hospital and insane asylum. [10] A detailed plan of the hospital in 1788 is included in Jacques-René Tenon's comprehensive analysis of Parisian hospitals: Mémoire sur les hôpitaux de Paris (Memoirs on the Hospitals of Paris. [11] In the late 18th-century, the hospital innovated in the delivery of clinical education; Louis Desbois de Rochefort (1750-1786) initiated bedside instruction for medical students that focused on the patients' symptoms and physical signs as diagnostic indicators, marking a major development in the history of medicine in France. Rochefort was succeeded by his assistant Jean-Nicolas Corvisart in 1788, who questioned the traditional humoral theory, and employed more physical methods of diagnosis such as palpitation and percussion. [12] During the French Revolution, La Charité temporarily took the name of hospice de l'Unité. [9] The Brothers of Charity were forced by the Revolutionary government to abandon the hospital in 1791 (though they continued to provide medical services there until their final departure in 1801) due to the confiscation of properties of the Catholic Church. The hospital was converted into a lay establishment governed by a commission of five members. At that time, women became eligible to be treated at the hospital. [1] A section of the hospital's gardens was ceded in the 18th century to the neighboring Society of Foreign Missions. [13] The French National Academy of Medicine had its offices in the hospital from 1850 to 1902. During the 1910 flood of the Seine, the basements of La Charité were flooded. Since the operations of the hospital were compromised, some of the patients were evacuated to other hospitals. [14] The buildings of the Charité hospital were almost totally demolished after 1935 to make way for the new Faculté de médecine de Paris. [1] In 1942, the old hospital chapel was converted into a church and later into the Cathedral of Saint Volodymyr the Great of the Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Saint Wladimir-Le-Grand de Paris.
Delaying the closure of Origin Energy's Eraring coal power plant would be "unconscionable," given that a new report from the Climate Energy Finance (CEF) finds that it would cost up to $150 million per year in taxpayer funds. The 2.88-gigawatt power plant is the biggest in the country and is slated for closure in August 2025. The NSW (New South Wales) government is worried that if the plant closes, the state will be at risk of blackouts and energy price hikes. The report compiled by CEF found that there will be no reliability gap once the plant closes and that keeping it open is simply not the right thing to do, given the "massive handouts and windfalls" enjoyed by the owners. The report's modelling calculated that the $150 million per year price tag to keep it open beyond 2025 will equate to more than six times what NSW has spent in the past four years electrifying and solarising social housing. CEF director Tim Buckley argues that with enough firmed renewables coming online by the summer of 2025/26, there is scope to allow the plant to close on the current timeline. He said the state could opt for a phased approach, shutting two out of the four units slightly earlier in March 2025. This would allow for keeping the last two units open until August 2026 at the latest, which would be more fiscally acceptable. That would allow funds to be directed towards speeding up the deployment of distributed energy resources such as rooftop solar and batteries, virtual power plants, and supporting commercial and industrial (C&I) renewables. Eraring – a taxpayer burden Eraring has already been costly for NSW taxpayers. The government paid AGL $75 million to take the power plant off its hands in 2013. Taxpayers have also been subsidising the price of coal it has using since December 2022. Climate Energy Finance estimated that the benefit for Origin has been around $468 million to date. The subsidy, a response to the price spike in early 2022 caused by the war in Ukraine, caps the price generators pay for coal at $125 a tonne, with the government funding the excess. That subsidy is set to end on June 30 this year. The complicated problem facing Origin Energy and the NSW government is one of money. The capital cost of keeping all four Eraring units open to Origin is estimated to be $200 million a year. Also, if Eraring does announce an extension, wholesale energy prices in NSW are likely to dip Renewables could solve any shortfall problems NSW's renewables asset base suggests that it will be able to cope with the shortfall resulting from Eraring's retirement. The Australian Energy Market Operator (AEMO) suggests renewables will be able to fill the 2.88 GW gap left by Eraring by the summer of 2025/26. Some 4.354 GW of renewables and battery energy storage systems (BESS) are due to come online by the end of 2025. AEMO has announced that tenders have been awarded for just over 2.5 gigawatts (GW) of battery energy storage system (BESS) firming capacity in NSW, with plans for these to be operational by the end of 2025. Additionally, another 1.3 GW is currently in progress after being secured in December of last year. However, this development raises concerns for NSW energy minister Penny Sharpe, who must rely on most of these proposals to successfully navigate the state's congested planning process, which typically spans between three and ten years, whilst being completed on schedule. Despite these challenges, the Climate Energy Finance report remains optimistic, stating that there is ample new firmed renewables capacity to substitute for Eraring's annual generation of 12 terawatt-hours (TWh) and compensate for the 7 TWh from Vales Point, slated for closure in 2029. Moreover, if NSW were to adopt a more proactive approach towards distributed energy resources (DERs), it could further mitigate any risks associated with the shutdown of Eraring. Are you looking for opportunities to reduce your commercial or industrial energy costs and become more energy efficient? Speak with our energy management consultants and we'll help you find the most suitable solutions for your goals – we can even see if your site is appropriate for any DERs like solar panels, battery storage, and the like. Call us at 1300 852 770 or email us at email@example.com.
Learn about this topic in these articles: early European education - In mathematics: European mathematics during the Middle Ages and Renaissance …the monastic education called the quadrivium: arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and music theory. Together with the trivium (grammar, logic, rhetoric), these subjects formed the seven liberal arts, which were taught in the monasteries, cathedral schools, and, from the 12th century on, universities and which constituted the principal university instruction until modern… Read More encyclopaedia organization - In encyclopaedia: Content arrangement … (grammar, logic, rhetoric) and the quadrivium (geometry, arithmetic, astronomy, music) were essential ingredients in any encyclopaedia. Even as late as 1435 Alfonso de la Torre began his Visiõ delectable in almost that exact order, and only when he had laid these foundations did he proceed to the problems of science,… Read More
An important aspect of data architecture is designing for data security. When designing data architecture, organizations should consider the potential risks to data and take steps to mitigate those risks. Data security risks can come from internal sources, such as employees with malicious intent, or external sources, such as hackers. To mitigate these risks, organizations should implement security controls, such as access control lists and encryption, and have a plan for responding to data breaches. There is no one-size-fits-all answer to this question, as the ideal data architecture for a given organization will vary depending on that organization's specific needs and requirements. However, some tips on how to design an effective data architecture include: 1. Start by understanding the data that needs to be managed and the business goals that need to be achieved. 2. Identify the key stakeholders who will be using the data and their specific needs. 3. Create a data model that captures the relationships between the different data elements. 4. Choose the right data storage and management solutions to support the data architecture. 5. Put in place the necessary security and governance controls to ensure that data is used appropriately and remains protected. What is the typical data architecture design for? Data architecture design is important for creating a vision of interactions occurring between data systems. For example, if a data architect wants to implement data integration, they will need to understand the interaction between two systems and use data architecture to create a model of that interaction. This will help ensure that the data integration process is smooth and efficient. A data architecture is a blueprint for how data is managed and flows through data storage systems. It is foundational to data processing operations and artificial intelligence (AI) applications. A data architecture describes how data is collected, transformed, distributed, and consumed. What should be included in data architecture A modern data architecture typically contains the following components: data pipelines, cloud storage, cloud computing, APIs, AI and ML models, data streaming, container orchestration, and real-time analytics. This architecture makes it easy to expose and share data, and allows for real-time analysis of large data sets. 1. Identify the internal and external sources of data. 2. Make high-level assumptions about the amount of data that will be ingested from each source. 3. Identify the mechanism used to get data from each source – push or pull. 4. Determine the type of data source – Database, File, web service, streams, etc. 5. Design the data architecture, taking into account the above factors. 6. Test and deploy the architecture. What are the 7 principles of design in architecture? The fundamental principles of design are: Emphasis, Balance and Alignment, Contrast, Repetition, Proportion, Movement and White Space. Design differs from art in that it has to have a purpose. Data replication is a critical aspect of any high availability or performance-sensitive system. By replicating data across multiple servers, you can avoid the need to transfer data over the network and minimize the impact of any downstream problems. What is a data architecture framework? A data architecture is a framework for how IT infrastructure supports your data strategy. The goal of any data architecture is to show the company's infrastructure how data is acquired, transported, stored, queried, and secured. A data architecture is the foundation of any data strategy. The American Institute of Architects (AIA) defines Five Phases of Architecture that are commonly referred to throughout the industry: Schematic Design, Design Development, Contract Documents, Bidding, Contract Administration. Each of these phases has a specific focus and purpose, and understanding them can help you communicate more effectively with your architect. Schematic Design is the first phase of the architectural process, during which the architect develops a conceptual design for your project. This design is typically presented in the form of sketches, diagrams, and models. The goal of this phase is to generate a range of options for solving the design problem. Design Development is the second phase of the architectural process, during which the architect refines the conceptual design and develops a more detailed design. This design is typically presented in the form of drawings and three-dimensional (3D) models. The goal of this phase is to finalize the overall form of the project and to begin developing the details of the design. Contract Documents are the third phase of the architectural process, during which the architect prepares a set of construction documents that will be used to obtain bids from contractors and to obtain a building permit. These documents are typically presented in the form of drawings and specifications. The goal What is the difference between data Modelling and data architecture Data Modeling: Data modeling is the process of designing the structure of data. It involves deciding what data to collect and how to organize it. Data modeling is important for ensuring the accuracy of data. Data Architecture: Data architecture is the process of designing the infrastructure for storing and analyzing data. It involves deciding what tools and platforms to use for storing and analyzing data. Data architecture is important for ensuring the efficiency of data analysis. A good data architecture is essential to eliminating silos within an organization. By bringing data from all parts of the organization together into one place, competing versions of the same data can be eliminated. This allows data to be seen as a shared asset instead of something that is bartered or hoarded by different business units. What are the 4 parts of architectural plans? A floor plan is one of the most commonly known architectural plans. It is a drawing that shows the layout of a room, building, or other area, as seen from above. A site plan is a drawing that shows the layout of a whole site, including the buildings, roads, parking areas, and other features. An elevation is a drawing that shows the side view of a room, building, or other area. A section is a drawing that shows a cross section of a room, building, or other area. A perspective is a drawing that shows the same view as if you were looking at it in person. A detailed view is a drawing that shows a close-up view of a particular feature. And every architecture or design of a structure or solution consists of points, lines, planes and volumes. That is why these four things are called the basic elements of architecture and design. What are the 7 steps in designing your database Designing a database is important in order to ensure that information is organized and stored efficiently. The design process consists of the following steps: determining the purpose of the database, finding and organizing information, dividing information into tables, specifying primary keys, setting up table relationships, refining the design, and applying normalization rules. By following these steps, you can create a well-designed database that will meet your needs. If you want to be successful with big data, you need to be agile, automate where possible, ensure data is accessible to all who need it, and have a plan for wide adoption. What are the 5 layers of big data? There are three main layers in a big data architecture: data ingestion, data processing, and data visualization. Data ingestion is responsible for collecting and storing data from various sources. Data processing is the second layer, responsible for collecting, cleaning, and preparing the data for analysis. Data storage is the third layer, responsible for storing the processed data. Data visualization is the fourth and final layer, responsible for visualizing the data so that it can be easily analyzed. It is always good to keep these three principles in mind when creating anything, whether it is a piece of art or a building. By making sure that what we create is durable, useful and beautiful, we can help create something that will stand the test of time and be enjoyed by many. Final Words There is no one-size-fits-all answer to this question, as the best data architecture for a given project will depend on a number of factors, including the nature and volume of the data to be stored, the desired level of security and reliability, the anticipated workload, and the available budget. However, there are some general principles that can be followed when designing data architecture: 1. Keep it simple: unnecessary complexity will only make the system more difficult to maintain and extend. 2. Keep it flexible: the architecture should be able to accommodate future changes, whether in terms of data volume or type, without requiring a complete redesign. 3. Consider security and privacy: data architecture should take into account the need to protect sensitive information and ensure compliance with data privacy regulations. 4. Make it scalable: the architecture should be able to handle an increasing workload without performance degradation. 5. Optimize for performance: the system should be designed for optimum performance, taking into account factors such as data access patterns and query Optimization. The challenge in data architecture is to ensure that an organization can collect, process, and store the data it needs to understanding its past, present, and future. An effectively designed data architecture will provide the foundation for an information-driven organization by ensuring that data is available when and where it is needed.
- costly - costly adj Costly, expensive, dear, valuable, precious, invaluable, priceless mean having a high value or valuation, especially in terms of money. Costly, expensive, dear refer to the expenditure or sacrifice involved in obtaining or procuring a thing.Costly applies to something which actually costs much; it usually implies such justification as sumptuousness, rarity, or fine workmanship{ their home is filled with costly furniture }{I took a costly jewel from my neck. A heart it was, bound in with diamonds— Shak. }{they are clad in very costly robes of silk; they are girdled like queens— Hearn }Expensive applies chiefly to something which is high-priced, especially with the implication of a cost beyond the thing's value or the buyer's means{an expensive suit of clothes }{the father . . . was unable to give the child as expensive an education as he had desired— Froude }Both costly and expensive may also be applied to whatever involves great losses or is a drain upon one's resources, not only in money but in such matters as time, effort, or health{an expensive error }{costly litigation }{expeditions which might prove costly in lives as well as money— Stefansson }{the rat is expensive to get rid of, but even more expensive to maintain— Heiser }Dear is opposed to cheap and commonly suggests a high, often an exorbitant, price or excessive cost; usually it implies a relation to other factors than the intrinsic worth of a thing{butter is cheap when it is plentiful, and dear when it is scarce— Shaw }{Relatively high wages of building labor bring dearer housing— Hobson }{their stout resistance was destined to cost them dear. . . . Many thousand citizens were ruined— Motley }Valuable when applied to things which have monetary value usually suggests the price they will bring in a sale or exchange{the most valuable dog in the kennel }{he stores away all his valuable effects when he goes on a tour }{a valuable piece of property }Valuable, however, often suggests worth that is not measured in material goods, but in such qualities as usefulness, serviceableness, or advantageousness{a valuable citizen }{the most valuable course in a college career }{a valuable piece of evidence }{food is valuable to the animal and moisture to the plant— Alexander }{beauty which is humanly valuable but biologically useless— Krutch }Precious originally came closer in meaning to costly than to valuable, of which it is now a very close synonym. But it carries a heightened implication of worth and often applies to something or someone whose value can scarcely be computed in terms of money{precious friends hid in death's dateless night— Shak. }{happy is the man who findeth wisdom . . . she is more precious than rubies— Prov 3:13-15 }{to any one who has ever looked on the face of a dead child or parent the mere fact that matter could have taken for a time that precious form, ought to make matter sacred ever after— James }{and these two things, judgment and imagination, are, with knowledge itself, the most precious results of well directed schooling— Grandgent }When applied to a thing of monetary value, precious usually means that it is one of the rarest and most costly of the class that is named{precious stones }{an alabaster box of very precious ointment— Mt 26:7 }but it may mean that the thing so described is too scarce and therefore, often, too expensive to use freely or generally{be careful of the butter; it's too precious to waste }Invaluable and priceless imply worth that cannot be estimated. In practice they are sometimes used when precious is actually meant but would seem not quite in keeping for one reason or another{an invaluable servant }{this invaluable liquor was of a pale golden hue, like other of the rarest Italian wines— Hawthorne }{a priceless jewel }{the colleges of this country have been a priceless element in the making of the freedom and might of this nation— L. M. Chamberlain }Therefore their use tends to be hyperbolical and often, especially in the case of priceless, intensive{I've just heard a priceless story }{isn't that dress priceless? }Antonyms: cheapContrasted words: beggarly, sorry, scurvy, contemptible: poor, bad New Dictionary of Synonyms. 2014.
At this point, some news of the last few weeks will be addressed which, from GES' point of view, are reason for hope because they contain building blocks of a possible global solution and / or could help to develop a realistic view of the challenges ahead of us. Climate gas emissions are at an all-time high. According to a study by Earth System Science Data, 54 billion tonnes of CO2 equivalents are emitted annually. In the past decade (2013 to 2022), warming averaged 1.14 degrees above pre-industrial levels. Man-made warming is increasing at a rate of over 0.2 degrees per decade. The target of 1.5 degrees of warming is likely to be reached soon. How can the global financial system be made more solidary and more closely aligned with climate goals? At the meeting of 40 heads of state and government in Paris, it was all words – there were hardly any tangible results. At least the goal of raising 100 billion US dollars through special drawing rights for poor countries was achieved. The International Energy Agency (IEA) is calling for faster progress in energy efficiency. Global energy efficiency should increase from the current 2.2 percent per year to 4 percent per year by 2030. This is to ensure that energy remains affordable and that climate targets are met. The German government's new climate protection law is to include targets for carbon capture for the first time. According to Tagesspiegel Background, there is now a quantity framework for the CO2 storage strategy. According to this, between 17 and 69 million tonnes per year are to be stored in the ground in Germany from 2045. For the first time, the production of blue hydrogen (in Wilhelmshaven and Rostock) is also mentioned: from natural gas with CCS. Four CCUS hubs are to be created in Germany, including in North Rhine-Westphalia and central Bavaria. So far, CO2 storage has been de facto banned in Germany. The CCS discussion in Germany is gaining momentum. While environmental organisations such as BUND continue to reject carbon management, the BDI is calling for clarity on the storage of CO2 on German soil. RWE is currently developing CCS projects in the UK and the Netherlands – just not in Germany. Fritz Vahrenholt reports in his newsletter that the energy company has a carbon capture pilot plant at its lignite-fired power plant in Niederaussem – but does not use it. In the Netherlands, on the other hand, RWE is developing carbon capture projects that are supposed to produce negative emissions in combination with bioenergy. In an interview with DIE ZEIT, the head of MAN Energy Solutions, Uwe Lauber, criticises political and bureaucratic obstacles to climate protection technologies in Germany. Literally, he says: "We are the world market leader with our CCS plants and can install them in all countries of the world – just not here. In America, CCS is not only allowed, but also heavily subsidised. That helps the industry there." The Rohrdorf cement plant in Bavaria and the grid operator bayernets want to examine the transport of CO2 . The feasibility study will also examine whether underground storage sites can be connected for the intermediate storage of CO2 and how a Germany-wide CO2 network can be created. One of the largest wind-to-heat plants in Germany has gone into operation. According to Hamburger Energiewerke, the 80-megawatt plant in Wedel converts surplus wind power into heat that is fed into the Hamburg district heating network. Mathematically, 27,000 households can be supplied with heating energy in this way. Germany could provide its entire heat demand for temperatures up to 200 degrees with large heat pumps. This is the result of a study by the Fraunhofer Institute for Energy Infrastructure and Geothermal Energy. Large heat pumps draw energy from geothermal energy, bodies of water, waste heat, such as from server farms, and solar thermal energy. Deutsche Bahn wants to transport large quantities of hydrogen in the future. Also in case a pipeline network is not available in time. DB Cargo says it could handle 20 per cent of H2 transport in 2030. Norway wants to release parts of its seabed for deep-sea mining. "We need minerals to make the energy transition successful," said Energy Minister Terje Aasland. Large quantities of minerals have been discovered on the seabed of the Norwegian continental shelf, including rare earths, copper and cobalt. Environmentalists fear that the ecosystems of the deep sea will be damaged. How far has artificial photosynthesis come? This question is being investigated in a report initiated by the Ministry of Research. The result: the technology has not yet gone beyond the laboratory scale. The report defines artificial photosynthesis as "a generic term for technological or biotechnological processes for the production of energy-rich valuable substances and fuels from simple, low-energy molecules using light in integrated apparatus or plants". Currently, 675 million people still live without electricity, 80 percent of them in sub-Saharan Africa. According to a report by the International Energy Agency (IEA), the situation has hardly changed since 2010. One of the UN's Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) concerns access to affordable electricity by 2030. Without further investment, this target will be missed, the authors say.
Grid-connected solar panels are becoming increasingly popular as a sustainable and cost-effective alternative to traditional energy sources. The integration of solar power into the electrical grid allows households to sell excess energy back to the grid, reducing their energy bills and contributing to a cleaner environment. Moreover, advancements in solar panel technology have made grid-connected systems more reliable and efficient, making them a viable option for homeowners and businesses alike. One of the main reasons for the increasing popularity of grid-connected solar panels is the financial benefits they offer. The ability to sell excess energy back to the grid allows households to generate additional income, reduce their energy bills, and potentially even earn credits that can be applied to future energy bills. Additionally, the reduced reliance on non-renewable energy sources can help to mitigate the long-term costs associated with climate change and environmental degradation. As solar panel technology continues to improve and costs decrease, it is likely that grid-connected solar panels will become an even more attractive option for those seeking a sustainable and cost-effective energy solution. Selling Excess Energy Back to the Grid The ability to sell excess energy back to the grid has become a significant incentive for homeowners and businesses to invest in grid-connected solar panels. As more and more people switch to solar energy, the demand for grid-connected solar panels continues to rise. With the help of government incentives, many homeowners and businesses are able to make the switch to solar energy more affordable, and potentially even profitable. One of the main incentives for investing in grid-connected solar panels is the ability to sell excess energy back to the grid. This process is known as net metering and allows homeowners and businesses to receive credits for the excess energy they produce. These credits can then be used to offset the cost of energy consumed during times when the sun is not shining, or when energy demand is high. In addition to these incentives, regulations on excess energy sales have also played a significant role in the popularity of grid-connected solar panels. Many states have implemented policies that require utilities to purchase excess energy produced by solar panels at a fair market rate. This has helped to further incentivize the adoption of solar energy by ensuring that homeowners and businesses are able to earn a return on their investment in solar panels. Overall, the ability to sell excess energy back to the grid has become a key factor in the growing popularity of grid-connected solar panels. Cost Savings on Energy Bills One of the primary reasons that homeowners and businesses are increasingly turning to solar energy is the potential for significant cost savings on their energy bills. The initial investment in solar panels may seem high, but the long-term benefits outweigh the upfront costs. According to EnergySage, a leading online marketplace for solar energy systems, the average homeowner saves between $10,000 and $30,000 over the lifespan of their solar panel system. For businesses, the savings can be even more significant, with some companies reporting up to a 75% reduction in their energy bills. In addition to the cost savings, solar panels also offer increased energy efficiency. Traditional energy sources, such as coal and natural gas, are subject to transmission and distribution losses as electricity is moved from power plants to homes and businesses. Solar panels, however, generate electricity directly on-site, reducing the amount of energy lost during transmission. This increased efficiency not only saves money but also reduces the environmental impact of energy production. Furthermore, solar panels are a clean, renewable source of energy that reduces greenhouse gas emissions and dependence on fossil fuels. Solar energy systems do not emit any pollutants or greenhouse gases during operation, and the energy produced is carbon-free. By transitioning to solar energy, homeowners and businesses can reduce their carbon footprint and contribute to a more sustainable future. As the world continues to prioritize environmental responsibility, it is no surprise that solar energy is becoming an increasingly popular choice for energy production. Increased Reliability Compared to Off-Grid Systems Compared to relying solely on battery storage, a solar energy system that is connected to the grid offers an increased reliability, allowing for a consistent and uninterrupted energy supply. This is because grid-connected systems can draw power from the grid when the solar panels are not generating enough energy, or when the demand for electricity exceeds the capacity of the solar system. This ensures that the energy supply remains uninterrupted, even during periods of low solar generation. Furthermore, grid-connected solar systems have a simpler installation process compared to off-grid systems. Off-grid systems require a larger battery bank and an inverter that can handle the entire load, which can be expensive and time-consuming to install. Grid-connected systems, on the other hand, only require a standard inverter that can handle the average load. This reduces the installation and maintenance requirements, making grid-connected systems a more practical and cost-effective choice for homeowners. In addition, grid-connected systems can generate excess energy that can be sold back to the grid, providing homeowners with an additional source of income. This is made possible by net metering, a policy that allows homeowners to receive credits on their energy bills for the excess energy they generate. This not only offsets the initial cost of installing the solar system, but also provides a financial incentive for homeowners to invest in renewable energy. Overall, the increased reliability and simpler installation process of grid-connected solar systems make them a more attractive option for homeowners looking to reduce their carbon footprint and save on energy costs. Improvements in Solar Panel Technology Advancements in photovoltaic technology have led to higher efficiency solar cells, enabling greater electricity production from smaller panels. Solar panel efficiency has been improved by reducing the amount of energy lost during the conversion process from sunlight to electricity. Manufacturers have also developed new materials for solar cells, such as perovskite, which have higher conversion efficiencies than traditional silicon-based cells. In addition, solar panel durability has been greatly improved through the use of new materials and technologies. Glass coatings that protect against weather and environmental damage have been developed, as well as backsheet materials that resist moisture and UV radiation. These improvements have extended the lifespan of solar panels, reducing the need for replacements and maintenance costs. Overall, the improvements in solar panel technology have made grid-connected solar panels more attractive to consumers and businesses. The higher efficiency and durability of solar panels have increased their cost-effectiveness, making them a more viable alternative to traditional sources of electricity. As research and development in solar technology continue, it is likely that solar panels will become even more efficient, durable, and affordable in the future. Financial Viability of Sustainable Energy Solutions The financial viability of sustainable energy solutions is a critical factor in the adoption and implementation of renewable energy technologies across various industries and sectors. In recent years, the cost of solar panels has significantly decreased due to advancements in technology and economies of scale. Moreover, the implementation of government incentives has encouraged the adoption of solar energy systems, making them more financially viable. Government incentives have been crucial in promoting the installation of solar panels. Governments worldwide are offering tax incentives, grants, rebates, and other financial benefits to those who install solar panels. These incentives have made it easier for individuals and businesses to invest in renewable energy systems. For instance, the United States government offers a federal tax credit of up to 26% of the total cost of installing a solar panel system. Such incentives have significantly reduced the upfront cost of solar panel installation, making it a cost-effective solution for many. Besides the financial incentives, more people are turning to solar panels due to their environmental impact. Solar energy is a clean and renewable source of energy that reduces carbon emissions, improves air quality, and helps mitigate climate change. With increasing concerns about the environment, individuals and businesses are more likely to adopt sustainable energy solutions. Furthermore, solar panels can be installed in remote locations, reducing the dependence on traditional power grids and increasing energy independence. As a result, the financial viability of solar panels, coupled with their positive environmental impact, has made them a popular choice among many. Future Trends in Grid-Connected Solar Panel Usage One emerging trend in the use of solar energy is the integration of energy storage systems to improve the reliability and efficiency of grid-connected renewable energy systems. Energy storage systems can help address the intermittency of solar energy, which is affected by weather patterns and daily variations in sunlight. The combination of solar panels and energy storage systems can create a more stable and predictable energy supply, reducing the need for fossil fuels and increasing the share of renewable energy in the grid. Renewable energy policies have also played a significant role in the growth of grid-connected solar panels. Many countries have set targets for the share of renewable energy in their energy mix, and solar energy has become a key component of these policies. In addition, the declining costs of solar panels, coupled with government incentives such as tax credits and subsidies, have made solar energy more affordable for households and businesses, further driving the adoption of grid-connected solar panels. Despite the benefits of grid-connected solar panels, there are still integration challenges that need to be addressed. The variability of solar energy, for example, can pose challenges for grid operators in managing supply and demand. Furthermore, the integration of energy storage systems requires significant investments in infrastructure and technology, which may not be feasible for all regions. However, with the continued growth of renewable energy policies and advancements in technology, grid-connected solar panels are likely to become an increasingly important component of the energy landscape. Frequently Asked Questions What are the environmental benefits of grid-connected solar panels? Grid-connected solar panels have sustainability benefits by reducing carbon emissions. They reduce greenhouse gases and air pollutants, hence minimizing the environmental impact of energy use and promoting a low-carbon economy. How long does it typically take for a grid-connected solar panel system to pay for itself? The payback period for a grid-connected solar panel system varies depending on factors such as installation costs, energy consumption, and incentive programs. On average, it takes around 6-8 years to break even and start seeing financial benefits. Can a grid-connected solar panel system still function during a power outage? A grid-connected solar panel system can only function during a power outage with a power backup. Maintenance costs should also be considered when discussing grid connected solar panels during power outages and maintenance expenses. Are there any incentives or rebates available for installing a grid-connected solar panel system? Incentive programs, tax credits, and financing options are available for installing grid-connected solar panel systems. System size limitations, installation costs, and maintenance requirements vary. Net metering and energy storage solutions affect backup power capabilities and energy independence. Solar panels mitigate climate change and reduce environmental impact. System reliability and grid stability are important factors. How does the installation process for a grid-connected solar panel system differ from an off-grid system? The installation process for a grid-connected solar panel system differs from an off-grid system in terms of efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and maintenance requirements. It also impacts local utility infrastructure and has potential for community-wide implementation. Grid-connected solar panels are becoming increasingly popular due to a number of factors. The ability to sell excess energy back to the grid is a major advantage of grid-connected solar panels. This not only helps to offset the initial cost of the system but also provides an ongoing source of income. Additionally, grid-connected systems offer cost savings on energy bills compared to traditional energy sources. Another advantage of grid-connected solar panels is their increased reliability compared to off-grid systems. This is due to the fact that grid-connected systems are able to draw power from the grid when needed, ensuring a constant source of energy. Improvements in solar panel technology have also made grid-connected systems more efficient and cost-effective. The financial viability of sustainable energy solutions has also played a role in the increase in popularity of grid-connected solar panels. As the cost of traditional energy sources continues to rise, renewable energy sources like solar are becoming more cost-effective. Looking ahead, future trends in grid-connected solar panel usage are expected to continue to rise. As technology advances and costs continue to decrease, more homes and businesses are likely to adopt this sustainable energy solution. Additionally, government incentives and regulations that support renewable energy sources are likely to encourage further growth in this area. In conclusion, grid-connected solar panels are becoming more popular due to their ability to sell excess energy back to the grid, cost savings on energy bills, increased reliability, improvements in solar panel technology, and the financial viability of sustainable energy solutions. As the trend towards renewable energy sources continues to grow, it is likely that grid-connected solar panels will become even more prevalent in the future.
Paul Goble Staunton, May 9 – Just as Vladimir Putin uses historical references to make his case, other Russians turn to history to discuss issues that at least to begin with may be too sensitive to be addressed directly. One such issue involves the formation of units in the Russian military on the basis of regions and republics. After Putin launched his expanded invasion of Ukraine in 2022, Moscow charged the regions and republics with providing more soldiers and even allowed some of them to form military units on the basis of such personnel (windowoneurasia2.blogspot.com/2022/07/by-ordering-regions-to-form-units-to.html and jamestown.org/program/moscow-turns-to-regions-to-replace-losses-and-boost-forces-in-ukraine/). Some of those units, most prominently those from Chechnya, continue to exist; and as Moscow struggles to find more men for its war effort, a new article about the history of the national units in the Soviet Union's Red Army suggests that a debate is going on behind the scenes as to whether the Russian government should build on that effort. The answer of its author, Yevgeny Krutikov, is a resounding no. After surveying the rise and fall of national units in the Red Army before, during and after World War II, the military analyst says that Soviet leaders concluded that "on the whole," the use of national military units were an unfortunate mistake (vz.ru/society/2024/5/9/1267170.html). While many soldiers and officers in these units fought well, the overall quality of military preparation and readiness to obey orders from above was far lower than in ordinary military units. Consequently, any advantages as far as reducing ethnic clashes within the military were mitigated by these failings. According to Krutikov – and his words on this point are especially important in the current context – the real problems these units presented came not from the soldiers or officers in them but from "the leaderships of the national republics" who viewed these units as their own rather than part of a single united army, something unforgiveable in time of war.
A survey shows 72% of students in higher education institutions are sexually active Kampala, Uganda \| THE INDEPENDENT \|In Uganda, adolescent pregnancy is one of the main factors causing girls and young women to drop out of school, often putting an abrupt end to their education. The country currently has the highest school dropout rates in the East African region. To empower young people to stay healthy and educated, UNESCO is working with the Government of Uganda and other partners through its Our Rights, Our Lives, Our Future Plus (O3 Plus) to provide skills and information on health, well-being and sexual and reproductive health. This work supports learners in higher education institutions to make informed decisions that will benefit their education and their future. "With the knowledge and life skills I have gained through my involvement in O3 Plus activities, I now confidently help my fellow university students navigate some of the sexual reproductive health challenges that we always find ourselves grappling with," says Evelyn Onying, a young woman aged 22 and third-year student at Makerere University in Uganda, one of the higher education institutions in which UNESCO's O3 Plus project is underway. Born in Kakira, a town in Jinja, Uganda, Evelyn is the only girl among her five brothers. In her town, many young people, in particular girls, drop out of school to seek livelihood. But with a gap in sexual and reproductive health services and information, young people's development and lives are put at risk. "While growing up and going through school, I definitely needed guidance and pointers on how to deal with sexual reproductive health challenges," says Evelyn. "Teenagers in my community engaged in practices that I thought were meant for adults. I had to deal with a lot of peer pressure and sexual advances." With support and encouragement from her parents, Evelyn is now pursuing her Bachelor's degree. However, she is observing a similar cycle at university-level: "A majority of people I know have ventured into risky behaviours while at the university to sustain their survival due to financial hardships. Some lost confidence due to sexual traumas," says Evelyn. A survey conducted in selected universities in the country revealed that 72% of students in higher education institutions are sexually active. And that nearly 12% of young women become pregnant while enrolled at university, with 35% of these being unplanned pregnancies. A voice of support to her peers "Thanks to the life skills education I have gained through O3 Plus, I have learned proper negotiation skills and I can now better handle myself in the face of pressure to get involved in sexual activities." Evelyn credits UNESCO and the O3 Plus project for changing her perception on sexual and reproductive health and rights, an issue she now confidently advocates for. She has also provided support to her peers through one-to-one counselling and advocacy: "Using larger platforms, I shared knowledge on sexual and reproductive health and rights through community radios, especially during the 16 days of activism (to end violence against women and girls)." Evelyn also joined the Technical Working Group and the National Steering Committee for the implementation of the O3 Plus Project in Uganda and as such, has participated in various activities and trainings under the project. She hopes to continue her work as an advocate taking these skills and messages at the grassroots level so that young people can stay healthy and educated, and have a greater chance of achieving their life choices. Like Evelyn, young people in higher and tertiary education institutions in East and Southern Africa deserve to access the information, knowledge and skills they need to put their health and education at the centre, and in turn, to reach their full potential. In Uganda, UNESCO's Our Rights, Our Lives, Our Future Plus (O3 PLUS) project is currently underway in three higher education institutions, one of which is Evelyn's university. The project seeks to ensure that young people across 24 higher and tertiary education institutions in East and Southern Africa realise positive health, education and gender equality outcomes by reducing new HIV infections, unintended pregnancy and gender-based violence.
Timing of seasonal demand depends on the industry, but a cyclical increase in traffic applies to all industries. Maybe your cycle is shorter than a full year. Or maybe it's related to things like weather patterns or fashion. You know when your business gets the most traffic. - Retail? Black Friday/Cyber Monday. - Health and fitness? New Year's Day. - Pizza restaurant? Halloween and Thanksgiving, surprisingly. You do know your business well. But do you know how to make sure your database infrastructure can keep up with traffic during these busy periods? In this post, I'll share five things to consider as you prepare your database scaling to support temporary increased demand. Collect previous database traffic The more data points you have about typical utilization and previous spikes in traffic, the better you can predict what the next spike will look like. This is one very good reason to install database monitoring tools like Prometheus and to keep at least a year of raw metrics. You'll want to capture at least CPU, memory, disk i/o, and disk space metrics. By the way, many metrics collectors will roll up or downsample data… averaging the max values with regular levels can cause you to lose important data for analysis. A database that is useful on average is not a useful database. Then you can easily judge how close you are regularly to your thresholds — for example, how much disk space are you currently using? — as well as how much you increased utilization during the last spike — for example, did your disk space grow to 2x last December? Remember that any software, including database software, cannot use 100% of all resources 100% of the time. For example, in some databases, overhead disk space needs to be retained for compaction, so you would not want your disk utilization to be close to 100%. As another example, some database software is generally CPU-bound, so you'll rarely expend a large percentage of memory resources. Consider all the bottlenecks Your database doesn't exist in a vacuum. It sits on servers, communicates over a network, and might work alongside various caching or queueing technologies. It doesn't do any good to have spare capacity on the database if your network is saturated. Just like you're gathering metrics and understanding utilization on the database, do the same on these adjacent pieces. Understand your workload Measurement of the system resources is only one part of the equation in database scaling. Another part is knowing how many operations you are sending to the system. This is important because it helps you understand increased traffic due to non-cyclical reasons. Knowing details about recent or upcoming releases will give you more insight into changes in base workload. Did you just add a new feature? Did this result in a new set of tables, or a list of new queries? How many operations per second did this add to the database? And, just as you know your business well, you know your industry well. What trends are affecting changes in workload? Especially focus on any short-term trends that can ramp up traffic at a steeper rate than you've seen in the past. This all assumes the current application performance is meeting requirements. If it's not, you have an additional problem to solve. Give yourself runway to scale Understand how long it takes you to scale your database. On-prem installations that require hardware requisitioning can take weeks to months. Even cloud installations can require budget approvals and time to plan a maintenance period. Also consider any change freeze periods your company enforces. It's not unreasonable to begin planning for December spikes in mid-August. Run a forecast Finally, do some calculations. Eyeballing or drawing an average line through the graph can exclude some important outliers. For the kind of capacity planning you need during scaling, max values are very important. You'll want to take your regular utilization, add in increased operations from feature releases, with overhead to support known spikes last cycle. One open-source tool available to do this kind of data analysis and predictive forecasting is Facebook's Prophet. See the presentation my colleague and I gave at Datastax Accelerate for more details on using Prophet. Any forecast works best with more data. In this case, a long collection of metrics (see above) will result in a better forecast. Preparing your database for seasonal demand requires thinking ahead… setting up monitoring to graph your workload, knowing how long it takes to implement scaling, and doing predictive forecasts. As they say, it's not hard, it's just work. The payoff is immense, though, saving your company time and money spent on emergency remediation. Perhaps most importantly, it keeps your engineers in their happy place, writing code, instead of in sweaty war rooms. Let me know if you'd like help in creating a plan for capacity planning in your environment.
MMS Marketing is a two year postgraduate management degree that deals in the field of marketing. MMS Marketing can set graduates career in the field of Marketing with an ability to Customer Behaviour, Marketing Management, Advertising and Branding, Salesforce Management, Sales Analysis, etc. Jobs for MMS Marketing graduates are Market Research Analyst, Business Development Manager, Marketing Executive, Marketing Manager, Product Manager, Sales Manager, etc. Degree \| Masters \| Full Form \| Master of Management Studies (Marketing) \| Duration \| 2 Years \| Age \| No age limit \| Subjects Required \| Human Resource Management, Marketing Studies, Consumer behavior, Financial Management,etc. \| Minimum Percentage \| 50% in Under Graduation \| Average Fees \| ₹50K - 4.5 LPA \| Similar Options of Study \| PDGM, MBA Sales and Marketing, MBA, etc \| Average Salary \| INR 3.5 - 10 LPA \| Employment Roles \| Market Research Analyst, Business Development Manager, Marketing Executive, Marketing Manager, Product Manager, Sales Manager, etc \| Top Recruiters \| AXIS Bank, HDFC Bank, ICICI Bank, Cognizant, Infosys, Accenture, IBM, Ernst & Young, Tata Consultancy Services, etc \| MMS Marketing's full form is Master in Management Studies in Marketing. MMS Marketing course is a postgraduate degree in the marketing field. MMS Marketing duration is for about two years and is divided into four semesters. Through this course, students are given knowledge about marketing, sales, and so on. Marketing management is the organizational discipline which focuses on the practical application of marketing orientation, techniques and methods inside enterprises and organizations and on the management of a firm's marketing resources and activities. The course falls under the umbrella of MBA. MMS Marketing eligibility requirements should be cleared by the students to get admission to the course. Candidates should have completed a bachelor's in this course with at least 50% in their final exams. There is no age limitation for this course. Merit-based or entrance exam-based admissions are there for the candidates. For MMS Marketing admissions, students should satisfy the eligibility criteria. Entrance exam-based and merit-based admissions are done for MMS Marketing. The MMS Marketing admission process differs according to the MMS Marketing universities in India. Details of the general admission process are mentioned below: MMS Marketing course details and procedures can be found on the college's official website. Applicants should enter the college's official portal and register for the entrance exam. After that applicants should fill the form with the required details. Admission to MMS Marketing is done for only those who have cleared all the eligibility criteria. Shortlisted candidates for the entrance exam are announced on the official website or by email and also further admission processes will be given. The entrance exam plays an important role in the MMS Marketing admission process. Entrance exams for MMS Marketing are conducted at the National level/ State level/ University level. Some of the entrance exam students usually apply for are listed below: Candidates who and all are interested in MMS Marketing must satisfy eligibility requirements. After applying for entrance exams, students should get to know about the exam pattern and syllabus for the preparation. The general pattern for the entrance exams are listed below: There are many MMS Marketing colleges in India. Students are free to opt for the top 10 Masters in Management Studies in Marketing colleges in India depending upon the merit, specializations, or convenience. Some top 10 MMS Marketing Universities in India are listed below: SI. No. \| Name of the Institute \| Average Fees (INR) \| 1. \| 2. \| 3. \| Sydenham Institute of Management Studies and Research and Entrepreneurship Education, Mumbai \| 4. \| Bharati Vidyapeeth's Institute of Management Studies & Research, Mumbai \| 5. \| Alkesh Dinesh Mody Institute For Financial And Management Studies, Mumbai \| 6. \| 7. \| Vivekanand Education Society Institute of Management Studies and Research, Mumbai \| 8. \| 9. \| 10. \| Humera Khan Institute Of Management Studies And Research, Mumbai \| MMS Marketing course fees range around INR 1 - 4 LPA. MMS Marketing fees structure varies according to the institute, location, infrastructure, faculties, and facilities. Some of the top colleges for MMS Marketing in India with its fees structure are listed below: Sl.No. \| Name of the Institute \| Average Annual Fees (INR) \| 1. \| Jamnalal Bajaj Institute of Management Studies, Mumbai \| 2. \| Prin. L. N. Welingkar Institute of Management Development & Research, Mumbai \| 3. \| Sydenham Institute of Management Studies and Research and Entrepreneurship Education, Mumbai \| 4. \| Bharati Vidyapeeth's Institute of Management Studies & Research, Mumbai \| 5. \| Alkesh Dinesh Mody Institute For Financial And Management Studies, Mumbai \| The duration of MMS Marketing course is a two years postgraduate degree in the field of Marketing. MMS Marketing is a comprehensive study of Marketing Management, Managerial Economics, Business Mathematics, Business Research Methodology and so on. Subjects for MMS Marketing differ according to the institutes and specializations. The MMS Marketing syllabus covers both theory and practicals. Some compulsory MMS Marketing subjects are listed below: Read More: MMS Marketing Subjects and Syllabus Students more often get confused about choosing their career and want to know about the course before they choose. So, students come across some questions like "What is an MMS Marketing course about?" and "Why to choose MMS Marketing?". To make sure that to understand clearly about these questions we have framed them into the following three points: The full form of MMS Marketing is Masters in Management Studies in Marketing. The MMS Marketing degree course is a post-graduation in the marketing field. The course consists of subjects such as customer behaviour, marketing management, advertising and branding, salesforce management, sales analysis, etc which provides more onus on the Sales and marketing side whereas financial management, resource management, etc provide in-depth knowledge on management studies. MMS Marketing graduates are hired in fields of AXIS Bank, HDFC Bank, ICICI Bank, Cognizant, Infosys, Accenture, IBM, Ernst & Young, Tata Consultancy Services, etc. They can work as Market Research Analysts, Business Development managers, Marketing Executives, Marketing Managers, Product Managers, Sales Managers and so on. Business Development Manager: Business Development Managers are responsible for helping grow businesses by finding new opportunities, researching leads, establishing relationships with potential clients, and arranging appointments for sales executives. Career options for MMS Marketing are very different. MMS Marketing career depends upon the specializations and demand. Candidates can get jobs in the public sector, private sector, or non-profit organizations with the general education of this course. Career Scope and Options: The graduates can work in AXIS Bank, HDFC Bank, ICICI Bank, Cognizant, Infosys, Accenture, IBM, Ernst & Young, Tata Consultancy Services, etc. Read More: MMS Marketing Jobs and Scope The essential tips that can be followed by the aspirants in the preparation for the course are listed below: Knowledge of the Exam Paper Pattern: The paramount step in preparing well for the entrance exam is a deep-rooted understanding and comprehension of the paper pattern and the syllabus. Effective Time Management: Focus points should be kept in mind, with particular emphasis on weaker subjects and the daily practice of numerical problems. A timetable should be drawn and the candidate should follow the timetable with dedication and diligence. Enrolling in Coaching Institutes: A coaching class or a tutor especially for clearing the entrance exam is a bonus as the teacher will help a candidate to focus on weaker zones and will aid in practice and comprehension of topics. After MMS Marketing graduates can choose to do jobs or to do higher studies. Additional degrees in the same field can help to increase job opportunities. Higher Education options for MMS Marketing are: The average salary for the graduates of MMS Marketing ranges around INR 50,000 - 2 LPA (Source: Payscale). Salaries of MMS Marketing graduates are given according to their specializations and skills. MMS Marketing freshers get less compared to the ones who have experience in this field and as experience increases so does the salary increase. Read More: MMS Marketing Salary After completing an MMS Marketing degree, Graduates can find jobs in specific fields like AXIS Bank, HDFC Bank, ICICI Bank, Cognizant, Infosys, Accenture, IBM, Ernst & Young, Tata Consultancy Services, and so on. The graduates can apply for exams to do higher education. Some jobs offered to this MMS Marketing graduates are: People who are passionate about marketing and want to take it as a career in the future. This course helps catch the fantasy of the people curious about marketing. Some of the required skills for this career are:
The Red Congo, also recognized as Philodendron 'Rojo Congo', is cherished in the world of indoor and outdoor plants for its vibrant and distinctive foliage that brings a lush, tropical feel to any space. The Red Congo stands out with its large, glossy leaves that emerge a rich, reddish color and gradually transform to a dark green as they mature. The plant's petioles (leaf stems) retain their reddish hue, giving a striking contrast to the mature green leaves. This evergreen does not produce flowers, with its visual appeal residing chiefly in its bold foliage. With optimal conditions, the Red Congo exhibits a moderate to fast growth rate, potentially reaching up to 3 feet in height when cultivated indoors, and even taller in outdoor settings. This Philodendron prefers bright, indirect light to maintain its vibrant leaf coloring. While it can tolerate lower light conditions, the foliage may lose some of its vividness in prolonged low light. The Red Congo appreciates a regular watering schedule, preferring the soil to be kept consistently moist but not waterlogged. Ensuring that the top inch of soil is dry before watering again will help avoid overwatering. A well-draining potting mix is crucial to avoid root rot. A peat-based mix with perlite or sand to enhance drainage tends to work well for this plant. This is a relatively low-maintenance plant. Wiping the leaves occasionally to remove dust and pruning to control size or remove any yellowing leaves is generally all that is required. Though it's often utilized as an indoor plant due to its air-purifying qualities and attractive foliage, in suitable climates, it can also be used in shaded outdoor plantings to add a tropical feel. Preferring warmer climates, the Red Congo is not frost-tolerant and should be brought indoors or protected when temperatures dip below 50°F (10°C). The Red Congo Philodendron is prized for its ability to bring a vibrant, tropical ambiance to interior spaces and shaded outdoor areas. Its striking, color-transforming leaves, minimal care requirements, and adaptability to various light conditions make it a popular choice among plant enthusiasts and interior designers alike. Whether incorporated into a mixed planting or utilized as a standalone specimen, this plant is sure to catch eyes and enhance the aesthetic of its surroundings. Red Congo $15.00 – $35.00 SKU: N/A Category: Plants Product images are for reference; the delivered plant will look different depending on the gallon chosen. Height estimates are overall. Ball of Ground price is starting from and depends on height. Ball of Ground heights are estimates; call to know sizes we have available.
