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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Women_in_Red/Missing_articles_by_occupation/Writers_-_Netherlands
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en
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Women_in_Red/Missing_articles_by_occupation/Writers_-_Netherlands
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Welcome to WikiProject Women in Red (WiR). Our objective is to turn red links into blue ones. Our scope is women's biographies, women's works, and women's issues, broadly construed.
This list of red links is intended to serve as a basis for creating new articles on the English Wikipedia. Please note however that the red links on this list may well not be suitable as the basis for an article. All new articles must satisfy Wikipedia's notability criteria with reliable independent sources.
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https://www.k-state.com/membership/lifemembers.php
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en
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K-State Alumni Association
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"K-State Alumni Association"
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en
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/_resources/img/favicon.ico
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https://www.k-state.com/membership/lifemembers.php
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Roger John Baalman `72
Donald Lee Babb `78
Samuel Martin Babb `76
Becky Jo Babcock
Mary Jo Babcock `63
Nicholas D Babcock `98
Stephanie M Babcock `99
Sheryl A Baccarella `82
Amy Marie Baccus `00
Carol Mosier Bach `71
Michele B Bach `91
Bailey Borck Bachamp `11
Betty D Bachamp `92
Cole Ryan Bachamp `11
Mark Alan Bachamp `84
Stuart J Bachamp `03
Barbara Ann Bachman `81
Bernadine Marie Bachman `57
Bruce L Bachman `74
Byron J Bachman `00
Gregory Alan Bachman `78
Holly Claire Bachman `11
Karen Bachman
Matthew Craig Bachman `80
Nicole L Bachman `99
Pamela S Bachman
Ronald W Bachman `86
Ronald Eugene Bachman `84
Sharon M Bachman `84
Stratton Lohmuller Bachman `11
Tyler J Bachman `05
Michael M Backes `00
Jacklyn Ann Bacon `05
Keith Dean Bacon `75
Mark Eugene Bacon `04
Robert Alan Bacon `79
Susan D Bacon `80
Thomas Robert Bacon `16
Wade Oliver Bacon `99
Dean Ralph Bader `68
Mary McDonald Badger `72
Maxamillyan Deonte Badgett `18
Bradley Paul Badke `86
Holly Carlyle Badke `88
Floyd Arthur Badsky `79
Jennifer J Badsky
Matthew Cameron Badsky `98
Russell Greg Baehr `88
Victoria L Baehr `65
Dwight R Baer `81
Robert Larry Baer `60
Sheryl Lee Baer `71
Abigail Noel Baez `19
Alexandra Dorothy Bahadori
Amir Alexander Bahadori `08
Beverly J Bahr
Ella JaneMarie Bahr `22
Mark Alan Bahr `74
Mark A Bahr `86
Rachelle D Bahr `94
William Joseph Bahr `94
Frank A Baiamonte `18
David William Baier `77
Lois Ann Baier `78
Mark Baier `80
Richard Scott Baier `94
Diane Mercer Bailer `71
Richard O Bailer `70
Bill J Bailey `73
Brian David Bailey `95
Deena Hyson Bailey `94
Denton Christopher Bailey `10
Gary Mathew Bailey `80
Harold W Bailey
Janet Sue Bailey `95
Kenneth Eshom Bailey `71
Marci L Bailey `96
Marcia Hesler Bailey `58
Michael David Bailey `04
Pete Leroy Bailey `69
Rick E Bailey
Stephanie Donna Bailey `14
Thelma R Bailey `64
Alberta Lee Bailie `64
John David Bailie `64
Caleb Charles Bain `04
Jessica A Bain `03
Chris L Bainter `00
Samantha Bainter
Warren Craig Bainter `75
Brian Steven Bair `94
Julia J Bair `95
Laura Lynn Bair
William B Bair
Betty G Baird `49
Janelle L Baird `89
John Richard Baird `62
Judith Kay Baird `65
Shannon Donna Baird `96
Susan D Baird-Joshi `87
Sharon Bairow-Riffey `81
Lillianna Seja Bajich `75
Mary Lucille Bajich `21
Paul M Bajich `87
Peter M Bajich `87
John Frank Bakarich `01
Albert Lee Baker `68
Ann L Baker
Billie Baker
Charles Warren Baker `61
Cheryl Elizabeth Baker `69
Christine Marie Baker `04
Debra L Baker `81
Dee Ann Baker `60
Dolores Pauline Baker `64
Donald Eugene Baker `66
Donald Wayne Baker `70
Doyle T Baker `85
Edward D Baker `53
Eldeen Mae Baker `69
Harry J Baker `55
Howard J Baker `70
James J Baker `09
James Joseph Baker `68
Jeremy Charles Baker `04
John R Baker `80
Kathryn A Baker `78
Kay Ellen Baker `72
Kristi Ann Baker `79
Laura M Baker `71
Lesa Beck Baker `94
Lynne K Baker `87
Marc J Baker `86
Nancy Ann Baker `76
Ralph Eugene Baker `68
Randal Wayne Baker `76
Robert Lynn Baker `78
Roger Morse Baker `72
Ruth LoRee Baker `55
Twila E Baker `83
W Thane Baker `53
William Ernest Baker `73
Lee Raymond Bakker `03
William Roberts Bakker `06
Johna M Baldassaro `04
Ryan Michael Baldassaro `04
Mary Ann Balderson `71
S Clark Balderson `70
Carol Arlene Balding `54
Thad Paul Baldock `88
Allen V Baldwin `67
Althea Ann Baldwin `80
Collin Eugene Baldwin `08
Jessica L Baldwin `06
Roger A Baldwin `00
Russell Phillip Baldwin `98
Susan Baldwin `73
Teresa Myzer Baldwin `79
Thomas Frederick Baldwin `79
William Baldwin
Bruce Merrill Bales `80
Florice Louise Bales `73
Larry D Bales `91
Cheryl L Bales-Inslee `01
Karen J Baliel `89
Alexander Sean Balk `08
Alesia Jane Ball `76
David James Ball `99
Jacqueline Renee Ball `06
James Dare Ball `66
Jamie Noelle Ball `10
Lois E Ball `72
Richard A Ball
Sherrill Jeanne Ball `66
Thomas Ross Ball `04
Wendy Jo Ball `81
Lindsay C Ball-Lewis `01
Cynthia Sue Ballard `73
Hannah Paige Ballard `22
Janet Sue Ballard `68
Jared Patrick Ballard `07
Kay Patrick Ballard `77
Sheryl Lee Ballard `88
Shiloh Wade Ballard `20
Paul Lee Ballinger `73
Phillip Wayne Ballou `77
Rosanne L Ballou `57
Cortney Lee Bally `07
Matthew James Balsman `07
Kathilyn Balsmeier
Bart Alan Balthazor `84
Connor Eli Balthazor `22
Erin Brunell Balthazor `98
Kurt Lee Balthazor `86
Jeffrey Jon Balthrop `95
Shannon Renee Balthrop `94
Karl M Baltzell `84
Roger Philip Balzer `63
Amy L Balzer-Baker `94
Brian Peter Bambara `07
Crystal Bradford Bamberger `05
Heath Michael Bamberger `04
Elizabeth Bambick-Sharp `81
Jaime M Bamford `99
W Marion Bamman `69
Margaret R Banach `18
Betty Banaka
Jerry Banaka `69
Christopher Roos Bancroft `88
Cynthia Lynn Bancroft `90
Amy Leona Bandel `93
Terry J Bandel `70
Adam Reed Bandy `08
Troy Bryce Bandy `94
Jeanne Louellen Bane `72
Roger Hale Bane `74
Karin Marcene Bangle-Avery `90
Carol Ann Banister `73
Aldean Lauree Banker `54
David Earl Banks `65
Jane Ann Banks `67
Oree Banks `59
Paul Joseph Banks `67
Jeffrey Lynn Banman `94
Melea G Banman `77
David Wayne Banning `86
John Wayne Banning `72
Scott Alan Bannister `87
Timothy David Bannwarth `99
Phillip M Banowetz `13
Thomas Bassett Banta `79
Terry Lee Banzet `71
Erin L Baptist `06
Alice Ellen Baptista `78
Kenney Harold Barb `66
Linda Susan Barb `73
Marilyn Marie Barb `71
Mark Allan Barb `87
Pamela Sue Barba `75
Mark Russell Barbee `86
Natalie S Barbee `06
Edward E Barben `67
Amy Kayleen Barber `96
Eric Andrew Barber `98
Everett G Barber `53
Mary Louise Barber `60
Robert E Barber
Tamara Kaye Barber `84
Tammy H Barber `96
Connie S Barbour `95
Michael Darrin Barbour `96
Tom Barcellina
Janice Kay Barclay `61
Tom Ray Bard `72
John Bardsley `95
Mark Mahlon Bare `80
Edward D Barenberg `68
Pauletta J Barenberg `68
Jennifer Marie Barenberg-Kropf `91
Crystal Harding Bargatze `92
Steven Kent Bargmann `76
Constance Barker `52
Joseph K Barker `99
Lebaron R Barker `52
Martin Dale Barker `75
Quinn Marie Barker `16
Samuel Stehley Barker `14
William B Barker `71
Mary P Barkley `73
Floyd Jay Barkman `68
Katharine Vera Barkman `10
Jonelle G Barkyoumb
Steven Dale Barkyoumb `83
Ashley Suzanne Barlow `02
Susan P Barlow `62
Derek Wade Barnard `95
Iralee Barnard `88
Kenneth Wayne Barnard `75
Michael E Barnard `84
Richard Lynn Barnard `67
Sharon Kay Barnard
Cameron McCoy Barnes `12
Chad Alan Barnes `00
Cindy Gorman Barnes `79
Donald Clifton Barnes `77
Georgann Leah Barnes `73
John Lee Barnes `85
Larry Allen Barnes `71
Nolan Eugene Barnes `98
Sherron B Barnes
Steven Eugene Barnes `72
Timothy Ackley Barnes `74
William Urie Barnes `88
William R Barnes
April Kathleen Barnett `99
Dorothy Barnett `49
Enid Irene Barnett `49
Larry Dewayne Barnett `70
Marty Lee Barnett `99
Timothy A Barnett `93
W Ron Barnett `68
Jeffrey Scott Barney `05
Wayne Dee Barngrover `71
Brian Boling Barnhardt `95
Jill M Barnhardt `96
Sheldon Lee Barnhardt `12
Tera Joann Barnhardt `14
Eric Allen Barnhart `88
James Lee Barnhart `71
Stephanie Louk Barnow `83
W Kent Barnow `84
Anita M Barnthson `70
Harold E Barnthson `70
Pamela Sharon Barnum `76
Brittney Ann Barr `10
Ken Maynard Barr `53
Timothy S Barr `85
William Crawford Barr `67
Bonnie Rose Barrett `51
Diane E Barrett `83
Sean Michael Barrett `92
William Jay Barrett `56
Gregory Clay Barron `79
Karen Louise Barron `79
Kurt Alan Barrow `91
Terry Dean Barrow `83
R Todd Barrows `86
Richard R Barrows `70
Brogan Cole Barry `17
Susan Patricia Barsamian `81
Alan Glen Barta `70
Brooks Alan Barta `93
Joy Barta
Kimberly M Barta `93
Mason Aaron Barta `19
Tabor Elizabeth Barta `22
Tonya Barta `91
Travis Robert Barta `95
Amy Elizabeth Bartak `05
Kimberly Diane Bartak `06
Paul James Bartak `72
Teresa K Bartak
Lyle Wayne Bartel `80
Myrna J Bartel `73
Phyllis Ann Bartel `59
Tammy Lynn Bartel `84
Jennifer L Bartels
Rosetta P Bartels `62
Bradley E Barth `90
Donald Lloyd Barth `77
Jacqueline Eliza Barth `23
Lydia E Barth `78
Sandra J Barth
Tom Lee Barth
Deborah Stansell Barthel `73
John Dale Barthel `73
James Richard Bartholomew `78
Cody J Barthuly `10
D Kaye Barthuly `81
David Lynn Barthuly `81
Gerald Frederick Barthuly `74
Katherine Lynn Barthuly `10
Michael John Bartkoski `24
Michael John Bartkoski `67
Roberta Ann Bartlett `67
Serena Rochelle Bartlett `15
Sue M Bartley `71
Angeline K Barton `06
Connie J Barton
Dan Belford Barton `70
Eric Eugene Barton `08
Eric David Barton `90
Jennifer D Barton
Kyle Robert Barton `16
Phyllis Joan Barton `57
Preston G Barton `98
Stephen Thomas Barton `74
Tara Lynn Barton `18
Susan LoRee Bartosch `79
Steven Lynn Bartsch `73
James Flavel Bascom `55
David A Basel `92
Michael Darren Basel `85
Deanna M Basgall `84
Drew Thomas Basgall `13
Laura Beth Basgall `12
Paul Allen Basgall `83
Matthew Ryan Basler `97
Kenneth R Bass `69
Donna L Bassett `60
Joan Elizabeth Bastel `70
Charles N Batchelder `71
Jonathan Paul Batchelder `06
Patricia Anne Batchelder `76
Paul Harvey Batchelder `76
Stephanie Jean Batchelder `03
Cynthia Ann Bates `76
Daniel Paul Bates `97
Derrick Dean Bates `02
Diane Emily Bates `07
Jeffrey Damian Bates `91
Maynard Bates `71
Traci D Bates `96
Carolyn I Bathurst `49
Amy Michelle Batista `09
Anoop Kumar Batra `69
Matthew Mario Battiston `04
Norma A Battle
Candice E Battles `91
Sheryl L Bauchwitz `81
Beverly Bauer
Blake Moore Bauer `04
C William Bauer `63
Elaine Inez Bauer `78
Jill Bauer
John William Bauer `79
Judith Whitesell Bauer `64
Kyle Charles Bauer `80
Lafe Michael Bauer `07
Lisa Lynn Bauer `80
Martin Wynn Bauer `71
Roger Duane Bauer `57
Tamara J Bauer `05
Thomas Elliot Bauer `06
Tyson Bauer
Stephen Roy Bauerband `80
Kerril S Bauerly `83
Kirk Alan Baughan `76
Laurie Ann Baughan `74
Darin Eugene Baugher `90
Leslie Karen Baugher `87
Ethan James Baughman `05
David G Baum `94
Jonathan Edward Baum `83
Keith Warren Baum `76
Sarah Baum
Edwin O Baumgarten `69
Margaret A Baur `86
Trevor Jay Bausch `12
Ian Brent Bautista `94
Gail Baxter
Geralynn Ruth Baxter `04
James Nickels Baxter `63
Amy Lynn Bayer `84
Ashley Anne Bayer `05
Brent Benjamin Bayer `83
J Sue Bayer `86
Lila Lea Bayer `82
Margery Jo Bayer
Max H Bayer
Steven Max Bayer `82
William E Bayless `61
Karen A Bayouth `72
William Bayouth `74
Angela Lynn Bays `08
Thomas Lynn Bays `08
Bryan Chase Bayuk `08
Colette Rae Bayuk `18
Zachary D Baze `97
Deborah Leigh Bazzel `97
Doug Bazzel
Kimberly J Beach `77
Martha Ann Beach `66
Ronald Terry Beach `69
Kendric David Beachey `95
Debra Mausolf Beachler `75
Stephen Lee Beachler `75
Gary Eugene Beachner `85
Kimbra Lea Beachner `84
Eleanor Beadle
John William Beadle
Anthony Laird Beager `15
Kirstin Veith Beager `07
Brady Matthew Beall `94
Charles Eugene Beall `63
Ida Viola Beall `85
Michael Martin Beam `78
Gail Ann Bean `75
Jo Ann Elizabeth Bean `75
Nathan Howard Bean `03
Patrick Steven Bean `75
Theodore A Bean `74
Nicole A Beard `23
Carol Jeannette Beardmore `74
Dave Hale Beardmore `77
Laura Beverly Beardmore `46
Pamela Jolene Beardmore `80
Christina Jane Beardsley `95
Craig Alan Beardsley `00
Constance J Bearnes `70
Edward Jackson Beashore `78
Kathleen L Beashore
Amanda Kay Beasley `08
Jonathan Lee Beasley `01
Nona Lynne Beasley `75
Aaron J Beaton `01
Holly Marie Beaton `00
William Lee Beaton `72
Steven Charles Beatte `92
Robert Beattie `64
Margaret Beatty Baier `77
Jo Ann Beaty `81
Philip A Beaudoin `73
Darcy Lyn Beaver `91
David Bradley Beaver `94
Frank M Beaver `66
Judy Mae Bebermeyer `67
Elizabeth Lauren Bechard `13
Jarrod Brett Bechard `14
Kyle Steven Becher `17
Mary T Bechtel `92
Misty D Bechtel `96
Troy Lynn Bechtel `93
Ty Andrew Bechtel `96
Amy J Beck `96
David Wayne Beck `76
Douglas Martin Beck `88
George Edward Beck `59
Jill Ann Beck `75
Michael D Beck `83
Shannon M Beck
Lela Sue Beck-Glatz `73
David Michael Beckenhauer `15
Dwane M Beckenhauer `78
Rita L Beckenhauer
Ann Louise Becker `58
Dean David Becker `84
Diane Rene Becker `81
Lawrence P Becker `68
Loren Dale Becker `60
Mallory Christine Becker `07
Michael Thomas Becker `20
Michael Henry Becker `83
Richard Carl Becker `67
Robert Alan Becker `76
Roger Leon Becker `80
Roger Lee Becker `69
Samuel Leon Becker `92
Sarah Neustrom Becker `80
Sarah Ellen Becker `84
Sheryl Rae Becker `68
Steven James Becker `87
Susan Becker `98
Kristin Marie Becket `99
Elizabeth Anne Beckham `76
Kelly Patrick Beckham `76
Harry Carl Beckman `61
Marlene Sue Beckman `62
Samuel Karl Beckman `67
Leslie Ann Beckstrom `91
Anne Louise Becraft `70
Larry Ray Becraft `70
Margaret Sue Bedford `72
Peter A Bedford `70
Brian K Bednar `83
Lisa Kay Beebe `85
Bradley Beecher `88
Gwen G Beeley `92
Robert Leroy Beeley `91
Billy Eugene Beeman `63
Ed Beeman `85
James Preston Beeman `94
Janet E Beeman
Jeanna Leann Beeman `93
Kathy Epler Beeman `84
Todd K Beemer
Janet L Beene `95
Michael Douglas Beene `90
Paul Roland Beer `72
Judy Beerman `61
Jana D Beery `80
Joe Roger Beery `75
Mark E Beery `85
Conner Beese `19
Britta Lynne Beesley `22
Donald W Beesley `96
Frank Wayne Beesley `98
Jenna Elizabeth Beesley `22
Jennifer Lynne Beesley `95
Renee Leann Beesley `95
Roger Dale Beesley `70
Sheila Renee Beesley `98
Virginia Beesley
Walter Leland Beesley `94
Leigh A Beeson `92
Shannon Lee Beeson `92
Kierston Nicole Beets `12
Jerome G Beezley `71
Sara E Befort `10
Trey Dalton Befort `10
David F Beggs
Rita Ann Beggs
Derek Scott Begnoche `12
Jaci Denae Begnoche `12
Donna T Behlke `79
Meredith Jay Behnke `69
Rodney R Behrhorst `63
Barbara Lynn Beier `76
Carol Feyerherm Beier `75
Lynn E Beier
Richard Alan Beier `75
Ronald Raymond Beier `75
Elizabeth Anne Beikmann `63
Eric D Beikmann `00
Lawrence Floyd Beil `74
Marcine Marie Beins `78
Max Allan Beins `78
Ruth M Beisel `76
Brian Everett Beisner `81
Christopher C Beisner `71
Pamela Dee Belcher `74
Ronald E Belcher `71
Brian D Belden `72
Christine Taylor Belden `71
Charles Lee Belew
Kara Elizabeth Belew `94
M Jeanne Belew `66
Amy Jo Bell `10
Andrew A Bell
David Gaines Bell `77
Dorothy Marie Bell `57
Evelyn J Bell
Harold Alan Bell `60
Jack Ferguson Bell `49
James A Bell `74
John Ryan Bell `94
Johnny T Bell
Karen Bell
Michael Landon Bell `09
Rebecca A Bell `79
Roger Allen Bell `60
Sandra L Bell `74
Sue Ann Bell `51
Susan K Bell `76
Thomas L Bell `78
Valerie Ann Bell
Victoria E Bell
George Hale Bellairs `67
Benjamin Noah Bellar `14
Kristen Dawn Bellar `21
Patricia Ann Belleci-Flynn `70
Kirsten M Bellur `69
Marta Kathleen Belstra `72
Timothy Keith Belstra `71
Gwen A Belt `87
Mark Randall BeMent `94
Pamela Jean BeMent `95
Gerald Robert Benda `72
Patti Kay Benda `83
Diane Bender
Gary Lee Bender `68
Mary Jane Bender `44
Emily Ann Benedick `11
Jesse Glenn Benedick `10
Gaye L Benfer `93
Helen Veronica Benfer `90
Scott Michael Benfer `90
Marilyn Kay Benham `67
William Knute Benham `67
Sara Susan Benignus `78
William Clyde Benish `75
Kenneth U Benjamin `66
Martin E Benjamin `69
Brent L Benkelman
Virginia Benkelman
Carmen C Bennett `57
Chloe Adaire Bennett `16
Darrell Lincoln Bennett `75
DeAnn M Bennett `93
Diane Elaina Bennett `81
Jeff Paul Bennett `02
Jennifer M Bennett `98
John J Bennett
John Andrew Bennett `89
Keith LaVerne Bennett `64
Kimberly D Bennett `89
Linda Katherine Bennett `75
Linda Mae Bennett `71
Rick O Bennett `72
Robert M Bennett `69
Robert Eugene Bennett `67
Roberta I Bennett `67
Roger Troy Bennett `87
Stacy Meredith Bennett `00
William C Bennett `69
Harry C Bennetts `58
Ian Francis Benney `93
Larry C Bennington `61
Doug L Benoit `91
Linda Diane Benoit `81
Matthew Armond Benoit `07
Michelle Whittaker Benoit `90
Rebecca S Benoit `07
Thomas D Benortham `65
Betty F Benson `51
Beverly Ann Benson `80
Jay Blake Benson `79
Jennie E Benson `80
Julie Victoria Benson `97
Kathryn Leigh Benson `93
Robert Bruce Benson `63
Ron L Benson `91
Ronald Raymond Benton `72
Ruth Louise Benton `56
Sharon Kay Benton `66
Timothy T Benton `70
Donald Ray Bentsen `70
Arlan Edgar Bentz `68
Larry Lee Benyshek `69
Adam Scott Benz `94
Diann Carrol Benz `94
John F Beran `14
Michelle R Beran `03
Timothy Scott Berends `92
Jay John Berens `73
Renea Bergan `79
Brian S Bergdall `92
Nancy E Bergdall `90
Mary Jo Berger `81
Todd Edward Berger `03
Larry Joseph Bergeron `20
Daniel Otto Berges `07
Deborah Kay Berges `71
Eugene Dale Berges `71
Jami Rainelle Berges `09
Jonathan Eugene Berges `97
Lana S Berges `94
Lynn Charles Berges `94
John David Berggren `01
Martha C Berggren `73
Boyd Eugene Berghaus `83
Jan Kathleen Berghaus `79
Scott Alan Berghaus `79
Patricia C Bergin `64
William Carthage Bergin `67
Gretchen M Bergkamp `95
James L Bergkamp `69
Jason John Bergkamp `96
Judy Bergkamp
Kathleen Mara Bergkamp `86
Monica Suzanne Bergkamp `06
Scott Robert Bergkamp `83
Scott Douglas Bergkamp `89
Brent Leo Bergman `12
Brent Michael Bergman `02
Kara Louise Bergman `12
Evelyn Bergmann `50
Meredith Kelley Bergmann `11
Dan K Bergmeier `92
Dixie L Bergmeier `60
Mike J Bergmeier `83
Alesha Marie Bergner `23
Bill C Bergner `89
Grant Thomas Bergner `12
Judi Bergner
Lindsey Katherine Bergner `21
Shannon M Bergner `92
Thomas William Bergner `77
Michelle L Bergquist `95
Thomas Patrick Bergquist `96
Lamar Karl Bergsten `95
Pamela Lynne Bergsten `93
Reed Pearson Bergstrom `15
Jennifer Leigh Berka `03
Jeffrey Halvor Berke `78
Lisa Kay Berke `79
Mark Alan Berkley `63
Nancy Jo Berkley `84
Patricia Gail Berlin `70
Glenn William Berman `77
Mark Yale Berman `71
Gail Filbert Bermudez `67
F Richard Bernasek `69
Regina Bernasek `69
Steven Lynn Bernasek `71
Cherie Louise Berndt `86
Hunter Frederick Berndt `18
Loren K Berndt `86
Patti S Berney
Rand Curtis Berney `77
Marcela L Berney-Brown `86
Darin Scott Bernhardt `10
David E Bernhardt `61
Max Wayne Bernhardt `71
R Gregory Bernica `78
Susan K Bernica `82
Christopher Justin Berning `95
Craig A Berning `09
Daniel R Berning `82
Duane Eugene Berning `74
Gary Lee Berning `76
Jennifer Denise Berning `93
Larry Allen Berning `76
Sharon Ann Bernitz `70
Cindy Kay Berquist `76
Roger Alan Berquist `76
Ann Thackrey Berry `51
Brianna Lu Berry `04
Sara J Berry-Herren `02
Janet Kay Berry-Oswalt `90
Douglas Jay Berryman `91
John R Berschied `70
Stanley D Bert `75
Dolores Bertrand `53
Elaine L Bertrand `74
Richard E Bertrand `52
Delva Kay Bertsch `68
John Christopher Besler `80
Linda L Besler
Robert Karl Bessert `91
Reginald K Bessmer `65
Mackenzie Marie Best `16
Scott J Besthorn `84
Edwin A Betancourt `85
Christopher Mark Bethe `08
Jennifer Ann Betschart `01
Kourtney R Bettinger `06
Rebecca Kay Betz `68
William Deming Betz `67
Thomas G Betzen `80
Patricia May Betzold `08
Jaimee Christine Beugelsdijk `06
Samuel Allen Beugelsdijk `06
Pamela Sue Bevan `96
Dennis W Bever `79
Georgiana Beverly `76
Alan Harold Beyer `70
Andrea Lynn Beyer `10
Ken N Beyer `95
Margaret Mae Beyer `62
Richard Travis Beyer `12
Sue Ann Beyer `73
Robert Kendall Beymer `78
Tamara M Beymer `93
Timothy Brian Beymer `92
Ludwig Albert Bezemek `57
Snehal S Bhakta `96
Kowshik Bhat `95
Kristen Bhatti `83
Shahzad Bhatti `82
Judy Michelle Bible `75
Kent C Bible `75
Renee I Biby `92
Robert Dan Biby `93
Julia Christine Bichelmeyer `95
G Scott Bickel `84
Donald Gene Bickle `50
Emily Ann Biddler `69
Bruce N Bidwell
Kactus K Bidwell `09
Patricia E Bidwell
Robert S Bidwell `71
Natalie Anne Bieberle `13
R Kenneth Bieberly `70
Sue Goss Biederwolf `83
Chris Alan Biegler `79
Craig Robert Biegler `74
Judith Marie Biegler `76
Christopher J Bieker `98
Laura Beth Bienhoff `05
Mark William Bienhoff `76
Craig Stewart Biere `95
Charlene Irma Bierly `53
Bill P Biernacki `88
Maj-Beth Biernacki `88
Andrew Lloyd Biery `14
Andrew Joseph Biery `06
Jana Lauren Biery `09
Teresa Biery `76
Terry Lee Biery `66
Connie S Bietau `82
James Bigelow `78
Barton Lynn Bigge `63
Earl Derr Biggers `10
Bryan Eugene Biggs `75
Donald Eugene Biggs `52
Lou Ann Biggs `76
Michelle Elaine Biggs `00
Stanley Daniel Biggs `80
Bryon Scott Bigham `90
Jane Anne Bigler `69
Leanne Bigler
Darci Lee Bilberry `00
Jeff Bilberry `01
John Paul Bilbrey `78
Kris S Bilbrey `93
Nicole Anne Bilbrey `97
Teresa Denise Bilbrey `17
Christopher Richard Bilder `96
Kimberly Peschka Bilder `00
Bernadette Ruth Bilderback `70
John Roger Bilderback `72
Bertram Robert Biles `63
Larry Eugene Biles `74
Richard E Bills `63
James William Billups `72
Larry Paige Bilotta `62
Julie Ann Bilson `79
Brian K Bilyeu `83
Jeff D Bina `90
Phyllis Binford `54
William K Binford `54
Wendy Ann Bingesser `93
Aaron Christopher Bingham `11
Elinor Ann Bingham `62
Jennifer Lauren Bingham `15
Kimberly Ann Bingham `96
Garrett Eugene Binns `20
Valerie Jean Binns `16
Alea Nicole Bird `23
Alvin Dale Bird `63
Amber Sue Bird `91
Beth Wilson Bird `61
Christopher Ryan Bird `10
Daniel Miller Bird `62
Donna Marie Bird `55
Elizabeth Stephens Bird `08
Gregory John Bird `77
Jason Thomas Bird `23
Kimberly Baccus Bird `08
Larry Dean Bird `64
Lisa Telthorst Bird `79
Marshall Ray Bird `80
Marshall Richard Bird `89
Nancy Jane Bird
Thomas M Bird `85
Karissa Alexandra Birdsell `10
Melva Collins Birdwell `94
Bill D Birk `47
Jeffrey Phelps Birk `77
Laura Jane Birk `77
Jered Clinton Birkbeck `97
Mary Lou Birkbeck `64
Tony Raymond Birney `93
Dave A Bisagno `81
DeeAnn Bisagno `86
Dennis Dewayne Bisby `60
John David Bish `88
Denise L Bishop `76
Jillian Jalee Bishop `06
Russell Edward Bishop `73
Stacey Annette Bishop `92
Stephen R Bishop `09
Vicki Lynn Bishop `84
W Carol Bishop `58
David Lee Bisnette `81
Debra S Bisnette `86
Jeffrey A Bissey `91
Alberta Mae Bittel `71
Gary Glen Bitter `62
Cally Delane Bitterlin `08
Cody Alan Bitterlin `09
E Lane Bitterlin `81
Jared Ryan Bixby `01
Jennifer Susan Bixby `99
Rhonda Renee Bixby `89
Paul Bixel
Timothy Allen Bizoukas `06
Ashley R Bjorklund
Jon T Bjorklund
Erica Courtney Blaauw-Crowley `09
Aaron Douglas Black `96
Christine Renae Black `94
Christopher Todd Black `96
Eric James Black `92
Joanne Elizabeth Black `56
Kimberly Michelle Black `04
Maria Consigli Black `96
Mitzi Lea Black `92
Pamela Joan Black `89
Stanley Cash Black `85
Tyson Karl Blackburn `08
Hala Blackman
Rolando Antonio Blackman `81
Tamara Michelle Blackman `88
John H Blackwell `69
Nancy Jane Blackwell
Douglas K Blackwood `71
Clint Michael Blaes `08
John Edward Blaesi `77
LaVon Fae Blaesi `72
Gretchen M Blain `05
Mary Susan Blain `72
Heidi Lynn Blair `92
Paula Bee Blair `69
Robert Wayne Blair `96
Cheryl Leigh Blake `81
Janet Lynn Blake `70
Mary Reeder Blake `72
Shelly Anne Blake `02
Timothy Dale Blake `02
Tony Douglas Blake `83
Cameron L Blakely `81
Elizabeth C Blakely `72
Jimmie Lee Blakely `65
Eric Kent Blakeslee `12
Julie D Blakeslee `80
Karen Marie Blakeslee `86
Kent George Blakeslee `79
Kyle John Blakeslee `17
Mackenzie Sue Blakeslee `13
Judith Bauman Blalock `79
David Blanchard
Harry F Blanchard `54
Mary Elizabeth Blanchard `52
Joel Grimsley Bland `14
Shawna Mae Blanka `93
Mary Larson Blanke
John David Blanken `75
Robert Dayton Blanken `88
Edward Elmer Blankenhagen `74
Louise Ann Blankenhagen
Roxie Blankenhagen
Ada M Blankenship `61
John E Blankenship `71
Michael Clay Blankenship `92
Richard E Blankenship `66
Shirley Rose Blankenship `71
Beverly Blankinship
Paul H Blankinship `70
Sara May Blankley `97
Heather Mae Blanton `01
Jim Albert Blanton `72
Michele Blanton `75
Lorna Ann Blasche `05
Robert L Blaser `98
Sarah Lea Blaser `99
Bronson Richard Blasi `13
David Joseph Blasi `91
Joseph C Blasi `95
David Anthony Blasiar `90
Donna Joy Blaske `72
Michael James Blaske `72
Stephanie Ellen Blaufuss `95
Rita E Blauvelt `74
William A Blauvelt `69
Barbara A Blaylock `87
David Parker Bleakley `78
Sandra Kay Bleakley `78
Donald H Blecha `71
Keith Morey Blecha `71
Nancy Jo Blecha `70
Darrell Dean Bledsoe `71
Marilyn Jean Bledsoe `68
Steven Vogt Bleish `77
John C Blessing `02
Crystal Dawn Blin `07
Abby Sue Bliss `21
Arlene Amarita Bliss `69
Lindley T Bliss `96
Thomas Charles Bliss `70
Frederick H Blitz `69
Maryann Bliven
Nicholas Robert Bloedow `15
David A Blood `95
Paula Ansay Blood `95
Baylee Ann Bloom `22
Ellen Marie Bloom `64
Fred Lee Bloom `79
John Lester Bloom `61
Kathy R Bloom `80
Melissa Ann Bloom `90
Richard Ward Bloom `91
Shawn M Bloom `87
Shala Lynn Bloomberg `04
Richard J Bloomer `75
Cedric James Blough `97
Philip Barry Blount `73
Terri Lynne Blount `83
David J Bloyd
Sara Jane Blubaugh `55
Vernon Albert Bluhm `50
Harold Richard Blume `76
Paula L Blume
Theresa Irene Blundell `99
Benjamin Colston Blunt `13
Aaron George Blush `10
Michelle A Blush `10
Marie M Blythe `64
Annette Marie Boardman `85
Daniel Brian Boatright `86
Marci Diane Boatwright `87
Joseph Harry Bobek `05
Kristi A Bobek `06
Bert Richard Bock `72
Curtis Lyle Bock `74
Jean Ann Bock `72
Sharon Elaine Bock `71
Vernon Lee Bockover `62
Elizabeth Marie Bode `08
Rachel M Boden `99
Scott Leon Boden `99
Shane Michael Boden `97
Daniel Gene Bodenhamer `75
Mary Kathleen Bodenhamer `76
Richard Lynn Bodenhamer `91
Steve F Boeckman `88
Todd Alan Boehlke `97
Katy J Boehm `07
Audrey Lynn Boeken `16
Teresa Kay Boeken `92
Andrew W Boettcher `94
Barbara E Boettcher `62
Beth L Boettcher `91
Brett Charles Bogan `89
Aaron Matthew Bogart `01
Amy Christine Bogart `03
Julia Ruth Bogart `52
Kevin A Bogart `99
Kim R Bogart `97
Gaylon Duane Boger `86
Rhonda L Boger-Linder `84
Barbara J Boggs `03
Marcia Lou Boggs `69
Matthew F Boggs `04
Terry Kristan Boggs `69
Jacquelyn Elizabeth Bogstad `14
Cynthia Lynn Bogue `74
Gregory Ellis Bogue `91
Paul Hill Bohannon `74
David Lee Bohl `69
Susan Bohlen `83
Twigg Vinton Bohlen `82
Caroline Diane Bohling `12
Kevin Lee Bohling `12
Shelia Rae Bohlken Pilger `67
Bethany Bohn `79
Jacqueline K Bohn `76
Jerald Lee Bohn `72
Julie Denise Bohn `72
Rodney Phillip Bohn `79
Gerald John Bohnen `71
Mary Joan Bohnen `71
Brenda Diane Bohnenblust `84
Jay Kent Bohnenblust `84
Jay Robert Bohning `58
Jose Bohorquez `95
Casey Justin Bohr `04
Debora Kay Bohr `79
Jennifer Anne Bohr `03
Chad E Boisseau `00
Gail Ann Boisseau
Jenny L Boisseau `00
Justin L Boisseau `96
Melissa Mae Boisseau `97
Roger Ken Boisseau `75
Evelyn Bokelman
Marc Jon Bokelman `86
Lois Marie Bol `71
Michael A Boland
Julie A Bolander `96
Ira J Bolden `91
Willard K Boldenow `51
Madeline Rowene Bolding `11
Simon Ray Bolding `11
Larry Kevin Boldt `78
Frank Noel Bolduc `78
David Charles Boles `65
Diana M Boley `81
Judith Cowan Boley `64
Thomas Frank Boley `70
Margaret Ellen Bolick `96
Alex Christopher Bolin `14
Mark Louis Bolin `84
Megan Diane Bolin `16
Clayton Charles Bolinger `03
Melanie J Bolinger `01
Eric Laurent Bollier `80
Rene Philippe Bollier `80
Steven John Bollin `08
Allison Lea Bollinger `09
Brian Gerard Bollinger `09
Kevin Michael Bollinger `08
Lynn M Bollinger `59
Michael G Bollinger `77
Sarah Marie Bollinger `10
Nathan J Bolls `59
Nancy Fager Bolsen `81
Douglas John Bolt `61
Seth Alfred Bolte `94
Christopher Bolton
Larry Arthur Bolton `65
Marilyn O'Neil Bolton `65
Elizabeth Marie Bolz `09
Susan Bommersbach `64
Mary Harris Bonczkowski `75
Gregory William Bond `79
Jeffrey Dean Bond `99
Morgan Michelle Bonds `07
Brian Patrick Bondurant `06
Jeffrey Daniel Bone `76
Donald Ralph Bonewitz `75
Karen Ann Bonewitz `75
Dan Rocky Bonine `65
Jannette Sue Bonine `66
Sierra E Bonjour `11
Morgan S Bonnell
Timothy Kent Bonnell
Timothy Joe Bonner `78
Elizabeth Waite Bono `89
Muriel Jean Bonsall `75
Chad Allen Bontrager `03
Cindy Ann Bontrager `80
Paul Stuart Bony `79
Daniel Paul Booe `94
Kristen Nicole Boomer `21
L Gary Boomer `67
Mary G Boomer
Dorothy A Boone `60
Catherine I Boos `94
Julie M Boos `92
Steve P Boos `87
Daniel R Boose `84
Justin Alan Booth `03
Patricia J Booth `98
Raymond Garry Booth `59
Sharyl Lynne Booth `67
Steven R Booth `80
Thomas Benjamin Booth `74
Richard Mark Boranyak `72
Sharon Rae Boranyak `73
Jennifer Renee Borcherding `01
Caroline Beth Borchers `97
Misti Susan Borchers `03
Frederick George Borck `74
Lee Borck `70
Raquel Elizabeth Borck `16
Sherry E Borck
Steven C Borell `68
Danielle Lynette Borg `16
Hunter Allen Borg `16
Dwight B Borger `64
James Timothy Borger `66
Mark W Borgerding `95
Martha Kay Borhani `81
Rahim Borhani `74
Jamie Lea Boring `84
Paul Boring
Jennifer L Borkovich `87
Dennis Paul Borland `65
Mitch Milan Borota `69
Nancy G Borota
Laura L Borsdorf `71
Eugenio Jesus Bortone `82
Brandon Stallone Bortz `08
Kathryn Louise Bortz `76
Carol Ann Bosch `80
Jamison Frederick Bosch `09
Jill M Bosch `03
John F Bosch `78
Katherine Dalene Bosch `12
Kimberly D Bosch `10
Ryan William Bosch `02
Pat Joseph Bosco `71
Susan Ellen Bosco `76
Barbara Susan Bosley Jones `72
Henry Cole Boss `73
Jenna Lynn Boss `11
Kathryn Kay Boss `73
Armon Bosse
Austin Lee Bosse `10
Jamie A Bosse `04
Nadalie Sue Bosse `80
Rose Elizabeth Bosse `81
Weylan Joseph Bosse `03
Frank Alvonzo Bossi `59
John Warren Bossi `91
Julie D Bossi `97
Scott Alan Boster `77
Lisa Gerstner Boston `77
John S Bostwick `07
Alicia Lynn Boswell `06
Jeffrey Mark Boswell `10
Jean A Bosworth `76
Lynn S Botbyl `94
Richard E Botbyl
James William Bothner `85
Vera Lynn Bothner `87
Natalie Kay Bothwell `75
Jeffery Scott Bottenberg `92
John C Bottenberg `66
Megan Jo Bottenberg `03
Betty C Bottom `50
Alana Michelle Bouchard `20
Rheal Joseph Bouchard `76
Jay M Boucher `84
Robert Ainsworth Boucher `75
Keith Edward Bouchey `73
Jennifer L Bouckaert
Douglas Arthur Boudreau `92
Jennifer Leigh Boudreau `91
Kenton Wade Boughton `80
Katherine Elizabeth Boulanger `17
Darwin A Bouray
Suzann Faye Bouray `01
Malissa Suzann Bourbina `07
Rebecca Ann Bourland `75
Ron Bourland
Mary Annette Bourne `68
Anneke Taylor Bouska `22
Ronald D Bouska
Janet Louise Bova `70
Broden Alan Bowell `17
Kenneth Lee Bowell `78
Rory Adam Bowell `19
Kacey Lea Bowen `11
Katie M Bowen `98
Kenneth Dale Bowen `75
Kevin Russell Bowen `09
Michelle Marie Bowen `01
Richard Eli Bowen `61
Sharron Gail Bowen
Wesley D Bowen
Craig Bower
Sara Ann Bower `10
Sheree Lynn Bower `86
Thomas Leroy Bower `84
Glenn T Bowerman `74
George Alden Bowers `72
Jane Raymond Bowers `62
Jarrod Michael Bowers `04
Lindsay Jeanine Bowers `08
Gloria L Bowersox `75
Maurice Lee Bowersox `73
Leroy Max Bowery `49
Travis Jae Bowie `64
Jennifer Marie Bowles-Cavitt `86
Andrew John Bowman `11
Brent Alan Bowman `72
Brian E Bowman `94
Dennis Michael Bowman
Gary Henry Bowman `65
Judith S Bowman `94
Kerri Louise Bowman `93
Mark Steven Bowman `83
Norma L Bowman
Alisha M Bowser `11
Anne Elise Bowser `21
Barbara R Bowser `60
Cecelia Anne Bowser `82
Jarrod Michael Bowser `07
Lauren Jo Bowser `14
Marc Steven Bowser `12
Steven Marc Bowser `82
Zachary Lee Bowser `14
William Allan Bowsher `93
Aaron Patrick Bowyer `96
Christopher Michael Boxberger `12
Mark Alan Boxberger `83
Samantha Nicole Boxberger `15
Ann Marie Boyce `71
Larry Ray Boyce `70
Richard Earl Boyce `67
Barbara Jean Boyd `65
Cassandra L Boyd `06
Christopher E Boyd `08
Diane Boyd
Garland Henderson Boyd `77
Jefferson John Boyd `01
Jodi L Boyd `91
Karen Sue Boyd `73
Lavon Francis Boyd `68
Lawrence Alexander Boyd `86
Mary Beth Boyd `59
Merilu Boyd `78
Michael Adam Boyd `00
Michael Douglas Boyd `06
Robert L Boyd
Ryan Matthew Boyd `00
Thomas Melvin Boyd `90
Todd E Boyd
Victoria Anne Boyd-Kennedy `81
Hillary Jade Boye `03
Noel C Boye
Cassandra Lynne Boyer `08
Cheryl R Boyer
Jane Lynn Boyer `74
Kathryn Elyse Boyer `72
Luann Kay Boyer `68
Michael Joe Boyer `79
Russell Paul Boyer `12
Lisa Sue Boyer-Nicholson `82
Dennis Mark Boyle `75
Thomas Leigh Boyle `71
Debra Kay Boyles `80
Kristene M Boyles
Scott Britley Boyles `01
Cathryn Abigail Bozarth `23
Carole Grigsby Bozworth `71
Daniel L Brabec `82
Christopher Scott Bracelin `92
Jill S Bracelin
Rodney G Bracelin `66
Sondra S Bracelin `66
Grace Marie Brack `09
Jayce Trenton Brack `19
Justin J Brack `96
Kim Effie Brack `75
Les Lee Brack `76
Martin M Brack `09
Rachel Ann Brack `19
Randall Craig Brack `80
Timothy Arlo Brackbill `92
Ann Waylan Brackenridge `97
Betty Rae Bradbury `56
Clint Michael Bradbury `05
Dana Anne Bradbury `78
Laura L Bradbury `95
Dianne Lou Braddock `55
M Leigh Braddock `73
William H Braddock `57
Debra Jo Braden
Dennis L Braden
Gregory Gene Braden `76
Jerry Ray Braden `73
Joni L Braden
Sandra Denise Braden `80
Virginia Ward Braden `69
David Henry Bradford `95
Heather R Bradford `96
Joyce Dell Bradford `76
Kathryn Renee Bradford `87
Merl Robert Bradford `87
Amy Jo Bradley `83
Bev A Bradley `53
Brenda Lee Bradley `82
Christopher Thomas Bradley `15
Darcy L Bradley `98
J Caleb Bradley `01
Jamie D Bradley `97
John Scot Bradley `87
KayLonni Dawn Bradley `11
Kent Robert Bradley `88
Loretta Jody Bradley `71
Patricia C Bradley
Roger Allen Bradley `80
Susan Diane Bradley `75
Thomas Lee Bradley `68
Tonya D Bradley
William F Bradley `74
Andrew James Bradshaw `21
Kevin Joseph Bradshaw `88
Jeanne M Bradstreet `84
Janae Rachelle Brady `06
Janice E Brady `81
Lawrence L Brady `58
Lynda Weidner Brady `89
Michael Todd Brady `99
Patrick Shaun Brady `95
Sherry Evans Brady `76
Thomas J Brady `68
Leah Brittany Braet `08
S Taylor Braet `08
Karen Arnett Bragg `67
Thomas Braxton Bragg `71
Kelli Ann Brahler `82
Daniel Andrew Brakenhoff `09
Krista M Bramhall `18
F Robert Bramlage
Lawrence Bramlage `75
Marilyn Sue Bramlage `74
J Aaron Brammer `95
Stephanie Marie Branca `73
Cheryl Jean Brand `81
James Gerard Brand `82
Sally E Brandeberry `55
Linda Sue Brandenburg `71
Walter James Brandenburg
Larry Dale Brandhorst `74
Emily Irene Brandjord `06
Steven Andrew Brandjord `06
Belinda A Brandt `92
Douglas J Brandt `93
Gretchen M Brandt `66
Holly Richelle Brandt `95
Piper Noelle Brandt `20
Sue Ann Brandyberry `71
David Branham `86
Helen Louise Branham `59
Pamela Ann Branham `85
Bruce R Branson `66
Chance Alexander Branson `23
Keith Richard Branson `85
Natalie Claire Branson `24
Barry D Brant `96
Kristen Marie Brant `10
Linda Joan Brant `64
Richard Allen Brantingham `59
Jennifer Sue Brantley `12
Wayne D Brantley
Amy L Brassfield `97
Patricia M Brassfield `46
David Arlen Braswell `69
Courtney L Bratkiv `93
Walter Bratkiv `92
Robert Norman Brauch `79
Lorie Ann Braud `77
Bryan J Brauer `85
Jolene E Brauer `85
Debra Braun
James Stuart Braun `85
Jennifer L Braun `98
Lauren Katherine Braun `18
Marcel James Braun `18
Michael Thomas Braun `97
Steven Douglas Braun `83
Denise Braun Dommes `86
Bruce Allen Brecheisen `84
Lori Leann Brecheisen `85
John William Bredahl `75
Gage D Bredfeldt `09
Jillian M Bredfeldt `06
Bradley Allyn Breeden `76
Cheryl Disney Breeden `76
Everine Breeden `55
John Walter Breeden `84
Theresa Diane Breeden `83
Jacob Michael Breeding `97
Keri Marlean Breeding `98
Kale Devon Breer `07
Marlin Dee Breer `64
Gary Walter Breipohl `78
Sandra K Breipohl `80
Aaron Joseph Breitenbach `98
Joni Jeanette Breitenbach `93
Ted Michael Breitenstein `01
Clint Allen Breithaupt `95
Joseph Frederick Bremser `74
Janie Beth Bremyer `72
Jeffrey Williamson Bremyer `73
James Richard Breneman `64
Lawrence R Brenn `67
Sheryl Kay Brenn `66
Andrew Joseph Brennan `07
Greg F Brenneman `71
Tonya Marie Brenneman `75
B Richard Brenner
David Brenner
Dawn Ulrich Brenner `97
Leann Brenner `57
Mary Margaret Brenner `81
Willis F Brenner `57
Amy E Brent `05
Ben Earl Brent `59
Lanny Ross Brent `61
Mary Frances Brent `61
Matthew Powers Brent `97
Wayne Andrew Brent `62
Jack David Michael Bresser `19
Phillip G Bressler `90
Clay Eric Brethour `91
Jeanette Michele Brethour `90
Kristin Mae Brethour `91
Sylvia Gay Brethour `58
Thane Brethour
Ward Leslie Brethour
William Henry Brethour `66
Thomas Harry Brettschneider `63
Amy J Brewer `91
Charles A Brewer
Dana Brewer `74
Deborah K Brewer `73
Gina Denise Brewer `83
Gregory L Brewer `75
Jacqueline Ann Brewer `79
James Matthew Brewer `81
Kimberly Dawn Brewer `83
Roger Benjamin Brewer `65
Ryan Daniel Brewer `08
Steven Robert Brewer `78
Tad W Brewer `95
Tina Rene Brewer `89
Caleb Joseph Brezina `22
Debra I Briant `96
Jay Dean Brichacek `80
Craig M Brickey
Rachael A Brickey `06
Bronwyn Elizabeth Bridge `06
Connor Michael Bridge `12
Michael Lee Bridge `77
Sally Neill Bridge `75
Seth Thomas Bridge `05
Tyler Scott Bridgeman `06
Alison R Bridges `01
Jason Todd Bridges `00
Belinda Jean Marie Bridgewater `08
Margaret Anita Bridgwater `81
Carolyn Elizabeth Bridwell `92
John Dewey Bridwell `65
Phyllis C Bridwell `64
ArNell D Briel `70
Jonathan Edwin Briel `72
Todd James Briggeman `99
Arlen L Briggs `85
Charleene K Briggs `64
Ilene M Briggs
Julia Lyn Briggs `07
Michelle I Briggs `86
Pamela Kay Briggs `67
Parry Jacob Briggs `05
Robert Allen Briggs `69
Russell Briggs
Teri Renee Briggs `01
Daniel S Bright `90
Donna Marie Bright `56
Joyce Ann Bright `87
Paul Hugh Bright `90
Sonja Jean Brigman `66
Mary Carolyn Briles `90
Scott Douglas Briles `84
Darcy Edward Brillhart `01
Melissa M Brillhart `03
Taj Alexandria Brimmer `17
Michael James Briney `88
Emily N Brink `96
Jarvis R Brink `64
Nancy Shaffer Brink `65
Ross Duane Brinker `92
Susan M Brinker `92
Adam Wayne Brinkley `05
H Eugene Brinkman `53
Samuel Otis Brinton `11
Roger M Brislawn `53
Brady Marguerite Britton `16
John Andrew Britton `62
Logan Levi Britton `15
Ruth Elaine Britton `62
Michelle Rae Broadwater `00
Bradley Wilbur Broady `63
Lora Brobst
W Andrew Broce `90
Carolyn Louise Brock `65
Carolyn Kay Brock `84
Cheryl T Brock `94
Nancy Lynn Brock `75
Travis J Brock `94
Tyler Matthew Brock `97
Charles C Brockett `60
Anne Krauss Brockhoff `90
Jeffrey Albert Brockhoff `85
Wallace Eugene Brockhoff `88
Barbara E Brockman `60
Tirsten Joy Brockmeier `03
Margaret Ellen Brockson `91
Michael David Brockway `92
Melissa Dawn Brodbeck `82
A Dwayne Broddle `60
Joclyn Lee Brodhagen `03
Barry Michael Broeckelman `02
Kasie Dawn Broeckelman `03
Mary Jeannette Broeckelman `70
Robert Joseph Broeckelman `70
Jennifer B Broersma-Neujahr `98
Cole Matthew Brokenicky `08
Janie Jo Brokenicky `07
Karen Gay Brokenicky
Michelle L Brokes `97
Edwin Lee Brokesh `83
Lonna Dea Brokesh `83
Charles R Broman `56
Barbara Hattendorf Brond `84
Patricia Ann Brooke-Fruendt `94
F Ty Brookover `00
Nye S Brookover
Patricia Brookover `64
Robert Jeptha Brookover `51
Adam Charles Brooks `05
Allison Christine Brooks `08
Amy J Brooks `91
Barbara Lynn Brooks `82
Barry Duane Brooks `73
Christina F Brooks `80
Darren Shawn Brooks `01
David Thurman Brooks `80
Erin S Brooks `99
Hildie Erickson Brooks `89
Jeri Ann Brooks `80
Kenneth R Brooks
Krista K Brooks `91
Linda Louise Brooks `71
Matthew Lewis Brooks `91
Rachelle Dawn Brooks
Russell Lee Brooks `96
Shane D Brooks `89
Tatum L Brooks `97
Tiffany Brooks
William Henry Brooks `71
William Wesley Brookshire `65
Blake Allan Brosa `09
Jeffrey D Brose `86
Lisa May Brose `86
Karen Elizabeth Brosius `73
Melissa D Brossard `00
Nancy A Brosted `75
Kathy L Brothers
Derrick Michael Brouhard `03
Jennifer L Brouhard `03
David L Browder `70
Dorothy P Browder `64
Deborah Sue Brower `73
Aaron Alexander Brown `74
Amy Michelle Brown `04
Angela D Brown `88
Anita J Brown `84
Annette M Brown `79
Ashley A Brown `07
Benjamin Patrick Brown `15
Bonnie Fay Brown `75
Bradley Vincent Brown `79
Brecken Anne Brown `17
Brian T Brown `79
Bruce Allan Brown `91
Cari Lynn Brown `04
Carl Alan Brown `94
Carol Ann Brown `60
Cherie Annette Brown `74
Cheryl Ann Brown `66
Constance S Brown `86
Dana Lynn Brown `70
Daniel Kay Brown `79
Darla D Brown `84
Daron Jay Brown `88
David Alan Brown `74
David Glenn Brown `78
David Eugene Brown `73
Deborah J Brown `88
Dixie Lee Brown `58
Doyle Bartos Brown `60
Eric Alan Brown `92
G Patrick Brown `73
Gene Brown `70
Ginger L Brown
Glenn E Brown `85
Gregory Phillip Brown `91
Jack Larry Brown `72
Jaliyah Drenise Brown `17
James Lewis Brown `67
Janet Rae Brown `53
Jo Ann Brown `72
John Charles Brown `71
Joseph Thomas Brown `06
Joseph Edward Brown `07
Joyce L Brown `52
Justin Ross Brown `22
Kathleen Keating Brown `72
Kay S Brown
Kay Tacha Brown `60
Ken Eugene Brown `86
Kent J Brown
Kurt D Brown `87
Leslie K Brown `85
Leslie A Brown `83
Linda Louise Brown `75
Linda Elaine Brown `72
Linda S Brown
Lisa M Brown `87
Marilyn K Brown `72
Mark Eugene Brown `89
Mark Lee Brown `82
Marlene K Brown `67
Mary M Brown `96
Merle Fred Brown `76
Merwin Leroy Brown `66
Michael Dean Brown `80
Michael W Brown `88
Michael E Brown `82
Michelle Lynn Brown `23
Monica Jill Miller Brown `07
Nancy Evelyn Brown `64
Nino Marie Brown
Pamela Kukuk Brown `80
Pamela A Brown `83
Patrick J Brown `82
Patty Brown
Phillip Woodrow Brown `76
Rachel K Brown `04
Richard Elmore Brown `54
Richard Russell Brown `91
Robert Thomas Brown `04
Robert Charles Brown `75
Robert M Brown `54
Robert Frederick Brown `70
Robyn Lynn Brown `74
Roderick Ray Brown `67
Rodney William Brown `71
Ronald E Brown `82
Ronald Lee Brown `76
Ronda Elaine Brown `93
Sandra Ann Brown `72
Scott Edward Brown `94
Sharon Ruth Brown `66
Sheila Anne Brown `70
Shelli Lyn Brown `89
Sondra Elaine Brown `93
Stacey Lyn Brown `98
Stephen Glenn Brown `06
Steven James Brown `86
Susan Louise Brown `74
Terrance W Brown `70
Valerie Ann Brown `96
Vaughn Brown `65
Whitney Lynn Brown `06
Wilbur Richard Brown `54
William Lee Brown `71
William Russell Brown `74
William Allen Brown `76
Teresa June Brown-Bruch `84
Andrew Paul Brownback `10
Mary S Brownback
Samuel Dale Brownback `79
Anne E Browne
Charles Raymond Browne `82
Cynthia Jane Browne `76
J Charles Browne
Norma Wurster Browne `51
Dale Edward Brownlee `68
Denise Ann Brownlee `77
Douglas David Brownlee `77
Elizabeth Ann Brownlee `76
James William Brownlee `76
Karin Sue Brownlee `77
Janet L Brubaker `74
Ronald D Brubaker `93
S Corey Brubaker `79
Tina Marie Brubaker `79
McKayla Ann Brubaker-Nichols `15
Charles Bruce `73
Dara Ann Bruce `72
Kristen Mary Bruce `03
Robert Evan Bruce `50
Sheena S Bruce `93
Terry Lyle Bruce `59
Gregory B Bruggeman `82
Gerald Duane Brull `92
Rob Anthony Brull `94
Sharilyn Dee Brull `88
Delton Leslie Brun `93
Cameron Keith Bruna `07
Gregory Ryan Bruna `99
Kimberly Dawn Bruna `98
Roy Edward Bruna `71
Sarah M Brundage `88
Carol Lyon Brune `83
Mary Jane Bruner `60
Christie Jan Brungardt `09
Curtis Leroy Brungardt `97
Daniel F Brungardt `93
Kervin John Brungardt `77
Richard Brungardt `76
Samuel John Brungardt `67
Val H Brungardt `53
Heather Jean Bruning `13
Reiss L Bruning `13
Jesse Wayne Brunk `99
Joseph Oral Brunk `75
Bradley Dean Brunkow `81
Eric Daniel Brunkow `11
Susan D Brunkow `81
Jeffrey Todd Brunner `85
Joann Brunner
John Michael Brunner `87
Tracy Lynn Brunner `78
Yvonne Delores Brunner `90
Charyne Bruns
David Arlen Bruns `67
Gregory Littleton Bruns `88
Kyle Aaron Bruns `96
Michelle R Bruns
Roger A Bruns
Jane Elizabeth Brunt `80
Allison K Bruntz
Jonathan Lee Bruntz `00
Avis Marion Bruster `56
David D Bryan `60
Frederick M Bryan `70
Jacklyn D Bryan `62
Margaret Anne Bryan `76
Rick D Bryan `83
Robert Waldo Bryan `71
Zina Bryan
Rebecca B Bryan-Smith `94
Blake Matthew Bryant `05
Bob Bryant
Curtis Allen Bryant `12
Darrel Wayne Bryant `72
Julie A Bryant `88
Kate Elizabeth Bryant `11
Keith Eugene Bryant `05
Kevin Russell Bryant `08
Lindsay K Bryant `08
Marcus L Bryant `03
Mary Carol Bryant `71
Michael David Bryant `01
Nicole Harris Bryant `01
Randy J Bryant
Tammy M Bryant `01
Travis James Bryant `07
William Mack Bryant `68
William P Bryant `65
Terri Lea Bryant-Cain `84
Diana Marie Bryon `76
Kyle Anthony Bryson `81
Deborah G Brzezinski `82
Robert Eugene Buchan `68
Charlotte Ann Buchanan `92
Claudia J Buchanan `65
J Michael Buchanan `91
Natacha Shanda Buchanan `02
Quentin Maurice Buchanan `04
Kenneth Dene Buchele `67
Phyllis J Buchele `77
John B Buchheister `71
Marilyn S Buchheister `75
Barry Buchinski `79
Ellen Bucholtz
Barbara Jean Buck `77
Greg A Buck `87
Janell Dawn Buck `96
Kay Buck
Susan Leigh Buck `81
William Day Buck `82
Albert W Buckbee `63
Judith E Buckbee `65
Tracy Jean Buckendorf `02
Brandi Lee Buckley `06
Grace Marie Buckley `73
Steven Andrew Buckley `05
Sharon Rae Buckner `67
Amanda Kate Buckwalter `20
Matthew Allen Buckwalter `17
Patricia Jane Buckwell `66
Casper P Bucl `98
Lindsay D Bucl `01
Lucas James Bucl `03
Emily Anne Budden `15
Frederick Richard Budden `74
Theodore Andrew Budden `11
Jama M Budke `03
Scott Dennis Budreau `82
Bretton Stephens Buehler `10
Darcy Delome Buehler `73
Jason B Buehler `01
Mindy Anne Buehler `02
Wayne Keith Buehler `71
Robert Alan Buel `71
Lawrence Theodore Buening `72
Kent Douglas Buer `85
Andy William Buessing `97
Melissa A Buessing `05
Patricia A Buessing `94
Carol Ann Buetzer `72
Eric Buetzer `72
Kraig Lamont Buffington `06
Memory Dee Buffington `03
Dean Robert Bugner `81
Douglas Dwayne Bugner `80
Forrest Arnold Buhler
Mary Ann Buhler `70
Stephanie Gail Buhrer `76
Wayne Edward Buhrer `75
Casey L Bulen `12
Homer Auddie Bullard `58
Ann Louise Buller `69
Philip W Bullinger `87
Shirley E Bullinger `87
Breanne N Bullock `04
Chad Alan Bullock `04
Frances W Bullock
Helen Dexter Bullock `59
Marilyn N Bullock
Patricia Bullock `77
Paul E Bullock
Robert Alan Bullock `75
Van Keith Bullock `69
Warner J Bullock `62
Warren Gene Bullock `56
Jeffrey C Bullok `98
Lynne Vivien Bunch `58
Megan Mardel Bunck `06
Jennifer K F Bundy-Jones `09
Jo Anne Bunk `59
John Edward Bunk `59
Kyle William Bunker `15
Marci Elizabeth Bunn `14
Dena Marie Bunnel `10
Eric Dean Bunnel `08
Kristin April Bunnel `08
Randall Duane Bunnel `77
Marilyn L Bunyan `58
William K Bunyan `58
Doreen C Burbank `56
Andrew Lee Burch `10
Julie Ellabeth Burch `73
Alexander Ryan Burden `10
Kathryn Kelly Burden `04
Charles Leroy Burdett `84
Kimberly Ann Burdett `84
Lisa Marie Burdett `84
Michael Paul Burdett `88
William W Burdett `71
Brent Alan Burdge `79
Lanny Gay Burdge `61
Paul William Burdick `99
Rebecca S Burdick `99
George Frank Burditt `40
Melvin Lee Burdorf `58
Kevin Ryan Burenheide `95
Katherine Elizabeth Burenheide Foster
Randall Lynn Bures `83
Julie A Burg `84
Misha Danielle Burgardt `15
Susan Ann Burgardt `77
Thomas J Burgardt
Arianne Burger `97
Carol Ann Burgess `61
George David Burgess `60
Jan Patrick Burgess `90
Jeffrey Alan Burgess `90
Lisa C Burgess `85
Michael B Burgess `98
Rhonda G Burgess `88
Sheila K Burgess `90
Barbara Burgett
Brian David Burgett `03
Cammie Jonelle Burgett `01
Chester W Burgett
Pamela Sue Burgett `89
Scott Michael Burgett `89
Roberta A Burghart `84
Steven Joseph Burghart `85
Gary Stafford Burgin `66
Daniel John Burk `75
Sarah C Burk `80
Wesley Howard Burk `75
Anna K Burke
Bruce Edward Burke `70
Cindi Ashby Burke `08
Daniel Zachary Burke `08
Datha Burke `55
Edward Joseph Burke `76
Elizabeth Anne Burke `82
Gary G Burke
Katherine L Burke `58
Kristin Marie Burke `14
Leigh Lauren Burke `05
Louise Burke
Marny Elizabeth Burke `98
Tracie D Burke `88
Zane Mark Burke `88
Dennis Samuel Burket `16
Linda Marie Burket `69
Bradley Thomas Burkett `80
Christopher Michael Burkhardt `73
Karen Sue Burkhart `81
Mark Burkhart `79
Tara Marie Burkhart `10
Brice Elton Burlie `97
Kristin Cranmer Burling `87
Walter Charles Burling `95
Jon Weston Burlingham `78
Rebecca L Burnau `02
Brooklyn Kate Burnett `20
Cynthia J Burnett `73
Cynthia Lu Burnett `87
Donna Joleen Burnett `78
Gary Donald Burnett `70
Jason Robert Burnett `96
Nichole Kay Burnett `97
Roberta L Burnett `62
Scott Burnett `73
Stephen Grover Burnett `73
Sarah A Burnham `94
Dylan G Burns `90
Jane M Burns `57
LeAnn J Burns
Michael Owen Burns `06
Philip Mark Burns `72
Richard Wayne Burns `99
Shawn William Burns `81
Cole Matthew Burnside `17
Laura Frances Burnside `70
Andrea E Burnum `06
Dallas Meredith Burnum `06
Virginia Ann Burr `67
Christopher Adam Floyd Burrell `23
Elizabeth Roberts Burress `23
Mary Elizabeth Burrichter `73
Amanda Jo Burris `16
Andrew Bradley Burris `04
James Leonard Burris `55
Eva Maria Burroughs
Timothy Joe Burroughs `91
Joel MacFarland Burrow `75
Mary Beth Burshtein `02
Dennis Evert Burson `79
Maureen H Burson `75
Stacy C Burson `98
Keith Duane Burt `61
Christopher Brian Burtin `86
Susan Kay Burtin
Helen E Burtis `80
Trudy E Burtis `86
G Karen Burtis-Butler `57
Charles Leon Burton `63
Connie Lee Burton `66
Damon Dee Burton `71
Darcy Nicole Burton `13
Douglas Charles Burton `89
Dustin Ray Anthony Burton `02
Gary Hugh Burton `66
Jan Harder Burton `77
Joan Kay Burton `77
Julie Ann Burton `04
Kenneth Roy Burton `81
Linda Kay Burton `63
Meaghan R Burton `02
Michael James Burton `94
Patrick Alan Burton `71
Patrick Burton `81
Scott Duane Burton `04
John Olaf Burwell `77
Robert John Bury `67
Cary T Busby `95
Jeremy Todd Busby `95
W Darrell Busby `71
Charles H Busch
Connie Jo Busch `84
Cheryl Lynne Buseman `76
Christen Marie Buseman `05
Douglas Lowell Buseman `02
Jennifer Lynne Buseman `08
Lyndsey Buseman
Randolph Eugene Buseman `77
Rebecca Ashley Buseman `16
Rebecca Susanne Busenbark `95
Richard John Busenbark `76
William T Busenbark `06
Joe T Buser
Marta A Buser
Phillip Eugene Buser `00
William Dwight Buser `77
Anthony William Bush `96
Barbara Martens Bush `69
Carol J Bush `83
Janet M Bush `51
Jill M Bush `04
Larry Lee Bush `85
Melody Annette Bush `84
Mickenzie Michelle Bush `09
Joanna L Bushnell `95
Dale Wayne Bushyhead `91
Allan Charles Buss `67
Nathan Eric Buss `21
Robin R Buss `94
Steven Eric Buss `93
Thane Justin Buss `03
Warren Buss `72
Benjamin Jacob Bussard `05
Katherine Grace Bussard `08
Jerry Dean Busselman `95
Karen Marie Busselman `88
Greg H Bussing `86
Russell L Bussman `69
Alan James Buster `72
Kent Morris Buster `64
Pamela K Buster `71
Sally Lou Buster `80
Anthony Charles Butel `73
Jane F Butel `59
Brandi Michele Butler `99
Brian Lee Butler `91
C Michael Butler `69
Clair Edward Butler `55
Connie Jean Butler `73
Frank Eugene Butler `57
Gerald Broaddus Butler `90
Hugh Daniel Butler `79
Joseph James Butler `86
Linda Elaine Butler `69
Mary Ann Butler
Melissa Dawn Butler `00
Michelle Marie Butler `95
Rhett Michael Butler `95
Sheri L Butler `79
Sherry L Butler
William Oliver Butler `72
William Edward Butler `93
Winfried W P Butler `80
Anthony A Butterfield `86
Austin Charles Butterfield `17
Bradley Charles Butterfield `81
Lisa Christine Butterfield `86
Lori Ann Butterfield `81
Carl Bojason Butters `94
Daniel Jack Button `78
Heather Lynn Button `85
John Compton Button `86
Amy Button Renz `76
Sonja Kay Buttron `63
Deborah Ann Butts `70
Jason Todd Butts `95
Kevin James Buum `05
Meghan Marie Buum `06
Karen Kay Buyle `13
Kristy Line Buyle `89
Mark Patrick Buyle `88
Raymond J Buyle `84
R Bart Byard `93
Stephanie A Byard `93
Colby Phillip Byarlay
Sarah Kathryn Byarlay `15
Holly Noel Bycroft `13
Jonathan George Bycroft `19
Betty J Byer `60
Rex Dean Byer `91
Roger Scott Byer `92
Jamie Byerly
John Enoch Byerly `99
Norman Preston Byers `68
Pamela Jo Byers `76
Brian T Byrne `93
Joanne Carol Byrns `96
Ronald V Byron
James J Byrum
Kent David Cable `86
Amy Irene Cady `92
Cassandra L Cafferty `88
Danny Michael Cafferty `72
Daryl R Cafferty `88
Frank L Caffrey `70
Grant Michael Caffrey `09
Jean B Creson Caffrey `81
Sharon G Caffrey `70
Leonhard Ray Caflisch `77
Donna J Cahill `86
Henry Lawrence Cahill `21
Lawrence Francis Cahill `22
Alyssa Beth Cahoj `06
Joan Burk Cahoj `09
Nicholas W Cahoj `07
Cynthia Higgins Cain `74
Dana Marie Cain `89
Karen Sue Cain `81
Lyle James Cain `80
Mary Louise Cain `75
Richard Leon Cain `89
Vance K Cain
Wendy E Cain `90
Ann Louise Caine `79
Homer Dodge Caine
Christopher Page Calcara `08
Vanessa Kathleen Calcara `07
Kristi Renee Calder `87
Pule C Calderon `90
Aaron Craig Calderwood `08
Craig Robert Calderwood
Linda Ann Calderwood `82
Alec Todd Caldwell `90
Barry Elton Caldwell `76
Glenn A Caldwell `70
Helen F Caldwell `60
Jeffry Alan Caldwell `01
Jeremy Glenn Caldwell `99
Jodi J Caldwell `93
Joseph John Caldwell
Nan Dee Caldwell `00
Paula K Caldwell `91
Randy G Caldwell
Richard Thomas Caldwell `73
Stephanie L Caldwell `01
Terry D Caldwell
Blake Richard Calhoun `06
Sue Chisholm Calhoun `76
Jeffrey Edward Call
Danny Paul Callahan `02
James Michael Callahan `04
Rebecca Sue Callahan `84
Michele Alice Callejo `00
Daniel John Calligan `99
Carla Maureen Calvert `82
Clayton Lee Camblin `87
Jason Paul Camblin `00
Lacy Jeannene Camerer `15
Matthew Jerome Camerer `14
Alexis Jaid Camerlinck `19
Bryan Robert Camerlinck `89
John Robert Cameron `72
Jolene Faye Cameron
Michael John Cameron `92
Walton R Campanella
Alan Baker Campbell `60
Alice Lynette Campbell `69
Allison D Campbell `09
Ashley Elaine Campbell `09
Brian Reed Campbell `10
Carol Joan Campbell `76
Charles Thomas Campbell `65
Cheryl Dunshee Campbell
Cody G Campbell `16
Cody Blake Campbell `15
Crystal L Campbell `01
Darci M Campbell `82
David Andrew Campbell `85
Debora Louk Campbell `77
Deborah L Campbell `86
Jacob Allen Campbell `12
Jody Merritt Campbell `90
John R Campbell `77
Justin Mark Campbell `03
Karen Lee Campbell `80
Kyle Andrew Campbell `96
Larry G Campbell `66
Lorrie D Campbell `87
Marc Alan Campbell `74
Marilyn A Campbell
Mary Ellen Campbell `86
Michael Wayne Campbell `75
Murray John Campbell `00
Patricia D Campbell `60
Paul Dean Campbell `85
Randy Leon Campbell `80
Reed B Campbell `82
Richard W Campbell `70
Sarah Elizabeth Campbell `09
Sondra Campbell
Stacy Diane Campbell `92
Virginia Anne Campbell `75
William Richard Campbell `78
Cody Allan Campfield `12
Kayley E Campfield `11
Marlene Lucero Campos-Guerrero `19
Claire Nicole Canaan `09
Marylyn J Canfield `52
Nichole Renee Cann `00
Chris S Cannizzo `94
Joan Minneman Cannon `83
Paul W Cannon
April Marie Caplinger `05
Gary Lynn Caplinger `69
Robert Marshall Caplinger `03
Stephen William Caplinger `74
Minisa Diann Capozzoli `04
Christine Elizabeth Capp `10
Stephanie Jo Cappiello `86
David W Cappleman `75
Kris A Cappo `88
Charles John Capps `52
Kenneth Merle Capron `65
Chris Patrick Carathers `08
Michael D Card `67
Darrell Lee Cardell `71
Staci R Cardenas `98
Douglas Glenn Carder `94
Francisco Roberto Cardoza `20
Charles E Cardwell `67
Elisa Cardwell Gawith `09
Leanne M Caret `88
Calvin Merton Carey `77
Craighton Michael Carey `13
Diana R Carey `92
Karen Cunningham Carinder `83
William Henry Carinder `78
James Gilbert Carl `67
Carla Lou Carleton `77
Shelley Lynne Carley `78
Edward Lee Carlgren `74
Erick F Carlgren `63
Katie L Carlgren `05
Randy Kent Carlgren `86
Robert C Carlgren `67
Tami M Carlgren `87
David Carlin `84
Jerry Fay Carlin `70
John William Carlin `62
Kathy Mary Carlin `80
Lynn Lady Carlin
Sydney Lynn Carlin `00
Tom Carlin `72
Brian Gary Carlson `01
Casey L Carlson `97
Diana Gail Carlson `65
Donald E Carlson `94
Eric David Carlson `99
Jack Edward Carlson `93
James Matthew Carlson
Janet Sue Carlson `84
Jennifer Jo Carlson
Jon Scott Carlson `83
Jon Donavon Carlson `84
Kathy Ann Carlson `84
Kent Charles Carlson `71
Kleila Elizabeth Carlson `81
Larry Carl Carlson `69
Lois O'Malley Carlson `83
Marcia Ann Carlson `85
Mark David Carlson `77
Patricia L Carlson `67
Randall R Carlson `81
Scott Bruce Carlson `10
Shannon E Carlson
Susan Sageser Carlson `77
Vincent L Carlson `68
Wanda Lee Carlson `97
Wendy R Carlson
Margaret Sughrue Carlson Citron `65
Kyle Reece Carlyle `09
Lauren Ashley Carlyle `09
Angela Michelle Carmichael `93
Craig L Carmichael `69
Lee A Carmichael `95
Lora Nichole Carmichael `03
Kelly Diane Carmody `01
Raegan L Carmona `94
Roberto Domingo Carmona `94
Ann Louise Carnahan `79
David Herbert Carnahan `74
Kathleen L Carnahan `98
Paul Bossler Carnahan `12
Shirley F Carnahan `57
Brent E Carney `89
Glen Richard Carnrick `72
Sara Elizabeth Carnrick `74
Barbara Ann Carpenter `86
Danny Ray Carpenter `68
Frank E Carpenter `71
James H Carpenter `60
Janis Lynette Carpenter
Joseph Daniel Carpenter `87
Kevin Arlen Carpenter `85
Mary Kay Carpenter `75
Matthew Bryan Carpenter `01
Nikki Dee Carpenter `84
William Robert Carpenter `75
Cheng Ren Carr `14
Joanne Kohl Carr `70
John Joseph Carr `70
Keith Lyle Carr `75
Steve Delmar Carr `72
Jeffrey Brian Carra `82
Joanna Lee Carra `82
Donald Keith Carrel `73
Anthony Patrick Carreno `91
Leah Michelle Carreno `08
Travis Anthony Carreno `08
Tom P Carrico `62
Virginia Gail Carrington `78
Carolyn A Carroll `90
Doris Wright Carroll `74
James Carroll `70
Alex Detroit Carson `09
Andrew William Carson `96
Bobbi Sue Carson `85
Elaine Irene Carson `00
George Arthur Carson `61
John Francis Carson `64
Tobias Joseph Carson `98
Vance L Carson `53
William D Carson
Amy L Carter `98
Anthony Lamar Carter `08
Cynthia R Carter `94
Darren Duane Carter `95
Daryl Lynn Carter `74
David Alan Carter `01
Deborah J Carter `81
Gerald Ryan Carter `76
Gretchen Van Sant Carter `71
Jesse Ward Carter `98
Larry Dale Carter `75
Mary J Carter `88
Mary Suzanne Carter `79
Matthew Lee Carter `94
Megan E Carter `99
Randie Lane Carter `74
Richard Herl Carter `77
Sonya E Carter `89
Wendy Marie Carter `93
William Duffy Carter `95
Sandra Rae Cartmill `73
Bradley Robert Carver `86
Gwendolyn Dee Carver `83
Shelley Carver `12
Patricia Warren Cary `51
Ronda Jo Cary `87
William G Cary `87
Arrow Washington Caryl `07
Stephanie Marie Caryl `06
Paul Stoughton Casady `79
Shelly Leann Casady `78
Titus A Casazza `69
Christy M Case `94
R Braddock Case `75
Richard A Case `67
Roland William Case `71
Kent Allen Casey `77
Melvin Lee Casey `51
William Patrick Casey `89
Trisha J Cash
E Joyce Cashman `54
Connie J Casper `89
David Eric Casper `88
Jeffrey Keas Casper `76
Kay Casper
Kathryn Cassel `90
R Joanne Cassetta `57
John Robert Cassida `89
Rita J Cassida `91
Jerry L Cassidy `65
Laurie R Cassidy `06
Robert Cassidy
Laurie Lynn Castellanos `86
Paul Wayne Caster `74
Linda J Casterline
Sandra Lee Castetter `75
Connor Michael Castor `16
L Mitchell Castor `85
Jolee Renee Catalano
A Joseph Catanzaro `94
James Odis Cate `90
Richard Leslie Cate `79
John Martin Cater `79
Julie A Cates `97
Larry Kirk Cates `77
Robyn M Cathcart `00
Allison Sydney Cather `18
Jeffrey Cather `14
Beverly J Catherman `65
Jay Robert Catherman `95
Gary Len Catlin `75
Lenita Beth Catlin `77
Mary Jane Catlin
Maurice Allen Catlin `76
Rebecca Marie Catlin
Bradford E Catt `76
Bryan Allan Catterson `02
Mark L Catterson
Suzanne E Catterson
Sandra Caudill
Mlle Anne Caudle `93
Neil Eddie Caudle `92
Richard Nevins Caughron `76
Annette Marie Cavanaugh `77
Beth Ann Cavanaugh `80
Michael Thomas Cavanaugh `83
Stephen W Cavanaugh
Timothy A Cavlovic `75
Dawn Renee Cavnar `95
Jay Michael Cavnar `96
Brad William Caywood `02
Janell Nadine Caywood `03
Vicki Caywood
Michael Lee Cearley `86
Robert Alan Cebula `62
Marie R Cecil `83
Mary Bliss Cella `64
George A Centrella `68
Jennifer L Cerda `92
Michelle Dawn Cerne `94
Jolene Kae Cervantes `71
Allen Anton Cesafsky `67
Jared Bryant Chace `19
Jason Ryan Chace `98
Keely M Chace `97
Bradley L Chadwell `84
Kimberly Jo Chadwell `86
Lyle Howard Chadwell `66
Mary Elizabeth Chadwell `67
Leroy Dale Chadwick `70
Timothy Lane Chadwick `90
Marsha Rae Chaffee `76
Paul David Chaffee `75
Charles Thomas Chaffin `85
Cheryl A Chaffin `82
Kerry L Chaffin `87
Verona J K Chaffin `82
Robert A Chalender `88
Mark Alan Chalfant `86
Tammy Chalfant `96
Patrick G Chalmers `70
Brenda K Chamberlain `02
Chad Clayton Chamberlain `93
Mark Allen Chamberlain `03
Nikki M Chamberlain `03
Zachary K Chamberlain `04
Craig Eugene Chamberlin `73
Dalton James Chamberlin `19
Debra Jean Chamberlin `90
Lauren Elizabeth Chamberlin `21
William Brent Chamberlin `90
Curtis Neale Chambers `78
Delores Heisserer Chambers `92
Dennis Roy Chambers `67
Edgar Chambers `79
Kimberly Jayne Chambers `79
Kimberly Stucky Chambers `90
Lenore Kay Chambers `67
Mark D Chambers `85
Gordon Alan Chambliss `75
H Dave Chambliss `77
Jill L Champley `83
Amy Jolly Champlin `97
Bruce Conrad Champlin `60
Curtis George Champlin `87
Robert Dean Champlin `83
Ping Yuk Chan `00
Wai Ling Amy Chan `97
April Ann Chancellor `05
C Jerome Chandler `78
Charles Q Chandler `75
Jackie A Chandler
John Andrew Chandler `84
Karen A Chandler `75
Larry H Chandler `85
Laurie R Chandler `82
Lois G Chandler `52
Marla Jean Chandler `75
Merri T Chandler
Nancy Janes Chandler `62
Robert Chandler `82
Martha Jean Chandley `72
James R Chaney `97
Mary Sandra Chaney `61
Richelle K Chaney `10
Betty J Chang
Shih-Chi Chang `58
Van Chang `66
Cathy C Chao `73
Chris C Chapman `70
Duane Eldon Chapman `49
Elizabeth Ruby Chapman `24
Floann Elizabeth Chapman `80
Heather L Chapman `96
JoAnne Chapman `69
Lindsay A Chapman `02
Marissa Marie Chapman `15
Melissa Jeanne Chapman `08
Penny Renee Chapman `85
Alonzo Chappell `63
Craig W H Chappell `62
Jean Daily Chappell `73
Sara Jane Chappell `62
Cheryl A Charles `78
Hayes Evans Charles `09
Larry K Charles `77
Amy C Chartier `99
Douglas Gene Chartier `93
John Michael Chartier `00
Chad Edward Chase `00
Kay E Chase `59
Segen Smith Chase `00
John Charles Chatelain `72
Bradley Chatfield
Elton L Chatfield `58
Pamela Chatfield
Betty Chatham `57
Hector Santiago Chavarria-Lanza `88
Cheryl A Chavez `87
Monty Michel Chayer `93
James E Cheatham `69
Brandon Jamaal Cheeks `17
David F Chelesnik `62
Theophilus Chellappa `57
Steven Eric Chellgren `78
Karen Lee Cheney `74
Sheng-San Cheng `80
Doris Chenoweth `50
F Clay Chenoweth `86
Marcia Jean Chenoweth `77
Howard A Cherry
Melissa Marie Chesnut `07
Kathleen Laura Chester `74
Ronald Joseph Chester `75
Dallas Lynn Chestnut `56
Jon Kevin Chestnut `77
Norma L Chestnut `59
Sam Irving Chestnut `57
Donald A Chew `81
Kyle Dakota Chew `18
William Loren Chew `16
Cheng-Ching Chi `65
Chi-Yung Chiang `65
Nancy Li-Wei Chiang `67
Jaw-Hua Annie Chiao-Cheng `81
Brad T Chilcoat `84
James Howard Chilcott `65
William F Chilcott `57
Anna Belle Chilcott Zimmerman `59
Daley L Childers `10
David Childers
Barry Kurt Childs `76
Corey Wayne Childs `12
Cynthia Marie Childs `75
Edward Neal Childs `68
Judith A Childs
Kelli A Childs `04
Kurt Benjamin Childs `05
Maria Joan Childs `14
Susan Ellen Childs `76
Ulyses Childs `09
Barbara Jean Chiles `63
Daniel D Chiles `98
Dennis Eugene Chiles `63
Katie June Chiles `96
L Philip Chiles `69
Lois M Chiles
William Patrick Chilton `81
Philip Ray Chinn `64
Nancy Yeu Chiou-Siepman `81
James Thomas Chipman `74
Jill Elizabeth Chittum `99
Karen Louise Chitwood `67
Jonq-Hai Chiu `74
Kung-Ying Chiu `71
Ya-Suey Chiu `72
John G Chmiel
Karen D Choate `77
Seojin Choi `12
Ethan Colby Choitz `14
Kandice Ann Choitz `12
Cathy M Cholick
Fred A Cholick
Cynthia K Chowdhury `90
Richard D Chowins `65
Wesley Eugene Choy `75
Eleanor Chrisman
Walter C Chrisman `50
Bruce Neil Christensen `71
Courtney Waide Christensen `81
John Louis Christensen `65
Patricia Ruth Christensen `65
Teresa B Christensen `72
Judith E Christian `65
Tad Chris Christian `87
Hope Gafney Christiansen `79
Martha Christiansen `50
Noah Patrick Christiansen `20
Robert Patrick Christiansen `79
Sarah Kate Christiansen `04
Kenneth Alan Christie `79
Phyllis Elaine Christie `74
Rex Alan Christner `77
Terry Ann Christner `76
John Tarkington Christy `02
Melissa Lynn Christy `02
Leslie Dee Chubb `13
Richard M Chubb `80
Rebecca L Chumley `00
Sachiko T Chun `54
Han Chang Chung `67
Okkyung Kim Chung `65
Young Ju Chung `98
Christopher Alan Church `93
Michael Thomas Church `90
Alison Leigh Chyba `95
Leslie Junior Chyba `69
Todd Leslie Chyba `93
Gregory Matthew Cieciek `95
Chad Michael Cillessen `03
Craig D Cillessen `95
Kathryn Jane Cillessen `97
Kristen Lynn Cillessen `02
Melissa Leigh Cillessen `11
Robert Thomas Cillessen `11
David Edmund Cink `78
Kelly Beth Cink `91
Thomas Jay Cink `93
Ada Giselle Cino-Ozuna `16
Donalee Circle `56
Patricia L Circle `68
Richard Lee Circle `57
Marylyn Cirulis `69
Timothy M Cissna `70
Ronald Eugene Ciston `69
Charles H Claar `74
Rebecca Claar
Roger Charles Claar `73
Roger Emerson Claar `74
Andrew Tyler Claassen `09
Cody Allen Clair `16
Aaryn Michelle Clark `05
Ann M Clark `78
Annah R Clark `05
Ashley Nicole Clark `11
Audra K Clark `08
Casey Michael Clark `01
Cathie Ann Clark `72
Deborah Lynn Clark `90
Dennis K Clark `93
Diana K Clark `03
Dolores J Clark
Don Bentley Clark `66
Edith Lucille Clark `52
Eldon Lavern Clark `66
George Norman Clark `79
Harry Mead Clark `77
Jane Ann Clark `65
John Robert Clark `69
John Andrew Clark `70
John Taylor Clark `92
John Wesley Clark `89
Katie Rebecca Clark `07
Kevin Andrew Clark `13
Kyle Dwayne Clark `72
Laurie Clark
LeAnn Clark `69
Linda Ann Clark
M Elaine Clark `78
Margaret V Clark `65
Mark T Clark `95
Marline Clark
Mary Beth Clark `67
Melissa Renee Clark `13
Michael Wayne Clark `93
Michael Raymond Clark `93
Peter Walker Clark `06
Rachel Danielle Clark `00
Randy Wayne Clark `82
Ray S Clark `72
Robert Alan Clark `70
Ross David Clark `63
Sharon Ann Clark `82
Stacy A Clark `99
Stanley Ralph Clark `67
Steven Michael Clark `78
Steven Kay Clark `70
Thomas Hugh Clark `71
Tim J Clark `86
Todd William Clark `84
Ty Warren Clark `96
Winifred M Clark `23
Carne Sue Clarke `68
Ian Alexander Clarke `20
James George Clarke
James Donald Clarke `61
Jayne Einsel Clarke `80
Michelle Nadine Clarke `20
Sharon Clarke `72
Hannah P Clarkson `11
Anja Clasberg `02
Anthony C Classi `72
John F Clausen `54
Nancy Elisabeth Clauss `08
Timothy M Clauss
Douglas Matthew Claussen `02
Jessica Ann Claussen `03
K Claussen `00
V Claussen `94
Carl Alan Clawson `16
Daniel Frank Clawson `84
Donita Kay Clawson `95
Kenby Brent Clawson `87
Kendal Blaik Clawson `13
Kurtis Charles Clawson `15
Lana M Clawson `87
Laura Joy Clawson `22
Paige Alexandra Clawson `15
Tamra Kay Clawson `93
Walker Makade Clawson `22
Haley Elizabeth Claxton `15
Linda Jane Clay `77
Robert Nathan Clay `77
Wendy L Clay `78
Gregory D Claycomb `06
Meredith E Claycomb `97
June Ellen Claydon `63
Brennen Wade Clayton `09
Gene Michael Clayton `17
John Robert Clayton `71
Patricia Jane Clayton `72
Paula Felder Clayton `76
Sharon Marie Clayton `00
Deborah Collier Cleavinger `74
Kal Jory Cleavinger `74
Victoria L Clegg `65
Christine M Cleland `91
Marshall S Cleland `90
Amy R Clement `93
Chad William Clement `93
Anthony Thomas Clemente `11
Bonnie Blue Barbara Clemente `11
Caryn K Clements
David Allen Clements `72
Derek Jay Clements `09
Vernon Dale Clements `82
Karin Kaye Clemmer `95
Shawn Eugene Clemmer `99
Cherie Jean Clemons `96
Daniel Shelby Clemons `94
Ebony Simone Clemons-Ajibolade `00
Anita Louise Clendening `67
Wayne E Clendening `66
Patrick Joseph Clerihan `75
Stephen Eugene Cless `76
Gary E Cleveland `92
Jan Cleveland
Mark Warren Cleveland `73
Michael J Cleveland `74
Robert L Clewell `81
Ann Margaret Clifford `87
Gary Worrall Clift `75
S Tyrone Clincy `90
Daniel Taylor Cline `06
Heather Dawn Cline `02
Jason Michael Cline `02
Kathryn E Cline `92
Laurel C Cline `06
Patricia L Cline `69
Randy Lee Cline `78
Carol Ann Clinkenbeard `68
Vickie L Clipston `85
Brian L Clites `86
Janet R Clopine `85
Russell Logan Clopine `86
Stephanie Biggs Cloues `07
Nick Wayne Clough `98
Benjamin Russell Clouse `95
John Henry Clouse `02
Melissa Ann Clouse `95
Robert Gene Clouse `69
Stephanie L Clouse `00
Karen A Clowers
Katie Jo Clowers `08
Irvin Leslie Clubine `71
Jeannie Elizabeth Clubine `74
John A Cluck `94
Joanne Taylor Clum `60
Michael Lee Clutter `68
Pamela S Clutter `68
Roger Dean Coad `52
Steven E Coad `93
Alec Huffman Coast `21
Wenda Renee Coates `82
Steven Craig Coats `75
Billy Shawn Cobb `91
Chris E Cobb `90
Don L Cobb `66
Douglas Alan Cobb `92
Lathe Michael Cobb
Suzanne L Cobb `94
Susan F Cobble `65
Adrian R Coberly `03
Ashley K Coberly `04
Lindy M Coberly `04
Sally Coberly `70
Travis John Coberly `06
Robert Joseph Coble `69
Thomas H Coblentz `59
Virginia Irene Coblentz `60
Loretta Marie Coccetella `09
Gary Randel Cochran `78
Scott P Cochran `63
Michael John Cocke `80
Paige Cocke `77
Richard Lee Cockerill `80
Darrell K Cockrum `67
Kimberly K Coday `91
Mark Wayne Cody `78
Linda Coe
Robert William Coe `79
Ann Louise Coen `82
Geri Arline Coen `83
James Arthur Coen `82
John C Coen `81
Christopher Martin Coffey `09
Megan Aubrey Coffey `08
Robert Dawson Coffey `86
Chad David Coffman `09
Crystal Fay Coffman `71
Curt Ryan Coffman `92
Geraldine A Coffman `78
Larry Dean Coffman `65
Michael James Coffman `86
Sally Sue Coffman `65
Sherri L Coffman `87
Wendi Renee Coffman-Stanley `90
Thomas Lester Cofran `76
Courtney Christine Cogan `11
John Marshall Cogan `84
Dennis Paul Coggins `72
Dave A Cogswell `79
Theresa Schlagel Cogswell `80
Garra Paul Cohen `71
Karen E Cohen `77
Kimberly Sue Cohen `80
Michael P Cohn `88
Scott James Cohorst `98
Steven James Cohorst `70
Lee David Coiner `88
Rita Ethyle Coiner `71
Casey Bishop Colbern `07
Melissa M Colbern `92
Shannon Patrick Colbern `95
James J Colbert `64
Marcia L Colbert
Catherine Ruth Colborn `75
James Dale Colborn `73
Arlene P Colburn
Beverly Jo Cole `66
Charles Calvin Cole `71
Charles Raymond Cole `70
Christina Cole `63
Dale Kenneth Cole
Darold F Cole `64
David Alan Cole `91
David W Cole `87
Jamie L Cole `01
Janette Lee Cole `72
Jason L Cole `97
Mary Lou Cole `58
Michael Richard Cole `95
Nancy W Cole `71
Robbin Waldner Cole `83
Steven Andrew Cole `89
Terrance Duane Cole `92
Traci Dalene Cole `93
Brian Matthew Coleman `06
Carolyn H Coleman
Christina Ford Coleman `74
Marilyn Coleman `59
Matthew Joseph Coleman `10
Stephen John Coleman `71
Thomas R Coleman
Elizabeth A Coleman-Brenner `80
Brandy Danielle Coley `12
Andrea Louise Colgan `70
Marilyn Ann Colgan `78
Richard T Colgan `70
Elin McCandless Colglazier `58
Jasmine Elizabeth Joan Colle `23
Kaitlin Ann Colle `23
Kevin Loren Colle `21
Randal Ray Collett `74
Ryan Christopher Collett `07
Jerie R Colletti-Wetzel `92
Jack E Collie `77
Deborah Collier
John Earl Collier `75
Mary Marie Collier `75
Vincent Kent Collier `77
Lola Jane Collinge `52
Michael A Collinge `77
Ann Collins `73
Anne B Collins `73
Brandy Lynn Collins `96
C Jordan Collins `05
Carol Jean Collins
David R Collins `67
George F Collins `70
Georgiana Louise Collins `72
Greyson M Collins `21
Jennifer Lynn Collins `01
John Michael Collins `69
Linda L Collins `69
Linda J Collins
Mary Janet Collins `51
Michael H Collins `64
Norman Duane Collins `59
Opal Annette Collins `54
Pam A Collins
Rayme Joe Collins `04
Robert Lee Collins `68
Royce Ann Collins `05
Shellie Moore Collins `05
Stephen Patrick Collins `96
Tiffany Rhiannon Collins `06
William David Collins `99
Crystal Lee Collinsworth `72
Lynn Larry Collmann `70
Walter Edward Colon `67
Jennifer Lynn Colp `10
Ann Colston `72
Alexandra Jeannette Coltrain `08
Andrew Scott Coltrain `08
Jo Lana Coltrain `75
Terry Lee Coltrain `75
Lesley A Colwell `04
Paul Bryan Colwell `96
Lawrence Isaac Combs `81
Melanie Alane Comer `90
Anthony J Comfort `62
Branden Wiley Comfort `07
Ann Commerford `71
Brian Scott Commerford `98
Daniel Patrick Commerford `71
Nicole A Commerford `99
Abigail B Compton `02
Amy Jo Compton `89
Brenda Jean Compton `77
David Lee Compton `98
Gabrielle Elise Compton `18
Gilbert Edmund Compton `80
Jeff Ryan Compton `02
Jere Lynn Compton `65
Steven Dale Compton `93
Curtis M Comstock
Jeannine Comstock `73
Chad Allen Conard `92
Gaylette Ann Conard `94
Kirsten Louise Conard `19
Shawn L Conard `97
Tyler Wayne Conard `19
Gary Lynn Conaway `65
Thantus Michael Concannon `64
John Conderman
Linda J Conderman `78
Patricia Riker Conderman `64
Earlene L Condiff
Rick S Condray `04
Scott Robert Condray `76
Carrie Renee Condry `98
Michael A Conduff
Dorothy L Congrove `64
James E Congrove `62
Sara Ann Congrove `86
Tim E Congrove `87
Gini Marie Conkle `09
Kelly L Conkle `94
Matthew Aaron Conkle `95
Cherlyn Dawn Conklin `99
Judith E Conkling `78
Scott Edward Conkling `89
Brian Christopher Conley `98
Carrie Sue Conley `96
Dawn M Conley `97
John Charles Conley `96
Christopher Matthew Connard `95
Jill Leanne Connard `96
Gloria Jeanne Connealy `70
Elizabeth A Connell `61
Joseph Bernard Connell `80
Martin R Connell `65
Mary Lee Connell `63
Charlene E Conner
Chris Conner `73
Elizabeth J Conner `69
Ronald D Conner `81
Garalyn Avery Connery `64
Jacklyn S Connolly `82
Matthew D Connolly `82
Shannon Renee Connolly `09
Taylor Leigh Connolly `11
Joseph Larry Connor `55
Sonja Lee Connor `66
Nancy Anderson Conover `65
Dale Wayne Conrad
Geraldine Conrad `46
Kristin K Conrad `93
Sherry Lynch Conrad `87
Linda Diane Consigli-Wege `83
Curtis Dale Converse `74
Debra Jan Converse `74
Janet Elizabeth Converse `74
M Wayne Converse `73
Valeria Kaye Converse `74
David Lyndon Convy `13
Amy M Conway `05
Donald Timothy Conway `72
Jane Harmless Conway `80
John Francis Conway `76
Shaun Matthew Conway `03
Phillip Joseph Conyac `85
A Jeffrey Cook `85
Andrew David Cook `08
Aubrey M Cook `09
Bruce Allen Cook `88
Bryan Christopher Cook
Charlene Johnson Cook `75
Craig Luther Cook `81
Cynthia Lynne Cook `81
David John Cook `77
Dennis Ray Cook
James Leonard Cook `73
Jean Marie Cook `80
Jessica D Cook `13
Kevin Marcus Cook `16
Larry Eugene Cook `63
Leland Bruce Cook `65
Lisa B Cook `82
Marcia A Cook `75
Mark Allen Cook `94
Morley Hinshaw Cook `46
Randy Alan Cook `74
Rebecca Proffitt Cook `81
Robert Allan Cook `72
Robert Dene Cook `70
Rolf Lee Cook `83
Signe A Cook `94
Wade Hamilton Cook `09
William A Cook `75
Zachary Aaron Cook `03
Carol S Cook Stiffler `77
Amy L Cool `92
Kevin Lynn Cool `86
Stephanie Ann Cool `84
David Wayne Cooley `71
Jackie Harold Cooley `73
Rhonda Rae Cooley `58
Polly Ann Coombs `67
Robert Wendell Coombs `70
Matthew William Coomes `12
Lowell Lee Coon `93
Thomas Keith Cooney `70
Carl Frederick Coonrod `73
Donna C Coonrod
Joseph Scott Coonrod `18
Julie Marie Coonrod `84
Randall Robert Coonrod `74
Richard A Coonrod `53
Scott Anthony Coonrod `84
Barry Cooper
Clinton Joel Cooper `09
Connie S Cooper `83
Corinna A Cooper `96
Craig Howard Cooper `78
Dana Carol Cooper `67
David Wayne Cooper `86
David Russell Cooper `76
Dean Leland Cooper `76
Elizabeth Kimberly Cooper `78
Helen G Cooper `78
Jackson William Cooper `21
James Leroy Cooper `78
Janet Marie Cooper `71
Justin D Cooper `99
Katrina J Cooper `96
Kelly D Cooper `99
Larry James Cooper `67
Laurence L Cooper `68
Lawrence Monroe Cooper `73
Lindsey Curtis Cooper `12
Matthew Emery Cooper `00
Max Eugene Cooper `87
Norman Luther Cooper `74
Pamela J Cooper `82
Patricia Ann Cooper `83
Robert M Cooper `67
Samantha Lee Cooper `11
Scott Allen Cooper `96
Scott Lane Cooper `93
Steven Gary Cooper `70
Susan E Cooper
Duane Gene Cooprider `76
Kenneth Wynn Coover `91
Andrew Michael Cope `80
John Mitchell Cope `78
Marla Rivard Cope `79
Stacy Lane Cope `81
Susan A Cope `80
Chad E Copeland `01
Harlan G Copeland `52
Jeanne Marie Copeland `98
Vondalee L Copeland `84
William Henton Copher `81
Melissa Sue Copp `08
Sean Michael Copp `02
Steven Wesley Copp `06
Ronnie Doyle Coppenbarger `73
Tonja Lind Coppenbarger
Timothy Ronald Coppinger `88
Kimberly Lynn Copple `88
Mary Teresa Copple `92
Robert Charles Copple `88
Gordon Lloyd Coppoc `63
Marilyn Ann Corbin `71
Chad E Corcoran `23
Christopher John Cordell `91
Curtis Glenn Cordell `93
Morris Eldon Cordes `81
Sarah Kathryn Cordes `08
Scott M Cordes `05
Sean Patrick Cordes `07
Stephen E Cordes `77
Susan Gail Cordes `75
Brian Lloyd Cordill `08
Lindsey Elizabeth Cordill `08
Mitchell Scott Cordill `94
Gilbert Michael Cordova `60
Donald Lee Corey `54
Johnny Lee Corey `67
Katherine L Corey `98
Ryan Alanson Corey `94
Rachel Christine Corkill `14
Carolyn Cormaci `95
Barbara Sue Corman `71
John Franklin Corman `72
Richard William Corman `78
Mary E Corn `63
Michael Dana Corn `79
Roger Philip Corn `66
Ryan Dean Corn `09
Tami M Corn `96
Christine Cornelius
Kay L Cornelius `57
Bobby Dean Cornell `52
Mike Wylie Cornett `57
Susan Eugenia O'Bryan Cornett `65
Patricia A Cornish `59
Willard Gene Corns `57
Carl Ernest Cornwell `70
Lowell Dean Cornwell `59
Nancy Cornwell
Scott Matthew Cornwell `74
Kathleen Marie Corpus `87
Larry Dean Corpus `86
Lolita Morales Corpuz `82
Annabelle L Corrick `74
Patricia Corrigan `53
Patrick Corrigan
Michael W Cortner
John Burbank Corwin `66
M R Coryell `57
David M Cosgrove `74
Christopher G Costello
Daniel R Costello `87
Diana Case Costello `78
J Timothy Costello `81
James J Costello `86
Janet R Costin `88
Dianne Bortz Costlow-Owens `85
John David Cota `14
Fae Lyn Cottrell `94
Travis Ryan Cottrell `94
Carol Leslie Couchman `10
Jeffery Charles Couchman `91
Jill Janeen Couchman `91
Kathryn L Couchman `08
Larry Couchman
Marcy M Couchman `57
Brian H Coughenour `08
Eileen Therese Coughenour `09
Eugene H Coughenour `78
Joan L Coughenour `81
Nancy Kay Coughenour `79
Julie Burgardt Coulter `02
Seth Lesiak Coulter `07
Donavon Deane Coup `82
Gregg Alan Coup `97
Marilyn Jean Coup `81
Tonya L Coup `98
Shirley Coupal `71
John R Coupe `56
L Jean Coupe `56
Margaret H Coupland `66
William C Coupland `66
Deborah Ann Courser `74
Robert William Court `70
Sarah Elizabeth Coutts `99
Lindsay E Couture `04
Louis Jay Covell `05
LeRoy Wayne Covert `60
Larry Ray Covey `73
Marcie Lou Covey `76
Thomas Edward Covey `02
Gregory Phillip Covington `90
Jacquelyn M Cowan
Mark Vincent Cowan `82
Stanley Ross Cowan `87
Wendell Lee Cowan `58
Sue Cowdery
Jeremy Sean Cowell `95
Nancy Kay Cowell
Rodney M Cowell `70
Alissa Marie Cowell-Mytar `04
Craig Richard Cowley `93
Laura May Cowley `11
Andrea Kay Cox
Benjamin Robert Cox `03
Dana Dewyte Cox `51
Emily Jean Cox `20
Erin Elaine Cox `03
Gloria K Cox
Joann Cox `75
Julie Jo Cox `91
Kelline Sue Cox `86
Kenneth Melvin Cox `68
Lauren Nichea Cox `21
Lois Deana Cox `88
Olin Jerome Cox `69
Samuel David Cox `23
Stephen M Cox `03
Stephen T Cox `58
Patrick James Coyle `90
Denise M Coyne `70
Craig S Cozart `92
Ken Cozart `89
Michele L Cozart `00
Julie Christine Crabb `01
Michael T Crabb `01
Greg H Crable `78
Sandy Crable `98
Barbara Brown Craft `62
Dorothy A Craft `58
Norma Craft `56
Patricia Sue Craft `61
Roger Leslie Craft `56
DeWayne Edward Craghead `81
Brenda Kay Craig `75
Jean Marie Craig `72
John W Craig `70
Lana Kay Craig `93
Rocky C Craig
Thomas Alan Craig `75
Virginia Alice Craig `60
William Edward Craig `71
Graham Dexter Crain `07
Jenna Jay Crain `09
Joseph Dean Crain `22
Sarah Janae Crain `13
Cheryl Jean Cram `67
Dan Eugene Cram `67
Keith Leon Cramer `67
Sandra Kay Cramer `67
Terry Lee Cramer `69
Ann Carlene Crampton `76
James Aaron Crandall `94
Mardel Louise Crandall `70
Philip Glen Crandall `70
Alan Bruce Crane `72
Carol Sue Crane `75
Kent James Crane `02
Rosalind Elizabeth Crane `72
Stephanie Angela Crane `02
Sean Ryan Cranford `21
Jon R Cranmer `86
Sanna Sondergard Cranmer `82
Max Edwin Crannell `27
Clyde Dean Cranwell `93
Alexander James Crawford `14
Blake James Stanley Crawford `23
Harold Franklin Crawford `63
Jeanne Marie Crawford `63
Jill Partridge Crawford `89
Kyle S Crawford `86
Lindsey M Crawford `09
Logan Michael Crawford `16
Marissa Crawford
Mark D Crawford `86
Michael John Crawford `91
Paul R Crawford `59
Robert Earl Crawford `05
William Lee Crawford `77
Claude Thomas Crawshaw `65
Joe Arlo Crawshaw `88
Justin A Crawshaw `96
Coleen Marie Creed `75
Jessica Carol Creel `10
Christine Hampel Creighton `86
Evan Dean Crenshaw `20
Valeri Rae Crenshaw `98
Marilyn Kay Creson Brown `72
James Crespino `89
Katherine L Crespino `91
Jeanice Ann Cress `56
Lisa Marshall Cress `72
David Terence Crews `66
Marilyn Louise Crews `54
Catherine Lynn Crist `88
Kelsie Brooke Crist-Funk `00
Connie Lee Cristler Thompson `62
Julia Kirsten Crites `87
Michael D Crites `16
Jack Donald Crocker `70
Erin Michelle Crockett `20
Jacob James Crockford `07
Katrina Lee Crockford `09
Rebecca J Crockford `81
David Crofoot
Genevieve Crofoot
Karen Kay Crofoot `69
Kelly D Crofoot
Steven Forrest Crofoot `79
Terry Jay Crofoot `69
J T Croft `80
Karyl Ann Croft `72
Susan Eileen Croft `70
Michelle J Cromer `82
Gordon Eugene Crosby `91
Sean-Michael Crosby `95
John R Cross `86
Mark Elliott Cross `99
Michael J Cross `90
Lynne T Crossette
Scott E Crossette `85
Casey Joe Crossland `10
Kyle Allen Crossland `08