Records of the Lancaster Chapter of the National Conference of Christians & Jews, 1964-1977 Call Number: MG-411 1 box 7 folders .5 cubic ft. Repository: LancasterHistory.org (Lancaster, Pa.) Shelving Location: Archives South, Side 10 Description: This collection contains six scrapbooks of records of the Lancaster Chapter of the National Conference of Christians & Jews. The volumes hold meeting notices and minutes, reports, newsletters, newspaper articles, and programs. The last folder contains documents from 1977 regarding an executive board meeting, fundraising and expenses. Creator: Lancaster Chapter of the National Conference of Christians & Jews (Pa.) Conditions for Access: No restrictions. Conditions Governing Reproductions: Collection may not be photocopied. Please contact Research Staff or Archives Staff with questions. Language: English Source of Acquisition: The collection was kept by the late K. L. Shirk. Gift of Shirk Reist Attorneys, Lancaster, PA, 27 October 2006. Historical Information: "The National Conference for Community and Justice (NCCJ) was founded in 1927 as the National Conference for Christians and Jews, in response to anti-Catholic sentiment being expressed during Al Smith's run for the Democratic nomination. Its founders included prominent social activists such as Jane Addams and U.S. Supreme Court Justice Charles Evans Hughes who dedicated the organization to bringing diverse people together to address interfaith divisions. Several years later NCCJ expanded its work to include all issues of social justice including race, class, gender equity, sexual orientation and the rights of people with different abilities. In the 1990's, the name was changed to the National Conference for Community and Justice to better reflect the breadth and depth of its mission, the growing diversity of our country and our need to be more inclusive. The National Conference for Community and Justice (NCCJ) is a human relations organization promoting understanding and respect among all races, religions and cultures; providing education and advocacy, and building communities that are inclusive and just for all. The National Conference for Community and Justice is dedicated to fighting bias, bigotry, and racism and promoting understanding and respect among all races, religions, and cultures through education, advocacy, and conflict resolution." National Conference for Community and Justice. "Our Story." Accessed December 17, 2013. http://www.nccj.org/our-story. Administrative History: Processed and finding aid prepared by MK, Fall 2013. Folder 1 Records Scrapbook September 1964 – May 1967. Meeting Notice and Minutes: September 24, 1964 Local Chapter meeting discussing minority student retention in Lancaster Schools. October 22, 1964 Local Chapter meeting discussing local Republican and Democratic Party minority planks. [October/November 1964] announcing service club speakers and chairmen for Brotherhood Week and reporting on a shift in the national NCCJ from education regarding Judeo-Christian relations to action regarding race relations, Pres. Johnson's support for NCCJ program to ease racial tension and implement the anti-poverty bill and a summary of NCCJ outreach programs across the nation. [November/December 1964] reporting general business, the Rearing Children of Good Will program and a statement on Rolf Hochhuth's play "The Deputy". [February/March 1965] announcement of Mitch Miller as national Brotherhood Week Chairman for 1965. Brotherhood luncheon programs for January 28, 1965; February 18, 1965 (first Brotherhood Banquet); February 25, 1965; April 22, 1965; May 27, 1965; December 16, 1965; March 3, 1966; February 23, 1967 (third annual Brotherhood Banquet). Invitations to Brotherhood luncheons for January 7, 1966; February 3, 1966; April 21, 1966; September 8, 1966; October 13, 1966; November 10, 1966; December 8, 1966; January 12, 1967; March 9, 1967; April 13, 1967; May 11, 1967. Minutes of April 22, 1965 Regular Membership Meeting including a presentation on the effects of housing integration, the implementation of which was pioneered by Chester and Bucks Counties. Year End Report, May 27, 1965 summarizing Lancaster LCCJ chapter meetings from September 24, 1964 through April 22, 1965; the integrated play "Some of My Best Friends" on February 18, 1965; the Mitch Miller Banquet on February 25, 1965. President's Report, May 27, 1965 recapping the prior year's meetings, activities, and accomplishments including a record fundraising drive collecting $2,600, educational activities in 17 service clubs, high schools, and community organizations. News Clippings: "Brotherhood Leaders Listed" No date; "Brotherhood Week Dinner Tomorrow" February 24, 1965; "Farkas airs city policy for preserving public order" December 18, 1964; "Scranton, Coe share in Brotherhood Week call" February 16, 1965; "Cast of social dramas rehearses for February 18 debut" February 11, 1965; "Mitch here to sing praises of brotherhood for 'week'" February 26, 1965; "100 Sing With Mitch, Help Honor Dr. Dunn" February 26, 1965; "Negro housing inequities scored at NCCJ meeting" April 23, 1965; "Law Sought to 'Freeze' Homes in Bias Cases" April 23, 1965; "Dr. Glass Will Become Head of Local NCCJ" May 20, 1965; "City Minister Cites Apathy in Housing Problems Here" November 11, 1966; "Area Religious Rights Groups Ponder Workshop" November 22, 1966; "Human Rights Unit Eyes Plan to Cut Prejudice" November 22, 1966; "NCCJ to Honor Schwalm at Banquet Today" February 23, 1967; "Four to Attend Police Parley" April 20, 1967; "Pastor Charges Negro 'Ghetto' Growing Here" No date, "Minority Students Getting More Help" No date; "Plan under way to aid minority group student" No date; NCCJ Lancaster Chapter Man of the Year certificates awarded to Louis G. Milan (1966) and Theodore R. Schwalm (1967) with lists of NCCJ patrons. Year End Report [1965/1966] summarizing chapter meetings, meeting attendance, an Institute on Rearing Children of Good Will at Hand Junior High School, an October 27 [1965] resolution denouncing de facto discrimination, financial report. Folder 2 Records Scrapbook February 1967 – June 1969. Annual Reports May 11, 1967; May 23, 1968; and May 15, 1969 summarizing financial performance and activities of the Lancaster NCCJ during the prior year. Annual banquet programs for February 23, 1967; February 20, 1968 (with Lancaster County Human Relations Committee); February 26, 1969 (with Lancaster County Human Relations Committee); News Clippings from 1967: "Lancaster's NCCJ Chapter Spearheads Local Observance" February 19, 1967; "Schwalm Cited as '66 'Man of Year'" February 24, 1967; "Schwalm Honored as NCCJ's 'Man'" February 24, 1967; "Anti-Prejudice Film Previewed" September 20, 1967; "Equality for Negro Plea Made" October 27, 1967; "Local Negros Seen Not After Special Privileges" October 27, 1967; "Dr. Christie Raps Campus Radicals" November 16, 1967; "2 Nominated to NCCJ Board" November 4, 1967; News Clippings from 1968: "Stacks to Get Rights Award" January 17, 1968; "Brotherhood Week Leaders Meet" January 21, 1968; "Overcoming Prejudice Called 2-Way Street" January 26, 1968; "NCCJ Unit to Hear Role of Layman" [1968]; "Hawaiian to Speak at Banquet" January 28, 1968; "Editor Receives Rights Award" February 21, 1968; "Yetta Sachs Carpenter Honored by Soroptimists" February 28, 1968; "County Prejudice Practices Rapped" providing examples of anti-Semitism at F&M, the Hamilton Club, and Lancaster businesses April 26, 1968; "He Told It Like It Is" April 26, 1968; "Lawyer Raps Bigotry in Lancaster County" April 26, 1968; "NCCJ Schedules Talk By Nat'l Official Thurs." May 19, 1968; "Private School Aid Debated" September 20, 1968; "Parochial School Aid Debate Topic" September 20, 1968; "LCCJ To Hear Political Debate" October 13, 1968; "Candidates Talk at Luncheon" October 18, 1968; "Human Relations Views Aired" [1968]; "Police Must be Members of the Community, NCCJ Told" November 13, 1968; "NCCJ Proposes Police-Community Human Relations Seminar Here" November 13, 1968; "NCCJ To Hear Discussion By Professor, Policeman" [1968]; "Policemen, Prof Discuss Protests" November 22, 1968; "Enlarging of Rights Unit Voted" November 22, 1968; "NCCJ Hears Views on Demonstrations" [November 1968]; "NCCJ To Hear Greek-Hebrew Link Discussed" [December 1968]; "Brooks Hays Speaks Here in February" December 21, 1968; News Clippings from 1969: "Local NCCJ Unit to Hear DPI Advisor" January 12, 1969; "Teacher [Hazel Jackson] to Get Award of NCCJ" January 22, 1969; "Mrs. Jackson to Receive Human Rights Award" January 22, 1969; "Lt. Duncan a Brotherhood Example" February 12, 1969; "Banquet, Award Presentation Highlight Brotherhood Week" February 16, 1969; "Ex-Solon Urges Push for Rights" February 21, 1969; "Mrs. Jackson Cited at Rights Banquet" February 21, 1969; "Instrument of Peace" February 22, 1969; "New Morality Topic Thurs. For NCCJ" March 16, 1969; "'Host Family' Program Opens" March 21, 1969; "New Morality Said Outmoded" March 21, 1969; "Black Children 'Host Family' Plan Begins" March 21, 1969; "Israel Topic for NCCJ Session" [1969]; "NCCJ Slates Talk On Israel Luncheon" April 14, 1969; Police-Community Institute Planned" April 17, 1969; "150 Expected to Attend 3-Day Institute at MSC" April 17, 1969; "Police-Community Institute Planned" April 17, 1969; "NCCJ Exec [Leonard Aries] Will Speak Here Thurs." May 11, 1969; "NCCJ Official to Speak" May 14, 1969; "Weisman New NCCJ President" May 16, 1969; "Police-Community Relations Institute Will Be Keyed to Cooperative Theme" May 18, 1969; "Speaker Here Hits Scorn for Young" May 26, 1969; "NCCJ Director Says Police, Citizens Both at Fault for Misunderstandings" May 26, 1969; "Parents Linked to Police Views" May 27, 1969; "Weisman To Head Agency Unit Again" May 28, 1969; "Duncan Lauds Value of Police Sessions Here" [May 1969]; "Non-Involvement Endangers Ourselves" letter to the editor from Clyde Fellenbaum calling for community involvement to combat vandalism and crime in southeast Lancaster; Newsletters: Spring 1969, Elmer Resnick replaces Arthur Hammel as Lancaster NCCJ Co-Chair, summary of national NCCJ Annual Meeting. Internal planning documents for the Lancaster Police-Community Relations Institute conference at Millersville May 25-27, 1969, including minutes of the Steering, March 17, 1969 and documents detailing organization and preparation. Folder 3 Records Scrapbook September 1969 – June 1970. News Clippings for 1969: "Ralph Craft Gets Child Center Job" September 13, 1969; "NCCJ Opens New Season" September 14, 1969; "Duncan Urges 'Understanding'" September 19, 1969; "3 Mayoralty Hopefuls to Address NCCJ" October 12, 1969; "Candidates Air Views on Rights" October 17, 1969; "Not The Tourists But The Taxpayers" October 17, 1969; "Candidates Air Rights Views" October 17, 1969; "Education Dialog Thursday" November 2, 1969; "City Teacher to Address NCCJ Session" November 16, 1969; "Sacred Writings Aid Hero Search" November 21, 1969; "Film with Rabbi, Minister Wins Award" December 6, 1969; "Rabbi Shain Film Cited by NCCJ" December 6, 1969; "Three Students to Discuss Drug Abuse" [December 14, 1969]; "Drug Abuse Program Set By NCCJ Unit" December 15, 1969; News Clippings for January 1970 – March 1970: "Priest to Speak at Temple Here" January 6, 1970; "Rabbi Shain Explains Israel Stand" January 7, 1970; "Rabbi Shain Says Israeli Stand Just" January 7, 1970; "Priest Voices Hope for Cooperation in Temple Talk" January 10, 1970; "Christian-Jewish Cooperation Noted" January 10, 1970; "NCCJ To Hear Poverty Formula" January 12, 1970; "Poverty To Be Topic For NCCJ" [January 12, 1970]; "Services Today Mark Dr. King's Birthday" January 15, 1970; "Memorial Service for Dr. King Today" January 15, 1970; "Education, Jobs Called 'Cure' For Poverty" January 15, 1970; "350 Here Pay Tribute to Dr. King" January 16, 1970; "Poverty Plan Outlined By Assistance Chief" January 16, 1970; "Rabbi Shain to Speak At Lititz Club Meeting" January 16, 1970; "Rabbi Shain to be Cited at Banquet" (2 copies) January 26, 1970; "NCCJ to Honor Rabbi Shain" January 26, 1970; "Rabbi Shain Slates 3 Lectures in Feb." February 4, 1970; "Working for Brotherhood" giving impressions and a brief history of the impact of the NCCJ on community relations in Lancaster, February 15, 1970; "Rabbi Shain To Visit Israel After Absence Of 37 Years" February 16, 1970; "NCCJ Fete Draws 104 Reservations" February 18, 1970; "Rabbi Shain to Go to Israel" February 19, 1970; "NCCJ President to Give Relations Award" February 25, 1970; "NCCJ President to Speak at Banquet" February 25, 1970; "Priest Tackles Anti-Semitism with Dialog" February 27, 1970; "Intell Reporter Honored" March 20, 1970; "Warren Court Depicted As Defender Of Rights" [March 20, 1970]; "Burkholder Praises Warren Court in Speech to NCCJ" March 20, 1970. News Clippings for April 1970 – Jun. 1970: "Second Police-Community Parley At MSC May 24" April 8, 1970; "Police Seminar Set at MSC May 24" April 8, 1970; "Roanoke NCCJ to Cite Dr. Kendig" April 8, 1970; "F&M Students to Discuss Unrest at NCCJ Meeting" April 12, 1970; "Student Unrest Topic at NCCJ" April 13, 1970; "Police-Community Institute Slated" May 12, 1970; "Police-Community Institute at MSC" May 13, 1970; "Relations Seminar to Open Sunday" (2 copies) May 22, 1970; "Seminar Will Open Sunday" (2 copies) May 22, 1970; "Poverty Cited As Next Key Issue" May 22, 1970; "Growing Gap Seen Between Poor and Affluent" May 22, 1970; "Bad Social Conditions Blamed for Crimes" (2 copies) May 25, 1970; "Unrest Halt Keyed to Understanding" May 25, 1970; "Police-Community Parley Film Shows Prejudice Peril" May 26, 1970; "Speaker Urges Reorientation of Police Work" May 26, 1970; "Realistic Dialog Between Police, Citizens Praised" May 28, 1970; "Police Institute Wins Plaudits" May 29, 1970; "'Day of Thought' Set for Sunday" May 29, 1970; "'Day of Thought' Slated Sunday" May 29, 1970; "Rabbi Will Install Protestant Minister" June 20, 1970. Programs for the "Testimonial Banquet Honoring Lieutenant Calvin L. Duncan" October 25, 1969; the Third Annual Banquet of the Lancaster Chapter of NCCJ and the Lancaster City-County Human Relations Committee February 26, 1970; the Service of Installation for Rev. Robert G. Masenheimer, Jr. as pastor of Salem United Church of Christ, Moorseville, PA, June 21, 1970. Memo from D.W. Nesbit to Millersville State College faculty inviting attendance at a presentation by Mrs. Inez Long about the "Religious Literature of the West" course taught at McCaskey High School. November 10, 1969. Booking confirmation for Father Edward H. Flannery to speak at the Lancaster City-County Human Relations meeting of December 12, 1969. Human Relations Award certificate awarded to Rabbi Samson Shain by the Lancaster NCCJ Chapter and the Lancaster City-County Human Relations Committee, February 26, 1970. Annual Report May 21, 1970 summarizing meetings, financial performance, and activities of the Lancaster NCCJ during the prior year. Group photo of selected participants at the 1970 Police-Community Institute appearing in the May 28, 1970 Intelligencer Journal. Folder 4 Records Scrapbook March 1970 – August 1971. News clippings for 1970: "Anti-Semitism will continue, ecumenist says" March 5, 1970; "Dr. Dunn of UCC Dies, 79" September 5, 1970; "Rev. Dr. David Dunn, 79, Seminary Dean, Is Dead" [September 1970]; "Police to Report on MSC Institute" September 14, 1970; "Police Set Talk at NCCJ Meet" September 15, 1970; "Duncan Talks on Disorders" September 18, 1970; "Duncan Says Clashes Eased by Understanding" September 18, 1970; "Rabbi Shain to Address Sacred Heart Guild" October 1, 1970; "City Candidates Schedule Debate" October 28, 1970; "Rabbi to Show Israel Slides" October 29, 1970; "Horn, Pittenger Debate Thursday" October 28, 1970; "UNICEF Day Designated as Friday" October 29, 1970; "Hebrew Units to Meet Here" November 12, 1970; "Joint Thanksgiving Services Planned" November 18, 1970; "Rabbi Shain to Talk on Israel at NCCJ" November 18, 1970; "Lasting Mid-East Peace 10 Years Off—Rabbi Shain" November 20, 1970; "Rabbi Shain Sees Mideast Peace In Ten Years" November 20, 1970; "Annual Union Service Slated at Temple" November 25, 1970; "Rev. Simmons to be Honored" December 11, 1970; "NCCJ to Hear Talk By Glasse" December 13, 1970; "Rights Groups Set Honor for Rev. Simmons" December 11, 1970; "Seminary President To Talk to NCCJ" December 15, 1970; "Religion Won't 'Go Away' Asserts Lancaster Seminary President" December 17, 1970; "Religious Patterns to Change" December 18, 1970; "Pittinger, Horn Caution Voters" October 30, 1970; News clippings for 1971: "Brotherhood Banquet Set February 25" January 8, 1971; "Willow Street Women To Hear Rabbi Shain" January 9, 1971; "Rabbi Shain On Program for Woman's Club" January 9, 1971; "F&M President Sets NCCJ Talk on Universities" January 9, 1971; "Spalding Speaking at NCCJ January 21" January 10, 1971; "Lancastrians Attend Inaugural Gala" [January 1970]; "New College Types Seen By Spaliding" January 22, 1971; "Universities Face 'Confidence Crisis'" January 22, 1971; "Brotherhood Banquet Set" February 2, 1971; "NAACP Attorney to Talk at Brotherhood Banquet" February 2, 1971; "DeLong Sworn In As State Deputy Labor Secretary", February 19, 1971; "Eight Apply to Human Relations" February 20, 1971; "Brotherhood Banquet On Thursday" February 21, 1971; "Book Review on Program For Hadassah Luncheon" February 22, 1971; "Humanitarian Award To Cite Dr. Robinson" February 25, 1971; "240 'Amen' Rev. Simmons Award" February 26, 1971; "Rev. Simmons Wins 1970 Rights Award" February 26,1971; "Quality as Acceptance Rule Urged" February 26, 1971; "Rabbi Shain To Be Cited" [February 1971]; "Rev. Campbell NCCJ Speaker" March 10, 1971; "Rabbi Shain to Be Honored at Meet" March 10, 1971; "NCCJ Series to Conclude With Discussion of Youth" March 14, 1971; "National NCCJ VP To Speak" April 1, 1971; "National VP Of NCCJ To Speak Here" April 4, 1971; "Says Most Radicals Are Junior High Students" [April 1971]; "City Woman Visits Ben-Gurion" May 13, 1971; "Rabbi Shain in College Exercises" June 1, 1971; "Youth 'Rap' Session Gets Rights Priority" May 21, 1971; "Alumni Marks Hebrew College Golden Jubilee" June 17, 1971; "Rabbi Shain Going On 'Safari' in Holy Land" [June 1971]; "Rabbi Shain to Tour Israel" June 29, 1971; "Israel: A Rabbi Revisits The Land of His Heros" August 5, 1971; "Israel Faces Future With Confidence, Determination" August 5, 1971; "Rabbi's Travels Reveal Israel Unique In Beauty" August 6, 1971; Transcript of selections of the final session of the Police Community Relations Institute including speeches and panel discussions including Messrs. Kozak, Tesnar, Christian, Johnson, and Shain on the relation of the news media, violence, civil disobedience, and race relations, May 26, 1970. NCCJ resolution concerning the late Dr. David Dunn, September 17, 1970. Newsletters: LCCJ Reading-Berks Chapter Fall 1970, Rabbi Samuel Shain to speak at annual meeting, with short bio. Minutes: second meeting of the planning committee for the 1971 Brotherhood Dinner, December 10, 1970; committee meeting of the Third Annual Regional Police Community Relations Institute, April 7, 1970. Draft of human relations award presented to Rev. Alvin James Simmons, February 25, 1971. Programs: Lancaster Chamber of Commerce 99th Annual Meeting, January 6, 1971; Sixth Annual Community-Wide Brotherhood Banquet, February 25, 1971; Third Annual Police Community Relations Institute, September 12-14, 1971; Annual Report April 15, 1971 summarizing meetings, financial performance, and activities of the Lancaster NCCJ during the prior year. Approved grant proposal from the Pennsylvania Criminal Justice Planning Board for Police-Community Institute workshop on student unrest and the police, 1971. Folder 5 Records Scrapbook August 1971 – May 1972. News clippings for 1971: "Community Relations Parley Set" August 23, 1971; "3rd Annual Policy Community Relations Institute Set" August 23, 1971; "NY Police Head Will Speak at Institute Here" September 9, 1971; "N.Y. Police Chief to Speak Here" September 10, 1971; "Police Relations Institute Gets $6,999 Grant" September 11, 1971; "Police Institute Granted $6,999" September 11, 1971; "Narcotics Rated As Top Police Problem" September 13, 1971; "College-Police Understanding Asked" September 13, 1971; "Attica Slayings Called Sad Day for U.S." September 13, 1971. "NYC Top Officer Blasts Slayings" September 14, 1971; "Students Tell Police: Don't Turn Off Teens" September 14, 1971; "College Heads Back 'Orderly Dissent'" September 15, 1971; "Orderly Dissent Endorsed By 2 College Heads" September 16, 1971; "Lancaster Square, Park City Ready For Dedication" September 19, 1971; "Fun for All Fri. Sat. At Square Dedication" September 23, 1971; "New Lancaster Square Dedicated" September 25, 1971; "Scott Sees More Funds For States" September 26, 1971; "Lt. Duncan To Report On Institute" October 8, 1971; "St. John's LCW To Hear Rabbi Samson a. Shain" October 9, 1971; "Police Official Lauds Local College Residents for Attitudes Toward Youth" October 22, 1971; "NCCJ Hears Lt. Duncan On Hostility" October 23, 1971; "NCCJ To Hear Prison Reform Talk November 18" November 9, 1971; "Parole Chairman Exposes 'Myths'" November 19, 1971; "Dr. Garrett Will Speak" December 2, 1971; "3 Students to Attend Policy-School Parley" December 4, 1971; "3 To Attend Institute on Police" December 4, 1971; "Women's Rights Topic at NCCJ" December 8, 1971; "Women Are On The Move" December 17, 1971; "Blind Rabbi Will Address NCCJ Group" December 31, 1971; Programs: Third Annual Police-Community Relations Institute, September 12-14, 1971; Lancaster Square Dedication, September 24-25, 1971. Folder 6 Records Scrapbook September 1974 – May 1975. News clippings for 1974: "Petersen to Address NCCJ Meet" September 16, 1974; "Pa. Welfare System Topic for NCCJ Meeting Thurs." September 15, 1974; "Wenrich to Get NCCJ Honors" October 12, 1974; "Wenrich To Be Cited by NCCJ" October 12, 1974; "NCCJ Will Hear Ready" October 13, 1974; "NCCJ to Hear Ronald Reedy" October 16, 1974; "NCCJ Told More Pride Is Needed" October 18, 1974; "Trials Here To Be Held More Often" October 17, 1974; "Reedy to Speak At NCCJ Meeting" October 17, 1974; "NCCJ Honors Jay Wenrich" October 18, 1974; "NCCJ Grant" October 20, 1974; "UCCJ to Hear Talk on Hunger" November 15, 1974; "McElhinny to Get NCCJ Recognition" November 17, 1974. News clippings for 1975: "Gockley to Receive Brotherhood Award" January 30, 1975; "Seibert Toastmaster For Brotherhood Event" February 21, 1975; "Rabbi Shain is Guest in Holland" February 22, 1975; "Methodists to Hold Seder Service" February 21, 1975; "Sister Hargrove Returns as Brotherhood Speaker" February 16, 1975; "Business Executive [John Gockley] To Get Rights Award" February 26, 1975; "Gockley Honored for Dedication to Justice" February 28, 1975; "Gockley Gets Rights Award" February 28, 1975; "NCCJ Chapter to Hear Vicar" March 16, 1975; "NCCJ To Hear City Educator" March 15, 1975; "MSC Folk Singers at NCCJ Thurs." December 18, 1974; "NCCJ To Hear Cullen" April 17, 1975; "Fr. Kealy Will Head NCCJ Here" May 14, 1975; "NCCJ Installs New Officers" May 16, 1975; Programs: Eleventh Annual Community-Wide Brotherhood Banquet, February 27, 1975; "Religious Leaders Find Concern Evident" February 25, 1975; "Religious Leaders Cite Lay People for Efforts" [February 1975]; "M. Seibert Will Host Banquet" February 22, 1975; "Examples in Brotherhood" February 27, 1975; New Holland Methodist Church "A Service to Better Understand The Backgrounds Of The Jewish Seder And The Christian Communion Service", February 26, 1975; First English Lutheran Church "Seder/Communion" March 19, 1975; William Penn NCCJ Chapter "Holocaust Martyrs Memorial Day Observance" [1975]. Folder 7 Miscellaneous Records May 1977 Agenda, Lancaster Chapter NCCJ Executive Board meeting, May 31, 1977 Brochure, Millers Smorgasbord [1977] Invitation, Penn State Alumnae Club tea August 17 with handwritten driving directions [1977] Letter, A.G. Breidenstine thanking Ted Grabowski for assistance with NCCJ fundraising, May 23, 1977 Voucher, certain NCCJ Lancaster Chapter expenses for May 1977
Follow the cracked glass replacement and repair guide below to determine the best repair option for your device. Unlike many other repair issues that may involve software malfunction, cracked glass on a mobile device is easy to diagnose. It's also easy to inflict. Cracked cell phone screens caused by drops and falls are pretty common. Unfortunately, the only way to fix a cracked screen is to replace it. Often a cracked screen doesn't affect the mobile device's ability to function right away, and owners simply learn to look past the distraction of the cracks. However, this can be dangerous, as the glass can nick or cut your skin. Over time, it can also cause more severe problems, such as dead spots, backlight malfunction, dark spots, and discoloration. Continued cell phone use with a cracked screen can eventually lead to a complete loss of functionality. There are many do-it-yourself repair kits available for sale. With a replacement screen, a toolkit, and an online video, it is possible to replace a screen on your own. However, cell phone screens don't just pop off and back on. Screen replacement requires a very steady hand with several delicate ribbons and other pieces. One wrong move can cause extensive and costly damage to the device. The best way to repair your cracked screen without risking further damage to the phone is to bring it to a professional repair service. The trained technicians at Cell Phone Repair can fix your screen quickly and safely. If you visit a local CPR store, common repairs can be completed on-site while you wait. If you don't have the time to wait, or if we are too far out of your way, mail it in. We will fix your screen and mail it back promptly so that you can get back to enjoying your phone. Utilize the troubleshooting guide below to identify and solve issues with your smartphone or tablet's home button. Have you left the home screen on your cell phone only to find out that you are unable to return? Broken home buttons are common and can completely disrupt your ability to operate your phone. We can repair your home button. However, there are some techniques that you can try before contacting us for repair. The issue could be dirt or sticky substance on or around the home button. Try using some rubbing alcohol (99%) and a tissue or cotton swab to wipe around the button. If this does not work, let a few drops of the alcohol land directly on the home button. Then tap the home button to let the alcohol seep in around it. After wiping the surface, wait about 15 minutes before testing the button again. You can also try to calibrate the phone. First, open an app that was pre-installed, such as the clock. Then, hold down the sleep button until the "slide to power off" notification appears. Finally, press the home button and hold it until the home screen re-appears. Sometimes your home button can be misaligned from constant plugging and unplugging of the power connector. You can often pop it back into place but plugging in the connector, laying the phone flat, and pressing down on the connector for leverage. If none of these options worked, you probably need a professional repair for your home button. Our experienced technicians are happy to help. We keep parts for most common repairs in stock, so most of the time we can perform a same day home button repair. We also offer a mail-in repair service for customers who can't get to a local store. Follow the power button replacement guide below for expert troubleshooting tips and repair advice. If you are having trouble turning your phone on and off, it could be one of many problems. While it could be a battery issue, it could also be a broken power button. Cell buttons can take a beating through everyday wear and tear. If the phone is dropped, internal components of the power button can be knocked loose or broken causing the connections to be missed. There are a few things that you can do to troubleshoot the problem before seeking repair. First, you'll want to make sure your battery is not dead. Charge your phone overnight and try the power the power button again. If the phone still doesn't turn on, then it could be the power button. There are do-it-yourself kits available for replacing the power button. However, you will have to work with very small and delicate pieces of your phone, and you run the risk of causing further damage. The other problem is that you could replace the power button only to find out that the issue was really a faulty battery. A professional diagnosis and repair can minimize the risk. If you need to use your phone or retrieve data from it before having it repaired, you might be able to power it on by removing the battery and plugging it into the charger. After about five minutes, the phone may power on by itself. This allows you to get any immediate information that you need. If you have determined that you need a professional repair for your cell phone power button, our technicians are ready to help. We have the knowledge and experience to get your power button working quickly. Visit one of our stores today or use our convenient mail-in repair service to get started. Water damage can cause significant problems with the delicate internal circuitry in your phone or another electronic device, leaving it inoperable and your information gone for good. Was your device dropped in the toilet accidentally or slobbered on by the dog? Did you jump in the pool with your phone, leave it in the rain, or accidentally throw it in the wash? Try the following steps to save your phone. Safety note: do not touch a phone that is wet and plugged into a charger! Remove the device from the water as quickly as possible, and remove the battery immediately. Removing the battery quickly could make the difference to save your phone. Most phones have a white indicator near the battery that will turn pink or red if water has damaged the device. You can try to draw the moisture out by submerging the phone in a bowl of rice or other absorbent material overnight. You can also try to dry it out with a vacuum cleaner, as long as you don't hold the vacuum too close to the device. Sometimes cleaning the phone with rubbing alcohol will work if it has not been exposed to water very long. Here are some other Do's and Don'ts. If you have tried the advice above and your phone is still not working, let us look at your phone. Our expert technicians at CPR will make every effort possible to salvage your water damaged phone or other device. However, if the damage is beyond repair, CPR has the technology to retrieve any information stored on your phone and transfer them to a new device. Walk-in to a local store or mail-in your device for a free estimate. Is your device not charging or refusing to sync when you plug it in? Frequent use of the USB port can cause problems. It's fairly easy to dislodge internal components that make the USB port work properly. Additionally, condensation can seep into the port and cause erosion and damage to your device. We can help you with repairs. However, you should try a few simple troubleshooting tasks to ensure that professional repair is what you need. First, make sure that the problem is the USB port and not the cord itself. Try the USB cord with other devices to see if it is working correctly. If the cord does not work on any device, the problem might be with your cord and not the USB port. Try shutting down your device or computer, removing the power cord, and disconnecting it from other devices like printers. Restart the computer and re-try the USB port. Check online to see if there is an update for your operating system. If you are using Windows, check the device manager to see if a driver update is needed. If troubleshooting steps did not solve your problem, our trained technicians are available to help. Our expertise can save you time and money. By identifying the problem areas first, CPR experts can replace or repair problem parts without replacing boards or circuits, which can turn out to be more expensive and unnecessary. You can mail in your device for repair or walk into a store today for on-site repairs. We can often fix the problem the same day. Are you having issues with the speaker on your cell phone? You might need to have it repaired. Problems with your speaker can be a symptom of faulty wires, broken boards, or other internal issues. However, problems with sound could be caused by multiple parts of your phone. Sometimes when you think you have a speaker problem you actually have a microphone problem. How can you tell the difference? If you are experiencing poor sound quality or you can't hear anything sound at all, it is probably a speaker problem. If you can hear fine, but others cannot hear you on a call, then it is likely to be a microphone problem. Your phone has more than one speaker. The internal speaker is what you hear on a phone call. It operates at a lower volume because you have the phone pressed against your ear. The external speaker is what you hear when your phone rings, or you are listening to music. This sound is meant to be louder so that you hear it when it is in your pocket, bag, purse, or across the room. If you are not receiving any sound from your speaker, then it is probably a hardware problem with the speaker itself. However, if the sound is just distorted or fading in and out, then there could be other causes. Your phone could be having connection problems with your carrier. It could also be a software problem caused by a recently downloaded app. Check with your carrier, and if there is not a connection issue, then you might want to reset your phone. Make sure you backup your data first, as a reset will erase the data you have saved. If troubleshooting has not helped, we are ready to fix your problem. Our expert technicians can get your speakers working again. We offer both walk-in and mail-in repairs for your convenience. In addition to being able to repair nearly any small electronic gadget that comes through our doors, and being able to complete most repairs in less than two hours, we also guarantee the quality of our workmanship and the quality of our parts for a full 6 months! What does it mean for you?If, at any time during our limited lifetime warranty period, the original repair fails because of the quality of the part we installed or the workmanship in repairing the device, we will fix it for FREE. No questions asked. Can't beat a guarantee like that! All CPR Stores are independently owned and operated. As such, not all stores may offer the same warranty.
A lottery is a game in which people pay money to win a prize, usually a cash sum, by matching numbers drawn randomly. The drawing of lots to determine ownership or other rights is documented in many ancient documents, and the practice was introduced to the United States by British colonists. The lottery is often used to raise money for towns, wars, colleges, and public-works projects. It is also a popular way to select students for certain schools. Lottery participants must have some way of recording their identities, the amount they stake, and the number(s) they choose. They may write their names on a ticket or deposit it with the lottery for subsequent shuffling and selection in a drawing. Typically, the lottery will keep records of tickets and stakes in a database. Some systems allow bettors to buy a numbered receipt instead of an actual ticket, which can be scanned for record keeping purposes. The odds of winning the lottery are very low, but some people play it regularly. According to one survey, 13% of American adults say they play the lottery at least once a week. People in the middle of the income spectrum were most likely to identify themselves as "frequent players." Some state and local governments use the lottery to distribute money for programs like education, roads, and parks. However, there are also some states that don't run a lottery. These include Alabama, Alaska, Hawaii, Mississippi, Utah, and Nevada. These states are either religiously against gambling or don't want to share the revenue from a lottery with other state agencies.
Travel Insurance Myths Debunked – Know the Facts Are you one of the many people who have been hesitant to purchase travel insurance due to misconceptions and myths surrounding it? It's time to set the record straight and separate fact from fiction when it comes to protecting yourself and your trip. In this blog post, we will debunk common misconceptions about travel insurance to help you make an informed decision and ensure you have the coverage you need for your next adventure. Key Takeaways: - Travel insurance is unnecessary: Contrary to popular belief, travel insurance can be a lifesaver in emergency situations such as trip cancellations, medical emergencies abroad, or lost luggage. It provides peace of mind and financial protection for unexpected events during your travels. - Pre-existing medical conditions aren't covered: While some travel insurance policies may exclude coverage for pre-existing conditions, many providers offer options to cover these conditions. It's important to disclose all relevant medical information during the application process to ensure proper coverage. - All travel insurance policies are the same: Travel insurance policies can vary widely in terms of coverage, exclusions, and limits. It's essential to carefully compare and select a policy that best fits your travel needs, taking into consideration factors such as trip duration, destination, and activities planned. Common Myths Around Travel Insurance Now, let's debunk some common myths surrounding travel insurance. It's important to separate fact from fiction when it comes to protecting yourself and your trip. For more details, you can also refer to Travel insurance myths busted: What to know. Myth 1: "It's Too Expensive" The perception that travel insurance is too expensive is a common myth. In reality, the cost of travel insurance is minimal compared to the potential risks and costs of medical emergencies, trip cancellations, or lost luggage. There are various affordable plans available, and the peace of mind they offer is invaluable, especially when traveling to unfamiliar destinations. It's essential to consider the potential expenses of medical treatment abroad, cancellation fees, or even emergency evacuation. Travel insurance can provide financial protection and assistance in these situations, making it a crucial investment for any traveler. Myth 2: "My Health Insurance Covers Me Everywhere" Myths about the extent of coverage provided by health insurance can lead travelers to believe they are fully protected abroad. However, most domestic health insurance plans offer limited or no coverage outside the country, leaving travelers vulnerable to hefty medical bills in case of an emergency. Everywhere travelers should carefully review their health insurance policies and understand the limitations when it comes to international travel. Purchasing travel insurance with medical coverage ensures access to quality healthcare and financial support during unforeseen medical situations while traveling. Myth 3: "I Don't Need Insurance for Domestic Trips" For some travelers, the misconception that travel insurance is only necessary for international trips leads to overlooked risks when traveling domestically. However, unexpected events such as trip cancellations, lost baggage, or medical emergencies can still occur during domestic travel. To safeguard against these risks, having travel insurance for domestic trips provides valuable coverage and assistance, including reimbursement for non-refundable expenses, baggage protection, and medical support, ensuring a worry-free travel experience. Myth 4: "All Travel Insurance is the Same" Insurance plans can vary significantly in terms of coverage, exclusions, and limitations, leading to the misconception that all travel insurance policies are identical. It's important to carefully compare and choose a plan that best suits your specific travel needs and concerns, whether it's medical coverage, trip cancellation protection, or adventure sports coverage. It is crucial to read the policy details and understand what is covered and what is not, ensuring that you have the right level of protection for your travels. Not all travel insurance policies are the same, and selecting the right one can make a significant difference in ensuring a smooth and secure travel experience. Understanding What Travel Insurance Covers Unlike popular misconceptions, travel insurance offers a wide range of coverage to provide travelers with financial protection and peace of mind. Understanding what travel insurance covers can help you make informed decisions when planning your next trip. Medical Emergencies and Evacuation Emergencies can happen anytime, anywhere, and being prepared for medical emergencies while traveling is crucial. Travel insurance typically covers medical expenses for unexpected illnesses and injuries, including emergency medical evacuation to the nearest adequate medical facility or repatriation to your home country in case of a serious medical condition. It's important to review the policy to understand the coverage limits, exclusions, and any pre-existing condition clauses to ensure you have the appropriate level of coverage for your needs. In the event of a medical emergency, having travel insurance can provide financial protection and access to emergency assistance services. Trip Cancellation and Interruption To safeguard your travel investment, trip cancellation and interruption coverage can be invaluable. Whether it's due to an unexpected illness, severe weather, or other unforeseen events, this coverage can reimburse you for non-refundable trip expenses, such as flights and accommodations, if you need to cancel or cut short your trip. Understanding the terms and conditions of trip cancellation and interruption coverage is essential to avoid any financial losses in case of unexpected disruptions to your travel plans. It's important to review the policy details and consider the benefits of this coverage when booking a trip. Loss of Luggage and Personal Items Insurance for loss of luggage and personal items offers protection in the event of baggage mishandling, theft, or damage during your travels. It provides reimbursement for the cost of replacing essential items, such as clothing and toiletries, if your luggage is lost or delayed by the airline. For instance, if your luggage is lost during a connecting flight, travel insurance can help cover the expenses of purchasing essential items while waiting for your luggage to be located and returned to you. Delays and Overbooked Flights Any traveler can experience flight delays or cancellations, and travel insurance can provide coverage for additional expenses incurred due to these unforeseen circumstances. This may include reimbursement for meals, accommodations, and transportation if you are stranded at an airport due to a flight delay. Travel insurance offers peace of mind by providing coverage for unexpected travel delays and disruptions, allowing you to address any unforeseen expenses and continue your journey with minimal impact on your travel budget. Choosing the Right Travel Insurance After debunking the myths about travel insurance, it's time to focus on how to choose the right policy for your needs. Not all travel insurance policies are created equal, so it's important to understand what to look for. For a comprehensive guide on the top misconceptions about travel insurance, check out MythBusters: The Top Four Myths About Travel Insurance. Assessing Your Travel Needs Any traveler should first assess their specific needs and circumstances before choosing a travel insurance policy. This includes considering the destination, activities planned, length of the trip, and any pre-existing medical conditions. It's crucial to determine what type of coverage is necessary to ensure adequate protection during the trip. Additionally, travelers should assess the level of risk associated with their trip and whether they require additional coverage for high-risk activities such as extreme sports or adventure travel. Comparing Insurance Policies Policies should be carefully compared to understand the coverage provided and any exclusions or limitations. When comparing insurance policies, it's important to consider the following key factors: Coverage \| Exclusions \| Medical expenses, trip cancellation, baggage loss \| Pre-existing conditions, high-risk activities \| Assessing the coverage and exclusions is crucial to ensure that the policy aligns with the traveler's specific needs and provides adequate protection. Reading the fine print of an insurance policy is essential to fully understand the coverage, exclusions, limitations, and any hidden clauses. It's important to carefully review the terms and conditions to avoid any surprises in the event of a claim. Reading the fine print can help travelers make informed decisions and avoid any misunderstandings with the insurance provider. Knowing When to Buy Your Policy When purchasing travel insurance, timing is key. When to buy a policy depends on the type of coverage needed and the potential risks involved. It's advisable to purchase insurance as soon as the trip is booked to take advantage of cancellation coverage and any pre-existing condition waivers. Additionally, some policies may offer additional benefits if purchased within a certain timeframe before the trip. How to Efficiently Use Your Travel Insurance To make the most out of your travel insurance, it is important to understand how to efficiently use it. From filing claims correctly to handling rejections and appeals, here are the steps you need to follow to ensure you get the benefits you are entitled to. Steps to File a Claim Correctly On your journey, if you encounter an unforeseen event that requires you to make a claim, it is crucial to follow the correct steps. First, notify your insurance provider as soon as possible. Then, gather all the necessary documentation, such as police reports, medical records, and receipts. Submit your claim with complete and accurate information to expedite the claims process. Handling Rejections and Appeals Travel insurance rejections can be frustrating, but it's important to understand the reasons behind the decision. If your claim gets rejected, carefully review the explanation provided by the insurer. Understand the terms and conditions of your policy to determine if the rejection is valid. If you believe the rejection is unjust, consider submitting an appeal with additional evidence to support your claim. Rejections and appeals are a common part of the travel insurance process, but being prepared and persistent can help you get the coverage you deserve. Keep detailed records of all communication with the insurer and be proactive in providing any requested information for the appeal process. Tips for Quick Reimbursement Appeals for quick reimbursement include maintaining thorough documentation, keeping all receipts, and submitting your claim promptly. Communication with your insurer is key, so stay in touch and provide any additional information they may require. Perceiving the process as a partnership between you and the insurer can help expedite your claim and lead to a favorable outcome. A proactive and cooperative approach can significantly impact the speed and success of your reimbursement. By following these tips, you can ensure a smooth and efficient reimbursement process, giving you peace of mind during your travels. Summing up Travel insurance is an essential aspect of any trip, and it's important to separate fact from fiction when it comes to understanding its benefits. By debunking common myths and knowing the facts, travelers can make informed decisions about protecting themselves and their investment. It's crucial to understand the coverage and limitations of a policy in order to ensure peace of mind while traveling. By dispelling these myths, travelers can confidently navigate the world of travel insurance and reap the benefits it provides. Knowing the truth about travel insurance is the first step towards securing a worry-free and enjoyable travel experience. Q: What are some common misconceptions about travel insurance? A: Common misconceptions about travel insurance include the belief that it is unnecessary, that it only covers medical expenses, and that it's too expensive. In reality, travel insurance provides a range of important protections beyond medical coverage, including trip cancellation, baggage loss, and emergency evacuation. Additionally, the cost of travel insurance is nominal compared to the potential financial risks of not having it. Q: Is travel insurance only for international travel? A: No, travel insurance is not only for international travel. While international trips may come with higher risks due to unfamiliar surroundings and potential medical expenses, domestic travel can also benefit from travel insurance. It can provide coverage for trip interruptions, rental car damage, and even medical emergencies, depending on the policy and destination. Q: Does my credit card already provide sufficient travel insurance coverage? A: While some credit cards offer basic travel insurance coverage, it may not be sufficient for all needs. Many credit card policies have limitations on coverage, such as age restrictions or trip duration limits. Additionally, they may not offer a comprehensive range of coverage, leaving travelers vulnerable to unforeseen circumstances. Reviewing the specific details of the credit card's travel insurance policy and comparing it to standalone travel insurance options is crucial to ensure adequate coverage.