Gary P Crosslin `74
Karen S Crosslin `73
Gregory Alan Crotchett `89
Alan Walker Crotts `73
Daniel Lee Crouch `02
Sara Lynn Crouch `00
Kerma Sue Crouse `72
Deborah S Crow `75
Don W Crow `05
Gerald P Crow `66
John J Crow `74
Michelle R Crow `94
Natalie Marie Crow `18
Raegan D Crow `87
Randy Wayne Crow `95
Ruby Ethel Crow `49
Sandra J Crow `87
Timothy Sean Crow `91
Wesley Allen Crow `19
Eric Lynn Crowell `89
Kathy Elaine Crowl
Fran Crowley `76
Julia R Crowley `65
Connor Thomas Crownover `24
Janet Louise Crowther `72
Lori Orr Crowther `95
Philip E Crowther `72
James Ray Cruce `69
Kristen L Cruce `01
Dennis A Crupper `74
Larry R Cruthers `73
Catherine L Cryer `95
Kirk Eugene Cryer `97
Carol A Cubie `01
J Bruce Cubie
Guy Cuccio `71
C Kristan Cuchy `88
Loretta Louise Cudney `63
Bruce Daniel Cuevas `82
Pamela Jean Cuevas `95
Laurian Gonzalvo Cuffy `90
Deanna F Culbertson
Kenneth Wayne Culbertson `70
Larry F Culbertson `71
Robert J Culbertson `49
David Thomas Culkin `16
Brooke Johanna Cull `12
Charley Abraham Cull `14
Bradley R Culley `94
Michael J Culp `93
Rana G Culp `92
Lauren Niccole Culter `17
Kevin J Cumiskey `00
Brenda K Cumming
Art Cummings
Gary Brent Cummings
Laura A Cummings `91
Michelle Cummings `93
Richard Alan Cummings `77
Thomas Andrew Cummings `84
Angela D Cunningham `99
Barbara J Cunningham `02
Daniel Warren Cunningham `78
David Thomas Cunningham `75
Jon Mark Cunningham `02
Amanda Cunow `75
Tara Sue Cupps `78
Terry Curtis Cupps `78
Jeanne Curcio `92
Anne Elizabeth Curd `88
Thomas H Cure `70
Jay Allen Curless `81
Brendan Walsh Curran `99
Casey J Curran `95
Diane K Currie
John Currie
Mary Lawrence Currie
Ralph Alexander Currie `76
Brett Daniel Currier `09
Angela S Curry `98
Dwight L Curry `70
Fred Lee Curry `70
Gary L Curry
Jess Walter Curry `77
Joseph Edward Curry `52
Katharine E Curry `54
R Bruce Curry `51
Robert Allen Curry `70
Sheri Lynn Curry `71
Sterling John Curry `95
Thomas Edgar Curry `00
Virginia M Curry
Chris M Curtin `96
Nancy Lynn Curtin
Brandon Gary Curtis `08
Janie Curtis `63
John Huntley Curtis `93
John Richard Curtis `70
John L Curtis `96
Joseph R Curtis
Laurie J Curtis `07
Linda Jean Curtis `64
Nicole M Curtis `07
Phyllis A Curtis `78
Polly J Curtis `78
Stuart D Curtis `10
Thomas Henry Curtis `67
William W Curtis `63
Jennifer Ellen Curtis-Jones `96
Chester W Cusic `64
Leanne Ruth Cusimano `99
Brice Custer
Shanon L Custer `98
Janice Lynne Cutter
Lynn Nake Cutter `74
Stanley Paul Cyphers `67
Elizabeth A Cyr
Jayson Charles Cyr `70
Sarah J Czerniewski `07
Nancy Musick Czinege `77
Michael Joseph D'Antonio `74
Betty L D'Elosua `76
Troy David Daeschner `85
Charlotte Dahl `52
Christopher Lee Dahl `74
Colleen Rose Dahl `08
Janice Lee Dahl `59
John Jamieson Dahl `08
Willa Faye Dahl `68
Edith Mourine Dahlsten `66
Kimberly Diann Dahlsten `90
Larry E Dahlsten `66
Mark Kevin Dahlsten `90
Hugo George Dahlstrom `76
Neisha Lynn Dahlstrom `77
Arlene Ruth Dahm `67
Duane Harry Dahm `72
Kathleen Elizabeth Dahm `72
Eugenia Lue Dahnke `55
James Bennett Daily `86
Richard Lee Daise `76
Kenneth Ray Dale
Kevin Richard Dale `90
Sheila Rae Dale
N Michelle Dalinghaus `93
Nancy Sue Dalinghaus `93
Randy E Dalinghaus `94
Roger Lee Dalinghaus `92
Thad R Dall
David M Dalrymple `94
Michael R Dalrymple `71
Cynthia D Dalton `76
Eric B Dalton `99
Jeffrey Alexander Dalton `10
Kathleen E Dalton `85
Margaret J Dalton `64
Mark Edward Dalton `91
Rebecca A Dalton `93
Timothy P Dalton `85
Wynn English Dalton Herbers `98
Gail E Daly `99
Todd Ryan Daly `00
Brandon Paul Damas `07
Grant Michael Damas `10
Lindsay Diane Damas `07
Robert James Dameron `74
Elizabeth Diane Damman `14
Janelle Marie Dana `96
Jason M Dana `96
Jennifer Ann Danaher `93
Mary Jo Dancer
Amy Louise Danenberg
Brian Michael Danenberg `06
Jennifer Ann Danenberg `06
Rex Edward Danford `71
Jeremy Thomas Daniel `99
Donald Herbert Daniels `74
Helen Ann Daniels `69
Jaye Allison Daniels `91
Jeanne Marie Daniels `83
Nichole D Daniels `01
Robert Daniels
Walter Joseph Daniels `81
Larry Lee Daniels-Murray `72
Mona L Daniels-Murray `71
Geary Danielsen `81
Stephen K Danielson `67
Inci Mine Dannenberg `85
Maurice Stacey Dannenberg `83
Nancy E Danner
Bailey Lynn Darbyshire `24
Fred Walter Darkow `92
Rebecca Ann Darkow de Rodriguez `01
Daniel Robert Darling `96
Mark E Darrah
Molly S Darrenkamp `92
Andre Darrigrand `68
Deborra Jean Darrow `74
William Lee Darrow `78
Denise Renae Dart `06
Matthew Ray Dassow `89
Anton Michael Dattilo `78
Dan Daubert `75
Elaine R Daubert
John Darrell Daubert `72
Ryan Timothy Daugherty `06
Duane Dale Dautel `94
Jeremy David Dautenhahn `06
Mallorie Rose Dautenhahn `06
Haley E R Davee `04
Jason Terence Davee `04
Daniel Joseph Daveline `91
Teresa Kay Daveline `93
Mary E Davenport
Timothy L Davenport
Tyler Andrew Davenport `11
Larry H David `69
Matthew Jason David `00
Robert Charles Davidshofer `76
A Marie Davidson `64
Anne C Davidson
Arthur Wilbur Davidson `73
Dale Ernest Davidson `82
Emma Marie Davidson `91
Jeffrey D Davidson `94
Karen Dianne Davidson `62
Lloyd Alvin Davidson `65
Michael Wade Davidson `65
Regina Marie Davidson `04
Jonell Exley Davies `69
Luke Wegener Davies `01
Robert Edwin Davies `65
Austin William Davis `15
Berna Ann Davis `64
Bradley J Davis `00
Brenda Kay Davis `82
Bryan Diamond Davis `18
Carrie L Davis `94
Charlotte Davis `63
Christopher James Davis `98
Dale Blaine Davis `77
Daniel Mark Davis `80
Darold Dean Davis `70
David T Davis
Debra Jean Davis `75
Dennis Lee Davis `82
Donna M Davis `82
Gregory Dean Davis `80
Henry Jacob Davis `94
Jean Marie Davis `54
Jeffrey M Davis `99
Joan Marcelle Davis `69
Joe H Davis `88
John David Davis `90
Jon Douglas Davis `63
Joycelyn Ann Davis `69
Julie L Davis `78
Karen L Davis `97
Katrina J Davis `06
Kevin Davis `72
Kevin S Davis
Kevin Dean Davis `83
Krista Diane Davis `11
Lucas Allen Davis `11
Mark Edward Davis `73
Mark Randall Davis `73
Mark Alan Davis `90
Marlone F Davis `97
Matthew William Davis `93
Matthew Brian Davis `23
Matthew Neil Davis `01
Meghan Elizabeth Davis `14
Michael Patrick Davis `92
Michele Davis
Michelle Davis
Patricia L Davis `81
Rae Anne Davis `94
Rebecca H Davis `01
Robert D Davis `78
Robert Charles Davis `69
Roger Wayne Davis
Sara Lee Davis `02
Scott Edward Davis `68
Stacy J Davis `90
Steven Ray Davis `72
Terry M Davis
Theodore G Davis
Tracey Lee Davis `81
Tracy Allen Davis `99
Venette Rae Davis `79
Victor Allen Davis `68
W Jay Davis
William Leland Davis `83
Victoria R Davis-Green `95
Susan Jane Davison `85
John Charles Davisson `73
Stanley Paul Davisson `76
Susan Carol Davisson `74
Alexandra Krause Dawes `15
Barbara Eileen Dawes `79
Deborah Dawes `87
Derek Dane Dawes `89
R Michael Dawes `88
Bernard Russell Dawkins `84
Michael Bernard Dawkins `16
Theresa Lynn Dawkins `84
Audrey J Dawson `85
David Warren Dawson `83
George Ray Dawson `97
Julie Marie Dawson `07
Lynda L Dawson `83
Nancy Lou Dawson
Rita Marie T Dawson `71
Ryan Michael Dawson `05
Susan Dawson `87
Amy Moorhead Day `82
David Lee Day `84
Frederick Gerry Day `56
Jackson Michael Day `86
Megan Michelle Day `98
Michael Wallace Day `03
Ross Patrick Day `02
Valene A Day `03
David A Dayton `97
Sara C Dayton `96
Eleanor De Bruyn `61
Jose A de la Torre
Luis Virgil de la Torre `00
Jane Susan De Leon `81
Victoria Martinez de Maldonado `02
Anne de Noble
Timothy de Noble
Judith J De Noon
Marilyn Ruth De Soto `56
Roy A De Soto
Larry Edward Deal `63
Barbara Irene Dean `69
Brian Nathaniel Dean `06
Kristen Jane Dean `07
Lynn Alan Dean `66
Martha Dean `58
Richard E Dean
Robert Hale Dearborn `68
Elizabeth Ann Deardorff `80
Wendy Christine Dearing `01
Rachel D Dearinger `02
Steven W Dearinger `01
Caitlin Brianna Deason `11
Laura Allene DeBaun `72
Thomas Burton DeBaun `72
Deborah Kay Debenham `83
Randy Ray Debenham `77
Joshua Michael Debes `06
Julia Anne Debes `07
Lisa M DeBey `96
Mary C DeBey `79
Erin M Debler `02
Randall William Debler `02
Michael Edward Debold `72
Patrick Joseph Debold `73
Blake Dennis DeBord `84
Brenda Rae DeBord `83
Robert L DeBruyn `61
Tracey DeBruyn
Dana D DeBuhr `92
Eric Duane DeBuhr `91
Roger Richard Dechairo `73
Annette Marie Dechant `86
Jason Alan Dechant `97
Meagan M Deck `03
Brian Lee Decker `92
Lisa Hotchkiss Decker `91
Melissa Margaret Decker-Heidrick `98
Karla Nicole DeCoster `07
Nicholas Allen DeCoster `07
Kent Dederick `80
Susan Eder Dederick `80
Eugene Francis DeDonder `75
Jean Marie DeDonder
Kevin Wayne DeDonder `96
Larry James DeDonder `69
Linda K DeDonder
Mark Eugene DeDonder `13
Michael Francis DeDonder `09
Byron Joe Dedrickson `75
Cheryl Jane Dedrickson `87
Julie Anne Dee `93
Jon Donald Deege `73
Nicole Chien Deely `90
Patrick Burke Deely `89
Daniel Ray Deemy `68
Barbara Jean Deeter
Douglas E Deets `74
Nancy E Deets `65
Paul Leonard Deets `65
Travis Lane DeForeest `99
James Eugene DeGeer `79
Staci Lynn DeGeer `07
Terri Sue DeGeer `79
James S DeGracie `65
Harry Joe DeGraw `77
Arthur Stuart DeGroat `04
Jennifer Brunk Dehan `94
Christine Ann DeHaven `94
Joel D DeHaven `91
Fred M DeHoff `75
Katelyn Maureen DeHoff `16
Mitchell Robert DeHoff `14
Patricia Ann Deighton `75
Alyson Laurene Deines-Schartz `07
David Alan Deitch `84
Gregory James Deiter `82
Kathleen A Deitering `94
Paul David Deitering `94
Anthony A DeJesus `84
Thomas Anthony DeLaHunt `77
Cathy Lou Delaney `75
Elizabeth Ann Delaney `15
Erin F Delaney
Christopher James Delfelder `13
Laura Jayne Delfelder `23
Marjorie M Delfelder `96
Collin James Delker `03
David G Delker `73
Brian William Dellett `86
Neal Victor Dellett `86
Staci Drews Dellett `86
Carolyn Ann Delong
Donn Allen Demaree `75
Thomas Paul Demars `83
H Gayle Dembski `82
Kevin Brian Demel `85
Lori Lynn Demers `99
Lisa L Demoret `13
Heather J Dempsey `97
Raymond C Dempsey `90
Thomas D Denchfield `65
Michael Givens Dendurent `73
Courtney Marie DeNegri `09
Justin Dale Antonio DeNegri `09
Patricia M Dengler `78
Mary Kay Denker `77
Terry Eugene Denker `75
Julie M Denner `98
Bryant Michael Denning `12
Charlotte Elise Denning `14
Dale Patrick Denning `78
David F Denning `68
Donald E Denning `82
Douglas Gerard Denning `76
Elisa L Denning `00
Ginger Lea Denning `77
Jana Lea Denning `93
John E Denning `69
Patrick Alexander Denning `08
Toby D Denning `98
Barbara Jane Dennis
Francis Calvin Dennis `66
Alison A Denny `93
Douglas James Denny `65
Lisa R DeNooy `02
Steven Marion Dent `68
Angela Jean Denton `95
Darrell Duane Denton `69
John Wesley Denton `96
Kay Louise Denton `70
Michael K Denton `10
Molly R Denton `09
Marcy Le Denyer `80
Brandon Eugene Depenbusch `02
Morgan Kathleen Depine `17
Riley M Depine
Alison Marie Depperschmidt `05
Brent M Depperschmidt `05
Chad Michael Depperschmidt `97
Roger A Derksen `87
Jay A Derley `99
Vartkais Y Dermenjian `71
Joel Michael DeRouchey `99
Julene M DeRouchey `00
Vincent F DeRouchey `63
Adrian Lee Derousseau `72
Laura Jean Derrick `86
Michael Chase Derusseau `18
Robert R DeRusseau `61
Annie Lee Desai `07
Bhusan Randhir Desai `01
Surbhi Desai
Carola A Deschner
Dennis L Deschner `68
Eugene Leland DesCoteaux `92
Orgene Lee DesCoteaux `92
Steven G DeSelm `84
Donald Lee DeShazer `83
Gary Lee DeShazer `83
Mary Elizabeth Despard `82
Amy M Deters `93
Cynthia Deters `93
Gale Lawrence Deters `92
Steven Deters `88
Lisa M Dethloff `98
Robert Gordon Detrick `02
Joseph B Detrixhe `68
Corey W Detter `95
Arlen Wayne Dettmer `58
Barbara J Dettmer `77
Christina E Dettmer `10
Jordan Grant Dettmer `10
Peggy Ann Dettmer `76
Loren A Detwiler `51
Milton D Detwiler `73
Courtney Ann Deuser `09
Christopher Allen Deutscher `92
Carolyn Sue Devane `90
Mark Francis Devane `89
Gunile Ann DeVault `70
Dennis Arthur Devenney `75
Barry Edward DeVilbiss `83
Janet Rutter DeVilbiss `83
Mary Evelyn Devin `74
Timothy John Devlin `00
Amanda H DeVolder `94
Eric John DeVolder `95
Heather M DeVolder `96
Jeffrey A DeVolder `95
John Jacob Devore `84
Tiane Lee DeVore `16
Christopher John DeWaal `05
Christy Suzanne DeWeese `08
Mark Edwin DeWeese `92
Ronald Robert DeWeese
Kent Dewell `85
Donald Marvin DeWerff `76
Terri Jo DeWerff `80
Wayne Leon DeWerff `80
Anne Marie Dewey `01
Craig A Dewey `97
Janene Lewis Dewey `77
Van Edwin Dewey `88
Barbara F DeWitz `59
Roy Albert DeWitz `58
Carrol Mary DeWyke `53
Karen Kay Dexter `76
Andrew J Dey `09
James Patrick Dey `94
Kathryn Lee Dey `74
Kimberly Kay Dey `92
Thomas Alexander Dey `75
Lois Jean Deyoe `56
Lori B Deyoe `02
Matthew Grant Deyoe `99
Lynn Dgetluck `88
Arlen Elkins Diamond `65
Elsa M Diaz-Bautista `94
Dustin Neil Dibble `02
Jay Daniel Dibble `94
Amy S Dible `01
Tracy Scott Dible `01
David Arthur Dick `77
Jean Frances Dick `68
Michael Jason Dick `94
Michelle Diane Dick `98
Patricia Macke Dick `78
Sacha Hanes Dick `94
Shawn David Dick `95
C Kaylene Dicken `60
Cynthia Denise Dickens `80
Loren Estel Dickens `83
George O Dickerhoof `57
Randal O Dickerhoof `82
David Lee Dickerson `65
Thomas Wayne Dickeson `73
Patsy A Dickey-Olson `66
Janice Dickinson `56
Benedict Charles Dickman `75
Charles Eugene Dickman `81
Greg Charles Dickman `02
Holly M Dickman `02
Laura Kay Dickman `04
Linda K Dickman `81
Patrick Dickman `70
Matthew Robert Dickson `06
Richard Carl Dickson `68
David C Didde `79
Sue Elaine Dieckhoff `76
Andrew Kyle Dieckmann `19
Maura Elizabeth Dieckmann `20
Nathan Tyler Dieckmann `20
Jerod Thomas Diederich `14
Shannon R Diederich-Akins `00
Amy Lynn Diediker `02
Ryan Jerod Diediker `04
Kevin Duane Diefenbach `89
Kimberley E Diefenbach `88
Brad A Diehl
Jennifer Appelhanz Diehl `97
Kevin Michael Diehl `14
Lisa Elliott Diehl `96
Paul Bothwell Diehl `72
Phillip Allan Diehl `55
Stacy C Diehl `92
Dustin Wayne Dieker `02
Jennifer L Dieker `04
Joseph Hugo Dieker `10
Jack Lynn Diekman `64
Roger A Diekmann `66
Kirk Alan Dielman `73
Gary Lamar Diener `75
Christopher Travis Dierenfeldt `18
Gina R Dierenfeldt
William Travis Dierenfeldt
Robert Warren Dierks `06
Roberta F Dierks `72
Summer Kay Dierks `05
Eric Dean Dierksen `10
Felicia Dawn Dierksen `10
Amy Elizabeth Dieta `07
Adelaide Dietrich `56
Bryce S Dietrich `70
Gregory Lee Dietrich `79
James D Dietrich `70
Warren R Dietrich `58
Corelia M Diggs
Dale Gaylon Diggs `73
Danielle Nicole DiGiacinto `10
Jonathan N DiGiacinto `09
Joel Alan DiGirolamo `06
Ann Blythe Dikeman `74
D Gene Dikeman `76
Earline F Dikeman `72
Michael E Dikeman `66
W Cary Dikeman `77
Matthew Allan Dill `03
Edwin T Dillinger `60
Susan Alice Dillinger `77
Dennis Brian Dillman `78
Malinda Marie Dillman `78
Bobbie Jeanne Dillon `67
Joyce C Dillon
Ricci Dillon `94
Ronald Lee Dillon `61
Troy William Dillon
Carol May Dilts-Jones `75
Jonathan Raymond Dimick `11
Megan Kristine Dimick `13
Lawrence A Dimmitt `63
Lois Kinney Dimmitt `62
William Jack Dimond `62
Edward A Dinkel `87
Emileigh Sue Dinkel `22
G Scott Dinkel `73
Maria Katherine Dinkel `79
Randy John Dinkel `96
Susan L Dinkel `96
Joyce Marie Dinnetz `09
Andy T DiOrio `02
Suzanne DiRienzo `69
Andrea C Dirks `90
Bradley W Dirks `88
Fred Philip Dirks `73
Randall Kent Dirks `75
Brandie Sue Disberger `01
David Richard Disberger `90
William James Disberger `00
Allison Penner Disbrow `01
Elizabeth Lynn Disbrow `23
Julie A Disbrow `96
Molly Beth Disbrow `06
Stephen Eric Disbrow `04
Harvey A Disenhouse `68
Daniel K Dittemore `66
Richard Kent Diveley `81
Bruce Dennis Diver `84
Fred Diver `71
Deborah P Divine
John Michael Divine `72
Phillip Duane Dix `16
John Paul Dixon `71
Kathi Dixon
Michael Edward Dixon `78
Thomas William Dixon `73
Vicki Ann Dixon `02
Darwin A Dlabal `06
Pamela Susan Dlabal `81
Paul William Dlabal `71
Sarah Elizabeth Dlabal `11
Brent Arnold Doane `90
Julie Raye Doane `99
Michael Keith Doane `95
Joann Marie Dobbie `76
Amy M Dobbins `89
James R Dobbins `67
Janelle K Dobbins `97
Jared Scott Dobbins `96
Mark Lee Dobbins `89
Rebecca Ann Dobbins `99
Ryan Scott Doberer `14
David E Dobratz `87
Stephen R Dobratz `75
Robert Kelliehan Docherty `81
DeAnn Janell Collins Dockery `86
Frank Preston Dodd
Mary Lourde Dodd `67
Rachel Etta Dodd `74
Darrell DeLoss Dodds `59
James Weston Dodge `76
Lori C Dodge `97
Michael W Dodge `98
Sarah Ann Dodge `14
W Scott Dodge `79
Alicia Beth Dodson `09
Darla Jean Dodson `63
David Michael Dodson `78
Diane Dodson
Lisa Melinda Dodson `77
Michael L Dodson `79
Pamela C Dodson `69
Robert Eugene Dodson `59
Robert L Dodson
Dustin A Doebele `01
Barbara Jean Doebele Donovan `75
R Dalene Dohm `69
Kathryn L Dohse `97
Robert Eugene Doile `75
Tracy Rene Doile-McHatton `02
Jacob Scott Dokos `18
Kristen Josie Dolan `84
Marlo D Dolezal `93
Vernon A Dolezal `89
Julie A Dolezilek `98
Shawn Dolezilek
Mark Ferrell Doljac `86
Allison Nicole Doll `18
Brian Scott Doll `02
Jenni M Doll
Jordan Nicole Doll `13
Linda K Doll `74
Nicholas Daniel Doll `10
J Eric Dollard `70
Judy D Dollard `76
Elaine K Dollins-Henning
Dorothy Maxine Dolsky `78
Ian Clem Dolven `01
Tara Carmen Doman `20
Susan Marie Domann `87
Karen Y Domer `65
Robin Rice Domer `67
Allison L Domingues `99
Kelly Jo Dominguez `82
Robert Leo Domnick `59
L Ann Domsch `58
Elizabeth Hope Donahue `02
Ryan P Donahue `02
Christopher Michael Donaldson `95
Henry Carrol Donaldson `84
Marilee Ruth Donaldson `68
Nancy Jo Donaldson `71
R
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https://www.uwyo.edu/news/2020/07/university-of-wyoming-spring-semester-presidents-honor-roll-resident.html
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en
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University of Wyoming Spring Semester President’s Honor Roll: Resident
|
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2024-03-13T11:03:31.553539-07:00
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https://www.uwyo.edu/favicon.ico
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UWYO News
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https://www.uwyo.edu/news/2020/07/university-of-wyoming-spring-semester-presidents-honor-roll-resident.html
|
The University of Wyoming lists the following students from Wyoming on the 2020 spring semester President’s Honor Roll.
The President’s Honor Roll consists of regularly enrolled undergraduates who earned a 4.0 (“A”) grade-point average for the semester. To be eligible, students must have been enrolled for a minimum of 12 credit hours taken for letter grades.
Students are:
Afton
Macy Erickson
Shay Erickson
Shaylee Erickson
Hailey Jensen
Jacob J. Thompson
Alpine
Kylie Rose Anderson
Kaitlyn Marie Bearden
Forrest K. Bucholz
Cassidy Joy Post
Garrett Post
Alta
Alexy Vada Nelson
Zachary Ward
Banner
Madison E. Belus
Noah Colin Gustafson
Rachel Petersburg
Anne-Marie Stratton
Bar Nunn
Daiven C. Francis
Basin
Christopher James Kampbell
Beulah
Richard Logan Stefanich
Madeline F. Stoddard
Big Horn
Andrew R. Ratty
Big Piney
Joby E. Banks
Gregory B. Bell
Karson K. Bradley
McKenzi Davison
Kyler D. Griffin
Britany T. Kirkwood
Jak F. Tanner
Boulder
Anita L. Benjamin
Magen R. Rohrer
Buffalo
Ian S. Cohoon
Sadie Lauren Gruntmeir
Marie Ann Ihnat
Hallie R. Jette
Madeline J. Killian
Carrie Monroe
Kyler Muffett
Shea M. Musselman
Isolina G. Nimick
Ashlee A. Purcella
Hailee Erin Riddle
Jennifer R. Seeman
Emmaline Andrea Velasquez
Marc A. Wodahl
Burlington
Callee E. Catlin
Kye D. Catlin
James M. Davidson
Burns
Mercedes L. Bartels
Jack D. Ickes
Mallory Jeanne Ickes
Casper
Nathan Lee Aagard
Landree G. Adams
Austin R. Anderson
Shelly Ann
Claire E. Bailey
Autumn Baker
Emily Balfour
Holly N. Bauchert
Hope Becker
Annika Grace Belser
Erin C. Bergman
Brian Kenneth Bessey
Matthew J. Bjornson
Dalton Lee Blase
Madison Nicole Brandt
Jarod D. Brownlow
Lydia Buckingham
Laura Michelle Butler
Megan T. Byrd
Trey Campbell
Garrett R. Catlin
Mackenzie Chadderdon
Kristen Lauretta Cheser
Michael T. Choma
Mathew G. Christopherson
Makenzie Colling
Connor Arthur Coughenour
Madison M. Coventry
Sage E. Coventry
Madeline Cox
Jenna Crouse
Maddison Dedic
Felicia Dickerson
Richelle L. Dietz
Melissa Dimas
Skylar MayaRae Eades
Nicole M. Eckhart
Jaclyn June Edwards
Katelyn Elston
Sharon C. Fancher
Emilie Jeanette Fittje
Chandra N. Frank
Gail M. Fullerton
Veronica Garcia
Benjamin Paul Grant
Jarred Louis Grant
Hanna R. Hall
Payton Hallsted
Gracyn Hansen
Ashtyn A. Harmsen
Taylor Morgan Hatcher
Benjamin L. Heady
Lee S. Hedges
Lane J. Hendricks
Eleanor J. Holloway
Alexis G. Holscher
Stephen Hoversland
Denise Hull
Brianna Kaley Hunter
Crissa A. Jennings
Johnathan T. Jensen
Trevor Johnson
Sara A. Jones
Sarah R. Jones
Levi P. Kaiser
Abbey Caroline Kersenbrock
Kassandra Lesco
Aja M. Lewis
Marcus Aaron Manzanares
Brandon Thomas Myers
Sarah I. Noel
Jannelle Ordiway
Christine L. Palmer
Torin B. Perrett
Bailee N. Peterson
Troy D. Phillips
Jillian R. Phipps
Karson Potter
Emily Marlene Pyska
Jordan M. Quig
Ben P. Radosevich
Maddison E. Reed
Quillan F. Reed
Dakota Reeves
Zachary K. Richards
LuAnna Eleanor Rochelle
Ellie A. Rone
Jordan Ruckle
Rachel Sandler
Elizabeth Jean-Marie Sanford
Bryanna E. Schiller
Madeline E. Schwahn
Bryan Allen Siedschlag
Jesi Skretteberg
Jenna Marie Spaulding
Mariah J. Spearman
Dillan Spence
Tayler E. Stephenson
Heather Stibley
Adrienne Stockton
Taylee M. Stone
Joel Martin Strube
Joenon Sulzen
Madison Rae Tinker
Kennedee V. True
Kasen G. Urhammer
Kynsie Marine Valdez
Hannah Marie Van Tassel
Bradley John VanderVoort
Emilie VenJohn
Grace Ann Vigneri
Morgan Janine Walsh
Tiffany K. Wambeke
Kai Wentz
Courtney T. Westbrook
Makayla Serene Wheeler
Travis J. Wicks
Sara Williams
Joanna Wilson
Britni A. Yeigh
Centennial
Rio S. Spiker-Miller
Cheyenne
Colter D. Anderson
Maren N. Anderson
Taylor Andrew Arnold
Alexis R. Baca
Alexa Becerra
Kelsy Anne Begin
Stephanie Benedict
Isabel V. Bivona
Trey A. Blackwell
Bridger Kenneth Bogus
Riley C. Boltz
Kelsie May Bowcutt
Rayann E. Bowen
Baillie R. Brandt
Marcis James Bravo
Taylor John Britt
Sarah N. Brooksmith
Cade Brower
Rayann Brown Irene
Dejakai Gabriella Brown
Christopher H. Bruce
Cailin L. Brugger
Molly A. Burns
Heather N. Casey
Tanner Steven Cassel
Thomas D. Cassidy
Justyn B. Christensen
Matthew Cirillo
Kaycee O. Clark-Mellott
Kaley Nicole Clift
Jordan E. Conine
Matthew J. Contreras
Ann E. Dahill
Gia Davis
Kortni M. Davis
Grace C. Dereemer
Shawnie DeTavernier
Rachel A. Dey
Sarah Marie Dey
Jordan Lee Ditty-Suggs
Gabriella Rosalind Dodgson
Mackenzie Dryden
Cody R. Dugas
Justice Dunn
Alexis R. Eledge
Elijah Andrew Ellis
Abigail R. Erickson
Hunter T. Ernst
Alyssa E. Ernste
Kelsey L. Faircloth
Mackenzie K. Faircloth
Joshua Michael Fearing
Jordan Fitzgerald
Isabel Fleischli
Azure S. Flowers
Jennica Marie Fournier
Japheth Joseph Frauendienst
Shannon L. Gallion
Hunter Galluzzo
Andrew Gardner
Michala M. Glover
Jenna M. Goodrich
Uriah Gracia
Jillian Mae Guest
Mackenzie B. Hall
Dustin B. Hansen
Jennifer Sue Hansen
Emily S. Harmon
Garrett Paul Hartigan
James T. Hartman
Lauren Hawkins
Jared S. Heddins
Kinsey K. Hein
Natasha Victoria Heins
Jacob B. Hendricks
Meghan A. Higgins
Cassidy B. Hixon
Ashley De Etta Ingerle
Logan M. Inghram
Kameron Douglas Jensen
Katelynn R. Johnson
Sierra Storm Jurgens
Kayla J. Kant
Averi N. Kastens
Hayden R. Kastens
Princika KC
Aaron J. Kersh
Jeremiah L. Keslar
Tyrell Kirchhefer
Jessie Klein
Paige A. Klipstein
Maeve S. Knepper
Makala Louise Knox
Gary A. Kroeger
Rachel Jean LaFaso
Andrew Lane
Hannah Kay Lewis
Jiajia Li
Hannah S. Linde
Michael James Lindman
Anne Elizabeth Lloyd
Katelynn A. Loken
Isabelle Lovato
Tori Lucas
Ryan Lynch
Giavanna Marchetti
Makayla C. McBride
Sydney McClure
Ryan G. McCulloch
Katherine J. McDougall
Madison L. McInerney
Tanner Jorgensen McKay
Morgan J. McKelvey
Guy McVeigh
Peter N. Mead
Emma Katherine Meese
Mark Thomas Menghini
Stephanie M. Mestack
Renzo C. Milatzo
Reese G. Milburn
Kevin J. Millsap
Christian M. Moncrief
Cole A. Munari
Anna Naig
Thanh Nguyen
Katrina Nicole Norris
Angela Oliverius
Claire Peyton Olson
Curtis P. Olson
Mikayla Nicole Olson
Paige Osborn
Mackenzie J. Paintner
Anna Papadopoulos
Mathew R. Pierson
Suzanne Michelle Piver
Emily Purifoy
Gilberto Revuelta
Grace A. Ritschard
Taylor R. Rogers
Jackson Rudolph
Ashley M. Rutledge
Lauren M. Salsgiver
Samantha Schmidt
Dariann Scott
Jonathon C. Scott
Adrian M. Seiloff
Taylen E. Sewell
Abigail Elizabeth Shameklis
Sylvia R. Shanklin
Madison Rae Shippy
Abigail Sisneros
Kenzie R. Spear
Sierra Ann Stellern
Austin James Stephen
Taylor M. Stoetzel
Taylor D. Stoinski
Macey C. Stratton
Tyler J. Stromberg
Hunter Dane Swilling
Amber J. Thompson
Alexa E. Trees
Ashley N. Tyler
Tristin E. Waggener
Sydne Kate Weber
Tyler A. Wedl
Sarah K. Wessenberg
Kassidy J. Williams
Katelyn Jeanette Williams
Stephen A. Williams
Grace Avena Withers
Tessa Woods
Mingna Zeng
Chugwater
Katie A. Currier
Cody
James Harvey Bell
Ashlyn B. Bower
Abbey D. Brasher
Cameron W. Cloud
Trystton P. Cole
Katie Denise Couture
Meg R. Dickerman
Brooke L. Gordon
Mary Kate Gorman
Hunter Graves
Greg Gross
David Henrich
Blake A. Hinze
Nathan A. Hunt
Dallin Jones
Gage LaFave Williams
Denallie Moore
Drew Michael Morris
Logan G. Oberheu
Andre Parsons
Sydney Pomajzl
Matthew J. Poto
Sarina Poto
Paige Powell
Jenna L. Slikker
Margaret E. Solie
Tristen Spitzer
Aurora Stenulson
Beverly R. Teeter
Ashley M. Umphlett
Jakoby J. Vipperman
Evan Frederick Wambeke
Jessica Ann Williams
Erin Woolley
Cokeville
Jackson Martin Linford
Kaycee Claudia Linford
Cowley
Marissa M. Arnold
Kalley Mae Collins
Crowheart
Ranelle Jean Hindman
Riley Rux
Daniel
Aisha Auradou
Katelyn Hayward
Autumn Ruskell
Savannah J. Rutsch
Dayton
Libby Faith Heimbaugh
Mary E. Miller
Douglas
Jacy Ciara Busboom
Emma Carr
Kirsten L. Caskey
Joseph M. Dammeyer
Janie Dziardziel
Morgan M. Grosdidier
Megan L. Hertz
Ashlee E. Lawson
Kaelie Oliver
Magdalena G. Pellatz
Mallory Joyce Renner
Spencer C. Romberg
Aubri L. Schuldies
Sydni Scott Schuldies
Danica J. Shearer
Zoe E. Short
Dubois
Natalie Bills Baker
Amy Grant
Abbigail Hinkle
Amber M. Sessock
Kallen E. Smith
Katelyn R. Suda
Megan L. Yaracz
Encampment
Bailey R. Miller
Karah M. Pantle
Etna
Clare J. Doornbos
Piper Marie Thompson
Evanston
Dulce Alvarez
Rylee Kay Berger
Nicole Connie Bott
Sierra A. Burleigh
Kaytlen Freeland
DeeLynn S. Miller
Todd Matthew Muller
Francisco Saabedra
Brady Wagstaff
Kevin West
Evansville
Shannon Dewitt
Malaya Lynn Harris Morisette
Kale D. Kuhlman
Dawson T. Rivera
Ashleigh M. Suko
Farson
Keanan Foy
Jason D. Lux
Fort Bridger
Austin D. Houskeeper
Gillette
Tiffany Jo Allen
Kennedy Ayers
Kiana C. Ayers
Garrett D. Baker
Kaylee Bass
Karley Borchers
Marlene Marie Burr
Kolby N. Carpenter
Ainsley M. Carson
Julia M. Cathey
Zach Alan Clausen
Shaylee N. Connely
Laura Dale
Kodi L. Edwards
Nicholas Erickson
Max W. Hayden
Matthew W. Hines
David Harrison Holmes
Addi K. Iken
Brandon Dale Izatt
Zachary J. Jewell
Molly Marie Kuhbacher
Joyie Lass
Jillian Victoria B. Marinas
Jolin Mills
Whitney D. Mohr
Dalton C. Nichols
Alexis Maree Parra
Rylie Nicole Pilon
Triston D. Schwab
Krystal J. Shelton
Maria Swartz
Hunter T. Sylte
Wyatt Tarver
Claire M. Thomas
Sarrah Tresch
Sierra Vetter
Paige M. Walker
Samuel C. Weinzierl
Taylor A. Wilde
Grace McKenna Wiley
Morgan R. Williams
Alexis Danielle Wingfield
Glendo
Holly Storm Fertig
Glenrock
Elizabeth Elaine Albrandt
Madeleine K. Brant
Jacob William Dalman
Payton K. Steinmetz
Enoch Edward Williams
Gideon J. Williams
Green River
Abigail Alcorn
Valerie Alicia Barajas
Kelsee G. Barton
Averee R. Cobb
Kendahl Lea Coy
Veronica Raye Coy
Nina M. Dodd
Taylor L. Draney
Andrew G. Halverson
Alondra I. Hamilton
Chance S. Hofer
Robyn Jauregui
Allison G. Kloepper
Isabel Anna Leininger
Kendra F. Lewis
Justin C. Marcy
Francheska MarDean Riley
Brianna N. Rundell
Hannah C. Thomas
Garrett David Young
Greybull
Cody B. Blair
Shayne Sarafia Mazur
Guernsey
McKenzie Jean Romero
Hillsdale
Emily D. Keiter
Hudson
Noah Ryan Knell
Jackson
Neil Anderson
Kasen C. Arriola
Kyler Marvin Arriola
Paige Asbell
Spencer B. Berezay
Benjamin J. Brown
Nicole Collins
Clara Daniele Delahaye
Samantha Espinoza
Uriel C. Felipe-Castro
Colin Finlay
Brayden Croft Gaston
Sarah K. Greger
Adeline Gayle Hart
Sarah-Jane E. Huser
Tania V. Jimenez
Riley S. Liljestrom
Analeise S. Mayor
Yazmin Montiel
Jamison L. Peacock
Justin James Reppa
Parker M. Rowe
Samantha X. Smith
Jamie V. Vargas
Abigail Laurel Zuk
Jelm
Venice R. Sheehan
Kaycee
Elena J. Lompe
Chesney Mae Malson
Kelly
Halie McGough
Kemmerer
Abby M. Brunski
Louis S. Failoni
Ty A. Hysell
Shauna C. Jones
Bailey Ann Schramm
LaGrange
Myre Pauls
Mckenzie Ward
Lander
Allison N. Brown
Taurey Rosenhahn Carr
Caleb E. Cecrle
Kayley Beth Hart
Katrin Herden
Alexandra Joy Jacobson
Rachel P. Kauffman
Maria Kulow
Anne Peick
Sydney Polson
Danika R. Rohn
Connor Wilkinson
Madison Kristine Williams
Laramie
Luna V. Adelt
Fadhel Alali
Tija Allen
Tara L. Andera
Megan Andersen
Clayton Anderson
Bernat Andras
Mackenzie C. Armijo
Wil E. Atencio
Oreoluwa Adeola Babatunde
Rebekah K. Baggerly
Cindy Franchesca Baker
Nicolas Bard
Mary Barnes
Anna Beauvais
Blaise L. Becker
Jordan Elizabeth Becker
Connor Beeston
Mikayla L. Benson
Amari Yvonne Bertagnolli
Lonnie J. Besneatte
Taylor Rene Bever
Brett B. Bingham
Mickelle Bisbee
Raine L. Blanchard
Joshua Blaney
Jared L. Bloomston
Serephine Bonnell
Amanda L. Borders
Megan Borders
Emily Anne Brande
Austynne Nicole Brenize
Evan Harper Brewer
Abigail S. Buchanan
Samuel Bunn
Lindsay C. Burr
Annie Burton
Christopher A. Bury
Victoria Lynne Bustos Driskill
Jenessa Marie Canen
Nunzio Giorgio Gempis Carducci
Megan E. Cartwright
Helena Caspari
Anthony G. Castano
Olivia C. Cate
Heather Elizabeth Chandler
Krishna Sai Chemudupati
Chris Chung Hang Cheng
Kendal K. Chipperfield
Kristina A. Clarson
Lauren B. Collins
Sabrina J. Considine
Carlyn Fletcher Cook
Patrick E. Corcoran
Paloma Costa
Heather L. Craig
Jessica Crawford
Erika Jade Crickon
Brienna Marie Culnan
Tyler J. Dahl
Madison Rily Dale
John Edward Deines
Lihan Deng
Erin Riley Dennis
Riley E. Dimick
Allison G. Dodds
Ashley M. Dodds
Sean J. Doherty
Olivia L. Dorrell
Rachael Y. Dreiling
Lily A. Drietz
Julian Duarte
Anna Dyachuk
John G. Edwards
Michael D. Edwards
Nathaniel England
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Victoria S. Fajardo
Brittany E. Feller
Sariah Fig
Kate A. Fiscus
Elizabeth Anne Fleming
Mikayla R. Froehlich
Margarita A. Fuentes
Benjamin Kasey Gallagher
Chayton S. Galloway
Daniel J. Gardalen
Alannah C. Gee
Gabriel Gerrish
Kylar Gilbert
Madison R. Gill
Cortney Gillies
Jory Glenn Goetz
Silas L. Goetz
Ethan T. Gonda
Paul I. Gonzales
Tayiah Elizabeth Graves
Hannah M. Greenwald
Lauryne P. Griego
Maria F. Gutierrez
Mohammed A. Hakami
Harrison Hall
Jerry C. Hamann
Jamie Renae Hansen
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Bethany KayLynne Haworth
Jedidiah Philip Hewlett
Theresa Higgins
Daniel James Roger Hintz
Brynn Marie Hirschman
Gabriel Paul Hoffmaster
Hazel A. Homer-Wambeam
Rafael Ozan Homer
Christopher J. Hood
William C. Hopkins
Ashton Allie Horsley
Anna Mary Mitchell Horton
Erik Horwitz
Sacha Andreas Huguet
Zachary Hayward Hunt
Hailey Doyle Hysong
Cole A. Inghram
Astrid Mercedes Iturbe Franzius
Katrina Ivers
Michael Ivers
Adlynn Qistina Jamaludin
Briley Mckenna James
Cole G. James
Cole Jensen
Cora Jensen
Connor Kasarda
Ray J. Kenworthy
Isaac M. Kern
Isaiah Kiefer
Michelle Kitchen
Eva Koplin
Ida Krause
Jada Linn Kruse
Luke Kwan
Jessica Ann LaBozetta
Jason G. Landen
Shaun Kenneth Lappi
Michael Aidan Lawton
Vy Le
Colby Limb
Jordan P. Lindstrom
Caroline C. Lockard
Ryan Richard Lowe
Blanca Daniela Luna Rocha
Venkat Santosh Madhyanam
Gabe P. Maldonado
Weston Joseph Manor
Clara Mansart
Addison Rose Marr
Alison B. Martin
Carlee Michelle Martin
Amber Martinez
Alexandra I. Martino
Maeve Rose McCaffrey
Aaron McClellan
Madison R. McConnell
Jayden Cole McKay
Kristyn Diane McKnight
Maricris Cosejo McLane
Ryan Thomas McManamen
Brianna Reine McMaster
Mary Mead
Ashly Moeller
Savanna Moore
Zachary Moore
Katelyn Elizabeth Moorman
Matthew Anderson Moran
Jacob Morgan
Scott Palmer Mullin
Lindsey Myers
Benjamin Alan Nathan
Sai Kit Ng
Adam J. Nitchoff
Aedian E. O’Connor
Miranda N. O’Neal
Aspen E. Olson
Taylor Olson
Ian Wade Ostler
Ashley Ott
Haydn Owens
Jazmin R. Pados
Nicole Ann Palyo
Krutarth D. Patel
Mariela Patterson Jacobo
Annika C. Pelkey
Daniel Paul Petrus
Anna Josephine Platt
Hannah Marie Pollat
Philippe Mieczyslaw Poniatowski
Michaela Dawn Pooler
Aubree G. Powell
Aubrey Prescott
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Thomas Luke Quinlivan
Allen R. Rabou
Brandy Lynn Ralph
Calli Morgan Ramunno
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Sekoya R. Romero
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Sarina Nicole Ruby
Brendan J. Rucinski
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Kamille Brough Russell
Nermeen Said Elsayed Saadoun
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Heiko Scharsich
Corwin Bryce Schlump
Bailey Schmit
Andrea Schmitt
Breelyn M. Semon
Kadelyn Jess Setright
Reece A. Shannon
Lora Margareta Sherrodd
Bethany A. Shotts
Devin Tyler Shoults
Douglas Shytle
Nicole Simone
Brianna Michelle Sims
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Kendra Lee Smith
Mariah Smith
Isaiah George Spiegelberg
Samuel J. Spiker
Hannah Faith St Clair
Cosette Lee Stellern
Jacob Stewart
Dalton W. Stoddard
Katherine M. Swaim
Madison Swope
Sunia Tanweer
Kaitlyn Rose Taylor
Josh E. Tepera
Lauren Thacker-Lynn
Elle G. Thomas
Brianna Elizabeth Thompson
Lynora K. Tolman
Lydia R. Townsend
Chance D. Trembley
Paige Elizabeth Trent
Abbigail Kathryn Tygart
Brooks S. Tyser
Annelotte van der Vegt
Anh M. Vo
Thu Le Minh Vo
Bradley D. Walgren
Ruobing Wang
Mary Caroline Ward
Beau Webster
Leslie S. Weiler
Zachary Carl Weller
Taylor A. While
Emily B. Whipple
Abigail Ruth Whiting
Jason Allen Wilkins
Madison Winder
Carley J. Witt
Holly A. Wodahl
Nichole Rae Wolz
Bryson Wood
Colin Daniel Woods
Isaiah Douglas Wookey
Andrew Wright
Angela Y. Zhu
Daniel Yumeng Zhu
Grace A. Zielinski
Harlee Elaine Zimmerman
Philip Tyler Zink
Lingle
MaKenna Beth Greenwald
Morea Eve Shipley
Regan Walford
Lovell
Mandi J. Baxendale
Megan Lee Cornia
Chelsey Nicole Ellis
Lusk
Lexie Kay Dockery
Jacob J. Heil
Lyman
Mckinley Bradshaw
Kaleigh M. Douglass
Conlon T. Fields
Jade B. Gordon
Lyndee Ellen McKown
Kolton Rogers
Meeteetse
Caitlyn Crum
Mills
Emily Elizabeth Adkins
Moorcroft
Josey Shae Bailey
Mountain View
Emilee Hope Benedict
Makell Kaiser
Delaney C. Lupher
Marley Elizabeth Newton
Anthony Stone Olguin
Colton N. Roach
Newcastle
Katara Cade
Anna N. Gettinger
Alexander Henkle
Heather R. Michaelis
Grace Peterson
Pavillion
Charles David Dechert
Kyle L. Hessling
Ben Zoller
Pine Bluffs
Cordell D. Burry
Montanna L. Chrystal
Ashlyn Renee Culp
Brooke Elizabeth Darden
Melissa K. Fornstrom
Tucker G. Norman
Caleb Edward Calvin Pachel
Harper L. Pachel
Sierra Brynn Shelit
Pinedale
Toby F. Covill
Rachel Forrester
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Madison Friend
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Aimee Louise Gray
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Powell
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Cody D. Akin
Tristan Rae Bohlman
Ismael Dominguez
Demi Michelle Dusenberry
Joshua J. Fauver
Jacob Scott Frankenberry
Brett Charles Gilman
Tarje D. Grover
Danna Lea Hanks
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Danyang Liu
Chase N. Lundberg
Juliakay P. Oneill
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Tayli N. Stenerson
Brooklyn K. Sweet
Chase Michael Wentz
Anne Whitaker
Rachel A. Wurzel
Ranchester
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Lillian H. Kukuchka
Lukas J. Stutzman
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Earlaine Franc B. Arellano
Dax B. Cooper
Bailey L. Forney
Abby G. Frakes
Kimberly Gulbrandson
Bryant Beau Jerome
Jacob Rast Mendoza
Joshua A. Mendoza
Emily E. Padget
Joseph Rosacker
Sydney A. Thayer
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Riverton
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Adam R. Conner
Micah R. Conner
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Emily A. Dayton
Lena Kathleen Dechert
Nicholas Shane Fenton
Kate Blythe Gamble
Kathryn Jean Hazlewood
Rebekah L. Hutchison
Mackenzie Kellner
Shaylee L. Ketelhut
Brook T. Thompson
Kirstee Kaye Trees
Robertson
Britan M. Woody
Rock Springs
Steven Anselmi-Stith
Erick Arellano
Brittany L. Atkinson
Alexis N. Bedard
Sasha S. Bentley
Ceejay M. Berg
Joshua E. Bigley
Cory Allyn Cordova
Ashley Noel Dewey
Carley N. Ebert
James Matthew Fantin
Chloe K. Garcia
Jordan Renee Goldman
Krista Ranae Heikes
Chandler Craig Howe
Alyssa M. Jordan
Karina Kachnowski
Karolina Rozalia Klatka
Keeri Ann Klein
Haley Kathleen LeFaivre
Kristin D. McCrann
Cheylynn Parker
Lena Peacock
Garret Michael Phillips
Racheal Breanne Pinkham
Aidan E. Propst
Shad R. Sellers
Kyra J. Seppie
Sydney Shannon
Deborah J. Smith
Sydnye Karen Spicer
Brooklynne D. Stauffer
Amanda Mulan Verheydt
Madeline O. Verheydt
Maya Verheydt
Fletcher Wadsworth
Drew Anthony Yerkovich
Bailey Young
Rozet
Andreana Kali Armstrong
Anya Maddalena Blakemore
Zoe G. Worthen
Saratoga
Bradley A. Bifano
Aubrey Jennings
Cheyanne Jordan
Katie Nicole Loose
Anthony J. Sandoval
Thatcher Spiering
Derek Walton
Alicia Renee Zaragoza
Shawnee
Lane Chaput
Shell
Skylar A. Grant
Sheridan
Beknazar Y. Alikulov
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Colton Bates
Kailee E. Becking
Clara V. Bouley
Cheyna Bradshaw
Marissa L. Brenneman
Gabriel Briggs
Katelynn M. Brooks
Cheyenne N. Buyert
Kirby Coe-Kirkham
Marissa G. Coon
Kyle M. Custis
Jennae L. Fieldgrove
Kaycie Garner
Lydia Rose Gilbert
Gabrielle Rachel Golinvaux
Kristin L. Grammens
Patrick M. Hamilton
Heather Joy Heath
Alix Ann Marie Hegy
Peyton Henry
Emily Hooge
Hailey Marrissa Jones
Bhadshah Q. Khan
Naveed Khan
Joseph Klebba
Amanda Lindberg
Caige D. McComb
Kaylin Mae McKinley
Ryan T. Miller
Monte David Monchamp
Tyler Emery Myers
Ashley A. Phillips
Brendan R. Phipps
Dakotah Price
Nathan J. Roma
Abraham L. Ross
Jacqueline S. Ross
Aeriana Nirel Roth
Cassidy N. Solti
Callie Christine Terrell
Kayli R. Turlington
Samuel D. Walker
Tanner Caleb Warder
Katherine R. Weitz
Andrew White
Shoshoni
Katelyn Sims
Jason Thoren
Smoot
McKenna M. Aullman
Cassie J. Hunsaker
Sundance
Shelby Heaster
Haley Grace Marchant
Jonas Pridgeon
Skyler L. Wagaman
|
|||||
5407
|
dbpedia
|
2
| 18
|
https://www.howtopronounce.com/simon-ekeno
|
en
|
How to pronounce Simon Ekeno
|
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[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Julian Bernier"
] |
2020-10-07T13:53:55
|
How to say Simon Ekeno in English? Pronunciation of Simon Ekeno with 1 audio pronunciation and more for Simon Ekeno.
|
en
|
/apple-icon-57x57.png
|
https://www.howtopronounce.com/simon-ekeno
|
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|
|||||
5407
|
dbpedia
|
1
| 36
|
https://issuu.com/digitalpublish/docs/ballet
|
en
|
Houston Ballet Sylvia Program 40502
|
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[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] |
2022-03-07T00:00:00+00:00
|
Houston Ballet Sylvia Program 40502
|
en
|
/favicon.ico
|
Issuu
|
https://issuu.com/digitalpublish/docs/ballet
|
Welcome to Issuu’s blog: home to product news, tips, resources, interviews (and more) related to content marketing and publishing.
Here you'll find an answer to your question.
|
||||
5407
|
dbpedia
|
0
| 6
|
https://www.ranker.com/list/famous-female-politicians/reference%3Fpage%3D35
|
en
|
Almost Every Famous Female Politician
|
https://imgix.ranker.com/list_img_v2/5587/645587/original/645587-u4
|
https://imgix.ranker.com/list_img_v2/5587/645587/original/645587-u4
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[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Reference"
] |
2013-01-22T00:00:00
|
From trailblazing pioneers to contemporary leaders, female politicians have played an integral role in shaping political systems and championing pressing ...
|
en
|
/img/icons/touch-icon-iphone.png
|
Ranker
|
https://www.ranker.com/list/famous-female-politicians/reference
|
From trailblazing pioneers to contemporary leaders, female politicians have played an integral role in shaping political systems and championing pressing issues around the globe. These trailblazing women have not only shattered glass ceilings but also left an indelible mark on global politics with their astute leadership, powerful voices, and unwavering commitment to their nations and constituents.
This comprehensive compilation showcases a remarkable group of female politicians, highlighting each individual's achievements and unique impact on the political arena. Featuring leaders and changemakers from around the world, this selection provides an enlightening look at the many ways these women have forever altered the course of history, earning them a well-deserved place among the most distinguished female politicians of all time.
Among the many illustrious women politicians featured in this compilation, several stand out as particularly significant due to their groundbreaking achievements and enduring legacies. For example, Hillary Clinton, a former U.S. Secretary of State and 2016 Democratic presidential nominee, played an instrumental role in shaping American foreign policy and championing women's rights on the global stage. Nancy Pelosi, the first female Speaker of the United States House of Representatives, has been a formidable force in American politics, skillfully negotiating and legislating throughout her illustrious career. Likewise, Condoleezza Rice, who served as the first African-American woman U.S. Secretary of State, showcased her expertise in world affairs and sharp diplomatic acumen.
The inspiring legacies of these extraordinary female politicians serve as a testament to their indomitable spirit, resilience, and unwavering dedication to their respective nations and the global community. Delving into the accomplishments and milestones achieved by these trailblazers, readers are sure to gain a newfound appreciation for the inimitable contributions these famous women in politics have made. From advocating for social justice to forging new paths forward in international relations, these extraordinary women have indubitably earned their place in the annals of political lore.
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See Who Signed
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2023-12-13T09:11:21+00:00
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SEE WHO HAS SIGNED THE PROMISE MAKE YOUR PROMISE Search or Scroll to see who’s already joined the Promise. Click the icons to read why so many people have decided the Jewish Future Promise is for them. MAKE YOUR PROMISE Why I made the Promise: Voices from our community
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en
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Jewish Future Promise
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https://jewishfuturepromise.org/see-who-signed/
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Search or Scroll to see who’s already joined the Promise.
Click the icons to read why so many people have
decided the Jewish Future Promise is for them.
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BY THE NUMBERS
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2007-06-22T00:00:00
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Latest scores at twincities.com — Compiled by Valerie ReichelAUTO RACING Nextel CupTOYOTA/SAVE MART 350 LINEUPAfter Friday qualifying; race Sunday at Infineon Raceway, Sonoma, Calif. Lap length: 1.99 miles(Car number in parentheses) 1. (26) Jamie McMurray, Ford, 92.414 mph. 2. (7) Robby Gordon, Ford, 92.399. 3. (8) Dale Earnhardt Jr., Chevrolet, 92.384. 4. (60) Boris Said, […]
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Twin Cities
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https://www.twincities.com/2007/06/22/by-the-numbers-116/
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To place an obituary, please include the information from the obituary checklist below in an email to obits@pioneerpress.com. There is no option to place them through our website. Feel free to contact our obituary desk at 651-228-5263 with any questions.
General Information:
Your full name,
Address (City, State, Zip Code),
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And an alternate phone number (if any)
Obituary Specification:
Name of Deceased,
Obituary Text,
A photo in a JPEG or PDF file is preferable, TIF and other files are accepted, we will contact you if there are any issues with the photo.
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There is a discount for running more than one day, but this must be scheduled on the first run date to apply.
If a photo is used, it must be used for both days for the discount to apply, contact us for more information.
Policies:
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In order to publish obituaries a name and phone number of funeral home/cremation society is required. We must contact the funeral home/cremation society handling the arrangements during their business hours to verify the death. If the body of the deceased has been donated to the University of Minnesota Anatomy Bequest Program, or a similar program, their phone number is required for verification.
Please allow enough time to contact them especially during their limited weekend hours.
A death certificate is also acceptable for this purpose but only one of these two options are necessary.
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We are not allowed to reference other media sources with a guestbook or an obituary placed elsewhere when placing an obituary in print and online. We may place a website for a funeral home or a family email for contact instead; contact us with any questions regarding this matter.
Obituary Process:
Once your submission is completed, we will fax or email a proof for review prior to publication in the newspaper. This proof includes price and days the notice is scheduled to appear.
Please review the proof carefully. We must be notified of errors or changes before the notice appears in the Pioneer Press based on each day’s deadlines.
After publication, we will not be responsible for errors that may occur after final proofing.
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All obituaries appear on TwinCities.com with a permanent online guestbook presence. If you wish to have the online presence removed, you can contact us to remove the guestbook online. Changes to an online obituary can be handled through the obituary desk. Call us with further questions.
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Pre-payment is required for all obituary notices prior to publication by the deadline specified below in our deadline schedule. Please call 651-228-5263 with your payment information after you have received the proof and approved its contents.
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On a second run date, the lines are $8.20 per line, starting w/ the first line.
For example: if first run date was 20 lines the cost would be $164.
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For example: 2 photos in the paper on 2 days would be 4 photo charges at $500.
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Please follow deadline times to ensure your obituary is published on the day requested.
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Please call or email us for more memoriam information
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Please submit your memoriam ad to memoriams@pioneerpress.com or call 651-228-5280.
Latest scores at twincities.com
— Compiled by Valerie Reichel
AUTO RACING
Nextel Cup
TOYOTA/SAVE MART 350 LINEUP
After Friday qualifying; race Sunday at Infineon Raceway, Sonoma, Calif. Lap length: 1.99 miles
(Car number in parentheses)
1. (26) Jamie McMurray, Ford, 92.414 mph.
2. (7) Robby Gordon, Ford, 92.399.
3. (8) Dale Earnhardt Jr., Chevrolet, 92.384.
4. (60) Boris Said, Ford, 92.312.
5. (20) Tony Stewart, Chevrolet, 92.263.
6. (31) Jeff Burton, Chevrolet, 92.258.
7. (21) Bill Elliott, Ford, 92.203.
8. (9) Kasey Kahne, Dodge, 92.126.
9. (12) Ryan Newman, Dodge, 92.051.
10. (07) Clint Bowyer, Chevrolet, 91.907.
11. (96) Ron Fellows, Chevrolet, 91.887.
12. (19) Elliott Sadler, Dodge, 91.827.
13. (43) Bobby Labonte, Dodge, 91.753.
14. (2) Kurt Busch, Dodge, 91.744.
15. (99) Carl Edwards, Ford, 91.698.
16. (44) Dale Jarrett, Toyota, 91.644.
17. (16) Greg Biffle, Ford, 91.462.
18. (1) Martin Truex Jr., Chevrolet, 91.388.
19. (22) Dave Blaney, Toyota, 91.375.
20. (14) Sterling Marlin, Chevrolet, 91.357.
21. (91) Marc Goossens, Toyota, 91.313.
22. (29) Kevin Harvick, Chevrolet, 91.309.
23. (45) Kyle Petty, Dodge, 91.265.
24. (5) Kyle Busch, Chevrolet, 91.223.
25. (55) Terry Labonte, Toyota, 91.222.
26. (01) Regan Smith, Chevrolet, 91.149.
27. (17) Matt Kenseth, Ford, 91.089.
28. (88) Ricky Rudd, Ford, 91.079.
29. (41) Reed Sorenson, Dodge, 91.065.
30. (23) Butch Leitzinger, Toyota, 91.051.
31. (66) Jeff Green, Chevrolet, 90.996.
32. (42) Juan Pablo Montoya, Dodge, 90.976.
33. (18) J.J. Yeley, Chevrolet, 90.900.
34. (70) Johnny Sauter, Chevrolet, 90.842.
35. (38) David Gilliland, Ford, 90.758.
36. (11) Denny Hamlin, Chevrolet, 90.592.
37. (6) David Ragan, Ford, owner points.
38. (25) Casey Mears, Chevrolet, owner points.
39. (13) Joe Nemechek, Chevrolet, owner points.
40. (40) David Stremme, Dodge, owner points.
41. (24) Jeff Gordon, Chevrolet, owner points.
42. (48) Jimmie Johnson, Chevrolet, owner points.
43. (00) P.J. Jones, Toyota, 90.899.
Failed to qualify
44. (4) Ward Burton, Chevrolet, 90.813.
45. (10) Scott Riggs, Dodge, 90.779.
46. (02) Brandon Ash, Dodge, 90.477.
47. (15) Paul Menard, Chevrolet, 90.440.
48. (83) Brian Vickers, Toyota, 90.287.
49. (84) AJ Allmendinger, Toyota, 90.147.
50. (37) Brian Simo, Dodge, 90.048.
51. (78) Kenny Wallace, Chevrolet, 89.883.
52. (49) Klaus Graf, Dodge, 89.438.
Craftsman Trucks
TOYOTA TUNDRA MILWAUKEE 200
At Milwaukee Mile, West Allis, Wis. Lap length: 1.0 mile
(Start position in parentheses)
1. (4) Johnny Benson, Toyota, 200 laps, 95.503 mph., $59,400.
2. (14) Ron Hornaday Jr., Chevrolet, 200, $33,250.
3. (2) Todd Bodine, Toyota, 200, $25,925.
4. (1) Mike Skinner, Toyota, 200, $20,175.
5. (13) Rick Crawford, Ford, 200, $15,975.
6. (7) Erik Darnell, Ford, 200, $13,275.
7. (23) Mike Bliss, Dodge, 200, $10,325.
8. (5) Travis Kvapil, Ford, 200, $12,175.
9. (11) Matt Crafton, Chevrolet, 200, $13,850.
10. (15) David Starr, Ford, 200, $13,175.
11. (3) Jack Sprague, Toyota, 200, $11,500.
12. (25) Stacy Compton, Ford, 199, $11,325.
13. (16) Terry Cook, Toyota, 199, $11,225.
14. (6) Ryan Mathews, Toyota, 199, $11,125.
15. (20) Benny Gordon, Ford, 199, $11,700.
16. (10) Tim Sauter, Chevrolet, 198, $12,125.
17. (12) Kraig Kinser, Chevrolet, 198, $8,625.
18. (24) Ken Schrader, Dodge, 198, $10,750.
19. (26) Dennis Setzer, Chevrolet, 198, $10,700.
20. (27) Kelly Sutton, Chevrolet, 198, $8,550.
21. (17) Aaron Fike, Toyota, 197, $10,900.
22. (19) Shane Huffman, Chevrolet, 197, $8,275.
23. (31) Chad McCumbee, Chevrolet, 197, $9,225.
24. (22) Bill Lester, Chevrolet, 196, $9,175.
25. (30) Jack Smith, Ford, 196, $8,150.
26. (29) Jason White, Chevrolet, 196, $8,125.
27. (34) Blake Bjorklund, Chevrolet, 195, $8,100.
28. (21) Brendan Gaughan, Chevrolet, 195, $8,075.
29. (32) Josh Wise, Toyota, 191, $8,050.
30. (35) Bradley Mueller, Dodge, 186, $8,025.
31. (9) Willie Allen, Chevrolet, Engine, 156, $7,975.
32. (18) Peter Shepherd, Ford, 156, $8,000.
33. (33) Scott Lynch, Dodge, 137, $7,950.
34. (8) Ted Musgrave, Toyota, parked, 74, $7,925.
35. (28) Kelly Bires, Ford, accident, 73, $7,900.
36. (36) Randy MacDonald, Chevrolet, rear end, 5, $7,855.
Champ Car
Grand Prix of Cleveland
After Friday’s qualifying; qualifying continues Saturday; race Sunday at Burke Lakefront Airport, Cleveland; Lap length: 2.106 miles.
(Car number in parentheses; All Cars are Cosworth/DP01/Bridgestone)
1. (1) Sebastien Bourdais, 56.961 seconds, 133.102 mph.
2. (5) Will Power, 57.301, 132.312.
3. (15) Simon Pagenaud, 57.338, 132.266.
4. (9) Justin Wilson, 57.427, 132.022.
5. (21) Neel Jani, 57.535, 131.774.
6. (8) Alex Tagliani, 57.652, 131.506.
7. (2) Graham Rahal, 57.658, 131.
8. (7) Oriol Servia, 57.722, 131.347.
9. (14) Robert Doornbos, 57.745, 131.294.
10. (3) Paul Tracy 57.782, 131.210.
11. (19) Bruno Junqueira, 57.811, 131.145.
12. (4) Dan Clarke, 57.855, 131.045.
13. (22) Tristan Gommendy, 57.978, 130.767.
14. (28) Ryan Dalziel, 58.238, 130.183.
15. (34) Jan Heylen , 58.259, 130.136.
16. (11) Katherine Legge, 58.681, 129.200.
17. (29) Alex Figge, 59.117, 128.247.
NHRA
PROCARE RX NHRA SUPERNATIONALS
After Friday qualifying; finals Sunday at Old Bridge Township Raceway Park, Englishtown, N.J.
Top Fuel
1. Tony Schumacher, 4.455 seconds, 331.94 mph. 2. Rod Fuller, 4.479, 330.39. 3. Clay Millican, 4.487, 330.39. 4. Brandon Bernstein, 4.500, 331.04. 5. Cory McClenathan, 4.516, 326.40. 6. Whit Bazemore, 4.521, 332.51. 7. Hillary Will, 4.544, 328.38. 8. Melanie Troxel, 4.555, 332.43. 9. Doug Herbert, 4.555, 314.90. 10. Bob Vandergriff, 4.557, 311.13. 11. Larry Dixon, 4.558, 322.42. 12. Doug Foley, 4.582, 331.20. 13. J.R. Todd, 4.649, 307.79. 14. Doug Kalitta, 4.653, 328.38. 15. Rit Pustari, 4.734, 312.78. 16. Morgan Lucas, 5.878, 147.67.
Funny Car
1. Tommy Johnson Jr., Chevy Impala, 4.729, 321.96. 2. John Force, Ford Mustang, 4.747, 325.37. 3. Ashley Force, Mustang, 4.760, 321.19. 4. Scott Kalitta, Toyota Solara, 4.768, 317.79. 5. Ron Capps, Dodge Charger, 4.775, 319.90. 6. Tony Pedregon, Impala, 4.780, 323.04. 7. Jim Head, Solara, 4.785, 324.83. 8. Jack Beckman, Charger, 4.789, 325.30. 9. Del Worsham, Impala, 4.796, 325.22. 10. Tony Bartone, Chevy Monte Carlo, 4.797, 323.97. 11. Cruz Pedregon, Impala, 4.811, 318.62. 12. Tim Wilkerson, Impala, 4.819, 323.89. 13. Jeff Arend, Impala, 4.841, 319.52. 14. Robert Hight, Mustang, 4.893, 301.67. 15. Bob Gilbertson, Dodge Stratus, 4.947, 301.94. 16. Jerry Toliver, Solara, 4.987, 289.20.
Pro Stock
1. Richie Stevens, Dodge Stratus, 6.598, 209.20. 2. Greg Anderson, Pontiac GTO, 6.606, 209.62. 3. Jeg Coughlin, Chevy Cobalt, 6.612, 209.46. 4. Jason Line, GTO, 6.615, 209.52. 5. Allen Johnson, Stratus, 6.621, 208.59. 6. Dave Connolly, Cobalt, 6.621, 208.07. 7. Dave Northrop, GTO, 6.627, 209.14. 8. Greg Stanfield, GTO, 6.628, 209.01. 9. Kurt Johnson, Cobalt, 6.635, 208.71. 10. Jim Yates, GTO, 6.635, 207.08. 11. V. Gaines, Stratus, 6.639, 208.55. 12. Mike Edwards, GTO, 6.640, 207.56. 13. Max Naylor, Stratus, 6.641, 209.04. 14. Larry Morgan, Stratus, 6.642, 207.98. 15. Warren Johnson, GTO, 6.643, 208.71. 16. Craig Hankinson, GTO, 6.643, 207.66.
Pro Stock Motorcycle
1. Andrew Hines, Harley-Davidson, 6.910, 193.57. 2. Angelle Sampey, Suzuki, 6.949, 192.41. 3. Chip Ellis, Buell, 6.950, 192.30. 4. Karen Stoffer, Suzuki, 6.960, 193.24. 5. Chris Rivas, Buell, 6.975, 190.48. 6. Antron Brown, Suzuki, 6.978, 192.11. 7. Craig Treble, Suzuki, 6.981, 192.80. 8. Geno Scali, Suzuki, 6.994, 192.47. 9. Michael Phillips, Suzuki, 7.002, 193.16. 10. Peggy Llewellyn, Buell, 7.014, 190.38. 11. Hector Arana, Buell, 7.021, 189.92. 12. Eddie Krawiec, Harley-Davidson, 7.023, 190.14. 13. Mike Berry, Suzuki, 7.033, 188.78. 14. Matt Smith, Buell, 7.057, 191.05. 15. Shawn Gann, Suzuki, 7.066, 189.47. 16. Matt Guidera, Buell, 7.074, 187.31.
BASEBALL
American Association
FIRST HALF
North Division W L Pct. GB
Lincoln 29 9 .763 —
Sioux Falls 25 15 .625 5
SAINTS 23 16 .590 6½
Sioux City 13 27 .325 17
St. Joe 12 28 .300 18
South Division W L Pct. GB
El Paso 22 17 .564 —
Shreveport 19 20 .487 3
Fort Worth 18 19 .486 3
Coastal Bend 18 21 .462 4
Pensacola 16 23 .410 6
Friday’s resultsbrSAINTS 11, St. Joe 3brShreveport 4, Fort Worth 3, 1st gamebrFort Worth 7, Shreveport 3, 2nd gamebrPensacola 13, Coastal Bend 9brSioux Falls 6, El Paso 4brLincoln 11, Sioux City 9brSaturday’s gamesbrSt. Joe at SAINTS, 7:05 p.m.brFort Worth at Shreveport, 7:05 p.m.brCoastal Bend at Pensacola, 6:05 p.m.brSioux City at Lincoln, 7:05 p.m.brEl Paso at Sioux Falls, 7:05 p.m.brSunday’s gamesbrSt. Joe at SAINTS, 1:05 p.m.brFort Worth at Shreveport, 2:05 p.m.brCoastal Bend at Pensacola, 5:05 p.m.brSioux City at Lincoln, 6:05 p.m.brEl Paso at Sioux Falls, 1:05 p.m.brAmateurbrCARVER CENTRAL LEAGUEbrJordan 6, Belle Plaine 3brPARK NATIONAL LEAGUEbrLakers 6, Bombers 4brRiver Rats 5, Blue Sox 3brAmerican LegionbrFOREST LAKE TOURNAMENTbrChisago Lakes 7, Woodbury White 4brForest Lake 5, Cloquet 1brRichfield Angels 8, Arcade-Phalen 1brStillwater 15, St. Francis 14brMOOSE COUNTRY CHALLENGEbrPrior Lake 9, Chesterberg (Benilde) 5brRosetown 10, Northfield 2brTricity Red 5, St. Paul Park 2brWest St. Paul 5, New Prague 4brST. CLOUD TOURNAMENTbrApple Valley 13, Elk River 3brApple Valley 16, Bemidji 2brBemidji 6, Coldspring 0brMonticello 10, Rochester Lourdes 1brWait Park 8, Little Falls 1brWilmar 10, St. Cloud 76ers 3brBasketballbrWNBAbrWESTERN CONFERENCE W L Pct GBbrSacramento 8 3 .727 –brSan Antonio 7 4 .636 1brPhoenix 7 7 .500 2½brLos Angeles 5 5 .500 2½brSeattle 5 6 .455 3brLYNX 4 10 .286 5½brHouston 2 10 .167 6½brEASTERN CONFERENCE W L Pct GBbrDetroit 10 1 .909 –brIndiana 9 3 .750 1½brNew York 7 5 .583 3½brChicago 6 6 .500 4½brConnecticut 5 7 .417 5½brWashington 2 10 .167 8½brFriday’s resultsbrConnecticut 78, Indiana 74brSan Antonio 70, New York 63brMinnesota 78, Seattle 76brHouston 95, Washington 85brDetroit 87, Phoenix 84brSacramento at Los AngelesbrSaturday’s gamesbrSan Antonio at Connecticut, 6 p.m.brWashington at Chicago, 7 p.m.brDetroit at Sacramento, 9 p.m.brSunday’s gamesbrIndiana at New York, 3 p.m.brHouston at Phoenix, 6 p.m.brSeattle at Los Angeles, 7:30 p.m.brCOLLEGESbrBaseballbrCOLLEGE WORLD SERIESbrAt Rosenblatt Stadium, Omaha, Neb.brChampionship Seriesbr(Best-of-3)brSaturday: North Carolina (57-14) vs. Oregon State (47-18), 6 p.m.brSunday: North Carolina vs. Oregon State, 6 p.m.brMonday: North Carolina vs. Oregon State, 6 p.m., if necessarybrWomen’s hockeybr2007-08 GOPHERS SCHEDULEbrDate Opponent TimebrOctoberbr Nike Bauer ClassicbrFri.-5 Boston U. vs. North Dakota 4 p.m.brNORTHEASTERN vs. GOPHERS 7 p.m.brSat.-6 Northeastern vs. North Dakota 4 p.m.brBOSTON U. vs. GOPHERS 7 p.m.brFri.-12 ST. CLOUD STATE 6 p.m.brSat.-13 at St. Cloud State 2 p.m.brFri.-19 at Ohio State 7 p.m.brSat.-20 at Ohio State 7 p.m.brFri.-26 MINN.-DULUTH 6 p.m.brSat.-27 MINN.-DULUTH 3 p.m.brNovemberbrFri.-2 at Wisconsin 2 p.m.brSat.-3 at Wisconsin 2 p.m.brSat.-17 at Minn.-Duluth 3:30 p.m.brSun.-18 at Minn.-Duluth 3 p.m.brSat.-24 NORTH DAKOTA 3 p.m.brSun.-25 NORTH DAKOTA 3 p.m.brFri.-30 BEMIDJI STATE 6 p.m.brDecemberbrSat.-1 BEMIDJI STATE 3 p.m.brFri.-7 at MSU-Mankato 7 p.m.brSat.-8 at MSU-Mankato 3 p.m.brJanuarybrSat.-5 at Wayne State (Mich.) 1 p.m.brSun.-6 at Wayne State (Mich.) 1 p.m.brSat.-12 BOSTON COLLEGE 1 p.m.brSun.-13 BOSTON COLLEGE 1 p.m.brFri.-18 at North Dakota 7 p.m.brSat.-19 at North Dakota 4 p.m.brFri.-25 MSU-MANKATO 7 p.m.brSat.-26 MSU-MANKATO 7 p.m.brFebruarybrFri.-1 at Bemidji State 2 p.m.brSat.-2 at Bemidji State 2 p.m.brFri.-8 OHIO STATE 7 p.m.brSat.-9 OHIO STATE 7 p.m.brFri.-15 at St. Cloud State 7 p.m.brSat.-16 ST. CLOUD STATE 7 p.m.brSat.-23 WISCONSIN 3 p.m.brSun.-24 WISCONSIN 3 p.m.brFri-Sun., WCHA First Roundbr29-2 at top seeds TBAbrMarchbrSat.-Sun., WCHA Championshipbr8-9 at Duluth, Minn. TBAbrFri-Sat., NCAA Quarterfinal gamebr14-15 at top seeds TBAbrThu.-Sat., NCAA Frozen Fourbr20, 22 at Duluth TBAbrHome games in CAPS, played at Ridder Arena. Schedule subject to change. Times are Central.brCyclingbrAreabrNATURE VALLEY GRAND PRIXbrFourth stage: Minneapolis Downtown ClassicbrTOP 10 MENbr1. Kirk O’Bee, Health Net, 1.00’37”; 2. Ivan Stevic, Toyota-United Pro Cycling, same time; 3. Henk Vogels, Toyota-United Pro Cycling, same time; 4. David McCook, Kylly Benefit Startegies/Medifast, same time; 5. Juan Pablo Forero, colombian National, same time; 6. Rory Sutherland, Health Net, same time; 7. Carlos Alzate, Colombian National, same time; 8. Evan Elken, Jittery Joe’s, same time; 9. Michal Cody, Jelly Belly, same time; 10. Jeffery Hopkins, Jittery Joe’s, same time.brTOP 10 WOMENbr1. Laura Van Gilder, Cheerwine, .40’01”; 2, Nichole Wangsgard, Group Health, same time; 3. Brooke Miller, TIBCO, same time; 4. Shelley Olds, PROMAN/Paradigm, same time; 5. Chatherine Cheatley, Cheerwind, same time; 6. Alex Wrubleski, Colavita-Sutter, same time; 7. Susannah Pratt, Ryan Collegiate, same time; 8. Stacy Marple, TIBCO, same time; 9. Laura Yoisten, Webcor Builders, same time; 10. Erica Allar, Ryan Collegiate, same time.brfootballbrArena Football LeaguebrNATIONAL CONFERENCEbrEastern Division W L T Pct PF PAbry-Dallas 14 1 0 .933 939 748brx-Philadelphia 8 8 0 .500 900 835brColumbus 6 9 0 .400 728 750brNew York 5 10 0 .333 744 893brSouthern Division W L T Pct PF PAbry-Georgia 13 2 0 .867 939 794brx-Tampa Bay 8 7 0 .533 754 774brx-Orlando 8 8 0 .500 814 766brNew Orleans 5 10 0 .333 791 860brAustin 4 11 0 .267 828 895brAMERICAN CONFERENCEbrCentral Division W L T Pct PF PAbrx-Chicago 11 4 0 .733 821 698brx-Kansas City 10 5 0 .667 819 728brx-Colorado 8 7 0 .533 735 781brNashville 6 9 0 .400 794 822brGrand Rapids 4 11 0 .267 781 957brWestern Division W L T Pct PF PAbry-San Jose 12 3 0 .800 939 715brx-Los Angeles 9 6 0 .600 806 801brUtah 7 8 0 .467 908 896brArizona 4 12 0 .250 846 915brLas Vegas 2 13 0 .133 655 913brx-clinched playoff spot; y-clinched divisionbrSaturday’s gamesbrColumbus at New York, 6 p.m.brAustin at Tampa Bay, 6:30 p.m.brKansas City at Chicago, 7 p.m.brGrand Rapids at Nashville, 7 p.m.brUtah at Los Angeles, 9:30 p.m.brSunday’s gamebrNew Orleans at Georgia, 2:30 p.m.brgolfbrPGA TourbrTRAVELERS CHAMPIONSHIPbrSecond round scores at TPC River Highlands, Cromwell, Conn. Purse: $6 million, 6,820 yards, par: 70 (35-35).brJay Williamson 66-66–132brDavid Toms 67-65–132brHunter Mahan 62-71–133brOlin Browne 67-67–134brCharles Warren 67-67–134brChris DiMarco 64-70–134brSteve Marino 68-67–135brTom Lehman 67-68–135brFred Funk 70-65–135brMichael Allen 66-69–135brMichael Sim 65-70–135brJoey Sindelar 66-70–136brCorey Pavin 70-66–136brKenny Perry 65-71–136brShigeki Maruyama 67-69–136brHeath Slocum 68-68–136brBilly Andrade 66-71–137brEric Axley 67-70–137brPeter Lonard 68-69–137brRyan Moore 66-71–137brKevin Na 70-67–137brCarl Pettersson 65-72–137brRod Pampling 66-71–137brJustin Rose 69-68–137brPat Perez 69-68–137brJerry Kelly 69-68–137brNick O’Hern 67-70–137brBob Heintz 65-72–137brTom Pernice, Jr. 68-70–138brKevin Stadler 68-70–138brStewart Cink 68-70–138brJason Gore 68-70–138brB.J. Staten 67-71–138brGlen Day 69-70–139brArjun Atwal 68-71–139brAlex Cejka 68-71–139brWoody Austin 66-73–139brRobert Gamez 70-69–139brVijay Singh 68-71–139brBrad Faxon 65-74–139brBilly Mayfair 67-72–139brKevin Sutherland 68-71–139brCraig Kanada 68-71–139brSteve Wheatcroft 68-71–139brChad Campbell 69-70–139brPadraig Harrington 71-68–139brTim Petrovic 71-68–139brJoe Ogilvie 71-68–139brBill Haas 72-68–140brJohn Mallinger 71-69–140brFrank Lickliter II 69-71–140brBen Curtis 69-71–140brMark Brooks 70-70–140brBrian Davis 71-69–140brCraig Bowden 71-69–140brJeff Overton 69-71–140brCameron Beckman 75-65–140brSteve Flesch 71-69–140brBrett Wetterich 70-70–140brMathew Goggin 69-71–140brDaisuke Maruyama 68-72–140brTripp Isenhour 72-68–140brTim Herron 71-70–141brJ.B. Holmes 72-69–141brWill MacKenzie 67-74–141brJesper Parnevik 72-69–141brRyan Armour 67-74–141brBob Tway 71-70–141brScott Gutschewski 72-69–141brJason Dufner 71-70–141brDavid Branshaw 70-71–141brBo Van Pelt 73-68–141brBrent Geiberger 73-68–141brSteve Allan 66-75–141brCliff Kresge 71-70–141brMark Calcavecchia 71-70–141brJ.J. Henry 68-73–141brDoug LaBelle II 68-73–141brAndrew Buckle 71-70–141brFailed to qualifybrPaul Stankowski 70-72–142brTag Ridings 71-71–142brSteve Elkington 70-72–142brDuffy Waldorf 72-70–142brStuart Deane 71-71–142brMichael Putnam 72-70–142brTom Byrum 71-72–143brFredrik Jacobson 70-73–143brD.J. Trahan 71-72–143brStuart Appleby 69-74–143brGreg Owen 70-73–143brPaul Sheehan 67-76–143brJohnson Wagner 71-72–143brNick Watney 70-73–143brCharley Hoffman 68-76–144brJeff Brehaut 67-77–144brD.J. Brigman 70-74–144brGeorge McNeill 71-73–144brMarco Dawson 69-75–144brBrian Bateman 73-71–144brVaughn Taylor 72-72–144brTommy Armour III 72-72–144brJaco Van Zyl 73-71–144brMichael Boyd 72-72–144brJeff Gove 69-76–145brJeff Quinney 69-76–145brKirk Triplett 70-75–145brRich Beem 73-72–145brZach Johnson 71-74–145brPaul Azinger 72-73–145brJason Schultz 74-71–145brCharlie Wi 73-72–145brBrad Adamonis 75-70–145brMark Hensby 70-75–145brKris Cox 73-72–145brCraig Lile 68-77–145brBriny Baird 73-73–146brJoe Durant 74-72–146brBrendon de Jonge 72-74–146brDarren Clarke 72-74–146brPaul Gow 74-72–146brStephen Leaney 72-75–147brJerry Smith 72-75–147brLuke List 72-75–147brJarrod Lyle 70-77–147brJohn Cook 70-77–147brMatt Hendrix 72-75–147brNotah Begay III 74-74–148brJonathan Byrd 73-75–148brDarron Stiles 70-78–148brJim St. Pierre 73-75–148brRich Barcelo 76-72–148brParker McLachlin 79-69–148brVance Veazey 75-73–148brGavin Coles 72-76–148brKent Jones 71-78–149brJohn Rollins 73-76–149brDicky Pride 74-75–149brSteve Sokol 77-72–149brChris Tidland 74-75–149brMatthew Every 74-76–150brScott Piercy 75-75–150brCraig Perks 74-76–150brLee Janzen 78-72–150brBubba Dickerson 74-76–150brRobert Garrigus 75-76–151brBryce Molder 74-77–151brSteve Lowery 76-76–152brJim Rutledge 73-80–153brJohn Merrick 74-79–153brTom Johnson 79-75–154brLPGA TourbrWEGMANS CHAMPIONSHIPbrSecond-round results at Locust Hill Country Club, Pittsford, N.Y. Purse: $1.8 million, 6,328 yards, par 72 (35-37)brIn-Kyung Kim 70-67–137brMi Hyun Kim 69-68–137brAngela Stanford 70-69–139brLindsey Wright 70-70–140brLorena Ochoa 69-71–140brMaria Hjorth 70-71–141brRachel Hetherington 70-71–141brAlena Sharp 67-74–141brCristie Kerr 66-75–141brSeon Hwa Lee 71-71–142brMeena Lee 71-71–142brMorgan Pressel 70-72–142brBecky Morgan 70-72–142brErica Blasberg 75-68–143brPat Hurst 74-69–143brA.J. Eathorne 72-71–143brLeta Lindley 72-71–143brSuzann Pettersen 68-75–143brGiulia Sergas 76-68–144brWendy Ward 74-70–144brKarine Icher 74-70–144brJanice Moodie 74-70–144brAi Miyazato 73-71–144brReilley Rankin 73-71–144brMoira Dunn 73-71–144brMhairi McKay 72-72–144brKatherine Hull 71-73–144brJeong Jang 71-73–144brJin Joo Hong 71-73–144brSophie Gustafson 70-74–144brBrittany Lincicome 69-75–144brBeth Bader 73-72–145brMichele Redman 73-72–145brIl Mi Chung 72-73–145brKarrie Webb 72-73–145brSoo Young Moon 72-73–145brSun Young Yoo 72-73–145brDiana D’Alessio 71-74–145brLorie Kane 71-74–145brVicki Goetze-Ackerman 71-74–145brJimin Kang 70-75–145brChristina Kim 70-75–145brAmy Hung 70-75–145brNina Reis 76-70–146brSilvia Cavalleri 76-70–146brBeth Daniel 75-71–146brNa Ri Kim 74-72–146brCandie Kung 72-74–146brCatriona Matthew 71-75–146brPaula Creamer 70-76–146brYoung Kim 70-76–146brAngela Park 76-71–147brNancy Scranton 76-71–147brJoo Mi Kim 74-73–147brBrandie Burton 74-73–147brSe Ri Pak 73-74–147brYu Ping Lin 73-74–147brKarin Sjodin 72-75–147brPatricia Meunier-Lebouc 72-75–147brSherri Turner 71-76–147brKatie Futcher 71-76–147brJi-Young Oh 71-76–147brCharlotta Sorenstam 70-77–147brEva Dahllof 70-77–147brYoung-A Yang 76-72–148brHye Jung Choi 74-74–148brSherri Steinhauer 74-74–148brJamie Hullett 74-74–148brSong-Hee Kim 73-75–148brGloria Park 72-76–148brJee Young Lee 71-77–148brKate Golden 71-77–148brFailed to qualifybrLaurie Rinker 78-71–149brMeredith Duncan 75-74–149brSoo-Yun Kang 75-74–149brJackie Gallagher-Smith 74-75–149brKimberly Hall 73-76–149brBirdie Kim 72-77–149brDorothy Delasin 71-78–149brKim Williams 78-72–150brJoanne Morley 78-72–150brHeather Daly-Donofrio 77-73–150brSae-Hee Son 77-73–150brLiselotte Neumann 76-74–150brHeather Young 76-74–150brKelli Kuehne 75-75–150brLee Ann Walker-Cooper 75-75–150brMichelle Ellis 75-75–150brTeresa Lu 74-76–150brSung Ah Yim 74-76–150brNicole Castrale 74-76–150brBarb Mucha 74-76–150brKristy McPherson 73-77–150brStephanie Louden 78-73–151brSiew-Ai Lim 78-73–151brKris Tamulis 76-75–151brChristi Cano 76-75–151brNa On Min 76-75–151brKyeong Bae 76-75–151brJohanna Head 75-76–151brCarri Wood 75-76–151brClarissa Childs 75-76–151brIrene Cho 75-76–151brVirada Nirapathpongporn 74-77–151brTina Barrett 73-78–151brLisa Fernandes 73-78–151brBrittany Lang 73-78–151brKim Saiki-Maloney 73-78–151brIn-Bee Park 71-80–151brLaura Diaz 76-76–152brJuli Inkster 76-76–152brBrooke Tull 76-76–152brDanielle Downey 76-76–152brMeg Mallon 75-77–152brMaru Martinez 75-77–152brSophia Sheridan 74-78–152brAllison Hanna-Williams 74-78–152brAree Song 74-78–152brMarcy Hart 72-81–153brSeo-Yeon Jeon 79-75–154brJill McGill 78-76–154brJulieta Granada 77-77–154brMikaela Parmlid 76-78–154brAshli Bunch 81-74–155brHana Kim 77-78–155brChrista Johnson 74-81–155brPaige Mackenzie 71-84–155brEsther Choe 78-78–156brGrace Park 76-80–156brJeanne Cho-Hunicke 75-81–156brDina Ammaccapane 72-84–156brCindy Rarick 80-77–157brJenna Daniels 78-80–158brWendy Doolan 78-80–158brAram Cho 76-82–158brSarah Lynn Sargent 78-82–160brMichelle McGann 76-84–160brHilary Lunke 79-82–161brRiko Higashio 83-80–163brNancy Lopez 82-82–164brNatalie Gulbis 78–WDbrJennifer Rosales 78–WDbrKris Tschetter 80–WDbrSarah Lee 73–WDbrChampions TousbrBANK OF AMERICA CHAMPIONSHIPbrFirst-round results at Nashawtuc Country Club, Concord, Mass. Purse: $1.65 million, 6,741 yards; par 72 (36-36)brTom Watson 32-33–65brTom Purtzer 34-32–66brJohn Jacobs 33-34–67brLonnie Nielsen 35-33–68brMassy Kuramoto 32-36–68brLarry Nelson 34-34–68brJohn Harris 33-35–68brTom Jenkins 35-33–68brKeith Fergus 35-33–68brDenny Hepler 34-34–68brJoe Inman 35-34–69brLeonard Thompson 37-32–69brBruce Summerhays 34-35–69brCraig Stadler 35-35–70brTom Kite 35-35–70brScott Simpson 35-35–70brBruce Fleisher 36-34–70brJay Sigel 35-35–70brDave Eichelberger 36-34–70brJoe Ozaki 35-35–70brTim Conley 37-33–70brTom McKnight 34-36–70brRick Karbowski 35-35–70brEd Dougherty 36-35–71brChip Beck 35-36–71brJim Ahern 34-37–71brBob Gilder 37-34–71brDavid Edwards 36-35–71brPeter Jacobsen 36-35–71brD.A. Weibring 37-34–71brAllen Doyle 36-35–71brMorris Hatalsky 37-34–71brAndy Bean 35-36–71brMark McNulty 34-37–71brJay Haas 35-36–71brBrad Bryant 36-35–71brJim Thorpe 37-34–71brJames Mason 34-37–71brKirk Hanefeld 36-35–71brJack Ferenz 35-36–71brJohn Ross 35-36–71brKenny Knox 35-37–72brJim Dent 34-38–72brDenis Watson 38-34–72brCurtis Strange 36-36–72brDana Quigley 35-37–72brNick Price 37-35–72brWayne Levi 34-38–72brDavid Eger 36-36–72brMike McCullough 36-36–72brDanny Edwards 38-34–72brMike Smith 35-37–72brGraham Marsh 36-37–73brRon Streck 35-38–73brJerry Pate 37-36–73brMike Reid 36-37–73brR.W. Eaks 37-36–73brWalter Hall 36-37–73brJack Renner 37-37–74brHale Irwin 38-36–74brDes Smyth 37-37–74brBobby Wadkins 37-37–74brMike Hill 36-38–74brBruce Vaughan 39-35–74brMike Goodes 37-37–74brHugh Baiocchi 36-39–75brMark Johnson 39-36–75brTim Simpson 37-38–75brScott Hoch 40-36–76brJ.C. Snead 35-41–76brBruce Lietzke 41-36–77brLee Trevino 38-39–77brTom Wargo 41-36–77brDale Douglass 38-39–77brDick Mast 39-38–77brJim Colbert 40-38–78brJim Albus 40-38–78brPat McDonald 40-39–79brAreabrTWIN CITY METRO SENIORbrat Sundance (par 72)brValleywood 124, Gross 117, Hiawatha 114, Greenhaven 108, Phalen 107, Sundance 107, Bunker Hills 105, Braemar 102, Keller 97, Meadowbrook 91, Hollydale 87, Wirth 84, Oneka Ridge 82, Como 76, Highland 71, Fountain Valley 64. Medalist–Dale Hendrickson, Gross, 77brWOMEN’S TWIN CITY (FINAL)brat Woodhill (par 72)brWoodhill 293, Hazeltine 273, Midland Hills 242, Minikahda 209.5, Interlachen 199, Minneapolis 187.5, Olympic Hills 177.5, Southview 148.5, Bearpath 137.5, White Bear 148, Edina 137.5, Golden Valley 121.5, Oak Ridge 93.5, Wayzata 79, Somerset 57.5. Medalist–Betsy Aldrich, Woodhill, 76brMGAbrAMATEUR CHAMPIONSHIP QUALIFYINGbrAt Mankato G.C. (6,172 yards, par 71)brQualifiers (*qualified in playoff)brJimmy Fromm, New Ulm 31-32–63brDave Carothers, Windsong Farm 35-33–68brMark Mueller, Majestic Oaks 34-35–69brAndy Jacobson, Eagle Creek 34-35–69brClayton Johnson, Green Haven 35-35–70brJonathan Hanner, Braemar 34-36–70brBrett Benson, Jackson 38-32–70brTim Andersen, Hazeltine National 38-33–71brJon Trasamar, Riverside T 39-32–71brDon Roberts, Rochester G 36-35–71br*Mark Thompson, Valleywood 39-33–72br*Travis Kalis, Waseca Lakeside 37-35–72brAlternatesbrKeith Erickson, River Oaks 35-37–72brPete Anderson, LeSeuer 37-35–72brPete Lacoursiere, Southview 37-36–73brUSGAbrMEN’S AMATEURbrSectional qualifying at Elk River CC (par 72)brTroy Johnson, Rush Creek 136brClayton Rask, Monticello 137brAlternatesbrEric Johnson, Elk River 138brBen Freeman, Rose Creek 138brGIRLS JUNIOR QUALIFYINGbrAt Edina CC (par 72)brQualifiers (*won playoff)brMaria Loza, Colombia 73brBlair Bonner, St. Paul 75brAmy Beth Simanton, Oregon 77br*Gretchen Hunnerkoch, Burnsville 79brAlternatesbrMarion Accola, Wisconsin 79brElizabeth Carl, Mendota Heights 80brMWGAbrMID-HANDICAP NET TEAM TOURNAMENTbrFinal results at Stillwater CCbr116: Gayle Vincelli, Brackett’s Crossing; Dodie Russell, Brackett’s Crossing; Mikki Mascotti, Keller; Devie Erickson, Kellerbr119: Donna Bance, Oak Glen; Mary Malmquist, Oak Glen; Cheryl Bennett, Sawmill; Cheryl Biersdorf, Deer Runbr120: Mary Vaske, Chaska; Marilyn Crofoot, Chaska; Carol Allen, Deer Run; Judie Westby, Deer RunbrHoles in onebrBill Larson, White Bear Yacht Club No. 17, 183 yards, 4-iron.brWilliam Lundbohm, Baxter, Legacy Courses at Cragun’s No. 12 (Dutch), 122 yards, 50-percent wedge.brKris Martinson, Medina No. 13, 220 yards, 5-wood.brTerry O’Donnell, Cottage Grove, River Oaks No. 7, 152 yards, 8-iron.brHigh schoolsbrBaseballbrEAST-WEST ALL-STAR SHOWDOWNbr7:05 p.m.–June 29 at Midway Stadium, St. PaulbrMINNESOTA LIONS ALL-STAR TOURNAMENTbrAt Chaska Athletic ParkbrFriday’s results (9 innings)brMetro East 9, South 1brMetro West 17, North 0brSaturday’s games (7 innings)br10 a.m.–North vs. Metro Eastbr12:30 p.m.–South vs. Metro Westbr3 p.m.–South vs. Northbr6 p.m.–Metro East vs. Metro WestbrROSTERSbrMetro EastbrMike Strong, lhp, Stillwater; Seth Rosin, rhp, Mounds View; Tom Schmidt, lhp, Mahtomedi; Mark Schroeder, rhp-inf, Totino-Grace; Brandon Baumgartner, lhp-1b, Coon Rapids; Trent Vedders, lhp-of, Hastings; Deryk Marks, rhp-c, Park (Cottage Grove); Nick O’Shea, c, Centennial; Erik Anderson, c, Mounds View; Dawson Muska, inf, Concordia Academy (Roseville); Jon Stockton, inf, Tartan; Matt McQuillan, inf, Cretin-Derham Hall; Sean DuBe’, inf, Hastings; Preston Ghizoni, inf, Coon Rapids; Charles Bruchu, inf-rhp, Hill-Murray; Trip Schultz, of-lhp, Forest Lake; Andre Blaine, of, Meadow Creek Christian; Drew Cremisino, of-1b, Forest Lake; Joey Link, of, Woodbury; Kevin Daudt, of-inf, St. Francis. Coaches: Phil Almeroth, Meadow Creek Christian; David Iverson, Spring Lake Park; Lynn Bushner, CentennialbrMetro WestbrDanny Miller, lhp-of, Eden Prairie; Brandon Agneberg, rhp, Hopkins; Luke Anderson, rhp-1b-of, Prior Lake; Matt Buss, lhp-1b, Rosemount; Kent Huls, rhp, Apple Valley; Nick Sutherland, rhp-inf, Benilde-St. Margaret’s; Adam Weisenburger, c, Benilde-St. Margaret’s; Tim Duffy, c-rhp-of, St. Anthony; Mike Kvasnicka, c-inf-of, Lakeville North; Ryan Stoll, inf-rhp, Park Center; Pat Dockendorf, inf-of, Eagan; Kyle Geason, inf, Eden Prairie; A.J. Pattersen, inf, Minnetonka; Charlie Dubanoski, 3b, Burnsville; Pierce Book, inf-rhp, Richfield; Steve McGuiggan, of, Apple Valley; Herschel Bender, of, Hopkins; Carter Sackett, of-c, Burnsville; Erik Voldness, of-inf, Bloomington Jefferson; Kirk Baglien, of-inf, Minneapolis Washburn. Coaches: Darwin Busselman, Prior Lake; Allen Iversen, Apple Valley; David Boie, RichfieldbrSouthbrAaron Johnson, lhp-1b, Red Wing; Duell Higbe, rhp-c-1b, Austin; Ezra Campbell, lhp-of-1b, Rochester Mayo; Luke Rasmussen, lhp-of, Northfield; Cody Hallahan, rhp-inf, Glencoe-Silver Lake; Peter Lompado, lhp-1b, Faribault Bethlehem Academy; Ryan Speltz, rhp-of, Winona; Tyler Rank, c-rhp, Rochester Mayo; Matt Uher, c-of, Owatonna; Steve Heiget, c-1b-of, Mankato Loyola; Nate Rost, inf-rhp, Faribault; Joey Olson, inf-rhp, Mankato East; Joe Kley, inf-rhp, Lester Prairie; Steve Beckman, inf, Jordan; Nate Van Roekel, inf, New Ulm; Tony Kubes, of, New Prague; Erik Knutson, of, Rochester John Marshall; Nate Baumann, of-c, Marshall; Luke Matzek, of, Pine Island; Tyler Steen, of, MACCRAY. Coaches: Bruce Hollom, LeSueur-Henderson; Bob Weier, New Ulm Cathedral; Terry Heiderscheit, Rochester John MarshallbrNorthbrTyler Blomberg, rhp-inf, Babbitt-Embarrass; Kyle Hall, rhp-of, Esko; Jon Hoffmann, lhp-1b, Minnewaska; Philip Moenkedick, lhp-of, Perham; Kyle Nowacki, rhp-inf, Warroad; Matt O’Connor, rhp-c-of, Cambridge-Isanti; Jeremy Schmitz, rhp, Grand Rapids; Justin Baker, c, Hermantown; Brian Skluzacek, c-inf, Rocori; Matt Otremba, c-inf, Little Falls; Adam Gemuenden, 1b-3b, Chisago Lakes; Nate Laudenbach, inf, St. Cloud Tech; Brian Wurdeman, inf, St. Michael-Albertville; Tyler Erickson, inf, Alexandria; Joey Benke, inf-rhp, Roseau; Kyle Bolander, inf-of, Hermantown; Alex Gornick, of, Chisholm; Jeff Hollister, of-inf, Chisago Lakes; J.J. Wright, of-1b, Nashwauk-Keewatin; Brad Olson, of-1b, Rocori. Coaches: Pat Held, Staples-Motley; Steve Taylor, St. Cloud Tech; Chris Bushinger, New York MillsbrFootballbrALL-STAR GAMEbr7 p.m.–June 30, at Husky Stadium, St. Cloud StatebrMetro RosterbrName Pos. Ht. Wt. SchoolbrDennis Carter WR 5-10 160 Spr. Lake ParkbrCurtis Herzberg LB 6-1 210 St. AgnesbrTim Saxon Jr. RB 6-1 190 Mpls. HenrybrBenjamin Zachary WR 6-2 170 BurnsvillebrJoe Stormont DB 6-2 190 StillwaterbrMike Tice DB 6-1 185 EdinabrDeAngelo Anderson DB 5-10 165 CentralbrBen Wartman RB 6-2 190 Prior LakebrBrad Kelly LB 6-2 215 Coon RapidsbrTony Kubes DB 6-1 185 New PraguebrNick Vignalo RB 5-10 175 RosevillebrCharles Bruchu QB 6-0 180 Hill-MurraybrJoe Springer QB 6-2 175 Cret.-Der. HallbrMatt Hansmann DB 6-3 175 Forest LakebrDelano Saporu WR 6-1 190 BlainebrSean Matti LB 6-0 220 RosevillebrMatt Griswold DB 6-0 170 Totino-GracebrBroderick Binns DL 6-2 240 Cret.-Der. HallbrZach Debeltz DB 6-3 165 AnokabrBrody Scheff DB 6-0 175 WaconiabrChris Atkins RB 5-9 210 JohnsonbrDanny Kane TE 6-2 230 HopkinsbrDanny Fehlberg LB 6-1 210 Champlin ParkbrAdam Gemuenden LB 6-3 220 Chisago LakesbrJon Walsh RB 6-0 240 RosemountbrJason Goebel LB 6-1 210 MinnetonkabrMax Dennis LB 6-0 195 Apple ValleybrDirk Wilkens DL 6-3 270 Lakeville SouthbrMatthew Schwartz OL 6-2 240 Forest LakebrJason Haugen OL 6-2 265 New PraguebrRyan Wynn OL 6-5 265 Maple GrovebrNick Baumann DL 6-3 250 MahtomedibrScott Horvath OL 6-3 270 EastviewbrZach Buchner OL 6-5 285 Coon RapidsbrMatt Manion OL 6-4 290 Totino-GracebrBrett Borowske DL 6-2 250 Wt. Bear LakebrAndrew Kersten OL 6-5 320 Mpls. WashburnbrRyan Orton OL 6-4 285 Eden PrariebrGarrett Johnson DL 6-5 245 ChaskabrEric Zingleman DL 6-2 250 AndoverbrCollin McGarry TE 6-4 235 StillwaterbrRoss Kees DL 6-4 230 EaganbrPaul Cornick DL 6-5 278 OronobrHead coach: Mike Fritze, Apple Valley. Assistants: Dave Enge, Anoka; Pat Foley, Waconia; Dave Frisell, Bloomington Kennedy; Kim Nelson, Edina; Rick Swanson, Blaine. Honorary coach: Roger French, Minneapolis HenrybrOutstate RosterbrName Pos. Ht. Wt. SchoolbrTim Peterson WR 6-2 185 Minn. Valley Luth.brNoah Pauley WR 5-6 155 Duluth CentralbrDan Dobson QB 6-1 185 Mankato WestbrLucas Armstrong DB 6-0 190 WheatonbrTyler Wekseth LB 5-8 175 BarnumbrSpencer Ohm QB 6-2 195 Blooming PrairiebrCody Sukalski DB 6-0 170 Blue EarthbrKolby Gullickson DB 5-11 200 Fertile-BeltramibrKent Johnson DB 5-10 185 LitchfieldbrAnthony Rutjes DB 5-11 210 Mankato EastbrHans Carlson LB 6-1 185 NorthfieldbrRyan Hoelscher DB 6-3 185 BrowervillebrZach Rudolph DB 5-8 170 Sauk Rapids-RicebrAaron Fruth WR 6-4 210 St. Cloud TechbrMike Bonynge DB 5-10 190 New Lon.-SpicerbrTony Awoleye RB 6-2 225 MarshallbrNick Paur RB 5-9 185 HawleybrJon Hoese RB 6-2 205 Glen.-Silver LakebrChris Moritz RB 5-9 185 SpringfieldbrErik Helland LB 6-0 215 Le CenterbrDeAngelo Brackins RB 5-11 210 Intl. FallsbrDean Bauers LB 6-3 245 Duluth CentralbrZach Lundquist RB 6 205 Pelican RapidsbrAlex Bendickson RB 5-8 210 BrahambrJake Harmon LB 5-11 220 TritonbrMatt Theis OT 6-8 280 Eden Vall.-Wat.brTom Grossell C 6-1 270 Deer RiverbrAaron Field G 6-3 250 Pelican RapidsbrMatt Ulrich DL 6-8 270 Rush.-PetersonbrAdam Wheeler DE 6-2 255 St. Cloud TechbrMatt Reger DE 6-2 200 JordanbrWill Lutmer DE 6-3 240 AdrianbrSteve Herold DL 6-0 255 Sartell-St. Steph.brMajor Hopp G 6-4 225 MilacabrDrew Schultz G 6-2 285 New York MillsbrCraig Rogers C 6-2 250 LuvernebrRichard Polley OT 6-7 260 Albert LeabrNick Nadeau DL 5-11 245 AitkinbrDrew Penz DL 6-2 275 Rochester MayobrAndrew Blacklance OT 6-6 300 Thief River FallsbrSam Kavanagh TE 6-5 230 Kerk.-Mur.