Thursday night's concert brought an orchestra comprised of Eastern Music Festival students, mostly from the US but also from Germany, Taiwan, India, Hong Kong, Canada, France, China, Jamaica, Australia, Argentina, Peru, Italy, Bolivia, South Korea, the UK, and Portugal. They come to Greensboro for the five-week festival – to take lessons, to participate in masterclasses, and to perform. And they really can perform! Samuel Jones (b.1935) is a distinguished American educator, conductor, and composer who has had a long friendship with EMF music director Gerard Schwarz, for whom he worked as composer-in-residence with the Seattle Symphony Orchestra from 1997 to 2011. His Flute Concerto (2018) was written for a commission by flutist Jeffrey Khaner and the Philadelphia Orchestra. The 25-minute composition is in three movements: Lament, Interludio, and Dream Montage: America Marching. The soloist was principal EMF flutist Les Roettges, who is also principal for the Jacksonville Symphony Orchestra. José-Luis Novo, EMF resident conductor, directed the large orchestra without a baton. Jones says this about the concerto: "I was so moved by the history of the flute. It's one of the most ancient instruments…" The opening lament, written during a "period of grieving for the recent loss of his brother," begins with low strings intoning an open fifth, perhaps hearkening back to the beginning of time? The flute enters with a descending melodic line, a gesture that is reiterated several times in the course of the movement. Repeated dramatic outbursts from the orchestra increase the intensity. After a flute cadenza, serene longing returns. The second movement is lighter, with some perky licks; it certainly is more virtuosic and puts the flutist through his paces, all handled with skillful playing on the part of Roettges. The final movement "takes us on a journey through American history." Jones says " . . I wanted it to be kind of a survey of the people's music through all those first years of the revolution . . . . into the struggles of the present . . . recognizing . . . that we are still struggling to make this a more perfect union." Indeed, several snippets of familiar tunes such as "Johnny Comes Marching Home," "Battle Hymn of the Republic," and "We Shall Overcome" are heard. Also present are military drum rolls and other battle elements as well as marching feet. Novo, who often directed with large-scale and dramatic gestures, urged the orchestra to give its all through this complex score. Ensemble throughout was terrific and the musicians rose to the challenge of the contemporary music. Soloist Roettges masterfully played the many emotional states with authority and artistry. The Planets, by Gustav Holst (England, 1874-1934), was first performed in 1920, although some of the music was written before WWI. The work shot him into the international limelight. It is scored for a huge orchestra including 4 flutes, English horn, 4 clarinets including bass, 4 bassoons including contrabassoon, 6 horns, 4 trumpets, bass trombone, tenor tuba, tuba, 2 harps, celeste, organ, and six percussionists! In other words, Holst had at his disposal instruments from the highest to the lowest. And he uses them all, both for gigantic climaxes, but also for tender, colorful solos. Throughout, Novo (again without a baton) was able bring out both the passion as well as the intimacy and delicacy that is in the score. Few works have influenced so many composers, including those as disparate as John Williams (Star Wars quotes from "Mars") and Frank Zappa (the album Absolutely Free, from "Jupiter"). The work is in seven movements and is more about the mystical meanings of the planets than about the science. Hence, Earth is not included, nor is Pluto, which had not yet been discovered. Set, in 5/4 time, "Mars, the Bringer of War," is the most famous of the movements. It is distinctly aggressive, with its incessant drumming, powerful low brass, and surging climaxes. "Venus, the Bringer of Peace" is more liquid and calm. "Mercury, the Winged Messenger" flits along with distinctive celeste and harp sounds. "Jupiter, the Bringer of Jollity" is completely optimistic, with lots of drums and brass and full orchestra. "Saturn, the Bringer of Old Age" is a funeral march, a slow and solemn affair. "Uranus, the Magician" comes awfully close to quoting Dukas' Sorceror's Apprentice in mood and orchestration. The movement is a potpourri of orchestral color. The finale, "Neptune, the Mystic" brings back the harps and celeste for an "other worldly" movement complete with women's voices. Through the long work, the orchestra remained focused and served up outstanding music – from full ensemble to the many solos handled with great maturity and beauty by the young performers. I have only one question: where were the singers in the last movement? The Eastern Music Festival continues throughout July. See our calendar for listings.
As a legal professional, I have always been intrigued by the intricate details of business contracts and agreements. One such important document that I find fascinating is the Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) between a contractor and subcontractor. This document plays a crucial role in defining the terms and conditions of their working relationship, and I believe it is essential for both parties to fully understand its implications. A Memorandum of Understanding is a formal agreement between two parties that outlines the terms and details of their working relationship. In the construction industry, a MoU between a contractor and subcontractor helps to establish the scope of work, timelines, payment terms, and other important aspects of their collaboration. Having a clear and well-defined MoU is critical for avoiding any misunderstandings or disputes between the contractor and subcontractor. Serves roadmap partnership ensures both parties same page regarding responsibilities expectations. In a study conducted by the Construction Industry Institute, it was found that projects with clearly defined and detailed MoUs experienced significantly fewer disputes and delays. This highlights the importance of having a comprehensive MoU in place to prevent potential conflicts and ensure the smooth progress of a project. When drafting a MoU between a contractor and subcontractor, it is important to include the following key elements: Element \| Description \| Scope Work \| define tasks responsibilities subcontractor. \| Payment Terms \| Outline the payment schedule and method of compensation for the subcontractor`s services. \| Timeline \| Establish the project timeline and deadlines for completion of specific tasks. \| Dispute Resolution \| Incorporate a mechanism for resolving conflicts or disagreements that may arise during the project. \| Memorandum of Understanding between a contractor and subcontractor is a vital document that lays the foundation for a successful and harmonious working relationship. Essential parties pay close attention details MoU ensure accurately reflects intentions expectations. By doing so, they can minimize the risk of disputes and delays, and ensure the successful completion of their construction projects. Question \| Answer \| 1. Memorandum understanding (MOU) contractor subcontractor? \| An MOU is a non-binding agreement that outlines the preliminary understanding between a contractor and subcontractor regarding the terms of their working relationship. It sets the foundation for a more formal contract. \| 2. Is an MOU legally binding? \| No, MOU legally binding same way contract. It is a starting point for negotiations and provides a framework for the parties to work together. \| 3. Should included MOU contractor subcontractor? \| Key elements to include are the scope of work, payment terms, deadlines, dispute resolution, and confidentiality provisions. Should clarify roles responsibilities party. \| 4. Can an MOU be used as a standalone agreement? \| While an MOU is not intended to serve as a final, binding contract, in some cases it can be used as a standalone agreement if both parties agree to its terms and conditions. \| 5. MOU differ subcontractor agreement? \| An MOU is less formal and detailed than a subcontractor agreement. It is typically used to establish the framework for a future, more comprehensive contract. \| 6. MOU amended terminated? \| Yes, an MOU can be amended or terminated by mutual agreement between the contractor and subcontractor. It`s important to document any changes in writing. \| 7. Necessary involve lawyers creation MOU? \| While it`s not mandatory, involving lawyers in the creation of an MOU can ensure that the document accurately reflects the intentions of both parties and protects their legal interests. \| 8. Happens one party breaches terms MOU? \| Since an MOU is not legally binding, the consequences of a breach will be limited. However, it can damage the working relationship and affect the potential for a future formal contract. \| 9. MOU enforced court? \| Typically, an MOU cannot be enforced in court due to its non-binding nature. However, it can still be used as evidence of the parties` intentions in a legal dispute. \| 10. Should MOU used construction industry? \| An MOU can be useful in the construction industry when parties are in the early stages of negotiation and want to establish a framework for collaboration before finalizing a formal contract. \| This Memorandum of Understanding (the "MOU") is entered into this [Date] by and between [Contractor Name], a company organized and existing under the laws of [State], with its principal place of business located at [Address], and [Subcontractor Name], a company organized and existing under the laws of [State], with its principal place of business located at [Address]. 1. Purpose \| The purpose of this MOU is to set forth the terms and conditions under which the Contractor and Subcontractor will work together on the project described as [Project Description]. Both parties acknowledge that this MOU is not legally binding, but rather serves as a framework for their future contractual relationship. \| 2. Scope Work \| The Contractor agrees to provide the following services: [Description of Services], and the Subcontractor agrees to provide the following services: [Description of Services]. Both parties will work together to ensure that the project is completed in a timely and efficient manner. \| 3. Terms Conditions \| The terms and conditions of this MOU shall include, but are not limited to, the obligations of each party, the payment terms, the duration of the project, and the termination clause. Both parties agree to comply with all applicable laws and regulations in the performance of their respective duties. \| 4. Governing Law \| This MOU shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the State of [State]. Any disputes arising out of or relating to this MOU shall be resolved through arbitration in [City], [State]. \| 5. Signatures \| IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties have executed this MOU as of the date first written above. \| Comments are closed.
How do you use herbicide in the Odyssey? Mixing Order: Use a 50 mesh (or coarser) filter screen and fill the spray tank 3/4 full with the correct amount of water. Start and continue agitation throughout mixing. Add the required amount of Odyssey herbicide directly into the sprayer through the tank opening. Agitate for at least 10 minutes to dissolve. Imazethapyr SL Herbicide is a selective herbicide that can be applied as an early pre-plant, pre-plant incorporated, pre-emergent or post-emergent treatment in soybeans. The application method depends upon the crop, anticipated weed spectrum and the preference of the applicator. What is the use of oxyfluorfen? Oxyfluorfen is a diphenyl-ether herbicide used for broad spectrum pre- and post-emergent control of annual broadleaf and grassy weeds in a variety of tree fruit, nut, vine, and field crops. With conventional tillage, it is recommended that glyphosate (Roundup PowerMax, Durango DMA, Touchdown Total, etc.) be applied to glyphosate-resistant soybeans 24 to 30 days after planting. What is Pursuit herbicide? Pursuit® herbicide is a soluble liquid herbicide to control and suppress many broadleaf and grass weeds and sedges, as listed in this label. Pursuit kills weeds by root and/or foliage uptake and rapid translocation to growing points. Adequate soil moisture is important for optimum Pursuit activity.29-Sept-2015 Herbicides are chemicals used to manipulate or control undesirable vegetation. Herbicide application occurs most frequently in row-crop farming, where they are applied before or during planting to maximize crop productivity by minimizing other vegetation.21-Mar-2022 Is Imazethapyr toxic? REGULATORY STATUS: Imazethapyr is a general use pesticide with a toxicity classification of III (slightly toxic). Check with specific state regulations for local restrictions which may apply. Products containing imazethapyr must bear the signal word "Caution" on their label (223). one to five months What is metribuzin herbicide? Metribuzin is a selective and systemic herbicide that control weeds by inhibiting photosynthesis. Metribuzin is labeled to use on soybeans, potatoes, alfalfa, carrots, corn, and tomatoes. Metribuzin belongs to site-of-action 5 photosynthesis inhibitor. It is a commonly detected pesticide in Minnesota's groundwater. Oxyfluorfen 23.5% EC Systemic Herbicide is a herbicide used for Pre- and post-emergent control of annual broadleaf and grassy weeds in a variety of tree fruit, nut, vine, and field crops. What herbicide group is oxyfluorfen? Group 14 herbicide Residual Control For optimum residual weed control, Apparent Oxyfluorfen 240 Herbicide should be applied to the soil surface prior to weed emergence after all other agricultural operations have been completed, such as mechanical cultivation and reshaping of irrigation furrows, have been completed. How many times do you spray soybeans? The best timing is R2 (full flower) to R3 (first pod) if you are only spraying one time. If you are after white mold, spray twice, about 2 weeks apart, starting immediately.16-Jul-2012 Conventional farmers spray glyphosate on genetically engineered corn, oats, soybeans and wheat before it is harvested.13-Feb-2020 When should soybeans be sprayed? Glyphosate can be applied to the crop at any time, but weeds need to be controlled in the first 3 to 4 weeks to maximize soybean plant growth. It is important to spray weeds before they reach 4 inches in height to pre- vent building a resistant weed seed bank. Extreme herbicide is the leader of a category of value-added herbicides created specifically for maximum weed control in Roundup Ready® soybeans. Extreme attacks newly emerged grasses and broadleaf weeds with the knockdown power of glyphosate and keeps them down with the trusted residual control of Pursuit® herbicide. What is Raptor herbicide? Raptor® herbicide, a soluble liquid, is a postemergence herbicide to control and suppress many broadleaf and grass weeds and sedges, as listed in this label. The mode of weed-killing activity involves uptake of Raptor by foliage and/or weed roots and rapid transloca- tion to the growing points.30-Apr-2021 Butyrac® 200 is a selective herbicide that can be used to control a variety of annual and perennial broadleaf weeds in soybeans, peanuts, seedling and established alfalfa and seedling birdsfoot trefoil. What is the most popular herbicide? Herbicide List What are the two types of herbicides? Types of herbicides How do you use herbicide in the Odyssey?
Dandi March by Mahatma Gandhi, Background, Causes, Events & Effects Mahatma Gandhi launched the Dandi March on March 12, 1930. Check about Dandi March by Mahatma Gandhi, Causes, Significance, Effects for UPSC exam preparation. Dandi March UPSC short notes, PDF. Table of Contents Dandi March Date Dandi March: An important turning point in the history of the Indian liberation struggle was the Dandi March . The Indian National Congress began the Civil Disobedience Movement in 1930, and the Salt Satyagrah was a key component of that movement. The British were granted a monopoly on the production and distribution of salt by the Salt Act of 1882. Indians were compelled to purchase salt from colonists despite the fact that it was widely available throughout the country's coastlines. The British levied a high salt tax in addition to maintaining a monopoly on the production and sale of salt. All Indians desired salt despite the fact that the impoverished in India were the ones who paid the highest cost. Gandhi came to the idea that salt would be the best thing to employ as a catalyst for civil disobedience. Perhaps the most essential element for life is salt, which is also crucial for air and water. The British administration, particularly Viceroy Lord Irwin, did not take the anti-salt-tax movement seriously. On March 8, Gandhi said in front of a sizable crowd in Ahmedabad that he would disregard the salt regulations. The brutal salt law that the British government established, giving the government a monopoly on salt production, was directly addressed by the Dandi March . On March 12, 1930, Mahatma Gandhi marched 385 kilometers from the Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi with the assistance of 78 of his supporters. Gandhi broke the salt prohibition after the march by obtaining sea salt and boiling it.. Read about : Freedom Fighters of India Dandi March Causes Before the British Government approved the Salt Act of 1882, Indians had to produce salt from saltwater. Indians were not allowed to make or sell salt, according to the Salt Act. Anyone other than British citizens was seen to be breaking the law if they produced or sold salt. The British created a lucrative monopoly that forced Indians to purchase the extremely expensive and heavily taxed salt. The majority of Indians, as well as most workers and farmers, were unable to afford the expensive salt that was readily available from the beaches. Ghandi created the Salt Satyagrah to protest the unfair Salt Act. Read about: List of First in India Dandi March Major Events - The Viceroy of British India, Lord Irwin, rejected Mahatma Gandhi's minimal demands, which included Indian self-government. - On March 12, 1930 On March 12, 1930, Gandhi made the decision to lead 78 supporters on a 241-mile march from Sabarmati to the coastal village of Dandi on the Arabian Sea. - Gandhi and his allies were ordered to break the salt law in Dandi by producing salt from saltwater. - Thousands more people followed him on his journey, and with the start of the Dandi March, CDM erupted in other regions of the nation. - On May 5 On May 5, Gandhi was taken into custody by British officials. More than 60,000 Indians had been imprisoned by the British at that point for participating in the Civil Disobedience Movement (CDM). - Nevertheless, the salt satyagraha went on despite Gandhi's incarceration. Around 150 miles north of Bombay, Sarojini Naidu organized a salt satyagraha with 2,500 marchers at the Dharasana Salt Works. An international uproar against British policies in India resulted from the episode, which was captured by American journalist Webb Miller. - January 1931 Gandhi met Irwin after being released from prison in January 1931. Gandhi cancelled the CDM after this conference and travelled to London to negotiate India's freedom. Read about: Famous Indian Personalities and their Nicknames Dandi March Significance The following month, Gandhi visited the Dharasana Salt Works. There, he was detained and brought to the Yerawada Central Jail. Gandhi violated the salt rules in Dandi by performing similar acts of civil disobedience in other regions of India. For instance, in Bengal, volunteers travelled from Sodepur Ashram to Mahisbathan Village to manufacture salt under the direction of Satish Chandra Dasgupta. Another group of marchers from Bombay were led by K.F. Nariman to Haji Ali Point, where they made salt in a neighbouring park. A boycott of imported goods and alcoholic beverages went hand in hand with the illegal manufacturing and selling of salt. A mass satyagraha swiftly developed from what had originally been a salt satyagraha. Forest rules were broken in Maharashtra, Karnataka, and the Central Provinces. The chowkidari and land taxes were not paid by peasants in Gujarat and Bengal. Calcutta, Karachi, and Gujarat saw violent incidents, but unlike the non-cooperation movement, Gandhi this time refused to put an end to the civil disobedience movement. Read about: Famous Books and Authors Dandi March Effects Gandhiji persisted in his opposition to the salt tax after the highly publicized Dandi March and urged his countrymen to engage in nonviolent civil disobedience. However, despite its best efforts, the British Government was unable to stop these movements. Gandhi was among the peaceful protesters who were detained by the British government. Indians were also disobeying the Land Tax, Chowkidar Tax, and Forest Tax in addition to the Salt Act. Violence was a byproduct of the movement in places like Karachi and Calcutta. However, Gandhi Ji did not halt the Salt Satyagrah movement, in contrast to the Non-Cooperation movement. C. Rajagopalachari led a similar march from Trichy to Vedaranyam on Tamil Nadu's southeast coast. Similar marches were organised in Assam, Andhra Pradesh, and the Malabar area of Calicut as a result of the Dandi March. Gandhi's student Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan organised a Satyagraha in Peshawar and was arrested. He instructed Khudai Khidmatgars during Satyagraha. Despite the fact that they were unarmed, the British forces opened fire on them as they congregated in Qissa Khwani Bazaar. People in large numbers boycotted imported clothing. The booze stores were also guarded. On May 21, 1930, Sarojini Naidu organised a nonviolent demonstration against the Dharasana Salt Works. The two protesters were killed brutally as a result of police Lathi charges, though. The demonstration brought these independence fighters and their fight into the spotlight of the western media. The Gandhi-Irwin Pact was struck on March 5, 1931, following Gandhiji's release from jail in January 1931. The agreement signalled the end of the civil disobedience movement and satyagraha in India. Dandi March and British Action The government started a terror campaign as revenge. More than 95,000 people were behind bars as of March 31. On April 14, Shri Jawaharlal Nehru was taken into custody and given a six-month prison term. Violence occasionally broke out in Calcutta, Peshawar, Chittagong, and Karachi. In Karachi, Madras, and Calcutta, police opened fire, and cruelty was practised all over the nation. Gandhi advised people to "react to organized hooliganism with immense pain." Gandhi was captured and put in jail. When Gandhiji was getting ready to start his march to Dharasana, the battle against the "Black Regime" was at its most intense. On June 30, the government imprisoned Pandit Motilal Nehru, the acting president, and deemed the Congress Working Committee to be an unlawful organisation. The Press Ordinance had shut down roughly 55 printing firms and 67 nationalist newspapers by the end of July. Young India and Navajivan started to make appearances in cyclostyle when the Navjivan Press was taken. In June, the statutory commission's long-awaited report was made public. Even the vague assurance of dominion status provided by the Viceroy was not reaffirmed by its recommendations. With a few concessions to the provinces, they sought to strengthen the federal government. The idea of communal electorates was developed, intensifying the "divide and rule" strategy. All parties involved found these recommendations to be utterly inadequate. Men who ran the possibility of being imprisoned, like Malaviya and Aney, joined the Congress. Dandi March by Mahatma Gandhi The Purna Swaraj declaration of sovereignty and self-rule by the Indian National Congress on January 26, 1930, was immediately followed by the march, which was the most important organised challenge to British authority since the Non-cooperation campaign of 1920–22. It attracted attention on a global scale, igniting the Indian independence movement and sparking a wave of widespread civil disobedience that lasted until 1934. Gandhiji had hoped for complete independence for the people of his beloved India at Dandi, and the Dandi March ignited a movement that swept across the nation. Dandi March FAQs Q) Where did the Dandi March start and end? Ans. Beginning on March 12, the salt satyagraha would last until April 6, when Gandhi will breach the Salt Act in Dandi. On March 12, 1930, Gandhi and 80 satyagrahis left Sabarmati Ashram for the seaside Gujarati village of Dandi, a distance of more than 390 kilometres (240 miles). Q) Why Dandi March was happened? Ans. Mahatma Gandhi started the Salt Satyagraha, a large-scale civil disobedience movement, in response to the salt levy the British government had placed on India. On March 12, 1930, he led a sizable group of people from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi, a seaside town in Gujarat, where they produced salt from seawater in violation of the law. Q) When and who started Dandi March? Ans. Gandhiji announced in 1930 that he would lead a march to violate the salt ban. This statute gave the government a monopoly over salt production and distribution. Since salt is such a crucial component of our food, according to Mahatma Gandhi and other nationalists, taxing it is wrong. Q) Which place started Dandi March? Ans. Mahatma Gandhi launched the Dandi March on March 12, 1930. From his Sabarmati Ashram in Ahmedabad to Dandi, a seaside town in Gujarat, it was a nearly 385 kilometre march. Q) Who started Dandi March in India? Ans. Mahatma Gandhi led a 24-day nonviolent march known as the Salt March or Dandi March. New Delhi On March 12, 1930, Mahatma Gandhi began a historic salt march from Sabarmati Ashram in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, to the town of Dandi, which is on the state's coast, in protest of the high salt tax the British imposed. Major Incidents in Indian History - Quit India Movement - Chauri Chaura Incident - Jallianwala Bagh Massacre - Green Revolution in India - Non-Cooperation Movement Famous Personalities Biography Sharing is caring! Where did the Dandi March start and end? Beginning on March 12, the salt satyagraha would last until April 6, when Gandhi will breach the Salt Act in Dandi. On March 12, 1930, Gandhi and 80 satyagrahis left Sabarmati Ashram for the seaside Gujarati village of Dandi, a distance of more than 390 kilometres (240 miles). Why Dandi March was happened? Mahatma Gandhi started the Salt Satyagraha, a large-scale civil disobedience movement, in response to the salt levy the British government had placed on India. On March 12, 1930, he led a sizable group of people from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi, a seaside town in Gujarat, where they produced salt from seawater in violation of the law. When and who started Dandi March? Gandhiji announced in 1930 that he would lead a march to violate the salt ban. This statute gave the government a monopoly over salt production and distribution. Since salt is such a crucial component of our food, according to Mahatma Gandhi and other nationalists, taxing it is wrong. Which place started Dandi March? Mahatma Gandhi launched the Dandi March on March 12, 1930. From his Sabarmati Ashram in Ahmedabad to Dandi, a seaside town in Gujarat, it was a nearly 385 kilometre march. Who started Dandi March in India? Mahatma Gandhi led a 24-day nonviolent march known as the Salt March or Dandi March. New Delhi On March 12, 1930, Mahatma Gandhi began a historic salt march from Sabarmati Ashram in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, to the town of Dandi, which is on the state's coast, in protest of the high salt tax the British imposed. Leave a comment Your email address will not be published. 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It discusses how Gandhi's imprisonment stimulated rather than slackened civil disobedience. Civil disobedience, inspired by Gandhi's action, resulted in the signing of the Gandhi–Irwin Pact in March 1931. Signed in as Institutional accounts. - GoogleCrawler [DO NOT DELETE] - Google Scholar Indexing Personal account - Sign in with email/username & password - Get email alerts - Save searches - Purchase content - Activate your purchase/trial code Institutional access - Sign in with a library card Sign in with username/password Recommend to your librarian - Institutional account management - Get help with access Access to content on Oxford Academic is often provided through institutional subscriptions and purchases. If you are a member of an institution with an active account, you may be able to access content in one of the following ways: IP based access Typically, access is provided across an institutional network to a range of IP addresses. 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Our books are available by subscription or purchase to libraries and institutions. - About Oxford Academic - Publish journals with us - University press partners - What we publish - New features - Open access - Rights and permissions - Accessibility - Advertising - Media enquiries - Oxford University Press - Oxford Languages - University of Oxford Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide - Copyright © 2024 Oxford University Press - Cookie settings - Cookie policy - Privacy policy - Legal notice This Feature Is Available To Subscribers Only Sign In or Create an Account This PDF is available to Subscribers Only For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. - Modern History How Gandhi's non-violent Salt March shook the British Empire The Salt March, also known as the Dandi March and the Satyagraha March, was a protest led by Mahatma Gandhi against British rule in India. On March 12, 1930, Gandhi and his followers began walking from Sabarmati Ashram to the seacoast town of Dandi, Gujarat. They were protesting the British monopoly on salt production in India, which caused high prices and poor-quality salt for Indian consumers. The Salt March was one of Gandhi's most famous protests, and it helped galvanise support for independence from British rule. The British Raj controlled India from 1858 to 1947. India was referred to as the 'Jewel in the Crown' of the British Empire because it was so economically valuable. The British had complete control over India's resources and exploited them for their own benefit. The most important agricultural resources that India produced included cotton, jute, wheat and rice. These resources were essential for Britain's textile industry which was the backbone of the British economy. India was also a major market for British manufactured goods such as iron and steel products, locomotives, machine tools and cloth. They also imposed high taxes on the Indian people, which made everyday items like salt very expensive. This tax was especially burdensome for poor Indians, who could not afford to buy expensive, imported salt. Political movements The Indian National Congress was created in 1885 to fight for India's independence from British rule. Gandhi joined the Congress in 1915 and quickly rose to positions of leadership. He became well-known for his philosophy of nonviolent resistance, which he called satyagraha . Gandhi, along with the National Congress, sought for something called swaraj . The term swaraj refers to self-government in India. Mahatma Gandhi and the Indian National Congress strove for independence for India from British imperial rule in the 20th century, during which time the term swaraj became particularly significant to him. Before the Salt March, Gandhi had already gained a reputation as an effective leader of protests against British rule. In 1919, he led a successful campaign of civil disobedience against the Rowlatt Acts, which allowed the British government to jail people without trial. Gandhi became the president of the Indian National Congress in 1924, an organisation dedicated to India's independence from British rule. He began campaigning for the rights of Indians, and for an end to British colonialism in India. Gandhi's non-cooperation movement based upon the concept of satyagraha , or 'truth force' was the best way to achieve independence from British rule. He believed that violence would only lead to more violence, and that by using nonviolent methods, Indians could force the British to leave India peacefully. The idea of swadeshi was one of the methods that Gandhi used to promote economic non-cooperation. In general, it called for Indians to make their own goods (or buy domestically produced goods) and refuse imports. In 1922, he was arrested for his role in the Non-Cooperation Movement He spent nine months in jail but was released after an outcry from the Indian public. The Salt March begins In 1930, Gandhi decided to lead a protest against the British monopoly on salt production in India. He believed that this would be an effective way to unite the people of India against British rule. Under the Salt Acts passed by the British government, it was illegal for Indians to produce or sell salt. The British had complete power over the extraction of salt in India due to the 1882 Salt Act. Because of this legislation, Indians were forced to pay taxes on salt and risked severe criminal penalties if they did not comply. The Salt March began on March 12, 1930, with Gandhi and 78 followers walking from Sabarmati Ashram to the village of Dandi on the coast of Gujarat. The march lasted for 24 days, during which time Gandhi and his followers covered over 240 miles (390 kilometers) on foot. Along the way, they were joined by thousands of Indians who were inspired by the movement. During the Salt March, Mahatma Gandhi utilised the local and worldwide media (including The New York Times and Time Magazine ) to his advantage. For example, in order to build interest in the protest and put pressure on the British, he granted interviews to foreign journalists along the route of the march. On April 6th, they reached Dandi and proceeded to make their own salt by evaporating seawater. This act of civil disobedience against the British authorities was widely publicised and helped to inspire other protests against colonial rule. Finally, he encouraged his supporters and others across India to ignore the salt laws and gather their own. For his actions during the Salt March, international news organisations produced profiles on Gandhi and the Indian independence movement. Time Magazine named Gandhi "Man of the Year" in 1930. In the days and weeks after Gandhi's Salt March, millions of Indians began to defy salt regulations. Some individuals collected their own salt, whereas others purchased it illegally. The British reacted violently, jailing over 60,000 people in the month following the Salt March. On May 5th, 1930, the British arrested and imprisoned Mahatma Gandhi. They charged him with organising demonstrations and encouraging civil unrest. The British wanted to impede or stop the protests by arresting Gandhi, but it failed; his supporters continued the fight. Dharasana Salt Works On May 21, 1930, Gandhi's followers attempted to raid the Dharasana Salt Works. Since Gandhi had been arrested on May 5th, and he was no longer able to take part in the demonstrations. However, under the leadership of Indian poet and political activist Sarojini Naidu, a group of 2,500 supporters walked up to the gates of the Salt Works. However, the 2,500 non-violent protestors were met with violence from the British-hired guards who were armed with steel-tipped lathis (clubs). Over the next two hours, the guards beat hundreds of peaceful protesters. The attack was so brutal that it was covered by international news outlets such as The New York Times and Time Magazine . American journalist Webb Miller was an eyewitness to the event, and he wrote about it for The New York Times : "Not one of the marchers even raised an arm to ward off the blows. They went down like ten-pins. From where I stood I heard the sickening whacks of the clubs on unprotected skulls... An injured man lay groaning on the road, too weak to move under his own power. A woman was being helped away, her face streaming with blood from a deep gash in her forehead." The Dharasana Salt Works raid resulted in international condemnation of the British authorities in India. The violent response by the British only served to further Gandhi's cause and rally more support for Indian independence. Following the overwhelming negative response to the treatment of the non-violent protestors, the British authorities eventually released Gandhi from prison in 1931. The legacy of the Salt March continues to this day. In India, salt is seen as a symbol of liberty, and the anniversary of the march is still celebrated every year. The memory of Gandhi and his protest against British rule also inspired other liberation movements around the world, including Martin Luther King in the American Civil Rights movement. The Salt March was a significant step in the Indian independence movement and helped to solidify Gandhi's reputation as a powerful political leader. The non-violent protest also showed the world that India was united in its quest for freedom from British rule. The memory of the march still resonates today, both in India and around the world. What do you need help with? Download ready-to-use digital learning resources. Copyright © History Skills 2014-2024. Contact via email - IAS Preparation - UPSC Preparation Strategy - Dandi March Dandi March: Relevant Facts for UPSC GS-1 The Dandi March, also known as the Salt March, Dandi March, and the Dandi Satyagraha was an act of nonviolent civil disobedience led by Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. The march lasted from March 12th, 1930 to April 6th, 1930 as a direct action campaign of tax resistance and nonviolent protest against the British salt monopoly. Dandi March is an important topic for both the Prelims and Mains section of the IAS Exam. To know more about the IAS Syllabus visit the linked article. Dandi March – UPSC Notes:- Download PDF Here Background of the Dandi March The Indian National Congress had raised the tricolour on the banks of the Ravi river at Lahore publicly issuing the declaration of self-rule or Purna Swaraj. The declaration also included the readiness to withhold taxes and the belief that it is "the inalienable right of the Indian people to have the freedom and to enjoy the fruits of their toil and the necessities of life." To drive home this point the Congress Working Committee tasked Gandhi the responsibility for organizing the first act of civil disobedience, with Congress itself ready to take charge after Gandhi's inevitable arrest. Mahatma Gandhi chose to begin the civil disobedience campaign against the British salt tax. To know more about the sessions of the Indian National Congress , visit the linked article. Dandi March – Why did the Salt Law Become a Focus of Protest? The 1882 Salt Act gave the British a monopoly on the collection and manufacture of salt, levying a tax in the process. The violation of this act was a criminal offense. Even though salt was freely available to those living on the coast, Indians were forced to buy it from the colonial government Initially, Gandhi's choice was met with incredulity from Congress. Even the British themselves were finding it hard to take such a measure seriously with the Viceroy, Lord Irwin, himself stating that "At present, the prospect of a salt campaign does not keep me awake at night". Gandhi provided sound reasons for his decisions, however. He reasoned that an item of daily use would resonate better with citizens of all classes than a broad demand for greater political rights. Since the salt tax accounted for more than 8.2 % of the British Raj tax revenue and hurt the poorest Indians the most significantly. He reasoned that this would hurt the British even more significantly. Gandhi felt that this protest would dramatize Purna Swaraj in a way that was meaningful to every Indian. He also reasoned that it would build unity between Hindus and Muslims by fighting a wrong that touched them equally. The March to Dandi On 5 February, newspapers reported that Gandhi would begin civil disobedience by defying the salt laws. The salt satyagraha would begin on 12 March and end in Dandi with Gandhi breaking the Salt Act on 6 April. On 12 March 1930, Gandhi and 80 satyagrahis, set out on foot for the coastal village of Dandi, Gujarat, over 390 kilometers (240 mi) from their starting point at Sabarmati Ashram. The first day's march of 21 kilometers ended in the village of Aslali, where Gandhi spoke to a crowd of about 4,000. At Aslali, and the other villages that the march passed through, volunteers collected donations, registered new satyagrahis, and received resignations from village officials who chose to end cooperation with British rule. As they entered each village, crowds greeted the marchers, beating drums and cymbals. Gandhi gave speeches attacking the salt tax as inhuman, and the salt satyagraha as a "poor man's struggle". Each night they slept in the open. The only thing that was asked of the villagers was food and water to wash with. Gandhi felt that this would bring the poor into the struggle for sovereignty and self-rule, necessary for eventual victory. Thousands of satyagrahis and leaders like Sarojini Naidu joined him. Every day, more and more people joined the march until the procession of marchers became at least two miles long. Gandhi arrived at the seashore on April 5th. The following morning he raised a lump of salty mud and declared, "With this, I am shaking the foundations of the British Empire." He then boiled it in seawater, producing illegal salt. He implored his thousands of followers to likewise begin making salt along the seashore, "wherever it is convenient" and to instruct villagers in making illegal, but necessary, salt. Impact of the Dandi March Mass civil disobedience spread throughout India as millions broke the salt laws by making salt or buying illegal salt. The Salt Satyagraha had galvanized the Indian population into action. Salt was sold illegally all over the coast of India. A pinch of salt made by Gandhi himself sold for 1,600 rupees (equivalent to $750 at the time). In reaction, the British government arrested over sixty thousand people by the end of the month. What had begun as a Salt Satyagraha quickly grew into a mass Satyagraha. British cloth and goods were boycotted. Unpopular forest laws were defied in the Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Central Provinces. Gujarati peasants refused to pay tax, under threat of losing their crops and land. In Midnapore, Bengalis took part by refusing to pay the chowkidar tax. The British responded with more stringent laws, including censorship of correspondence and declaring the Congress and it's associate organizations illegal. None of those measures slowed the civil disobedience movement. British documents show that the British government was shaken by satyagraha. The nonviolent protest left the British confused about whether or not to jail Gandhi. John Court Curry, a British police officer stationed in India, wrote in his memoirs that he felt nausea every time he dealt with Congress demonstrations in 1930. Curry and others in the British government, including Wedgwood Benn, Secretary of State for India, preferred fighting violent rather than nonviolent opponents. Frequently Asked Questions on Dandi March Q 1. what was the cause for dandi march, q 2. how and when did the salt march end, leave a comment cancel reply. Your Mobile number and Email id will not be published. Required fields are marked * Request OTP on Voice Call Post My Comment IAS 2024 - Your dream can come true! Download the ultimate guide to upsc cse preparation. - Share Share Register with BYJU'S & Download Free PDFs Register with byju's & watch live videos. - International - Today's Paper - Expresso Live - Premium Stories - Express Shorts - Health & Wellness - Board Exam Results Explained: What was the significance of Mahatma Gandhi's Dandi March? Why did gandhi call for the march what happened during the march what was the significance of the dandi march. On the 91st anniversary of the historic salt march led by Mahatma Gandhi from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi in Gujarat, Prime Minister Narendra Modi flagged off a symbolic 386-kilometre 'Dandi march', following the same route on Friday. The PM also launched Azadi ka Amrit Mahotsav to celebrate 75 years of India's Independence. The 24-day march from March 12 to April 5, 1930 was a tax resistance campaign against the British salt monopoly. Based on Gandhi's principle of non-violence or Satyagraha, the march marked the inauguration of the civil disobedience movement. The Dandi march was easily the most significant organised movement against the British Raj after the non-cooperation movement of the early 1920s. In all the attention that it drove from the national and international media and world leaders, it was truly a turning point in the Indian Independence movement. Newsletter \| Click to get the day's best explainers in your inbox Why did Gandhi call for the Dandi March? The 1882 Salt Act gave the British a monopoly in the manufacture and sale of salt. Even though salt was freely available on the coasts of India, Indians were forced to buy it from the colonisers. Gandhi decided that if there was any one product through which the civil disobedience could be inaugurated, then it was salt. "Next to air and water, salt is perhaps the greatest necessity of life," he said, explaining his choice, even though many in the working committee of the Congress were not too sure about it. The British government, including the Viceroy Lord Irwin too did not take the prospect of a campaign against the salt tax too seriously. Addressing a massive gathering in Ahmedabad on March 8, Gandhi declared his decision to break the salt laws. "That is for me one step, the first step, towards full freedom," he said as quoted in historian Ramachandra Guha's book, 'Gandhi: The years that changed the world (1914-1948)'. Guha wrote, "Gandhi wanted this to be a long march, or pilgrimage perhaps, where his leisurely progress would enthuse people along the way and attract wider publicity too." Finally, he decided on Dandi to be the point at which the salt law would be broken. What happened during the march? There was great excitement in Ahmedabad on the eve of the march. A large crowd gathered around Sabarmati ashram and stayed through the night. Gandhi wrote to Nehru that night, informing him about rumours of his arrest. That did not happen though and Gandhi woke up a free man the following day. He gathered his walking mates, a group of 78 men, who were bona fide ashramites. These included Manilal Gandhi from South Africa and several others from all across India. "There were thirty-one marchers from Gujarat, thirteen from Maharashtra , lesser numbers from the United Provinces, Kerala, Punjab and Sindh, with Tamilnad, Andhra, Karnataka , Bengal, Bihar and Orissa sending one man apiece. The diversity was social as well as geographical, for among the chosen marchers were many students and khadi workers, several 'untouchables', a few Muslims and one Christian," wrote Guha. Even though women too wanted to be part of the march, Gandhi preferred to keep it restricted to men alone. They started out at 6:30 AM, amidst a large group cheering them along with flowers, greetings and rupee notes. On their way they stopped at a number of villages, where Gandhi addressed large crowds with fiery speeches on the need to boycott the salt tax. Newspapers of the day reported on how at every stop Gandhi was greeted by enthusiastic followers. "Indescribable scenes of enthusiasm marked the progress of the march of the Swaraj Army on this fourth day. . . . The rich and the poor, millionaires and mazurs [workers], 'caste' Hindus and so-called untouchables, one and all, vied with one another in honouring India's great liberator," noted a report in the Bombay Chronicle. Other newspapers, particularly the international ones like the Time magazine and The Daily Telegraph, though provided a much bleaker picture of the march. Gandhi reached Dandi on April 5. The following day, early morning he proceeded along with the other marchers to the sea, where he picked up lumps of natural salt lying in a small pit. The act was symbolic, but was hugely covered by the press, and was the beginning of several other acts of civil disobedience in other parts of India. "With this, I am shaking the foundations of the British Empire," said Gandhi while picking up the salt in his hand. "Now that the technical or ceremonial breach of the Salt Law has been committed it is open to any one who would take the risk of prosecution under the Salt Law to manufacture salt wherever he wishes and wherever it is convenient. My advice is that the workers should everywhere manufacture salt to make use of it and to instruct the villagers to do so," he told a representative of the Free Press. - Explained: A short history of Iran-Israel ties and why they soured after 1979 - How viral hepatitis poses a challenge to India's, with second highest prevalence globally - The story of party symbols in Indian elections, and how Congress got the hand, BJP the lotus What was the significance of the Dandi march? The popularity gained by the march shook up the British government. It responded by arresting more than 95,000 people by March 31. The following month Gandhi proceeded to Dharasana salt works from where he was arrested and taken to the Yerawada Central Jail. As Gandhi broke the salt laws in Dandi, similar acts of civil disobedience took place in other parts of India. In Bengal, for instance, volunteers led by Satish Chandra Dasgupta walked from Sodepur Ashram to the village of Mahisbathan to make salt. K.F Nariman in Bombay led another group of marchers to Haji Ali Point where they prepared salt at a nearby park. The illegal manufacture and sale of salt was accompanied by the boycott of foreign cloth and liquor. What started as salt satyagraha soon grew into mass satyagraha. Forest laws were flouted in Maharashtra, Karnataka and the Central Provinces. Peasants in Gujarat and Bengal refused to pay land and chowkidari taxes. Acts of violence too broke out in Calcutta, Karachi and Gujarat, but unlike what happened during the non-cooperation movement, Gandhi refused to suspend the civil disobedience movement this time. The Congress Working Committee decided to end the Satyagraha only in 1934. Even though it did not immediately lead to self rule or dominion status, the Salt Satyagraha did have some long term effects. "Indian, British and world opinion increasingly recognised the legitimate claims of Gandhi and the Congress for Indian Independence," wrote Richard L. Johnson who authored the book, 'Gandhi's experiments with truth: Essential writings by and about Mahatma Gandhi'. Moreover, the British also realised that control over India now depended completely on the consent of the Indias. The story of party symbols in Indian elections Subscriber Only Explained: A short history of Iran-Israel ties and why they Subscriber Only 10 years on, BJP manifesto signals continuity amid change Subscriber Only UPSC Key— 15th April, 2024: Iran-Israel war, food security, allotment Subscriber Only AAP Bharuch candidate's frontline fighters are his two wives Subscriber Only K-beauty boom: Do Korean creams really work on Indian skin? 