-Sun.brMatt Veldman TE 6-7 230 BeckerbrDusty Drager DE 6-2 240 Maple RiverbrKevin Hughes DL 5-11 275 Mankato EastbrHead coach: Terry Bahlmann, Marshall. Assistants: Wally Kostich, Mountain Iron-Buhl; Randy Kuchenmeister, Blue Earth; Rob Nielsen, Detroit Lakes; Wayne “Ribsey” Petermeier, Browerville; Randy Schwegel, Pine-River Backus. Honorary coach: Buz Rumrill, Silver LakebrSoccerbrMLSbrEastern Conference W L T Pts GF GAbrNew York 6 3 3 21 24 15brKansas City 6 3 2 20 23 17brNew England 5 2 4 19 21 14brD.C. United 5 3 2 17 17 14brChicago 4 6 2 14 12 19brToronto FC 4 6 1 13 14 18brColumbus 2 4 6 12 14 19brWestern Conference W L T Pts GF GAbrFC Dallas 7 6 1 22 18 21brHouston 6 5 1 19 15 10brCD Chivas USA 5 4 2 17 15 12brColorado 4 5 3 15 13 16brLos Angeles 2 4 3 9 11 13brReal Salt Lake 0 5 6 6 9 18brNote: Three points for victory, one point for tie.brThursday’s resultbrHouston 4, CD Chivas USA 0brSaturday’s gamesbrToronto FC at New England, 6:30 p.m.brFC Dallas at Colorado, 8 p.m.brD.C. United at Real Salt Lake, 8:30 p.m.brColumbus at Los Angeles, 9:30 p.m.brUSL First Divisionbr W L T Pts GF GAbrVancouver 7 2 3 24 17 9brRochester 6 3 6 24 23 18brSeattle 5 4 4 19 13 14brCharleston 5 4 3 18 16 15brMontreal 4 2 5 17 12 9brPortland 4 2 3 15 12 7brMiami FC 4 8 2 14 12 20brCarolina 3 3 5 14 7 8brPuerto Rico 3 3 5 14 16 15brAtlanta 3 5 4 13 14 15brCalifornia 1 4 5 8 8 14brTHUNDER 1 6 5 8 9 15brNote: Three points for a victory, one for a tie.brFriday’s resultsbrCalifornia 1, Rochester 1, tiebrCharleston 2, Atlanta 1brVancouver 1, Miami FC 0brThursday’s resultbrMontreal 1, Portland 1, tiebrSaturday’s gamesbrCharleston at Carolina, 6:30 p.m.brMontreal at Seattle, 9 p.m.brSunday’s gamesbrCalifornia at THUNDER, 5:05 p.m.brVancouver at Puerto Rico, 4 p.m.brboxingbrFight schedulebrNational TV in parenthesesbrSaturday’s boutsbrAt Thomas & Mack Center, Las Vegas (HBO), Ricky Hatton, England, vs. Jose Luis Castillo, Mexico, 12, super lightweights; Victor Oganov, Australia, vs. Antwun Echols, Davenport, Iowa, 12, for the vacant IBO super middleweight title.brJune 27brAt Gold Coast, Australia, Anthony Mundine, Australia, vs. Pablo Zamora Nievas, Argentina, 12, for Mundine’s WBA super middleweight title.brAt Cipriani Wall Street, New York (ESPN2), Yusaf Mack, Philadelphia, vs. Jose Juan Vasquez, Puerto Rico, 10, super middleweights.brJune 29brAt Marseille, France, Wladimir Sidorenko, Germany, vs. Jerome Arnould, France, 12, for Sidorenko’s WBA bantamweight title.brAt Wagner College, Staten Island, N.Y. (ESPN2), Emmanuel Nwodo, Baltimore, vs. Darnell Wilson, Tacoma Park, Md., 12, for Nwodo’s USBA cruiserweight title.brJune 30brAt Moscow, Dimitri Kirilov, Russia, vs. Ricardo Vargas, Mexico, 12, for the vacant IBF super flyweight title; Oleg Platov, Belgium, vs. Henry Akinwande, Tallahassee, Fla., 12, for Platov’s IBF Inter-Continental heavyweight title; Jimrex Jaca, Philippines, vs. Alisher Rahomov, Russia, 12, for Jaca’ IBF Inter-Continental super featherweight title.brAt Stuttgart, Germany, Felix Sturm, Germany, vs. Noe Tulio Gonzalez Alcoba, Uruguay, 12, for Sturm’s WBA middleweight title.brAt the Don Haskins Center, El Paso, Texas, Lou Savarese, Houston, vs. Evander Holyfield, Atlanta, 12, heavyweights.brJuly 1brAt Ariake Colosseum, Tokyo, Takefumi Sakata, Tokyo, vs. Roberto Vasquez, Panama, rematch, 12, for Sakata’s WBA flyweight title.brJuly 7brAt Cologne, Germany (HBO), Wladimir Klitschko, Ukraine, vs. Lamont Brewster, 12, for Klitschko’s IBF-IBO heavyweight titles; Zaurbek Baysangurov, Russia, vs. Hussein Bayram, France, 12, for the vacant EBU light middleweight title.brAt Bridgeport, Conn. (SHO) Travis Simms, Norwalk, Conn., vs. Joachim Alcine, Canada, 12, for Simms’ WBA light middleweight title; Vic Darchinyan, Australia, vs. Nonito Donaire, San Leandro, Calif., 12, for Darchinyan’s IBF and IBO flyweight titles.brJuly 14brAt Millenium Dome, London, Steve Luevano, LaPuente, Calif., vs. Nicky Cook, England, 12, for the vacant WBO featherweight title; Souleymane M’baye, France, vs. Gavin Rees, Wales, 12, for M’baye’s WBA light welterweight title.brAt Boardwalk Hall, Atlantic City, N.J. (HBO), Arturo Gatti, Jersey City, N.J., vs. Alfonso Gomez, Whittier, Calif., 10, welterweights; Kermit Cintron, Reading, Pa., vs. Walter Matthysse, Argentina, 12, for Cintron’s IBF welterweight title.brAt The Home Depot Center, Carson, Calif. (HBO), Antonio Margarito, LaHabra, Calif., vs. Paul Williams, Aiken, S.C., 12, for Margarito’s WBO welterweight title; Andre Ward, Oakland, Calif., vs. Cristobal Arreola, Riverside, Calif., 10, heavyweights.brJuly 20brAt Philadelphia, Rogers Mtagwa, Philadelphia, vs. Aldo Valtierra, Mexico, 12, for the vacant NABF featherweight title.brJuly 21brAt the Mandalay Bay, Las Vegas (PPV), Bernard Hopkins, Philadelphia, vs. Winky Wright, St. Petersburg, Fla., 12, for Hopkins’ Ring magazine light heavyweight title; Jhonny Gonzalez, Mexico, vs. Jose Navarro, Los Angeles, 12, for Gonzalez’s WBO bantamweight title; Oscare Larios, Mexico, vs. Jorge Linares, Japan, 12, for the interim WBC featherweight title; Kassim Ouma, West Palm Beach, Fla., vs. Ishe Smith, Las Vegas, 10, middleweights.brAug. 4brAt All State Arena, Chicago, David Diaz, Miami, vs. Erik Morales, San Ysidro, Calif., 12, for Diaz’s WBC lightweight title; Ricardo Torres, Colombia, vs. Kendall Holt, Paterson, N.J., 12, for Torres’ WBO light welterweight title; Edgar Sosa, Mexico, vs. Luis Alberto Lazarte, Argentina, 12, for Sosa’s WBC light flyweight title.brAt Dodge Arena, Hidalgo, Texas (SHO), Rafael Marquez, Mexico, vs. Israel Vazquez, Las Vegas, 12, for Marquez’s WBC super bantamweight title; Celestino Caballero, Panama, vs. Jorge Lacierva, Atlanta, 12, for Caballero’s WBA super bantamweight title.brAug. 25brAt Bayamon, Puerto Rico, Hugo Fidel Cazares, Mexico, vs. Ivan Calderon, Puerto Rico, 12, for Cazares’ WBO light flyweight title.brTransactionsbrBaseballbrAMERICAN LEAGUEbrBaltimore Orioles–Placed SS Miguel Tejada on the 15-day DL. Recalled OF Jon Knott from Norfolk (IL).brBoston Red Sox–Placed RHP Curt Schilling on the 15-day DL, retroactive to June 19. Recalled OF David Murphy from Pawtucket (IL).brChicago White Sox–Activated OF Darin Erstad from the 15-day DL. Fired Duane Shaffer, senior director of amateur scouting.brDetroit Tigers–Activated LHP Kenny Rogers from the 60-day DL. Traded LHP Mike Maroth St. Louis for a player to be named.brKansas City Royals–Placed RHP Scott Elarton on the 15-day DL. Agreed to terms with RHP John Thomson on a one-year contract.brSeattle Mariners–Placed RHP Cha Seung Baek on the 15-day DL, retroactive to June 17. Recalled LHP Ryan Rowland-Smith from Tacoma (PCL).brTampa Bay Devil Rays–Transferred OF Rocco Baldelli from the 15- to the 60-day DL. Optioned OF Elijah Dukes to Durham (IL). Purchased the contract of OF Dustan Mohr from Durham.brNATIONAL LEAGUEbrChicago Cubs–Optioned RHP Sean Gallagher to Iowa (PCL). Activated INF Aramis Ramirez from the 15-day DL.brCincinnati Reds–Agreed to terms with C Devin Mesoraco and assigned him to Sarasota (GCL).brMilwaukee Brewers–Agreed to terms with LHP Dan Merklinger and RHP Wes Etheridge.brPhiladelphia Phillies–Signed 1B Matthew Rizzotti.brPittsburgh Pirates–Claimed 1B-C Josh Phelps off waivers from the New York Yankees.brSan Diego Padres–Placed RHP Doug Brocail on the 15-day DL, retroactive June 21. Recalled LHP Royce Ring from Portland (PCL).brSt. Louis Cardinals–Placed LHP Tyler Johnson on the 15-day DL, retroactive to June 19.brAMERICAN ASSOCIATIONbrSt. Paul Saints–Traded C Billy Cox to Sioux City for the 2008 first-round pick in the American Association tryout camp, a player to be named and the rights to C Chris Grossman.brBasketballbrNATIONAL BASKETBALL ASSOCIATIONbrMemphis Grizzlies–Named Johnny Davis, Gordon Chiesa and David Joerger assistant coaches.brPhiladelphia 76ers–Announced F Shavlik Randolph has exercised the player option on his contract.brSacramento Kings–Exercised contract options for 2008-09 on F Francisco Garcia and G Quincy Douby. Made qualifying offers to G Ronnie Price and F Justin Williams.brFootballbrNATIONAL FOOTBALL LEAGUEbrKansas City Chiefs–Agreed to terms with RB Kolby Smith on a three-year contract.brTampa Bay Buccaneers–Signed S Tanard Jackson. Released FB Jon Goldsberry, WR Efrem Hill, TE C.J. Leak and CB Chaz Williams.brHockeybrNATIONAL HOCKEY LEAGUEbrCalgary Flames–Acquired D Adrian Aucoin and a 2007 seventh-round draft pick from Chicago for D Andrei Zyuzin and D Steve Marr.brColorado Avalanche–Re-signed F Tyler Arnason to a two-year contract.brFlorida Panthers–Acquired G Tomas Vokoun from Nashville for a 2007 second-round draft pick, a 2008 first-round draft pick, and a conditional 2007 or 2008 draft pick.brOttawa Senators–Re-signed C Dean McAmmond to a multiyear contract.brPittsburgh Penguins–Agreed to terms with F Gary Roberts and F Mark Recchi on one-year contracts.brSan Jose Sharks–Traded G Vesa Toskala and F Mark Bell to Toronto for a 2007 first-round draft pick, a 2007 second-round draft pick and a 2009 fourth-round draft pick. Re-signed D Craig Rivet to a four-year deal.brCanterbury ParkbrFriday’s resultsbrFIRST RACE, Six Furlongs, Claiming $7,500, Purse $8,190brPP Horse Jockeybr3 Come and Play Garcia 18.80 3.80 2.20br1 Classic Tanager Stevens 2.20 2.10br6 Victor’s Big Gent Martinez 2.20br$1 Exacta (3,1) – $14.40; $1 Trifecta (3,1,6) – $46.20; Scratches: None; Time: 1:12 and 3/5brSECOND RACE, One Mile, Claiming $7,500, Purse $7,000brPP Horse Jockeybr2 Roseisageneral Davis 13.60 5.20 4.40br4 It’sallaboutmary Riggs 3.20 4.00br3 Gold Break In Joubert 10.00br$1 Exacta (2,4) – $19.80; $1 Trifecta (2,4,3) – $262.70; $1 Superfecta (2,4,3,5) – $1,008.30; $1 Double (3,2) -$63.80; Scratches: #1A Oriental Tara; Time: 1:42 and 1/5brTHIRD RACE, Five Furlongs, Maiden Special Weight, Purse $19,125brPP Horse Jockeybr8 Wild Shifter Bell 3.80 2.80 2.60br6 Brilliant Baby Riggs 13.20 7.80br1A Tail Lights Goodwin 3.60br$1 Exacta (8,6) – $39.20; $1 Trifecta (8,6,1) – $188.00; $1 Superfecta (8,6,1,3) – $946.10; $1 Double (2,8) -$41.10; Scratches: None; Time: 1:00brFOURTH RACE, Seven and One Half Furlongs Turf, Allowance, Purse $17,000brPP Horse Jockeybr9 Reengage Martinez 6.60 3.60 2.80br4 Claires Connection Bell 7.80 4.80br2 Carte Williams 4.60br$1 Exacta (9,4) – $24.00; $1 Trifecta (9,4,2) – $87.00; $1 Superfecta (9,4,2,1) – $321.40; $1 Double (8,9) -$4.40; $1 Pick Three (2,8,9) – $69.30; Scratches: #3 Miswaki’s Best; Time: 1:30 and 3/5brFIFTH RACE, Six Furlongs, Maiden Special Weight, Purse $15,000brPP Horse Jockeybr5 Silver Trippi Martinez 3.20 2.80 2.40br1 Miss Pravda Nguyen 16.20 8.20br10 Cryptic Affair Riggs 4.00br$1 Exacta (5,1) – $22.90; $1 Trifecta (5,1,10) – $140.30; $1 Superfecta (5,1,10,4) – $598.10; $1 Double (9,5) -$6.00; Scratches: #8 Bold n’ Bossy; Time: 1:11brSIXTH RACE, Six Furlongs, Allowance Optional Claiming $25,000, Purse $17,000brPP Horse Jockeybr2 Solid Trip Martinez 3.40 2.80 2.10br3 Before the Storm Goodwin 5.40 2.40br5 Ber Bear Nolan 2.40br$1 Exacta (2,3) – $7.50; $1 Double (5,2) -$3.70; Scratches: #6 Ashpass; Time: 1:11brSEVENTH RACE, Five and One Half Furlongs, Claiming ($15,000-$10,000), Purse $12,000brPP Horse Jockeybr6 Shot of Silver Butler 3.40 2.20 2.40br5 Pop the Latch Rivera 2.40 2.20br2 Wild Screen Goodwin 3.00br$1 Exacta (6,5) – $2.80; $1 Double (2,6) -$4.20; Scratches: #3 Affluent Appeal; Time: 1:05 and 2/5brEIGHTH RACE, Five and One Half Furlongs, Maiden Claiming, Purse $8,925brPP Horse Jockeybr11 Samislew Stevens 8.00 3.40 3.40br4 Somerset Call Nolan 2.40 2.20br1 Just Josh’n Pusac 4.00br$1 Exacta (11,4) – $9.50; $1 Trifecta (11,4,1) – $29.40; $1 Superfecta (11,4,1,12) – $226.70; $1 Double (6,11) -$5.90; $1 Pick Four (5,2,6,11) – $49.40; $1 Pick Six (6 of 6) – $183.70 or (5 of 6) – $4.20; Scratches: #6 Buglight; Time: 1:06brNINTH RACE, 350 Yards, Claiming $5,000, Purse $5,800brPP Horse Jockeybr2 Quick Flint Von Rosen 12.00 4.60 2.60br1A Eyesa Blue Vega 3.60 2.10br5 Max Seen Davis 2.80br$1 Exacta (2,1) – $17.10; $1 Double (11,2) -$10.70; Scratches: #4 Miss Blueberry Juice; Time: 18.25brTENTH RACE, 350 Yards, Maiden Claiming $12,500, Purse $5,400brPP Horse Jockeybr5 Brittles Winters 4.40 3.00 2.10br6 Waseca Roller 11.40 3.60br1 Bye Bye Special Eikleberry 2.40br$1 Exacta (5,6) – $21.10; $1 Trifecta (5,6,1) – $48.00; $1 Superfecta (5,6,1,3) – $159.30; $1 Double (2,5) -$17.70; Scratches: None; Time: 18.44. Attendance: 3,030; Total Handle – $509,067. Live handle: $151,528brSaturday’s entriesbrFIRST RACE, 1 Mile & 70 Yards, 3-5 Year Olds, Maiden Claiming $10,000, Purse $7,000brPP Horse Jockey Wt Oddsbr1 Mr. Miyagi Pusac 116 9-2br2 Max Amillionair Nolan 122 8-1br3 French Gentleman Vazquez 111 20-1br4 Bronco Billy Williams 111 5-1br5 Reputed Romeo Von Rosen 122 6-1br6 Gratuity Eikleberry 116 10-1br7 Man of Men Riggs 122 4-1br8 Dale’s Crusader Butler 116 3-1br9A Likeanatural Schmidt 116 15-1br10A Delaney’s Demons Davis 116 15-1brSECOND RACE, 6 Furlongs, State Bred 3 Year Olds & Up, Fillies & Mares, Allowance, Purse $21,675brPP Horse Jockey Wt Oddsbr1 Music Mission Rivera 121 9-2br2 Somerset Girl Williams 116 5-1br3 Stitznwolf Goodwin 121 6-1br4 Timless Jewell Espindola 111 8-1br5 French Prize Nolan 116 4-1br6 Anna’s Princess Pusac 121 6-1br7 Minn E Scat Bell 116 5-2brTHIRD RACE, 5 Furlongs, 2 Year Old Fillies, Maiden Special Weight, Purse $15,000brPP Horse Jockey Wt Oddsbr1 Miss Verndale Davis 118 15-1br2 Infinite Strike Ziegler 118 12-1br3 Mizzcan’tbewrong Rivera 118 10-1br4 Blue Gene Song Von Rosen 118 10-1br5 Miss Gold Bar Riggs 118 8-1br6 Oh Baby Doll Goodwin 118 8-1br7 Carolina Mist Stevens 118 4-1br8 Barfly Zipper Vazquez 113 6-1br9 Daddy Sez Smokem Garcia 118 7-2br10 South Beach Luv Nolan 118 5-1brFOURTH RACE, 1-1/16 Miles (Turf), 3 Year Olds & Up, Claiming $10,000-$7,500, Purse $10,000brPP Horse Jockey Wt Oddsbr1 Image Bell 118 7-2br2 Blue Dancer Williams 113 8-1br3 Mynavigator Goodwin 118 10-1br4 Trinity River Morales 118 5-1br5 Fuzzyheadedlizard Eikleberry 118 6-1br6 Ope Nolan 118 6-1br7 Mr Wensleydale Stevens 118 8-1br8 Attorney At Law Garcia 118 20-1br9 Followingplot Davis 118 30-1br10 Dylan Butler 122 4-1brFIFTH RACE, 6 Furlongs, 3 Year Olds & Up, Claiming $4,000, Purse $6,500brPP Horse Jockey Wt Oddsbr1 Captain Fina Nolan 122 6-1br2 Sanibel Sam Goodwin 122 12-1br3 Blackbird Keith 122 3-1br4 Aloma’s Cobra Joubert 117 10-1br5 Jr’s Scotty Butler 122 8-1br6 Stetter Jr Riggs 122 4-1br7 Yankee Ruler Bell 122 5-1br8 Rough Trail Morales 122 8-1br9 Innisbrook Escobar 122 10-1brSIXTH RACE, Northbound Pride Stakes, 1 Mile (Turf), 3 Year Old Fillies, Purse $45,000brPP Horse Jockey Wt Oddsbr1 Lemonlime Goodwin 115 7-2br2 Quiet Kingdom Stevens 121 8-1br3 More Than Anything Rivera 117 12-1br4 Silk Degrees Troilo 119 9-2br5 Angel Smoke Bell 121 8-1br6 Alba Dabas Secret Nguyen 121 6-1br7 Point Me the Way Keith 115 10-1br8 Demon’s Storm Garcia 117 8-1br9 Polynesian Kitty Nolan 117 6-1br10 Passthemoneyhoney Butler 119 12-1brSEVENTH RACE, 6 Furlongs, 3 Year Olds & Up, Fillies & Mares, Allowance, Purse $23,000brPP Horse Jockey Wt Oddsbr1 Jills Classy Morales 117 8-1br2 Salty Attraction Bell 119 8-1br3 Sparkling Sabia Riggs 117 4-1br4 Shimmering Sunset Goodwin 117 6-1br5 Katy Smiles Rivera 121 7-5br6 Catch a Star Garcia 112 8-1br7 Speed Wagon Nolan 117 6-1brEIGHTH RACE, 5½ Furlongs, 3 Year Olds & Up, Claiming $7,500, Purse $7,500brPP Horse Jockey Wt Oddsbr1 Illworkforfood Ziegler 120 10-1br2 Tool Trade Escobar 115 5-1br3 Brennie Hill Stevens 120 4-1br4 Steak House Williams 120 20-1br5 Alie Took a Chance Nolan 115 6-1br6 Daddy Delicious Goodwin 120 6-1br7 Say What You Think Olesiak 120 12-1br8 Bay Talk Riggs 120 9-2br9 Wallstreetgangster Winters 120 20-1br10 Snow Country Cat Joubert 115 20-1br11 Turtle Mountain Bell 120 8-1brNINTH RACE, 250 Yards (QH), State Bred 2 Year Olds, Maiden, Purse $7,800brPP Horse Jockey Wt Oddsbr1 Queens Big Tip Shepherd 122 4-1br2 Eyetunes Eikleberry 122 9-2br3 Dashing Big Bud Davis 122 4-1br4 Okey Dokey Irish Smith 122 3-1br5 Days of Elijah Pusac 122 9-2br6 Rona Corona Schmidt 122 7-2brCopyright 2007 EQUIBASE Company LLC.brbrbr
Originally Published: June 22, 2007 at 11:01 p.m.
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Emma Ciafaloni, M.D.
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The University of Rochester Medical Center (URMC) is one of the nation’s leading academic medical centers. It forms the centerpiece of the University of Rochester’s health research, teaching and patient care missions.
The University of Rochester Medical Center is a private, coeducational, nonsectarian, and nonprofit research university.
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University of Rochester Medical Center
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https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/people/112359171-emma-ciafaloni
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Fourth meeting of the European Neurological Society 25-29 June 1994 Barcelona, Spain : Abstracts of Symposia and free communications.
Harms L, Bock A, JÄnisch W, Valdueza J, Weber J, Link I, De Keyser J, Goossens A, Wilczak N, Vedeler C, Bjorge L, Uvestad E, Conti G, Williams K, Ginsberg L, Rafique S, Rapoport SI, Gershfeld NL, De La Meilleure G, Crevits L, Faiss JH, Heye N, Blanke J, Sackmann A, Kastrup O, Doornbos R, van der Worp HB, Kappelle LJ, Bar PR, Davie CA, Barker GJ, Brenton D, Miller DH, Thompson AJ, Block F, Schwarz M, Delodovici L, Baruzzi F, Bonaldi G, Dario A, Marra A, Mercuri A, Dworzak F, Cavallari P, Confalonieri P, Zuffi M, Antozzi C, Cornelio F, Baldissera F, Chassande B, Ameri A, Eymard B, Poisson M, Vérier A, Brunet P, Congia S, Murgia PL, Cannas A, Borghero G, Uselli S, Mellino G, Ferrai R, Lampis R, Massa R, Muzzetto B, Giannini F, Rossi S, Cioni R, d'Aniello C, Guarneri A, Battistini N, Ceriani F, Del Santo A, Poloni M, Campo JF, Iglesias F, Guitera MV, Farinas C, Pascual J, Leno C, Berciano J, Thorpe IW, Kendall BE, McDonald WI, Moulignier A, Dromer F, Baudrimont M, Dupont B, Gozlan J, El Amrani M, Petit JC, Roullet E, Sterzi R, Causaran R, Protti A, Riva M, Erminio F, Arena O, Villa F, Maccagnano E, Miletta M, Spinelli F, Ben-Hur T, Weidenfeldl J, Rao NS, Chari CC, Laforet P, Matheron S, Adams D, Chemouilli P, Desi M, Said G, Davous P, Lionnet F, Pulik M, Genet P, Rozenberg F, Cartier LM, Castillo JL, Cea JG, Villagra R, de Saint Martin L, Mahieux F, Manifacier MJ, Mattos K, Queiros C, Publio L, Vinhas V, PeÇanha-Martins AC, Melo A, Liska U, Zifko U, Budka H, Drlicek M, Grisold W, Kaufmann R, Kaiser R, Czygan M, Gomes I, Jones N, Cunha S, EmbiruÇu EK, Vieira V, Araujo I, Alexandra M, Ferreira A, Goes J, Chemouilli P, Israel-Biet , Masson H, Lacroix C, Gasnault J, Hildebrandt-Müller B, Oschmann P, Krack P, Willems WR, Dorndorf W, Freitas V, Bittencourt A, Fernandes D, Nascimento MH, Severo M, Moraes D, Muller M, Hasert K, Merkelbach S, Schimrigk K, van Oosten BW, Lai M, Polman CH, Bertelsmann FW, Hodgkinson S, Cabre PH, Volpe L, Smadja D, Vernant JP, Villaroya H, Violleau K, Younes-Chennoufi AB, Baumann N, Villanueva-Hemandez P, Ballabriga J, Basart E, Arbizu TX, Perez-Serra J, Vinuels F, Giron JM, Castilla JM, Redondo L, Izquierdo G, Lauer K, Henneberg A, Bittmann N, Link D, Wollinsky KH, Mobner R, Fassbender K, Kuhnen J, Schwartz A, Hennerici M, Miller A, Lider O, Abramsky O, Weiner HL, Offner H, Vanderbark AA, Paoino E, Fainardi E, Addonizio MC, Ruppi P, Tola MR, Granieri E, Carreras M, Sazdovitch V, Joutel A, Verdier-Taillefer MH, Heinzlef O, Radder C, Tournier-Lasserve E, Brenner RE, Munro PM, Williams SC, Bell JD, Hawkins CP, Filippi M, Campi A, Dousset V, Canal N, Comi G, Zhu J, Weber F, Retska R, List J, Zhang L, Brock M, Taphoorn MJ, Heimans JJ, van der Veen EA, Karim AB, Sarazin M, Argentino N, Delattre JY, Derkinderen P, Buchwald B, Schroter G, Serve G, Franke CH, Conrad B, Kitchen ND, Thomas DG, Forman AD, Ang KK, Price R, Stephens C, Salmaggi A, Nermni R, Silvani A, Forno MG, Luksch R, Boiardi A, Grzelec H, Fryze C, Nowacki P, 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CH, Walon C, Boucquey D, -Van Rijckevorsel KH, Lannoy N, Verellen-Dunoulin C, Liszka U, Cavaletti G, Casati B, Kolig C, Bogliun G, Marzorati L, Johannsen L, Chio A, Ruda R, Vigliani MC, Sciolla R, Seliak D, Hoang-Xuang K, Villanueva JA, Montalban X, Arboix A, Colosimo C, Albanese A, Hughes AJ, de Bruin V, Lees AJ, Kowalski JW, Banfi S, Santoro L, Perretti A, Castaldo I, Barbieri F, Campanella G, Bhatia KP, Mardsen CD, de Bruin VS, Machedo C, Ceballos-Baumann D, Marsden CD, Brooks DB, Wennlng GK, Quinn N, McDonald WL, Warner TT, Bain PC, Davis MB, Conway D, Shaunak S, O'Sullivan E, Crawford T, Lawden M, Blunt S, Rapoport A, Sarova-Pinchas I, de Beyl DZ, Mavroudakis N, Blanc S, Godinot C, Lenoir G, Barkhof MS, Tas MW, Baron PL, Constantin C, Cassatella MA, Langdon DW, Webb S, Gasparini P, Zeviani A, Kidd D, Mammi S, Cahalon L, Hershkoviz R, Lahat N, Wallach D, Annunziata P, Martino T, Maimone D, Guazzi GC, Porrini AM, Dell'Arciprete L, Rothwell PM, Stewart RR, Cull RE, Willmes K, Poeck K, Russell D, Braekken SK, Brucher R, Svennevig J, Hermesl M, Bruckmann H, Biraben A, Sliwka U, Meyer B, Schondube F, Noth J, Lavenu I, Lammers C, Waldecker B, Haberbosch W, Stam J, Schneider R, Gautier JC, Berlit TP, Fauser B, Kuhne D, Geraud G, Danielli A, Larrue V, Bes A, Timmerman E, Bono F, Bruni AC, Valalentino P, Montesi MP, Talerico G, Zappia M, Sabatelli M, Quattrone A, Pareyson D, Lorenzetti D, Sghirlanzoni A, Castellotti B, Lupski JR, Archidiacono N, Antonacci R, Marzella R, Rocchi M, Samuel D, Goulon-Goeau C, Costa PP, Bismuth H, Said G, De Jongh P, Lofgren A, Timmerman V, Vance JM, Van Broeckhoven C, Martin J-, Martinez AC, Bort S, Arpa J, Misra P, King RH, Badhia K, Anderson M, Caballo A, Vichez J, Gabriel JM, Erne B, Miescher GC, Ulrich J, Vital A, Vital C, Steck A, Petry K, Labatut I, Hilmi S, Ellie E, Ferrini-Strambi L, Zucconl M, Marchettini P, Palazzi S, Oehlschlager M, Pepinsky RB, Gemignani F, Marbini A, Pavesi G, Di Vittorio S, Manganelli P, Mancia D, Vermersh P, Roche J, Durocher AM, Dewailly P, Dettmers C, Fink G, Lemon R, Stephan K, Passingham D, Weder B, Knorr U, Huang Y, Butterfield DA, Peris ML, Peiro C, Pascual AP, Bottini G, Folnegovic-Smalc V, Knezevic S, Bokonjic R, Ersmark B, Torres MG, Guiraud-Chaumeil B, Haugaard K, Jovicic A, Chr L, Levic Z, Parra CM, Ochoa JP, Titlbach O, Wikkelso C, , Caparros-Lefevre D, Debachy B, Verier A, Cantinho G, Santos AI, Godinho F, Bagunya J, Roig T, Ensenyat A, Santiag O, Trabucchi H, De Leo D, Koch C, Zeumer H, Matkovic Z, Morris P, Donaghy M, Köhler W, Kammer T, Röther J, Navon R, Fontaine B, Wu Y, Capdevila A, Guardiola MJ, van Dijk GW, Notermans NC, Kruize AA, Kater L, Bertelt C, Hesse S, Friedrich H, Mauritz K-, Giron LT, Watanabe IS, Ewing D, Koepp M, Lempert T, Sander B, Kauerz U, Mehdorn HM, Hezel J, Eickhoff W, Kryst T, Timsit S, Gardeur D, Reis MG, Secor E, Filho AA, Silva MC, Santos SR, Vasilaski G, Reis EA, Velupillai P, Harn DA, Tigera JG, Dreke RM, Crespo RP, Besses C, Acin P, Massons J, Florensa L, Oliveres M, Sans-Sabrafen J, Wicklein EM, Pleiffer G, Kunre K, Dieterich M, Brandt T, Guarino M, Stracciari A, Pazzaglia P, D'Alessandro R, Santilli I, Donato M
Journal of neurology.. 1994 June 241 (Suppl 1):1-164. Epub 1900 01 01.
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K-State Alumni Association
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"K-State Alumni Association"
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/_resources/img/favicon.ico
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https://www.k-state.com/membership/lifemembers.php
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Roger John Baalman `72
Donald Lee Babb `78
Samuel Martin Babb `76
Becky Jo Babcock
Mary Jo Babcock `63
Nicholas D Babcock `98
Stephanie M Babcock `99
Sheryl A Baccarella `82
Amy Marie Baccus `00
Carol Mosier Bach `71
Michele B Bach `91
Bailey Borck Bachamp `11
Betty D Bachamp `92
Cole Ryan Bachamp `11
Mark Alan Bachamp `84
Stuart J Bachamp `03
Barbara Ann Bachman `81
Bernadine Marie Bachman `57
Bruce L Bachman `74
Byron J Bachman `00
Gregory Alan Bachman `78
Holly Claire Bachman `11
Karen Bachman
Matthew Craig Bachman `80
Nicole L Bachman `99
Pamela S Bachman
Ronald W Bachman `86
Ronald Eugene Bachman `84
Sharon M Bachman `84
Stratton Lohmuller Bachman `11
Tyler J Bachman `05
Michael M Backes `00
Jacklyn Ann Bacon `05
Keith Dean Bacon `75
Mark Eugene Bacon `04
Robert Alan Bacon `79
Susan D Bacon `80
Thomas Robert Bacon `16
Wade Oliver Bacon `99
Dean Ralph Bader `68
Mary McDonald Badger `72
Maxamillyan Deonte Badgett `18
Bradley Paul Badke `86
Holly Carlyle Badke `88
Floyd Arthur Badsky `79
Jennifer J Badsky
Matthew Cameron Badsky `98
Russell Greg Baehr `88
Victoria L Baehr `65
Dwight R Baer `81
Robert Larry Baer `60
Sheryl Lee Baer `71
Abigail Noel Baez `19
Alexandra Dorothy Bahadori
Amir Alexander Bahadori `08
Beverly J Bahr
Ella JaneMarie Bahr `22
Mark Alan Bahr `74
Mark A Bahr `86
Rachelle D Bahr `94
William Joseph Bahr `94
Frank A Baiamonte `18
David William Baier `77
Lois Ann Baier `78
Mark Baier `80
Richard Scott Baier `94
Diane Mercer Bailer `71
Richard O Bailer `70
Bill J Bailey `73
Brian David Bailey `95
Deena Hyson Bailey `94
Denton Christopher Bailey `10
Gary Mathew Bailey `80
Harold W Bailey
Janet Sue Bailey `95
Kenneth Eshom Bailey `71
Marci L Bailey `96
Marcia Hesler Bailey `58
Michael David Bailey `04
Pete Leroy Bailey `69
Rick E Bailey
Stephanie Donna Bailey `14
Thelma R Bailey `64
Alberta Lee Bailie `64
John David Bailie `64
Caleb Charles Bain `04
Jessica A Bain `03
Chris L Bainter `00
Samantha Bainter
Warren Craig Bainter `75
Brian Steven Bair `94
Julia J Bair `95
Laura Lynn Bair
William B Bair
Betty G Baird `49
Janelle L Baird `89
John Richard Baird `62
Judith Kay Baird `65
Shannon Donna Baird `96
Susan D Baird-Joshi `87
Sharon Bairow-Riffey `81
Lillianna Seja Bajich `75
Mary Lucille Bajich `21
Paul M Bajich `87
Peter M Bajich `87
John Frank Bakarich `01
Albert Lee Baker `68
Ann L Baker
Billie Baker
Charles Warren Baker `61
Cheryl Elizabeth Baker `69
Christine Marie Baker `04
Debra L Baker `81
Dee Ann Baker `60
Dolores Pauline Baker `64
Donald Eugene Baker `66
Donald Wayne Baker `70
Doyle T Baker `85
Edward D Baker `53
Eldeen Mae Baker `69
Harry J Baker `55
Howard J Baker `70
James J Baker `09
James Joseph Baker `68
Jeremy Charles Baker `04
John R Baker `80
Kathryn A Baker `78
Kay Ellen Baker `72
Kristi Ann Baker `79
Laura M Baker `71
Lesa Beck Baker `94
Lynne K Baker `87
Marc J Baker `86
Nancy Ann Baker `76
Ralph Eugene Baker `68
Randal Wayne Baker `76
Robert Lynn Baker `78
Roger Morse Baker `72
Ruth LoRee Baker `55
Twila E Baker `83
W Thane Baker `53
William Ernest Baker `73
Lee Raymond Bakker `03
William Roberts Bakker `06
Johna M Baldassaro `04
Ryan Michael Baldassaro `04
Mary Ann Balderson `71
S Clark Balderson `70
Carol Arlene Balding `54
Thad Paul Baldock `88
Allen V Baldwin `67
Althea Ann Baldwin `80
Collin Eugene Baldwin `08
Jessica L Baldwin `06
Roger A Baldwin `00
Russell Phillip Baldwin `98
Susan Baldwin `73
Teresa Myzer Baldwin `79
Thomas Frederick Baldwin `79
William Baldwin
Bruce Merrill Bales `80
Florice Louise Bales `73
Larry D Bales `91
Cheryl L Bales-Inslee `01
Karen J Baliel `89
Alexander Sean Balk `08
Alesia Jane Ball `76
David James Ball `99
Jacqueline Renee Ball `06
James Dare Ball `66
Jamie Noelle Ball `10
Lois E Ball `72
Richard A Ball
Sherrill Jeanne Ball `66
Thomas Ross Ball `04
Wendy Jo Ball `81
Lindsay C Ball-Lewis `01
Cynthia Sue Ballard `73
Hannah Paige Ballard `22
Janet Sue Ballard `68
Jared Patrick Ballard `07
Kay Patrick Ballard `77
Sheryl Lee Ballard `88
Shiloh Wade Ballard `20
Paul Lee Ballinger `73
Phillip Wayne Ballou `77
Rosanne L Ballou `57
Cortney Lee Bally `07
Matthew James Balsman `07
Kathilyn Balsmeier
Bart Alan Balthazor `84
Connor Eli Balthazor `22
Erin Brunell Balthazor `98
Kurt Lee Balthazor `86
Jeffrey Jon Balthrop `95
Shannon Renee Balthrop `94
Karl M Baltzell `84
Roger Philip Balzer `63
Amy L Balzer-Baker `94
Brian Peter Bambara `07
Crystal Bradford Bamberger `05
Heath Michael Bamberger `04
Elizabeth Bambick-Sharp `81
Jaime M Bamford `99
W Marion Bamman `69
Margaret R Banach `18
Betty Banaka
Jerry Banaka `69
Christopher Roos Bancroft `88
Cynthia Lynn Bancroft `90
Amy Leona Bandel `93
Terry J Bandel `70
Adam Reed Bandy `08
Troy Bryce Bandy `94
Jeanne Louellen Bane `72
Roger Hale Bane `74
Karin Marcene Bangle-Avery `90
Carol Ann Banister `73
Aldean Lauree Banker `54
David Earl Banks `65
Jane Ann Banks `67
Oree Banks `59
Paul Joseph Banks `67
Jeffrey Lynn Banman `94
Melea G Banman `77
David Wayne Banning `86
John Wayne Banning `72
Scott Alan Bannister `87
Timothy David Bannwarth `99
Phillip M Banowetz `13
Thomas Bassett Banta `79
Terry Lee Banzet `71
Erin L Baptist `06
Alice Ellen Baptista `78
Kenney Harold Barb `66
Linda Susan Barb `73
Marilyn Marie Barb `71
Mark Allan Barb `87
Pamela Sue Barba `75
Mark Russell Barbee `86
Natalie S Barbee `06
Edward E Barben `67
Amy Kayleen Barber `96
Eric Andrew Barber `98
Everett G Barber `53
Mary Louise Barber `60
Robert E Barber
Tamara Kaye Barber `84
Tammy H Barber `96
Connie S Barbour `95
Michael Darrin Barbour `96
Tom Barcellina
Janice Kay Barclay `61
Tom Ray Bard `72
John Bardsley `95
Mark Mahlon Bare `80
Edward D Barenberg `68
Pauletta J Barenberg `68
Jennifer Marie Barenberg-Kropf `91
Crystal Harding Bargatze `92
Steven Kent Bargmann `76
Constance Barker `52
Joseph K Barker `99
Lebaron R Barker `52
Martin Dale Barker `75
Quinn Marie Barker `16
Samuel Stehley Barker `14
William B Barker `71
Mary P Barkley `73
Floyd Jay Barkman `68
Katharine Vera Barkman `10
Jonelle G Barkyoumb
Steven Dale Barkyoumb `83
Ashley Suzanne Barlow `02
Susan P Barlow `62
Derek Wade Barnard `95
Iralee Barnard `88
Kenneth Wayne Barnard `75
Michael E Barnard `84
Richard Lynn Barnard `67
Sharon Kay Barnard
Cameron McCoy Barnes `12
Chad Alan Barnes `00
Cindy Gorman Barnes `79
Donald Clifton Barnes `77
Georgann Leah Barnes `73
John Lee Barnes `85
Larry Allen Barnes `71
Nolan Eugene Barnes `98
Sherron B Barnes
Steven Eugene Barnes `72
Timothy Ackley Barnes `74
William Urie Barnes `88
William R Barnes
April Kathleen Barnett `99
Dorothy Barnett `49
Enid Irene Barnett `49
Larry Dewayne Barnett `70
Marty Lee Barnett `99
Timothy A Barnett `93
W Ron Barnett `68
Jeffrey Scott Barney `05
Wayne Dee Barngrover `71
Brian Boling Barnhardt `95
Jill M Barnhardt `96
Sheldon Lee Barnhardt `12
Tera Joann Barnhardt `14
Eric Allen Barnhart `88
James Lee Barnhart `71
Stephanie Louk Barnow `83
W Kent Barnow `84
Anita M Barnthson `70
Harold E Barnthson `70
Pamela Sharon Barnum `76
Brittney Ann Barr `10
Ken Maynard Barr `53
Timothy S Barr `85
William Crawford Barr `67
Bonnie Rose Barrett `51
Diane E Barrett `83
Sean Michael Barrett `92
William Jay Barrett `56
Gregory Clay Barron `79
Karen Louise Barron `79
Kurt Alan Barrow `91
Terry Dean Barrow `83
R Todd Barrows `86
Richard R Barrows `70
Brogan Cole Barry `17
Susan Patricia Barsamian `81
Alan Glen Barta `70
Brooks Alan Barta `93
Joy Barta
Kimberly M Barta `93
Mason Aaron Barta `19
Tabor Elizabeth Barta `22
Tonya Barta `91
Travis Robert Barta `95
Amy Elizabeth Bartak `05
Kimberly Diane Bartak `06
Paul James Bartak `72
Teresa K Bartak
Lyle Wayne Bartel `80
Myrna J Bartel `73
Phyllis Ann Bartel `59
Tammy Lynn Bartel `84
Jennifer L Bartels
Rosetta P Bartels `62
Bradley E Barth `90
Donald Lloyd Barth `77
Jacqueline Eliza Barth `23
Lydia E Barth `78
Sandra J Barth
Tom Lee Barth
Deborah Stansell Barthel `73
John Dale Barthel `73
James Richard Bartholomew `78
Cody J Barthuly `10
D Kaye Barthuly `81
David Lynn Barthuly `81
Gerald Frederick Barthuly `74
Katherine Lynn Barthuly `10
Michael John Bartkoski `24
Michael John Bartkoski `67
Roberta Ann Bartlett `67
Serena Rochelle Bartlett `15
Sue M Bartley `71
Angeline K Barton `06
Connie J Barton
Dan Belford Barton `70
Eric Eugene Barton `08
Eric David Barton `90
Jennifer D Barton
Kyle Robert Barton `16
Phyllis Joan Barton `57
Preston G Barton `98
Stephen Thomas Barton `74
Tara Lynn Barton `18
Susan LoRee Bartosch `79
Steven Lynn Bartsch `73
James Flavel Bascom `55
David A Basel `92
Michael Darren Basel `85
Deanna M Basgall `84
Drew Thomas Basgall `13
Laura Beth Basgall `12
Paul Allen Basgall `83
Matthew Ryan Basler `97
Kenneth R Bass `69
Donna L Bassett `60
Joan Elizabeth Bastel `70
Charles N Batchelder `71
Jonathan Paul Batchelder `06
Patricia Anne Batchelder `76
Paul Harvey Batchelder `76
Stephanie Jean Batchelder `03
Cynthia Ann Bates `76
Daniel Paul Bates `97
Derrick Dean Bates `02
Diane Emily Bates `07
Jeffrey Damian Bates `91
Maynard Bates `71
Traci D Bates `96
Carolyn I Bathurst `49
Amy Michelle Batista `09
Anoop Kumar Batra `69
Matthew Mario Battiston `04
Norma A Battle
Candice E Battles `91
Sheryl L Bauchwitz `81
Beverly Bauer
Blake Moore Bauer `04
C William Bauer `63
Elaine Inez Bauer `78
Jill Bauer
John William Bauer `79
Judith Whitesell Bauer `64
Kyle Charles Bauer `80
Lafe Michael Bauer `07
Lisa Lynn Bauer `80
Martin Wynn Bauer `71
Roger Duane Bauer `57
Tamara J Bauer `05
Thomas Elliot Bauer `06
Tyson Bauer
Stephen Roy Bauerband `80
Kerril S Bauerly `83
Kirk Alan Baughan `76
Laurie Ann Baughan `74
Darin Eugene Baugher `90
Leslie Karen Baugher `87
Ethan James Baughman `05
David G Baum `94
Jonathan Edward Baum `83
Keith Warren Baum `76
Sarah Baum
Edwin O Baumgarten `69
Margaret A Baur `86
Trevor Jay Bausch `12
Ian Brent Bautista `94
Gail Baxter
Geralynn Ruth Baxter `04
James Nickels Baxter `63
Amy Lynn Bayer `84
Ashley Anne Bayer `05
Brent Benjamin Bayer `83
J Sue Bayer `86
Lila Lea Bayer `82
Margery Jo Bayer
Max H Bayer
Steven Max Bayer `82
William E Bayless `61
Karen A Bayouth `72
William Bayouth `74
Angela Lynn Bays `08
Thomas Lynn Bays `08
Bryan Chase Bayuk `08
Colette Rae Bayuk `18
Zachary D Baze `97
Deborah Leigh Bazzel `97
Doug Bazzel
Kimberly J Beach `77
Martha Ann Beach `66
Ronald Terry Beach `69
Kendric David Beachey `95
Debra Mausolf Beachler `75
Stephen Lee Beachler `75
Gary Eugene Beachner `85
Kimbra Lea Beachner `84
Eleanor Beadle
John William Beadle
Anthony Laird Beager `15
Kirstin Veith Beager `07
Brady Matthew Beall `94
Charles Eugene Beall `63
Ida Viola Beall `85
Michael Martin Beam `78
Gail Ann Bean `75
Jo Ann Elizabeth Bean `75
Nathan Howard Bean `03
Patrick Steven Bean `75
Theodore A Bean `74
Nicole A Beard `23
Carol Jeannette Beardmore `74
Dave Hale Beardmore `77
Laura Beverly Beardmore `46
Pamela Jolene Beardmore `80
Christina Jane Beardsley `95
Craig Alan Beardsley `00
Constance J Bearnes `70
Edward Jackson Beashore `78
Kathleen L Beashore
Amanda Kay Beasley `08
Jonathan Lee Beasley `01
Nona Lynne Beasley `75
Aaron J Beaton `01
Holly Marie Beaton `00
William Lee Beaton `72
Steven Charles Beatte `92
Robert Beattie `64
Margaret Beatty Baier `77
Jo Ann Beaty `81
Philip A Beaudoin `73
Darcy Lyn Beaver `91
David Bradley Beaver `94
Frank M Beaver `66
Judy Mae Bebermeyer `67
Elizabeth Lauren Bechard `13
Jarrod Brett Bechard `14
Kyle Steven Becher `17
Mary T Bechtel `92
Misty D Bechtel `96
Troy Lynn Bechtel `93
Ty Andrew Bechtel `96
Amy J Beck `96
David Wayne Beck `76
Douglas Martin Beck `88
George Edward Beck `59
Jill Ann Beck `75
Michael D Beck `83
Shannon M Beck
Lela Sue Beck-Glatz `73
David Michael Beckenhauer `15
Dwane M Beckenhauer `78
Rita L Beckenhauer
Ann Louise Becker `58
Dean David Becker `84
Diane Rene Becker `81
Lawrence P Becker `68
Loren Dale Becker `60
Mallory Christine Becker `07
Michael Thomas Becker `20
Michael Henry Becker `83
Richard Carl Becker `67
Robert Alan Becker `76
Roger Leon Becker `80
Roger Lee Becker `69
Samuel Leon Becker `92
Sarah Neustrom Becker `80
Sarah Ellen Becker `84
Sheryl Rae Becker `68
Steven James Becker `87
Susan Becker `98
Kristin Marie Becket `99
Elizabeth Anne Beckham `76
Kelly Patrick Beckham `76
Harry Carl Beckman `61
Marlene Sue Beckman `62
Samuel Karl Beckman `67
Leslie Ann Beckstrom `91
Anne Louise Becraft `70
Larry Ray Becraft `70
Margaret Sue Bedford `72
Peter A Bedford `70
Brian K Bednar `83
Lisa Kay Beebe `85
Bradley Beecher `88
Gwen G Beeley `92
Robert Leroy Beeley `91
Billy Eugene Beeman `63
Ed Beeman `85
James Preston Beeman `94
Janet E Beeman
Jeanna Leann Beeman `93
Kathy Epler Beeman `84
Todd K Beemer
Janet L Beene `95
Michael Douglas Beene `90
Paul Roland Beer `72
Judy Beerman `61
Jana D Beery `80
Joe Roger Beery `75
Mark E Beery `85
Conner Beese `19
Britta Lynne Beesley `22
Donald W Beesley `96
Frank Wayne Beesley `98
Jenna Elizabeth Beesley `22
Jennifer Lynne Beesley `95
Renee Leann Beesley `95
Roger Dale Beesley `70
Sheila Renee Beesley `98
Virginia Beesley
Walter Leland Beesley `94
Leigh A Beeson `92
Shannon Lee Beeson `92
Kierston Nicole Beets `12
Jerome G Beezley `71
Sara E Befort `10
Trey Dalton Befort `10
David F Beggs
Rita Ann Beggs
Derek Scott Begnoche `12
Jaci Denae Begnoche `12
Donna T Behlke `79
Meredith Jay Behnke `69
Rodney R Behrhorst `63
Barbara Lynn Beier `76
Carol Feyerherm Beier `75
Lynn E Beier
Richard Alan Beier `75
Ronald Raymond Beier `75
Elizabeth Anne Beikmann `63
Eric D Beikmann `00
Lawrence Floyd Beil `74
Marcine Marie Beins `78
Max Allan Beins `78
Ruth M Beisel `76
Brian Everett Beisner `81
Christopher C Beisner `71
Pamela Dee Belcher `74
Ronald E Belcher `71
Brian D Belden `72
Christine Taylor Belden `71
Charles Lee Belew
Kara Elizabeth Belew `94
M Jeanne Belew `66
Amy Jo Bell `10
Andrew A Bell
David Gaines Bell `77
Dorothy Marie Bell `57
Evelyn J Bell
Harold Alan Bell `60
Jack Ferguson Bell `49
James A Bell `74
John Ryan Bell `94
Johnny T Bell
Karen Bell
Michael Landon Bell `09
Rebecca A Bell `79
Roger Allen Bell `60
Sandra L Bell `74
Sue Ann Bell `51
Susan K Bell `76
Thomas L Bell `78
Valerie Ann Bell
Victoria E Bell
George Hale Bellairs `67
Benjamin Noah Bellar `14
Kristen Dawn Bellar `21
Patricia Ann Belleci-Flynn `70
Kirsten M Bellur `69
Marta Kathleen Belstra `72
Timothy Keith Belstra `71
Gwen A Belt `87
Mark Randall BeMent `94
Pamela Jean BeMent `95
Gerald Robert Benda `72
Patti Kay Benda `83
Diane Bender
Gary Lee Bender `68
Mary Jane Bender `44
Emily Ann Benedick `11
Jesse Glenn Benedick `10
Gaye L Benfer `93
Helen Veronica Benfer `90
Scott Michael Benfer `90
Marilyn Kay Benham `67
William Knute Benham `67
Sara Susan Benignus `78
William Clyde Benish `75
Kenneth U Benjamin `66
Martin E Benjamin `69
Brent L Benkelman
Virginia Benkelman
Carmen C Bennett `57
Chloe Adaire Bennett `16
Darrell Lincoln Bennett `75
DeAnn M Bennett `93
Diane Elaina Bennett `81
Jeff Paul Bennett `02
Jennifer M Bennett `98
John J Bennett
John Andrew Bennett `89
Keith LaVerne Bennett `64
Kimberly D Bennett `89
Linda Katherine Bennett `75
Linda Mae Bennett `71
Rick O Bennett `72
Robert M Bennett `69
Robert Eugene Bennett `67
Roberta I Bennett `67
Roger Troy Bennett `87
Stacy Meredith Bennett `00
William C Bennett `69
Harry C Bennetts `58
Ian Francis Benney `93
Larry C Bennington `61
Doug L Benoit `91
Linda Diane Benoit `81
Matthew Armond Benoit `07
Michelle Whittaker Benoit `90
Rebecca S Benoit `07
Thomas D Benortham `65
Betty F Benson `51
Beverly Ann Benson `80
Jay Blake Benson `79
Jennie E Benson `80
Julie Victoria Benson `97
Kathryn Leigh Benson `93
Robert Bruce Benson `63
Ron L Benson `91
Ronald Raymond Benton `72
Ruth Louise Benton `56
Sharon Kay Benton `66
Timothy T Benton `70
Donald Ray Bentsen `70
Arlan Edgar Bentz `68
Larry Lee Benyshek `69
Adam Scott Benz `94
Diann Carrol Benz `94
John F Beran `14
Michelle R Beran `03
Timothy Scott Berends `92
Jay John Berens `73
Renea Bergan `79
Brian S Bergdall `92
Nancy E Bergdall `90
Mary Jo Berger `81
Todd Edward Berger `03
Larry Joseph Bergeron `20
Daniel Otto Berges `07
Deborah Kay Berges `71
Eugene Dale Berges `71
Jami Rainelle Berges `09
Jonathan Eugene Berges `97
Lana S Berges `94
Lynn Charles Berges `94
John David Berggren `01
Martha C Berggren `73
Boyd Eugene Berghaus `83
Jan Kathleen Berghaus `79
Scott Alan Berghaus `79
Patricia C Bergin `64
William Carthage Bergin `67
Gretchen M Bergkamp `95
James L Bergkamp `69
Jason John Bergkamp `96
Judy Bergkamp
Kathleen Mara Bergkamp `86
Monica Suzanne Bergkamp `06
Scott Robert Bergkamp `83
Scott Douglas Bergkamp `89
Brent Leo Bergman `12
Brent Michael Bergman `02
Kara Louise Bergman `12
Evelyn Bergmann `50
Meredith Kelley Bergmann `11
Dan K Bergmeier `92
Dixie L Bergmeier `60
Mike J Bergmeier `83
Alesha Marie Bergner `23
Bill C Bergner `89
Grant Thomas Bergner `12
Judi Bergner
Lindsey Katherine Bergner `21
Shannon M Bergner `92
Thomas William Bergner `77
Michelle L Bergquist `95
Thomas Patrick Bergquist `96
Lamar Karl Bergsten `95
Pamela Lynne Bergsten `93
Reed Pearson Bergstrom `15
Jennifer Leigh Berka `03
Jeffrey Halvor Berke `78
Lisa Kay Berke `79
Mark Alan Berkley `63
Nancy Jo Berkley `84
Patricia Gail Berlin `70
Glenn William Berman `77
Mark Yale Berman `71
Gail Filbert Bermudez `67
F Richard Bernasek `69
Regina Bernasek `69
Steven Lynn Bernasek `71
Cherie Louise Berndt `86
Hunter Frederick Berndt `18
Loren K Berndt `86
Patti S Berney
Rand Curtis Berney `77
Marcela L Berney-Brown `86
Darin Scott Bernhardt `10
David E Bernhardt `61
Max Wayne Bernhardt `71
R Gregory Bernica `78
Susan K Bernica `82
Christopher Justin Berning `95
Craig A Berning `09
Daniel R Berning `82
Duane Eugene Berning `74
Gary Lee Berning `76
Jennifer Denise Berning `93
Larry Allen Berning `76
Sharon Ann Bernitz `70
Cindy Kay Berquist `76
Roger Alan Berquist `76
Ann Thackrey Berry `51
Brianna Lu Berry `04
Sara J Berry-Herren `02
Janet Kay Berry-Oswalt `90
Douglas Jay Berryman `91
John R Berschied `70
Stanley D Bert `75
Dolores Bertrand `53
Elaine L Bertrand `74
Richard E Bertrand `52
Delva Kay Bertsch `68
John Christopher Besler `80
Linda L Besler
Robert Karl Bessert `91
Reginald K Bessmer `65
Mackenzie Marie Best `16
Scott J Besthorn `84
Edwin A Betancourt `85
Christopher Mark Bethe `08
Jennifer Ann Betschart `01
Kourtney R Bettinger `06
Rebecca Kay Betz `68
William Deming Betz `67
Thomas G Betzen `80
Patricia May Betzold `08
Jaimee Christine Beugelsdijk `06
Samuel Allen Beugelsdijk `06
Pamela Sue Bevan `96
Dennis W Bever `79
Georgiana Beverly `76
Alan Harold Beyer `70
Andrea Lynn Beyer `10
Ken N Beyer `95
Margaret Mae Beyer `62
Richard Travis Beyer `12
Sue Ann Beyer `73
Robert Kendall Beymer `78
Tamara M Beymer `93
Timothy Brian Beymer `92
Ludwig Albert Bezemek `57
Snehal S Bhakta `96
Kowshik Bhat `95
Kristen Bhatti `83
Shahzad Bhatti `82
Judy Michelle Bible `75
Kent C Bible `75
Renee I Biby `92
Robert Dan Biby `93
Julia Christine Bichelmeyer `95
G Scott Bickel `84
Donald Gene Bickle `50
Emily Ann Biddler `69
Bruce N Bidwell
Kactus K Bidwell `09
Patricia E Bidwell
Robert S Bidwell `71
Natalie Anne Bieberle `13
R Kenneth Bieberly `70
Sue Goss Biederwolf `83
Chris Alan Biegler `79
Craig Robert Biegler `74
Judith Marie Biegler `76
Christopher J Bieker `98
Laura Beth Bienhoff `05
Mark William Bienhoff `76
Craig Stewart Biere `95
Charlene Irma Bierly `53
Bill P Biernacki `88
Maj-Beth Biernacki `88
Andrew Lloyd Biery `14
Andrew Joseph Biery `06
Jana Lauren Biery `09
Teresa Biery `76
Terry Lee Biery `66
Connie S Bietau `82
James Bigelow `78
Barton Lynn Bigge `63
Earl Derr Biggers `10
Bryan Eugene Biggs `75
Donald Eugene Biggs `52
Lou Ann Biggs `76
Michelle Elaine Biggs `00
Stanley Daniel Biggs `80
Bryon Scott Bigham `90
Jane Anne Bigler `69
Leanne Bigler
Darci Lee Bilberry `00
Jeff Bilberry `01
John Paul Bilbrey `78
Kris S Bilbrey `93
Nicole Anne Bilbrey `97
Teresa Denise Bilbrey `17
Christopher Richard Bilder `96
Kimberly Peschka Bilder `00
Bernadette Ruth Bilderback `70
John Roger Bilderback `72
Bertram Robert Biles `63
Larry Eugene Biles `74
Richard E Bills `63
James William Billups `72
Larry Paige Bilotta `62
Julie Ann Bilson `79
Brian K Bilyeu `83
Jeff D Bina `90
Phyllis Binford `54
William K Binford `54
Wendy Ann Bingesser `93
Aaron Christopher Bingham `11
Elinor Ann Bingham `62
Jennifer Lauren Bingham `15
Kimberly Ann Bingham `96
Garrett Eugene Binns `20
Valerie Jean Binns `16
Alea Nicole Bird `23
Alvin Dale Bird `63
Amber Sue Bird `91
Beth Wilson Bird `61
Christopher Ryan Bird `10
Daniel Miller Bird `62
Donna Marie Bird `55
Elizabeth Stephens Bird `08
Gregory John Bird `77
Jason Thomas Bird `23
Kimberly Baccus Bird `08
Larry Dean Bird `64
Lisa Telthorst Bird `79
Marshall Ray Bird `80
Marshall Richard Bird `89
Nancy Jane Bird
Thomas M Bird `85
Karissa Alexandra Birdsell `10
Melva Collins Birdwell `94
Bill D Birk `47
Jeffrey Phelps Birk `77
Laura Jane Birk `77
Jered Clinton Birkbeck `97
Mary Lou Birkbeck `64
Tony Raymond Birney `93
Dave A Bisagno `81
DeeAnn Bisagno `86
Dennis Dewayne Bisby `60
John David Bish `88
Denise L Bishop `76
Jillian Jalee Bishop `06
Russell Edward Bishop `73
Stacey Annette Bishop `92
Stephen R Bishop `09
Vicki Lynn Bishop `84
W Carol Bishop `58
David Lee Bisnette `81
Debra S Bisnette `86
Jeffrey A Bissey `91
Alberta Mae Bittel `71
Gary Glen Bitter `62
Cally Delane Bitterlin `08
Cody Alan Bitterlin `09
E Lane Bitterlin `81
Jared Ryan Bixby `01
Jennifer Susan Bixby `99
Rhonda Renee Bixby `89
Paul Bixel
Timothy Allen Bizoukas `06
Ashley R Bjorklund
Jon T Bjorklund
Erica Courtney Blaauw-Crowley `09
Aaron Douglas Black `96
Christine Renae Black `94
Christopher Todd Black `96
Eric James Black `92
Joanne Elizabeth Black `56
Kimberly Michelle Black `04
Maria Consigli Black `96
Mitzi Lea Black `92
Pamela Joan Black `89
Stanley Cash Black `85
Tyson Karl Blackburn `08
Hala Blackman
Rolando Antonio Blackman `81
Tamara Michelle Blackman `88
John H Blackwell `69
Nancy Jane Blackwell
Douglas K Blackwood `71
Clint Michael Blaes `08
John Edward Blaesi `77
LaVon Fae Blaesi `72
Gretchen M Blain `05
Mary Susan Blain `72
Heidi Lynn Blair `92
Paula Bee Blair `69
Robert Wayne Blair `96
Cheryl Leigh Blake `81
Janet Lynn Blake `70
Mary Reeder Blake `72
Shelly Anne Blake `02
Timothy Dale Blake `02
Tony Douglas Blake `83
Cameron L Blakely `81
Elizabeth C Blakely `72
Jimmie Lee Blakely `65
Eric Kent Blakeslee `12
Julie D Blakeslee `80
Karen Marie Blakeslee `86
Kent George Blakeslee `79
Kyle John Blakeslee `17
Mackenzie Sue Blakeslee `13
Judith Bauman Blalock `79
David Blanchard
Harry F Blanchard `54
Mary Elizabeth Blanchard `52
Joel Grimsley Bland `14
Shawna Mae Blanka `93
Mary Larson Blanke
John David Blanken `75
Robert Dayton Blanken `88
Edward Elmer Blankenhagen `74
Louise Ann Blankenhagen
Roxie Blankenhagen
Ada M Blankenship `61
John E Blankenship `71
Michael Clay Blankenship `92
Richard E Blankenship `66
Shirley Rose Blankenship `71
Beverly Blankinship
Paul H Blankinship `70
Sara May Blankley `97
Heather Mae Blanton `01
Jim Albert Blanton `72
Michele Blanton `75
Lorna Ann Blasche `05
Robert L Blaser `98
Sarah Lea Blaser `99
Bronson Richard Blasi `13
David Joseph Blasi `91
Joseph C Blasi `95
David Anthony Blasiar `90
Donna Joy Blaske `72
Michael James Blaske `72
Stephanie Ellen Blaufuss `95
Rita E Blauvelt `74
William A Blauvelt `69
Barbara A Blaylock `87
David Parker Bleakley `78
Sandra Kay Bleakley `78
Donald H Blecha `71
Keith Morey Blecha `71
Nancy Jo Blecha `70
Darrell Dean Bledsoe `71
Marilyn Jean Bledsoe `68
Steven Vogt Bleish `77
John C Blessing `02
Crystal Dawn Blin `07
Abby Sue Bliss `21
Arlene Amarita Bliss `69
Lindley T Bliss `96
Thomas Charles Bliss `70
Frederick H Blitz `69
Maryann Bliven
Nicholas Robert Bloedow `15
David A Blood `95
Paula Ansay Blood `95
Baylee Ann Bloom `22
Ellen Marie Bloom `64
Fred Lee Bloom `79
John Lester Bloom `61
Kathy R Bloom `80
Melissa Ann Bloom `90
Richard Ward Bloom `91
Shawn M Bloom `87
Shala Lynn Bloomberg `04
Richard J Bloomer `75
Cedric James Blough `97
Philip Barry Blount `73
Terri Lynne Blount `83
David J Bloyd
Sara Jane Blubaugh `55
Vernon Albert Bluhm `50
Harold Richard Blume `76
Paula L Blume
Theresa Irene Blundell `99
Benjamin Colston Blunt `13
Aaron George Blush `10
Michelle A Blush `10
Marie M Blythe `64
Annette Marie Boardman `85
Daniel Brian Boatright `86
Marci Diane Boatwright `87
Joseph Harry Bobek `05
Kristi A Bobek `06
Bert Richard Bock `72
Curtis Lyle Bock `74
Jean Ann Bock `72
Sharon Elaine Bock `71
Vernon Lee Bockover `62
Elizabeth Marie Bode `08
Rachel M Boden `99
Scott Leon Boden `99
Shane Michael Boden `97
Daniel Gene Bodenhamer `75
Mary Kathleen Bodenhamer `76
Richard Lynn Bodenhamer `91
Steve F Boeckman `88
Todd Alan Boehlke `97
Katy J Boehm `07
Audrey Lynn Boeken `16
Teresa Kay Boeken `92
Andrew W Boettcher `94
Barbara E Boettcher `62
Beth L Boettcher `91
Brett Charles Bogan `89
Aaron Matthew Bogart `01
Amy Christine Bogart `03
Julia Ruth Bogart `52
Kevin A Bogart `99
Kim R Bogart `97
Gaylon Duane Boger `86
Rhonda L Boger-Linder `84
Barbara J Boggs `03
Marcia Lou Boggs `69
Matthew F Boggs `04
Terry Kristan Boggs `69
Jacquelyn Elizabeth Bogstad `14
Cynthia Lynn Bogue `74
Gregory Ellis Bogue `91
Paul Hill Bohannon `74
David Lee Bohl `69
Susan Bohlen `83
Twigg Vinton Bohlen `82
Caroline Diane Bohling `12
Kevin Lee Bohling `12
Shelia Rae Bohlken Pilger `67
Bethany Bohn `79
Jacqueline K Bohn `76
Jerald Lee Bohn `72
Julie Denise Bohn `72
Rodney Phillip Bohn `79
Gerald John Bohnen `71
Mary Joan Bohnen `71
Brenda Diane Bohnenblust `84
Jay Kent Bohnenblust `84
Jay Robert Bohning `58
Jose Bohorquez `95
Casey Justin Bohr `04
Debora Kay Bohr `79
Jennifer Anne Bohr `03
Chad E Boisseau `00
Gail Ann Boisseau
Jenny L Boisseau `00
Justin L Boisseau `96
Melissa Mae Boisseau `97
Roger Ken Boisseau `75
Evelyn Bokelman
Marc Jon Bokelman `86
Lois Marie Bol `71
Michael A Boland
Julie A Bolander `96
Ira J Bolden `91
Willard K Boldenow `51
Madeline Rowene Bolding `11
Simon Ray Bolding `11
Larry Kevin Boldt `78
Frank Noel Bolduc `78
David Charles Boles `65
Diana M Boley `81
Judith Cowan Boley `64
Thomas Frank Boley `70
Margaret Ellen Bolick `96
Alex Christopher Bolin `14
Mark Louis Bolin `84
Megan Diane Bolin `16
Clayton Charles Bolinger `03
Melanie J Bolinger `01
Eric Laurent Bollier `80
Rene Philippe Bollier `80
Steven John Bollin `08
Allison Lea Bollinger `09
Brian Gerard Bollinger `09
Kevin Michael Bollinger `08
Lynn M Bollinger `59
Michael G Bollinger `77
Sarah Marie Bollinger `10
Nathan J Bolls `59
Nancy Fager Bolsen `81
Douglas John Bolt `61
Seth Alfred Bolte `94
Christopher Bolton
Larry Arthur Bolton `65
Marilyn O'Neil Bolton `65
Elizabeth Marie Bolz `09
Susan Bommersbach `64
Mary Harris Bonczkowski `75
Gregory William Bond `79
Jeffrey Dean Bond `99
Morgan Michelle Bonds `07
Brian Patrick Bondurant `06
Jeffrey Daniel Bone `76
Donald Ralph Bonewitz `75
Karen Ann Bonewitz `75
Dan Rocky Bonine `65
Jannette Sue Bonine `66
Sierra E Bonjour `11
Morgan S Bonnell
Timothy Kent Bonnell
Timothy Joe Bonner `78
Elizabeth Waite Bono `89
Muriel Jean Bonsall `75
Chad Allen Bontrager `03
Cindy Ann Bontrager `80
Paul Stuart Bony `79
Daniel Paul Booe `94
Kristen Nicole Boomer `21
L Gary Boomer `67
Mary G Boomer
Dorothy A Boone `60
Catherine I Boos `94
Julie M Boos `92
Steve P Boos `87
Daniel R Boose `84
Justin Alan Booth `03
Patricia J Booth `98
Raymond Garry Booth `59
Sharyl Lynne Booth `67
Steven R Booth `80
Thomas Benjamin Booth `74
Richard Mark Boranyak `72
Sharon Rae Boranyak `73
Jennifer Renee Borcherding `01
Caroline Beth Borchers `97
Misti Susan Borchers `03
Frederick George Borck `74
Lee Borck `70
Raquel Elizabeth Borck `16
Sherry E Borck
Steven C Borell `68
Danielle Lynette Borg `16
Hunter Allen Borg `16
Dwight B Borger `64
James Timothy Borger `66
Mark W Borgerding `95
Martha Kay Borhani `81
Rahim Borhani `74
Jamie Lea Boring `84
Paul Boring
Jennifer L Borkovich `87
Dennis Paul Borland `65
Mitch Milan Borota `69
Nancy G Borota
Laura L Borsdorf `71
Eugenio Jesus Bortone `82
Brandon Stallone Bortz `08
Kathryn Louise Bortz `76
Carol Ann Bosch `80
Jamison Frederick Bosch `09
Jill M Bosch `03
John F Bosch `78
Katherine Dalene Bosch `12
Kimberly D Bosch `10
Ryan William Bosch `02
Pat Joseph Bosco `71
Susan Ellen Bosco `76
Barbara Susan Bosley Jones `72
Henry Cole Boss `73
Jenna Lynn Boss `11
Kathryn Kay Boss `73
Armon Bosse
Austin Lee Bosse `10
Jamie A Bosse `04
Nadalie Sue Bosse `80
Rose Elizabeth Bosse `81
Weylan Joseph Bosse `03
Frank Alvonzo Bossi `59
John Warren Bossi `91
Julie D Bossi `97
Scott Alan Boster `77
Lisa Gerstner Boston `77
John S Bostwick `07
Alicia Lynn Boswell `06
Jeffrey Mark Boswell `10
Jean A Bosworth `76
Lynn S Botbyl `94
Richard E Botbyl
James William Bothner `85
Vera Lynn Bothner `87
Natalie Kay Bothwell `75
Jeffery Scott Bottenberg `92
John C Bottenberg `66
Megan Jo Bottenberg `03
Betty C Bottom `50
Alana Michelle Bouchard `20
Rheal Joseph Bouchard `76
Jay M Boucher `84
Robert Ainsworth Boucher `75
Keith Edward Bouchey `73
Jennifer L Bouckaert
Douglas Arthur Boudreau `92
Jennifer Leigh Boudreau `91
Kenton Wade Boughton `80
Katherine Elizabeth Boulanger `17
Darwin A Bouray
Suzann Faye Bouray `01
Malissa Suzann Bourbina `07
Rebecca Ann Bourland `75
Ron Bourland
Mary Annette Bourne `68
Anneke Taylor Bouska `22
Ronald D Bouska
Janet Louise Bova `70
Broden Alan Bowell `17
Kenneth Lee Bowell `78
Rory Adam Bowell `19
Kacey Lea Bowen `11
Katie M Bowen `98
Kenneth Dale Bowen `75
Kevin Russell Bowen `09
Michelle Marie Bowen `01
Richard Eli Bowen `61
Sharron Gail Bowen
Wesley D Bowen
Craig Bower
Sara Ann Bower `10
Sheree Lynn Bower `86
Thomas Leroy Bower `84
Glenn T Bowerman `74
George Alden Bowers `72
Jane Raymond Bowers `62
Jarrod Michael Bowers `04
Lindsay Jeanine Bowers `08
Gloria L Bowersox `75
Maurice Lee Bowersox `73
Leroy Max Bowery `49
Travis Jae Bowie `64
Jennifer Marie Bowles-Cavitt `86
Andrew John Bowman `11
Brent Alan Bowman `72
Brian E Bowman `94
Dennis Michael Bowman
Gary Henry Bowman `65
Judith S Bowman `94
Kerri Louise Bowman `93
Mark Steven Bowman `83
Norma L Bowman
Alisha M Bowser `11
Anne Elise Bowser `21
Barbara R Bowser `60
Cecelia Anne Bowser `82
Jarrod Michael Bowser `07
Lauren Jo Bowser `14
Marc Steven Bowser `12
Steven Marc Bowser `82
Zachary Lee Bowser `14
William Allan Bowsher `93
Aaron Patrick Bowyer `96
Christopher Michael Boxberger `12
Mark Alan Boxberger `83
Samantha Nicole Boxberger `15
Ann Marie Boyce `71
Larry Ray Boyce `70
Richard Earl Boyce `67
Barbara Jean Boyd `65
Cassandra L Boyd `06
Christopher E Boyd `08
Diane Boyd
Garland Henderson Boyd `77
Jefferson John Boyd `01
Jodi L Boyd `91
Karen Sue Boyd `73
Lavon Francis Boyd `68
Lawrence Alexander Boyd `86
Mary Beth Boyd `59
Merilu Boyd `78
Michael Adam Boyd `00
Michael Douglas Boyd `06
Robert L Boyd
Ryan Matthew Boyd `00
Thomas Melvin Boyd `90
Todd E Boyd
Victoria Anne Boyd-Kennedy `81
Hillary Jade Boye `03
Noel C Boye
Cassandra Lynne Boyer `08
Cheryl R Boyer
Jane Lynn Boyer `74
Kathryn Elyse Boyer `72
Luann Kay Boyer `68
Michael Joe Boyer `79
Russell Paul Boyer `12
Lisa Sue Boyer-Nicholson `82
Dennis Mark Boyle `75
Thomas Leigh Boyle `71
Debra Kay Boyles `80
Kristene M Boyles
Scott Britley Boyles `01
Cathryn Abigail Bozarth `23
Carole Grigsby Bozworth `71
Daniel L Brabec `82
Christopher Scott Bracelin `92
Jill S Bracelin
Rodney G Bracelin `66
Sondra S Bracelin `66
Grace Marie Brack `09
Jayce Trenton Brack `19
Justin J Brack `96
Kim Effie Brack `75
Les Lee Brack `76
Martin M Brack `09
Rachel Ann Brack `19
Randall Craig Brack `80
Timothy Arlo Brackbill `92
Ann Waylan Brackenridge `97
Betty Rae Bradbury `56
Clint Michael Bradbury `05
Dana Anne Bradbury `78
Laura L Bradbury `95
Dianne Lou Braddock `55
M Leigh Braddock `73
William H Braddock `57
Debra Jo Braden
Dennis L Braden
Gregory Gene Braden `76
Jerry Ray Braden `73
Joni L Braden
Sandra Denise Braden `80
Virginia Ward Braden `69
David Henry Bradford `95
Heather R Bradford `96
Joyce Dell Bradford `76
Kathryn Renee Bradford `87
Merl Robert Bradford `87
Amy Jo Bradley `83
Bev A Bradley `53
Brenda Lee Bradley `82
Christopher Thomas Bradley `15
Darcy L Bradley `98
J Caleb Bradley `01
Jamie D Bradley `97
John Scot Bradley `87
KayLonni Dawn Bradley `11
Kent Robert Bradley `88
Loretta Jody Bradley `71
Patricia C Bradley
Roger Allen Bradley `80
Susan Diane Bradley `75
Thomas Lee Bradley `68
Tonya D Bradley
William F Bradley `74
Andrew James Bradshaw `21
Kevin Joseph Bradshaw `88
Jeanne M Bradstreet `84
Janae Rachelle Brady `06
Janice E Brady `81
Lawrence L Brady `58
Lynda Weidner Brady `89
Michael Todd Brady `99
Patrick Shaun Brady `95
Sherry Evans Brady `76
Thomas J Brady `68
Leah Brittany Braet `08
S Taylor Braet `08
Karen Arnett Bragg `67
Thomas Braxton Bragg `71
Kelli Ann Brahler `82
Daniel Andrew Brakenhoff `09
Krista M Bramhall `18
F Robert Bramlage
Lawrence Bramlage `75
Marilyn Sue Bramlage `74
J Aaron Brammer `95
Stephanie Marie Branca `73
Cheryl Jean Brand `81
James Gerard Brand `82
Sally E Brandeberry `55
Linda Sue Brandenburg `71
Walter James Brandenburg
Larry Dale Brandhorst `74
Emily Irene Brandjord `06
Steven Andrew Brandjord `06
Belinda A Brandt `92
Douglas J Brandt `93
Gretchen M Brandt `66
Holly Richelle Brandt `95
Piper Noelle Brandt `20
Sue Ann Brandyberry `71
David Branham `86
Helen Louise Branham `59
Pamela Ann Branham `85
Bruce R Branson `66
Chance Alexander Branson `23
Keith Richard Branson `85
Natalie Claire Branson `24
Barry D Brant `96
Kristen Marie Brant `10
Linda Joan Brant `64
Richard Allen Brantingham `59
Jennifer Sue Brantley `12
Wayne D Brantley
Amy L Brassfield `97
Patricia M Brassfield `46
David Arlen Braswell `69
Courtney L Bratkiv `93
Walter Bratkiv `92
Robert Norman Brauch `79
Lorie Ann Braud `77
Bryan J Brauer `85
Jolene E Brauer `85
Debra Braun
James Stuart Braun `85
Jennifer L Braun `98
Lauren Katherine Braun `18
Marcel James Braun `18
Michael Thomas Braun `97
Steven Douglas Braun `83
Denise Braun Dommes `86
Bruce Allen Brecheisen `84
Lori Leann Brecheisen `85
John William Bredahl `75
Gage D Bredfeldt `09
Jillian M Bredfeldt `06
Bradley Allyn Breeden `76
Cheryl Disney Breeden `76
Everine Breeden `55
John Walter Breeden `84
Theresa Diane Breeden `83
Jacob Michael Breeding `97
Keri Marlean Breeding `98
Kale Devon Breer `07
Marlin Dee Breer `64
Gary Walter Breipohl `78
Sandra K Breipohl `80
Aaron Joseph Breitenbach `98
Joni Jeanette Breitenbach `93
Ted Michael Breitenstein `01
Clint Allen Breithaupt `95
Joseph Frederick Bremser `74
Janie Beth Bremyer `72
Jeffrey Williamson Bremyer `73
James Richard Breneman `64
Lawrence R Brenn `67
Sheryl Kay Brenn `66
Andrew Joseph Brennan `07
Greg F Brenneman `71
Tonya Marie Brenneman `75
B Richard Brenner
David Brenner
Dawn Ulrich Brenner `97
Leann Brenner `57
Mary Margaret Brenner `81
Willis F Brenner `57
Amy E Brent `05
Ben Earl Brent `59
Lanny Ross Brent `61
Mary Frances Brent `61
Matthew Powers Brent `97
Wayne Andrew Brent `62
Jack David Michael Bresser `19
Phillip G Bressler `90
Clay Eric Brethour `91
Jeanette Michele Brethour `90
Kristin Mae Brethour `91
Sylvia Gay Brethour `58
Thane Brethour
Ward Leslie Brethour
William Henry Brethour `66
Thomas Harry Brettschneider `63
Amy J Brewer `91
Charles A Brewer
Dana Brewer `74
Deborah K Brewer `73
Gina Denise Brewer `83
Gregory L Brewer `75
Jacqueline Ann Brewer `79
James Matthew Brewer `81
Kimberly Dawn Brewer `83
Roger Benjamin Brewer `65
Ryan Daniel Brewer `08
Steven Robert Brewer `78
Tad W Brewer `95
Tina Rene Brewer `89
Caleb Joseph Brezina `22
Debra I Briant `96
Jay Dean Brichacek `80
Craig M Brickey
Rachael A Brickey `06
Bronwyn Elizabeth Bridge `06
Connor Michael Bridge `12
Michael Lee Bridge `77
Sally Neill Bridge `75
Seth Thomas Bridge `05
Tyler Scott Bridgeman `06
Alison R Bridges `01
Jason Todd Bridges `00
Belinda Jean Marie Bridgewater `08
Margaret Anita Bridgwater `81
Carolyn Elizabeth Bridwell `92
John Dewey Bridwell `65
Phyllis C Bridwell `64
ArNell D Briel `70
Jonathan Edwin Briel `72
Todd James Briggeman `99
Arlen L Briggs `85
Charleene K Briggs `64
Ilene M Briggs
Julia Lyn Briggs `07
Michelle I Briggs `86
Pamela Kay Briggs `67
Parry Jacob Briggs `05
Robert Allen Briggs `69
Russell Briggs
Teri Renee Briggs `01
Daniel S Bright `90
Donna Marie Bright `56
Joyce Ann Bright `87
Paul Hugh Bright `90
Sonja Jean Brigman `66
Mary Carolyn Briles `90
Scott Douglas Briles `84
Darcy Edward Brillhart `01
Melissa M Brillhart `03
Taj Alexandria Brimmer `17
Michael James Briney `88
Emily N Brink `96
Jarvis R Brink `64
Nancy Shaffer Brink `65
Ross Duane Brinker `92
Susan M Brinker `92
Adam Wayne Brinkley `05
H Eugene Brinkman `53
Samuel Otis Brinton `11
Roger M Brislawn `53
Brady Marguerite Britton `16
John Andrew Britton `62
Logan Levi Britton `15
Ruth Elaine Britton `62
Michelle Rae Broadwater `00
Bradley Wilbur Broady `63
Lora Brobst
W Andrew Broce `90
Carolyn Louise Brock `65
Carolyn Kay Brock `84
Cheryl T Brock `94
Nancy Lynn Brock `75
Travis J Brock `94
Tyler Matthew Brock `97
Charles C Brockett `60
Anne Krauss Brockhoff `90
Jeffrey Albert Brockhoff `85
Wallace Eugene Brockhoff `88
Barbara E Brockman `60
Tirsten Joy Brockmeier `03
Margaret Ellen Brockson `91
Michael David Brockway `92
Melissa Dawn Brodbeck `82
A Dwayne Broddle `60
Joclyn Lee Brodhagen `03
Barry Michael Broeckelman `02
Kasie Dawn Broeckelman `03
Mary Jeannette Broeckelman `70
Robert Joseph Broeckelman `70
Jennifer B Broersma-Neujahr `98
Cole Matthew Brokenicky `08
Janie Jo Brokenicky `07
Karen Gay Brokenicky
Michelle L Brokes `97
Edwin Lee Brokesh `83
Lonna Dea Brokesh `83
Charles R Broman `56
Barbara Hattendorf Brond `84
Patricia Ann Brooke-Fruendt `94
F Ty Brookover `00
Nye S Brookover
Patricia Brookover `64
Robert Jeptha Brookover `51
Adam Charles Brooks `05
Allison Christine Brooks `08
Amy J Brooks `91
Barbara Lynn Brooks `82
Barry Duane Brooks `73
Christina F Brooks `80
Darren Shawn Brooks `01
David Thurman Brooks `80
Erin S Brooks `99
Hildie Erickson Brooks `89
Jeri Ann Brooks `80
Kenneth R Brooks
Krista K Brooks `91
Linda Louise Brooks `71
Matthew Lewis Brooks `91
Rachelle Dawn Brooks
Russell Lee Brooks `96
Shane D Brooks `89
Tatum L Brooks `97
Tiffany Brooks
William Henry Brooks `71
William Wesley Brookshire `65
Blake Allan Brosa `09
Jeffrey D Brose `86
Lisa May Brose `86
Karen Elizabeth Brosius `73
Melissa D Brossard `00
Nancy A Brosted `75
Kathy L Brothers
Derrick Michael Brouhard `03
Jennifer L Brouhard `03
David L Browder `70
Dorothy P Browder `64
Deborah Sue Brower `73
Aaron Alexander Brown `74
Amy Michelle Brown `04
Angela D Brown `88
Anita J Brown `84
Annette M Brown `79
Ashley A Brown `07
Benjamin Patrick Brown `15
Bonnie Fay Brown `75
Bradley Vincent Brown `79
Brecken Anne Brown `17
Brian T Brown `79
Bruce Allan Brown `91
Cari Lynn Brown `04
Carl Alan Brown `94
Carol Ann Brown `60
Cherie Annette Brown `74
Cheryl Ann Brown `66
Constance S Brown `86
Dana Lynn Brown `70
Daniel Kay Brown `79
Darla D Brown `84
Daron Jay Brown `88
David Alan Brown `74
David Glenn Brown `78
David Eugene Brown `73
Deborah J Brown `88
Dixie Lee Brown `58
Doyle Bartos Brown `60
Eric Alan Brown `92
G Patrick Brown `73
Gene Brown `70
Ginger L Brown
Glenn E Brown `85
Gregory Phillip Brown `91
Jack Larry Brown `72
Jaliyah Drenise Brown `17
James Lewis Brown `67
Janet Rae Brown `53
Jo Ann Brown `72
John Charles Brown `71
Joseph Thomas Brown `06
Joseph Edward Brown `07
Joyce L Brown `52
Justin Ross Brown `22
Kathleen Keating Brown `72
Kay S Brown
Kay Tacha Brown `60
Ken Eugene Brown `86
Kent J Brown
Kurt D Brown `87
Leslie K Brown `85
Leslie A Brown `83
Linda Louise Brown `75
Linda Elaine Brown `72
Linda S Brown
Lisa M Brown `87
Marilyn K Brown `72
Mark Eugene Brown `89
Mark Lee Brown `82
Marlene K Brown `67
Mary M Brown `96
Merle Fred Brown `76
Merwin Leroy Brown `66
Michael Dean Brown `80
Michael W Brown `88
Michael E Brown `82
Michelle Lynn Brown `23
Monica Jill Miller Brown `07
Nancy Evelyn Brown `64
Nino Marie Brown
Pamela Kukuk Brown `80
Pamela A Brown `83
Patrick J Brown `82
Patty Brown
Phillip Woodrow Brown `76
Rachel K Brown `04
Richard Elmore Brown `54
Richard Russell Brown `91
Robert Thomas Brown `04
Robert Charles Brown `75
Robert M Brown `54
Robert Frederick Brown `70
Robyn Lynn Brown `74
Roderick Ray Brown `67
Rodney William Brown `71
Ronald E Brown `82
Ronald Lee Brown `76
Ronda Elaine Brown `93
Sandra Ann Brown `72
Scott Edward Brown `94
Sharon Ruth Brown `66
Sheila Anne Brown `70
Shelli Lyn Brown `89
Sondra Elaine Brown `93
Stacey Lyn Brown `98
Stephen Glenn Brown `06
Steven James Brown `86
Susan Louise Brown `74
Terrance W Brown `70
Valerie Ann Brown `96
Vaughn Brown `65
Whitney Lynn Brown `06
Wilbur Richard Brown `54
William Lee Brown `71
William Russell Brown `74
William Allen Brown `76
Teresa June Brown-Bruch `84
Andrew Paul Brownback `10
Mary S Brownback
Samuel Dale Brownback `79
Anne E Browne
Charles Raymond Browne `82
Cynthia Jane Browne `76
J Charles Browne
Norma Wurster Browne `51
Dale Edward Brownlee `68
Denise Ann Brownlee `77
Douglas David Brownlee `77
Elizabeth Ann Brownlee `76
James William Brownlee `76
Karin Sue Brownlee `77
Janet L Brubaker `74
Ronald D Brubaker `93
S Corey Brubaker `79
Tina Marie Brubaker `79
McKayla Ann Brubaker-Nichols `15
Charles Bruce `73
Dara Ann Bruce `72
Kristen Mary Bruce `03
Robert Evan Bruce `50
Sheena S Bruce `93
Terry Lyle Bruce `59
Gregory B Bruggeman `82
Gerald Duane Brull `92
Rob Anthony Brull `94
Sharilyn Dee Brull `88
Delton Leslie Brun `93
Cameron Keith Bruna `07
Gregory Ryan Bruna `99
Kimberly Dawn Bruna `98
Roy Edward Bruna `71
Sarah M Brundage `88
Carol Lyon Brune `83
Mary Jane Bruner `60
Christie Jan Brungardt `09
Curtis Leroy Brungardt `97
Daniel F Brungardt `93
Kervin John Brungardt `77
Richard Brungardt `76
Samuel John Brungardt `67
Val H Brungardt `53
Heather Jean Bruning `13
Reiss L Bruning `13
Jesse Wayne Brunk `99
Joseph Oral Brunk `75
Bradley Dean Brunkow `81
Eric Daniel Brunkow `11
Susan D Brunkow `81
Jeffrey Todd Brunner `85
Joann Brunner
John Michael Brunner `87
Tracy Lynn Brunner `78
Yvonne Delores Brunner `90
Charyne Bruns
David Arlen Bruns `67
Gregory Littleton Bruns `88
Kyle Aaron Bruns `96
Michelle R Bruns
Roger A Bruns
Jane Elizabeth Brunt `80
Allison K Bruntz
Jonathan Lee Bruntz `00
Avis Marion Bruster `56
David D Bryan `60
Frederick M Bryan `70
Jacklyn D Bryan `62
Margaret Anne Bryan `76
Rick D Bryan `83
Robert Waldo Bryan `71
Zina Bryan
Rebecca B Bryan-Smith `94
Blake Matthew Bryant `05
Bob Bryant
Curtis Allen Bryant `12
Darrel Wayne Bryant `72
Julie A Bryant `88
Kate Elizabeth Bryant `11
Keith Eugene Bryant `05
Kevin Russell Bryant `08
Lindsay K Bryant `08
Marcus L Bryant `03
Mary Carol Bryant `71
Michael David Bryant `01
Nicole Harris Bryant `01
Randy J Bryant
Tammy M Bryant `01
Travis James Bryant `07
William Mack Bryant `68
William P Bryant `65
Terri Lea Bryant-Cain `84
Diana Marie Bryon `76
Kyle Anthony Bryson `81
Deborah G Brzezinski `82
Robert Eugene Buchan `68
Charlotte Ann Buchanan `92
Claudia J Buchanan `65
J Michael Buchanan `91
Natacha Shanda Buchanan `02
Quentin Maurice Buchanan `04
Kenneth Dene Buchele `67
Phyllis J Buchele `77
John B Buchheister `71
Marilyn S Buchheister `75
Barry Buchinski `79
Ellen Bucholtz
Barbara Jean Buck `77
Greg A Buck `87
Janell Dawn Buck `96
Kay Buck
Susan Leigh Buck `81
William Day Buck `82
Albert W Buckbee `63
Judith E Buckbee `65
Tracy Jean Buckendorf `02
Brandi Lee Buckley `06
Grace Marie Buckley `73
Steven Andrew Buckley `05
Sharon Rae Buckner `67
Amanda Kate Buckwalter `20
Matthew Allen Buckwalter `17
Patricia Jane Buckwell `66
Casper P Bucl `98
Lindsay D Bucl `01
Lucas James Bucl `03
Emily Anne Budden `15
Frederick Richard Budden `74
Theodore Andrew Budden `11
Jama M Budke `03
Scott Dennis Budreau `82
Bretton Stephens Buehler `10
Darcy Delome Buehler `73
Jason B Buehler `01
Mindy Anne Buehler `02
Wayne Keith Buehler `71
Robert Alan Buel `71
Lawrence Theodore Buening `72
Kent Douglas Buer `85
Andy William Buessing `97
Melissa A Buessing `05
Patricia A Buessing `94
Carol Ann Buetzer `72
Eric Buetzer `72
Kraig Lamont Buffington `06
Memory Dee Buffington `03
Dean Robert Bugner `81
Douglas Dwayne Bugner `80
Forrest Arnold Buhler
Mary Ann Buhler `70
Stephanie Gail Buhrer `76
Wayne Edward Buhrer `75
Casey L Bulen `12
Homer Auddie Bullard `58
Ann Louise Buller `69
Philip W Bullinger `87
Shirley E Bullinger `87
Breanne N Bullock `04
Chad Alan Bullock `04
Frances W Bullock
Helen Dexter Bullock `59
Marilyn N Bullock
Patricia Bullock `77
Paul E Bullock
Robert Alan Bullock `75
Van Keith Bullock `69
Warner J Bullock `62
Warren Gene Bullock `56
Jeffrey C Bullok `98
Lynne Vivien Bunch `58
Megan Mardel Bunck `06
Jennifer K F Bundy-Jones `09
Jo Anne Bunk `59
John Edward Bunk `59
Kyle William Bunker `15
Marci Elizabeth Bunn `14
Dena Marie Bunnel `10
Eric Dean Bunnel `08
Kristin April Bunnel `08
Randall Duane Bunnel `77
Marilyn L Bunyan `58
William K Bunyan `58
Doreen C Burbank `56
Andrew Lee Burch `10
Julie Ellabeth Burch `73
Alexander Ryan Burden `10
Kathryn Kelly Burden `04
Charles Leroy Burdett `84
Kimberly Ann Burdett `84
Lisa Marie Burdett `84
Michael Paul Burdett `88
William W Burdett `71
Brent Alan Burdge `79
Lanny Gay Burdge `61
Paul William Burdick `99
Rebecca S Burdick `99
George Frank Burditt `40
Melvin Lee Burdorf `58
Kevin Ryan Burenheide `95
Katherine Elizabeth Burenheide Foster
Randall Lynn Bures `83
Julie A Burg `84
Misha Danielle Burgardt `15
Susan Ann Burgardt `77
Thomas J Burgardt
Arianne Burger `97
Carol Ann Burgess `61
George David Burgess `60
Jan Patrick Burgess `90
Jeffrey Alan Burgess `90
Lisa C Burgess `85
Michael B Burgess `98
Rhonda G Burgess `88
Sheila K Burgess `90
Barbara Burgett
Brian David Burgett `03
Cammie Jonelle Burgett `01
Chester W Burgett
Pamela Sue Burgett `89
Scott Michael Burgett `89
Roberta A Burghart `84
Steven Joseph Burghart `85
Gary Stafford Burgin `66
Daniel John Burk `75
Sarah C Burk `80
Wesley Howard Burk `75
Anna K Burke
Bruce Edward Burke `70
Cindi Ashby Burke `08
Daniel Zachary Burke `08
Datha Burke `55
Edward Joseph Burke `76
Elizabeth Anne Burke `82
Gary G Burke
Katherine L Burke `58
Kristin Marie Burke `14
Leigh Lauren Burke `05
Louise Burke
Marny Elizabeth Burke `98
Tracie D Burke `88
Zane Mark Burke `88
Dennis Samuel Burket `16
Linda Marie Burket `69
Bradley Thomas Burkett `80
Christopher Michael Burkhardt `73
Karen Sue Burkhart `81
Mark Burkhart `79
Tara Marie Burkhart `10
Brice Elton Burlie `97
Kristin Cranmer Burling `87
Walter Charles Burling `95
Jon Weston Burlingham `78
Rebecca L Burnau `02
Brooklyn Kate Burnett `20
Cynthia J Burnett `73
Cynthia Lu Burnett `87
Donna Joleen Burnett `78
Gary Donald Burnett `70
Jason Robert Burnett `96
Nichole Kay Burnett `97
Roberta L Burnett `62
Scott Burnett `73
Stephen Grover Burnett `73
Sarah A Burnham `94
Dylan G Burns `90
Jane M Burns `57
LeAnn J Burns
Michael Owen Burns `06
Philip Mark Burns `72
Richard Wayne Burns `99
Shawn William Burns `81
Cole Matthew Burnside `17
Laura Frances Burnside `70
Andrea E Burnum `06
Dallas Meredith Burnum `06
Virginia Ann Burr `67
Christopher Adam Floyd Burrell `23
Elizabeth Roberts Burress `23
Mary Elizabeth Burrichter `73
Amanda Jo Burris `16
Andrew Bradley Burris `04
James Leonard Burris `55
Eva Maria Burroughs
Timothy Joe Burroughs `91
Joel MacFarland Burrow `75
Mary Beth Burshtein `02
Dennis Evert Burson `79
Maureen H Burson `75
Stacy C Burson `98
Keith Duane Burt `61
Christopher Brian Burtin `86
Susan Kay Burtin
Helen E Burtis `80
Trudy E Burtis `86
G Karen Burtis-Butler `57
Charles Leon Burton `63
Connie Lee Burton `66
Damon Dee Burton `71
Darcy Nicole Burton `13
Douglas Charles Burton `89
Dustin Ray Anthony Burton `02
Gary Hugh Burton `66
Jan Harder Burton `77
Joan Kay Burton `77
Julie Ann Burton `04
Kenneth Roy Burton `81
Linda Kay Burton `63
Meaghan R Burton `02
Michael James Burton `94
Patrick Alan Burton `71
Patrick Burton `81
Scott Duane Burton `04
John Olaf Burwell `77
Robert John Bury `67
Cary T Busby `95
Jeremy Todd Busby `95
W Darrell Busby `71
Charles H Busch
Connie Jo Busch `84
Cheryl Lynne Buseman `76
Christen Marie Buseman `05
Douglas Lowell Buseman `02
Jennifer Lynne Buseman `08
Lyndsey Buseman
Randolph Eugene Buseman `77
Rebecca Ashley Buseman `16
Rebecca Susanne Busenbark `95
Richard John Busenbark `76
William T Busenbark `06
Joe T Buser
Marta A Buser
Phillip Eugene Buser `00
William Dwight Buser `77
Anthony William Bush `96
Barbara Martens Bush `69
Carol J Bush `83
Janet M Bush `51
Jill M Bush `04
Larry Lee Bush `85
Melody Annette Bush `84
Mickenzie Michelle Bush `09
Joanna L Bushnell `95
Dale Wayne Bushyhead `91
Allan Charles Buss `67
Nathan Eric Buss `21
Robin R Buss `94
Steven Eric Buss `93
Thane Justin Buss `03
Warren Buss `72
Benjamin Jacob Bussard `05
Katherine Grace Bussard `08
Jerry Dean Busselman `95
Karen Marie Busselman `88
Greg H Bussing `86
Russell L Bussman `69
Alan James Buster `72
Kent Morris Buster `64
Pamela K Buster `71
Sally Lou Buster `80
Anthony Charles Butel `73
Jane F Butel `59
Brandi Michele Butler `99
Brian Lee Butler `91
C Michael Butler `69
Clair Edward Butler `55
Connie Jean Butler `73
Frank Eugene Butler `57
Gerald Broaddus Butler `90
Hugh Daniel Butler `79
Joseph James Butler `86
Linda Elaine Butler `69
Mary Ann Butler
Melissa Dawn Butler `00
Michelle Marie Butler `95
Rhett Michael Butler `95
Sheri L Butler `79
Sherry L Butler
William Oliver Butler `72
William Edward Butler `93
Winfried W P Butler `80
Anthony A Butterfield `86
Austin Charles Butterfield `17
Bradley Charles Butterfield `81
Lisa Christine Butterfield `86
Lori Ann Butterfield `81
Carl Bojason Butters `94
Daniel Jack Button `78
Heather Lynn Button `85
John Compton Button `86
Amy Button Renz `76
Sonja Kay Buttron `63
Deborah Ann Butts `70
Jason Todd Butts `95
Kevin James Buum `05
Meghan Marie Buum `06
Karen Kay Buyle `13
Kristy Line Buyle `89
Mark Patrick Buyle `88
Raymond J Buyle `84
R Bart Byard `93
Stephanie A Byard `93
Colby Phillip Byarlay
Sarah Kathryn Byarlay `15
Holly Noel Bycroft `13
Jonathan George Bycroft `19
Betty J Byer `60
Rex Dean Byer `91
Roger Scott Byer `92
Jamie Byerly
John Enoch Byerly `99
Norman Preston Byers `68
Pamela Jo Byers `76
Brian T Byrne `93
Joanne Carol Byrns `96
Ronald V Byron
James J Byrum
Kent David Cable `86
Amy Irene Cady `92
Cassandra L Cafferty `88
Danny Michael Cafferty `72
Daryl R Cafferty `88
Frank L Caffrey `70
Grant Michael Caffrey `09
Jean B Creson Caffrey `81
Sharon G Caffrey `70
Leonhard Ray Caflisch `77
Donna J Cahill `86
Henry Lawrence Cahill `21
Lawrence Francis Cahill `22
Alyssa Beth Cahoj `06
Joan Burk Cahoj `09
Nicholas W Cahoj `07
Cynthia Higgins Cain `74
Dana Marie Cain `89
Karen Sue Cain `81
Lyle James Cain `80
Mary Louise Cain `75
Richard Leon Cain `89
Vance K Cain
Wendy E Cain `90
Ann Louise Caine `79
Homer Dodge Caine
Christopher Page Calcara `08
Vanessa Kathleen Calcara `07
Kristi Renee Calder `87
Pule C Calderon `90
Aaron Craig Calderwood `08
Craig Robert Calderwood
Linda Ann Calderwood `82
Alec Todd Caldwell `90
Barry Elton Caldwell `76
Glenn A Caldwell `70
Helen F Caldwell `60
Jeffry Alan Caldwell `01
Jeremy Glenn Caldwell `99
Jodi J Caldwell `93
Joseph John Caldwell
Nan Dee Caldwell `00
Paula K Caldwell `91
Randy G Caldwell
Richard Thomas Caldwell `73
Stephanie L Caldwell `01
Terry D Caldwell
Blake Richard Calhoun `06
Sue Chisholm Calhoun `76
Jeffrey Edward Call
Danny Paul Callahan `02
James Michael Callahan `04
Rebecca Sue Callahan `84
Michele Alice Callejo `00
Daniel John Calligan `99
Carla Maureen Calvert `82
Clayton Lee Camblin `87
Jason Paul Camblin `00
Lacy Jeannene Camerer `15
Matthew Jerome Camerer `14
Alexis Jaid Camerlinck `19
Bryan Robert Camerlinck `89
John Robert Cameron `72
Jolene Faye Cameron
Michael John Cameron `92
Walton R Campanella
Alan Baker Campbell `60
Alice Lynette Campbell `69
Allison D Campbell `09
Ashley Elaine Campbell `09
Brian Reed Campbell `10
Carol Joan Campbell `76
Charles Thomas Campbell `65
Cheryl Dunshee Campbell
Cody G Campbell `16
Cody Blake Campbell `15
Crystal L Campbell `01
Darci M Campbell `82
David Andrew Campbell `85
Debora Louk Campbell `77
Deborah L Campbell `86
Jacob Allen Campbell `12
Jody Merritt Campbell `90
John R Campbell `77
Justin Mark Campbell `03
Karen Lee Campbell `80
Kyle Andrew Campbell `96
Larry G Campbell `66
Lorrie D Campbell `87
Marc Alan Campbell `74
Marilyn A Campbell
Mary Ellen Campbell `86
Michael Wayne Campbell `75
Murray John Campbell `00
Patricia D Campbell `60
Paul Dean Campbell `85
Randy Leon Campbell `80
Reed B Campbell `82
Richard W Campbell `70
Sarah Elizabeth Campbell `09
Sondra Campbell
Stacy Diane Campbell `92
Virginia Anne Campbell `75
William Richard Campbell `78
Cody Allan Campfield `12
Kayley E Campfield `11
Marlene Lucero Campos-Guerrero `19
Claire Nicole Canaan `09
Marylyn J Canfield `52
Nichole Renee Cann `00
Chris S Cannizzo `94
Joan Minneman Cannon `83
Paul W Cannon
April Marie Caplinger `05
Gary Lynn Caplinger `69
Robert Marshall Caplinger `03
Stephen William Caplinger `74
Minisa Diann Capozzoli `04
Christine Elizabeth Capp `10
Stephanie Jo Cappiello `86
David W Cappleman `75
Kris A Cappo `88
Charles John Capps `52
Kenneth Merle Capron `65
Chris Patrick Carathers `08
Michael D Card `67
Darrell Lee Cardell `71
Staci R Cardenas `98
Douglas Glenn Carder `94
Francisco Roberto Cardoza `20
Charles E Cardwell `67
Elisa Cardwell Gawith `09
Leanne M Caret `88
Calvin Merton Carey `77
Craighton Michael Carey `13
Diana R Carey `92
Karen Cunningham Carinder `83
William Henry Carinder `78
James Gilbert Carl `67
Carla Lou Carleton `77
Shelley Lynne Carley `78
Edward Lee Carlgren `74
Erick F Carlgren `63
Katie L Carlgren `05
Randy Kent Carlgren `86
Robert C Carlgren `67
Tami M Carlgren `87
David Carlin `84
Jerry Fay Carlin `70
John William Carlin `62
Kathy Mary Carlin `80
Lynn Lady Carlin
Sydney Lynn Carlin `00
Tom Carlin `72
Brian Gary Carlson `01
Casey L Carlson `97
Diana Gail Carlson `65
Donald E Carlson `94
Eric David Carlson `99
Jack Edward Carlson `93
James Matthew Carlson
Janet Sue Carlson `84
Jennifer Jo Carlson
Jon Scott Carlson `83
Jon Donavon Carlson `84
Kathy Ann Carlson `84
Kent Charles Carlson `71
Kleila Elizabeth Carlson `81
Larry Carl Carlson `69
Lois O'Malley Carlson `83
Marcia Ann Carlson `85
Mark David Carlson `77
Patricia L Carlson `67
Randall R Carlson `81
Scott Bruce Carlson `10
Shannon E Carlson
Susan Sageser Carlson `77
Vincent L Carlson `68
Wanda Lee Carlson `97
Wendy R Carlson
Margaret Sughrue Carlson Citron `65
Kyle Reece Carlyle `09
Lauren Ashley Carlyle `09
Angela Michelle Carmichael `93
Craig L Carmichael `69
Lee A Carmichael `95
Lora Nichole Carmichael `03
Kelly Diane Carmody `01
Raegan L Carmona `94
Roberto Domingo Carmona `94
Ann Louise Carnahan `79
David Herbert Carnahan `74
Kathleen L Carnahan `98
Paul Bossler Carnahan `12
Shirley F Carnahan `57
Brent E Carney `89
Glen Richard Carnrick `72
Sara Elizabeth Carnrick `74
Barbara Ann Carpenter `86
Danny Ray Carpenter `68
Frank E Carpenter `71
James H Carpenter `60
Janis Lynette Carpenter
Joseph Daniel Carpenter `87
Kevin Arlen Carpenter `85
Mary Kay Carpenter `75
Matthew Bryan Carpenter `01
Nikki Dee Carpenter `84
William Robert Carpenter `75
Cheng Ren Carr `14
Joanne Kohl Carr `70
John Joseph Carr `70
Keith Lyle Carr `75
Steve Delmar Carr `72
Jeffrey Brian Carra `82
Joanna Lee Carra `82
Donald Keith Carrel `73
Anthony Patrick Carreno `91
Leah Michelle Carreno `08
Travis Anthony Carreno `08
Tom P Carrico `62
Virginia Gail Carrington `78
Carolyn A Carroll `90
Doris Wright Carroll `74
James Carroll `70
Alex Detroit Carson `09
Andrew William Carson `96
Bobbi Sue Carson `85
Elaine Irene Carson `00
George Arthur Carson `61
John Francis Carson `64
Tobias Joseph Carson `98
Vance L Carson `53
William D Carson
Amy L Carter `98
Anthony Lamar Carter `08
Cynthia R Carter `94
Darren Duane Carter `95
Daryl Lynn Carter `74
David Alan Carter `01
Deborah J Carter `81
Gerald Ryan Carter `76
Gretchen Van Sant Carter `71
Jesse Ward Carter `98
Larry Dale Carter `75
Mary J Carter `88
Mary Suzanne Carter `79
Matthew Lee Carter `94
Megan E Carter `99
Randie Lane Carter `74
Richard Herl Carter `77
Sonya E Carter `89
Wendy Marie Carter `93
William Duffy Carter `95
Sandra Rae Cartmill `73
Bradley Robert Carver `86
Gwendolyn Dee Carver `83
Shelley Carver `12
Patricia Warren Cary `51
Ronda Jo Cary `87
William G Cary `87
Arrow Washington Caryl `07
Stephanie Marie Caryl `06
Paul Stoughton Casady `79
Shelly Leann Casady `78
Titus A Casazza `69
Christy M Case `94
R Braddock Case `75
Richard A Case `67
Roland William Case `71
Kent Allen Casey `77
Melvin Lee Casey `51
William Patrick Casey `89
Trisha J Cash
E Joyce Cashman `54
Connie J Casper `89
David Eric Casper `88
Jeffrey Keas Casper `76
Kay Casper
Kathryn Cassel `90
R Joanne Cassetta `57
John Robert Cassida `89
Rita J Cassida `91
Jerry L Cassidy `65
Laurie R Cassidy `06
Robert Cassidy
Laurie Lynn Castellanos `86
Paul Wayne Caster `74
Linda J Casterline
Sandra Lee Castetter `75
Connor Michael Castor `16
L Mitchell Castor `85
Jolee Renee Catalano
A Joseph Catanzaro `94
James Odis Cate `90
Richard Leslie Cate `79
John Martin Cater `79
Julie A Cates `97
Larry Kirk Cates `77
Robyn M Cathcart `00
Allison Sydney Cather `18
Jeffrey Cather `14
Beverly J Catherman `65
Jay Robert Catherman `95
Gary Len Catlin `75
Lenita Beth Catlin `77
Mary Jane Catlin
Maurice Allen Catlin `76
Rebecca Marie Catlin
Bradford E Catt `76
Bryan Allan Catterson `02
Mark L Catterson
Suzanne E Catterson
Sandra Caudill
Mlle Anne Caudle `93
Neil Eddie Caudle `92
Richard Nevins Caughron `76
Annette Marie Cavanaugh `77
Beth Ann Cavanaugh `80
Michael Thomas Cavanaugh `83
Stephen W Cavanaugh
Timothy A Cavlovic `75
Dawn Renee Cavnar `95
Jay Michael Cavnar `96
Brad William Caywood `02
Janell Nadine Caywood `03
Vicki Caywood
Michael Lee Cearley `86
Robert Alan Cebula `62
Marie R Cecil `83
Mary Bliss Cella `64
George A Centrella `68
Jennifer L Cerda `92
Michelle Dawn Cerne `94
Jolene Kae Cervantes `71
Allen Anton Cesafsky `67
Jared Bryant Chace `19
Jason Ryan Chace `98
Keely M Chace `97
Bradley L Chadwell `84
Kimberly Jo Chadwell `86
Lyle Howard Chadwell `66
Mary Elizabeth Chadwell `67
Leroy Dale Chadwick `70
Timothy Lane Chadwick `90
Marsha Rae Chaffee `76
Paul David Chaffee `75
Charles Thomas Chaffin `85
Cheryl A Chaffin `82
Kerry L Chaffin `87
Verona J K Chaffin `82
Robert A Chalender `88
Mark Alan Chalfant `86
Tammy Chalfant `96
Patrick G Chalmers `70
Brenda K Chamberlain `02
Chad Clayton Chamberlain `93
Mark Allen Chamberlain `03
Nikki M Chamberlain `03
Zachary K Chamberlain `04
Craig Eugene Chamberlin `73
Dalton James Chamberlin `19
Debra Jean Chamberlin `90
Lauren Elizabeth Chamberlin `21
William Brent Chamberlin `90
Curtis Neale Chambers `78
Delores Heisserer Chambers `92
Dennis Roy Chambers `67
Edgar Chambers `79
Kimberly Jayne Chambers `79
Kimberly Stucky Chambers `90
Lenore Kay Chambers `67
Mark D Chambers `85
Gordon Alan Chambliss `75
H Dave Chambliss `77
Jill L Champley `83
Amy Jolly Champlin `97
Bruce Conrad Champlin `60
Curtis George Champlin `87
Robert Dean Champlin `83
Ping Yuk Chan `00
Wai Ling Amy Chan `97
April Ann Chancellor `05
C Jerome Chandler `78
Charles Q Chandler `75
Jackie A Chandler
John Andrew Chandler `84
Karen A Chandler `75
Larry H Chandler `85
Laurie R Chandler `82
Lois G Chandler `52
Marla Jean Chandler `75
Merri T Chandler
Nancy Janes Chandler `62
Robert Chandler `82
Martha Jean Chandley `72
James R Chaney `97
Mary Sandra Chaney `61
Richelle K Chaney `10
Betty J Chang
Shih-Chi Chang `58
Van Chang `66
Cathy C Chao `73
Chris C Chapman `70
Duane Eldon Chapman `49
Elizabeth Ruby Chapman `24
Floann Elizabeth Chapman `80
Heather L Chapman `96
JoAnne Chapman `69
Lindsay A Chapman `02
Marissa Marie Chapman `15
Melissa Jeanne Chapman `08
Penny Renee Chapman `85
Alonzo Chappell `63
Craig W H Chappell `62
Jean Daily Chappell `73
Sara Jane Chappell `62
Cheryl A Charles `78
Hayes Evans Charles `09
Larry K Charles `77
Amy C Chartier `99
Douglas Gene Chartier `93
John Michael Chartier `00
Chad Edward Chase `00
Kay E Chase `59
Segen Smith Chase `00
John Charles Chatelain `72
Bradley Chatfield
Elton L Chatfield `58
Pamela Chatfield
Betty Chatham `57
Hector Santiago Chavarria-Lanza `88
Cheryl A Chavez `87
Monty Michel Chayer `93
James E Cheatham `69
Brandon Jamaal Cheeks `17
David F Chelesnik `62
Theophilus Chellappa `57
Steven Eric Chellgren `78
Karen Lee Cheney `74
Sheng-San Cheng `80
Doris Chenoweth `50
F Clay Chenoweth `86
Marcia Jean Chenoweth `77
Howard A Cherry
Melissa Marie Chesnut `07
Kathleen Laura Chester `74
Ronald Joseph Chester `75
Dallas Lynn Chestnut `56
Jon Kevin Chestnut `77
Norma L Chestnut `59
Sam Irving Chestnut `57
Donald A Chew `81
Kyle Dakota Chew `18
William Loren Chew `16
Cheng-Ching Chi `65
Chi-Yung Chiang `65
Nancy Li-Wei Chiang `67
Jaw-Hua Annie Chiao-Cheng `81
Brad T Chilcoat `84
James Howard Chilcott `65
William F Chilcott `57
Anna Belle Chilcott Zimmerman `59
Daley L Childers `10
David Childers
Barry Kurt Childs `76
Corey Wayne Childs `12
Cynthia Marie Childs `75
Edward Neal Childs `68
Judith A Childs
Kelli A Childs `04
Kurt Benjamin Childs `05
Maria Joan Childs `14
Susan Ellen Childs `76
Ulyses Childs `09
Barbara Jean Chiles `63
Daniel D Chiles `98
Dennis Eugene Chiles `63
Katie June Chiles `96
L Philip Chiles `69
Lois M Chiles
William Patrick Chilton `81
Philip Ray Chinn `64
Nancy Yeu Chiou-Siepman `81
James Thomas Chipman `74
Jill Elizabeth Chittum `99
Karen Louise Chitwood `67
Jonq-Hai Chiu `74
Kung-Ying Chiu `71
Ya-Suey Chiu `72
John G Chmiel
Karen D Choate `77
Seojin Choi `12
Ethan Colby Choitz `14
Kandice Ann Choitz `12
Cathy M Cholick
Fred A Cholick
Cynthia K Chowdhury `90
Richard D Chowins `65
Wesley Eugene Choy `75
Eleanor Chrisman
Walter C Chrisman `50
Bruce Neil Christensen `71
Courtney Waide Christensen `81
John Louis Christensen `65
Patricia Ruth Christensen `65
Teresa B Christensen `72
Judith E Christian `65
Tad Chris Christian `87
Hope Gafney Christiansen `79
Martha Christiansen `50
Noah Patrick Christiansen `20
Robert Patrick Christiansen `79
Sarah Kate Christiansen `04
Kenneth Alan Christie `79
Phyllis Elaine Christie `74
Rex Alan Christner `77
Terry Ann Christner `76
John Tarkington Christy `02
Melissa Lynn Christy `02
Leslie Dee Chubb `13
Richard M Chubb `80
Rebecca L Chumley `00
Sachiko T Chun `54
Han Chang Chung `67
Okkyung Kim Chung `65
Young Ju Chung `98
Christopher Alan Church `93
Michael Thomas Church `90
Alison Leigh Chyba `95
Leslie Junior Chyba `69
Todd Leslie Chyba `93
Gregory Matthew Cieciek `95
Chad Michael Cillessen `03
Craig D Cillessen `95
Kathryn Jane Cillessen `97
Kristen Lynn Cillessen `02
Melissa Leigh Cillessen `11
Robert Thomas Cillessen `11
David Edmund Cink `78
Kelly Beth Cink `91
Thomas Jay Cink `93
Ada Giselle Cino-Ozuna `16
Donalee Circle `56
Patricia L Circle `68
Richard Lee Circle `57
Marylyn Cirulis `69
Timothy M Cissna `70
Ronald Eugene Ciston `69
Charles H Claar `74
Rebecca Claar
Roger Charles Claar `73
Roger Emerson Claar `74
Andrew Tyler Claassen `09
Cody Allen Clair `16
Aaryn Michelle Clark `05
Ann M Clark `78
Annah R Clark `05
Ashley Nicole Clark `11
Audra K Clark `08
Casey Michael Clark `01
Cathie Ann Clark `72
Deborah Lynn Clark `90
Dennis K Clark `93
Diana K Clark `03
Dolores J Clark
Don Bentley Clark `66
Edith Lucille Clark `52
Eldon Lavern Clark `66
George Norman Clark `79
Harry Mead Clark `77
Jane Ann Clark `65
John Robert Clark `69
John Andrew Clark `70
John Taylor Clark `92
John Wesley Clark `89
Katie Rebecca Clark `07
Kevin Andrew Clark `13
Kyle Dwayne Clark `72
Laurie Clark
LeAnn Clark `69
Linda Ann Clark
M Elaine Clark `78
Margaret V Clark `65
Mark T Clark `95
Marline Clark
Mary Beth Clark `67
Melissa Renee Clark `13
Michael Wayne Clark `93
Michael Raymond Clark `93
Peter Walker Clark `06
Rachel Danielle Clark `00
Randy Wayne Clark `82
Ray S Clark `72
Robert Alan Clark `70
Ross David Clark `63
Sharon Ann Clark `82
Stacy A Clark `99
Stanley Ralph Clark `67
Steven Michael Clark `78
Steven Kay Clark `70
Thomas Hugh Clark `71
Tim J Clark `86
Todd William Clark `84
Ty Warren Clark `96
Winifred M Clark `23
Carne Sue Clarke `68
Ian Alexander Clarke `20
James George Clarke
James Donald Clarke `61
Jayne Einsel Clarke `80
Michelle Nadine Clarke `20
Sharon Clarke `72
Hannah P Clarkson `11
Anja Clasberg `02
Anthony C Classi `72
John F Clausen `54
Nancy Elisabeth Clauss `08
Timothy M Clauss
Douglas Matthew Claussen `02
Jessica Ann Claussen `03
K Claussen `00
V Claussen `94
Carl Alan Clawson `16
Daniel Frank Clawson `84
Donita Kay Clawson `95
Kenby Brent Clawson `87
Kendal Blaik Clawson `13
Kurtis Charles Clawson `15
Lana M Clawson `87
Laura Joy Clawson `22
Paige Alexandra Clawson `15
Tamra Kay Clawson `93
Walker Makade Clawson `22
Haley Elizabeth Claxton `15
Linda Jane Clay `77
Robert Nathan Clay `77
Wendy L Clay `78
Gregory D Claycomb `06
Meredith E Claycomb `97
June Ellen Claydon `63
Brennen Wade Clayton `09