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At the end, Gandhiji delivered a memorable speech on the eve of his historic march:] In all probability this will be my last speech to you. Even if the Government allow me to march tomorrow morning, this will be my last speech on the sacred banks of the Sabarmati. Possibly these may be the last words of my life here. I have already told you yesterday what I had to say. Today I shall confine myself to what you should do after my companions and I are arrested. The programme of the march to Jalalpur must be fulfilled as originally settled. The enlistment of the volunteers for this purpose should be confined to Gujarat only. From what I have been and heard during the last fortnight, I am inclined to believe that the stream of civil resisters will flow unbroken. But let there be not a semblance of breach of peace even after all of us have been arrested. We have resolved to utilize all our resources in the pursuit of an exclusively nonviolent struggle. Let no one commit a wrong in anger. This is my hope and prayer. I wish these words of mine reached every nook and corner of the land. My task shall be done if I perish and so do my comrades. It will then be for the Working Committee of the Congress to show you the way and it will be up to you to follow its lead. So long as I have reached Jalalpur, let nothing be done in contravention to the authority vested in me by the Congress. But once I am arrested, the whole responsibility shifts to the Congress. No one who believes in non-violence, as a creed, need, therefore, sit still. My compact with the Congress ends as soon as I am arrested. In that case volunteers. Wherever possible, civil disobedience of salt should be started. These laws can be violated in three ways. It is an offence to manufacture salt wherever there are facilities for doing so. The possession and sale of contraband salt, which includes natural salt or salt earth, is also an offence. The purchasers of such salt will be equally guilty. To carry away the natural salt deposits on the seashore is likewise violation of law. So is the hawking of such salt. In short, you may choose any one or all of these devices to break the salt monopoly. We are, however, not to be content with this alone. There is no ban by the Congress and wherever the local workers have self-confidence other suitable measures may be adopted. I stress only one condition, namely, let our pledge of truth and nonviolence as the only means for the attainment of Swaraj be faithfully kept. For the rest, every one has a free hand. But, than does not give a license to all and sundry to carry on their own responsibility. Wherever there are local leaders, their orders should be obeyed by the people. Where there are no leaders and only a handful of men have faith in the programme, they may do what they can, if they have enough self-confidence. They have a right, nay it is their duty, to do so. The history of the is full of instances of men who rose to leadership, by sheer force of self-confidence, bravery and tenacity. We too, if we sincerely aspire to Swaraj and are impatient to attain it, should have similar self-confidence. Our ranks will swell and our hearts strengthen, as the number of our arrests by the Government increases. Much can be done in many other ways besides these. The Liquor and foreign cloth shops can be picketed. We can refuse to pay taxes if we have the requisite strength. The lawyers can give up practice. The public can boycott the law courts by refraining from litigation. Government servants can resign their posts. In the midst of the despair reigning all round people quake with fear of losing employment. Such men are unfit for Swaraj. But why this despair? The number of Government servants in the country does not exceed a few hundred thousands. What about the rest? Where are they to go? Even free India will not be able to accommodate a greater number of public servants. A Collector then will not need the number of servants, he has got today. He will be his own servant. Our starving millions can by no means afford this enormous expenditure. If, therefore, we are sensible enough, let us bid good-bye to Government employment, no matter if it is the post of a judge or a peon. Let all who are co-operating with the Government in one way or another, be it by paying taxes, keeping titles, or sending children to official schools, etc. withdraw their co-operation in all or as many watts as possible. Then there are women who can stand shoulder to shoulder with men in this struggle. You may take it as my will. It was the message that I desired to impart to you before starting on the march or for the jail. I wish that there should be no suspension or abandonment of the war that commences tomorrow morning or earlier, if I am arrested before that time. I shall eagerly await the news that ten batches are ready as soon as my batch is arrested. I believe there are men in India to complete the work our begun by me. I have faith in the righteousness of our cause and the purity of our weapons. And where the means are clean, there God is undoubtedly present with His blessings. And where these three combine, there defeat is an impossibility. A Satyagrahi, whether free or incarcerated, is ever victorious. He is vanquished only, when he forsakes truth and nonviolence and turns a deaf ear to the inner voice. If, therefore, there is such a thing as defeat for even a Satyagrahi, he alone is the cause of it. God bless you all and keep off all obstacles from the path in the struggle that begins tomorrow. Mahatma, Vol. III (1952), pp. 28-30 Source: Selected works of Mahatma Gandhi Volume-Six About Gandhi Ashram - Speeches(Text) Visitor Info Subscribe to newsletter. - FC(R)A Documents - Terms & Conditions - Privacy Policy - Copyright Policy - Hyperlinking Policy - Accessibility Statement - Recent Updates - Request For Proposal - Privacy Policy for Mobile Apps Copyright © 2005 - 2019 Sabarmati Ashram Preservation and Memorial Trust. - Satyagraha / Civil Disobedience - Dandi March - UPSC IAS Exam Pattern - UPSC IAS Prelims - UPSC IAS Mains - UPSC IAS Interview - UPSC IAS Optionals - UPSC Notification - UPSC Eligibility Criteria - UPSC Online - UPSC Admit Card - UPSC Results - UPSC Cut-Off - UPSC Calendar - Documents Required for UPSC IAS Exam - UPSC IAS Prelims Syllabus - General Studies 1 - General Studies 2 - General Studies 3 - General Studies 4 - UPSC IAS Interview Syllabus - UPSC IAS Optional Syllabus The Dandi March (Salt Satyagraha) and Satyagraha at Different Places – Modern History Notes The Dandi March, also known as the Salt Satyagraha, stands as a poignant chapter in the annals of modern history, symbolizing the resilience of the human spirit in the pursuit of justice and independence. Initiated by Mahatma Gandhi, the father of the Indian independence movement, on March 12, 1930, this nonviolent protest aimed to challenge the oppressive British salt monopoly, a seemingly mundane commodity that became a powerful symbol of resistance. The march covered a distance of approximately 240 miles, culminating in the coastal town of Dandi on April 6, where Gandhi ceremoniously violated the salt laws by producing salt from seawater. This act of civil disobedience sparked a nationwide wave of Satyagraha, or nonviolent resistance, across different regions of India. From the Himalayan foothills to the southern tip of the subcontinent, Indians united in their commitment to challenge colonial rule through peaceful means, leaving an indelible mark on the struggle for independence. This momentous period in modern history exemplifies the potency of nonviolent protest as a catalyst for change, influencing movements and inspiring generations around the world. - Mahatma Gandhi had been planning a mass movement similar to the Civil Disobedience Movement for a while. - He sought a symbol that could unify the entire movement and decided that salt, being a basic necessity like air and water, was the most oppressive form of tax. - Breaking salt laws would serve as the most suitable way to initiate the Civil Disobedience Movement. - On March 12, 1930, the Dandi March commenced from Sabarmati Ashram in Gujarat, heading towards the coastal village of Dandi, covering a distance of approximately 390 kilometres. Gandhi led a group of 78 followers on foot. - They completed the journey from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi in 25 days, reaching the Dandi coast on April 6, 1930. There, Gandhi symbolically broke the salt laws by picking up a handful of salt, marking the launch of the mass Civil Disobedience Movement. - Sarojini Naidu was among the leaders who accompanied Mahatma Gandhi during the Dandi March. - The Dandi March, also known as the Salt March, commenced on 12th March 1930, with Mahatma Gandhi and 78 selected followers leaving Sabarmati Ashram and marching to Dandi. It is noteworthy that there were no women among the participants. The march involved the violation of the salt law by producing salt, symbolizing the Indian people's refusal to accept British rule. - The significance of the Dandi March was recognized by the Bombay Chronicle, which described it as the most glorious and important event in the history of the national movement. - Regarding Gandhi's approach, it is interesting to note that he openly informed the Viceroy about his plans for the Salt Satyagraha, stating that they could arrest him if they deemed it necessary. This stands in contrast to the Communist movement led by Lenin, which operated with utmost secrecy. Gandhi did not believe in secrecy and even equated it with violence, emphasizing the value of transparency and nonviolence in his approach to the independence struggle. Table of Contents Spread of the Civil Disobedience Movement - Gandhi's symbolic act at Dandi inspired people across the country to defy the salt laws. - Nehru's arrest in April 1930 for violating the salt law triggered massive protests in Madras, Calcutta, and Karachi. - On May 4, 1930, Gandhi was arrested after announcing his intention to lead a raid on the Dharasana Salt Works on the west coast of India. - Following Gandhi's arrest, major protests erupted in Bombay, Delhi, Calcutta, and Sholapur, with the most intense response occurring in Sholapur. - The Civil Disobedience Movement received widespread participation from students, women, tribals, merchants, petty traders, workers, and peasants from various backgrounds. - In different provinces, salt laws were defied with varying degrees of success. - Prominent leaders led specific salt satyagrahas, such as C. Rajagopalachari in Tamil Nadu, K. Kelappan in Malabar, and Sarojini Naidu and Manilal Gandhi in Dharasana Salt Works (Gujarat). - The defiance of salt laws at the Dharasana salt works was notable for its scale, with approximately 2,000 volunteers engaging in nonviolent resistance against a large police force armed with steel-tipped lathis. The police attacked the non-resisting Satyagrahis until they fell down. - The Civil Disobedience Movement came to an end with the signing of the Gandhi-Irwin agreement on March 5, 1931. The agreement was reached between Mahatma Gandhi and Lord Irwin, the Viceroy of India at the time, effectively concluding the movement. Satyagraha at Different Places - Satyagraha, meaning "firmly holding to truth" or "truth force," is a form of nonviolent resistance or civil resistance. It was coined and developed by Mahatma Gandhi (1869–1948) and utilized in the Indian independence movement, as well as earlier struggles for Indian rights in South Africa. In 1930, under the leadership of Gandhi, the Civil Disobedience Movement was launched. It commenced with the Dandi March, also known as the Salt Satyagraha, which began on March 12, 1930. The movement quickly spread throughout the country, with salt laws being challenged in various regions. Salt became a symbolic representation of people's defiance of the British Government. Satyagraha in Tamil Nadu - In Tamil Nadu, C. Rajagopalachari played a significant role in the Satyagraha and civil disobedience movement. - In April 1930, Rajagopalachari organized a march from Trichinopoly to Vedaranniyam on the Tanjore coast to defy the salt law. - This event was followed by widespread picketing of foreign clothing stores, and the anti-liquor campaign gained momentum in interior regions such as Coimbatore, Madurai, Virudhunagar, and other cities. - Despite Rajagopalachari's efforts to maintain nonviolence, there were instances of violent outbursts by the masses, and the police responded with force. For instance, police intervention was used to suppress the Choolai Mills strike. - Unemployed weavers in Gudiyattam attacked liquor stores and police pickets, while peasants in Bodinayakanur, Madurai, engaged in rioting due to declining prices. - K. Kelappan, a Nair Congress leader known for the Vaikom Satyagraha, organized salt marches in Malabar. Andhra Pradesh - Salt marches took place in the districts of East and West Godavari, Krishna, and Guntur. - Sibirams (military-style camps) were established as headquarters for the Salt Satyagraha. - Merchants contributed to Congress funds, and the dominant castes, Kamma and Raju cultivators, defied repressive measures. However, mass support was not as extensive as during the non-cooperation movement. - Gopabandhu Chaudhary led the Civil Disobedience movement, which received a tremendous response in Orissa, especially in coastal districts like Balasore, Cuttack, and Puri. - Divisive issues, such as conflicts between Assamese and Bengalis, Hindus and Muslims, and tensions due to the influx of Muslim peasants from East Bengal, hindered the success of civil disobedience. - In May 1930, there was a successful student strike against the Cunningham Circular, which restricted student involvement in politics. - In December 1930, Chandraprabha Saikiani encouraged Kachari villages to violate forest laws, despite the denial of support by the Assam Congress leadership. - Some individuals, such as Tarunram Phookan and N.C. Bordoloi were vocal opponents of the movement in Assam. In the Dharsana Salt Satyagraha - The Satyagraha proceeded as planned at the Dharasana Salt Works, with Abbas Tyabji, a retired judge of 76 years, leading the march alongside Gandhi's wife, Kasturba. - However, both Tyabji and Kasturba were arrested before reaching Dharsana and were sentenced to three months in prison. - Sarojini Naidu, Imam Sahib, and Manilal Gandhi (Gandhi's son) took up the task of leading the raid on the Dharasana Salt Works on May 21, 1930. - They emphasized that the Satyagrahis must adhere to nonviolent means under all circumstances. - Despite being unarmed and peaceful, the crowd faced a brutal lathi charge, resulting in the death of two individuals and injuries to 320 others. - People in various regions, including Wadala (Bombay), Karnataka (Sanikatta Salt Works), Andhra Pradesh, Midnapore, Balasore, Puri, and Cuttack, enthusiastically embraced this new form of salt satyagraha. In Bengal, the Salt Satyagraha was launched with great enthusiasm and patriotism, and a significant number of volunteers joined the movement. Key events and developments in the region during the Satyagraha were as follows: National week and public meeting. - On April 6, 1930, a well-attended public meeting took place at Shraddhanand Park in Calcutta during "National Week." - Lalit Mohan Das, the President of the meeting, delivered an inspiring speech, urging people to join the national movement and make it a resounding success. Media Coverage and Excitement - The Amrita Bazar Patrika, a prominent newspaper, extensively covered the details of the Salt Satyagraha with headlines such as "Bengal Astir, Grim and Fearless Determination" and "Salt Preparation of Mahisbathan on a Large Scale." - This media coverage created excitement and garnered support for the movement throughout the country. Political Context and Factionalism - The Bengal Congress was divided into two factions led by Subhas Chandra Bose and J.M. Sengupta. - The division, along with the Calcutta Corporation election, caused a disconnect between the urban bhadralok leaders and the rural masses. - Communal riots took place in Dacca (now Dhaka) and Kishoreganj, with limited Muslim participation in the movements. Strong Movements and Violence - Bengal witnessed a high number of arrests and incidents of violence during the Satyagraha. - Areas like Midnapur and Arambagh experienced significant movements centered around the salt satyagraha and the chaukidari tax. - The Chittagong revolt group, led by Surya Sen, carried out a raid on two armories simultaneously and proclaimed the establishment of a provisional government. Violence and Arrests in Calcutta - On April 15th, Calcutta saw significant violence and turmoil. - Jawaharlal Nehru and J.M. Sengupta's arrests triggered unrest. - In South Calcutta, angered by police violence, two tramcars were set on fire and another was damaged. - Fire department members were attacked while trying to extinguish the flames, resulting in serious injuries. - In retaliation, a European sergeant fired shots, injuring two Sikhs and arresting thirteen others. In Bihar, the Satyagraha took the form of the "No Chowkidari Tax Campaign," with significant developments and events as follows: - The districts of Champaran and Saran were the first to launch the salt satyagraha in Bihar. - Rajendra Prasad played a crucial role in laying the foundation for a widespread Civil Disobedience Movement in the state. - Around 5,000 volunteers were enrolled in the initial week of April, and their numbers continued to grow steadily. - Given Bihar's landlocked nature, large-scale salt production was impractical, and in most places, the production of salt was more symbolic than substantial. Shift to No Chowkidari Tax Agitation - Ambika Kant Sinha selected Nakhas Pond in Patna as the site for salt production and violation of the salt law. However, this was quickly replaced by a potent no-chowkidar tax agitation due to constraints in salt production. - The no-chowkidar tax campaign gained momentum, and by November 1930, it resulted in a decline in the sale of foreign cloth and liquor, as well as administrative breakdown in certain regions like Barhee in Munger. Lower-class militancy and Socio-Religious Movements - Lower-class militancy was observed in the tribal belt of Chhotanagpur (now in Jharkhand). - In Hazaribagh, leaders like Bonga Majhi and Somra Majhi promoted a movement that combined socio-religious reforms along 'Sanskritising' lines, advocating for khadi and abstention from meat and liquor. - However, reports suggested that the Santhal community engaged in large-scale illegal liquor distillation, despite the banner of Gandhi. - While most large zamindars remained loyal to the government, small landlords and wealthier tenants joined the movement, although their enthusiasm was dampened by increased lower-class militancy on occasion. No Chowkidari Tax Campaign and Government Response - Chowkidars (watchmen) were despised as they served as government spies and also acted as retainers for local landlords. - The No Chowkidari Tax Campaign aimed to force chowkidars to resign, gaining momentum in May. - The government responded with severe measures, including the seizure of property worth significant sums in exchange for small tax amounts, beatings, and torture. Mass Protests and Rajendra Prasad's Injury - Daily protests outside the ashram became a common occurrence during the civil disobedience movement. - A visit by Rajendra Prasad and Abdul Ban from Patna led to a massive mass rally, which was disrupted by a lathi charge resulting in Rajendra Prasad's injury. - This movement marked a significant turning point in the evolution of India's civil disobedience movement, leaving a lasting impact. Satyagraha in Peshawar - Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan, also known as Badshah Khan and Frontier Gandhi, led the demonstrations and satyagraha in Peshawar. - After Mahatma Gandhi completed the Salt Law defiance ritual, similar marches and acts of Salt Law defiance took place across the country. - Gaffar Khan established the Khudai Khidmatgars, also known as the Red Shirts. - The arrest of Congress leaders in the NWFP (now Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) on April 23, 1930, sparked mass demonstrations in Peshawar. For over a week, the city was virtually under the control of the crowds until order was restored on May 4. - Subsequently, martial law was imposed, leading to a reign of terror in the region. - Notably, a section of Garhwal Rifles soldiers refused to fire on an unarmed crowd, even at the risk of facing court-martial and lengthy prison terms. - The British government grew concerned about the increasing nationalist sentiment in a province with a majority Muslim population, highlighting how nationalism had permeated the Indian Army, which was a key instrument of British rule. Satyagraha in Sholapur - Sholapur, an industrial town in southern Maharashtra, witnessed vehement opposition to Gandhi's arrest. - Textile workers initiated a strike on May 7 and, along with other residents, resorted to acts of violence such as setting fire to liquor stores, railway stations, police stations, municipal buildings, and law courts. - The activists established a virtual parallel government, which could only be disbanded by the imposition of martial law after May 16. Satyagraha in Gujarat - The impact of Satyagraha was felt in various areas of Gujarat, including Anand, Borsad, and Nadiad in the Kheda district, Bardoli in the Surat district, and Jambusar in the Bharuch district. - A determined anti-tax movement was organized, with villagers refusing to pay land revenue. - To avoid police repression, villagers and their families crossed the border into neighboring princely states such as Baroda and camped in the open for months. - In response, the police destroyed their property and confiscated their land. Satyagraha in Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Central Province - In these regions, there were acts of civil disobedience related to forest laws, such as disregarding grazing and timber restrictions and participating in the public sale of illegally obtained forest produce. - Tribals actively participated in the Satyagraha movements in Central Province, Maharashtra, and Karnataka, advocating for their rights and protesting against oppressive forest regulations. Satyagraha in the United Province (now Uttar Pradesh) - In the United Province, two campaigns were organized: the no-revenue campaign and the no-rent campaign. - Under the no-revenue campaign, Zamindars were instructed to withhold payment of land revenue to the government. - Under the no-rent campaign, tenants were encouraged to refrain from paying rent to the Zamindars. - Since most of the Zamindars were loyalists to the British government, the campaign essentially transformed into a No Rent Campaign. - The activities gained momentum, particularly in Agra and Rai Bareilly, starting in October 1930. Satyagraha in Manipur and Nagaland - Rani Gaidinliu, a Naga spiritual leader, took up the cause of revolt against foreign rule at the age of 13, following her cousin Haipou Jadonang. - She urged the people not to pay taxes or work for the British, aligning herself with the freedom struggle in the rest of India. - The religious movement gradually became more political, leading to the apprehension and execution of Haipou Jadonang by British authorities in 1931 on charges of treason. - Rani Gaidinliu evaded capture by the British until October 1932 when she was finally apprehended. She was subsequently sentenced to life imprisonment. - Rani Gaidinliu was eventually released from Tura jail upon the orders of the Interim Government of India, established in 1946. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) Q1: what was the dandi march, also known as the salt satyagraha. A1: The Dandi March, also referred to as the Salt Satyagraha, was a nonviolent protest led by Mahatma Gandhi against the British salt monopoly in India. It began on March 12, 1930, with Gandhi and a group of followers marching from Sabarmati Ashram to the coastal village of Dandi, covering a distance of about 240 miles. The march aimed to defy the salt tax imposed by the British authorities, as salt was an essential commodity for daily life. The culmination of the march saw Gandhi and his followers symbolically producing salt by evaporating seawater, thereby challenging the British salt laws. Q2: How did Satyagraha manifest itself at different places during the Indian independence movement? A2: Satyagraha, a term coined by Mahatma Gandhi, was a form of nonviolent resistance or civil disobedience used as a key strategy in the Indian independence movement. It manifested itself at various places through protests, marches, and acts of civil disobedience. Some notable instances include: a) Champaran Satyagraha (1917): Gandhi's first major Satyagraha campaign, aimed at alleviating the plight of indigo farmers in Champaran, Bihar, who were forced to cultivate indigo against their will. b) Khilafat Movement (1919-1924): Gandhi joined hands with the Khilafat leaders to protest against the mistreatment of the Ottoman Empire by the Allied powers after World War I. This movement symbolized Hindu-Muslim unity in the struggle for independence. c) Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-1922): Gandhi launched a nationwide movement urging Indians to boycott British institutions, government services, and goods, emphasizing nonviolent non-cooperation. Q3: How did the Salt Satyagraha impact the Indian independence movement? A3: The Salt Satyagraha had a profound impact on the Indian independence movement: a) Symbol of Resistance: The march to Dandi and the act of making salt symbolized defiance against unjust British laws. It resonated with people across India and became a powerful symbol of the independence movement. b) Mass Participation: The Salt Satyagraha witnessed widespread participation from people of all backgrounds, transcending caste, creed, and religion. It showcased the unity and determination of the Indian populace in their quest for independence. c) International Attention: The Salt Satyagraha attracted international attention, bringing the Indian independence movement to the forefront of global consciousness. The peaceful nature of the protest highlighted the moral strength of nonviolent resistance. d) Increased Pressure on British Authorities: The British government faced growing criticism for its harsh response to nonviolent protesters. The global condemnation and internal unrest compelled the British to reconsider their stance on Indian self-rule, contributing to the eventual granting of independence in 1947. In case you still have your doubts, contact us on 9811333901. 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Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Our website uses cookies to improve your experience. By using our services, you agree to our use of cookies Got it Keep me signed in until I sign out Forgot your password? A new password will be emailed to you. Have received a new password? Login here GS Foundation UPSC All India Mock Test – Edukemy Open Mock Skip to main content - Select your language English हिंदी Mahatma Gandhi's Speech on the Eve of the Dandi March Mahatma Gandhi,played a critical role in the attainment of Indian freedom. The Dandi March launched on March 12, 1930, to eradicate the British salt laws, was one of his many revolutionary acts.On the eve of the march starting from Sabarmati, in Ahmedabad district, Gandhi gave an orientation speech to activists explaining what they should do if he and his colleagues were arrested. Gandhi said that nobody would break the law till he reached Jalalpur, the first leg of the journey and if he gets blocked there; the authority would be entrusted to the Congress Committee. After that, wherever possible, Salt Satyagraha, the options on which Gandhi elaborated, should be commenced under the supervision of the local leaders in different parts of the country. In the absence of leaders, feisty individuals from the masses should take the lead. Apart from this, he also appealed to continuing demonstrations in various other ways like picketing against foreign clothes and liquor and boycotting government jobs. He also encouraged women to join the movement. Throughout his speech, Gandhi recurrently emphasizes on the significance of non-violence. This historic march, which received an unbelievable response, had a profound impact that not only shook the salt monopoly but shook the very foundations of the British empire. Indian Institute of Technology Bombay - Phone . [email protected] - Email . +54 356 945234 Indian Culture App The Indian Culture Portal is a part of the National Virtual Library of India project, funded by the Ministry of Culture, Government of India. The portal has been created and developed by the Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay. Data has been provided by organisations of the Ministry of Culture. Email Id : [email protected] Paragraph on Dandi March Day Dandi March Day is an annual event celebrated in India on 12 th March. It commemorates the Dandi March or Salt Satyagraha done by the father of the nation Mahatma Gandhi on the same day in 1930. Short and Long Paragraphs on Dandi March Day Paragraph 1 – 100 words. Mahatma Gandhi took out a march on 12 th March 1930, against the salt tax imposed by the British government on Indian farmers. Though salt was a very small item, yet it was a significant one that directly impacted millions of Indian houses. A reason that Gandhi's Dandi March was a huge success and by the time it ended on 6 th April, the same year, over 50,000 Indians were part of the procession. India remembers that same courage and enthusiasm as displayed by the people in the march and commemorates their standing up against a formidable opponent the British government. Paragraph 2 – 120 Words Dandi March or Salt March or Salt Satyagraha day is primarily observed in the Indian state of Gujarat, which houses the Sabarmati Ashram near Ahmadabad. The day is observed in the remembrance of the Dandi March started by Mahatma Gandhi on 12th March 1930. It is a significant event of Indian freedom struggle and the rise of its people against the atrocities of the colonial regime. The day is mainly observed to look back onto one of India's most effective non-violent protests that sparked many further peaceful protests. It also teaches us that the people of India from different cultures and religions can be united over as simple an issue as the normal salt since it impacts their everyday life. Paragraph 3 – 150 Words Dandi March Day is observed in India in the commemoration of Dandi March or Salt Satyagraha started on 12 th March 1930 by the father of the Nation, Mahatma Gandhi. It is a significant event for every Indian which lets him/her introspect on the struggle that our forefathers endured to make India a free republic as it stands today. Dandi March was against the high tax imposed by the colonial government on the salt produced by Indian farmers. Therefore, observing Dandi March Day let us understand the struggle our freedom fighters have endured in order to gain rights and freedom. Dandi March Day not only familiarizes us with the poor state of Indian farmers under the colonial regime but also teaches us to display the same communal harmony and brotherhood as it was displayed during the 1930 Dandi March headed by Mahatma Gandhi. Paragraph 4 – 200 Words On 12th March 1930, Mahatma Gandhi along with 70–80 of his followers, started an on foot March, from the Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi, approximately 384 Km away. Dandi was a coastal town in Gujarat where he planned to produce salt, as a protest against the heavy salt tax imposed by the colonial government. The journey took 24 days to conclude and Gandhi reached Dandi on the morning of 6th April with thousands of his followers. It was a major non-violent peaceful protest which shook the British government from its deep slumber. Dandi march also played a significant role in the Civil Disobedience Movement which followed it. It is to relive the legacy of one of the greatest protests of Indian freedom struggle, the people of India observe Dandi March Day on 12th March every year. However, the events may expand over the period from 12th March to 6th April. Mainly, the events include anything from speeches, social events, competitions, facilitation, etc. The events in March 2019 were named "Dandi Salt Challenge". 2019 marked the 89th anniversary of Dandi March and also Mahatma Gandhi's 150th birth anniversary. The celebrations saw mainly endurance events bicycle race, marathon, etc. along the 384 Km long route of Dandi March. Paragraph 5 – 250 Words Dandi March Day is observed in India from 12th March every year. It is held in commemoration of the Dandi march done by Mahatma Gandhi from 12th March 1930 to 6th April 1930. It was a mass movement started by Mahatma Gandhi against the unjust salt tax imposed by the British government over the production of salt by Indian farmers. Also called 'Salt Satyagraha', Dandi March was a 384 Km march that Mahatma Gandhi took from Sabarmati ashram Ahmadabad to Dandi, and then called Navsari. Gandhi started the March on 12th March with around 80 of his closest associates. As they progressed approximately 10 miles every day towards Dandi, they were joined by many others from the villages they passed through. When the march reached Dandi 24 days after its start, on the morning of 6th April, around 50,000 people were part of it. Many historians consider Salt March as a significant event in Colonial India, which united Hindus and Muslims in the freedom struggle. To commemorate the vision of Gandhi in uniting the people of India over an issue as minuscule as salt; Dandi March day is celebrated in India every year. Many political parties, social organizations and common people from all walks of life, enthusiastically take part in the march. Senior political leaders, ministers from state and center, all take part in the march. Dandi March day is primarily observed in Sabarmati Ashram and also at Dandi in Gujarat. People and politicians gather to pay respect to the leader who initiated a series of non-violent protests, taking the nation on the path of independence. FAQs: Frequently Asked Questions Ans. Dandi March was started on 12th March 1930. Ans. From Sabarmati to Dandi, Dandi march took place. Ans. Dandi march was a movement to oppose salt laws. Ans. Dandi March was called Salt Satyagraha and Civil Disobedience Movement. Related Posts Paragraph on moral values, paragraph on republic day of india 2023, paragraph on national festivals of india, paragraph on national flag of india, paragraph on importance of republic day of india, paragraph on education, paragraph on my best friend, paragraph on zoo, paragraph on diwali. ETV Bharat / bharat 94 Years of Dandi March: Protest that Symbolised India's Resilience Against Injustice By ETV Bharat English Team Published : Mar 12, 2024, 9:22 AM IST The Dandi March, characterised by its non-violent civil disobedience, challenged the British monopoly on salt manufacturing and became a beacon of resistance. Hyderabad: The Dandi March, also known as the Salt Satyagraha, symbolises India's resilience against injustice and marks a turning point in India's modern history. Initiated on March 12, 1930, by Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, the father of the Indian Independence Movement, it was a non-violent protest against the oppressive British Salt Monopoly. What was the Dandi March? Gandhi led 78 marchers on an epic 241-mile trek from the Sabarmati on the banks of the River Ganges to the seaport of Dandi where they challenged British policy by making salt from sea water in defiance of the British's monopoly on salt production. Before embarking on the march, Mahatma Gandhi sent a letter to the British Viceroy, Lord Irwin, informing him of his intent and urging reconsideration of colonial policies. In the letter, Gandhi said, "If my letter makes no appeal to your heart, on the eleventh day of his month, I shall proceed with such co-workers of the ashram as I can take, to disregard the provision of the salt law." Why did Mahatma Gandhi undertake the Dandi march? The British Raj monopolised salt production and sale in India, while Indians were not allowed to produce or sell salt without the permission of the government. Salt, being an essential ingredient in the daily diet of people, the prohibition seemed unreasonable and oppressive. The Salt Laws were something that affected the entire nation. Gandhi was aware of the system of oppression and oppression that the British Raj was known for, and the salt law was a perfect example of this. Gandhi's plan was to launch a satyagraha to bring awareness to the people about the British Raj's oppressive regime, and to instill confidence in the people to stand up against it. Gandhi's non-violent methods of protest, such as the Salt March, which he started by marching from his ashram in Sabarmati to Dandi, provided an opportunity to bring the people together for a common cause that affects everyone. The Salt March was more than just a protest against the government's salt laws, it was a way for the people to come together for a greater goal of 'Swaraj'. What happened in the march? As the march progressed through Gujarat, noteworthy incidents, such as Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay leading a group of housewives in Mumbai and Gandhi's decision to extend the march to Dandi, enhanced the significance of the movement. Despite facing adversity, including police resistance, the march continued, with individuals from all walks of life joining in solidarity. The Dandi March was not merely a symbolic gesture but a catalyst for change, leading the way for the Civil Disobedience Movement and garnering widespread public support and international media attention towards British rule in India. Gandhi's act of picking up salt on April 6, 1930, marked the embarkment of a nationwide movement, characterised by mass participation and unprecedented unity. The march's impact transcended geographical and societal boundaries, empowering women and fostering inclusivity across caste, religion, and region. Gandhi's adoption of non-violent protest methods resonated deeply, amplifying the momentum of India's struggle for independence. What after the march? Beyond its immediate effects, the Dandi March fostered confidence among Indians to confront British rule and galvanised diverse communities into collective action. Gandhi's innovative approach to political protest not only challenged colonial authority but also paved the way for future movements worldwide. Gandhi's Salt Satyagraha triggered a wave of similar movements all over the country. The movement against salt laws began in Tamil Nadu, Bengal, Andhra and elsewhere. The government's refusal to arrest Gandhi for violating the salt laws led to a widespread perception that the government feared such movements. On April 14, 1930, the arrest of Congress leader, Jawaharlal Nehru, led to massive protests and demonstrations all over the country at that time. The following day, April 15, 1930, a mass demonstration was held in Peshawar. On May 4, 1930, at the midnight, Gandhi was arrested. The news of Gandhi's arrest galvanized thousands of people. The Satyagraha went on for a year, and Gandhi was released from prison in January, 1931, after which he entered into negotiations with Lord Irwin. On March 5, 1931, the Gandhi-Irwin Pact was signed in London, leading to Gandhi's attendance at the 2nd Round Table conference. 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Our team will review it before it's shown to our readers. - Indian History / Who Started Dandi March? - Updated on - Apr 12, 2024 Dandi March was also known as the Salt Satyagraha . It was a nonviolent protest against the British salt monopoly and taxation on salt that was led by Mahatma Gandhi . Led by a charismatic leader, this peaceful protest sparked a wave of civil disobedience that ultimately led to India's freedom. But who exactly started the Dandi March? Let's dive into the details and uncover the answer to the question, and get to know together. Mahatma Gandhi: The Pioneer of Dandi March Mahatma Gandhi, often referred to as the Father of the Nation in India, initiated the Dandi March on March 12, 1930. - Gandhi, with a group of seventy-eight followers, embarked on a 240-mile journey from Sabarmati Ashram to the coastal village of Dandi in Gujarat to make salt from seawater in defiance of the salt tax. - In 1930, the British government in India imposed a heavy tax on salt, an essential commodity for the Indian population. - Gandhi saw this as an opportunity to mobilize the masses and protest against British colonial rule. - The march lasted for 24 days, with thousands of people joining along the way to show their support for the cause. The Dandi March captured the attention of the world and inspired millions of Indians to join the fight for independence. The Dandi March culminated in the historic breaking of the British salt laws by Gandhi on April 6, 1930, at the seashore in Dandi. The Motivation Behind the Dandi March The main objective of the Dandi March was to protest against the British-imposed salt tax, which heavily burdened the Indian population, especially the poor. Gandhi believed that salt was a basic necessity of life and should not be taxed by the British rulers. The march aimed to challenge the salt laws and to inspire a nationwide movement of nonviolent resistance against British oppression. Related Blogs That's all about who exactly started the Dandi March. If you want to read more articles like this, you can get Study notes on the Modern History of India here. Also, you can visit our general knowledge page on Indian History ! Rajshree Lahoty Leave a Reply Cancel reply Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Contact no. * Connect With Us 25,000+ students realised their study abroad dream with us. Take the first step today. Resend OTP in Need help with? Study abroad. UK, Canada, US & More IELTS, GRE, GMAT & More Scholarship, Loans & Forex Country Preference New Zealand Which English test are you planning to take? Which academic test are you planning to take. Not Sure yet When are you planning to take the exam? Already booked my exam slot Within 2 Months Want to learn about the test Which Degree do you wish to pursue? When do you want to start studying abroad. January 2024 September 2024 What is your budget to study abroad? How would you describe this article ? Please rate this article We would like to hear more. Have something on your mind? Make your study abroad dream a reality in January 2022 with India's Biggest Virtual University Fair Essex Direct Admission Day Why attend . Don't Miss Out Essay on Role of Mahatma Gandhi in Freedom Struggle Students are often asked to write an essay on Role of Mahatma Gandhi in Freedom Struggle in their schools and colleges. And if you're also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic. Let's take a look… 100 Words Essay on Role of Mahatma Gandhi in Freedom Struggle The birth of a leader. Mahatma Gandhi was born in India in 1869. He studied law in England before returning to India. He later moved to South Africa, where he first used nonviolent resistance. Gandhi's Philosophy Gandhi believed in 'Satyagraha', or truth-force. He thought peaceful protests were the best way to resist unfair laws. This was a new idea in the fight for freedom. Gandhi and India's Freedom Struggle Gandhi returned to India in 1915. He led the Indian National Congress, guiding India towards independence. He organized nonviolent protests against British rule. Legacy of Mahatma Gandhi Gandhi's nonviolent methods inspired many, and India gained independence in 1947. His ideas continue to influence people worldwide. 250 Words Essay on Role of Mahatma Gandhi in Freedom Struggle Mahatma Gandhi, fondly referred to as the 'Father of the Nation,' played an instrumental role in India's struggle for independence. He employed non-violent civil disobedience methods, setting a unique paradigm for freedom struggles worldwide. Non-Violent Approach Gandhi's primary weapon in the struggle was non-violence or 'Ahimsa.' His philosophy was grounded in the belief that moral superiority could not be achieved through violent means. This approach resonated with the masses and enabled widespread participation, thereby intensifying the struggle against the British Raj. Mass Mobilization Gandhi's leadership was marked by his ability to mobilize the masses. His simple lifestyle and empathetic nature helped him connect with the common people. He initiated campaigns like the Non-Cooperation Movement, Civil Disobedience Movement, and Quit India Movement, which saw mass participation unprecedented in the history of the Indian freedom struggle. Championing Swaraj Gandhi's concept of 'Swaraj' or self-rule was not just political independence but also economic and social self-reliance. He advocated for the boycott of British goods and promoted indigenous industries, enhancing India's economic independence and providing a blueprint for post-colonial economic development. Mahatma Gandhi's role in India's freedom struggle was transformative. His non-violent approach, ability to mobilize the masses, and vision for Swaraj were instrumental in shaping the course of India's freedom struggle. His philosophies have left an indelible mark on India's ethos and continue to inspire movements for civil rights and freedom across the globe. 500 Words Essay on Role of Mahatma Gandhi in Freedom Struggle Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, famously known as Mahatma Gandhi, played a pivotal role in the Indian freedom struggle against British rule. His unique approach of 'Satyagraha' (insistence on truth) and 'Ahimsa' (non-violence) left an indelible mark on the world and significantly contributed to India's independence. Advent of Satyagraha Gandhi's principle of Satyagraha was a revolutionary method in the fight for freedom. It was a non-violent resistance against the oppressor, where the oppressed demonstrated their moral superiority. The first significant application of Satyagraha was in South Africa, where Gandhi led the Indian community against racial discrimination. This laid the foundation for his future endeavors in India. Non-Cooperation Movement Returning to India in 1915, Gandhi transformed the Indian National Congress from an elitist party into a mass movement. The Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-1922) was the first large-scale initiative against British rule under his leadership. Gandhi called for a complete boycott of British goods and services, which included schools, courts, and government services. The movement stirred the nation, uniting Indians across regions, religions, and classes. Despite its abrupt end due to the Chauri Chaura incident, the movement marked the beginning of a nationwide struggle for freedom. Civil Disobedience Movement The Civil Disobedience Movement, initiated with the Dandi March in 1930, was another milestone in India's struggle for freedom. Gandhi and his followers marched about 240 miles from Sabarmati Ashram to the coastal village of Dandi, where they made salt, defying the British salt laws. This act was a symbolic defiance of the British monopoly and a peaceful protest against their oppressive regime. Quit India Movement In 1942, Gandhi launched the Quit India Movement, demanding an end to British rule in India. His call for 'Do or Die' resonated with the masses, leading to widespread protests across the country. The movement was a significant blow to the British, shaking the foundations of their rule in India. Gandhi's Philosophy and Its Impact Gandhi's philosophy of non-violence and truth was not merely a strategy for the freedom struggle, but a way of life. His principles of simplicity, self-reliance, and communal harmony continue to inspire millions around the world. His innovative methods of civil resistance have influenced numerous freedom struggles globally, including the civil rights movement in the U.S. led by Martin Luther King Jr. Mahatma Gandhi's role in the Indian freedom struggle was monumental. His non-violent resistance against British rule united the diverse Indian population and instilled in them a sense of national pride. His principles and methods, though criticized by some, proved to be effective in achieving India's independence. Gandhi's legacy continues to influence and inspire movements for civil rights and social change worldwide, making him a global icon for peace and justice. That's it! I hope the essay helped you. If you're looking for more, here are essays on other interesting topics: - Essay on My Favourite Leader Mahatma Gandhi - Essay on My Favourite Leader Jawaharlal Nehru - Essay on My Favourite Freedom Fighter Apart from these, you can look at all the essays by clicking here . Happy studying! Leave a Reply Cancel reply Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked * Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Essay On Dandi March Essay on dandi march. Gandhiji announced in 1930 that he would lead a march to overthrow the salt law. The state was granted a monopoly on the production and sale of salt under this law. Mahatma Gandhi and other nationalists argued that taxing salt was wicked due to its critical role in our diet. Mahatma Gandhi departed Sabarmati for Dandi with seventy-eight male and female members of the ashram whose identities were revealed in Young India. Dandi is located in the southern region of Ahamdabad. This march, dubbed the Dandi March, was organised in defiance of the British government's salt prohibition. Gandhi travelled from village to hamlet with his disciples along filthy roads. Gandhi stated, "We are marching in the name of God." On the route, the village's peasants greeted the marchers. The marchers paused many times a day for meetings. Gandhi urged the crowd to abstain from social vices such as alcohol and child weddings during this march. Additionally, he instructed them to violate the salt rules when the signal arrived. He encountered no difficulty walking. It was all "Child's play" for him. He spun for an hour each day and wrote a journal. In this manner, he inspired others and eventually reached Dandi. He took a plunge in the sea and walked back to the beach. He took a pinch of salt left behind by the waves as a metaphor for breaking the law there. Subhash Chandra Bose compared the salt march to "Napoleon's March from Elba to Parish." Indeed, it was a significant test for the British government. Discover more from Smart English Notes Subscribe now to keep reading and get access to the full archive. Type your email… Continue reading
A few years ago, whilst on holiday in Hay-on-Wye, the famous book town of Wales, I found myself endlessly drawn to a poster in a shop window. It was Jackie Morris' evocative illustration, 'The Names of the Otter''. I was fascinated by its magical incantation of the animal's river-names, the words tumbling and rolling like stones in a stream. As a student of the language, I was especially intrigued by the otter's Welsh name, dwrgi, or water dog. Attracted by the subject matter, Môr a Mynydd (Sea and Mountain), in my local Learner's Eisteddfod, I chose to write about the journey of the River Dee, or Afon Dyfrdwy, from its source on the dark, eastern slopes of Dduallt in Eryri (Snowdonia), following its course as it gains speed, rolling and spilling into valleys, sometimes meandering and mazy, sometimes rushing and impatient, but moving forwards always through landscape and time, before reaching the wide and shallow basin of the estuary and finally, the open sea. This river has been special to me since I first attended Golftyn Infants School in Connah's Quay, an old Victorian building standing on its banks, sadly no longer there, where every spring we would gather in the playground to watch house martins making their nests of river mud in the eaves. As I sat down to begin writing, the image of the otter was instantly bright in my mind I watched as she slipped from the poster, her sleek and lithe body gleaming as she padded softly along moonlit banks. Listening intently at the water's edge, she slid suddenly into its silky darkness, her element, and her home. Y dwrgi, the waterdog, had led me to the river. And so this is how the otter found her way into my poem, my first in Welsh, which I entered into the competition with the encouragement and help of my wonderful and ever-patient tutor, Tesni Wyn. I have included the English translation below the Welsh version of the poem, which I've done to the best of my ability, but as they say, there's always something lost… Aerfen is the water deity, or goddess, of the river, and Llyn Crych y Waun translates quite beautifully as 'shivering moor lake'. Sibryda llais Aerfen yn ddistaw bach Drwy'r creigiau'r Dduallt, ar draws Llyn Crych y Waun. O'r uchder tywyll hyn i lawr i'r olau'r dyffryn Rhed yr afon ddisglair, fel aur o dan yr haul, Arian dan y lleuad. A lle nofio'r brithyll brith a helfeydd dwrgi Dan yr hen bont gerrig Yma mae'r afon hudolus nawr yn troelli – dan ei bwâu. Ymlaen ac ymlaen y rhed, drwy'r caeau, pentrefi a threfi, Fel edau arian sy'n ein cystylltu ni – ein gorffennol i'n dyfodol. Ac yna, cyrhaedda'r Dyfrdwy'r môr Lle mae ewyn y don yn gloywi tu hwnt i'r aber mawr A gwylanod gwyn yn hwylio'r gwynt uwchben y tonnau gwyllt, I grwydro moroedd y byd i gyd, a galw'r eogiaid adra. Aerfen's voice whispers softly through The rocks of Dduallt, across Llyn Crych y Waun. From these dark heights the river runs To the light of the valley below, Shining like gold beneath the sun, Mercury beneath the moon, And where the speckled trout swim and the otter hunts Beneath the old stone bridges, The enchanted river swirls and eddies through arches. On and ever on she runs, through villages, fields and towns, Connecting us as a silver thread, our past with times to come. Until at last, the Dee meets the sea, Where the spray bursts in silver sparks beyond the great estuary, And seagulls sail the wild, wild wind above the waves and spume, To search the waters of the world, and call the salmon home.
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This not only improves operational efficiency but also increases transparency and reporting, vital for maintaining trust and support from donors and stakeholders. Call imageX to Boost Your Terre Haute, IL Organization With Intelligent Document Processing Intelligent document processing with imageX and M-Files catapults Terre Haute, IL organizations into a new era of innovation, efficiency, and accuracy. Whether optimizing legal document workflows, empowering financial services with faster processing, or improving the management of educational documents, our intelligent document processing services will significantly enhance efficiency and improve your bottom line. Discover how imageX can change your operational landscape today. Give us a call at 636-728-9474 or contact us online for your intelligent document processing needs in Terre Haute, IL.
Getting into the crypto industry requires consistent learning and research due to its vast ecosystem. You can sum up the entire sector with the term of volatility that leads to price changes, so investors must always be wary of these fluctuations to adjust their strategies on the go. Whether they invest for the short or the long term, volatility can influence every portfolio's value in the long run. Therefore, investors should learn how to read a crypto chart. Luckily, many patterns can be easily identified within the system and are all colored to represent upswings or downside trends better. For example, if you can read the current Bitcoin price chart, you may be able to predict when the cryptocurrency will be taken aback by altcoins and vice versa, so you can expand your investments or continue with Bitcoin. If you want to know the basics of a crypto chart, here's a brief introduction that will help you enter the market. Image source: https://pixabay.com/ro/photos/business-chart-graph-graphic-5475664/ What are bullish and bearish trends? In crypto and other market types, two trends provide an easy-to-understand view on performance: when prices rise and fall. While bull and bear markets are also used for stock markets, they expanded to crypto. Hence, a bull market happens when crypto prices increase when the general economic stability is positive. It may be possible that these shifts are more significant compared to the stock market due to crypto's high volatility. On the other hand, a bear market occurs when the investor sentiment index has a sudden drop rate, meaning prices will constantly drop. What's more interesting is that it takes a minor market change for the bear market to occur, but if the media fuels it, it's more likely to be significant. Why is it important to know if a bull or bear market will start? While it's impossible to accurately see the fine line of a bull or bear market beginning, as an investor, you only need to analyze the signs to adjust your portfolio. For example, during the bull market, users tend to sell high since the cryptocurrencies' value is rising, and the increasing liquidity contributes to a positive trend. But when a bear market starts, investors buy assets at lower prices, hoping their value will rise. How to read the charts to see the beginning of a bull or bear trend Generally speaking, you can sense a bull market approaching if you read the news. When you see positive articles about cryptocurrency, the economy is on the rise, and public figures become interested in these coins, it might be that the digital market will also have a good time. But you can make sure this is the case when reading a chart. As you may know, the best way to invest in crypto is by analyzing technical indicators, such as the following: - Moving averages (MA) indicate turning points. There's the Simple Moving Average (SMA) that shows an upcoming bull trend when it's rising, but if it's falling, it might be the base of a bear market beginning; - The Relative Strength Index (RSI) shows how fast prices will change. Its value starts from 0 and ends at 100. Anything over 70 means the asset is overbought, but when the index is under 30, the coin is oversold; - Bollinger bands indicate volatility levels. It is depicted as simple lines, and when they're wide, volatility is high (bear trend), while narrow bands mean low volatility (bullish markets); - The Stochastic Oscillator helps compare an asset's price from the closing moment to a specific period. It indicates similar signs as the RSI; - The Crypto Fear and Greed Index is essential to check because it shows investors' emotions about the market. If users express fear, they don't want to lose, so they sell assets, but if greed rules the market, investors want to make the most out of crypto, so they buy a lot of coins; Candlesticks: common visual representations of prices Another element you must get used to includes candlesticks. These patterns showcase price activities in specific time units. The shape of the candlestick shows the closing and opening of an asset on the thicker part, while the wick represents high and low-price points. The color of the candlestick is also vital to notice. Green candles indicate a price rise or a bullish tendency, while red candles hint at decreased costs or bearish trends. There are many types of candlestick models, such as the following: - The shooting star is usually a sign of a bear market but offers investors clues about the resistance against price increases, which is why they anticipate selling assets; - The inverted hammer candlestick follows a bullish trend, especially if it is seen after a price drop because experts consider this to be a sign of high buying demand; Social media as a reliable source of information Although this tip might seem controversial, you may consider turning to social media when looking for market opinions. That's because platforms like Reddit are the perfect communication channels for any user. Still, the platform is also loved by many crypto enthusiasts due to the massive community there. So, to check the market pulse, you can turn to these communities and check the general opinion about a certain asset to adjust your portfolio accordingly. Still, you must be aware of disinformation risks, so check the subreddits you read and confirm they don't spread fake information. For example, recently, some users from X that used to be Twitter reported the platform to be spanned with phony data, so you may want to avoid using it. Final considerations Reading crypto charts can be difficult, especially since it involves a lot of elements and features that all signify specific things. At the same time, charts need to be interpreted, which can leave the final decision to the investor's personal experience with crypto. Therefore, forecasting a bullish or bearish market poses particular difficulties. Still, it is one of the best ways to invest or trade in crypto because it thoroughly analyzes the market prices and trends.
Find out how HR can help inform potential migrant employees Last Thursday, the Department of Education, Skills and Employment announced its "Migrant Skills Incentives" that is expected to benefit onshore skilled migrants. The government would offer free fast-tracked skills assessments, employability assessments, career advice and subsidised training for the said workers. According to the department's media release, the program aims to provide eligible skilled migrants with targeted support "to remove obstacles" like processing delays in skills assessment applications, financial or eligibility barriers, and challenges finding a job at their skill level. The government is set to bring $19.7 million as investment in the program to improve the employment outcomes for migrants in occupations where workers are in shortage and support Australia's economic recovery from COVID-19's impact. "Having their skills recognised in Australia provides a greater opportunity for migrants to join the workforce. Businesses and employers will have increased confidence that migrants have the skills they need to do the job," the department said. "The Migrant Skills Incentives are not only providing greater opportunities for onshore migrants to join the workforce but also assisting Australian businesses and industries address workforce pressures," the department added. The program is categorized into three, namely: - Incentive 1 – Faster Migrant Skills Assessment - Incentive 2 – Skills Assessment Opportunities for Migrants - Incentive 3 – Employability Assessments will commence in mid-2022. Incentive 1 - Faster Migrant Skills Assessments Offers fast-tracked skills assessments for onshore migrants who have already submitted and paid for an application in a priority occupation and are awaiting an outcome. Incentive 2 - Skills Assessment Opportunities for Migrants Offers onshore migrants who reside in Australia on a permanent family, partner, humanitarian or refugee visa with a free, fast-tracked skills assessment. It is available to migrants who have never undergone a skills assessment and who have skills, qualifications and/or experience directly relevant to a priority occupation. Incentive 3 - Employability Assessments Aimed at improving employment outcomes for skilled migrants working below their skill level. It offers onshore migrants, who have previously received a suitable skills assessment in a priority occupation, with a free employability assessment and access to subsidised training to gain the specific skills required in the job market. It will commence in mid-2022.
A diagnostics startup co-founded by one of the pioneers of CRISPR gene editing has become the first to receive Food and Drug Administration authorization for a product that uses the technology – for a diagnostic test kit to detect the virus that causes Covid-19. The FDA granted an emergency use authorization to Cambridge, Massachusetts-based Sherlock Biosciences' CRISPR SARS-CoV-2 rapid test kit, designed for use in high-throughput labs to detect the virus, delivering results in about an hour. An EUA is not a full approval, but is given on a temporary basis in emergency situations. Several other Covid-19 diagnostics have also received EUAs, along with some drugs like Gilead Sciences' remdesivir. Using Informed Awareness to Transform Care Coordination and Improve the Clinical and Patient Experience This eBook, in collaboration with Care Logistics, details how hospitals and health systems can facilitate more effective decision-making by operationalizing elevated awareness. Strictly speaking, Sherlock's test works differently from the more well-known therapeutic applications of CRISPR gene editing. In a phone interview, Sherlock CEO Rahul Dhanda explained that it consists of two bases of guide RNA that are complementary to sequences of RNA in the virus and are attached to a CRISPR/Cas enzyme. The guide RNA is able to detect the corresponding sequences in the virus, and if that happens, it will hybridize to them and activate the CRISPR enzyme, which then releases a detectable signal, producing a positive result. The company said that in patient samples, the test had 100% accuracy. "What's exciting for us is that we're taking the very first CRISPR product through the authorization process with the FDA," Dhanda said. "That to me is an historic moment for us, and we're even more excited that we're able to use that historic moment to address this pandemic." To obtain the EUA, Sherlock submitted information that included data on analytical sensitivity and limits of detection, as well as negative samples and contrived patient samples. The authorization had been anticipated to happen earlier this week but was delayed when the FDA requested additional data. "What we've seen is that the FDA has been dynamic and responsive here," Dhanda said. "The more data that comes in from new cases, the more information is being requested through the process." The company was started in March 2019, and co-founders include Feng Zhang of The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University. South San Francisco, California-based Mammoth Biosciences – co-founded by fellow CRISPR pioneer Jennifer Doudna – is another company developing CRISPR-based diagnostics and announced the publication of a study of its Covid-19 diagnostic last month. Sherlock said that it is working to rapidly scale up production of the test kits and plans to share plans for distribution and availability in the coming weeks. The company is in conversations with a variety of large-scale manufacturers, finalizing production schedules, and will announce the partnership and the release of the tests, Dhanda said. The tests should be available by the summer, he added. Access is a major consideration, Dhanda said, and in terms of cost the tests will be comparable to others on the market. They will mainly be available in hospital settings that test large numbers of patients as opposed to smaller settings like urgent care clinics, with the kit designed to allow for hundreds of patients to be tested in a given day. "Really, our goal here is access," Dhanda said. Photo: wildpixel, Getty Images
Promoting Healthy Hygiene Practices/Behaviors that Reduce Spread > Non-medical face coverings/masks Masks (non-medical covering or cloth) are a recommended barrier to help prevent respiratory droplets from traveling into the air and onto other people when the person wearing the mask coughs, sneezes, talks, or raises their voice. Masks are an example of source control. The role of the school nurse is to advocate for appropriate and consistent use of masks when students, teachers, and staff are indoors and when social distancing of at least 6 feet is difficult to implement or maintain. Key Considerations: Return to School Video Series: Wearing Cloth Face Coverings [English and Spanish] How to Safely Wear and Take off a Mask Print Resource Guidance for K-12 School Administrators for Masks in Schools Use Masks to Slow the Spread of COVID-19 How to Wear Masks How to Store and Wash Masks Additional Considerations for the Use of Masks Among K-12 Students Considerations for Wearing Masks Cloth Face Coverings \| American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) COVID-19: Proper Use, Reuse And Disposal Of Masks, Verified By Experts \| BoldSky Limitless Living How to Safely Sanitize Every Type of Face Mask \| Healthline Autoclaving, Alcohol not the Best Options for Disinfecting, Reusing Face Masks \| University of Cincinnati Fact check: Wearing a face mask will not cause hypoxia, hypoxemia or hypercapnia \| USA Today Should Kids Wear Face Masks? We Asked a Pediatrician \| Los Angeles Times Low-Cost Measurement of Face Mask Efficacy for Filtering Expelled Droplets During Speech \| Science Advances See what school nurses have developed or are sharing in NASN's online discussions. School Reopening/Closing Screening Students and Staff Healthy Hygiene Practices Personal Protective Equipment Social and Emotional Health Healthy Environments Screenings and Immunizations Special Populations Testing and Vaccinations Operating Virtually Data Collection
One of the major issues in any organisation is the need to increase the bottom line. Increased staffing costs, increased production costs, and increased rent all contribute toreducing the bottom line. - What if you could reduce one of your most variable operational expenses: electricity? - What if you could reduce the expense of electricity by using an asset that your company already owns? - What if by doing this, you also increase the security of your electricity supply – so no more summer blackouts? - What if you could make money from your assets, further decreasing operational expenditure? Demand Management is, as the name sounds, the management of your electricity demand in order to decrease the variability of your electricity bill, so you can control your budgeting and expenses more easily. This paper outlines Peak Shaving, the most common and effective way to save money, but you can actually make money using power generation equipment you already own. Demand Response, when the electricity operator requests you reduce your electricity use, and you receive financial compensation for this reduction, is the simplest way. There is also another Demand Response method when you actually sell electricity your equipment generates back to the electricity operator – actually making money off equipment you already own. Both of these options are available to certain businesses, but the most common, (and the topic of this paper) is Peak Shaving. In any business electricity usage goes up and down. A restaurant kitchen gets busy during dinner service, electricity use goes up. A hot day in summer, the air-conditioning runs non-stop, electricity use goes up. A big wedding at a function venue, electricity use goes up. An electricity retailer calculates your tariff by averaging out the amount of electricity they think you'll use over a year. They then set a price based on that average. But if you go over the amount of electricity that they think you'll use, as based on your contract, – a peak in your electricity usage – you will be charged at a much higher rate than your normal contract. Which can be many times the normal rate. Often a medium to large business will have a backup electricity generator on premises to provide electricity to the organisation in case of a blackout or other disconnection from the mains grid. This generator can be used to generate electricity during times of high demand so the organisation doesn't go over the contracted threshold that the electricity retailer has allowed for. An example: A local hotel runs normal day to day operations connected to the electricity grid. The contract they have with the electricity retailer charges them a standard amount for the electricity they use to power bar fridges, kitchens, air-conditioning, lights etc. However occasionally they hold live music events. These events need lights, speakers, audio equipment, instruments, as well as increasing demands on air-conditioning, bar fridges and kitchens due to more patrons in the venue. Due to this increase in electricity use, the amount of electricity consumed increases dramatically, pushing the level of consumption over the threshold that the electricity retailer had contracted for, and the venue begins being charged for their electricity at a much higher rate. However, because the hotel knows that their electricity use goes up during these live music events, and they have a backup generator waiting for a blackout, they turn on their own generator when their electricity use hits the retailer contracted price level, during the live music event, (the blue line in the illustration above). Once the event is over, and the electricity use returns to normal levels, they shut down the generator and return to using the mains electricity as normal. This is peak shaving – they are literally shaving the peak off the demand from the mains they are using by generating their own electricity using the generator that they already had. Other examples of the usefulness of peak shaving are: - deliveries and/or dispatches at a grocery distribution centre necessitates keeping the fridges open, increasing power consumption - increased production at a canning facility due to the seasonality of fruit crops needing to be canned – increasing power consumption - a heatwave meaning airconditioning at a shopping centre needs to be running 24/7 – increasing power consumption Peak Shaving Case Study The following is case study about a demand response installation in a hotel Adelaide, South Australia. The hotel was attempting to reduce the cost of their electricity. Like any hotel, the amount of patrons varied significantly throughout the week, and also at different times throughout the year. Which caused their electricity usage to vary, so their electricty bill also varied. Using a demand response and peak shaving system they could place a cap on their electricity costs which enabled them to to get their electricity bill under control, which allowed for more reliable budgeting. Other benefits were that they were able ensure their electricity supply, monitor and manage their power generation online, and also reduce their environmental footprint. The hotel installed an array of solar panels across the roof of the hotel, and also a diesel generator which was housed in a sound proof enclosure, (due to the hotel being in a residential area). Combined with a custom designed control and switching system, the hotel was able to combine their own sources of power with the mains electricity supply. In normal day to day operations, the solar panels supply the hotel with power, along with the mains. When the power demand reaches the contracted amount of 100kw, the diesel generator starts, and the hotel is running completely independently from the mains grid. Once the electricity demand goes back below 100kw, the control system switches the power supply back to the the mains grid. All this happens without any interruption to the hotel's power – the staff and the patrons never know it has happened. The diesel generator is also available to provide backup power when a blackout event occurs, important considering Adelaide's notoriously unstable electricity grid. Because of the way that the system is installed, the backup generator switches on automatically, needing no intervention from staff. After the installation the hotel's owners benefitted from a 20% reduction in electricity costs over the first six months. A Reliable Partner For Your Demand Response Project In order to use your backup generator for Demand Management, (either for Peak Shaving, or for utility-side Demand Response programs.) your generator's control system needs to be upgraded to the latest power control products. To make this upgrade as seamless as possible, and to have an industry leading control system installed, ComAp is the only choice. ComAp's team of designers, engineers and consultants can work with your business to analyse your electricity usage to find the best solution for your power generation requirements. They can design and install a control system to modify your generator for use in Demand Management and peak shaving. ComAp's Demand Management team is based in Adelaide, Australia and are ready to deliver a system that is both cost effective and suitable for the requirements of your organisation. With offices located around Australia, their team of designers, engineers and installers ensure that your upgrade will be installed quickly and efficiently so you can begin benefitting from Demand Management and peak shaving sooner. ComAp Australia has been in operation since 1991, and has grown to be the largest of ComAp's 10 global subsidiaries. ComAp Australia's team has many years of experience in the power generation industry, and their dedicated Demand Management division will ensure that you end up with the perfect solution for your demand management operation. Get advice from the Demand Management experts at ComAp today Marie Pavlik E: email@example.com Paul Dunn E: firstname.lastname@example.com
For programmers of imperative languages such as C, C++, Java, Python, Pascal, etc., this book serves as an introduction to Haskell. Imperative languages, such as C, C++, Java, Python, and Pascal, are well-known and widely used. Haskell is peculiar and complex for students studying computer science. The reader of this lesson is expected to be knowledgeable in C/C++, Python, Java, or Pascal. Since it appears that no other lesson was published to assist students in overcoming the challenge of switching from C/C++, Java, and the like to Haskell, I am writing to you. This post is written assuming that you have read the Gentle Introduction to Haskell but are still perplexed by what is happening. Haskell won't "take a little time" and isn't "a bit unusual." Despite my best efforts, I do not think you can just pick it up because it is quite different.
A brief history of Photography: Photography is a fascinating art form that has come a long way since its inception. Its history dates back to the early painters who sought to capture the world around them through their artistic skills. However, in the early 19th century, technological breakthroughs were made for capturing images with a camera. Joseph Nicéphore Niépce created the first authentic photographic image in 1826. He used a camera obscura and a photosensitive plate to capture the image of a view from his window. However, it was not until Louis Daguerre invented the daguerreotype in 1839 that Photography became a practical and widely-used medium. The daguerreotype was a revolutionary invention, producing images that were much more detailed and precise than any painting could achieve. It allowed photographers to capture and preserve images of their lives, surroundings, and people. As a result, the early daguerreotype portraits are some of the most moving images of the time, showing families, friends, and loved ones in a way that had never been possible before. Photography continued to evolve throughout the 19th century. Improvements in technology led to the development of new processes such as the ambrotype, tintype, and wet plate collodion. These processes allowed photographers to create images with greater clarity and detail and helped to popularize Photography as an art form. The advent of digital Photography in the 21st century has brought about a new era of creativity and accessibility. Today, anyone with a smartphone can capture and share images. But even with all the technological advances, the urge to document and create images of life remains the same as it was in the early days of Photography. Photography has always been about capturing the beauty and complexity of the world around us. It is an art form that allows us to share our experiences, preserve our memories, and connect with others in a way that words alone cannot. From the early painters to the technical marvels of the present day, Photography has always captured and shared the world as we see it. The Basics: Aperture, shutter speed, and ISO are the three main camera settings you need to understand to take great photos. Here's a simple breakdown: 2. Composition: Composition refers to the arrangement of the elements within the photo's frame. Here are some tips for creating a visually appealing image: 3. Lighting: Understanding how to work with light is critical to taking great photos. Here are some tips for getting the most out of natural and artificial light sources: Understanding camera settings, composition, and lighting is essential for taking great photos. By mastering these fundamental concepts, you can take your Photography to the next level and create visually stunning and technically sound images. Congratulations! You've taken the first steps on an exciting journey into the world of Photography. As you've learned, mastering the basics of camera settings, composition, and lighting is essential to taking great photos. But remember, Photography is more than just technical know-how. It's an art form that allows you to capture and preserve the world around you, creating memories that will last a lifetime. So keep shooting, experimenting, and learning. Every photo you take is an opportunity to improve your skills and create something beautiful. Don't be afraid to try new things and take risks. Some of the best photos come from unexpected moments or unconventional techniques. And remember, Photography is not just about the result. It's also about the process. Taking the time to observe the world around you and find beauty every day is an enriching experience that can change how you see the world. So have fun, be curious, and keep exploring. The world of Photography is vast and full of possibilities. Who knows, you might discover your unique style or perspective. So until next time, keep shooting and creating memories that will last a lifetime. Thank You,
Philadelphia High School for Girls \| \| Address \| \| 1400 West Olney Avenue , 19141 United States \| \| Coordinates \| 40°02′18″N 75°08′46″W / 40.038342°N 75.146066°W \| Information \| \| Former names \| Type \| Public college preparatory magnet school \| Motto \| Vincit qui se vincit (He conquers who conquers himself) \| Established \| 1848 \| School district \| School District of Philadelphia \| Principal \| Lisa M. Mesi \| Staff \| 42.20 (FTE)[1] \| Grades \| 9–12 \| Enrollment \| 843 (2018–19)[1] \| Student to teacher ratio \| 19.98[1] \| Color(s) \| White and Yellow \| Mascot \| Gazelle \| Website \| girlshs \| The Philadelphia High School for Girls, also known as Girls' High, is a public college preparatory magnet high school for girls in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Established in 1848, it was one of the first public schools for women. It is a magnet school in the School District of Philadelphia with a competitive admissions process. Vincit qui se vincit (she conquers who conquers herself) is the school's motto. The school is located at Broad Street and Olney Avenue in the Logan section of Philadelphia. In 1848, the Girls' Normal School was established as the first secondary public school for women in Pennsylvania. It was also the first municipally supported teachers' school in the U.S. The first instructional session was held on February 1, 1848. By June 1848, there were 149 enrolled students, an incredibly large enrollment for a school at that time. The school continued to grow, forcing a move in 1854 to Sergeant Street between Ninth and Tenth Streets. In April 1854, the name of the school was changed to the Girls' High School of Philadelphia. By June 1860, 65 graduates had received diplomas bearing the Girls' High School name. In 1860, the name of the school was again changed to The Girls' High and Normal School to better define the "design of the institution" as a school for an education confined to academic subjects and for future teachers. In October 1876, a new school which "for convenience and comfort will probably have no superior" was constructed at Seventeenth and Spring Garden Streets. At the time it was surpassed in size only by Girard College and the University of Pennsylvania. In 1893, the High School and Normal School were separated into two distinct institutions. It was at this time that the institution became known as the Philadelphia High School for Girls. The school offered three parallel courses: a general course of three years with a possible postgraduate year, a classical course of four years, and a business course of three years. In 1898, a Latin-Scientific course "was designed to prepare students for the Women's Medical College, Cornell, Vassar, Wellesley, Smith, Barnard, or such courses in the University of Pennsylvania as were open to women." In the early 1930s, the school survived attempts to merge it with William Penn High School. Alumnae, faculty and friends of the school dedicated themselves to its preservation. In 1933, a new school was erected at Seventeenth and Spring Garden Streets to replace the one which had stood on the site since 1876. This historic building, now the site of Julia R. Masterman School, was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976. In May 1976, Vice Principal Dr. Florence Snite sued Katherine Day for libel because she had organized a demonstration protesting the administration's policy which barred lesbian alumnae from attending the prom.[2] In 1958, the school again outgrew its location and moved to its current site at Broad Street and Olney Avenue. Located down the street at Ogontz and Olney Avenue is Central High School, which, until 1983, was an all-male school. Prior to Central turning co-educational, the two schools had a partnership. The school song has two parts. Alma Mater was written by Grade Gordon (1906) with music by F. Edna Davis (1906). Fidelitas was written by Emily Loman in June 1915.[3] Hafsah Abdur-Rahman, a Muslim student, was denied a diploma on stage by the school principal after performing the Griddy dance during the graduation ceremony on June 9, 2023. [11]
The debate over how US cities can respond to America's spiraling homelessness crisis reached the supreme court this week, as justices heard arguments over the constitutionality of local laws used against unhoused people sleeping outside. The justices on Monday considered a challenge to rulings from a California-based appeals court that found punishing people for sleeping outside when shelter space is lacking amounts to cruel and unusual punishment. The case stems from a 2019 camping ban enacted by city officials in Grants Pass, a small mountain town in Oregon where rents are rising and where there is just one overnight shelter for adults. Debra Blake, who had lost her job a decade earlier and was unhoused, was cited for illegal camping. After being convicted and fined, she soon joined other unhoused residents in suing the city. The city has passed three ordinances that target sleeping and camping in public streets, alleyways and parks. Under those laws, violators can face fines of $295, and repeat offenders can be criminally prosecuted for trespass, punishable by up to 30 days in jail. In 2022, the San Francisco-based ninth US circuit court of appeals ruled that Grants Pass could not enforce local ordinances that prohibit homeless people "from using a blanket, pillow, or cardboard box for protection from the elements" – a decision that applies across the nine western states of Alaska, Arizona, California, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon and Washington. Grants Pass appealed to the supreme court, arguing the ruling left it few good options. The appeals court ruling built on its 2018 decision, known as Martin v Boise, that first barred camping bans when shelter space is lacking, and which the city is also challenging. It also applies to the nine western states in the court's jurisdiction. The supreme court declined to take up a different challenge to the ruling in 2019, before the solidification of its current 6-3 conservative majority. Theane Evangelis, a lawyer representing Grants Pass, said the ruling "really has made it impossible for cities to address growing encampments, and they're unsafe, unhealthy and problematic for everyone, especially those who are experiencing homelessness". During Monday's arguments, Justice Elena Kagan said the city's ordinance goes beyond trying to address encampments and public safety and criminalizes unhoused people trying to find a place to sleep. Justice Sonia Sotomayor asked Evangelis what would happen if Grants Pass's ban were allowed to stand and other cities adopted similar laws. "Where do we put them if every city, every village, every town lacks compassion and passes a law identical to this? Where are they supposed to sleep? Are they supposed to kill themselves, not sleeping?" Sotomayor asked. "This is a complicated policy question," Evangelis responded. "What's so complicated about letting someone, somewhere, sleep with a blanket in the outside if they have nowhere to sleep?" Sotomayor said. The court's conservative justices, who comprise the majority, seemed receptive to the city's arguments. John Roberts, the chief justice, pushed back on critics' claims that the city's law impermissibly targets a person's status, which the court ruled in 1962 violates the eighth amendment. He asked what would happen in the city if the ordinances were to remain blocked. "The city's hands will be tied. It will be forced to surrender its public spaces, as it [already] has been," Evangelis said. Sweeping implications as homelessness grows Dozens of briefs have been filed in the case, which has broad implications on how communities nationwide will address homelessness, including whether they can fine or jail people for camping in public. In March, six members of the US House of Representatives – including Cliff Bentz, whose Oregon district includes Grants Pass, and five congressmen representing California – filed briefs in support of the petition, saying the ruling makes it "practically impossible" for municipalities to combat crime that can occur near encampments. A coalition of 24 Republican attorneys general led by Montana and Idaho similarly backed the Grants Pass petition. Homelessness advocates say that if the decision is overturned, it would make it easier for cities to turn to arrests and fines as a way to handle their homelessness problems rather than helping people to get shelter and permanent housing. "In Grants Pass and across America, homelessness has grown because more and more hardworking people struggle to pay rent, not because we lack ways to punish people sleeping outside," said Jesse Rabinowitz, campaign and communications director for the National Homeless Law Center. Local laws prohibiting sleeping in public spaces have increased at least 50% since 2006, he said. Dozens of demonstrators gathered outside the court on Monday morning with silver thermal blankets and signs with slogans such as "housing not handcuffs". Other rallies were planned in more than a dozen cities across the country. In front of the federal building in San Francisco, more than a hundred protesters unfurled banners saying "House keys not handcuffs" and "From Oakland to Palestine, forced displacement is a crime", and chanting "Stop the violence, stop the sweeps – homes for all is what we need." "None of us are trash, none of us is a paper cup or a styrofoam container to be swept away if, God forbid, we sit down," said Tiny Garcia, who is connected with the grassroots organization poor magazine, and has struggled with homelessness for years. "Housing is harm reduction, housing is public health," Garcia said. "We lost a couple of neighbors and elders this year in The Mission community and I want to elevate their names," said Jas Conamor, of poor magazine. Conamor said she was was born in San Francisco and has experienced several waves of displacement and evictions along with the city's booms and busts. Conamor mentioned a man known locally as Guillermo, who died on the 24th street plaza this winter, Luis Temaj, who was set on fire while sleeping and Banko Brown, who was shot and killed by a security guard outside a San Francisco Walgreens. The case in front of the supreme court comes after reports that the US last year saw a dramatic 12% increase in homelessness, which reached its highest level ever recorded, according to a federal report, as soaring rents and a decline in pandemic assistance combined to put housing out of reach for more Americans. About 653,000 people were homeless in the January 2023 count, the most since the country began using the yearly point-in-time survey in 2007. Public encampments are not good places for people to live, said Ed Johnson, who represents people living outside in Grants Pass as director of litigation at the Oregon Law Center. But enforcement of camping bans often makes homelessness worse by requiring people to spend money on fines rather than housing or creating an arrest record that makes it harder to get an apartment. Public officials should focus instead on addressing shortages of affordable housing so people have places to live, he said. "It's frustrating when people who have all the power throw up their hands and say, 'there's nothing we can do,'" he sad. "People have to go somewhere." The supreme court is expected to rule by the end of June. Reuters and the Associated Press contributed to this report
Stéphane Bancel, the CEO of the American laboratory Modern, it does not go with turns. And it has always been to the point. From the beginning, he warned that the world will have to learn to live with the coronavirus forever. Now, in an interview with the Financial Times, he assured that "what comes is not good" with the Omicron variant. The head of the pharmaceutical company also said that it is unlikely that COVID-19 vaccines will be as effective against the Omicron variant of the coronavirus as they have been previously, generating a new concern in financial markets on the trajectory of the pandemic. "I think there is no world where (efficiency) is at the same level … as we had with Delta," Bancel told the Financial Times. Moderna vaccine vials. Photo: AFP "I think it's going to be a material drop. I don't know how long because we have to wait for the data. But all the scientists I've talked to … they tell me 'this is not going to be good.' Resistance to vaccines could lead to more illnesses and hospitalizations and prolong the pandemic, and his comments triggered the sale of assets exposed to growth such as oil, stocks and the Australian dollar. Modify vaccines Bancel added that the large number of mutations in the protein spike using the virus to infect human cells meant that it is likely the current crop of vaccines may need to be modified. Moderna had previously announced that data on its vaccine's ability to neutralize the Omicron variant would be expected in weeks. Photo: AFP He had previously said on CNBC that it could take months start shipping a vaccine that works against Omicron. The fear of the new variant, despite the lack of information on its seriousness, it has already caused delays in some economic reopening plans and the re-imposition of some travel and circulation restrictions. The interview put another scare in the financial markets, with the Dow industrials YM00 contract futures, -1.15% losing more than 500 points. Moderna had previously announced that data on its vaccine's ability to neutralize the Omicron variant would be expected in weeks as it works to rapidly advance a booster candidate specifically against the variant. Sales of its coronavirus vaccine products accounted for $ 4.81 billion of Moderna's $ 4.97 billion in revenue in the third quarter. Clarín newsroom with information from FT and Market Watch
Standing tall against the horizon, wind turbines dominate landscapes with their colossal presence. Many wonder why these structures need to be so immense. The answer lies in the complex interplay of physics, economics, and environmental considerations. Let's unravel the mysteries behind the size of wind turbines and understand why bigger often means better in the realm of renewable energy. The Challenge of Harvesting Wind Energy Harnessing wind power efficiently is not a simple task. Wind, by its nature, is an intermittent and variable energy source. To extract meaningful amounts of energy, turbines must capture as much wind as possible and convert it into usable electricity. However, the amount of power available in the wind increases exponentially with the swept area of the turbine blades. Larger blades and taller towers allow turbines to access higher wind speeds and capture more energy. Engineering Marvels Designing and building large wind turbines require cutting-edge engineering prowess. Every component, from the blades to the tower, must withstand immense forces while remaining cost-effective and environmentally sustainable. Advanced materials, aerodynamic modeling, and innovative manufacturing techniques enable turbines to reach unprecedented heights and generate more power than ever before. Automaxx, is able to shrink some of the engineering marvels from larger wind turbines to a residential wind turbine size such as the 1,500W wind turbines and with its expertise in turbine design and optimization, plays a pivotal role in pushing the boundaries of what's possible in wind energy technology. Economies of Scale Contrary to common intuition, building larger turbines often leads to lower overall costs per unit of energy produced. While the initial investment may be higher, larger turbines benefit from economies of scale in manufacturing, installation, and maintenance. They require fewer foundations and fewer turbines per unit of capacity, reducing land use and infrastructure costs. Moreover, larger turbines generate more electricity, leading to higher revenue and faster payback periods for developers and investors. Environmental Impact Scaling up wind turbines also brings environmental benefits. By producing more electricity with fewer turbines, large-scale wind farms can offset a significant amount of greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuel power plants. Additionally, the land footprint per unit of energy produced decreases with larger turbines, minimizing habitat disruption and land use conflicts. Automaxx's commitment to sustainability ensures that its turbine designs prioritize environmental stewardship while maximizing energy output. Community Considerations The expansion of wind energy often faces opposition from local communities concerned about visual impact, noise pollution, and other potential drawbacks. Large turbines can address some of these concerns by consolidating the footprint of wind farms and reducing the total number of turbines required. Additionally, advancements in noise reduction technologies and siting practices help mitigate the impact on nearby residents. Automaxx works closely with communities to address their concerns and optimize the design and placement of wind turbines for mutual benefit. In conclusion, the remarkable size of modern wind turbines is not merely a result of engineering extravagance but a strategic response to the challenges of harnessing wind energy effectively. By embracing scale, companies like Automaxx are revolutionizing the renewable energy landscape, driving down costs, minimizing environmental impact, and accelerating the transition to a more sustainable future. As we continue to push the boundaries of innovation, the sky is truly the limit for wind energy. Automaxx stands ready to lead the charge toward a greener tomorrow, with cutting-edge turbine technology that maximizes performance and minimizes environmental footprint. Join us in harnessing the power of the wind to build a brighter, more sustainable world. Automaxx \| To a Greener Future - Shop here: https://automaxxwindmill.com/shop/ - About Us: https://automaxxwindmill.com/about/
To handle Chicago's roughly 175 behavioral health-related 911 calls each day, the city relies almost entirely on the police — an approach that can lead to jail detentions, unnecessary hospitalizations and violent police confrontations. A pilot program under Mayor Lori Lightfoot aims to curb the police role. The program, Crisis Assistance Response and Engagement, is setting up mobile teams that include paramedics, mental health clinicians and, in some cases, cops trained in crisis response. The teams aim to deescalate crises and connect people to the care they need. Since the program's September 2021 launch, CARE responses have not included any arrests or uses of force. The program expanded to three full-time teams last summer. But those teams together have averaged fewer than two 911 responses per day, according to city data. City officials blame those numbers on initial 911 protocols for CARE — rules established by Illinois public health regulators to ensure the teams would be safe and prepared for the situations they're walking into. Those protocols have limited the teams to calls with minimal safety risks. But the city says the protocols, starting next month, are going to loosen up. "We actually have approval … to go on calls where people are yelling, screaming, pacing," said Matt Richards, a deputy public health commissioner. Richards said the change will allow teams to handle calls that are ripe for a mental health intervention. "If somebody is yelling, screaming or otherwise dysregulated — that's actually exactly what [CARE teams] exist to work with," he said. When the pilot launched, dispatchers could send CARE teams only to calls labeled as "mental health disturbances." That left the traditional police-only response for suicide threats, well-being checks and trespassing, an issue in which mental health often plays a role, because people with mental illness who are unhoused sometimes try to find shelter in doorways or abandoned buildings. Those calls will now be eligible for a CARE response. Chicago Public Health Commissioner Allison Arwady said the first year and a half of CARE operations has demonstrated the program's safety and professionalism. "I do think we feel more well-positioned to be a little bit more proactive about going on calls where there's greater uncertainty," Arwady said. Anders Lindall, a spokesperson for AFSCME Council 31, the union for the city's public health employees, voiced no alarm about their safety under the new 911 rules and celebrated the change: "These are the types of calls that can often get the hairiest with police, with the most potential for escalation. Mental health workers will be able to deescalate for better outcomes." City officials do not know how many calls will be dispatched to CARE teams under the new 911 rules. The teams will remain ineligible for any scene known to involve a weapon. And teams can be sent to calls with kicking, spitting or hitting, but only under limited circumstances and if the team includes a police officer. Still, Richards said he expects the number of qualifying calls to greatly expand — and that will require more staffing. Currently the city's health department has six staff members on CARE teams. "My big focus is literally doubling the size," Richards said. Arwady said the position requires specialized skills, and the hiring is not easy: "We're posting, and we're not — we might not always get candidates." While mental health activists, police officers and city officials all largely agree the city needs more ways to respond to mental health crises than sending police, there have been disagreements about how CARE should operate. Treatment Not Trauma, a campaign led by some Chicago mental health professionals and advocates, is asking the city to remove police officers from the program. They argue the presence of armed cops can escalate tension and lead to violence, even fatalities. A study by the Virginia-based Treatment Advocacy Center found "people with untreated mental illness are 16 times more likely to be killed during a police encounter than other civilians." But public health officials argue that having police on some teams allows CARE to respond to a broader range of calls. As Chicago expands its mobile teams, public health officials and advocates are pointing to a shortage of destinations to take people for services. Lindall, the union spokesperson, said CARE teams encounter long waiting lists when trying to connect people to immediate help. "Currently, if someone needs services urgently, or things like a medication refill, their only choice is to take them to an ER if they can't find an immediate opening," he said. Treatment Not Trauma is trying to persuade the city to reopen mental health clinics that Mayor Rahm Emanuel's administration closed in 2012. Most of Chicago's mayoral candidates say they would do that if elected. But Lightfoot has argued that reopening the clinics would not be the best use of limited mental health resources. Arwady said the city is looking to buy a hotel where crisis teams can take people who need both shelter and mental health support. Her department is also hoping to build a sobering center, where teams would take intoxicated people instead of sending them into the criminal justice system. "The most visible part is what happens with 911, but we are … also working on alternate destinations," Arwady said, adding that the goal is to "break the cycle" in which people need emergency services repeatedly.
Social Worker Job Description [Updated for 2024] In our interconnected society, the role of social workers has never been more important. As societal challenges evolve, so does the need for professionals who can navigate, address, and provide solutions within our social fabric. But what are the actual responsibilities of a social worker? Whether you are: - A job seeker trying to grasp the essence of this profession, - A hiring manager seeking to outline the perfect candidate, - Or simply intrigued by the intricacies of social work, You're in the right place. Today, we reveal a customizable social worker job description template, designed for easy posting on job boards or career sites. Let's delve right into it. Social Worker Duties and Responsibilities Social Workers play a critical role in society by improving the lives of individuals and communities. They work with various population groups, including children, adults, elderly, and the vulnerable, providing necessary guidance, advocacy, and support. Their primary duties and responsibilities include: - Assessing client needs and developing plans to improve their situation - Providing counseling and therapy to clients facing various personal issues - Connecting clients with resources such as healthcare, legal aid, financial assistance, or housing - Working collaboratively with other professionals, like psychologists, teachers, or doctors, to ensure holistic care - Advocating for the rights and needs of clients at the individual and community level - Maintaining case files and reports, and document all services provided - Participating in case reviews and providing expert testimony in court if needed - Conducting research to understand social issues and develop programs to address them - Providing crisis intervention in situations such as child abuse or domestic violence - Encouraging clients to participate in social activities to improve their physical, mental, and emotional well-being - Continually learning and updating knowledge on social work practices, policies, and resources Social Worker Job Description Template Job Brief We are looking for a compassionate Social Worker to act as advocate and help people foster their capacities and coping mechanisms in order to improve and better their daily lives and experiences. Social Workers' responsibilities include providing emotional support, developing treatment plans, and helping clients access community services and resources. Our ideal candidates are familiar with case management and different types of therapies, and have a deep respect for human rights and individuality. Ultimately, the role of the social worker is to ensure the welfare of the client and guide them towards a better life situation. - Evaluate clients' needs and situations through interviews and observations - Develop treatment and assistance plans - Provide individual and group therapy based on clients' needs - Help clients adjust to changes in their life and develop coping mechanisms - Assist clients in finding and utilizing community resources - Collaborate with other professionals for clients' welfare - Document all meetings, treatments, and actions for case records - Ensure all case actions are legal and ethical - Follow up with clients to evaluate progress and provide additional assistance - Proven work experience as a Social Worker - Knowledge of social theories and practices - Ability to handle stressful situations - Understanding of legal and ethical issues related to social work - Experience with case notes and other documentation - Excellent communication and people skills - Ability to build and maintain professional helping relationships - Ability to empathize with and support people in distress - BSc/BA degree in social work, psychology or sociology - 401(k) - Health insurance - Dental insurance - Retirement plan - Paid time off - Professional development opportunities Additional Information - Job Title: Social Worker - Work Environment: Office setting with options for remote work. Some travel may be required for client visits or meetings. - Reporting Structure: Reports to the Head of Social Services or Social Work Supervisor. - Salary: Salary is based upon candidate experience and qualifications, as well as market and business considerations. - Pay Range: $44,200 minimum to $63,140 maximum - Location: [City, State] (specify the location or indicate if remote) - Employment Type: Full-time - Equal Opportunity Statement: We are an equal opportunity employer and value diversity at our company. We do not discriminate on the basis of race, religion, color, national origin, gender, sexual orientation, age, marital status, veteran status, or disability status. - Application Instructions: Please submit your resume and a cover letter outlining your qualifications and experience to [email address or application portal]. What Does a Social Worker Do? Social Workers play a vital role in assisting individuals, families, and groups of people to cope with problems they're facing and improve their lives. They often work for non-profit organizations, government agencies, schools, and healthcare facilities. Social Workers provide help and support to people facing serious challenges such as poverty, addiction, mental health issues, and family problems. They can offer counseling, therapy, education, and connect people with the resources they need to improve their situations. They also conduct interviews to assess the needs of their clients and develop plans to improve their well-being. They might work with other professionals like psychologists, psychiatrists, medical doctors, or teachers to ensure a holistic approach to the client's needs. Social Workers also advocate for their clients when they are unable to do so themselves. This could involve speaking on behalf of clients at legal hearings, or advocating for policy changes that will benefit their clients and the community as a whole. In addition to these responsibilities, they keep detailed records and reports to track their clients' progress and are often responsible for raising public awareness on issues such as child abuse, homelessness, and substance abuse. Social Worker Qualifications and Skills A proficient social worker must possess skills and qualifications that align with the job description, which may include: - Strong interpersonal skills to connect and communicate with a diverse range of individuals, families, and groups. - Exceptional communication skills to listen, understand, and provide advice to people dealing with various challenges and issues. - Understanding of social services and resources to help guide clients through necessary processes and access available assistance. - Critical thinking skills to assess client situations, develop plans of action, and adapt these plans as circumstances change. - Empathy and emotional intelligence to understand and respond to the emotional needs and struggles of clients. - Knowledge of relevant laws and regulations that may impact clients' situations and rights. - Strong organizational skills to manage caseloads, maintain detailed records, and meet administrative requirements. - Problem-solving skills to help clients navigate challenges and overcome obstacles. - Patience and resilience to cope with stressful situations and emotionally charged interactions. Social Worker Experience Requirements Social workers generally require a bachelor's degree in social work (BSW) and some practical experience, often through internships or part-time roles in social service agencies, hospitals, or public welfare offices. This gives them a broad understanding of social issues, policies, and human behavior. Entry-level candidates may need 1 to 2 years of experience. This experience can be gained through roles such as case worker, mental health assistant, or community outreach worker. They often work under the supervision of more experienced social workers to gain a better understanding of the field and develop their skills. Candidates with 3 to 5 years of experience usually have a deeper understanding of social work theories and interventions, and have often spent time in a specialized area of social work such as mental health, children and families, or geriatrics. Those with more than 5 years of experience often have supervisory or managerial experience, and may be ready for roles such as program director, clinical supervisor, or agency administrator. In many cases, social workers with this level of experience hold a master's degree in social work (MSW) and have also completed state-mandated licensing and certification requirements. Social Worker Education and Training Requirements To become a Social Worker, one typically needs to hold a bachelor's degree in social work (BSW), although a degree in psychology or sociology may also be accepted. The bachelor's program should provide a broad understanding of social welfare policy, human behavior, and social environment. Practical training via fieldwork is also a significant part of the program. For clinical social work roles, a master's degree in social work (MSW) is mandatory. The MSW program is designed to provide advanced training in clinical assessment and management, research methodology, and social policy analysis. In addition to the academic qualifications, all states require social workers to be licensed, certified, or registered, although the requirements vary by state. For clinical social workers, they typically need two years or 3,000 hours of supervised clinical experience after obtaining their degree. Continuing education is also important in this profession, as it helps keep social workers up-to-date with the latest research and techniques in their field. Additional certifications from the National Association of Social Workers (NASW) can also improve job prospects and potential for career advancement. These certifications may focus on specific areas of social work, such as healthcare, children and family, or mental health. Social Worker Salary Expectations A Social Worker can expect an average salary of $51,760 (USD) per year. However, this figure can fluctuate based on factors such as the social worker's level of education, years of experience in the field, and the cost of living in the area they are working in. Other factors that can impact a social worker's salary include the specific sector of social work they are employed in and the size of the organization they work for. Social Worker Job Description FAQs A social worker should have strong communication and interpersonal skills to interact effectively with clients and family members. They must have empathy and patience to understand the problems of their clients. Additionally, they should possess problem-solving skills to find suitable solutions to their clients' issues. Moreover, social workers need to have organizational skills and knowledge of social services and resources. Yes, social workers generally need a Bachelor's degree in social work (BSW) for entry-level positions. However, some positions, especially in healthcare or school settings, may require a Master's degree in social work (MSW). Also, every state requires social workers to be licensed, certified, or registered, although the requirements vary by state. In a social worker's resume, look for degrees in social work and the required licensure for your state. In addition, prior work experience in the social work field or in related areas like counseling or mental health services can be an advantage. It's also helpful if the candidate has knowledge of social services resources and experience working with specific populations such as the elderly, children, or substance abusers. Good social workers have strong empathy and a genuine desire to help others. They must have resilience and emotional intelligence to manage the stress that comes with working in challenging environments. They also need excellent communication and listening skills to understand their clients' needs and problems. Organizational skills and time management are also essential as they often juggle multiple cases at once. A social worker's daily duties may include conducting interviews with clients and their families to assess their situation, developing plans to improve their clients' well-being, referring clients to community resources like food stamps or childcare, responding to crisis situations like child abuse, and following up with clients to ensure their situation has improved. They also often work in teams and may consult with other professionals, such as psychologists, teachers, or doctors. And that's the long and short of it. Today, we've lifted the veil on what being a social worker truly entails. It's not just about providing assistance. It's about kindling hope, one individual at a time. With our tried-and-true social worker job description template and real-life scenarios, you're ready to take the leap. But why rest on your laurels? Delve further with our job description generator. It's your stepping stone to precisely-crafted listings or refining your resume to a tee. Every individual you help is a piece of the bigger societal puzzle. Let's mend our society. Together. Reasons to Become a Social Worker (Solve Problems, Provide Support!) How to Become a Social Worker (Complete Guide) Disadvantages of Being a Social Worker (Long Hours, Low Pay) Social Worker Resume Headlines Lazy? Maybe. Rich? Definitely! Easy Jobs That Pay Off Big Time! AI's Labor Landscape: The Jobs That Are Evolving
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Maine coon cat for sale price – Prepare to embark on a captivating journey into the realm of Maine Coon cats, where beauty, grace, and affordability intertwine. With their distinctive physical attributes, gentle personalities, and a price range that caters to discerning cat enthusiasts, Maine Coons stand as a testament to the wonders of the feline world. Join us as we unveil the secrets behind their allure and delve into the factors that shape their value, ensuring you make an informed decision when bringing home your own furry companion. As we explore the nuances of Maine Coon cat prices, we'll unravel the intricate tapestry of breed characteristics, age and health considerations, geographical influences, breeder reputation, show quality, and ongoing ownership costs. Along the way, we'll draw comparisons to other popular cat breeds, empowering you with the knowledge to discern the unique worth of Maine Coons. Maine Coon Cat Price Range Maine Coon cats are a popular breed, and their price can vary depending on several factors. The typical price range for a Maine Coon cat is between $400 and $1,200. However, some Maine Coon cats can sell for as much as $2,000 or more.The price of a Maine Coon cat is influenced by several factors, including: - Bloodline:Maine Coon cats with a good bloodline, meaning they come from a long line of purebred cats, will typically cost more than cats with a less distinguished bloodline. - Age:Kittens will typically cost more than adult cats. - Health:Cats that are healthy and have no major health problems will typically cost more than cats that are sick or have health problems. - Temperament:Cats that are friendly and have a good temperament will typically cost more than cats that are aggressive or have a bad temperament. - Location:The price of Maine Coon cats can vary depending on the location. Cats in areas with a high demand for Maine Coons will typically cost more than cats in areas with a low demand. Breed Characteristics and Impact on Price: Maine Coon Cat For Sale Price Maine Coon cats are a captivating breed renowned for their distinct physical and personality traits. Their unique combination of size, appearance, and temperament has contributed to their popularity and elevated their price point.These gentle giants are known for their massive size, with males often weighing over 20 pounds. Their semi-longhaired coats, which come in a variety of colors and patterns, provide a lush and luxurious appearance. Their distinctive facial features, including large, expressive eyes and prominent ear tufts, add to their charming demeanor.Beyond their physical attributes, Maine Coons are highly prized for their exceptional personality. They are known for being affectionate, playful, and intelligent. Their laid-back nature makes them ideal companions for families with children or other pets. Their playful antics and affectionate nature further enhance their appeal. Coat Type and Maintenance, Maine coon cat for sale price The Maine Coon's semi-longhaired coat requires regular grooming to maintain its health and beauty. Brushing a few times a week helps prevent mats and tangles. However, their coat's unique texture, which is both water-resistant and insulating, makes it relatively low-maintenance compared to other longhaired breeds. Size and Weight The Maine Coon's impressive size and weight contribute to their desirability. Their large frame and muscular build give them a regal appearance, while their substantial weight provides a sense of security and comfort. Temperament and Affection Maine Coons' affectionate and playful personalities make them highly sought-after companions. Their gentle nature and love of attention make them ideal for families with children or those seeking a loyal and loving pet. Age and Health Considerations The age of a Maine Coon cat plays a significant role in determining its price. Younger kittens, especially those under 12 weeks old, are typically more expensive due to their high demand and the additional care and attention they require. As cats grow older, their price generally decreases, with adult cats being more affordable than kittens. Health factors also have a substantial impact on the price of Maine Coon cats. Cats with a clean bill of health and no underlying medical conditions are generally more valuable than those with health issues. Genetic predispositions, such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), can affect a cat's price, as potential buyers may be concerned about future health expenses. Health Screening To ensure the health of Maine Coon cats, it is recommended to have them undergo regular veterinary check-ups and health screenings. These screenings can help detect any potential health issues early on, allowing for prompt treatment and potentially reducing the risk of future health problems. Location and Availability The geographical distribution of Maine Coon cats influences their price due to factors like availability and demand. In regions where these cats are more common, their price tends to be lower as supply meets demand. Conversely, in areas where they are less prevalent, their scarcity can lead to higher prices. For instance, in the United States, Maine Coons are more prevalent in the Northeast and Midwest regions, resulting in lower prices compared to areas like the West Coast or Southern states, where their availability is more limited. Impact of Supply and Demand The principle of supply and demand plays a crucial role in determining Maine Coon cat prices. In areas with a high supply of these cats, such as regions where they are commonly bred, prices tend to be lower due to less competition among sellers. On the other hand, in regions with limited supply, prices can be higher as buyers compete for the available cats. The interplay of supply and demand creates a dynamic market, influencing the pricing of Maine Coon cats based on their availability in different geographical regions. Breeder Reputation and Certification Acquiring a Maine Coon cat from a reputable breeder is crucial for several reasons. Renowned breeders prioritize the health, temperament, and genetic diversity of their cats, ensuring that you receive a well-rounded and healthy companion. Certifications and lineage play a significant role in determining the price of Maine Coon cats. Certifications from reputable organizations, such as The International Cat Association (TICA) or the Cat Fanciers' Association (CFA), attest to the cat's adherence to breed standards and lineage. Importance of Certifications - Guarantee of breed purity and adherence to established standards. - Verification of health screenings and genetic testing to minimize the risk of inherited diseases. - Documentation of lineage and pedigree, providing insights into the cat's genetic background and potential health issues. Impact of Lineage - Cats with exceptional lineage, such as those from champion bloodlines, may command higher prices due to their desirable traits and genetic superiority. - Kittens from parents with proven show records or notable achievements may also be priced higher. When selecting a breeder, it's essential to inquire about their certification status, experience, and breeding practices. Reputable breeders will be transparent about their cats' health, lineage, and any potential genetic concerns. Show Quality and Breeding Potential Maine Coon cats with exceptional qualities may command a higher price due to their potential for success in cat shows or breeding programs. These cats typically exhibit superior physical attributes, temperament, and lineage that align with breed standards. Factors contributing to their value include: Physical Attributes - Size and Appearance:Maine Coons with large frames, distinctive ruffs, and luxurious tails are highly sought after. - Coat:Dense, water-resistant fur with a silky texture and vibrant colors is considered desirable. - Eye Color:Green, gold, or hazel eyes are preferred, especially if they complement the coat color. - Personality:Gentle, affectionate, and playful cats are highly valued. - Intelligence:Maine Coons known for their intelligence and trainability are preferred. - Champion Bloodlines:Cats descended from renowned show champions or breeding lines carry a higher value. - Registration and Pedigree:Documentation verifying the cat's lineage and adherence to breed standards enhances its worth. Cost of Ownership Bringing a Maine Coon into your home is a rewarding experience, but it also comes with ongoing expenses. These expenses vary depending on factors such as your cat's age, health, and lifestyle. Here's an overview of the typical costs associated with owning a Maine Coon: Food:Maine Coons are large cats with hearty appetites. A high-quality diet is essential for their health and well-being. Expect to spend around $50-$100 per month on food, depending on the brand and type of food you choose. Veterinary Care:Regular veterinary checkups are crucial for maintaining your cat's health. These checkups typically include vaccinations, deworming, and a physical examination. The cost of a checkup can range from $50 to $200, depending on the location and services provided. Grooming:Maine Coons have long, thick coats that require regular grooming to prevent matting and shedding. Professional grooming sessions can cost anywhere from $50 to $100 per session. However, you can also groom your cat at home with a brush and comb, which will save you money. Other Expenses - Pet Insurance:Pet insurance can help cover the cost of unexpected veterinary expenses. The cost of pet insurance varies depending on the provider and the level of coverage you choose. - Toys and Enrichment:Maine Coons are active cats that need plenty of mental and physical stimulation. Providing them with toys and enrichment activities can help keep them healthy and happy. The cost of toys and enrichment items can vary depending on the type and quality. - Cat Carrier and Accessories:If you plan to travel with your Maine Coon, you'll need a cat carrier and other accessories such as a litter box and food and water bowls. The cost of these items can range from $50 to $200. Overall, the cost of owning a Maine Coon can range from $500 to $1,500 per year, depending on your cat's individual needs and your lifestyle. Market Trends and Fluctuations The Maine Coon cat market has experienced significant fluctuations in recent years. Understanding these trends and identifying the factors influencing price changes can provide valuable insights for potential buyers and breeders. Historical data indicates a steady increase in Maine Coon cat prices, with occasional dips during economic downturns. The demand for this breed has remained consistently high due to its distinctive physical characteristics and affectionate personality. Factors Influencing Price Fluctuations - Economic Conditions:Economic recessions or downturns can lead to a decrease in disposable income, resulting in a decline in demand for luxury items such as purebred cats. - Supply and Demand:An increase in the number of Maine Coon breeders can lead to a higher supply of kittens, potentially lowering prices. Conversely, a decrease in supply due to factors such as health issues or natural disasters can drive prices upward. - Popularity and Trends:The popularity of Maine Coon cats can influence prices. Increased media attention or celebrity endorsements can lead to a surge in demand and higher prices. - Health and Genetics:The health and genetic quality of Maine Coon cats can impact their value. Kittens from reputable breeders with a history of producing healthy animals with desirable traits typically command higher prices. Forecasting Future Trends Predicting future market trends for Maine Coon cats can be challenging, but certain factors can provide some guidance: - Economic Outlook:A strong economy with low unemployment rates can positively impact the demand for luxury items, including purebred cats. - Breed Popularity:Continued popularity and positive media coverage of Maine Coon cats can sustain high demand and prices. - Health and Breeding Practices:Advances in veterinary medicine and responsible breeding practices can improve the health and longevity of Maine Coon cats, potentially increasing their value. Comparison with Other Breeds Maine Coon cats are generally more expensive than other popular cat breeds, but there are several reasons for this. Maine Coons are known for their large size, distinctive appearance, and gentle personalities, which makes them highly sought after by cat enthusiasts. Other factors that contribute to the higher price of Maine Coons include their rarity and the cost of breeding and raising them. Maine Coons are not as common as other breeds, and they require specialized care and attention during their development. Factors Affecting Price Differences - Size:Maine Coons are one of the largest domestic cat breeds, and their size contributes to their higher price. - Appearance:Maine Coons have a distinctive appearance with their long, flowing fur, large paws, and bushy tails. This unique look makes them highly desirable among cat lovers. - Personality:Maine Coons are known for their gentle and affectionate personalities, making them popular as family pets. - Rarity:Maine Coons are not as common as other breeds, which contributes to their higher price. - Breeding Costs:Breeding Maine Coons requires specialized knowledge and care, which adds to the cost of producing kittens. - Raising Costs:Maine Coons require a lot of food, space, and attention during their development, which increases the cost of raising them. Ending Remarks As we conclude our exploration of Maine Coon cat prices, it's evident that these magnificent felines are not merely pets but cherished companions whose value extends beyond monetary measures. Their captivating presence, unwavering loyalty, and boundless affection make them a priceless addition to any home. Whether you're a seasoned cat lover or a first-time feline enthusiast, the Maine Coon's allure is undeniable. Embrace the opportunity to share your life with one of these extraordinary creatures and witness firsthand the joy and fulfillment they bring.