Gene Michael Clayton `17
John Robert Clayton `71
Patricia Jane Clayton `72
Paula Felder Clayton `76
Sharon Marie Clayton `00
Deborah Collier Cleavinger `74
Kal Jory Cleavinger `74
Victoria L Clegg `65
Christine M Cleland `91
Marshall S Cleland `90
Amy R Clement `93
Chad William Clement `93
Anthony Thomas Clemente `11
Bonnie Blue Barbara Clemente `11
Caryn K Clements
David Allen Clements `72
Derek Jay Clements `09
Vernon Dale Clements `82
Karin Kaye Clemmer `95
Shawn Eugene Clemmer `99
Cherie Jean Clemons `96
Daniel Shelby Clemons `94
Ebony Simone Clemons-Ajibolade `00
Anita Louise Clendening `67
Wayne E Clendening `66
Patrick Joseph Clerihan `75
Stephen Eugene Cless `76
Gary E Cleveland `92
Jan Cleveland
Mark Warren Cleveland `73
Michael J Cleveland `74
Robert L Clewell `81
Ann Margaret Clifford `87
Gary Worrall Clift `75
S Tyrone Clincy `90
Daniel Taylor Cline `06
Heather Dawn Cline `02
Jason Michael Cline `02
Kathryn E Cline `92
Laurel C Cline `06
Patricia L Cline `69
Randy Lee Cline `78
Carol Ann Clinkenbeard `68
Vickie L Clipston `85
Brian L Clites `86
Janet R Clopine `85
Russell Logan Clopine `86
Stephanie Biggs Cloues `07
Nick Wayne Clough `98
Benjamin Russell Clouse `95
John Henry Clouse `02
Melissa Ann Clouse `95
Robert Gene Clouse `69
Stephanie L Clouse `00
Karen A Clowers
Katie Jo Clowers `08
Irvin Leslie Clubine `71
Jeannie Elizabeth Clubine `74
John A Cluck `94
Joanne Taylor Clum `60
Michael Lee Clutter `68
Pamela S Clutter `68
Roger Dean Coad `52
Steven E Coad `93
Alec Huffman Coast `21
Wenda Renee Coates `82
Steven Craig Coats `75
Billy Shawn Cobb `91
Chris E Cobb `90
Don L Cobb `66
Douglas Alan Cobb `92
Lathe Michael Cobb
Suzanne L Cobb `94
Susan F Cobble `65
Adrian R Coberly `03
Ashley K Coberly `04
Lindy M Coberly `04
Sally Coberly `70
Travis John Coberly `06
Robert Joseph Coble `69
Thomas H Coblentz `59
Virginia Irene Coblentz `60
Loretta Marie Coccetella `09
Gary Randel Cochran `78
Scott P Cochran `63
Michael John Cocke `80
Paige Cocke `77
Richard Lee Cockerill `80
Darrell K Cockrum `67
Kimberly K Coday `91
Mark Wayne Cody `78
Linda Coe
Robert William Coe `79
Ann Louise Coen `82
Geri Arline Coen `83
James Arthur Coen `82
John C Coen `81
Christopher Martin Coffey `09
Megan Aubrey Coffey `08
Robert Dawson Coffey `86
Chad David Coffman `09
Crystal Fay Coffman `71
Curt Ryan Coffman `92
Geraldine A Coffman `78
Larry Dean Coffman `65
Michael James Coffman `86
Sally Sue Coffman `65
Sherri L Coffman `87
Wendi Renee Coffman-Stanley `90
Thomas Lester Cofran `76
Courtney Christine Cogan `11
John Marshall Cogan `84
Dennis Paul Coggins `72
Dave A Cogswell `79
Theresa Schlagel Cogswell `80
Garra Paul Cohen `71
Karen E Cohen `77
Kimberly Sue Cohen `80
Michael P Cohn `88
Scott James Cohorst `98
Steven James Cohorst `70
Lee David Coiner `88
Rita Ethyle Coiner `71
Casey Bishop Colbern `07
Melissa M Colbern `92
Shannon Patrick Colbern `95
James J Colbert `64
Marcia L Colbert
Catherine Ruth Colborn `75
James Dale Colborn `73
Arlene P Colburn
Beverly Jo Cole `66
Charles Calvin Cole `71
Charles Raymond Cole `70
Christina Cole `63
Dale Kenneth Cole
Darold F Cole `64
David Alan Cole `91
David W Cole `87
Jamie L Cole `01
Janette Lee Cole `72
Jason L Cole `97
Mary Lou Cole `58
Michael Richard Cole `95
Nancy W Cole `71
Robbin Waldner Cole `83
Steven Andrew Cole `89
Terrance Duane Cole `92
Traci Dalene Cole `93
Brian Matthew Coleman `06
Carolyn H Coleman
Christina Ford Coleman `74
Marilyn Coleman `59
Matthew Joseph Coleman `10
Stephen John Coleman `71
Thomas R Coleman
Elizabeth A Coleman-Brenner `80
Brandy Danielle Coley `12
Andrea Louise Colgan `70
Marilyn Ann Colgan `78
Richard T Colgan `70
Elin McCandless Colglazier `58
Jasmine Elizabeth Joan Colle `23
Kaitlin Ann Colle `23
Kevin Loren Colle `21
Randal Ray Collett `74
Ryan Christopher Collett `07
Jerie R Colletti-Wetzel `92
Jack E Collie `77
Deborah Collier
John Earl Collier `75
Mary Marie Collier `75
Vincent Kent Collier `77
Lola Jane Collinge `52
Michael A Collinge `77
Ann Collins `73
Anne B Collins `73
Brandy Lynn Collins `96
C Jordan Collins `05
Carol Jean Collins
David R Collins `67
George F Collins `70
Georgiana Louise Collins `72
Greyson M Collins `21
Jennifer Lynn Collins `01
John Michael Collins `69
Linda L Collins `69
Linda J Collins
Mary Janet Collins `51
Michael H Collins `64
Norman Duane Collins `59
Opal Annette Collins `54
Pam A Collins
Rayme Joe Collins `04
Robert Lee Collins `68
Royce Ann Collins `05
Shellie Moore Collins `05
Stephen Patrick Collins `96
Tiffany Rhiannon Collins `06
William David Collins `99
Crystal Lee Collinsworth `72
Lynn Larry Collmann `70
Walter Edward Colon `67
Jennifer Lynn Colp `10
Ann Colston `72
Alexandra Jeannette Coltrain `08
Andrew Scott Coltrain `08
Jo Lana Coltrain `75
Terry Lee Coltrain `75
Lesley A Colwell `04
Paul Bryan Colwell `96
Lawrence Isaac Combs `81
Melanie Alane Comer `90
Anthony J Comfort `62
Branden Wiley Comfort `07
Ann Commerford `71
Brian Scott Commerford `98
Daniel Patrick Commerford `71
Nicole A Commerford `99
Abigail B Compton `02
Amy Jo Compton `89
Brenda Jean Compton `77
David Lee Compton `98
Gabrielle Elise Compton `18
Gilbert Edmund Compton `80
Jeff Ryan Compton `02
Jere Lynn Compton `65
Steven Dale Compton `93
Curtis M Comstock
Jeannine Comstock `73
Chad Allen Conard `92
Gaylette Ann Conard `94
Kirsten Louise Conard `19
Shawn L Conard `97
Tyler Wayne Conard `19
Gary Lynn Conaway `65
Thantus Michael Concannon `64
John Conderman
Linda J Conderman `78
Patricia Riker Conderman `64
Earlene L Condiff
Rick S Condray `04
Scott Robert Condray `76
Carrie Renee Condry `98
Michael A Conduff
Dorothy L Congrove `64
James E Congrove `62
Sara Ann Congrove `86
Tim E Congrove `87
Gini Marie Conkle `09
Kelly L Conkle `94
Matthew Aaron Conkle `95
Cherlyn Dawn Conklin `99
Judith E Conkling `78
Scott Edward Conkling `89
Brian Christopher Conley `98
Carrie Sue Conley `96
Dawn M Conley `97
John Charles Conley `96
Christopher Matthew Connard `95
Jill Leanne Connard `96
Gloria Jeanne Connealy `70
Elizabeth A Connell `61
Joseph Bernard Connell `80
Martin R Connell `65
Mary Lee Connell `63
Charlene E Conner
Chris Conner `73
Elizabeth J Conner `69
Ronald D Conner `81
Garalyn Avery Connery `64
Jacklyn S Connolly `82
Matthew D Connolly `82
Shannon Renee Connolly `09
Taylor Leigh Connolly `11
Joseph Larry Connor `55
Sonja Lee Connor `66
Nancy Anderson Conover `65
Dale Wayne Conrad
Geraldine Conrad `46
Kristin K Conrad `93
Sherry Lynch Conrad `87
Linda Diane Consigli-Wege `83
Curtis Dale Converse `74
Debra Jan Converse `74
Janet Elizabeth Converse `74
M Wayne Converse `73
Valeria Kaye Converse `74
David Lyndon Convy `13
Amy M Conway `05
Donald Timothy Conway `72
Jane Harmless Conway `80
John Francis Conway `76
Shaun Matthew Conway `03
Phillip Joseph Conyac `85
A Jeffrey Cook `85
Andrew David Cook `08
Aubrey M Cook `09
Bruce Allen Cook `88
Bryan Christopher Cook
Charlene Johnson Cook `75
Craig Luther Cook `81
Cynthia Lynne Cook `81
David John Cook `77
Dennis Ray Cook
James Leonard Cook `73
Jean Marie Cook `80
Jessica D Cook `13
Kevin Marcus Cook `16
Larry Eugene Cook `63
Leland Bruce Cook `65
Lisa B Cook `82
Marcia A Cook `75
Mark Allen Cook `94
Morley Hinshaw Cook `46
Randy Alan Cook `74
Rebecca Proffitt Cook `81
Robert Allan Cook `72
Robert Dene Cook `70
Rolf Lee Cook `83
Signe A Cook `94
Wade Hamilton Cook `09
William A Cook `75
Zachary Aaron Cook `03
Carol S Cook Stiffler `77
Amy L Cool `92
Kevin Lynn Cool `86
Stephanie Ann Cool `84
David Wayne Cooley `71
Jackie Harold Cooley `73
Rhonda Rae Cooley `58
Polly Ann Coombs `67
Robert Wendell Coombs `70
Matthew William Coomes `12
Lowell Lee Coon `93
Thomas Keith Cooney `70
Carl Frederick Coonrod `73
Donna C Coonrod
Joseph Scott Coonrod `18
Julie Marie Coonrod `84
Randall Robert Coonrod `74
Richard A Coonrod `53
Scott Anthony Coonrod `84
Barry Cooper
Clinton Joel Cooper `09
Connie S Cooper `83
Corinna A Cooper `96
Craig Howard Cooper `78
Dana Carol Cooper `67
David Wayne Cooper `86
David Russell Cooper `76
Dean Leland Cooper `76
Elizabeth Kimberly Cooper `78
Helen G Cooper `78
Jackson William Cooper `21
James Leroy Cooper `78
Janet Marie Cooper `71
Justin D Cooper `99
Katrina J Cooper `96
Kelly D Cooper `99
Larry James Cooper `67
Laurence L Cooper `68
Lawrence Monroe Cooper `73
Lindsey Curtis Cooper `12
Matthew Emery Cooper `00
Max Eugene Cooper `87
Norman Luther Cooper `74
Pamela J Cooper `82
Patricia Ann Cooper `83
Robert M Cooper `67
Samantha Lee Cooper `11
Scott Allen Cooper `96
Scott Lane Cooper `93
Steven Gary Cooper `70
Susan E Cooper
Duane Gene Cooprider `76
Kenneth Wynn Coover `91
Andrew Michael Cope `80
John Mitchell Cope `78
Marla Rivard Cope `79
Stacy Lane Cope `81
Susan A Cope `80
Chad E Copeland `01
Harlan G Copeland `52
Jeanne Marie Copeland `98
Vondalee L Copeland `84
William Henton Copher `81
Melissa Sue Copp `08
Sean Michael Copp `02
Steven Wesley Copp `06
Ronnie Doyle Coppenbarger `73
Tonja Lind Coppenbarger
Timothy Ronald Coppinger `88
Kimberly Lynn Copple `88
Mary Teresa Copple `92
Robert Charles Copple `88
Gordon Lloyd Coppoc `63
Marilyn Ann Corbin `71
Chad E Corcoran `23
Christopher John Cordell `91
Curtis Glenn Cordell `93
Morris Eldon Cordes `81
Sarah Kathryn Cordes `08
Scott M Cordes `05
Sean Patrick Cordes `07
Stephen E Cordes `77
Susan Gail Cordes `75
Brian Lloyd Cordill `08
Lindsey Elizabeth Cordill `08
Mitchell Scott Cordill `94
Gilbert Michael Cordova `60
Donald Lee Corey `54
Johnny Lee Corey `67
Katherine L Corey `98
Ryan Alanson Corey `94
Rachel Christine Corkill `14
Carolyn Cormaci `95
Barbara Sue Corman `71
John Franklin Corman `72
Richard William Corman `78
Mary E Corn `63
Michael Dana Corn `79
Roger Philip Corn `66
Ryan Dean Corn `09
Tami M Corn `96
Christine Cornelius
Kay L Cornelius `57
Bobby Dean Cornell `52
Mike Wylie Cornett `57
Susan Eugenia O'Bryan Cornett `65
Patricia A Cornish `59
Willard Gene Corns `57
Carl Ernest Cornwell `70
Lowell Dean Cornwell `59
Nancy Cornwell
Scott Matthew Cornwell `74
Kathleen Marie Corpus `87
Larry Dean Corpus `86
Lolita Morales Corpuz `82
Annabelle L Corrick `74
Patricia Corrigan `53
Patrick Corrigan
Michael W Cortner
John Burbank Corwin `66
M R Coryell `57
David M Cosgrove `74
Christopher G Costello
Daniel R Costello `87
Diana Case Costello `78
J Timothy Costello `81
James J Costello `86
Janet R Costin `88
Dianne Bortz Costlow-Owens `85
John David Cota `14
Fae Lyn Cottrell `94
Travis Ryan Cottrell `94
Carol Leslie Couchman `10
Jeffery Charles Couchman `91
Jill Janeen Couchman `91
Kathryn L Couchman `08
Larry Couchman
Marcy M Couchman `57
Brian H Coughenour `08
Eileen Therese Coughenour `09
Eugene H Coughenour `78
Joan L Coughenour `81
Nancy Kay Coughenour `79
Julie Burgardt Coulter `02
Seth Lesiak Coulter `07
Donavon Deane Coup `82
Gregg Alan Coup `97
Marilyn Jean Coup `81
Tonya L Coup `98
Shirley Coupal `71
John R Coupe `56
L Jean Coupe `56
Margaret H Coupland `66
William C Coupland `66
Deborah Ann Courser `74
Robert William Court `70
Sarah Elizabeth Coutts `99
Lindsay E Couture `04
Louis Jay Covell `05
LeRoy Wayne Covert `60
Larry Ray Covey `73
Marcie Lou Covey `76
Thomas Edward Covey `02
Gregory Phillip Covington `90
Jacquelyn M Cowan
Mark Vincent Cowan `82
Stanley Ross Cowan `87
Wendell Lee Cowan `58
Sue Cowdery
Jeremy Sean Cowell `95
Nancy Kay Cowell
Rodney M Cowell `70
Alissa Marie Cowell-Mytar `04
Craig Richard Cowley `93
Laura May Cowley `11
Andrea Kay Cox
Benjamin Robert Cox `03
Dana Dewyte Cox `51
Emily Jean Cox `20
Erin Elaine Cox `03
Gloria K Cox
Joann Cox `75
Julie Jo Cox `91
Kelline Sue Cox `86
Kenneth Melvin Cox `68
Lauren Nichea Cox `21
Lois Deana Cox `88
Olin Jerome Cox `69
Samuel David Cox `23
Stephen M Cox `03
Stephen T Cox `58
Patrick James Coyle `90
Denise M Coyne `70
Craig S Cozart `92
Ken Cozart `89
Michele L Cozart `00
Julie Christine Crabb `01
Michael T Crabb `01
Greg H Crable `78
Sandy Crable `98
Barbara Brown Craft `62
Dorothy A Craft `58
Norma Craft `56
Patricia Sue Craft `61
Roger Leslie Craft `56
DeWayne Edward Craghead `81
Brenda Kay Craig `75
Jean Marie Craig `72
John W Craig `70
Lana Kay Craig `93
Rocky C Craig
Thomas Alan Craig `75
Virginia Alice Craig `60
William Edward Craig `71
Graham Dexter Crain `07
Jenna Jay Crain `09
Joseph Dean Crain `22
Sarah Janae Crain `13
Cheryl Jean Cram `67
Dan Eugene Cram `67
Keith Leon Cramer `67
Sandra Kay Cramer `67
Terry Lee Cramer `69
Ann Carlene Crampton `76
James Aaron Crandall `94
Mardel Louise Crandall `70
Philip Glen Crandall `70
Alan Bruce Crane `72
Carol Sue Crane `75
Kent James Crane `02
Rosalind Elizabeth Crane `72
Stephanie Angela Crane `02
Sean Ryan Cranford `21
Jon R Cranmer `86
Sanna Sondergard Cranmer `82
Max Edwin Crannell `27
Clyde Dean Cranwell `93
Alexander James Crawford `14
Blake James Stanley Crawford `23
Harold Franklin Crawford `63
Jeanne Marie Crawford `63
Jill Partridge Crawford `89
Kyle S Crawford `86
Lindsey M Crawford `09
Logan Michael Crawford `16
Marissa Crawford
Mark D Crawford `86
Michael John Crawford `91
Paul R Crawford `59
Robert Earl Crawford `05
William Lee Crawford `77
Claude Thomas Crawshaw `65
Joe Arlo Crawshaw `88
Justin A Crawshaw `96
Coleen Marie Creed `75
Jessica Carol Creel `10
Christine Hampel Creighton `86
Evan Dean Crenshaw `20
Valeri Rae Crenshaw `98
Marilyn Kay Creson Brown `72
James Crespino `89
Katherine L Crespino `91
Jeanice Ann Cress `56
Lisa Marshall Cress `72
David Terence Crews `66
Marilyn Louise Crews `54
Catherine Lynn Crist `88
Kelsie Brooke Crist-Funk `00
Connie Lee Cristler Thompson `62
Julia Kirsten Crites `87
Michael D Crites `16
Jack Donald Crocker `70
Erin Michelle Crockett `20
Jacob James Crockford `07
Katrina Lee Crockford `09
Rebecca J Crockford `81
David Crofoot
Genevieve Crofoot
Karen Kay Crofoot `69
Kelly D Crofoot
Steven Forrest Crofoot `79
Terry Jay Crofoot `69
J T Croft `80
Karyl Ann Croft `72
Susan Eileen Croft `70
Michelle J Cromer `82
Gordon Eugene Crosby `91
Sean-Michael Crosby `95
John R Cross `86
Mark Elliott Cross `99
Michael J Cross `90
Lynne T Crossette
Scott E Crossette `85
Casey Joe Crossland `10
Kyle Allen Crossland `08
Gary P Crosslin `74
Karen S Crosslin `73
Gregory Alan Crotchett `89
Alan Walker Crotts `73
Daniel Lee Crouch `02
Sara Lynn Crouch `00
Kerma Sue Crouse `72
Deborah S Crow `75
Don W Crow `05
Gerald P Crow `66
John J Crow `74
Michelle R Crow `94
Natalie Marie Crow `18
Raegan D Crow `87
Randy Wayne Crow `95
Ruby Ethel Crow `49
Sandra J Crow `87
Timothy Sean Crow `91
Wesley Allen Crow `19
Eric Lynn Crowell `89
Kathy Elaine Crowl
Fran Crowley `76
Julia R Crowley `65
Connor Thomas Crownover `24
Janet Louise Crowther `72
Lori Orr Crowther `95
Philip E Crowther `72
James Ray Cruce `69
Kristen L Cruce `01
Dennis A Crupper `74
Larry R Cruthers `73
Catherine L Cryer `95
Kirk Eugene Cryer `97
Carol A Cubie `01
J Bruce Cubie
Guy Cuccio `71
C Kristan Cuchy `88
Loretta Louise Cudney `63
Bruce Daniel Cuevas `82
Pamela Jean Cuevas `95
Laurian Gonzalvo Cuffy `90
Deanna F Culbertson
Kenneth Wayne Culbertson `70
Larry F Culbertson `71
Robert J Culbertson `49
David Thomas Culkin `16
Brooke Johanna Cull `12
Charley Abraham Cull `14
Bradley R Culley `94
Michael J Culp `93
Rana G Culp `92
Lauren Niccole Culter `17
Kevin J Cumiskey `00
Brenda K Cumming
Art Cummings
Gary Brent Cummings
Laura A Cummings `91
Michelle Cummings `93
Richard Alan Cummings `77
Thomas Andrew Cummings `84
Angela D Cunningham `99
Barbara J Cunningham `02
Daniel Warren Cunningham `78
David Thomas Cunningham `75
Jon Mark Cunningham `02
Amanda Cunow `75
Tara Sue Cupps `78
Terry Curtis Cupps `78
Jeanne Curcio `92
Anne Elizabeth Curd `88
Thomas H Cure `70
Jay Allen Curless `81
Brendan Walsh Curran `99
Casey J Curran `95
Diane K Currie
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N Michelle Dalinghaus `93
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Jose A de la Torre
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Jenni M Doll
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Dorothy Maxine Dolsky `78
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R
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Who Invented Football?
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[
"History Staff"
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2013-09-25T11:00:05+00:00
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The game has ancient origins, but in the late 19th century, Walter Camp helped shape football—the American kind—into the sport we know today.
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en
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HISTORY
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https://www.history.com/news/who-invented-football
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The sport we in the United States know and love as football is more properly called gridiron football, for the vertical yard lines that mark the field. Closely related to two ancient English sports—rugby and soccer (or association football)—gridiron football originated at universities in North America, primarily the United States, in the late 19th century. On November 6, 1869, players from Princeton and Rutgers held the first intercollegiate football contest in New Brunswick, New Jersey, playing a soccer-style game with rules adapted from the London Football Association.
While a number of other elite Northeastern colleges took up the sport in the 1870s, Harvard University maintained its distance by sticking to a rugby-soccer hybrid called the “Boston Game.” In May 1874, after a match against McGill University of Montreal, the Harvard players decided they preferred McGill’s rugby-style rules to their own. In 1875, Harvard and Yale played their first intercollegiate match, and Yale players and spectators (including Princeton students) embraced the rugby style as well.
The man most responsible for the transition from this rugby-like game to the sport of football we know today was Walter Camp, known as the “Father of American Football.” As a Yale undergraduate and medical student from 1876 to 1881, Camp played halfback and served as team captain, equivalent to head coach at the time. Even more importantly, he was the guiding force on the rules board of the newly formed Intercollegiate Football Association (IFA).
Thanks to Camp, the IFA made two key innovations to the fledgling game: It did away with the opening “scrummage” or “scrum” and introduced the requirement that a team give up the ball after failing to move down the field a specified yardage in a certain number of “downs.” Among the other innovations Camp introduced were the 11-man team, the quarterback position, the line of scrimmage, offensive signal-calling and the scoring scale used in football today. In addition to his work with the rules board, Camp coached the Yale team to a 67-2 record from 1888 to 1892—all while working as an executive at a watch-manufacturing firm.
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How Has NIL Changed College Sports Like College Football?
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Meta description: How has NIL changed college sports? This article discusses why NIL, the NCAA transfer portal and opt-outs have changed football at the college level.
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https://www.apu.apus.edu/area-of-study/nursing-and-health-sciences/resources/how-has-nil-changed-college-sports-like-college-football/
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By Dr. Barry Shollenberger | 02/13/2024
College football is at a crossroads. On one hand, it is riding a crest of unprecedented popularity and financial gain. The sport has never been stronger in terms of fan interest and support, media acclaim, and financial considerations.
However, on the other hand, a player's name, image, and likeness (NIL), the National Collegiate Athletics Association (NCAA) Transfer Portal, and opt-outs threaten the foundation of college football. Finding a comprehensive and lasting solution will require far-reaching innovations.
What Is NIL?
As the world of college sports stands at a pivotal juncture, it's crucial to understand the concepts of Name, Image, and Likeness, the NCAA Transfer Portal, and opt-outs. They have been the primary driving forces in reshaping college athletics.
Name, Image, and Likeness refers to the rights of college athletes to monetize their personal brand while still maintaining their amateur status. To aid players, various legislative bodies and the NCAA created NIL legislation. As a result of this legislation, a school's student athletes can earn money when they participate in endorsement deals, create a strong social media presence to monetize their personal brand, and establish personal business ventures.
In the past, student-athletes were strictly prohibited from profiting in this manner, which led to contentious debates in most schools about fairness and exploitation within college sports. NIL opportunities have opened a new era where athletes can benefit financially from their fame and hard work.
What Is the NCAA Transfer Portal in University Football?
The NCAA Transfer Portal is an online database that allows NCAA athletes to transfer schools and immediately inform other schools of their interest in switching. This database, established to promote mobility and streamline the athlete transfer process, has led to an arms race for student-athletes seeking to find programs that better fit their academic, athletic, or personal needs.
The use of this database contrasts sharply with previous regulations. Before the NCAA Transfer Portal existed, male and female athletes were bound to their initial choice of institution, sometimes to the detriment of their careers or education.
What Are Opt-Outs?
Opt-outs have become a notable trend, particularly in the context of football bowl games and other sports events. This term refers to the decision of top athletes or other athletes to forego participation in certain games or seasons, often to prepare for professional drafts or avoid the risk of injury.
The use of opt-outs underscores a growing awareness among athletes of their long-term career prospects and health. Opt-outs challenge the traditional expectation of unwavering commitment to collegiate team obligations, regardless of personal cost.
These developments undoubtedly present numerous advantages for the vast majority of student-athletes, offering unprecedented opportunities for personal and financial growth. However. a broader perspective reveals a more complex narrative.
How Do NIL, the NCAA Transfer Portal, and Opt-Outs Affect College Sports?
NIL, the NCAA Transfer Portal, and opt-outs – although beneficial on the surface to athletes – introduce a set of challenges and unintended consequences that ripple through the entire ecosystem of college sports. They necessitate a careful examination of how NIL, the NCAA Transfer Portal, and opt-outs impact team dynamics, the traditional model of collegiate sports, and the long-term sustainability of college sports.
College athletics is navigating through uncharted waters, grappling with issues of equity, cohesion, and the amateurism that has long defined its spirit. This situation calls for a balanced approach that safeguards the interests of student-athletes while preserving the integrity and competitive balance of college sports.
Here are four of the most significant challenges confronting college sports – specifically football – due to Name, Image, and Likeness, the NCAA Transfer Portal, and opt-outs.
1. Disruption of Team Cohesion and Dynamics
NIL: The disparities in earning potential among teammates can lead to jealousy or resentment, potentially fracturing team unity. High-profile players might command more attention and resources, overshadowing team achievements with individual pursuits.
NCAA Transfer Portal: With players more readily transferring to other teams for better opportunities or financial incentives, teams may struggle with continuity and cohesion. The ease of transferring can lead to a “free agent” mindset, where loyalty to the team and long-term development within a program are devalued.
Opt-outs: Key players opting out of bowl games or entire seasons to prepare for the NFL draft or avoid injury risk can demoralize teams and affect performance. Opt-outs can undermine the collective commitment to team goals, particularly in high-stakes games.
2. Challenges to Traditional Recruiting and Development Models
NIL: Recruiting battles for student-athletes may increasingly hinge on the potential for NIL earnings, shifting focus from athletic development and academic fit to financial benefits. Schools with smaller athletic programs may not have the means to facilitate lucrative NIL deals, altering the competitive balance.
NCAA Transfer Portal: Coaches must navigate not only the recruitment of high school athletes, but also the constant management of their rosters against transfers. This dual focus can dilute the traditional model of developing players over their college careers.
Opt-outs: The prevalence of opt-outs might deter coaches from investing in players perceived as likely to leave teams early. That could impact decisions on scholarships and playing time and potentially alter recruitment strategies.
3. Potential Erosion of the Amateurism Model
NIL: While NIL rules aim to compensate student-athletes fairly for their name, image, and likeness, the influx of money risks blurring the lines between amateur and professional sports. It also challenges the foundational principles of college athletics.
NCAA Transfer Portal and opt-outs: By emphasizing individual choice and professional preparation over collegiate team loyalty and participation, the NCAA Transfer Portal and opt-outs further strain the amateur ethos. They reflect a shift towards a more transactional relationship between athletes and their programs.
4. Increased Administrative and Compliance Complexity
NIL: Institutions must navigate complex legal and compliance issues to ensure athletes and programs adhere to NIL legislation without compromising eligibility or violating NCAA rules.
NCAA Transfer Portal: Managing the NCAA Transfer Portal requires additional resources to monitor potential transfers, maintain roster stability, and comply with evolving regulations.
Opt-outs: Schools programs must develop policies to address opt-outs, balancing support for athlete decisions with the need to maintain competitive rosters.
Solutions for Sustainable Change in College Football
Name, Image, and Likeness, the NCAA Transfer Portal, and opt-outs have all contributed to a system that may need a radical overhaul. The NCAA is simply unable to regulate college football as it exists today.
College presidents, athletic administrators, and athletic directors of the Power 4-Big 65 schools must collaborate. They must create a new and cooperative organization that will be responsible for governing collegiate football like a professional league.
A strong commissioner will be needed to guarantee that the new rules are followed carefully. This commissioner must have a strong football background, exceptional organizational and administrative skills, and the respect of the football community.
A few possible candidates for the commissioner position might be:
Joe Castiglione – A highly successful athletic director at the University of Oklahoma.
Ken Niumatalolo – A former head football coach at the Naval Academy with impeccable peer respect.
David Shaw – A former Stanford head football coach who is also highly respected by the coaching community.
Nick Saban – A recently retired football coach from the University of Alabama and an outspoken enemy of NIL, the NCAA Transfer Portal and opt-outs in football today.
A Financial Framework for Student Athletes
It will be necessary to create a workable financial framework for the future of football at the college level.
For example, football players in the Power 4-Big 65 could be treated as employees of their respective universities, which means compliance with the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) will become paramount. By ensuring that student-athletes’ compensation, working hours, and overall treatment meet federal labor standards, that would mark a significant shift towards making amateur football more professional while adhering to fair labor practices.
It would also be necessary to create a new football league, which would include these NCAA teams:
Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC)
Big 10 Conference
Big 12 Conference
Southeastern Conference (SEC)
Notre Dame (an independent team that does not belong to a conference)
In this new financial framework, all players will sign contracts. Each student athlete would receive a salary, benefits, and high-level health and career insurance policies. In addition, these players would be allowed to bargain collectively.
Salaries for these players would come from individual schools’ football profit-sharing and National Football League (NFL) grant supplements. There would also be subsidies from the six largest football bowl games – involving the College Football Playoff (CFP) tournament that governs the playoffs – and the revenue generated from the mega TV package that is sure to come from the networks and streaming services.
University profit-sharing would be based on each institution’s total football revenue. Smaller revenue schools may be subsidized by their more lucrative partners, if necessary.
The goal is to ensure uniformity for each program and eliminate an uneven playing field so that athletic departments deal with the same amount of money for player salaries. These salaries will be standardized according to the status of the players’ year in school.
The National Football League would be required to raise money to help support the new salary system. In exchange, NFL teams will be given increased access to player information, draft assignments, better access of college players through the draft combine structure, and increased “senior day” workouts for senior players leaving the team.
The NFL has benefited for 100 years from colleges being its “farm system” in developing young players. This organization should be willing to help pay for the football training that colleges provide.
The six largest football bowls (Rose, Sugar, Cotton, Orange, Fiesta, and Peach) already provide funds as they benefit from the top-tier teams participating each year in their games. Through the CFP tournament, the national champion in collegiate football is determined each year.
The CFP will be guaranteed, per the players’ contracts, that “opt-outs” will no longer be allowed.
Revenue from TV broadcasting of collegiate football is already in the billions for the Power 4-Big 65 institutions as evidenced by the Big 10's seven-year, seven-billion TV contracts with FOX®, CBS®, and NBC®.
With consolidation into the new football system, long-term financing will help provide player salaries and other league expenses. Streaming services such as YouTube®, Sling®, DirectTV®, Peacock®, and Paramount+® may also provide additional TV revenue for the new alliance.
NIL will continue as before but closely regulated by the Commissioner’s Office. A salary cap will be necessary so that all schools will be able to supply an equal amount of funds for NIL.
Academic Standards in the New System for College Athletics
Student-athletes will be allowed to accept athletic scholarships, but they will be afforded an optional educational program. They could elect to earn a “college-training certificate” and attend classes and seminars where they can learn life skills, financial planning, agent selection, and other topics related to playing professionally in the NFL.
Their classes may be taken for regular university credits, but these athletes will audit them rather than seeking academic credit. Class attendance will be mandatory and monitored fully.
A failure to attend classes would lead to players being released from their contracts. Player academic eligibility would no longer be considered, and scholarship players unsuccessfully performing in the classroom could be relocated into the certificate program. Graduation rates will no longer be applicable, with so many of the players stepping up into the NFL.
College Athletes’ Free Agency as Determined by the NCAA Transfer Portal
In the new system, players would be bound by their contracts like professional athletes in all pro sports. School transfers could be allowed but only for extenuating circumstances. They will be considered on a case-by-case basis by the league office.
For each year college athletes stay and play at their respective schools, they would be rewarded with incremental salary increases. All salary tiers will be set by the league office and would be the same for all schools. Players who are not drafted into the NFL will be guaranteed their scholarships as long as they remain in good academic standing.
If certificate-program players go undrafted, they would be guaranteed an athletic scholarship (if they desire) to begin and end their academic careers. Another option would be to receive a severance stipend, equal to the cost of a full four-year athletic scholarship.
The Drive for College Football Reform
College football’s restructuring is under a time limit, and time is running out. There is already a growing interest in the federal government to provide oversight if colleges can’t do it by themselves.
U.S. Senators Tommy Tuberville (R-AL) and Joe Manchin (D-WV), both familiar with college football, have already created legislation that has found bipartisan support in the Senate. Both of these senators, although they represent different political parties, love football and want to help the sport with federal legislation through this difficult time.
Protecting Athletes, Schools, and Sports (PASS) legislation is being proposed to oversee NIL and the NCAA Transfer Portal at the university level. This bill would make it illegal for states to pass NIL laws like those laws that have made the present NIL system arbitrary and unfair.
It would be wise for university football programs to adopt a system that will work to improve the sport for college athletes. Otherwise, external forces like the federal government might impose their own system to reform college football, which may not align with the preferences of coaches and schools.
APU’s Sports Management Degree
American Public University (APU) offers a comprehensive bachelor of science in sports management and a master of science in sports management. These sports management programs are meticulously designed to equip students with managerial skills and in-depth knowledge pertinent to the sports industry.
APU's holistic approach ensures that graduates are well-prepared to navigate the complexities of sports organizations and the dynamic nature of sporting events. By integrating theoretical knowledge with practical insights, as well as sports management career resources, our programs aim to cultivate the next generation of leaders in the sports industry, ready to tackle the challenges and embrace the opportunities that lie ahead in the world of sports.
Also, courses like LSTD209 (Sports Law, Risk, and Regulation) and SPMT608 (Sports Law) offer critical insights and foundational knowledge for navigating the current and future landscape of college athletics.
The Sports Law, Risk, and Regulation course delves into the complex interplay between legal frameworks and sports operations, covering everything from contracts and bargaining to liability and the role of governing bodies like the NCAA. This course equips students with the analytical tools to understand and influence the legal and regulatory aspects of sports, directly correlating with the challenges and opportunities presented by NIL arrangements, athlete mobility via the NCAA Transfer Portal, and the strategic decisions surrounding opt-outs.
Similarly, the Sports Law course provides a comprehensive overview of the legal issues central to the sports industry, including discrimination, labor, and antitrust law, all of which are intricately linked to the current shifts in college sports. By understanding these legal foundations, college athletes will better prepared to address the nuanced challenges posed by the evolving dynamics of athlete rights and college sports management.
Relevant Articles:
Making the Most of Your Sports Management Master's Degree
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_sport
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Sport with players in opposing teams
A team sport is a type of sport where the fundamental nature of the game or sport requires the participation of multiple individuals working together as a team, and it is inherently impossible or highly impractical to execute the sport as a single-player endeavour. In team sports, the cooperative effort of team members is essential for the sport to function and achieve its objectives. The objective often involves teammates facilitating the movement of a ball or similar object in accordance with a set of rules in order to score points. Examples are basketball, volleyball, rugby, water polo, handball, lacrosse, cricket, baseball, and the various forms of football and hockey. These sports emphasize teamwork, strategy, and coordination among team members while competing against opposing teams to achieve a common goal.[2] Team sports do not include individual or individual-to-team events within a sport.[citation needed]
Distinctions
[edit]
The meaning of a "team sport" has been disputed in recent years. Some types of sports have different objectives or rules than "traditional" team sports. These types of team sports do not involve teammates facilitating the movement of a ball or similar object in accordance with a set of rules in order to score points. Overall, the division into team sports and individual sports is not always unproblematic since there are different combinations in the individual sports.
Team sports and individual-to-team events
[edit]
Pure team sports
[edit]
This includes sports that can only be practiced as a team sport. The number of team members is fixed for the team. In order to compete successfully in championships and tournaments, teams need a roster that is significantly larger than the number of players starting the game. Players may be substituted from a squad in competition matches to replace exhausted or injured players or to make tactical changes. Examples are basketball, volleyball, rugby, water polo, handball, lacrosse, cricket, baseball, and the various forms of football and hockey.
Teams of two people are common in certain sports, such as dancesport or beach volleyball. No substitute players are used here. The two partners are absolutely dependent on each other. The absence of a person here means a loss of competitiveness.[3][4][5]
Formations
[edit]
In addition, there are sports, while mostly played in singles, that are also played in different formations together cooperatively, such as badminton, table tennis, or tennis in doubles. However, this formation is significantly lower in terms of prestige, spectators, and prize money.[6] In these formations, common tactics, teamwork, and agreements are crucial for success. There are also different rowing formations, such as one, two, four, and eight, or sailing with their different boat classes.[7][8] The most important thing here is smooth movements and common tactics. This also applies approximately to the team time trial in cycling,[9][10] which is the case with cycling tours and one-day races, which are different tasks for the team members of a cycling team.[11][12]
Relays
[edit]
In some sports, relay races are held, which can be distinguished from pure team evaluations by a common racing tactic and the observance of change regulations. Relay races are common in running, swimming, cross-country skiing, biathlon, or short-track speed skating and are also an integral part of the Olympic Games program[13] with high popularity. [14][15]
Team ratings
[edit]
There are team ratings in many sports, and the results of individual athletes or formations are added up. In cycling, team members, whilst still in competition with each other, will also work towards assisting one member of the team, usually a specialist, to the highest possible finishing position.[12][11][16] In some sports where participants are entered by a team, they do not only compete against members of other teams, but also against each other for points towards championship standings, for example, in motorsport, particularly Formula One.[17] Team orders can occur in such teams and although previously accepted were banned in Formula One[18] between 2002 and 2010. After a controversy involving team orders at the 2010 German Grand Prix however, the regulation was removed as of the 2011 season.[19]
Overview comparison
[edit]
Overview comparison Team Sports Formations in Sports Relay Races Sports with Team Ratings (e.g., Soccer, Basketball) (e.g., Synchronized Swimming, Doubles Tennis) (e.g., Track and Field relay, Swimming relay) (e.g., Gymnastics, Figure skating)
In team sports, the entire game or match revolves around team dynamics.
The outcome depends on collective performance throughout the entire duration of the match.
The teamwork, strategy, and coordination among team members are crucial for success.
Do not include individual or individual-to-team events within a sport.
These sports can be performed individually, but they also have team variations.
In synchronized swimming, swimmers perform coordinated routines together.
In doubles tennis, two players collaborate as a team to compete against another pair.
Team formations enhance the strategic and cooperative elements of these sports.
Relay races involve teams, but they are often a series of individual efforts within a team context.
Each team member runs a segment of the race independently.
Success depends on both individual speed and the smooth transition between the athletes.
These sports include individual performances, but the team rating considers the cumulative scores of all team members.
Team members' performances contribute to the team's overall score, but they may perform their routines individually.
Team strategy involves selecting the right competitors for specific events to maximize the team's chances.
In summary, team sports are characterized by the impossibility or impracticality of executing the sport as a single-player endeavor, and the entire game or match relies on team dynamics. In contrast, sports with team ratings and formations involve both individual and team aspects, where individual performances contribute to a team's overall success but may not be entirely reliant on team dynamics. Relay races combine individual efforts within a team context, where smooth transitions are essential.