SukkhaCitta, established by Denica Riadini-Flesch, is an eco-friendly brand that specialises in ready-to-wear cotton silk batik made by providing employment opportunities to women from rural villages. Her dedication to this cause has earned her the Rolex Awards for Enterprise Driven by a deep-rooted commitment to catalyse positive change in rural Indonesia, Denica Riadini-Flesch is on a mission to empower textile artisans throughout the country to earn fair wages from their craft while preserving their rich cultural heritage. Her innovative One Village One Collection model, SukkhaCitta, stands as a beacon of social entrepreneurship, reimagining traditional Indonesian textiles to drive sustainable impact in rural communities. Riadini-Flesch's steadfast dedication to her cause has garnered her a multitude of accolades and honours, including the prestigious Rolex Awards for Enterprise. This recognition celebrates individuals who dedicate themselves to improving lives while safeguarding the planet for future generations. In harmony with Rolex's Perpetual Planet Initiative, the Rolex Awards for Enterprise exemplify the company's core values. For generations, rural textile artisans in Indonesia have grappled with middlemen, but SukkhaCitta is changing that narrative. In a departure from past approaches, Riadini-Flesch is harnessing the power of market dynamics to instigate transformation within this industry. Through her innovative from-farm-to-closet model, she combines access to both knowledge and markets, pioneering a shift in the informal hand-worker economy. Using SukkhaCitta, she collaborates with rural craftswomen in Indonesia, equipping them with essential business skills, environmental awareness, and access to customers across 32 countries. The social enterprise also cultivates grassroots entrepreneurs who serve as catalysts for positive change, multiplying the impact within their communities. This approach empowers artisans throughout Indonesia to earn fair wages from their craft, fostering economic sustainability while preserving their cultural traditions. See also: Resorts World Sentosa, NTU's Earth Observatory of Singapore sign research collaboration MOU underwater SukkhaCitta craftswoman Ibu Kasmini preparing cotton before spinning it into threads. SukkhaCitta prides itself on making ethically hand-crafted garments whilst ensuring their craftswomen are working in a safe environment and for fair wages Empowering craftswomen Riadini-Flesch's path towards women empowerment is a captivating narrative that led her through a steep learning curve. Reflecting on her journey in an interview with Options, she acknowledges the initial missteps, such as the common mistake of approaching communities with the mindset of "we want to help you". She believes this approach can inadvertently portray communities as helpless. See also: Driving innovation and sustainability in Asean She says: "Coming from development aid, that was really my biggest eye opening moment. They don't need help, they have the skills and the determination to change their own lives; what they need is someone to believe in them. In the beginning, I lived with them, I went to their communities. I stayed in their houses and went to the field with them. "They felt that with all the messaging that they have received all their lives, people from the city are superior, and they are inferior. It was very difficult for them to even look me in the eye, because they felt like they were less than me. So I had to live with them, I had to ask them to teach me things so that we can start changing that perspective that they saw me not as an outsider, but as an equal." A pivotal moment occurs when the women accept her as an equal. Riadini-Flesch describes it as "when the magic happens", signifying a profound connection. It's at this juncture, she explains, that true dialogue emerges — when they feel heard, they begin to ask questions, bringing forth challenges that they collaboratively address and solve. For the past eight years, she has been tackling these challenges head-on, seeking out problems and creating solutions. "We were specifically not looking for a production plan; we were looking for problems that we can solve. In each of our villages, we have a local leader, local champion. If I can find someone who is young and committed to really be a changemaker in their community and leads a co-operative from the ground up with me, only then can we go ahead. "The interesting thing about SukkhaCitta is that because we work with villagers in our factories, we have decentralised production in a way that each of our villages is specialised in a particular craft that is always tied to the history of the village," she explains. For instance, there is a village in East Java that once thrived as a batik hub and nearly every woman in the village practised the artisan craft. However, as they struggled to sustain themselves financially, they were compelled, one by one, to abandon this tradition. When Riadini-Flesch first visited the village years ago, only three women artisans remained. These were the initial collaborators who joined her in her work and they were all around 60 years old at the time. This narrative echoes across Indonesia, where younger women are not interested in carrying on the craft, as they grew up witnessing their mothers' hardships. Recognising the intergenerational aspect of this cultural heritage, Riadini-Flesch realised that urgent action was needed. Without intervention, there was a risk of losing the cultural identity within two generations. Riadini-Flesch says this is akin to witnessing a library of culture burning before our eyes; yet many remain oblivious to the flames. Today, artisans face the challenge of competing with printed fabrics that mimic their traditional motifs at a fraction of the cost. They are forced to vie against machines, making it increasingly difficult for them to sustain a livelihood through their craft. For more lifestyle, arts and fashion trends, click here for Options Section "To me, it's incredibly disheartening," she continues, "Craft isn't just about creating beautiful objects; it's also about our quest for meaning and connection. Think about the most meaningful piece in your closet — it's likely something passed down from your mother or grandmother, or perhaps something you purchased directly from an artisan, knowing the story behind its creation. It's more than just an object; it's a narrative, a part of our heritage. Yet, today, we've become disconnected from these stories, unaware of the impact of our choices." This disconnection has led to a host of social and environmental issues. Not only do the women struggle to earn a living from their craft, but toxic dyes also continue to pollute the rivers. One of the most polluted rivers in the world is in Indonesia, with 340,000 tonnes of toxic dyes dumped into it every day. Despite this, Riadini-Flesch still believes there is still a way to reclaim heritage and protect the environment. That is why she has embarked on a journey to rediscover the traditional dyeing methods of the older generations — how it was done before the era of chemical dyes. By reconnecting with these ancestral recipes and replanting the necessary plants, she wants to revive these forgotten practices. Through simple choices, like the shirt you wear today, you can make a difference in the lives of women and contribute to a more sustainable future, she suggests. Batik artisans like Ibu Srikanthi draw intricate patterns on textiles using wax, so that when the clothes are dyed, a stark imprint of the beautiful designs is left on the garment Scaling greater heights with the support of Rolex Riadini-Flesch's innovation and determination has captured the attention of the Rolex Awards for Enterprise, perfectly aligning with Rolex's Perpetual Planet Initiative. With a rich tradition spanning a century of backing explorers and innovators dedicated to deepening our comprehension of the natural world, Rolex reaffirmed its commitment in 2019 with the introduction of the Perpetual Planet Initiative. This Initiative stands as a testament to Rolex's dedication to supporting endeavours aimed at tackling environmental challenges and fostering the restoration of balance to ecosystems. In contrast to numerous award programs, the Rolex Awards prioritise recognising new or ongoing projects rather than past achievements. Since its inception, the support extended by Rolex to award recipients has proven catalytic, sparking transformative changes in both individual lives and communities alike. These Awards have ignited fresh perspectives on addressing collective challenges, ranging from the creation of life-enhancing technologies to the preservation of endangered ecosystems, the protection of oceans, exploration of uncharted territories, and the advancement of science and healthcare. How will the Rolex Awards for Enterprise help SukkhaCitta? Riadini-Flesch says: "It's a game-changer for us. Because the support of Rolex will allow us to physically scale our schools that will allow us to reach more women. At the same time, it will also enable us to digitise our curriculums that we have perfected, in particular, the regenerative farming education training." With this support, Riadini-Flesch is able to extend her reach to the more remote communities in Indonesia, providing training in local languages and empowering trainers. This means it is no longer just her leading the training efforts but a network of individuals, amplifying the impact on a larger scale. SukkhaCitta has made significant strides — from starting with just three women who believed in this dream eight years ago to now impacting nearly 1500 lives. Batik is made by drawing patterns on textile in wax, using a spouted tool called a tjanting "By 2030, our goal is to reach 10,000 lives and simultaneously regenerate 1000 hectares of degraded soil. With the support of Rolex, I am confident that we can achieve this. A crucial aspect of my current work is advocacy. For me, SukkhaCitta has never been just about a brand or clothing; it's always been about transforming the way things are made, right from the farm. It's about ensuring that each choice supports the livelihoods of those involved while also healing our planet." Over the past eight years, the enterprise has developed a blueprint that can be applied to any industry. She says: "Just think about the coffee you had this morning — what if we could change how it's grown and ensure that everyone involved earns a living wage? This approach is universally applicable, from the food on your breakfast table to countless other practices. This universality is what drives me, and it's why I'm passionate about being part of the Rolex Perpetual Planet Initiative. With Rolex's support, I can amplify this model and advocate for its adoption across industries and countries." Riadini-Flesch's enthusiasm to become part of the Rolex Awards community is evident, as she sees it as an opportunity to amplify this model of change. "For me, it's an invitation to join a movement aimed at transforming how our modern economy operates — starting with regenerative agriculture and ending with reinvesting in indigenous communities," she explains. "I truly believe that this is how we can collectively address and solve these challenges, by becoming part of the solution."
Our Research Over the past two decades there has been transformative growth in available experimental platforms with control over single atoms, molecules, spins, or photons. There are now quantum computing systems with neutral atoms in tweezer arrays and superconducting circuits that have single-particle control of hundreds of qubits, and related high-precision systems with trapped ions and solid state spins. These systems present both opportunities and challenges for theoretical physics. The opportunities come because we can explore physical phenomena that were previously inaccessible, especially asking major questions about out of equilibrium dynamics, and strongly interacting many-particle systems. The challenges come in understanding how to control noise and decoherence, how to enter and verify regimes of quantum advantage over classical computation, and how to apply these systems to the most interesting computational problems in science and beyond. Our theory team uses analytical and numerical techniques to explore the opportunities and address challenges set by these experiments. Our primary aims are (1) to explore novel physical phenomena that can be studied in these experiments, motivated by new experimental techniques and opportunities, and (2) to set a roadmap for experiments, providing new potential architectures and applications for quantum computing and quantum simulation of many-body systems. We also work directly with experimental teams locally, nationally, and internationally to realise parts of this roadmap, and directly model what is seen in the laboratory.
Having worked in a bike shop for the better part of two years, I saw firsthand one of the most divisive topics in the cycling world: e-bikes. Being at a shop that rented and sold e-bikes, or electric bikes, I learned about the spectrum of opinions on them, being good, bad or some mix of both. Before getting in too deep, I should note there are three classifications of e-bikes: one, two and three. Class ones only engage the battery when the rider is pedaling, topping out at 20 miles per hour of assist. Class twos also top out at 20 miles per hour of assist, but have a throttle that can engage the battery when not pedaling. Class three bikes can top out at 28 miles per hour of assist, and may have a throttle or pedal assist, depending on the state. I will primarily be discussing class ones, as they are the most widely available type of e-bikes, are less restricted than the other classifications and I have the most experience with them. The legality and restrictions vary depending on location, but in general class one and some class two bikes are allowed on mixed-use paths (such as the Hockhocking Adena Bikeway), while not allowed on certain off-road trails. Class threes, due to their speed and impact on the environment, are banned on most bikeways. Originally, and up until somewhat recently, I was more on the side of being against e-bikes altogether. I saw them as dangerous to other trail users and unreliable. One of my biggest complaints used to be that the people who used them were lazy. It's a common criticism heard about e-bikes, especially those in the cycling community who have a more elitist view. However, a common theme I found while renting out e-bikes contradicted this. Most of the renters were either older and had mobility issues, or people looking to get fit via cycling but wanted to ease into the activity. For both types of people, the common theme was that they just wanted to bike and be outside without physical limitations. These groups typically buy e-bikes, but another demographic who wanted to buy e-bikes was commuters. Having to not put in as much work on your daily commute while also decreasing commuting times was appealing to those who used cycling as their main form of transportation. Even in bike dependent countries such as the Netherlands, e-bikes are becoming increasingly common due to their higher load capacity and better efficiency. Even after these positives, some may be turned off by the idea of an e-bike due to their batteries bursting into flames. I was still working at the bike shop when this was at its most prevalent in the news, causing many to have doubts when thinking about buying or renting e-bikes. The response given at the shop – that I still give today – to anyone with these doubts is to not skimp on price and buy from a reputable brand. Most of the fires were caused by cheap lithium ion batteries from non-reputable brands, and were also due to the user error of leaving the battery plugged in for too long. While it may be enticing to buy a cheap $200 e-bike off of Amazon, issues are far more likely to arise by cutting costs. In most cases, you will not receive the bike built, which means you have to take it to a local bike shop to build it, adding to the cost. Also, if issues do arise with the battery or electronics on a cheap bike, most shops will refuse to fix it because it is not a brand they sell. Some reputable brands of e-bikes include Electra, Momentum and Aventon. Most shops will sell at least one of these brands and will be able to better guide you in buying and servicing an e-bike. The big takeaways after a few years in the cycling world regarding e-bikes I've taken away are to not skimp on price and to get an e-bike for the right reason. While the price of a quality e-bike can be high, it has gone down in recent years and is a worthwhile investment. My philosophy is that if an e-bike can get someone outside who wouldn't otherwise be, and they do so responsibly, no real harm is done. Ethan Herx is a freshman studying media arts production at Ohio University. Please note that the views and opinions of the columnists do not reflect those of The Post. Want to share your thoughts? Let Ethan know by emailing or tweeting them at email@example.com or @ethanherx.
You Always Meet the Physiotherapist First Physiotherapists are often the first medical professionals (besides the doctor) patients meet when they enter the hospital because their expertise is essential in patients' initial assessment and triage. They evaluate patients' physical abilities and limitations, determine the extent of their injuries or conditions, and develop treatment plans to help them recover. Physiotherapy care in private physiotherapy clinic is essential for a smooth and complete recovery. Physiotherapists are trained to work with patients of all ages, from newborns to the elderly. They are skilled in identifying and treating various physical conditions, including musculoskeletal injuries, neurological disorders, and respiratory problems. Physiotherapists educate and guide patients and their families on taking charge of their discomfort and preventing further injury or illness. Key Takeaways - Physiotherapists are often the first medical professionals that patients meet when they enter the hospital because of their role in the initial assessment and triage of patients. - Physiotherapists provide early intervention and rehabilitation, interdisciplinary care coordination, patient education and guidance, post-surgical and acute care, and long-term recovery planning. - Specialised physiotherapy services are available for patients with specific conditions or needs. Role of Physiotherapy Clinics in Hospitals Physiotherapists play a crucial role in hospitals, as they are often the first medical professionals that patients meet. They work alongside other healthcare professionals to provide care and support to recovering patients from injuries, surgeries, or illnesses. Most patients are recommended to follow up with their physiotherapy clinic after discharge. The following are some of the critical roles that physiotherapists play in hospitals: - Assessment and Diagnosis Physiotherapists assess and diagnose patients to determine the best course of treatment. They use various techniques, including physical examinations, medical histories, and diagnostic tests, to identify the cause of a patient's pain or discomfort. Once they have made a diagnosis, they develop a treatment plan tailored to the patient's needs. - Rehabilitation Physiotherapists work with patients to help them regain mobility, core strength, and function after an injury, surgery, or illness. They use various techniques, including exercise, manual therapy, and electrotherapy, to help patients recover quickly and safely. They also provide advice and vital support to help patients manage themselves and prevent future injuries. - Pain Management Physiotherapists play a crucial role in managing pain in hospital patients. They use various techniques, including massage, exercise, and heat therapy, to help patients manage their pain and improve their quality of life. They also work with other healthcare professionals to develop pain management plans tailored to each patient's needs. - Education and Prevention Physiotherapists educate and advise patients to help them manage their conditions and prevent future injuries. They teach patients how to perform exercises safely and correctly and offer advice on lifestyle changes that can help improve their health. They also work with other healthcare professionals to develop prevention programmes that help reduce the risk of future injuries or illnesses. In summary, physiotherapists play a crucial role in hospitals by assessing and diagnosing patients, providing rehabilitation and pain management, and educating patients on managing their conditions and preventing future injuries. Their expertise and support are essential to expediting patients' recovery. Initial Assessment and Triage When patients arrive at the hospital, the first medical person they meet is usually a physiotherapist. Physiotherapists are trained to perform initial assessments and triage patients based on their physical condition and immediate needs. Assessment of Physical Condition The physiotherapist will begin by assessing the patient's physical condition, including checking vital signs such as blood pressure, heart rate, and oxygen saturation. They will also evaluate the patient's mobility, range of motion, and strength. This assessment helps the physiotherapist determine the severity of the patient's condition and the appropriate course of action. Determination of Immediate Needs Once the physiotherapist has assessed the patient's physical condition, they will determine their immediate needs. It may include pain relief, administering oxygen, or stabilising the patient's condition. The physiotherapist will also determine whether the patient needs to be in-patient or can be discharged with appropriate follow-up care. In summary, the physiotherapist is the first medical person a patient meets in the hospital. They are trained to perform initial assessments and triage patients based on their physical condition and immediate needs. Early Intervention and Rehabilitation Physiotherapists are crucial in providing early intervention and rehabilitation to hospital patients. They work closely with patients to diagnose each patient's weakness and develop personalised treatment plans that help them regain their strength, mobility, and independence. Preventive Care One of the primary goals of physiotherapy is to prevent complications that can arise from prolonged bed rest. Physiotherapists use various techniques to help patients maintain muscle strength and prevent joint stiffness. They also provide education on proper body mechanics to help patients avoid injury and reduce the risk of falls. Early Mobilisation Techniques Physiotherapists use early mobilisation techniques to help patients move as soon as possible after an injury or surgery, including exercises to improve range of motion, strength, and gait training. Early mobilisation has improved patient outcomes, including shorter hospital stays and faster recovery times. Overall, physiotherapists are the first medical professionals patients meet in the hospital because they play an essential role in promoting early intervention and rehabilitation. By providing preventive care and early mobilisation techniques, physiotherapists help patients regain their strength and independence, improving their overall quality of life. Interdisciplinary Care Coordination - Collaboration with Medical Team Physiotherapists work as part of an interdisciplinary team in a hospital setting. They collaborate with other medical professionals, such as doctors and nurses, to provide extensive patient care. Multidisciplinary care coordination is essential to ensure that patients receive the best possible care. It involves sharing information and expertise among team members to develop a unified care plan for each patient. - Patient-Centred Care Planning The interdisciplinary team places the patient at the centre of the care plan. The team collaborates to develop a patient-centred care plan that considers the patient's medical history, current condition, and individual needs. The physiotherapist plays a crucial role in this process by assessing the patient's physical abilities and limitations and developing a treatment plan that aligns with the patient's goals and preferences. Effective interdisciplinary care coordination requires clear communication, and a commitment to providing the most effective care to patients. Patient Education and Guidance Physiotherapists play a vital role in educating and guiding patients during their hospital stay. They provide instructions on assistive devices, pain management strategies, and other relevant topics to help patients regain their independence and improve their quality of life. Instructions on Assistive Devices Physiotherapists educate patients on using assistive devices such as crutches, walkers, and wheelchairs. They demonstrate how to use these devices safely and effectively and provide guidance on adjusting them to fit the patient's needs. In addition, they teach patients how to navigate their environment with these devices to prevent falls and other accidents. Pain Management Strategies Physiotherapists also guide pain management strategies. They educate patients on the different types of pain and the various techniques available to manage them, including exercises, stretches, massage, and heat and cold therapy. They also work with patients to develop individualised pain management plans, considering their unique needs and preferences. Overall, patient education and guidance are essential components of physiotherapy practice. Post-Surgical and Acute Care Physiotherapists play a crucial role in post-surgical and acute care management. They are often the first medical person patients meet when admitted to the hospital. This is because physiotherapy is essential to recovery, especially after surgery or an acute injury. Post-Operative Physiotherapy Post-operative physiotherapy is a specialised area of physiotherapy that focuses on helping patients recover from surgery. It involves a range of customised exercises and treatments that help patients regain their strength, mobility, and functionality. Post-operative physiotherapy is not just about rehabilitation but is also about empowering patients to take control of their recovery process. Physiotherapists work closely with patients to develop individualised treatment plans that cater to their needs. These plans may include exercises, stretches, and other techniques to help patients manage pain, improve circulation, and regain strength. In addition, physiotherapists may also use specialised equipment, such as ultrasound machines, electrical stimulation, and heat therapy, to enhance the recovery process. Acute Injury Management Acute injury management is another area where physiotherapists play a crucial role. They work closely with surgeons, doctors to ensure patients receive the best care after an injury. Physiotherapists can help promote optimal healing through various mobilisation techniques and modalities, enhancing the body's natural healing mechanisms and reducing the risk of post-surgery complications. Physiotherapists provide a range of services to patients with acute injuries. These may include pain management, wound care, and mobility exercises. They also educate and support patients and their families, helping them understand recovery and what to expect during the healing process. In summary, physiotherapists are essential to the post-surgical and acute care management teams. They provide various services that help patients recover from surgery and acute injuries. Their rehabilitation and acute injury management expertise is crucial in ensuring inpatients receive the best care and achieve the best possible outcomes. Long-Term Recovery Planning Physiotherapists play a crucial role in long-term recovery planning, and it involves developing a comprehensive plan that outlines the patient's recovery goals, the steps required to achieve them, and the timeline for achieving them. The plan considers the patient's medical history, current condition, and other factors that may impact their recovery. Discharge Planning Discharge planning is an essential component of long-term recovery planning. It involves working with the patient and their family to ensure a smooth transition from the hospital to home. The physiotherapist will assess the patient's ability to perform essential activities, such as showering, dressing, and eating, and make recommendations for any necessary modifications to the home environment. Outpatient Rehabilitation Services Outpatient rehabilitation services are an essential part of long-term recovery planning. These services allow patients to continue their recovery outside of the hospital setting. The physiotherapist will work with the patient to develop a customised rehabilitation plan that includes exercises, stretches, and other therapeutic interventions. They will also monitor the patient's progress and adjust the strategy to ensure they progress towards their recovery goals. Overall, physiotherapists are an integral part of the recovery process. Their expertise in long-term recovery planning, discharge planning, and outpatient rehabilitation services can help patients achieve their recovery goals and improve their quality of life. Specialised Physiotherapy Services Physiotherapists are the first medical professionals you meet when admitted to a hospital. They play a crucial role in providing specialised care to patients who have suffered from injuries, illnesses, or surgeries. Physiotherapists work with patients to develop customised treatment plans to help them manage their pain, regain their core strength, mobility, and independence. Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation Cardiopulmonary rehabilitation is a specialised physiotherapy service designed to help patients with heart and lung conditions. It is provided to patients who have undergone heart surgery, heart attacks, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The physiotherapist works with the patient to develop a customised exercise programme that helps to improve their lung and heart function, increase their endurance, and reduce their risk of future heart and lung problems. Neurological Rehabilitation Neurological rehabilitation is another specialised physiotherapy service that helps patients with neurological conditions such as stroke, Parkinson's disease, and multiple sclerosis. The physiotherapist works with the patient to develop a customised treatment plan that helps to improve their balance, coordination, and muscle strength. They use various techniques, such as gait training, balance exercises, and range of motion exercises, to help patients gain back their independence and improve their quality of life. In conclusion, specialised physiotherapy services such as cardiopulmonary and neurological rehabilitation are crucial in helping patients regain their strength, mobility, and independence. Physiotherapists work closely with patients to develop customised treatment plans tailored to their needs, using various techniques such as exercise, manual therapy, and modalities to help patients achieve their goals. Frequently Asked Questions What are the responsibilities of a physiotherapist in a hospital setting? Physiotherapists play a vital role in hospitals. They help patients regain physical function and mobility after illness, injury, or surgery. They assess patients' physical abilities and limitations, create personalised treatment plans, and provide education and support to help patients achieve their goals. How does physiotherapy fit into the primary health care model? Physiotherapy is an essential component of primary healthcare. It focuses on preventing and treating physical impairments that can affect a person's quality of life. By addressing physical issues early on, physiotherapists can help patients avoid more serious health problems later on. Physiotherapy is endorsed by surgeons and doctors are covered by health insurance on a case by case basis ( please check with your physiotherapy clinic) In what situations would a physiotherapist be the initial point of contact for a patient in the hospital? Patients may be referred to a physiotherapist first if they are experiencing physical limitations or pain affecting their mobility or quality of life. For example, if a patient has suffered a stroke, a physiotherapist may be the first person they see to help them regain their ability to move and perform daily activities. What are the benefits of receiving physiotherapy early in the patient care process? Getting physiotherapy early in the patient care process can help patients regain function and mobility more quickly, improving their overall health outcomes. Physiotherapy can also help patients manage pain, reduce the chance of complications, and improve their quality of life. What criteria determine if a patient should be referred to a physiotherapist first? The decision to refer a patient to a physiotherapist is based on various factors, including the patient's medical history, physical condition, and current symptoms. Patients experiencing physical limitations or pain affecting their mobility or quality of life may be referred to a physiotherapist first. Why is BMJ the best physiotherapy clinic in Singapore BMJ Physiotherapy Singapore is widely regarded as one of the best physiotherapy clinics in Singapore due to its commitment to providing accessible and quality specialist care for bones, muscles, and joints. Darek Lam, a former head of physiotherapy at Changi Hospital in Singapore, founded the clinic. He left the hospital in 2015 to set up his private practice, BMJ Physiotherapy. The clinic's team of highly trained allied health professionals, including physiotherapists, occupational therapists, and rehab therapists, adopts the latest proven treatment methodologies and works in alliance to deliver the best possible care to their patients. Their Singapore physiotherapist has more than 18 years of combined experience and has helped countless people in Singapore overcome their pain and physical limitations. One reason BMJ Physiotherapy is regarded as the best physiotherapy clinic in Singapore is its focus on personalised treatment plans, and treating the root of the patient's issues. BMJ Physiotherapy's team of experienced staff takes the time to understand each patient's unique situation, needs, and goals to develop a treatment plan tailored to them. In addition, BMJ Physiotherapy Singapore offers a wide range of services, including injury prevention, sports massage therapy, and post-surgery rehabilitation. Overall, BMJ Physiotherapy Singapore's commitment to personalised care, its team of highly trained professionals, and its wide range of services make it the best physiotherapy clinic in Singapore.
UNICEF video tips help calm and entertain preschool children in Ukraine A new video series from UNICEF to relieve stress in preschoolers and foster essential life skills. - Available in: - Українська - English The United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) has developed a series of video tips designed to relieve stress and foster essential life skills in children 2 to 6 years old. The videos are aimed at parents of children who are unable to access kindergartens and face stressful situations, such as air raid alerts. As part of UNICEF's "Play and Fear Not" campaign, 10 videos have been developed in cooperation with singer Svitlana Tarabarova, psychologist Svitlana Royz, and early childhood expert Solomia Boykovych. The campaign is supporting Ukraine's First Lady's initiative, the All-Ukrainian Mental Health Programme "How Are You?". These easy-to-follow tips guide parents on how to better understand their preschoolers, ensuring their comprehensive development and encouraging quality time together. "Despite the challenges posed by the war, it is crucial to continue supporting children's education and create conditions for their development and leisure, especially for those children who cannot attend kindergarten due to insecurity," emphasized Munir Mammadzade, UNICEF Representative to Ukraine. "UNICEF develops tools to equip parents of preschoolers with resources for creative learning and play for their children. The ready-made exercises aim to relieve stress, entertain, and ensure children can stay manage stress." An all-country survey, conducted by UNICEF together with the sociological Rating group in January 2023, shows that two in three children aged 3 to 6 years are not enrolled in kindergarten. This is most pronounced in frontline areas, where 76 per cent of respondents cannot send their children to kindergarten. Moreover, some 75 per cent of displaced families are not sending their children to kindergarten. Reasons include closed preschool facilities, a lack of shelters, and a fear of insecurity. The new "Play and Fear Not" video series from UNICEF offers comprehensive advice from child psychologists on various topics, including adult-child interaction, developmental games, managing stress and anxiety, fostering language development, and handling aggression. These video guides are part of a larger campaign that provides advice and effective tools for educators, parents, caregivers, and adults to support the mental health and development of preschoolers. In December 2023, UNICEF, in collaboration with singer Svitlana Tarabarova and psychologist Svitlana Royz, released the song "Me and You", designed to help children manage emotions and stay calm in stressful situations, including during air raid alerts. Furthermore, UNICEF, in partnership with the Association of Preschool Education Workers organization and with support from the Ministry of Education and Science, has developed recommendations for the daily support of children's mental health in preschools. These recommendations assist educators in developing skills and abilities in preschoolers to support mental health and contribute to their well-being. Additional information: UNICEF implements a series of initiatives to support early childhood education and development. NUMO, a preschool development platform, is a useful resource for parents and educators, providing materials for the development of children aged 3 to 6 in kindergartens or at home. In 2023, UNICEF also launched the puppet show "Sparks of Superpower", a unique educational tool that helps develop 16 essential skills in preschoolers. Media contacts About UNICEF UNICEF works in some of the world's toughest places, to reach the world's most disadvantaged children. Across 190 countries and territories, we work for every child, everywhere, to build a better world for everyone. For more information about UNICEF and its work for children, visit www.unicef.org Follow UNICEF Ukraine on Facebook, Instagram , Twitter та TikTok.
In addition to maintaining a clean and spot-free car, keeping it clean is also crucial to preserving its appearance and value for as long as possible. Many car owners face water spots on their vehicles as a result of various factors, such as hard water or acid rain, which can cause the spots. After cleaning your car, you take a step back and realize that there are remnants of water marks or hard water spots on it. This article will give you some quick tips on how to remove hard water spots from your car window or paint so you will be able to proudly show off your clean car with confidence. With a variety of gentle washing techniques, vinegar solutions, and clay bar treatments, we have everything to fit your needs. This is to understand how to remove hard water spots from your car. You can also check our best car wash and car wax products guide and find out to remove hard water spots from your car. Understanding Water Spots Water spots are mineral deposits left behind when water evaporates on your car's surface. They can occur due to various factors, including hard water containing dissolved minerals like calcium and magnesium. Acid rain and environmental pollutants can also contribute to water spot formation. Prolonged exposure to water spots can cause etching and damage the car's paintwork. Preparation and Safety Measures Gather the necessary tools and materials before diving into the removal of hard water spots process. You will need - High-quality car wash soap - Microfiber cloths or sponges - A bucket - Clean water - Vinegar - Clay bars - Car Wax or sealant. To ensure safety, choose a well-ventilated and shaded area to work on your car, and wear gloves to protect your hands. Method 1: Gentle Washing and Drying - Remove loose dirt and debris from your car by rinsing it with clean water. - In a bucket of water, dilute the car wash soap according to the manufacturer's directions. - Wash the car with a microfiber cloth or sponge, moving straight lines to avoid scratching or swirling the paint. Checkout the best car wash sponges products. - Remove all soap residue from the car by thoroughly rinsing it with clean water. - Dry the car with a clean microfiber cloth, working section by section, to prevent water spots from forming. - Read more on best car wash guide. Method 2: Vinegar Solution - Create a vinegar solution by mixing equal parts vinegar and water in a spray bottle. - The vinegar solution should be sprayed onto the areas of the car affected by hard water spots. - Let the solution sit for a few minutes to allow the vinegar's acidic properties to break down the mineral deposits. - Gently scrub the area with a microfiber cloth or sponge. - Rinse off the solution with clean water and dry the car thoroughly. Method 3: Clay Bar Treatment - Make sure the car's surface is clean and dirt-free. - Lubricate the surface using a clay lubricant or a mixture of water and car wash soap. - Knead a small section of the clay bar until it becomes pliable. - Gently glide the clay bar over the surface using back and forth motions. - Continue this process, kneading the clay bar regularly to expose a clean surface. - After treating the entire car, rinse off any residue and dry it with a microfiber cloth. - Follow up with a wax or sealant application to protect the newly cleaned surface. - Check out a detailed guide for clay bar treatment on your car. Method 4: Polishing and Waxing - Assess the severity of water spots to determine if polishing is necessary. Light water spots may not require polishing. - Choose a suitable polishing compound based on your car's paint and follow the manufacturer's instructions. Read our recommendations for car wax and meguiars car wax products. - Apply the polish using a clean, soft applicator pad in a circular motion. - Work on one panel at a time, removing any remnants of water spots. - Once completed, wipe off the residue with a microfiber cloth. - Apply a layer of wax or sealant to protect the car's surface and enhance its shine. Preventive Measures - Regularly wash your car using high-quality car wash products to prevent water spots from forming. - Consider using a water softener or water filtration system to minimize mineral content in washing water. - Park your car in shaded areas or use car covers to protect it from environmental factors that can lead to water spots Additional Tips and Tricks - For small and isolated water spots, spot cleaning can be effective. Use a diluted vinegar solution and gently scrub the affected area. - In severe cases or for delicate surfaces, professional help is recommended to avoid damage. - Maintain a regular maintenance routine to keep your car spot-free for longer periods, including washing and waxing regularly. By following these effective methods, you can confidently remove water spots from your car and restore its original shine. From gentle washing and vinegar solutions to clay bar treatments and polishing, each method offers a unique approach to tackling water spots. Additionally, adopting preventative measures and regular maintenance routines will help protect your car's surface and minimize water spots formation in the future. Keep your car looking its finest and enjoy a spot-free drive every time. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) Q: How do water spots form on cars? A: Water spots form when water evaporates on the car's surface, leaving behind mineral deposits. These deposits can come from hard water, acid rain, or environmental pollutants. Q: Can water spots damage the car's paintwork? A: Yes, prolonged exposure to water spots can lead to etching and damage the car's paintwork. It's important to remove water spots promptly to prevent any potential damage. Q: Can I use regular soap to wash my car and remove water spots? A: It's recommended to use a high-quality car wash soap specifically formulated for automotive use. Regular household soaps may not effectively remove water spots and can potentially harm your car's paintwork. Q: Will vinegar damage my car's paint? A: When used properly, vinegar can be an effective solution for removing water spots. However, it's important to dilute vinegar and avoid leaving it on the car's surface for an extended period. Rinse off the vinegar solution thoroughly to prevent any potential damage. Q: How often should I clay bar my car to remove water spots? A: The frequency of clay bar treatments depends on various factors, including the severity of water spots and how often you wash your car. It's generally recommended to clay bar your car once or twice a year for maintenance purposes. Q: Do I need to polish and wax my car after removing water spots? A: Polishing and waxing your car after removing water spots can help restore its shine and provide added protection. Polishing removes any residual water spot remnants, while waxing or sealing the car's surface helps protect it from future water spots. Q: Are there any specific products or treatments to prevent water spots? A: Yes, there are water spot prevention products available in the market. These products typically include water repellent coatings that help reduce water spot formation. Additionally, regular maintenance routines and waxing can also provide some level of protection.
This article has been reviewed according to Science X's editorial process and policies. Editors have highlighted the following attributes while ensuring the content's credibility: trusted source When Waddington meets Helmholtz: EPR-Net for constructing the potential landscapes of complex non-equilibrium systems The concept of Waddington landscape, originally proposed by British developmental biologist Conrad Hal Waddington in 1957, has been influential in describing the dynamical evolution of cellular development. Waddington's metaphor of a ball rolling down a hill to represent cell differentiation has been widely adopted in epigenetics and developmental biology. However, quantitative characterization of these landscapes, particularly for high-dimensional systems, remains a challenging problem in computational biology. Led by Professor Tiejun Li (from Peking University) and Dr. Wei Zhang (from Freie Universität Berlin and Zuse Institute Berlin), together with Yue Zhao (first author, Ph.D. student from Peking University), a recent study published in the journal National Science Review introduces EPR-Net, a deep learning method that effectively tackles this challenge. This method leverages the unique mathematical insight that the negative gradient of the Waddington landscape corresponds to an extended Helmholtz decomposition in the context of non-equilibrium systems. This insight, closely related to the entropy production rate (EPR) in statistical physics, is a breakthrough that has not been recognized previously. The research team demonstrates the power of EPR-Net through its application to various biological models, including those exhibiting multiple stable points, limit cycles, and strange attractors. Enhanced EPR-Net, an extension of the method, is also introduced. The study showcases the effectiveness of enhanced EPR on benchmark problems and its superiority over other methods. It also provides a unified framework to address landscape construction, dimensionality reduction, and problems with variable coefficients. EPR-Net offers computational efficiency, eliminates the need for boundary conditions, and provides a clear physical interpretation that links directly to the entropy production rate in statistical physics. To address the challenge of visualizing high-dimensional landscapes, the researchers also developed a dimensionality reduction strategy using EPR-Net. This strategy has been applied to study an 8-dimensional limit cycle system, where it gives accurate projections that not only closely match the system's equilibrium distribution but also reveal new delicate structures not observed before. "EPR-Net, with its elegant mathematical foundation and convex structure, promises to be an effective strategy for constructing energy landscape functions of high-dimensional NESS systems," The researchers conclude. "We are currently exploring further extensions and applications of the method. We feel excited because this powerful method has the potential to improve our understanding of many complex NESS systems by visualizing their potential landscapes." More information: Yue Zhao et al, EPR-Net: constructing a non-equilibrium potential landscape via a variational force projection formulation, National Science Review (2024). DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwae052
In just the last year, I have noticed the emergence and rise in the number of artificial intelligence (AI) tools available for students and academics. ChatGPT was released to the public at the end of 2022 and this marked the start of AI being made accessible as a productivity tool for students. As an academic content creator, I quickly noticed that students were interested in AI productivity tools, such as Paperpal, R Discovery, ChatGPT, and Bard. My videos discussing AI hacks were doing incredibly well, helping me carve a new academic content niche online. However, the initial reaction within the educational space was mixed, with some embracing its potential while others expressing concerns about its impact on student learning. As AI in academia continues to evolve and integrate into various aspects of education, it is crucial to understand and address the misconceptions surrounding its use, as well as explore its capabilities in enhancing the learning experience. Table of Contents - The Misconceptions of AI in Education - How Can AI Be Useful and Used Ethically? - AI in Education and Ethics - We Need to Change the Perception of AI in Education The Misconceptions of AI in Education One of the prevailing misconceptions about AI in education is the notion that it promotes laziness and limits critical thinking skills among students. My videos have been on the receiving end of older/more experienced academics, who fear that relying too heavily on AI tools could lead to students becoming overly dependent and complacent, hindering their ability to develop essential analytical and problem-solving abilities. With rapid evolution in AI capabilities, the media has begun to portray AI as a threat to human intelligence, fuelling concerns about its potential to replace human educators and undermine the value of traditional learning methods. How Can AI Be Useful and Used Ethically? The misconceptions fail to recognize the transformative potential of AI in academia when implemented responsibly. There are a number of tools that can be used ethically – I have tried and tested dozens of tools and have a very clear idea of how to use these in a way that maintains academic integrity. Academic use of AI can fall into 3 main categories: - conducting research review - text analysis and summarisation - language generation and writing assistance. An example of a platform that supports the ethical use of AI is Paperpal, a comprehensive academic writing toolkit. Paperpal is a compelling example of how AI in education can enhance productivity, foster critical thinking, and facilitate intellectual growth among students. Having used Paperpal extensively for the past 18 months, I know it has many AI features, all tailored to enhance and support academic writing, which empower students to enhance their productivity. The 'Paraphrase' feature allows students to broaden their academic vocabulary and rephrase text using alternative expressions. The 'Trim' feature supports students with sticking to tight word count requirements, without changing the context or meaning. The 'Templates' feature provides a reliable writing assistant that can support students with generating outlines, summaries, and keywords from already written text. Lastly, the 'Make Academic' feature enhances written text in a subtle way, changing just a few phrases within a paragraph, to make the overall text more cohesive and clearer. Other AI tools, like ChatGPT, Bard, and Bing offer more elementary use cases, but are still effective and ethical when it comes to using AI in education. I typically recommend using these tools to generate outlines for an essay or literature review, or to enhance an introductory sentence. For example, you could use the following input: - What 3 points would you suggest to improve this paragraph [ADD PARAGRAPH]? - Give three variations of this sentence: [INSERT SENTENCE] - Suggest 5 titles for the following abstract: [INSERT ABSTRACT] These prompts are examples of the different ways in which you can use AI in academia responsibly. When used together, these AI tools can empower students to streamline their workflow and focus their efforts on higher-order cognitive tasks. By automating repetitive and time-consuming processes, students can allocate more time and mental energy to analyzing, evaluating, and synthesizing information, ultimately strengthening their critical thinking abilities. AI in Education and Ethics AI-powered tools can enhance collaboration, facilitate interactive learning environments, and provide real-time feedback and support to students. There are a few ways in which the greater ethics of AI in education need to be considered. Educators, policymakers, and technology developers must prioritize ethical considerations, such as privacy, data security, and algorithmic bias, to ensure that AI systems are transparent, accountable, and aligned with educational values. I run monthly masterclasses on academic writing and one of my main objectives is to support students with developing critical skills, particularly with relation to AI. It is possible that an overreliance on AI could hinder the development of essential skills such as critical thinking, problem-solving, and creativity. I consistently emphasize the importance of evaluating the reliability and credibility of AI-generated content and understanding the limitations and biases inherent in these systems. I encourage students to embrace AI as a tool to augment their learning experience rather than a replacement for human expertise and intellectual effort. Students should ask themselves the following questions when using AI in education: - How accurate and reliable is the AI tool in its predictions, recommendations, or analysis? - How can AI enhance my learning experience and support my academic goals? - What specific tasks or activities can AI help me with, and how does it complement my own abilities and efforts? - In what ways does AI differ from human expertise, and what are the advantages and limitations of using AI in educational contexts? - What ethical considerations should I keep in mind when using AI tools for learning and academic purposes? We Need to Change the Perception of AI in Education As AI in education continues to evolve, it is imperative to change the narrative surrounding its role in learning. Rather than perceiving AI as a threat, we should embrace its potential to enhance learning experiences, foster critical thinking, and promote intellectual growth among students. As an educator and content creator, I know that we play a crucial role in shaping this narrative by advocating for the responsible and ethical integration of AI in education. There are both opportunities and challenges presented by AI. By fostering a growth mindset among students and highlighting ethical practices, we can harness the transformative power of this technology to create more engaging, personalized, and effective learning environments. Tools like Paperpal, R Discovery, ChatGPT, and Bing can support students with maximizing human expertise responsibly, rather than replacing it. By adopting an approach where we can unlock the full potential of students through the use of AI, we can empower students to thrive in an increasingly technology-driven world. About the Author Dr. Amina Yonis – Online Content Creator & Founder of The Page Doctor While studying for a PhD in Cancer Research at University College London, Amina Yonis began documenting her journey on YouTube. Driven by the desire to inspire and empower young girls and women, she has now amassed a following of over 280,000 subscribers and her content has been viewed over 11 million times. Amina was the first female scientist on YouTube and has been creating educational content for over 7 years. Amina is also the founder of The Page Doctor, an academic platform that has supported over 2 million university students by connecting them to PhD researchers for tailored support. Paperpal is a comprehensive AI writing toolkit that helps students and researchers achieve 2x the writing in half the time. It leverages 21+ years of STM experience and insights from millions of research articles to provide in-depth academic writing, language editing, and submission readiness support to help you write better, faster. Get accurate academic translations, rewriting support, grammar checks, vocabulary suggestions, and generative AI assistance that delivers human precision at machine speed. Try for free or upgrade to Paperpal Prime starting at US$19 a month to access premium features, including consistency, plagiarism, and 30+ submission readiness checks to help you succeed. Experience the future of academic writing – Sign up to Paperpal and start writing for free!
The Inter (eating) net With only 1000 or so networks in the mid 1980's, the Internet has become tremendous technological change to society over the past few years. In 1994, more than twenty-five million people gained access to the Internet (Groiler… ). The Internet users are mainly from the United States of America and Europe, but other countries around the world will be connected soon as improvements of communication lines are made. The Internet originated in the United States Defense Department's ARPAnet (Advanced Research Project Agency, produced by the Pentagon) Project in 1969 (Krol). Military planners sought to design a computer networking system that could withstand an attack such as a nuclear war. In the 1980's, the National Science Foundation built five Superconductor Computer Centers to give several universities academic access to high powered computers formerly available to only the United State's military (Krol). The National Science Foundation then built its own network chaining more universities together. Later, the network connections were being used for purposes unrelated to the National Science Foundation's idea such as the universities sending electronic mail (today, it is understood as Email). The Essay on Computer Vs Science Computer is the most amazing gift of science. Almost everyone have one or more computer. This device was developed by Charles Babbage. Computer is a part of our life today. Computer can be used on many thing like school, business, government and etc… we can see computer anywhere we go around the world. Computer is so amazing with many functions. Four basic function if computer are input, ... The United States government then helped pushed the evolution of the Internet, calling the project: Information Super Highway (Groiler… ). In the early 1990's the trend then boomed. Businesses soon connected to the Internet, and started using the Internet as a way of saving money through advertising products and electronic mailing (Abbot). Communications between different companies also arose due to the convenience of the Internet. Owners of personal computers soon became eager to connect to the Internet. Through a modem or Ethernet adapter (computer hardware devices that allow a physical connection to Internet), home computers can now be made to be accessible to the Internet (Groiler… ). New Internet servers have evolved since the National Sciences Foundation's basic idea back in the 1980's (Krol). The majority of the home users subscribe to services such as Netscape, Prodigy, America Online, and CompuServe. These services are connected to the Internet and provide user-friendly access to the Internet for a reasonable monthly fee. These services are connected to a main server called the World Wide Web. The World Wide Web is a service that is defined as global international networking (Abbot). The Web makes all of the systems from other countries work together with compatibility. Thus, allowing the Internet to be internationally user-friendly. The United State's stock market has greatly benefited due to sudden interest and popularity in the Internet. Stock holders with share of Internet related companies have noticed a skyrocket in the prices over a short period of time. The Internet holds an endless amount of information. From Chia Pets, to vacation sites, to the anatomy of a bullfrog, the Internet covers information on and about anything. For example, I was very interested in the sport Broomballwhen I played my first game at Iowa State's Hockey Rink. Not knowing much about the newly experienced sport, my interests grew to find out more about it. Using my computer, I typed in 'Broomball' into Netscape. To my surprise, forty sites that contained the word 'Broomball' popped up, and I was able to find out much more about the sport. One of the sights that I visited happened to be down in Australia, another up in Canada! From there, I now know that Broomball leagues can be found all over Canada, and that Broomball was first invented in 1981. Millions of college student's lives have be effected because of the Internet. The Essay on Computers Connected Good Information Computers are very useful for keeping on storage a very large amount of information. People use computers almost in every field. They prove a high importance in the sphere of sciences, like mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology. In medicine with its help diseases can be discovered and cured. Personal computers are useful in projecting buildings more punctually and extremely faster too. It's an ... To college students, the Internet is a twenty-four hour library that can be accessed through various computer labs across campuses. To others, it isa way of electronically sending in homework, or sending a letter to a friend who is enrolled to a different college. It is also an exciting, growing spot to visit when boredom casts over. From obtaining information to Emailing, uses of the Internet can be endless for students. With my personal computer set up with Netscape service along with a thirty dollar Ethernet Card, I am able to browse through the Internet in my dorm room. I often Email friends at the University of Northern Iowa, to my cousin in Chicago, and to friends back in my hometown Dubuque. This is quite handy because quickly found out that the cost of phone calls can be ridiculous, and the wait for a computer to free up in the labs to be quite frustrating. In a few computer science classes of mine, Project Vincent is a system used with the Internet during class. In class, we use it to gain entry into different programs and software. I also use it weekly to submit my Computer Science 227 programming class homework, which is handy because I do not have to leave my room in order to do homework. In my English class, we often head over to a computer center and discuss previous readings though networking. Here, we can join each other in group discussion individually logged onto computers at the same time. From my point of view, the Internet has drastically changes my life since my arrival at college. The lines once constructed for nuclear protection, have now proven to be a source of useful information and means of mass communication (Krol). The Internet aids education and makes the amount of resources endless. In the future, more and more colleges, high schools, and grade schools will soon be connecting to the Internet. Those who are currently connected, will definitely stay connected. From my point of view, the Internet will continually be the exciting road towards information and communication in the years to come. In Class Writing Time Homework Writings In-class Writing or Homework Desks and paper rattle while time slowly tics away from the clock. This time these distractions do not bother you because you are finishing one of your most well written papers. In-class writings are great because they include many positive opportunities. It is hard to say whether homework or in-class writings will give you more satisfaction. Homework allows for some ... Works Cited: Abbot, Tony. On Internet 94: An International Guide to Journals, Newsletters, Texts, Discussion Lists, and Other Resources on the Internet. 1994. Krol, Edward. The Whole Internet. 1992. The 1995 Groiler Multimedia Encyclopedia. 'Internet.' 1995.
When it comes to making a salmon dish that stands out, the choice of spices plays an important role. From the smoky flavor of smoked paprika to the spicy kick of harissa paste and the herby sweetness of dried basil, each ingredient can help enhance your salmon dish. This article explores how these three spices can elevate your cooking, making every salmon dish flavorful and enjoyable. Smoked Paprika Smoked paprika can elevate a simple salmon dish into a flavorful culinary experience. This red spice can turn your average salmon dinner into a delicious meal that appeals to the taste buds of both kids and adults alike. But what makes smoked paprika such a useful ingredient for salmon recipes? The unique smokiness of smoked paprika adds depth to salmon dishes, providing a flavor reminiscent of a wood-fired grill. Even if you're cooking indoors, a sprinkle of this spice can provide that charred taste. The aroma can evoke a cozy evening by the fire, making every bite a pleasant experience. Smoked paprika doesn't just add smoky undertones; it also introduces a mild heat and complexity that compliments the natural richness of salmon. Unlike other strong spices, smoked paprika enhances the fish's texture while preserving the delightful, juicy flavors. It balances heat and sweetness, ensuring that every forkful remains well-rounded and not too spicy. Additionally, smoked paprika is rich in color, contributing to an appealing visual presentation. It gives salmon that vibrant, reddish crust that makes it stand out on the plate. The inviting appearance paired with the enticing aroma creates a dining experience that's hard to resist. Smoked paprika is versatile. Whether you're aiming for baked, grilled, or pan-seared salmon, it effortlessly melds with diverse cooking methods, enhancing the external crisp while keeping the inside moist. It's easy to mix with other herbs and spices, allowing you to experiment and find your perfect salmon seasoning blend. Smoked paprika brings a pleasant smoked flavor without needing a grill, ensures a balanced taste with just the right amount of heat, offers an appetizing look with its bright color, and works well with any salmon cooking technique. It's this combination of sensory experiences that makes smoked paprika a great way to create tasty salmon dishes at home. Harissa Paste Harissa paste is a spicy condiment that can add excitement to salmon dishes. This fiery ingredient transforms ordinary salmon into something more interesting, engaging your taste buds with a world of spicy, aromatic flavors. Originally hailing from North Africa, harissa paste is made from a blend of dried red chilies, garlic, olive oil, and spices including cumin and coriander. Harissa's heat is noticeable but doesn't overpower. Instead, you get a full-bodied warmth that slowly builds with each bite—a good companion to salmon's rich, buttery flavor. When harissa and salmon come together, it's a delightful combination of spiciness and richness on your palate. The paste provides a sharp contrast to the natural fattiness of the salmon, enlivening each forkful with a vibrant hit of heat. Harissa brings not just heat, but also a depth of flavor – a delightful complexity that enhances the salmon without masking its natural goodness. The simplicity harissa lends to the cooking process is noteworthy. A smear of the paste on your salmon fillet before it hits the grill or oven works wonders. If grilling, harissa's robustness stands up to the smokiness from the flames, ensuring your salmon exits with a nicely charred exterior that hides succulent, well-seasoned flesh within. Visually, harissa-smeared salmon is eye-catching. It gives the fish a vibrant red hue that looks elegant yet bold. It's the kind of dish that makes dinners feel special without requiring hours of preparation or hard-to-find ingredients. The adaptability of harissa paste allows for experimentation. From baking and grilling to pan-searing, it harmonizes with various cooking techniques, encouraging you to explore and define your preferred level of spiciness. Harissa doesn't just stop at seasoning; it can also be used in dressings that can accompany your salmon, blending exciting heat with refreshing zestiness. Introducing harissa paste into your salmon recipes means embarking on a culinary journey where flavor has many dimensions. It's about warming up meals with a dish that's gently spiced, delicious, and bold. Dried Basil Dried basil might seem like an unexpected addition to a salmon spice blend, but it's included for several good reasons. Let's talk aroma. Have you ever walked past a garden full of basil and taken a deep breath in? It's a pleasant scent, filling the air with a sweet, yet slightly spicy aroma. That aroma doesn't disappear when basil is dried; it becomes concentrated. Adding dried basil to your salmon spice blend means infusing your fish with that memorable fragrance that complements the salmon's natural flavors without overwhelming them. Dried basil also has a sweet flavor with hints of mint and pepper, adding a complexity to your dish that simple salt and pepper can't match. It's about enhancing, not disguising, the salmon's taste. Imagine each bite: the soft, succulent salmon giving way to a burst of herby goodness, rounded out by the other spices in your blend. We eat with our eyes first. Dried basil sprinkled over salmon lends an attractive speckled appearance to the dish, making it look as good as it tastes. Those little green flecks on the pink fish are visually appealing. Dried basil is incredibly easy to use. No chopping, no prep—just open your spice jar and sprinkle. In the grand scheme of making dinner on a busy Tuesday night or impressing guests over for a weekend meal, dried basil is a low-effort, high-impact ingredient that adds depth of flavor and a hint of sophistication with just a pinch or two. Next time you reach for that dried basil, know you're making a choice—a choice for flavor, aroma, simplicity, and visual appeal. It's not just about cooking; it's about creating an enjoyable meal, turning a simple piece of salmon into a memorable dish. As we've seen, smoked paprika, harissa paste, and dried basil are more than just seasonings; they're useful tools in crafting dishes that are full of flavor and appeal. By incorporating these spices into your salmon recipes, you open up a world where each bite is an adventure in taste. Whether you're looking for smoky depth, spicy warmth, or aromatic complexity, these ingredients ensure your culinary creations leave a positive impression on anyone who tries them. Consider these interesting facts about these spices: - Smoked paprika, also known as pimentón, is a key ingredient in traditional Spanish dishes like paella and chorizo.1 - Harissa paste, a staple in North African cuisine, is believed to have originated in Tunisia.2 - Dried basil retains its flavor for up to a year when stored properly in an airtight container.3 So go ahead, experiment with these spices in your salmon dishes, and let your taste buds explore new flavors. Your kitchen will benefit, and your dinner guests will likely enjoy the results. - Spice Sherpa. The Flavor of Pimentón: Spanish Smoked Paprika. 2021. - Roufs TG, Roufs KS. Sweet Treats around the World: An Encyclopedia of Food and Culture. ABC-CLIO; 2014. - Hemphill I. The Spice and Herb Bible. Robert Rose; 2014.
Published on February 24, 2024 Bengaluru : Emcure Pharmaceuticals is an Indian pharmaceutical company with a focus on the women healthcare segment, announced the launch of 'Unmask Anemia', an initiative to create awareness around iron deficiency anemia in India. The initiative aims to raise awareness and improve detection and treatment of iron deficiency anemia in women across India". In a video message released by Emcure, actress turned author Twinkle Khanna, who is also an advocate for women's rights, draws interesting inferences around women empowerment from various ad campaigns. She also urges brands to join Emcure in spreading awareness about anemia calling upon women to visit Unmask Anemia website (https://unmaskanemia.com/taketest) and take the self-test. Through this compelling message, Emcure and Twinkle Khanna ask Indian women to stop ignoring the symptoms of iron deficiency and get themselves assessed for the risk of anemia. Iron deficiency is one of the most common causes of anemia and its prevalence among Indian women is the highest in the world. As per the latest National Family Health Survey, the prevalence of anemia in women between the age group of 15 to 49 years is as high as 57% in the country. The symptoms of anemia like fatigue, weakness, hair fall etc. usually considered normal and are often ignored by women. Lack of awareness and action about their health and nutritional parameters makes testing for anemia imperative. The online self-test aims to simplify the process of assessing the risk of iron deficiency anemia. The test is designed based on the common signs and symptoms of the condition. These symptoms often go unnoticed or are misattributed, hence unmasking becomes crucial. Speaking on the occasion, Ms. Namita Vikas Thapar, Whole-time Director of Emcure Pharmaceuticals, said, "Despite advances in anemia interventions, its burden remains significant in India. Every second woman in the country suffers from iron deficiency anemia, but the lack of awareness prevents timely diagnosis. Emcure has been trying to address this deficit of iron in women for many years and we are proud to have a strong woman like Twinkle Khanna supporting us in our endeavour. We hope that our initiative of 'Unmask Anemia' will help bring about awareness and an increase in anemia screening, diagnosis and treatment. We have been passionately doing a host of things around patient education and awareness, including one of a kind show on women's health called 'Uncondition Yourself' on YouTube, and Unmask Anemia is an extension of such initiatives" Sharing his views on the initiative, Dr. Jaydeep Tank, President FOGSI said, "Screening of women of all age-groups, timely iron supplementation and spreading awareness can make a huge difference. Adolescent girls and women of childbearing age are at greater risk due to loss of blood during menstruation, and pregnancy. An easily accessible preliminary assessment followed by desired medical advice will greatly help tackle the problem. 'Unmask Anemia' campaign is part of Emcure Pharmaceutical's Anemia Mukt Nari mission that aims to raise awareness and improve detection and treatment of iron deficiency anemia in women across India. This initiative by Emcure Pharmaceuticals complements the Indian government's mission of Anemia Mukt Bharat. "Emcure Pharmaceuticals Limited is proposing, subject to receipt of requisite approvals, market conditions and other considerations, an initial public offering of its equity shares and has filed a draft red herring prospectus dated December 16, 2023 ("DRHP") with the Securities and Exchange Board of India ("SEBI"). The DRHP is available on the websites of the Company at www.emcure.com, SEBI at www.sebi.gov.in, the book running lead managers, Kotak Mahindra Capital Company Limited, Axis Capital Limited, Jefferies India Private Limited, and J.P. Morgan India Private Limited at https://investmentbank.kotak.com, www.axiscapital.co.in, www.jefferies.com and www.jpmipl.com, respectively, and the stock exchange(s) at www.nseindia.com and www.bseindia.com, respectively. Investors should note that investment in equity shares involves a high degree of risk and for details refer to the Red Herring Prospectus, including the section titled "Risk Factors" of the Red Herring Prospectus when available. Potential investors should not rely on the DRHP for making any investment decision."
Listen to this article on our podcast! Question: Why does our office insurance coordinator change the code D1110 (adult prophy) to D1120 (child prophy) when the patient has all permanent teeth? Per the ADA procedure codes, I was taught that the correct code to use is based on the dentition type (primary, transitional, or permanent). What do I do? Answer: Never change the procedure code to receive reimbursement from an insurance carrier! The CDT 2024 Coding Companion states, "Treatment plans must be developed according to professional standards, not according to provisions of the dental benefit contract." In August 2000, the federal government designated the ADA (under HIPAA) to create the CDT as the national terminology for reporting dental services. Along with that came the responsibility to maintain the codes, which is handled by the Code Maintenance Committee (CMC) of the Council on Dental Benefits Programs. The committee meets yearly to discuss edits, amendments, or the creation of new procedure codes. All dental providers are expected to select the appropriate procedure code based on the descriptors for those codes. The problem The dental software programs provide only the code number and nomenclature (title) but not the descriptor. Descriptors change yearly. More than 200 changes have been made since 2020. You are correct that the descriptors for adult and child prophy are "dentition specific." (CDT 2024, p. 13) D1110: Removal of plaque, calculus, and stains from the tooth structures and implants in the permanent and transitional dentition. It is intended to control local irritational factors. D1120: Removal of plaque, calculus, and stains from the tooth structures and implants in the primary and transitional dentition. It is intended to control local irritational factors. These code descriptors read the same except for the type of dentition, and both codes mention transitional dentition. Transitional includes a mix of primary and permanent teeth. This seems confusing. Why would they include transitional in the adult prophy descriptor if they want us to use the code based on dentition and not age? They know that many insurance carriers have restrictions in their contracts that limit available benefits or base the benefits on age and not dentition. The carriers are aware of the descriptors, but they are not required to adhere to them. For example, most of the Delta Dental plans use age 14 to differentiate between an adult and child. Some carriers use 12, 13, or 15, and others use no age definition at all. To further complicate things, the ADA House of Delegates passed two resolutions addressing the age issue in their policy "Age of Child" (1991:635). Here's how it reads: "Resolved, that when dental plans differentiate coverage of specific procedure based on the child or adult status of the patient, this determination be based on the clinical development of the patient's dentition, and it be further resolved that where administrative constraints of a dental plan preclude the use of clinical development so that chronological age must be used to determine child or adult status, the plan defines a patient as an adult beginning at the age 12 with the exclusion of treatment for orthodontics and sealants." In other words, in 1991 the ADA stated that the clinical development of the patient's dentition should be used. However, if a particular plan must have age constraints, 12 should be used as the beginning age of an adult except in cases of consideration for orthodontics and sealants. But we still have many carriers who don't abide by this resolution. The solution All insurance companies should use the same rules for all plans and make this an easy process for everyone. Of course, this isn't the case. What can we do about it? Page 85 of the CDT 2024 Coding Companion states, "Prophylaxis claims may be rejected by third-party carriers as not meeting plan age specification for this service. It is appropriate to appeal such claim rejection. It is not appropriate for a dental benefit plan to ask that the claim be resubmitted with a different prophylaxis code solely for reimbursement." For plans with contractual limits based on age instead of dentition, the insurance company often automatically changes or remaps the submitted code once the claim is submitted. This could mean changing a D1110 adult prophy to a D1120 child prophy and reimbursing less than originally expected. Alternatively, they can change a submitted D1120 child prophy to a D1110 adult prophy but still provide reimbursement only for the dollar amount originally submitted for the D1120. Remember that the insurance company can change submitted codes based on the limits of the plan, but the office can never change the code simply to obtain a different reimbursement. As an attempt to receive the correct reimbursement based on the ADA descriptors, some offices include a narrative in Box 35 of the ADA claim form stating that they are adhering to the ADA code descriptors to describe the patient's dentition. After payment is made the office can either accept these changes as payment in full or attempt an appeal for full reimbursement if the dentist deems it appropriate, referring to the CDT 2024 code descriptors. See the letter at the end of this article as a sample that can be used to alert parents about this issue and how it may affect their accounts. Offices usually don't pass this difference on to parents, but they must be advised that this may occur. If a parent is frustrated by the payment from the insurance company, the office can recommend they submit this letter along with any other documentation the office can provide, and to consult with their employer benefits manager. Their insurance plan is merely a contract between the employer and insurance company. The benefits manager holds far more clout to get the age criteria changed. They may be more inclined to negotiate on behalf of the employees if they have proof of the ADA's guidelines provided. Why should you be concerned? Dental hygienists are under the same scrutiny as dentists and may be subject to disciplinary action if they do not submit the appropriate CDT procedure codes. Most state practice acts have provisions relating to grounds for disciplinary action that could put their license in jeopardy. In the ADA's Principles of Ethics and Code of Professional Conduct, Section 5—Principles: Veracity (truthfulness), it states: The dentist has a duty to communicate truthfully. "5.b.5 Dental procedures. A dentist who incorrectly describes on a third-party claim form a dental procedure in order to receive a greater payment or reimbursement or incorrectly makes a noncovered procedure appear to be a covered procedure on such a claim form is engaged in making an unethical, false, or misleading representation to such third party." If you're asked to select a procedure code whose descriptor doesn't fit the patient's oral condition, let your dentist and insurance coordinator know that you will not do this. You can remind them of the Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct and of the Code of Conduct provisions in your state. Submitting the improper code to gain reimbursement could also be considered a fraudulent act. The bottom line is that there isn't an easy solution except for all of us to adhere to the ADA's Golden Rule when it comes to dental procedural coding: "Code for what you do and do what you code." Editor's note: This article appeared in the April/May 2024 print edition of RDH magazine. Dental hygienists in North America are eligible for a complimentary print subscription. Sign up here. Kathy S. Forbes, BS, RDH, has been a dental hygienist, educator, speaker, author, consultant, seminar, and study club leader for more than 40 years. She holds a license with the ADA for Current Dental Terminology, which allows her to provide the most up-to-date understanding of current procedure codes. Kathy currently serves as a director for the Dental Codeology Consortium, reviewing and developing procedure codes relevant to dental hygiene practice that are presented to the Code Maintenance Committee of the American Dental Association in March each year. Connie Simmons, MA, BSDH, RDH, earned her BSDH from The Ohio State University and her MA in aging studies from Wichita State University. She's worked in clinical hygiene for almost 35 years and has other roles in clinical training, sales, speaking, and writing. Her knowledge of dental insurance and coding grew while working with an insurance carrier, and she's now part of the Dental Codeology Consortium and an associate productivity coach with Inspired Hygiene. She's also an expert in the clinical use of silver diamine fluoride. Reach her at [email protected]. (Sample narrative for parents describing child prophy versus adult prophy) Your child's dentition (teeth present in the mouth now) does not qualify for the procedure code that we have been using in the past. We are mandated by HIPAA (the federal government) to submit procedure codes developed by the American Dental Association. The descriptors of the procedures are based on the dentition of the child, not the age. Unfortunately, some insurance carriers have created contract limitations, IN DIRECT CONFLICT WITH THE FEDERAL MANDATE, and limit your benefits based on age. The procedure code descriptors are: Prophylaxis – Adult (D1110): Removal of plaque, calculus, and stains from the tooth structures and implants in the permanent and transitional dentition. It is intended to control local irritational factors. Prophylaxis – Child (D1120): Removal of plaque, calculus, and stains from the tooth structures and implants in the primary and transitional dentition. It is intended to control local irritational factors. Transitional dentition is when there is a mix of primary teeth and permanent teeth. This time typically begins with the appearance of the permanent first molars (around age 6) and ends with the exfoliation (falling out) of the last primary tooth (around ages 12-14). Since children lose teeth at different rates, the time for this transition varies. Determination of whether your child is a "transitional" adult or child will depend on the health of the mouth, the amount of time necessary to perform the procedure, working with the child (and parent) demonstrating and practicing toothbrushing, flossing, etc., and answering any questions either may have. Although all insurance carriers are aware of these descriptors, they may have written contract limitations based on age rather than the required dentition. When we submit your claim, we will send the following notice to help expedite the benefits from your carrier. Billing of adult prophylaxis is based on the current CDT procedure code descriptors: Adult dentition as transitional and permanent dentition and child dentition as transitional and primary dentition. If benefits are unavailable for Prophylaxis – Adult due to contract limitations, please consider an alternate benefit of Prophylaxis – Child. In the event your insurance carrier will not provide the benefits you are used to receiving, you may be responsible for the balance. We will do everything in our power to assist you in processing this claim. We will not be able to submit an adult prophylaxis as a child prophylaxis to satisfy any age limit constraints of your plan. This would put our practice in legal jeopardy and in a position of willfully committing insurance fraud. Your understanding of this situation is much appreciated! Narrative updated 02/2024
Financial hot review / financial supply -side reform improves stability of economic benefits. Zhang Tao, an analyst at the Financial Market Department of China Construction Bank Figure: Mainland financial supply -side reforms need to be accelerated, and commercial banks can get rid of the "expansion trap" as soon as possible to improve financial efficiency. Although data such as the per capita consumption volume of the Spring Festival in the Mainland and the growth rate of social retail growth in the first two months show that consumption is still in a slow recovery state, and whether the GDP flat reduction index can be reversed for two consecutive quarters, it is uncertain.From the perspective of data such as industrial production, manufacturing investment, power consumption, and import and export of import and export in the first two months, the improvement of economic operation on the production side is very obvious. Accordingly, we will grow in the first quarter of this year.The expected value is adjusted to more than 5%.However, whether the improvement of economic operation will continue, it will be affected by financial efficiency. First of all, there is still a gap between financing speed and economic growth and price targets.Since the Central Economic Work Conference last year, the goal of currency regulation has been converted to "promoting the scale of social financing, the currency supply is matched with the economic growth and the expected target of the price level", that is, the currency and financing environment focuses on the restoration of the name growth rate of GDP.GDP nominal growth rate can be observed with the total number of actual growth rates and flat reduction indexes. As of the end of last year, the nominal growth rate of GDP was 4.7%, and the social merit and M2 growth rates were 9.5%and 9.7%, respectively.As of the end of February, the growth rates of social finances and M2 have slightly dropped, with 9.0%and 8.7%, respectively. Therefore, due to the improvement of the improvement of economic operations, the currency and financing environment also need to further improve the matching ability. Secondly, the currency and financing environment face more constraints.Although economic growth and price recovery require the care of the currency and financing environment, that is, the commercial banking system needs to maintain a certain expansion rate to provide more financial support for the real economy.However, as of the end of February, the asset expansion speed of the commercial banking system has dropped to 34 trillion yuan (RMB, the same below) / year, which is the lowest level in the past 15 months, which is more than 38 trillion yuan in March last year /The peak of the year fell by 4.5 trillion yuan.But at the same time, although the speed of asset expansion of the pedestrian assets fell from the level of 4 trillion yuan per year at the end of last year, it is still at a high level (2.8 trillion yuan / year at the end of February), which reflects the expansion of commercial banks.The restrictions on the table come from the supply of bank currency.For example, the net interest difference continues to narrow and the impact of the profitability of commercial banks has accelerated. It is expected that the net interest difference between commercial banks is still declining. At the end of last year, it has fallen to 1.69%.; Capital's constraint on the continuous expansion of commercial banks has risen. As of the end of last year, the growth rate of the net funding of commercial banks has been lower than the growth rate of weighted assets of credit risk of commercial banks for four consecutive quarters. Third, there have been some new changes in recent financing structures.At present, there are two credit data calibers announced by the Bank: social integration caliber and credit revenue and expenditure table diameter. Among themThe scale of credit investment is less than 470 billion yuan less than the launch of the diameter of the credit revenue and expenditure.The company's creditor's rights "" increased 86.2 billion and 80.1 billion yuan, respectively, totaling more than 166.3 billion yuan. Combined with the performance of the A -share market since the fourth quarter of last year, this part of the currency investment and credit financing should assume the role of stabilizing the capital market.This change once again shows that in addition to supporting the real economy, commercial banks still indirectly assume the functions of stabilizing the market, that is, financial stability also has a connection with commercial bank expansion. Activate inefficient financial resources From the above two aspects of consolidating economic recovery and maintaining market stability, commercial banks need to maintain a certain speed of expansion, but even if people can ensure abundant liquidity, commercial banks still face increasingly tight capital and interest rate constraints.The conditions and results of the corresponding table expansion are affected, that is, financial institutions have fallen into the "expansion trap". On the one hand, the speed of expansion cannot be reduced too fast, otherwise the asset quality of commercial banks will face the risk of deterioration, that is, economic growth and financial stabilityThe quality of assets is determined; on the other hand, the faster the expansion of the table, the tighter the conditions to restrict commercial banks, that is, it is in dilemma.
cnc plasma cutter Fundamentals Explained cnc plasma cutter Fundamentals Explained Blog Article In addition, it includes An electrical automated lifting procedure and also a blowing flame-retardant method to circumvent burning when the machine is in operation. Plastics are not often seen within their pure state for the reason that many additives are used for example colorants, ultraviolet retardants, release agents, and so on. These additives influence the result of laser marking. In contrast to Several other machines that may perform superior being an engraving Instrument, this machine is great for both of those laser cutting and engraving. Machining is any approach during which a cutting Software eliminates material with the workpiece (the workpiece is often called the "work"). Relative motion is needed in traditional machining in between the unit and also the function to remove materials; non-common machining processes use other solutions of material removal, including electrical latest in EDM (electro-discharge machining). The best laser cutting machine for engraving will be the OMTech AF1630-70 laser engraver. It really is a straightforward-to-use machine, able to swiftly and precisely cutting via most resources. This machine is perfect for anybody who would like to start repairing or crafting their own objects. When you buy by way of inbound links on our site, we may perhaps gain an affiliate Fee. Listed here's how it really works. Laserable elements, no matter if plastic or FlexiBrass, can be found in many different shades, introducing to the recognition of laser personalization for trophies and plaques. The two most widely used combos are gold lettering over a black background and black lettering on a gold track record. CNC (Computer Numerical Manage) machining is actually a subtractive manufacturing technological know-how: pieces are designed by taking away content from a solid block (known as the blank or perhaps the workpiece) employing many different cutting resources. This portion may perhaps have to have copy modifying for Duplication of information with other "Machining operations" segment. You may support by modifying it. (January 2023) (Learn how and when to eliminate this template concept) These are beyond the scope of this guide, but designers and craftspeople will want to consider the probable of These products. 3-axis CNC milling machines are quite common, as view it now they may be used to create most popular geometries. They are comparatively straightforward to software and operate, so start off-up machining costs are reasonably small. A laser engraver is usually a specialised machine that makes use of laser technological innovation to etch or engrave designs onto various products, which includes wood, metal, acrylic, and glass. Contrary to classic engraving methods that depend on mechanical processes, laser engravers give you a significant diploma of precision and flexibility. These consist a fantastic read of a roller for cylindrical engraving, an especially properly-priced entire enclosure—that's an absolute critical—and a very good ac dc tig welder selection of supplies. This machine is a perfect starting point for equally fanatics looking to devote and gurus coming into the market. CNC machining is often a electronic manufacturing technological know-how: it makes significant-accuracy parts with exceptional physical properties directly from a CAD file. Due to the large degree of automation, CNC is price-aggressive for both of those just one-off custom made pieces and medium-volume productions.
Rolling Hills It appears this article is a stub! Alert the author if you'd like to see it expanded. This article is a work in progress! Expect more content to be added. This article was created for my Species-A-Day project for 2024! Read more here! Rolling hills are an Etharyan biome in which the ground moves somewhat similarly to waves on an ocean surface. The ground is still solid, but moves very slowly, rising and falling in tide and varying in elevation. Some rolling hill biomes are more active than others, and depending on the location, the fluctuation in elevation can be only a few metres, or as much as multiple hundred. The parts of the ground that are moving do not usually extend down very far. It is only the uppermost layer of soil that moves - rocks in the ground will sink down to a stationary layer of bedrock. The parts of the ground that are moving do not usually extend down very far. It is only the uppermost layer of soil that moves - rocks in the ground will sink down to a stationary layer of bedrock. Despite the difficult landscape, there are people who have made an effort to be able to live in this biome. They do so with specially-made houses known as Hillboats, which are made to be able to tilt and move while still staying liveable.Ecosystem The shifting nature of the ground makes it difficult for most wildlife to survive in this biome. However, there are plenty of plants and other creatures that have adapted specifically for the moving earth. The burrowfish is a small, blind animal with four short, clawed, limbs made for powerful digging, that subsists on sunkenweed, a grassy plant that has long, stretchy roots that reach all the way down to bedrock from the surface. Its natural predator is the holtsail snake, a long, limbless predator that travels the just beneath surface of the hills. Another notable plant that thrives in this biome is goldenroot, a vegetable that spreads out to form huge patches, and is eaten by the yndu, a larger animal with long legs and antlers. The dancer shrub is a purple flowering bush that also lives in this biome, with the ability to survive detatched from its roots for days at a time, as it drifts and finds a new place to land and grow. The driftwyk is a small slime-like creature with protruding tendrils that are able to catch any dancer shrubs that happen to be drifting overhead and eat them. Localized Phenomena Occasionally, if there is too much tampering with the soil of a rolling hill biome, a mud vortex will form. Particularly succeptible to forming after it has rained, mud vortexes are whirlpool-like phenomena that occur when two prerequisites are fulfilled: when the soil is more wet than usual, and there is open space between the top layer of the dirt and the bedrock. These vortexes are similar to whirlpools, as the mud that has formed moves much quicker than the rest of the soil around it and moves much like a tornado across the ground. This is dangerous for wildlife that lives underneath the surface of the soil, or is incapable of moving much on their own, as these vortexes will displace and expose them to predators. In extreme cases, a mud vortex can form that is large enough to consume and bury a house. Rolling Hills Included Locations Inhabiting Species Related Materials
Hair breakage is a common concern affecting hair health and appearance. This article explores its causes, symptoms, and preventative measures, offering recommendations from Charm and Champagne Beauty Studio for managing and preventing breakage. What is Hair Breakage? Hair breakage isn't picky—it can affect anyone. It happens when the hair shaft splits or breaks due to various reasons like over-styling, chemical treatments, and environmental factors. Unlike hair loss, which stems from genetics or health conditions, breakage affects the hair's appearance and can be managed with proper care and the right products. What Causes Hair Breakage Internal factors like genetics and nutrition, along with external factors such as heat styling and harsh products, can trigger hair breakage. Heat tools and chemical treatments weaken hair, making it prone to breakage over time. Understanding these triggers is key to preventing and addressing breakage. Why is My Hair Breaking Hair breakage might be a result of internal factors like genetics or external stressors like harsh products, UV rays, and tight hairstyles. Managing stress and avoiding these external triggers while using suitable hair products can keep your hair strong and healthy. What Does Hair Breakage Look Like Hair breakage takes various forms: - Split ends: Hair strands split at the ends. - Flyaways and frizz: Caused by damaged hair cuticles. - Thinning: Strands become less voluminous. - Breakage along the hairline: Sometimes leading to patches of hair loss. - Dry, brittle texture: Lacking the smoothness of healthy hair. Consistent care and nourishing products are essential to prevent and treat hair breakage effectively. New Hair Growth or Breakage? New hair growth and breakage can seem similar, appearing as short, baby hairs. But new growth is natural, while breakage results from damaged hair. How to Stop Hair Breakage Stopping hair breakage necessitates a comprehensive approach: - Gentle Handling: When hair is wet, use a wide-toothed comb to detangle gently, starting from the ends and working your way up to the roots. This minimizes stress on the strands and reduces breakage. - Avoid Overwashing: Wash your hair as needed according to your hair type. Overwashing can strip away natural oils, leaving hair dry and susceptible to breakage. Consider using a sulfate-free, mild shampoo for cleansing. - Regular Trims: Schedule regular trims every 6-8 weeks to get rid of split ends. This practice prevents split ends from traveling up the hair shaft and causing further breakage. - Protective Styling: Opt for hairstyles that distribute tension evenly across the hair, like loose braids, buns, or ponytails. Avoid tight styles that pull on the hair, especially around the hairline and crown. How to Fix Breakage in Hair Identifying the cause and adjusting your hair care routine is crucial. Use gentle products, limit heat styling, and consider protective measures. Trims and deep conditioning treatments aid in removing split ends and nourishing hair. Hair Breakage at Crown Breakage at the crown weakens the hair around the top of the head, leading to shorter strands and decreased volume. Lighten accessories and embrace loose styles to reduce stress on this area. Hair Breakage Around Face Breakage around the face involves strands along the hairline, causing uneven lengths or flyaways. Trim to remove split ends, opt for gentle styling, and use moisturizing treatments to repair and strengthen these delicate strands. How to Prevent Hair Breakage Maintain a balanced diet, limit heat styling, and regularly condition your hair. Use silk or satin pillowcases and choose the right brushes to minimize friction and breakage. Best Products for Hair Breakage At Charm and Champagne Beauty Studio, we recommend Aveda products to combat breakage. Their shampoos, such as Damage Remedy Restructuring Shampoo and Botanical Repair Strengthening Shampoo, provide targeted care to strengthen and repair damaged hair. Understanding hair breakage is the first step in maintaining healthy, beautiful hair. Visit Charm and Champagne Beauty Studio to learn more about how to care for your hair and prevent breakage. Frequently Asked Questions about Hair Breakage Hair breakage is a common issue affecting the health and appearance of hair. Explore our FAQs to grasp the causes, symptoms, and effective strategies for managing various types of hair breakage. From crown-related breakage to addressing front hairline issues and severe thinning, find comprehensive guidance to nurture and strengthen your hair. Addressing breakage on the top of your head requires a gentle, targeted approach. Tension from tight hairstyles or heavy accessories often weakens this specific area. Opt for looser hairstyles like soft ponytails or gentle braids to alleviate strain. Avoiding heavy accessories and using wide-toothed combs or gentle brushes can minimize breakage. Prioritize heat protectants when styling and consider nourishing the crown area with products specifically designed to strengthen and revitalize the scalp. Consistent care using these strategies can fortify the hair at the crown, reducing breakage and promoting overall hair health. Repairing breakage in the front hairline needs targeted care and gentle handling. Start by getting a trim to remove split ends and prevent further damage. Avoid hairstyles that tug or stress the hairline, such as tight ponytails or braids. Instead, opt for loose styles that minimize tension. Use hydrating masks or leave-in conditioners on the front strands to restore moisture and improve resilience. Limit heat styling on the front hairline and consider silk or satin pillowcases to reduce friction and prevent further breakage. Choosing the right brush matters when preventing breakage. Opt for a wide-toothed comb to detangle gently without causing breakage. Additionally, select brushes with soft bristles to minimize friction, reducing the risk of breakage while brushing. Natural remedies can aid in preventing breakage. For example: Coconut Oil: Apply coconut oil to nourish and strengthen hair naturally. Egg Masks: Protein-rich egg masks can fortify hair strands. Selecting the best shampoo for combating breakage is crucial. Look for strengthening formulas tailored to repair and fortify damaged hair. Options like Aveda Damage Remedy Restructuring Shampoo, Aveda Invati Advanced Exfoliating Shampoo, and Aveda Botanical Repair Strengthening Shampoo are designed to reduce breakage and promote healthier hair. Use these shampoos regularly, complementing them with suitable conditioners for complete care. Severe breakage and thinning can result from various factors like chemical treatments and improper care. To address this: - Identify Triggers: Limit damaging treatments like excessive heat styling or harsh chemicals. - Adapt Hair Care: Use gentle products that prioritize hair health. - Nourish and Strengthen: Apply deep conditioning treatments and fortified hair products. - Seek Professional Advice: Consult a hairstylist or trichologist for personalized care. Managing severe breakage and thinning involves understanding causes and adopting a comprehensive approach.
Understanding GDPR Legal Time Periods: Compliance & Requirements The Importance of Understanding GDPR Legal Time Period As a law professional, I have always found the GDPR legal time period to be a fascinating and crucial aspect of data protection laws. The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) has significantly impacted how businesses handle personal data, and understanding the legal time period is essential for compliance. What is GDPR Legal Time Period? The GDPR legal time refers to timeframes in the for data retention, processing, and rights to their personal data. It sets the boundaries for how long personal data can be stored and processed by organizations, as well as the rights individuals have regarding their data. Key Aspects of GDPR Legal Time Period Let`s dive into some key aspects of the GDPR legal time period: Aspect \| Description \| Data Retention \| GDPR specifies that personal data should not be kept for longer than necessary for the purpose for which it was collected. Must clear data retention in place. \| Lawful Processing \| Under GDPR, organizations must have a legal basis for processing personal data. The legal time period ensures that data is not processed indefinitely without a valid reason. \| Individuals` Rights \| The regulation grants individuals rights such as the right to erasure (commonly known as the right to be forgotten) and the right to access their personal data. The legal time the within which organizations must to these rights. \| Case Studies and Statistics Let`s take at some case and that the of GDPR legal time period: - A study by a legal found that of organizations with data policies, to with GDPR legal time period - In a case, a corporation faced fines for with GDPR`s data requirements, the of and to the legal time period. The GDPR legal time period is a crucial aspect of data protection and compliance for businesses. And to the specified is for the and of personal data, as as upholding rights. As the landscape to staying and in GDPR legal time period is for professionals and businesses alike. GDPR Legal Time Period Contract This contract outlines the legal time period for compliance with the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). Whereas, the GDPR sets time for the and of personal data; And whereas, it is necessary for parties to this contract to comply with the GDPR in all respects; Article \| Description \| Legal Time Period \| Article 5 \| Principles to of personal data \| Indefinite \| Article 15 \| Right of access by the data subject \| 30 days \| Article 17 \| Right to erasure ("right to be forgotten") \| 30 days \| Article 30 \| Records of processing activities \| Indefinite \| In whereof, the have this as of Effective Date. Party A: Party B: Top 10 GDPR Legal Time Period Questions Question \| Answer \| 1. What the limit for a data under GDPR? \| The GDPR data to be within 72 of aware the breach. This a aspect of the regulation, as timely to data and authorities, for action to the of the breach. \| 2. How do have to to a subject`s for to their personal data? \| Under GDPR, have one to to a subject`s for to their personal data. This can be by two if the is or are requests. \| 3. What the penalty for with GDPR? \| The penalty for with GDPR is €20 or 4% of global whichever is higher. This as a for to with the regulation. \| 4. How long should organizations retain personal data under GDPR? \| GDPR not a time for personal data. Requires to data for no than for the for which was processed. This the of and data. \| 5. What the of for GDPR violations? \| There is no of for GDPR violations. Actions for can be within the under laws of EU member states. \| 6. How do have to for data under GDPR? \| Under GDPR, must for data. The for obtaining is not but it should be before data activities occur. Consent should be and if necessary. \| 7. How do have to data of a data under GDPR? \| Data are to data of a data without after aware of it. This is for data to their within the 72-hour limit. \| 8. What the for a data for of their personal data? \| Upon a for (also as the right to be organizations act and within one of the request. This can be in but it is to and the process. \| 9. How do have to a data impact assessment (DPIA) under GDPR? \| Organizations must conduct a DPIA before processing personal data that is likely to result in a high risk to the rights and freedoms of data subjects. The of the DPIA be into the of the processing and out in a manner to and risks. \| 10. What the for data of a personal data under GDPR? \| When a personal data is to result in a to the of data subjects, are to data without delay. This is for to to take to their personal data. \|
In the heart of every community lies a resilience waiting to be unearthed, a strength ready to be harnessed. Yet, in disadvantaged areas, where hardships seem to outweigh hope, the journey to discovering and nurturing this resilience becomes all the more crucial. It is here, amidst the struggles and setbacks that the true essence of resilience emerges, radiating its transformative power and igniting a beacon of hope for generations to come. Building resilience in disadvantaged areas requires a multifaceted approach that acknowledges both the external challenges and the internal strengths inherent within these communities. It begins with fostering a sense of belonging and empowerment, where individuals feel valued and heard in shaping their own destinies. Community engagement initiatives, grassroots organizations, and inclusive decision-making processes serve as catalysts for nurturing this sense of agency and ownership. Education stands as a cornerstone in the journey towards resilience. By providing accessible and quality education, we equip individuals with the tools to navigate through adversities and break the cycle of poverty. Education not only imparts knowledge but also instills critical thinking, problem-solving skills, and resilience in the face of obstacles. Investing in educational infrastructure, teacher training, and holistic support systems ensures that every child has the opportunity to realize their full potential, regardless of their background. Economic empowerment acts as a springboard for resilience, offering individuals the means to chart their own paths towards prosperity. Entrepreneurship programs, vocational training, and microfinance initiatives empower individuals to create sustainable livelihoods, fostering economic independence and reducing vulnerability to external shocks. By nurturing local economies and supporting small-scale enterprises, we not only create opportunities for financial stability but also cultivate a sense of pride and self-reliance within the community. Health and well-being are fundamental pillars of resilience, as physical and mental health are intrinsically linked to one's ability to overcome challenges. Accessible healthcare services, mental health awareness programs, and community-based support networks play a vital role in promoting holistic well-being and resilience. By addressing underlying health disparities and providing preventive care, we not only improve individual outcomes but also strengthen the overall fabric of the community. Cultural heritage and identity serve as sources of resilience, anchoring individuals to their roots and providing a sense of continuity amidst change. Preserving Javad Marandi and celebrating cultural traditions, languages, and customs fosters a sense of pride and belonging, reinforcing social cohesion and collective resilience. Cultural revitalization efforts, heritage preservation projects, and intergenerational exchange programs enrich the tapestry of community life, empowering individuals to draw strength from their shared history and heritage. In the journey towards building resilience in disadvantaged areas, it is imperative to recognize that resilience is not merely about bouncing back from adversity but about bouncing forward, emerging stronger and more united than before.
Buffalo Milk vs. Cow Milk: What's the Difference? Edited by Aimie Carlson \|\| By Janet White \|\| Published on January 31, 2024 Buffalo milk is richer in fat and protein than cow milk, making it thicker and creamier, while cow milk is more widely consumed, lighter, and lower in calories. Key Differences Buffalo milk contains higher fat content compared to cow milk, leading to a creamier texture and richer taste. Cow milk is lower in fat, making it a lighter option for daily consumption. In terms of protein content, buffalo milk surpasses cow milk, making it more nutritious but also higher in calories. Cow milk has less protein, suiting those who prefer a less calorie-dense diet. Buffalo milk is characterized by its high cream content, ideal for making dairy products like cheese and yogurt. In contrast, cow milk is more commonly used for drinking due to its lighter consistency. When it comes to availability, cow milk is more widely accessible and consumed globally. Buffalo milk, however, is more prevalent in certain regions, like South Asia, due to specific dietary preferences and traditions. Buffalo milk has a distinct white color due to its high fat and protein content, whereas cow milk typically has a slightly yellow tint, reflecting its lower fat content. Comparison Chart Fat Content Protein Content Creamier, thicker Lighter, more fluid Caloric Value Typical Use Cheese, yogurt production Common for drinking Buffalo Milk and Cow Milk Definitions Buffalo Milk Buffalo milk is known for its creaminess, ideal for dairy products. The creamy texture of buffalo milk makes it perfect for making rich cheeses. Cow Milk Cow milk is lighter in fat and protein, making it a common dietary choice. Due to its lower fat content, cow milk is often preferred for regular consumption. Buffalo Milk Buffalo milk is a nutrient-rich milk with high fat and protein content. Buffalo milk is often preferred for making traditional Indian sweets due to its richness. Cow Milk Cow milk is more accessible globally, making it a primary dairy source for many. Cow milk is widely available in supermarkets, making it a convenient choice for everyday use. Buffalo Milk Buffalo milk, richer in calcium and minerals, is a choice for nutritional needs. Buffalo milk was recommended for its high calcium content, beneficial for bone health. Cow Milk Cow milk is essential in many diets for its calcium and vitamin content. Cow milk is often recommended for its calcium, crucial for healthy bones. Buffalo Milk Buffalo milk has a higher calorie count due to its dense nutrient composition. Due to its high caloric value, buffalo milk is a popular choice in energy-dense diets. Cow Milk Cow milk is a widely consumed dairy product, known for its versatility and nutritional value. Cow milk is a staple in many households for its use in a variety of daily recipes. Buffalo Milk Buffalo milk is distinctively white and thick, often used in specific regional cuisines. In many Asian dishes, buffalo milk is used for its ability to add richness and flavor. Cow Milk Cow milk has a slight yellow tint and is used in a wide range of dairy products. Cow milk's versatility is evident in its use in everything from cheese to ice cream. Does buffalo milk have more calories than cow milk? Yes, due to its higher fat and protein content. Is buffalo milk richer in taste than cow milk? Yes, buffalo milk is richer and creamier due to its higher fat content. Can cow milk be considered a healthier option? Cow milk is often seen as healthier for those seeking lower-calorie options. Is buffalo milk good for making cheese? Yes, its high cream and protein content make it excellent for cheese-making. Which milk is more widely consumed globally? Cow milk is more widely consumed and available globally. Is cow milk less creamy than buffalo milk? Yes, cow milk is lighter and less creamy compared to buffalo milk. Does cow milk have a lower protein content than buffalo milk? Yes, buffalo milk generally has a higher protein content. Is buffalo milk better for making yogurt? Its richness makes it a preferred choice for thick and creamy yogurt. Can buffalo milk be used in baking? Yes, its richness can add more flavor and texture to baked goods. Can people who are lactose intolerant consume buffalo milk? Buffalo milk also contains lactose, so it may not be suitable for lactose-intolerant individuals. Does cow milk have a longer shelf life than buffalo milk? The shelf life is similar, but it depends on processing and storage conditions. Can both types of milk be used in coffee or tea? Yes, both can be used, but buffalo milk will give a creamier texture. Does cow milk come in different fat content varieties? Yes, cow milk is available in full-fat, low-fat, and skimmed varieties. Are both buffalo milk and cow milk good sources of calcium? Yes, both are excellent calcium sources but buffalo milk has a slightly higher content. Is buffalo milk more expensive than cow milk? This can vary regionally, but often buffalo milk is more expensive due to its richer content. Is cow milk more suitable for drinking? Yes, due to its lighter consistency, it's often preferred for regular drinking. Does buffalo milk have more fat than cow milk? Yes, buffalo milk has a higher fat content. Is buffalo milk good for growing children? Yes, its high nutritional content is beneficial for growth. Is cow milk better for weight management? It's often chosen for diets due to its lower calorie content. Can buffalo milk be used daily like cow milk? Yes, though it's richer, buffalo milk can be used daily, depending on dietary preferences. About Author Written by Janet WhiteJanet White has been an esteemed writer and blogger for Difference Wiki. Holding a Master's degree in Science and Medical Journalism from the prestigious Boston University, she has consistently demonstrated her expertise and passion for her field. When she's not immersed in her work, Janet relishes her time exercising, delving into a good book, and cherishing moments with friends and family. Edited by Aimie CarlsonAimie Carlson, holding a master's degree in English literature, is a fervent English language enthusiast. She lends her writing talents to Difference Wiki, a prominent website that specializes in comparisons, offering readers insightful analyses that both captivate and inform.
Ian Shelley Alabanza With much enthusiasm, the Year of Vocations is in full swing in the Catholic Diocese of Macao, and it is an opportune moment to encourage members of the Catholic community of Macao to listen more closely to God. Some of us, without being aware, may have received the call—the vocation—to either the priesthood or to life as a religious, whether as a brother, a missionary, or a contemplative. Looking at Jesus' life from a historical perspective, especially during the time of His missionary activity, we see that He went out to the people and socialized with them. He spoke to crowds, giving them the good news from God. He was among the sick, healing them. He mingled with those who were not accepted by society: criminals, prostitutes, lepers, tax collectors, etc. In short, Jesus had a very strong impact on society, and His missionary activity had an unmistakable societal aspect to it. Although all Christians are called to follow Jesus, some are called to a unique way of life where they devote their entire life in service to God's people in roles that are quite distinct from those of laypersons. Priests and religious have an enduring societal relevance even in the midst of what seems to be a world that's becoming secularized, and indeed those who are called to a priestly and/or religious life can be regarded as the prophets of today. Announcing and Denouncing with Courage One of the things that distinguished prophets from most ordinary persons was that they had the uncanny ability to see what was going on in society during their time. Such perspicacity with regard to the social milieu or in reading the "signs of the times" was usually interpreted as being in possession of the powers of prediction—an ability that is commonly attributed to a prophet. Therefore, when a prophet prophesies or announces a prophecy, what that prophet is doing is making an insightful reading of what is going on at present and then, projecting into the future. The prophet interprets what the likely consequences will be if people continue with their current behavior. Thus, prophets announce what is going on, and they also announce, by way of warning, what might happen if people continued with behavior and ways of living that may be detrimental to life and society. And this is one of the relevant roles of priests and religious in today's society. Since they have more time for prayer and contemplation than most ordinary laypersons have, they are able to tap into their ability to discern the ways of the Holy Spirit and understand what behaviors and ways of living are harmful to society and to the earth. Also, a life devoted to the ministry and to apostleship in the case of those ordained to the priesthood, or to contemplation in the case of contemplatives, or missionary activity in the case of missionaries, provides persons in priestly and religious life an understanding of people's needs and cares, their problems and their aspirations. They are able to widen their vision because they care not just for one family but several families, entire communities. They speak to people and tell them of God's will and good news. Many times, priests and religious, having insight and discernment, are also confronted with the responsibility not only to announce, but also to denounce. They have to speak out against injustice, against wrongdoing, against harmful practices, against evil, against people in power who use that power irresponsibly to the extent that they harm innocent people. Speaking out is not easy. It requires courage and lots of it. And this is also why priests and religious are oftentimes the voice of the voiceless, with the voiceless being the poor and the underprivileged. Service, Not Prestige Persons who have a calling to the priestly or the religious life do not call attention to themselves. The prophets spoke not because they wanted to call attention to themselves. Instead, they were a medium. They were God's spokespersons. They pointed to God, not to themselves. The wisdom that priests and religious acquire from extended periods of prayer and contemplation, of intimacy with God, of being with the people, and the insights that are formed from these are meant not for themselves. They are rather meant to be shared. They articulate God's will and wisdom in words and in a manner that is accessible to most ordinary persons. A vocation to the priestly and religious life is not about the prestige that is bestowed upon the one who is called. It is instead a service. This was very clear to Jesus when He said that He came to serve and not to be served (Matthew 20:28). This is also clear in the lives of the prophets who refused privilege in order to be able to embody and live out the message that they were announcing. The history of religious life is full of examples of a way of life that helped people see an alternative to the dominant lifestyle of their times, from mendicants to monks, from contemplatives to active contemplatives. And so, today's prophets, priests and religious announce not only in words, but also in their way of life. As prophets, they are challenged to help people to not only imagine, but to see with their very eyes an alternative way of living. A life that is not preoccupied with the self, nor with accumulation of material goods, wins or likes or awards. It must be a life that values people; a life of empathy and compassion; a life that empowers the people of God to realize God's Kingdom on earth just as the prophets did. (Ian Shelley Alabanza was awarded summa cum laude honors for his PhD from the University of Saint Joseph. He has been lecturing at the university for 10 years and has taught 23 different course modules on topics related to philosophy, theology, and psychology. His main research is on migrant religiosity while his other academic interests include the psychology of religion and spirituality as well as cultural anthropology.)
Registration Dossier Registration Dossier Data platform availability banner - registered substances factsheets Please be aware that this old REACH registration data factsheet is no longer maintained; it remains frozen as of 19th May 2023. The new ECHA CHEM database has been released by ECHA, and it now contains all REACH registration data. There are more details on the transition of ECHA's published data to ECHA CHEM here. Diss Factsheets Use of this information is subject to copyright laws and may require the permission of the owner of the information, as described in the ECHA Legal Notice. EC number: 864-951-0 \| CAS number: 2170099-74-6 - Life Cycle description - Uses advised against - Endpoint summary - Appearance / physical state / colour - Melting point / freezing point - Boiling point - Density - Particle size distribution (Granulometry) - Vapour pressure - Partition coefficient - Water solubility - Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility - Surface tension - Flash point - Auto flammability - Flammability - Explosiveness - Oxidising properties - Oxidation reduction potential - Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products - Storage stability and reactivity towards container material - Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals - pH - Dissociation constant - Viscosity - Additional physico-chemical information - Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials - Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation - Nanomaterial crystalline phase - Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size - Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape - Nanomaterial specific surface area - Nanomaterial Zeta potential - Nanomaterial surface chemistry - Nanomaterial dustiness - Nanomaterial porosity - Nanomaterial pour density - Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity - Nanomaterial radical formation potential - Nanomaterial catalytic activity - Endpoint summary - Stability - Biodegradation - Bioaccumulation - Transport and distribution - Environmental data - Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour - Ecotoxicological Summary - Aquatic toxicity - Endpoint summary - Short-term toxicity to fish - Long-term toxicity to fish - Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates - Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates - Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria - Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae - Toxicity to microorganisms - Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo - Toxicity to other aquatic organisms - Sediment toxicity - Terrestrial toxicity - Biological effects monitoring - Biotransformation and kinetics - Additional ecotoxological information - Toxicological Summary - Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution - Acute Toxicity - Irritation / corrosion - Sensitisation - Repeated dose toxicity - Genetic toxicity - Carcinogenicity - Toxicity to reproduction - Specific investigations - Exposure related observations in humans - Toxic effects on livestock and pets - Additional toxicological data Administrative data First-aid measures If inhaled : fresh air. In case of skin contact : Take off immediately all contaminated clothing. Rinse skin with water/ shower. Consult a physician. In case of eye contact : rinse out with plenty of water. Remove contact lenses. If swallowed : immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most). Fire-fighting measures Extinguishing media Suitable extinguishing media: Water, Foam, Carbon dioxide (CO2), Dry powder Unsuitable extinguishing media: For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given. Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture Specific hazards during firefighting: Combustible. Vapours are heavier than air and may spread along floors. Forms explosive mixtures with air on intense heating. Development of hazardous combustion gases or vapours possible in the event of fire. Fire may cause evolution of: Sulphur oxides, Hydrogen fluoride Advice for firefighters Special protective equipmentfor firefighters: Stay in danger area only with self-contained breathing apparatus. Prevent skin contact by keeping a safe distance or by wearing suitable protective clothing. Further information: Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system. Suppress (knock down) gases/vapours/mists with a water spray jet. Accidental release measures Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures Personal precautions : Advice for non-emergency personnel: Do not breathe vapours, aerosols. Avoid substance contact. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate the danger area, observe emergency procedures, consult an expert. Environmental precautions: Do not flush into surface water or sanitary sewer system. Methods and material for containment and cleaning up Methods for cleaning up : Cover drains. Collect, bind, and pump off spills. Observe possible material restrictions. Take up with liquid-absorbent material (e.g. Chemizorb® ). Dispose of properly. Clean up affected area. Handling and storage Precautions for safe handling Advice on safe handling : Observe label precautions. Hygiene measures : Immediately change contaminated clothing. Apply preventive skin protection. Wash hands and face after working with substance. Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities Requirements for storage areas and containers: Store in original container. Further information on storage conditions: Tightly closed. Recommended storage temperature: Recommended storage temperature see product label. Transport information Shippingopen allclose all SpecialProvisionsopen allclose all Shippingopen allclose all Remarksopen allclose all Marine transport (UN RTDG/IMDG) Shippingopen allclose all Remarksopen allclose all Shippingopen allclose all Remarksopen allclose all SpecialProvisionsopen allclose all Exposure controls / personal protection Engineering measures: Technical measures and appropriate working operations should be given priority over the use of personal protective equipment. Personal protective equipment: Protective clothing needs to be selected specifically for the workplace, depending on concentrations and quantities of the hazardous substances handled and must meet the specifications of a standard EN/ISO/DIN. The chemical resistance of the protective equipment should be enquired at the respective supplier. Eye protection : Safety glasses Hand protection : required Protective measures : Protective clothing Respiratory protection : required when vapours/aerosols are generated. Recommended Filter type: : ABEK-filter The entrepreneur has to ensure that maintenance, cleaning and testing of respiratory protective devices are carried out according to the instructions of the producer. These measures have to be properly documented. Environmental exposure controls: General advice : Do not flush into surface water or sanitary sewer system. Stability and reactivity Forms explosive mixtures with air on intense heating. A range from approx. 15 Kelvin below the flash point is to be rated as critical. Chemical stability: The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) . Possibility of hazardous reactions: Hazardous reactions : Violent reactions possible with: Strong oxidizing agents Conditions to avoid : Strong heating. Materials to avoid : no information available Disposal considerations According to national guidelines and regulations. Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice. Reproduction or further distribution of this information may be subject to copyright protection. Use of the information without obtaining the permission from the owner(s) of the respective information might violate the rights of the owner.
I Spy Printable I Spy game is perfect for children of all ages and can help improve their cognitive skills while also providing some fun entertainment. Download your favorite theme, print, and start playing right away or during school break. Recommended: Check out our Printable Puzzle Books Collection to download and print. Also try these puzzle makers to make your own custom printable puzzles. Need Help? To get started, check out these instructions, goals and rules for how to solve puzzles Emotions I Spy Get the kids thrilling with the Emoji I spy printable game and let them have fun while improving their cognitive ability. Download and print to introduce them to emotions and feelings. I Spy Summer Our I Spy Summer Printable Game for Kids is the perfect activity for those hot afternoons when it's too warm to play outside. Simply download, print and play! I Spy Earth Day Earth Day is an important day to recognize the effect we have on our planet and take steps toward protecting it. It's essential to teach our youngest generations about the significance of this day. … Back to School I Spy Game Perfect back to school activity for kids, this Back to School I Spy will help kids learn how to identify and count the numbers of objects associated with school and education. I Spy Toys The Toys I Spy Printable Game is an excellent game for children that improves their cognitive and counting skills. The game is engaging and fun, and parents, teachers, and educators will appreciate … I Spy Animals I Spy Animal Activity is the perfect way to keep your kids entertained and learning at the same time! Kids will have fun searching for specific animals, counting them, and learning about different … I Spy Insects Get ready to embark on an exciting bug hunt with our I Spy Insects Printable Game for Kids! Kids of all ages can join in on the fun and search for each insect related item on the sheet. 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With this game, little ones will scour the page for the creatures found in the zoo, tally up how many … St. Patrick's Day I Spy Game Perfect St. Patrick's Day activity for kids, this I Spy will help kids learn how to identify and count the numbers of objects. Simply download and print these printable puzzles. I Spy Halloween Halloween I Spy Puzzle is perfect to play on Halloween or family night. Have kids solve such puzzles to count the number of objects associated with Halloween. Download, print and play! Bugs I Spy Game Printable Bugs I Spy game is perfect for those little bug enthusiasts in your life! Simply print out the game board and locate the 10 hidden insects. Simply download and print these I spy games. I Spy Sports The Sports I Spy printable game is a perfect fit for parents and educators looking for a fun and educational activity for their little ones. Download and print your copy today! I Spy Outer Space The I Spy Outer Space printable game invites players to search for various items related to outer space and planets, such as stars, rockets, and telescopes. Download and print your copy today! I Spy Airport I Spy Airport is an engaging activity that challenges children to sharpen their observation skills as they search for various items commonly found in airports. From airplanes and luggage carts to … I Spy Gardening The Gardening I Spy game for kids is an interactive and educational activity designed to foster an appreciation for gardening and outdoor exploration. Simply download, print and play! I Spy Ocean Animals Take the plunge into a fun-filled adventure with our Ocean Animals I Spy Printable Game for Kids! Your little ones can dive into the world of majestic sea creatures as they search for each item on the … I Spy Flowers I Spy Flowers Printable Game challenges kids to search for different items related to flowers, such as petals, leaves, and stems. They will learn more about the parts of a flower and also practice … I Spy Thanksgiving Day Thanksgiving I Spy Puzzle is perfect to play on Thanksgiving Day or family night. Have kids solve such puzzles to count the number of objects associated with Thanksgiving. Download, print and play! I Spy is a great game for kids to play indoors or outdoors. It helps improve their observation skills as they look for objects on these printable games and write the total count of each object at the bottom of these sheets. Give each player a printed I Spy game sheet and a pencil or marker. You can laminate these printable game sheets to use them again. Use a dry eraser marker with a laminated version. We offer many different themes for different occasions, including St. Patricks Day, Easter, Halloween. Thanksgiving, New Year, and more!
Men's Jewelry from Brazil (68 items)The Village Council Your answers straight from the village experts Global artisans use all sorts of materials in their handcrafted jewelry for men. In the Andes, sterling silver, leather, and combinations of natural stones are frequently used. In Bali, silver, gold, bone, wood, brass, and stainless copper adorn handmade jewelry. In West Africa, men's jewelry honors the cow, where bone and horns are incorporated into unique pieces. Traditional artisans handcraft jewelry using the techniques and materials of their ancestors. In Indonesia, the most common mens bracelet is made from Akar Baharnatural, or black, coral. In the Andes, sterling silver, leather, waxed cotton threads, or natural stones adorn handmade jewelry. In Central America, the list includes: gold, brass, cord, wood, or glass. West Africa also makes use of these materials, plus wooden beads. And India incorporates gemstones into its rich history of jewelry. Excellent question! There is no simple test that can tell you whether an artisan hand-crafted your jewelry or not. No easy way to know if an item is handmade or factory-produced. But there are details that you can look out for, and hopefully a discerning eye will guide you right. First, look at materials. If a bracelet is made of leather with embossed detailing, or sterling silver with intricate carvings or stone settings, you are entering the realm of the handmade. If a bracelet is made from bone, or makes use of complicated beadwork, if there is evidence of welding or carving, then you can feel good about your purchase. Any true artisan will tell you: no two pieces of jewelry will come out identical if they are made by hand. Beware of sameness. Celebrate the idiosyncrasies of the artists hand and help preserve the techniques and traditions of the past. Since time immemorial, jewelry has been used as a personal ornament, religious signification, or tastes in fashion. Today's handcrafted artisan jewelry is no different. In West Africa, leather is prized by certain tribes and connotes a connection to culture. In Indonesia, black coral, or Akar Bahar, is believed to protect the wearer from witchcraft and evil, and so it is used in many jewelry items for men. In Peru, leaders adorned themselves with garments that were exclusive to their rank, so men's jewelry not only indicated their function, but was also steeped in iconography, religious code, and emblems of power and prestige. In India, artisan jewelry incorporates the motifs of Om, a spiritual symbol signifying the essence of consciousness, and Lord Ganesha, the god of beginnings who is honored at the start of rites and ceremonies. Today, artisans working in these classical styles preserve the heritage that was passed down to them over time. To understand the significance of traditional, handcrafted men's rings, we need to talk about stones. All over the world, stones reveal deep cultural connections to the land, belief systems, and aspirations. In Peru, artisan jewelry makes use of chrysocolla (also known as "Peruvian turquoise"), which was used by the Incas as an inlay in their goldwork. They believed it calmed their emotions and strengthened their immune defenses because it had medicinal powers. In Bali, kecubung (Amethyst) is incorporated into handmade rings because it brings peace to those who wear it. Kalimaya (Opal) is believed to stabilize the mental well-being of the wearer. In Guatemala, jade is the stone of choice, as the Mayans attributed special powers to it, believing it symbolized life, fertility, and power. In India, onyx is a stone of vigor and stamina, which strengthens self-confidence, banishes grief, and stimulates wise decision-making. Lapis lazuli relieves anger and negative thoughts and eases frustrations. Tigers eye stone aids harmony and balance and helps release fear and anxiety. The list of unique stones is as long as the master craftspeople who use them in their traditional jewelry. From wedding rings to religious symbols, men's rings have carried tremendous significance throughout history. In West Africa, rings were originally used to represent God's unmatched power and the authority of mankind on earth. In India, handcrafted rings have been used to symbolize everything from devotion and fidelity to eternity and belief in a deity. Today, like in many cultures, Indian rings represent love, engagement and marriage. Pre-Hispanic cultures in Central America and South America used handmade jewelry to denote social position, rank, as well as personal adornment. Metal, bone, shell, and stoneparticularly jadewere chosen for beauty and durability. Even the choice of metal has meaning in particular cultures. The Incas, for example, believed that gold was a sacred metal sent by the sun god, Inti, and all mines belonged to the emperor, who protected his metals with great zeal. Men have worn rings since ancient times as a personal ornament, a sign of social position, official rank, or a symbol of religious beliefs. Handmade jewelry may reflect changes in fashion, but it remains rooted in the history and culture of a people and place. Each unique ring reveals the artistic sensibility of its maker, yet certain symbols and motifs appear frequently. In India, the Om motif has special cultural significance as a sacred spiritual symbol. It signifies ultimate reality, or consciousness. In Bali, the Om Kara, or Ongkara, represents five elements: wind, fire, ether, water, air, and earth, which correspond to different aspects of the human body. Religion and mythology are also manifest in traditional jewelry. Lord Ganesha, one of the most worshipped deities in the Hindu pantheon, is revered as the remover of obstacles, the patron of arts and sciences, and the god of intellect and wisdom. In Bali, Barong is a lion-like mythical creature that symbolizes victory and spiritual protection. These symbols and others can be found on handmade rings from around the world and are ways of honoring history, culture, and spirituality. Many traditional artisans employ the handcrafted techniques of their ancestors, which favored a slow, methodical approach in a small workshop, as opposed to mass production. Today, they preserve these methodologies while intentionally distinguishing their approaches from those of large factories. Respect for the environment, and for animal and human life drive the artwork itself. Natural materials are often a sign that a product is eco-friendly. Additionally, many artisans look for ways to reuse or recycle in their artwork. Some choose to repurpose old wood or fabric. Some recycle glass beads or up-cycle plastic and discarded paper. Others follow practices that conserve resources, like water and energy, and are mindful of the pollutants they release into the environment. Shopping from organizations that promote eco-friendly products is the best way to ensure that you are receiving a unique item that does not damage the world through its making. Handcrafted mens jewelry captures our undying passion for symbols and meaning through a variety of designs, emblems, and carvings. In ancient Peru, men wore necklaces adorned with pendants of human, animal, and divine characters. A common symbol that has withstood the test of time is the Andean Chakana, or the staggered cross, that attests to the relationship between humankind and the cosmos. In Bali, mens jewelry integrated the cross, the sign of freedom, and Ongkara symbol for oneness and spirituality. In Central America, carved glyphs were commonly used. Animal figures and bird feathers (like the quetzal and macaw) had special significance, as did natural stones. In India, Om and Ganesha symbols are used for protection, prosperity and purity. In West Africa, Gye nyame, symbolizing Gods deep power and infinite knowledge, is still used on necklaces. There is no right way to wear mens rings. Right hand, left hand, ring finger or thumb, where you place your ring is as much a matter of preference and comfort as it is style. Besides the common ring finger to signify love or marriage, other fingers of note are the index finger, which symbolizes power, leadership, and authority in some cultures, and the thumb, which can signify wealth. Wherever you choose to don it, a handmade ring should be as unique as the man who wears it. Featured Reviews on Men's Jewelry from Brazil Wood pendant necklace, 'Dusk Triangle' By Patricia Great design and craftmanship This was bought as a gift for someone who is starting to work with wood himself in a totally different way but figured he can get inspiration and good vibes. The fact that it has so many diferente types of inlay wood makes it really special and different. Stuning! Loved it! Thank you, Texeiria family! Men's leather wristband bracelet, 'Determination in Black' By Gilberto Handsome and modern This simple but beautiful bracelet has become my favorite accessory. High quality material and craftsmanship. Men's wood ring, 'The Race' By Nathan Beautiful Ring I love this ring and wear it every day. One note, the ring I received has wood and silver bands of equal size, not the over-sized wood bands as pictured. Featured Artist "I create only pieces that express the love I have inside me. Now I am happy to cross the limits of my small city to show my creations to everyone through the web." "From the time I was a child, I was known in my family as the 'little artist.' And from a tender age, I worked at some creative activity or... read more The Summer Catalog Discover our unique collection of beautiful, handmade objects from around the world, inspired by more than a century of exploration.
The unique fragrance niche known as Petrichor fragrances aims to capture the alluring scent of fresh rain, particularly the scent after a dry, humid spell of weather. Yes, it's that specific, and as a perfume manufacturer and supplier, we understand the delicate balance required to replicate and introduce its evocative scent into products or product lines. In the following, we explore this esoteric fragrance type and the considerations guiding perfumers when incorporating it into soaps, candles, and other scented products. What Exactly Is Petrichor? This little known and strange sounding name is instantly recognized as the ethereal, pleasant smell of the first rain after a long spell of dry, humid weather. In the 1960s, two Australian scientists, Isabel Joy Bear and Richard Thomas, coined the term as "blood of stones. "Technically, the name derives from two ancient Greek words; petra, meaning stone, and ichor, which in mythology concerns the golden fluid that flows through the veins of the gods. Three substances define the aromatic character of petrichor; namely, ozone, geosomin and plant terpenes especially, which are soil bacteria that are released from the soil and into the air via ozone. Geosomin attracts humans and animals as well. Some scientists claim that the aroma of petrichor is 200,000 times more potent in humans than the smell of blood in the sea is for sharks. Down through the ages, mankind has relied on rain for survival, as its timeless cycle has always been the force behind replenishing lakes and reservoirs supporting crops and nourishing all life forms. In addition, when rain evaporates, it leaves behind a residue of salt, which is a primary source of fresh water. Camels in the desert depend upon petrichor to locate oases and other sources of water, and some species can even track the scent from as far as 50 miles away. Petrichor's aroma is never the same in any one place and greatly depends upon which part of the world the rain is falling, whether it is in a forest or urban environment, how strong the rainfall is and whatever surface it is striking. What Does Petrichor Smell Like? Who doesn't feel a loving and primal connection with the earth after a storm? It adds something to the air that whispers of continuity, new beginnings and a letting go of the past. Master perfumers often seek to capture the elusive, enigmatic essence of petrichor because it serenades the psyche in a way no other scent can. Its various elements are earthy, fresh, musky, damp and salty. Some people believe it is the actual smell of the rain itself, but it isn't. It occurs only when the rain hits the parched land and micro-organisms formerly hidden in the earth emerge, blended with the aromas of plant oils and ozone. This aspect of nature, while only recently understood, is highly valued. The sound, feel, appearance and smell of rain has inspired writers, poets and artists down through time. In James Joyce's 1916 Portrait of The Artist As A Young Man, he wrote how: "'…the trees in Stephen's Green were fragrant of rain, and the rain-sodden earth gave forth its mortal odour, a faint incense rising upward through the mould from many hearts." The Symbolic Nature of Rain And Soil Since the days when the world was young, rain has been a boon to mankind and all living things. Hunters and gatherers seeking food and water rejoiced in its occurrence as a sign from the great spirit in the sky that the cycle of life would continue. It symbolizes transformation and renewal and a washing away of yesteryear's dust. Soil is existential as well as mystical and poetic for its connection to existence and the biological death and decay of microbes that in turn serve to feed life. How Is Petrichor Used In Perfumery? Petrichor has been used in perfume in India since 1911 where it is blended with creamy sandalwood and known as the 'fragrance of life.' It is also sometimes combined with potent patchouli, musty vetiver or green, mossy or woody facets that evoke the sensation of water on surfaces. Perfume formulators are well aware that the intricate combination of so many organic molecules makes it impossible to snare all of them in a scent. The process is painstaking, but well worth the effort. Petrichor is the earthy, floral and natural life blood of spring and early summer, permeating the atmosphere with a warm, soft, viscerally familiar and comforting presence. A Few Other Benefits of Petrichor Rain makes modern life possible as a source of water for multiple industries including but not limited to:agriculture; electrical energy; perfume and hygiene. The sounds of rain are relaxing and soothing to the human spirit. Songs and poems down through time have extolled walking in the rain as a means of gleaning new perspectives. A new rain opens a one-of-a-kind window into a different realm that lays hidden in the cold light of day. Here, air is fresher and cleaner, shapes and colors diffuse into uniquely refracted light and blooms close their petals until they can once again bask in the warmth of the sun. Symbolically, rain is acceptance of that which we cannot control, and as such, a new aspect of thought arises that speaks to the fact that other things in our lives are also beyond our control. Integrating Petrichor Fragrances Into A Product Line Petrichor fragrances, reminiscent of the earthy scent that follows rain, possess a unique charm that can enhance a wide range of products. Among the ideal products to infuse with petrichor scents are soaps, candles, room sprays, and diffusers, but its unique earthy qualities adapt to most types of products. Soaps enriched with petrichor fragrances elevate the cleansing experience. Candles infused with the essence of fresh rain create an ambiance of calm and relaxation, perfect for unwinding after a long day. When introducing a fresh rain fragrance into a product line, our perfumers consider several factors. Firstly, they need to ensure that the scent is authentic and evocative, capturing the earthy notes and subtle sweetness of petrichor. Additionally, compatibility with the base of the product is crucial to maintain stability and longevity of the fragrance. Moreover, the intensity of the scent must be balanced to create a pleasing olfactory experience without overwhelming the senses. Perfumers may also experiment with complementary notes such as green foliage or floral undertones to enhance the complexity of the fragrance while maintaining its freshness. By carefully considering these factors, perfumers can craft petrichor-infused products that not only captivate the senses but also evoke the soothing essence of a gentle rain shower, bringing a touch of nature's tranquility into everyday life. Whether in skincare, cleaning products, or candles, petrichor fragrances add a refreshing connection with Mother Nature, resonating with the general market as well as eco-conscious consumers seeking sustainable and nature-inspired products The following represent a few of our most recently-composed fragrances that embrace its nostalgic, tranquil and rejuvenating essence. Woodland Petrichor Invigorating and fresh citrus sparkle, natural, aromatic and 'rainy' dew and sweet, tart and tropical fruit nectar flow through the head notes of this refreshing scent. A heart note reflecting the primal power of the forest features potent, woody and amber-nuanced oak moss, subtle floral tones and fresh, earthy and resinous pine needle. A dry down of balsamic cedar wood, creamy, smooth sandalwood and passionate, wet musk completes this compelling fragrance. Earthen Petrichor Head notes stream with aspects of potent, pungent and sweet orange zest, crunchy apple and fresh, dewy and watery melon. A heart note soon takes hold marked by facets of bright, tropical lilies, vanilla-nuanced and woody balsam pine and deeply aromatic tea leaf. The scent completes with a dry down featuring dry, somber cedar, dark, musky and intoxicating patchouli, velvety sandalwood and air moistened by rain. Seaside Petrichor Shimmering, aquatic and green ocean mist, marine, savory sea salt and fresh, fruity casaba melon open this invigorating, robust fragrance. These facets soon drift into a heart of earthy, woody sea moss and soft, clear and leafy water lily. A dry down of sun-kissed driftwood, dark, musky and potent patchouli and erotic, earthy musk completes this scent. Sunshine Petrichor A sparkling burst of sweet, fresh and spicy bergamot, slightly saline, earthy and green rain water and sharp, watery grapefruit opens this feel-good-to-be-alive fragrance. These aspects seamlessly fold into a glorious, aromatic heart of intense, rich jasmine, creamy, smooth gardenia, delicate, sugary muguet and light, bitter neroli. A dry down of woody, balsamic and warm cashmere woods, vanilla-nuanced, creamy and sweet tonka bean and woody, mossy elements complete this robust fragrance. Breathe In The Scent of Fresh Rain If you're product line is lagging and needs an earthy aromatic lift, consider the wondrous world of petrichor fragrances and enjoy an olfactory window into the precious communion between the forces of nature, the rain, the forest and the sea.
Treasury yields, indicating returns on government bonds, may rise with economic growth but trigger bond price drops. Inversion hints at a recession. Investors must balance price and yield when deciding on investments. In the financial world, people are always watching the specifics of the economy and the markets. And whether it's the ups and downs of the stock market or the rise and fall of interest rates, they all seem to be related to Treasury yields. In this article, we will interpret the signals of Treasury bond yields in detail and understand these market signals in detail so that you can not only protect your assets but also seize investment opportunities. How to Calculate Treasury Yield As the name suggests, the national debt is the country's commitment to borrow money from the public and to pay interest within a certain period of time to repay the principal at maturity. U.S. bonds are bonds issued by the U.S. government; the money lent to the U.S. government will get an IOU. Since the U.S. is backed by the U.S. government and the U.S. dollar is the world's common currency, The U.S. government also has a high degree of credibility and will certainly not renege on its debts. Therefore, US Treasury bonds are considered a risk-free asset. U.S. bonds are issued with different borrowing periods, ranging from one month to 30 years. Short-term U.S. debt is vulnerable to policy and market fluctuations are more frequent; too long-term U.S. debt uncertainty is too much, and liquidity is not high. The 10-year U.S. debt has the highest liquidity of all maturities, so the 10-year U.S. bond yield is widely recognized as a risk-free rate of return. In layman's terms, the interest rate of any money in circulation is based on the return of Treasury bonds. Investment in other assets to obtain at least this level of return is good; otherwise, investors directly buy U.S. bonds. As a risk-free rate, the 10-year U.S. bond yield is also the basis for bank credit rates, including mortgages. It is calculated slightly differently depending on the factors considered. Generally, the real interest rate, unadjusted for inflation or deflation, is also known as the nominal yield when stated on the bond. It is the annualized rate of interest specified on the bond contract at the time the investor purchases the bond and does not take into account the effects of inflation or currency depreciation. The nominal yield includes the bond's coupon rate, which is a fixed rate determined at the time of issuance. For example, if a bond has a face value of $1.000 and a coupon rate of 5%, then its nominal yield is 5%. The exact formula is: nominal yield = coupon rate ÷ face value of the bond x 100. In this formula, the coupon rate is the annual interest payment, and the face value of the bond is the initial value of the bond. And to take inflation into account, it can be subtracted so that you are able to get the real rate of return, which reflects the change in the real purchasing power of the investment. The specific formula is: real yield = nominal yield minus Inflation rate. There is also a yield to maturity, which is the annualized rate of return that an investor receives when he buys a bond and holds it to maturity. The calculation of YTM involves factors such as the face value of the bond, the purchase price, the maturity period, and the frequency of interest payments. The specific formula is: YTM=(M-Pb)/(PbN)100% Where M is the amount of one debt service payment at maturity, Pb is the market bid price, and n is the number of years remaining from purchase to holding to maturity. The yield to maturity takes into account the global return on the Treasury bond, including interest and principal, and gives the investor's expected rate of return when the bond is held to maturity. Characteristics \| What the Rise Says \| What the decline means \| Economic conditions \| Economic optimism boosts return demand. \| Worried investors seek safer assets. \| Inflation Expectations \| Inflation rises, investors chase higher returns. \| Inflation falls, lower investor returns. \| central bank Policy \| Tightened policy, higher short-term rates. \| Easy policy, lower short-term rates. \| Investor Risk Appetite \| Higher returns, willingness for riskier assets. \| Conservative, favors low-risk assets. \| Currency Liquidity \| Markets fret over short-term bond liquidity. \| Short-term bond liquidity improves. \| Global Economic Uncertainty \| Risk aversion, short-term assets favored. \| Stable global economy, leans long-term. \| Treasury yields are inverted This refers to the fact that the yields on short-term bonds are higher than the yields on long-term bonds. This is often considered a bond market anomaly because, in general, long-term investments should yield higher returns than short-term investments. This brings us to several characteristics of treasuries, one of which is that the yields on short-term and long-term treasuries move in the same direction, and if the yields on short-term treasuries rise, the yields on long-term treasuries will rise as well. The second is that the price and yield of Treasury bonds are negatively correlated, with the higher the price, the lower the yield. If a bond's popularity increases with market demand, it will cause its price to increase and its yield to decrease. Third, Treasury bonds are considered a safe-haven asset. In the case of U.S. long-term Treasury bonds, for example, if investors are not optimistic about future market expectations, they will withdraw their investments from stocks or other high-risk investments and purchase 10-year Treasury bonds as a hedge. When inversion occurs, it is seen as a precursor to a recession. This is because investors may be more willing to buy long-term Treasury bonds to avoid a possible future economic downturn. This may indicate that the market has concerns about the future economic outlook, leaving investors interested in assets with lower short-term risk. In the US, for example, historical data suggests that almost every time this so-called inversion occurs, a recession occurs in the US. For example, an inversion of yields occurred in the U.S. in 2008. before the subprime mortgage crisis. To see if an inversion will occur, you can look at the Treasury yield curve. You can also use the yield of the 10-year Treasury bond minus the yield of the 2-year Treasury bond to get a difference that is greater than 0. This means that long-term yields are greater than short-term yields, which is relatively normal. If the difference is less than 0. It means that the yield of long-term Treasury bonds is smaller than the yield of short-term Treasury bonds, which is the phenomenon of yield inversion. This phenomenon can happen mainly because investors expect a recession; it is not that the inversion is causing an economic crisis. It is more of a signal that is the result of a collective vote by the majority of investors on what the market expects. And the interest rate on Treasury bonds They are two related but different concepts that are commonly used to describe different aspects of the Treasury market. Treasury yield is the annual rate of return on Treasury Securities, which is the rate of return an investor receives from holding Treasury securities. It is calculated based on the current market price of Treasury bonds and the face value of the bond, usually expressed as a percentage. The calculation involves the annual interest payments on the bond and the current price of the bond. It is a dynamic metric that fluctuates with changes in the Treasury market. If the market price of Treasury securities rises, the yield falls; conversely, if the price falls, the yield rises. The interest rate on a Treasury bond usually refers to the coupon rate on the bond, which is the annual rate of interest promised to be paid when the bond is issued. It is set at the time the bond is issued and remains constant. For example, if a Treasury bond has a coupon rate of 5 percent, then 5 percent interest will be paid annually. The interest rate on a Treasury bond is a static indicator; it does not change with fluctuations in market prices. The Treasury bond interest rate remains constant regardless of the current market price of the bond. As an example, a U.S. bond with a one-year maturity has a coupon rate of 2%, which means that it is able to earn two points when purchased and held to maturity. Let's say Zhang San buys a $100 U.S. bond and is able to get $2 in interest after one year. So the interest rate on U.S. bonds is fixed from the time of purchase, written into the contract, and the loan agreement will not change with future changes in the situation. However, the yield on U.S. bonds changes every moment, and there exists a secondary market where investors can buy and sell their holdings of U.S. bonds. Still in the example just given, suppose Zhang San suddenly needs money urgently after six months of holding U.S. bonds and sells all of them to Li Si on the secondary market at a price of $98. After half a year, Li Si will be able to get the principal and interest from the U.S. government, that is, the U.S. bond coupon rate of 2% interest on two U.S. dollars plus the principal of $100. A total of $102 can be obtained. Li bought the U.S. debt for $98. and after maturity, he will get the principal and interest of $102. a profit of $4. Then its yield to maturity is 4.08%. In other words, Treasury yields are more focused on describing the actual rate of return that investors receive under current market conditions, while Treasury interest rates are more focused on describing the fixed rate of interest determined at the time of the issuance of a Treasury bond. and the price of Treasury bonds There is an inverse relationship between the two, which is due to the basic pricing principle of bonds. That is, when the yield on Treasury bonds rises, the price of Treasury bonds falls, and vice versa. When the market rate of interest on bonds rises, new issues offer higher interest rates, so older bonds have relatively lower fixed interest rates, causing their market prices to fall. Conversely, when market interest rates fall, the fixed rates of older bonds are relatively more attractive, and their prices rise. As you can see from the above example, US bond yields follow the price of US bonds. The higher the price at which U.S. bonds are traded, the lower the yield on U.S. bonds. The lower the traded price, the higher the yield. So the yield on US bonds can be calculated based on the current trading price of US bonds. For example, the current 10-year U.S. bond price is 88.2969. with a coupon value of 100 and a coupon rate of 2.75%. Show that if this bond is purchased at that price and held to maturity for one year, with two interest payments and an interest income of 1.375 per period, and redeemed at maturity at the coupon price, the annual yield would be 4.219 percent. U.S. bond yields and U.S. bond prices are inversely proportional; when investors scramble to buy U.S. bonds, they will push up the price of U.S. bonds, resulting in lower U.S. bond yields. On the contrary, if investors are not bullish on U.S. bonds and sell more people than buy more people, U.S. bond prices will fall and yields will rise. For example, since March this year, the Federal Reserve has been raising interest rates, and this has led to a sharp rise in U.S. bond yields. So investors have begun to sell U.S. bonds and put their money in the bank. There are more people selling U.S. bonds than buying them in the market, and the price of U.S. bonds will fall while U.S. bond yields will rise. Meanwhile, longer-term bonds are more sensitive to changes in market interest rates. Long-term bonds are relatively more volatile, so their prices fall more when market interest rates rise and rise more when market interest rates fall. So investors should make a good trade-off between price and yield when investing in Treasury securities. When market interest rates fluctuate, bond prices and yields adjust back accordingly, thus affecting investors' returns and investment strategies. Instrument \| High \| LOW \| Current \| Basis Points From LOW \| 30 Year \| 5.35% \| 0.99% \| 3.85% \| 286 \| 20 Year \| 5.44% \| 0.87% \| 4.06% \| 319 \| 10 Year \| 5.26% \| 0.52% \| 3.81% \| 329 \| 5 Year \| 5.18% \| 0.19% \| 4.13% \| 394 \| 2Year \| 5.10% \| 0.09% \| 4.87% \| 478 \| 3 Month \| 5.55% \| 0.00% \| 5.43% \| 543 \| Disclaimer:This material is for general information purposes only and is not intended as (and should not be considered to be) financial, investment, or other advice on which reliance should be placed. No opinion given in the material constitutes a recommendation by EBC or the author that any particular investment,security, transaction, or investment strategy is suitable for any specific person.
Giving your cat a bit of catnip or a catnip filled toy will surely cause both funny and a dramatic behavior in your cat. The can reactions range from rolling over on their back, zooming all over the place, licking the catnip and even rubbing it all over their face and body, and eventually lying down and purring. What is catnip ? Catnip (latin Nepeta cataria) is a type of plant that's part of the mint family and grows naturally in eastern Europe and central Asia. But unlike regular mint, catnip has a chemical called nepetalactone that drives cats wild with excitement. Does catnip really get cats high ? Catnip's aroma drives cats to lick and chew its flowers and leaves, sniff the plant, rub their bodies against the plant, roll around and drool. They sometimes even meow and growl at the same time after tasting and smelling the plant. The cat's reaction can end up being somewhat goofy, much like the elated and uncoordinated behavior of someone that has a bit too much to drink or is high under the influence of some recreational drugs. Can cats actually get high from catnip ? Yes, cats can actually get high from catnip, because is like a psychoactive drug for cats. They get high by breathing the nepetalactone, which stimulates neural receptors in the cat's nose. What exactly does catnip contain ? Being a psychoactive drug, cats get high off of the chemical component called nepetalactone, which is found in the plant's tiny bulbs. Scientific American states that these bulbs, and by extension the chemical, coat the leaves, stems and even seedpods of the catnip and when touch it prompts the bulbs to rupture and release the chemical. Cats then inhale the essential oil nepetalactone which then binds to the receptors inside of the cat's nose. Those receptors work together with sensory neurons in the cat's brain. It seems that this process changes the functioning of multiple brain regions in cats, such as the olfactory bulb, amygdala, and especially the hypothalamus, which is responsible for regulating their emotions. When exposed to the chemical nepetalactone, other brain areas also display an intoxicated response in cats, in addition to the hypothalamus. When you first present catnip to your cat they may sniff it, rub their face in it, drool a little even, and roll in the plant. There are a few phases which the cat goes through, the first one being described as the craziest one where the cat may appear to be in a euphoric state. The cat may even look like it is in heat, according to Scientific American. "This response lasts for about 10 minutes, after which the cat becomes temporarily immune to catnip's effects for roughly 30 minutes." All in all, catnip makes most if not all cats go crazy because they are in fact experiencing euphoria. Can catnip cause hallucinations ? As previously noted, catnip induces a euphoric state in cats, but it does not cause hallucinations. Cats remain highly aware of their environment and seem to be more cheerful about everything surrounding them. Thus, there is no need to avoid giving catnip to your feline companion due to any perceived stigma. Because, fortunately, cats cannot develop a drug problem. How much catnip is too much ? You may be asking yourself, can too much catnip harm and/or ultimately kill a cat? Well, catnip being a natural essential oil, it does not contain anything that may harm your cat. But, with all that said, there is such a thing as too much, even when it comes to catnip. Although catnip won't do any real harm to your cat it can cause a stomachache if ingested in large amounts. Is catnip safe for kittens ? While catnip affects most cats, it will not have any effect on kittens, since catnip is only effective to cats who have started or already reached their maturity. This is due to the fact that catnip in a way mimics the cat's own pheromones, so it causes a similar response to a female cat in heat because of this particular ability. While catnip primarily affects female cats in a similar manner, male cats also enjoy the effects and benefits of catnip. As a result, most cats do not respond to catnip until they reach at least six months of age. Does catnip have effect on dogs ? While it isn't dangerous to give to dogs, it does induce the opposite effect in dogs as opposed to cats. For example, catnip is considered a stimulant for cats, inducing a euphoric state that can last for about 10 minutes before it calms them down, for dogs however, it is more of a sedative than anything. So, because of this ability to calm dogs down, people give it to dogs with anxiety, or even dogs that are afraid of loud noises like fireworks. A fool proof way of giving your dog catnip is by adding the leaves of the plant to their water, and if you prefer to use dried catnip you can add anywhere from an eighth to a half a teaspoon per pound of dog food. It does have some other uses for dogs too! In addition to its psychoactive effects, catnip can also serve as a diuretic. Specifically, catnip oil has been shown to increase urination in dogs. Moreover, catnip can be used to alleviate various gastrointestinal issues, including gas, stomachaches, cramps, spasms, and diarrhea. But, as always, before introducing something new to your dog, consult with your veterinarian first and foremost. As was previously established, animals can't overdose on catnip, but too much of it can cause intestinal issues.

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