History
[edit]
Main article: History of sport
Areas around the Mediterranean had a long tradition of athletic events. Ancient Egyptians and Mesopotamians depicted athletic scenes in the tombs of kings and their nobles. They did not, however, hold regular competitions, and those events that occurred were probably the preserve of kings and upper classes. Minoans culture held gymnastics in high esteem, with bull-leaping, tumbling, running, wrestling and boxing shown on their frescoes. The Mycenaeans adopted Minoan games and also raced chariots in religious or funerary ceremonies.[20][21] Homer's heroes participate in athletic competitions to honor the dead. In the Iliad there are chariot races, boxing, wrestling, a foot race, as well as fencing, archery, and spear throwing. The Odyssey adds to these a long jump and discus throw.[22]
It was in Greece that sports were first instituted formally, with the first Olympic Games recorded in 776 BCE in Olympia, where they were celebrated until 393 CE.[23] These ancient Olympic Games consisted of running, long jump, boxing, wrestling, Pankration (combat sport), discus throw, and javelin throw.[24] In the Bayankhongor Province of Mongolia, Neolithic-era cave paintings dating to 7000 BC depict a wrestling match surrounded by crowds.[25] Prehistoric cave-paintings in Japan show a sport similar to sumo wrestling.[26] In Wadi Sura, near Gilf Kebir in Libya, a Neolithic rock painting in the cave of swimmers shows evidence of swimming and archery being practiced around 6000 BC.[27]
Team sports have a rich and ancient history dating back thousands of years. These activities served as important facets of society, not only for physical fitness but also for social, cultural, and even political purposes. In ancient civilizations, team sports were prevalent and often intertwined with religious and cultural practices. In Mesoamerica, the Aztec ball game, ollamaliztli, was not just a sport but also a ritual with symbolic significance.[28]
The Greeks, who laid the foundations for many contemporary sports, held various team sports as central to their culture. The Olympic Games, first recorded in 776 BCE, featured events like chariot racing and team foot races, fostering unity and friendly competition among city-states.[29] The Spartans, known for their military prowess, engaged in team sports like the episkyros, a type of football.[30]
Rome adopted and adapted many Greek sports, introducing harpastum, a ball game similar to soccer, and ludi circenses, which included team chariot racing. These sports provided a sense of entertainment and unity, while also serving as a means of social control.[31]
In ancient China, cuju was a popular team sport akin to modern soccer, played as early as the Han dynasty (206 BCE – 220 CE). The sport was not only a form of entertainment but also a means of fostering camaraderie among communities.[32]
Throughout history, team sports have reflected the values and priorities of their respective cultures. Whether it was the competitive spirit of the Greeks, the discipline of the Romans, or the communal bonding in China, ancient team sports played an integral role in the social fabric of civilizations. They transcended mere physical activity, serving as a testament to the enduring significance of sports in human history. Today, these ancient traditions continue to influence modern team sports, reminding us of the timeless appeal and cultural importance of collective athletic endeavors.
Olympic team sports
[edit]
status after the 2022 Winter Olympics
Current Olympic team sports (16)
[edit]
Summer Olympics (14)
Source:[33]
Sport Men Women First edition Editions First edition Editions Cricket at the Summer Olympics [Note OG_2028] Paris 1900 1 Los Angeles 2028 not yet held Football at the Summer Olympics Paris 1900 27 Atlanta 1996 7 Water polo at the Summer Olympics Paris 1900 28 Sydney 2000 6 Lacrosse at the Summer Olympics [Note OG_2028] St. Louis 1904 2 Los Angeles 2028 not yet held Field hockey at the Summer Olympics London 1908 24 Moscow 1980 11 Basketball at the Summer Olympics Berlin 1936 20 Montreal 1976 12 Basketball (3x3) at the Summer Olympics Tokyo 2020 1 Tokyo 2020 1 Handball at the Summer Olympics Berlin 1936 14 Montreal 1976 12 Volleyball at the Summer Olympics Tokyo 1964 15 Tokyo 1964 15 Baseball at the Summer Olympics [Note OG_2028] Barcelona 1992 6 — — Softball at the Summer Olympics [Note OG_2028] — — Atlanta 1996 5 Beach volleyball at the Summer Olympics Atlanta 1996 7 Atlanta 1996 7 Rugby sevens at the Summer Olympics Rio de Janeiro 2016 2 Rio de Janeiro 2016 2 Flag football at the Summer Olympics [Note OG_2028] Los Angeles 2028 not yet held Los Angeles 2028 not yet held
Notes
Winter Olympics (2)
Ice hockey and curling are team sports at the Winter Olympics, with particularity that the men's tournament in Ice hockey was introduced at the 1920 Summer Olympics and was transferred permanently to the Winter Olympic Games program in 1924, in France. Before the monobob event has been introduced as an additional women's class by the IBSF for the 2020–21 world cup season and the 2022 Olympic games, bobsleigh was considered as a pure team sport, that can only be practiced as a team with at least two drivers. At the present time the men's events consist of the two-man and four-man class and the women's events are restricted only to the two-woman and women's monobob class.[35]
Sport Men Women First edition Editions First edition Editions Ice hockey at the Winter Olympics Antwerp 1920 25 Nagano 1998 7 Curling at the Winter Olympics Chamonix 1924 8 Nagano 1998 7
Discontinued Olympic team sports (3)
[edit]
Polo at the Summer Olympics (on 5 editions: 1900 Paris, 1908 London, 1920 Antwerp, 1924 Paris, 1936 Berlin)
Rugby Union at the Summer Olympics (on 4 editions: 1900 Paris, 1908 London, 1920 Antwerp, 1924 Paris)
Tug of War at the Summer Olympics (on 5 editions: 1900 Paris to 1920 Antwerp)
Demonstration team sports at the Olympic Games (9)
[edit]
Gaelic football (on 1 edition as a demonstration sport: 1904 St. Louis)
American football (on 2 editions as a demonstration sport: 1904 St. Louis and Los Angeles 1932)
Hurling (on 1 edition as a demonstration sport: 1904 St. Louis)
Cycle polo (on 1 edition as a demonstration sport: London 1908)
Korfball (on 2 editions as a demonstration sport: 1920 Antwerp and Amsterdam 1928)
Kaatsen (on 1 edition as a demonstration sport: Amsterdam 1928)
Pesäpallo (on 1 edition as a demonstration sport: Helsinki 1952)
Australian football (on 1 edition as a demonstration sport: Melbourne 1956)
Roller hockey (on 1 edition as a demonstration sport: 1992 Barcelona)
See also
[edit]
Sports portal
List of sports
Olympic Sports
Individual sport
Major professional sports teams of the United States and Canada
Most valuable player
Professional sports leagues in the United States
Relay race
Sports strategy
References
[edit]
Bibliography
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https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2024/02/05/by-a-wide-margin-americans-say-football-not-baseball-is-americas-sport/
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By a wide margin, Americans say football – not baseball – is ‘America’s sport’
|
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[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Beshay",
"John Gramlich",
"Anna Jackson",
"Michael Rotolo"
] |
2024-02-05T00:00:00
|
More than half of Americans (53%) say America’s sport is football – about twice the share who say it’s baseball (27%).
|
en
|
Pew Research Center
|
https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2024/02/05/by-a-wide-margin-americans-say-football-not-baseball-is-americas-sport/
|
Baseball is known as “America’s favorite pastime.” But for the largest share of the U.S. public, football is “America’s sport,” according to a recent Pew Research Center survey.
In August 2023, we asked nearly 12,000 U.S. adults the following question: “If you had to choose one sport as being ‘America’s sport,’ even if you don’t personally follow it, which sport would it be?” The question was part of a broader survey about sports fandom in the United States.
More than half of Americans (53%) say America’s sport is football – about twice the share who say it’s baseball (27%). Much smaller shares choose one of the other four sports we asked about: basketball (8%), soccer (3%), auto racing (3%) or hockey (1%).
We also included the option for Americans to write in another sport. The most common answers volunteered were golf, boxing, rodeo and ice skating. Other respondents used the opportunity to have some fun: Among the more creative answers we received were “competitive eating,” “grievance politics,” “reality TV” and “cow tipping.”
In every major demographic group, football is the most common choice when the public is asked to identify America’s sport. It tops the list for men and women, for older and younger adults, and for White, Black, Hispanic and Asian Americans alike.
Still, some demographic differences emerge for certain sports. For instance, White Americans are more likely than other racial or ethnic groups to say the national sport is baseball, while Hispanic Americans are more likely than other groups to say it’s soccer. Black and Asian Americans, in turn, are more likely than White and Hispanic Americans to say America’s sport is basketball. In each of these racial and ethnic groups, however, by far the largest share of people say the national sport is football.
Most Americans don’t closely follow sports
Just because Americans see football as the national sport doesn’t mean they’ve been closely following the NFL season leading up to this weekend’s Super Bowl LVIII.
Most U.S. adults (62%) say they follow professional or college sports not too or not at all closely, and a similar share (63%) say they talk about sports with other people just a few times a month or less often, according to the Center’s August survey. In fact, only 7% of adults are what might be called sports “superfans” – people who follow sports extremely or very closely and talk about sports with other people at least every day.
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https://devzone.positivecoach.org/resource/video/above-all-football-unique-lessons-it-teaches-about-teamwork
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Above All, Football Is Unique In The Lessons It Teaches About Teamwork
|
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Packers President and CEO Mark Murphy discusses the unique qualities and lessons of football .
|
en
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https://devzone.positivecoach.org/sites/all/themes/dsb/favicon.ico
|
DEVELOPMENT ZONE®. PCA Resource Center
|
https://devzone.positivecoach.org/resource/video/above-all-football-unique-lessons-it-teaches-about-teamwork
|
Mark Murphy is president and CEO of the NFL's Green Bay Packers (@packers) and a member of PCA's National Advisory Board. Before joining the Packers, Murphy served as athletic director for Colgate University and Northwestern University. Earlier, he was an All-Pro defensive back for the NFL's Washington, DC franchise.
Here, Mark explains how football stands out in terms of the lessons that players learn about teamwork. Drawing from his experience as a collegiate athletic director, where he oversaw operations in multiple sports at once, Mark singles out football as the truest example of a team sport, in which success is impossible without each individual contributing to the team.
Because a football season has so few games relative to other sports' seasons, football creates a unique emphasis on preparation for each game, as each game is so important to the rest of the season. From his own career experience, Murphy has learned valuable lessons about accepting loss and learning how to properly deal with success. He adds that these lessons help with experiences outside of sports, as well.
Written by Mimi Fhima
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https://operations.nfl.com/learn-the-game/nfl-basics/team-histories/
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en
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NFL Football Operations
|
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[] |
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[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
Take a look at NFL teams’ histories, key facts, statistics and more.
|
en
|
https://operations.nfl.com/favicon.ico?v=1
|
https://operations.nfl.com/learn-the-game/nfl-basics/team-histories/
|
Team Histories
The NFL’s 32 franchises are divided into two 16-team conferences – the American Football Conference and the National Football Conference. Each conference is further broken into four four-team divisions – east, north, south, and west – based on geographical location.
Simply select a team card or use the Quick Search option below to view each team’s history, key stats and more.
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| 55
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https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2023/10/17/most-americans-dont-closely-follow-professional-or-college-sports/
|
en
|
Most Americans don’t closely follow professional or college sports
|
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[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Beshay",
"Jenn Hatfield",
"Ted Van Green"
] |
2023-10-17T00:00:00
|
About six-in-ten Americans (62%) say they follow professional or college sports not too or not at all closely.
|
en
|
Pew Research Center
|
https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2023/10/17/most-americans-dont-closely-follow-professional-or-college-sports/
|
Roughly 115 million people watched the Super Bowl in 2023, making it the most widely viewed U.S.-based telecast in history. Large numbers of Americans also watch or attend college sports. In August, for example, more than 92,000 people attended an outdoor women’s volleyball match in Nebraska – breaking the attendance record for any women’s sporting event in the United States.
Yet for all the fanfare surrounding professional and college sports, most Americans do not closely follow or often talk about them, according to a new Pew Research Center survey.
About six-in-ten Americans (62%) say they follow professional or college sports not too or not at all closely. Another 21% say they follow sports somewhat closely, while just 16% follow them extremely or very closely, according to the August survey of 11,945 U.S. adults.
Sports also aren’t an especially frequent topic of conversation for most Americans – whether that’s in person, by text, online or some other way. Some 63% of U.S. adults say they talk about sports with other people a few times a month or less often. Another 26% say they talk about sports once a week or a few times a week, and 10% say they talk about sports once a day or several times a day.
Adults under 50, women and people in lower-income households are among the demographic groups most likely to say they follow sports not too or not at all closely. Women and those in lower-income households are also among the groups most likely to talk about sports less often than once a week.
Among the other key takeaways from the survey:
When asked how many sports they follow, the largest share of Americans (39%) say they don’t follow any sports. Smaller shares say they follow one (18%), two (22%), three (11%), or four or more sports (9%).
By a large margin (51% vs. 5%), Americans believe sports get too much attention in society today, rather than too little, while 43% say they get about the right amount of attention.
Why most Americans don’t closely follow sports
When given a list of possible reasons why they don’t follow sports, the most common one that people choose is lack of interest. About seven-in-ten adults who don’t closely follow sports (69%) say this is a major reason why. Another 17% cite this as a minor reason, while 13% say it’s not a reason.
The next-most common major reasons for not following sports closely – each cited by 26% – are that sports are boring and that there’s too much money involved in sports.
Just 13% of Americans who don’t follow sports closely say a major reason why is that sports are too political. Though people in both political parties are equally likely not to follow sports, Republicans and those who lean toward the Republican Party are more likely than Democrats and Democratic leaners to say this is a major reason why (22% vs. 5%).
Small shares also say that a major reason why they don’t closely follow sports is that some sports are too violent (9%) or that they don’t like the competitive nature of sports (4%).
There are some age differences in the reasons Americans cite for not following sports. Among those who don’t closely follow sports, adults ages 18 to 29 are more likely than those 65 and older to say they’re just not interested (76% vs. 65%) or that they find sports boring (35% vs. 21%). On the other hand, older adults who don’t closely follow sports are more likely than younger adults to say there is too much money in sports (by 22 percentage points), sports are too political (9 points), or some sports are too violent (8 points).
Why some Americans closely follow sports
Among the smaller group of Americans who follow sports extremely, very or somewhat closely, 71% say a major reason why is to cheer for a specific team or teams. A similar share (69%) says a major reason is to be entertained.
Much smaller shares say a major reason why they follow sports is to cheer for specific players (32%), because someone in their family follows sports (23%), or to be part of a community (13%). Just 4% say a major reason is because they bet on sports. A separate Center survey from 2022 found that about one-in-five Americans had bet money on sports in the previous 12 months.
Again, some age differences emerge in the reasons people give for following sports.
Adults ages 18 to 29 are much more likely than those 65 and older to say a major reason they follow sports is because someone in their family does (38% vs. 16%). Younger adults are also 9 percentage points more likely than older adults to say they follow sports to cheer for specific players, but by the same margin, older adults are more likely than their younger counterparts to follow sports to cheer for specific teams.
Who are sports ‘superfans’?
A small subset of Americans are what might be called “superfans.” These fans say they follow sports extremely or very closely and talk about sports at least daily. Only 7% of U.S. adults fall into this category.
Men are about three times as likely as women to be superfans (10% vs. 3%), but there are no differences by age, race or ethnicity, or education level.
Superfans and more casual fans cite similar reasons for following sports. As is the case among more casual fans, the top two major reasons superfans cite for following sports are to cheer for a specific team or teams (84%) and to be entertained (84%). (Casual fans include those who follow sports at least somewhat closely but are not superfans.)
However, superfans are more likely than casual fans to cite nearly every reason asked about in the survey. The reason that produces the largest gap between superfans and casual fans is cheering for a specific player or players: Half of superfans cite this as a major reason why they follow sports, compared with about three-in-ten more casual fans (29%).
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https://urbanwarzonepaintball.com/blog/business/team-building-for-football/
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en
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Effective Team Building for Football Teams
|
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[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
In sports, Football stands near the top of games that require teamwork. No other sport requires so many players to execute with precision on every play.
|
en
|
../../../favicon.png
|
Urban War Zone Paintball in Houston Tx | 281-892-1148
|
https://urbanwarzonepaintball.com/blog/business/team-building-for-football/
|
Working together towards a common goal
When Apollo 11 landed on the moon on July 20th, 1969, Neil Armstrong stepped out of the lunar lander and declared âthatâs one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind.â
Taking the first step onto the moonâs surface was the culmination of nearly a decade of work by thousands of talented scientists, engineers and astronauts and stands as a shining example of how dedicated teams can accomplish great things when they work together.
In the sports universe, American Football stands at the pinnacle of games that require effective teamwork. Thereâs no other sport where so many players have to know their assignment and execute it on every snap with precision and timing.
Coaching youth football is largely about teaching the fundamentals of running, blocking, and tackling. In this post we are going to discuss how to bring your young men together with team building exercises that build trust, coordination and camaraderie.
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| 35
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https://tulanegreenwave.com/news/2024/8/8/football-have-three-named-to-hero-sports-preseason-all-american-teams.aspx
|
en
|
Football Have Three Named To HERO Sports Preseason All
|
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] | null |
[
"Tulane University Athletics"
] |
2024-08-08T00:00:00
|
Tulane's football team saw three of its players named to HERO Sports Preseason All-American Teams, the website recently announced.
|
en
|
/images/logos/site/site.png
|
Tulane University Athletics
|
https://tulanegreenwave.com/news/2024/8/8/football-have-three-named-to-hero-sports-preseason-all-american-teams.aspx
|
Football Have Three Named To HERO Sports Preseason All-American Teams
New Orleans - Tulane's football team saw three of its players named to HERO Sports Preseason All-American Teams, the website recently announced.
Makhi Hughes was a First Team All-American choice as a running back. He led the team and conference in rushing with 1,378 yards in 2023 on his way to earning First Team All-AAC and being named the AAC's Rookie of the Year. He averaged 5.3 yards per carry and totaled seven rushing scores.
Patrick Jenkins was a Second Team All-American choice as a defensive lineman. Jenkins played and started all 14 games on the defensive line for Tulane in 2023. He totaled 35 tackles, a team-leading 11.5 stops for loss and 5.5 sacks. He was a First Team All-AAC by the conference.
Jesus Machado was a Third Team All-American Choice as a linebacker. He played and started all 14 games at linebacker for Tulane in 2023. He led the team with 98 tackles. He also totaled three tackles for loss, an interception and a pass defense. He was a Second Team All-AAC selection by the conference.
Tulane was also ranked fifth nationally by HERO Sports in their Preseason Group of Five Top 25 Media Poll with one first place vote
HERO Sports Preseason All-American Teams (Tulane)
First Team
Makhi Hughes – RB
Second Team
Patrick Jenkins – DL
Third Team
Jesus Machado – LB
HERO Sports Preseason Group of Five Top 25 Media Poll
1. Boise State (11 first place)
2. Memphis (seven first place)
3. Liberty (one first place)
4. App State
5. Tulane
6. Texas State
7. UTSA (one first place)
8. Fresno State
9. USF
10. JMU
11. Miami (Ohio)
12. UNLV
13. Toledo
14. Western Kentucky
15. Louisiana
16. Troy
17. Jacksonville State
18. Air Force
19. Wyoming
20. Colorado State
21. Army
22. Bowling Green
23. Arkansas State
24. Northern Illinois
25. South Alabama
__________________________________________________________________________________
Tulane's football team was recently chosen for third in the AAC Preseason Media Poll with 362 points plus two first-place votes.
This season, Tulane brings back three of the team's five starters on the offensive line (Shadre Hurst, Josh Remetich, Rashad Green), the leading rusher in the conference (Makhi Hughes), two of the team's top four receivers (Alex Bauman, Yulkeith Brown), the team's punter (Will Karoll) and long snapper (Ethan Hudak), the team's top three tacklers (Jesus Machado, Tyler Grubbs and Bailey Despanie) and three of the six leading defensive players in tackles for loss (Patrick Jenkins, Grubbs and Kameron Hamilton).
Tulane finished the 2023 season with a mark of 11-3 and a perfect 8-0 record in the American Athletic Conference. The program concluded the campaign with the 16th bowl appearance at the GoBowling Military Bowl contest against Virginia Tech. It was the fifth time in the last six years that Tulane has appeared in a bowl game. The team is 23-5 over the last two seasons.
The school announced the hiring of Jon Sumrall as the 42nd head coach of the team on December 8, 2023. The Huntsville, Alabama native was one of the most successful head coaches in the country the last two seasons.
He guided Troy University to a 23-4 record, two Sun Belt Conference championships and a pair of double-digit winning streaks. He was named Sun Belt Conference Coach of Year and was twice named a finalist for the Eddie Robinson Coach of the Year honor. Sumrall returns to Tulane after serving as the Green Wave's Co-Defensive Coordinator for three years (2012-14). In 2013, he was a crucial part of Tulane's run to the New Orleans Bowl, the program's first postseason appearance since 2002 and third since 1988. Sumrall also was named a finalist for FootballScoop Defensive Line Coach of the Year.
Tulane's football team will start the 2024 season on Thursday, August 29, with a home contest against Southeastern Louisiana at Yulman Stadium at 7 p.m. The program has home games against Kansas State (September 7), South Florida (September 28), Rice (October 19), Temple (November 9) and Memphis (November 28). The road games for the 2024 season include trips to Oklahoma (September 14), Louisiana (September 21), UAB (October 5), North Texas (October 26), Charlotte (October 31) and Navy (November 16).
TICKETS
Tickets for the upcoming football, volleyball, men's and women's basketball seasons can be purchased by calling 504-861-WAVE (9283), logging on to TulaneTix.com or visiting the ticket office at the James W. Wilson Jr. Center.
SOCIAL MEDIA
Follow Tulane football on Twitter and Facebook and Instagram. Follow Tulane Athletics on Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram.
WE ARE NOLA BUILT
Tulane University is located in the city of New Orleans. It is a city built on tradition and resiliency. The lessons Green Wave student-athletes have learned through their connection with this university and city have BUILT doctors, lawyers, business leaders, conference champions, all-conference players, All-Americans, professional athletes and NCAA tournament teams. The city of New Orleans has shaped us into who we are today. We are One City. We are Tulane. We are NOLA BUILT. Check out our story at NolaBuilt.com.
- TulaneGreenWave -
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https://iowacapitaldispatch.com/2023/12/31/the-rituals-of-american-football-reflect-our-society/
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The rituals of American football reflect our society • Iowa Capital Dispatch
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[
""
] | null |
[
"Robert Leonard",
"Ed Tibbetts",
"Dennis Goldford",
"Angie Carter"
] |
2023-12-31T00:00:00
|
"American football has a complex set of rules and rituals that reflect the structure of our society."
|
en
|
Iowa Capital Dispatch
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https://iowacapitaldispatch.com/2023/12/31/the-rituals-of-american-football-reflect-our-society/
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https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/team-sports-19779867/19779867
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en
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Team Sports
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2013-04-23T10:53:02+00:00
|
Team Sports - Download as a PDF or view online for free
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en
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https://public.slidesharecdn.com/_next/static/media/favicon.7bc3d920.ico
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SlideShare
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https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/team-sports-19779867/19779867
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1. Fitango Education Health Topics Team Sports http://www.fitango.com/categories.php?id=578
2. Overview A team sport is any sport which involves participants working together as they seek to achieve a shared objective. Some of the most common and popular team 1
3. Overview sports include: soccer, basketball, American football, cricket, rugby, baseball and hockey. 2
4. Most popular team sports 1.Soccer / Association Football 2.Cricket 3.Basketball 4.Baseball 5.Rugby Union 3
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https://imsportssleeves.com/blogs/im-sports-sleeves-blog/thrill-of-competition-the-most-dangerous-team-sports
|
en
|
Thrill of Competition: The Most Dangerous Team Sports
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2023-04-12T14:39:11+00:00
|
Team sports are a thrilling display of athleticism, teamwork, and competition. From high-intensity contact sports to adrenaline-pumping action, these sports bring together players from around the world to showcase their skills and compete for victory. However, along with the excitement and glory, team sports also come
|
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iM Sports Sleeves
|
https://imsportssleeves.com/blogs/im-sports-sleeves-blog/thrill-of-competition-the-most-dangerous-team-sports
|
Team sports are a thrilling display of athleticism, teamwork, and competition. From high-intensity contact sports to adrenaline-pumping action, these sports bring together players from around the world to showcase their skills and compete for victory. However, along with the excitement and glory, team sports also come with inherent risks and dangers. Injuries are an unfortunate but inevitable part of the game, and some sports are known for their higher risk of injuries. Let's take a look at the 10 most dangerous team sports in the world and the injuries that can occur in each sport.
1. American Football: With its high impact collisions and physical nature, American Football is notorious for its risk of injuries. Common injuries in football include concussions, fractures, sprains, and strains. Popular team: New England Patriots (NFL), known for their success and multiple Super Bowl championships.
2. Rugby: Another high-contact sport, rugby is known for its physicality and fast-paced gameplay. Injuries in rugby can range from bruises and cuts to more severe injuries like broken bones and dislocated joints. Popular team: New Zealand All Blacks (Rugby Union), one of the most successful and well-known rugby teams in the world.
3. Ice Hockey: Played at high speeds on a slippery surface, ice hockey poses a risk of collisions, falls, and injuries from sticks and pucks. Injuries can include concussions, fractures, and cuts. Popular team: Pittsburgh Penguins (NHL), a storied franchise with multiple Stanley Cup championships.
4. Basketball: Despite being a non-contact sport, basketball can also result in injuries due to its fast-paced and high-impact nature. Common injuries in basketball include sprained ankles, fractures, and knee injuries. Popular team: Los Angeles Lakers (NBA), one of the most successful and iconic basketball teams in the world.
5. Soccer (Football): With its global popularity and large number of players, soccer sees its fair share of injuries. From sprained ankles and pulled muscles to more serious injuries like ligament tears and fractures, soccer players face various risks on the field. Popular team: FC Barcelona (La Liga), known for their success and passionate fanbase.
6. Lacrosse: Known for its fast-paced gameplay and intense physicality, lacrosse can result in injuries like fractures, concussions, and sprains from contact with opponents and equipment. Popular team: University of Virginia Men's Lacrosse (NCAA), a powerhouse in collegiate lacrosse with multiple national championships.
7. Water Polo: Played in water, water polo presents unique challenges, including the risk of drowning, as players often tread water for long periods. Injuries can range from cuts and bruises to concussions and fractures. Popular team: Hungarian National Water Polo Team, known for their dominance in international competitions.
8. Australian Rules Football: A highly physical sport, Australian Rules Football involves tackling, kicking, and high-flying leaps, which can result in injuries like fractures, concussions, and dislocations. Popular team: Richmond Tigers (AFL), one of the most successful and popular teams in the Australian Football League.
9. Handball: A fast-paced and high-impact sport, handball can lead to injuries like sprained joints, fractures, and bruises from contact with opponents and the ball. Popular team: France National Handball Team, known for their success in international competitions and multiple Olympic gold medals.
10. Roller Derby: A full-contact sport on roller skates, roller derby can result in various injuries like fractures, dislocations, and abrasions from falls, collisions, and contact with opponents. Popular team: Gotham Girls Roller Derby (WFTDA), one of the most well-known and successful roller derby teams in the world.
In conclusion, team sports can be thrilling and exciting, but they also come with inherent risks and dangers. Injuries are an unfortunate part of the game, and the sports mentioned above are known for their higher risk of injuries. From high-impact collisions to fast-paced gameplay, these sports can result in various injuries ranging from cuts and bruises to more severe injuries like fractures, concussions, and dislocations. It's crucial for athletes to prioritize safety and take proper precautions, such as wearing appropriate protective gear, following rules and regulations, and undergoing proper training and conditioning.
It's also worth mentioning that while these sports have their risks, they also have dedicated teams and organizations that prioritize player safety and take measures to prevent injuries. These teams often have experienced medical staff, stringent safety protocols, and ongoing research and development to improve player safety.
In conclusion, while these team sports can be dangerous, they also offer incredible opportunities for athletes to showcase their skills and compete at the highest level. It's essential to strike a balance between the thrill of the game and the importance of player safety to ensure a positive and healthy sporting experience for everyone involved.
Image Sources:
Image by David Mark from Pixabay
Image by Keith Johnston from Pixabay
Image by Keith Johnston from Pixabay
Image by Felix Dorn from Pixabay
Image by lisa runnels from Pixabay
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https://usafootball.com/national-team
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en
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U.S. National Team
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https://usafootball.com/favicon.ico
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Your Gold Medal Journey Starts Here. We develop flag and tackle players, and the flag athletes get to rep the U.S. against the world.
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The U.S. National Team is one family of teams made up of athletes over and under 18 years old. We scout, train, and showcase men and women and help everyone who competes to make a U.S. National Team elevate their game.
The U.S. National Team is part of USA Football High Performance, and athletes are selected from USA Football Qualifying Events. If you have questions on any specific events, please contact teamusa@usafootball.com.
USA Football is looking for the best of the best to join our pool of elite athletes that we will select from for the 2025 Adult and Junior U.S. National Teams.
We are the exclusive selector for the U.S. National Team that competes in IFAF-sanctioned events and our mission is to continue building a pipeline of athletes to increase our talent level and inspire future generations. This is your opportunity to join us in our continuing pursuit of gold on the international stage!
To support the next generation of athletes on the cusp of greatness and give more athletes a chance to #RepTheFlag, USA Football is launching the National Team Development Program in 2024! USA Football is building this developmental pipeline to feed future National Teams competing in international competitions, including the Olympics.
Through the National Team Development Program, top flag football players from around the country are identified, trained and selected to be developed and exposed to the next level of competition on USA Football’s Select Teams.
USA Football's Men's and Women's U.S. Tackle National Teams have represented the country against international competition in IFAF World Championships.
The U.S. National Team is competing in the 2024 IFAF U20 Men’s Tackle World Championship in Edmonton, Alberta (Canada). Learn more about how to try out.
The women's team won their fourth consecutive IFAF Women's World Championship in 2022. The men's team has won the three championships in which they participated.
USA Football's U.S. Tackle National Teams have featured college and professional stars, including Rashod Bateman, Mac Jones, Tyrann Mathieu, Kenny Pickett, Nazir Stackhouse, Jonathan Taylor, Wyatt Teller, Chase Young and many more.
Through our National Team program, we provide a pathway to the highest level of the game for both tackle and flag with an eye on a gold medal. As football’s governing body, USA Football is the sole U.S. member of the International Federation of American Football (IFAF). USA Football is recognized by the United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee.
Our National Team athletes and coaches represent the highest level of the competition and the standard of excellence for our game. They represent the U.S. in international competitions including IFAF Continental & World Championships, the World Games, and the 2028 Olympics.
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The Long History of American Football in the UK
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2016-10-03T00:00:00
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By Russ Crawford Yesterday, two teams from the National Football League (NFL) will played the first of three scheduled games in England this season. Two games take place at Wembley Stadium, the venue for twenty-three previous NFL games played across the pond since 1983,[1] and the third is to be held at Twickenham Stadium. The Jaguars,…
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https://s1.wp.com/i/favicon.ico
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Sport in American History
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https://ussporthistory.com/2016/10/03/the-long-history-of-american-football-in-the-uk/
|
By Russ Crawford
Yesterday, two teams from the National Football League (NFL) will played the first of three scheduled games in England this season. Two games take place at Wembley Stadium, the venue for twenty-three previous NFL games played across the pond since 1983,[1] and the third is to be held at Twickenham Stadium. The Jaguars, Colts, Giants, Rams, Redskins, and Bengals are scheduled to take the trip this year, and the league plans to continue playing at least two games in Wembley through 2020. Although the 2015 match between the Jacksonville Jaguars and the Buffalo Bills, which Robert Booth of the Guardian described as being played “to a backdrop of semi-naked cheerleaders, pyrotechnic display and military salutes,” lost around £650,000, the NFL continues to explore the possibility of fielding a team playing out of London. [2]
Wembley Stadium’s website indicates that the 1983 match between the Minnesota Vikings and St. Louis Cardinals was not the first American football game to have been played at the stadium. They correctly identify the 1952 USAFE final as being the first game in that location,[3] but the American brand of football has a much longer history in England that stretches back to 1910.
A Fleet of Footballers: The U.S. Navy and International Gridiron Games
During the first decade of the twentieth century, the United States began to take a larger role in the world. The main instrument for showing the American flag internationally was the U.S. Navy. American ships visited all corners of the world, and on many of their stops, they demonstrated the relatively new game of American football. The first games were played by the crews of ships belonging to American president Theodore Roosevelt’s Great White Fleet that toured the world from 1907 to 1909. One of the first football games played outside of North America was a 1909 contest between teams from the USS Kansas and the USS Minnesota that in Nice, France.[4]
Football, which had been included in military athletic programs since the Spanish-American War in 1898, continued to be a feature of sporting programs for soldiers and sailors.[5] It was the navy that brought football to Great Britain for the first time when two battleships, the USS Idaho and the USS Vermont, played a Thanksgiving Day game on November 23rd, 1910 at the Crystal Palace. The Daily Mirror sponsored the game and provided the Daily Mirror Silver Cup, which was presented to the team from the Idaho by the Duke of Manchester. A crowd of around 10,000 turned out to watch the Idaho players defeat the Vermont team by a score of 19-0. The event was so popular that the newspaper staged two more games. The second contest, played between the Idaho and the USS Connecticut on December 3rd, also took place at the Crystal Palace. Idaho won again, defeating Connecticut 5-0, before a crowd of 12,000 curious spectators. This time the Duchess of Marlborough presented the team with yet another cup. The final match, this time between teams from the USS Georgia and USS Rhode Island, took place at the Stonebridge Sports Ground in Kent, and drew only 4,000 spectators. Georgia defeated Rhode Island 12-0, and presumably won a cup for themselves.[6]
During the three game series, the British newspapers were skeptical of the new game, to say the least. Their reports emphasized the violence that marked football. The Graphic told its readers that “North American football has the reputation of being more dangerous than the South America revolution! – on the very day this game took place a boy was killed in a match at Winsted, Connecticut – but, happily, the Crystal Palace match passed off without a mishap, the Idaho team winning by 19 points to nil.”[7] The Illustrated London News also mentioned the player killed in Connecticut, commenting darkly that “It is further interesting to note, perhaps, that only the other day, an American football player was brought up, after a game in which a player was killed, on a technical charge of murder. He was exonerated and acquitted, but that it should be possible even for such a charge to be make shows how rough-and-tumble a game American football can be.”[8]
Although the series seemed to be popular with the British, at least as a sideshow spectacle, there was no apparent effort to follow-up the games by British athletes. Football therefore disappeared from the British Isles, aside from the occasional newsreel footage of Harvard vs. Yale games, or the rare movie such as Harold Lloyd in The Freshman (1925). However, when American servicemen began to arrive in the British Isles during the build up for the counterattack against the Germans in World War II, the GIs brought football equipment with them.
Wartime Football Abroad: The Tea and Coffee Bowls
Football returned to the UK when the Hales defeated the Yarvards 9-7 in front of 9,000 spectators in Belfast. The teams were given their tongue in the cheek names by team captains Cpl. Robert Hopfer of the Yarvards and S/Sgt. Arnold Carpenter of the Hales. It is likely that the majority of the “puzzled” fans were not cognizant of the inside joke, and the Stars and Stripes, the military newspaper, mentioned that they weren’t even sure of the final score. Puzzling or not, the game raised money for the Royal Victoria Hospital along with the Soldier’s, Sailor’s and Airman’s Families Association. It also signaled that football had returned after a thirty-two year absence.[9]
During the war, there would be a number of games played wherever American servicemen were billeted. Many games were played at the company or regimental level, and were designed to keep the overpaid and over sexed Americans out of trouble, but others were designed to entertain the troops and the local populace. Among these mass spectacles were the Tea and Coffee Bowls.
The idea for the first Tea Bowl originated when Major Dennis Whitaker, a former quarterback for the Hamilton Tigers of the Canadian Football League, and a Special Services lieutenant met in a pub, and began talking football. The result of the chance meeting was the Tea Bowl. The game was to be a hybrid, with the first half played under American rules, and the second under Canadian. The Canadians formed a team called the Mustangs, stocked with former CFL talent, and the Americans, led by PFC Frank Dombrowski, organized the Central Base Section Pirates.[10] Even during the spectacle, won by the Canadians 16-6, the war was hard to forget, and Royal Air Force Spitfires flew cover over the game in case the Luftwaffe decided to attack.[11]
Stung by the loss at the game Americans consider their own, they called for a rematch, and this time stacked a team to match the Canadians professionals. Key to the victory of the Infantry Division Blues, in what was dubbed the Coffee Bowl, was the play of Sgt. Tommy Thompson, who had previously played with the Philadelphia Eagles of the NFL. Behind his efforts, which Stars and Stripes described as being a “one-man-gang performance,” the Blues defeated the Mustangs 18-0 before a crowd of 55,000 at the White City Stadium. The March 20, 1944 game still featured a switch in rules at halftime, but the Mustangs had no answer for Thompson, who threw for two touchdowns, returned punts for a 20 yard average, and ran at will over the Canadians.[12]
With the success of the Tea and Coffee Bowls, the Special Services Branch continued staging mass spectacles to entertain the troops. A few months after D Day, the Eighth Air Force (Army Air Corps) Shuttle-Raders defeated the Navy Sea Lions 20-0 in front of 40,000 at the White City.[13] This game was named the G.I. Bowl and it was followed by Tea Bowl II, this time contended by the Air Service Command Warriors who defeated the Shuttle-Raders 13-0. White City once again was the venue, and 25,000 spectators turned out to view the action.[14] The steady decline of spectators was likely due to the increased tempo of combat as Allied forces neared and then penetrated German territory. Despite that, the various branches of the military still played their games. Leagues in Britain and on the continent played as many games as possible, though one contest between the winner of the Normandy Football League and the Eighth Air Force All-Stars had to be cancelled, presumably because of the need for personnel to concentrate more on bombing runs than off tackles.[15]
Postwar Football: The US Air Force Europe Sports League
After the war, Americans retained a presence in the UK, particularly on Air Force bases. Football continued there, but only of the touch variety. In 1951, the US Air Force Europe (USAFE) Sports League began to sponsor full tackle football at bases in the UK. During most of the Cold War, seven teams contended for the USAFE crown from British bases. There were teams located at Chicksands, Burtonwood, Sculthorse, Altoonbury, High Wycombe, London, Suffolk, and Weathersfield.[16] By 1993, the last year of play for tackle football, only Upper Heyford and Chicksands remained of the original base teams, but they had been joined by Lakeneath, Midenhall, and Alconbury.[17] British teams were part of the European Command’s sport program that sponsored three districts at it height, which included the UK District, the France District, and the Germany District. The Germans were the class of the EC football world, and reportedly ran programs that were the EC equivalent of modern big-time programs in college football. The initial British entry into the USAFE final was the Burtonwood Bullets, who lost to the Rhine Main Rockets in 1951. That game was played in Germany, but the next season, England would have the home field advantage.
The first American football game at Wembley Stadium was the USAFE final between the Burtonwood Bullets and the Fustenfeldbrook Eagles on 13 December 1952. The Germans once again were too powerful as Fursty defeated Burtonwood 26-7. Around 30,000 attended the game, so the British press paid attention to the game once more, but they were largely as negative as they had been in 1910. The Sunday Graphic headline screamed “It’s Moider” and Graphic reporter Dennis Dunn declared that “It was sheer madness and a sight that made strong men turn pale.” He went on to relate that “A hard-bitten British football (soccer) reporter turned white faced to me and said ‘I have never seen anything like this. These fellows have something.’ I heartily agree. Personally, I do not think it is curable.” In another Graphic story the paper told readers that “At some secret signal, utterly ignoring the ball, the 22 leaped at each other’s throats. A whistle blew and the debris was removed…Stretcher bearers kept carting off the bodies and the score apparently depended on a coroner’s report – Then the final whistle blew and we gave three hearty cheers to the ambulance which had won a fine game.” The Sunday Express piled on calling it “Murder in the Midfield. Reynolds News was a bit more restrained, telling its readers of “Mayhem, Hula and Bands.” The Sunday Pictorial reportedly described the cheerleaders saying that “pretty girls leaped up and down in Maori war dances to stir up the crowd, shouting ‘How do you like your oysters – raw! raw! raw!’”[18]
Sterling Slappey of Stars and Stripes noted some British fans were impressed . He quoted one disgruntled British fan, however, who he described as “a proper cricket type with mustache bristling” that felt the game was “deplorable.” Another terse commenter added “It’s a shame, a complete shame.” Some in the crowd of 25,000 wondered how many fatalities teams suffered after viewing the mayhem on the field, with one commenter declaring that “The battles a bit rough, isn’t it? Do you get many fatalities per game? (11 in 1953, and 12 in 1954[19]) Your American scrum is a beastly place to be.” A BBC announcer “kept insisting,’ ‘You know I’d like this game a lot, really, if I knew what was going on down there.’” Slappey concluded by asserting that even though the game left a “general favorable impression” on the British, the chances for the game taking off there were slim. “But don’t think football will catch on in England. It hardly has a chance. England already has its cricket, rugby, and association football (practically no resemblance to the American kind), and those three are enough for any nation.”[20]
Embed from Getty Images
Professional American Football in Great Britain
The Stars and Stripes writer was ultimately incorrect, and the British did begin playing football, but not for another three decades. The catalyst for convincing British athletes that football did not surely lead to death and dismemberment was the debut of Channel 4 in 1982. It offered re-telecasts of NFL games, and carried the Super Bowl. Now an increased number of people in the UK could see the game for themselves, and some liked what they saw.[21]
At the same time, the NFL was beginning to search for fresh markets to introduce their product. Several promoters thought that the world was ready for some football. Those included men such as Tex Schramm of the Dallas Cowboys, who had begun securing international talent when he signed Austrian kicker Toni Fritsch. Schramm was also interested in creating a demand for football, globally, and in Europe in particular.
Another was the American promoter John Marshall, who arranged the first NFL game at Wembley. He brought over the Minnesota Vikings and the St. Louis Cardinals to play an August 6, 1983 game there. The game attracted 32,847 spectators, but Marshall ended up losing £420,000. Once again, some in the British press held forth a less-than favorable opinion of the game. The Sunday Express gave it a thumbs-down saying, “All those endless collisions of outsize flesh and blood… all those baffling hand signals and free-coded rhythm grunts, which only players of their own side could understand… and all those coaches barking orders – to the outsider it was a disorganized mess. A Big Bore!”[22]
Still, the game made a considerable splash, and with the NFL on the television, some Britons were encouraged to try the new game. Rowland Pickering was one of those who were fired-up by what they saw, and he gathered a group of friends who met near Speaker’s Corner in Hyde Park. Only two of the young men that appeared that day had ever played football. One was Adam Less, a Canadian living in London, and the other, an American named Lou, who had semi-pro football, according to what Less remembered in a post to the London Ravens historical website.[23] They also had some early help from the Chicksands Chicks of USAFE, who worked with the team and scheduled some early scrimmages with the Ravens. Although the Air Force team reportedly thought the request for a practice game was a “practical joke,” they went ahead with the game that was played at Stamford Bridge on July 9, 1983. The Ravens gave the Chicks more of a game than they had thought, and the Americans only pulled out a win over the upstart British 8-0. A second game was a 38-0 blowout Chicks victory, but the Ravens were on their way.
The first all-British game took place once again at Stamford Bridge, and pitted the Ravens against the Northwich Spartans. The Ravens preparation paid off and they won an easy 48-0 victory in October of 1983. The groundbreaking team quickly looked for new fields to conquer, and played the Paris Castors (Beavers) to a 6-6 tie in the first international game played in England. They followed that up the next year with a 51-0 drubbing of Paris Spartacus, the first French team that began play in 1980. The students became the masters by defeating the Chicks 13-12 in a 1985 game. The gods of history were on the job during the last two games, and someone recorded them, and they are now available on YouTube.[24]
The pace of football in the UK was quickening, and on July 21, 1984, the USFL tested the waters with a match at Wembley. The Philadelphia Stars and Tampa Bay Bandits, owned by actor Burt Reynolds, drew 21,000 spectators to a game won by the Stars, 24-21. Tony Wells, a fan at the game gave an interesting reason for his interest in football when he told a reporter that “American football is a family game …We can take the wife and kids if we want.” He was contrasting this with the atmosphere at soccer games, where one was liable to be tear gassed during the disturbances that sometimes marked the more established sport.[25]
With around twenty teams now playing in England in 1984, the need for organization became apparent. Unfortunately, nobody could agree on what form that organization should take. The fledgling British American Football Federation called for a meeting at the Baden Powell House in London, which ended in more division, and the BAFF retained only seven of the teams there. The others returned to the scene of American help, and held a meeting at Chicksands AFB. This resulted in the formation of the American Football League (UK), with 22 teams signed. There were also other smaller associations, including the UK American Football Association, and the Amateur American Football Conference.[26]
The most powerful teams, including the Ravens, went with the AFL (UK), and the Ravens dominated play. The league final featured their version of the Super Bowl, the Summer Bowl, and in 1985, the Ravens defeated the Streatham Olympians 45-7.[27] In 1986, the championship became the Bud (as in Budweiser) Bowl, then the Coke Bowl. These were joined by the Britbowl in 1987, and this remains the name for the championship game for American football in Britain.[28]
The NFL returned in 1986, when the world champion Chicago Bears played the Dallas Cowboys before 86,000 fans in the first American Bowl at Wembley. The Bears won 17-6, and I remember that one of the best interview lines was provided by Cowboy’s coach Tom Landry, who quipped that the last time he had been in London, he had been taking a break from dropping bombs on Germany.
Embed from Getty Images
More significantly, 1986 witnessed the first football game in the UK played by two teams made up completely of female players. In November, the East Coast Sharkettes defeated the Eastbourne Crusaders 30-12 in a game at Bognor Regis. It would be some time before another female game took place, but women would eventually join their male counterparts in playing gridiron tackle football.[29]
In the late 1980s, BAFL went into receivership, and the Budweiser leagues took over. The Bud League featured the top fifteen teams in the National Division, forty-eight in the second Premier Division, and thirty-two more teams in their Division One. This was also the period when British teams began importing North American talent to elevate their game. Bo Hickey of the Fylde Falcons, who played college football for Western Maryland, set the passing record of 3,725 yards in 1988 that still stands.[30]
At the start of the 1990s, Budweiser gave way to Coke, and leadership of British football continued to evolve, and be contested. From 1989 to 2010, the British American Football League held sway, but the British American Football Association finally took control in 2010, and continues to be the primary league.
A new American football league came knocking in 1989, when the Arena Football League played a game in London on November 18, 1989. 12,000 fans came to the London Arena to watch the new version of the game that Jim Foster had created while watching an indoor soccer game. The Detroit Drive defeated the Chicago Bruisers 43-14, and Foster had plans to expand indoor football to the UK, but nothing came of that.[31]
The NFL, in addition to continuing to play American Bowl games in London, also launched an even more ambitious program in 1991. NFL Europe began as the World League of American Football before being renamed as NFL Europe, and then NFL Europa. While it lasted, from 1991 to 2004), the league sponsored two teams from the UK. The London Monarchs was the first to play, and the first UK team to win the World Bowl in its first season of play. They were joined by the Scottish Claymores in 1995, and the northern team also won a World Bowl in 1996. The Claymores also played for the championship in 2000, but fell to the Rhein Fire.
Although the majority of the players in NFLE were Americans, some British players made the rosters, and a few of those made the transition to the NFL. Another few have made the big league without the help of the NFL’s experiment that ceased play in 2004. Probably the most successful player born in Britain was Osi Umenyiora, who played for the New York Giants and Atlanta Falcons during a stellar, but injury plagued career that began in 2003 and culminated in 2015. Umenyiora is currently featured in the NFL Undiscovered video series that explores the difficulty that international players have making the grade in the league.
The British National Team Adopts American Football
Not long after football began in the UK, the British National Team started to contest for the European Championship sponsored by the International Federation of American Football. They earned fourth place in 1987, losing to Finland 38-23 in the third place game. They got their revenge the next two years and defeated the Finns in 1989 and 1991 to win the European Championship by scores of 26-0 and 14-3, respectively. After not fielding a team in 1993 and 1995, the Lions returned to the upper echelon, finishing fourth in 1997 and 2005. For those wishing to cheer on the Lions in international competition, they will be playing the Russian team on September 16 at Sixways Stadium in Worcester. This is the qualifying round for the 2018 European Championship that will be held in Germany. The men’s national flag football team will also be playing this week, when they take part in the IFAF Men’s and Women’s Flag Football World Championship in Miami, Florida.
The UK women’s team has also had considerable success in the latest round of international competition. Their first competition on the European stage was a 5 on 5 friendly game against the Swedish National Team on October 20th, 2013. The British team lost 27-10, but in a rematch playing with full teams for the first time, the GBNT won 26-14 in another friendly match. The female Lions entered the Women’s European Championship for the first time in 2015, and unexpectedly finished second to the Finns after losing 50-12.[32] Women’s 11 on 11 tackle football is relatively new, and the Sapphire Series championship has been held since 2014, with the Birmingham Lions winning the championship every year. BAFA also holds the Opal Series, a 5 on 5 flag football competition for women from October to December each year. Women from the Opal Series teams then can be drafted to play on the Red Diamond or Blue Diamond 11 on 11 teams to play a three flag games for the championship.[33]
After hitting “rock bottom” in 2000, the number of tackle football teams rebounded. There are currently twelve teams in the Premier League, eighteen in Division One, and thirty-four in Division Two. Since the BAFA took over in 2010, London teams have dominated the Premier Division. The London Blitz won the Britbowl from 2010 to 2012, and the London Warriors have been champions since then, winning the last four Britbowls. The women’s division has at least ten teams, based on the home teams of the national team, and British University Football League, which is part of BAFA, had eighty teams for the 2015-2016 season. The university teams began play in 2007-2008, and since then, the Birmingham Lions have been the class of the league, winning four championships, including last season’s, in nine years.[34]
Gridiron football may be the American national game, but the rest of the world is beginning to discover the joy of visiting violence on opposing players. The game debuted in the UK over one hundred years ago, but it has only been a little over thirty years since the game took root among the indigenous population. Since then, men and women, students and adults, both young and old have joined the huddle. Appreciation for the game continues to grow, through the push of the NFL and the pull of homegrown players and fans. Whether the NFL ever locates a team in London, the game has begun to sink roots. While it still exists on the margins of soccer and rugby, more and more Brits are answering in the affirmative when asked if they are ready for some football.
Postscript: the British men’s and women’s national teams had a successful weekend in international competition between 15 and 18 September. The GB Lions Men’s National Team defeated both Russia and the Czech Republic, and the Women’s National Team won a friendly match against Spain.
Russ Crawford is an Associate Professor of History at Ohio Northern University in Ada, Ohio. His area of specialty is sport history, with an evolving focus on nontraditional practitioners of gridiron football. Along with several chapters on sport history, he has published two books. Le Football: The History of American Football in France was recently published by the University of Nebraska Press in August 2016. His first book, The Use of Sport to Promote the American Way of Life During the Cold War: Cultural Propaganda, 1946-1963, was published by the Edwin Mellen Press in 2008.
Notes:
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Why you should watch American Football
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No, I’m not kidding. The US football season is wrapping up with its usual bang: two playoff games this weekend, then the Super Bowl two weeks later. So if you’ve never checked it out,…
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Crooked Timber
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https://crookedtimber.org/2024/01/24/why-you-should-watch-american-football/
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No, I’m not kidding. The US football season is wrapping up with its usual bang: two playoff games this weekend, then the Super Bowl two weeks later. So if you’ve never checked it out, this might be a time.
So, in the spirit of philosophical discussion, let’s start with some reasons you might not want to watch American football.
— “I don’t consume media about team sports. The exploitation and commodification of the players, the hysteria of the fans, the endless advertisements, the disgusting late-capitalist excess generally, all appall me.”
Okay so 1) this is a perfectly defensible and legitimate philosophical position, and 2) you can stop reading now. I’m trying to explain to a bunch of white meat fans why beef is actually pretty great, and you’re a vegetarian. Nothing wrong with being a vegetarian, it’s great, but this post isn’t for you.
— “It’s complicated.”
It really isn’t. The basic concept is dirt simple. You’re trying to move the ball up the field. You get four tries to move the ball ten yards from where you started. Fail and you lose the ball. Bam. Yes, the details get fractally complex, but that’s true of almost all sports.
If you can understand the offsides rule in soccer, you can understand American football. If you can understand cricket… come on.
— “It’s stop and go! As soon as the action starts, it stops!”
Feature, not bug. Sports like basketball, soccer or hockey are constant-action. Baseball, cricket and football are interrupted-action. But football is better, because football is deeply iterative in a way that baseball or cricket really aren’t. Every play depends on every previous play. Every play changes every future play. The time between plays gives you, the watcher, time to curse, applaud, and then analyze or second guess what’s going to happen next.
— “It’s an American thing!”
This is not really football’s fault. It’s kind of stuck in a bad equilibrium: it’s perceived as so very American that it’s quite difficult for it to break out of being American. That said, there are a couple of German football leagues, and it looks like the sport is starting to catch on in Europe generally.
(I’ve said for years that if it weren’t so “American”, football would be a perfect fit for Russians: it combines strength and toughness with cool-headed chess-playing strategy. Certainly the few Russians I’ve met who follow it, follow it hard.) (Oddly, they’re mostly Eagles fans. No idea.)
— “It’s a brutal sport that does lasting damage to bodies and brains!”
Okay, so this is a palpable hit. Football /is/ very hard on the body, and it /does/ lead to an increased probability of long-term health problems and — most horribly — cognitive issues. That’s no small thing.
Philosophically, this gets into some deep waters fast. It’s statistical, most players are fine! Yeah, so it’s okay to brain-damage players if it’s just a few? The players are informed and accept the risks! Oh? Most players start between ages 12 and 16; you’re going to tell me a middle schooler can thoughtfully evaluate long-term risk? Etc., etc., etcetera. The arguments are fractal, and I won’t rehash them here. I acknowledge their strength, and I respect people who decide they can’t watch football because of the health / injury issue.
That said, two points. One, there’s lots of stuff that’s objectively as bad or worse than football. Jai alai, boxing, calcio storico, MMA, BMX cycling and motocross are all significantly more dangerous. Ice hockey and lacrosse are statistically just about as bad. Dear old rugby is less bad, but not by much.
Two, pretty much all sports run a risk, and a lot of them are riskier than you’d think — i.e., skiing and (especially) snowboarding are much more dangerous than most people care to know. And there’s increasing evidence that even the beautiful game of soccer can cause long-term cognitive damage, because — quelle surprise! — heading thousands of high-velocity soccer balls over a decade or two isn’t actually good for your brain. If you only want to watch stuff where there’s little or no danger of injury to the athletes, well, you’re basically talking table tennis and golf.
Okay, then… why should you watch American football?
1) It’s an extremely intelligent game.
I am not remotely kidding. Football is probably the most strategically deep game of any major sport. The rules are designed to encourage it! Meanwhile, teams are unusually equal in terms of quality of players — see below — so they must rely on cleverness to win.
Football is regularly compared to chess, and that’s fair. But really it’s more of a high-speed physical game of rock-paper-scissors. The core of it is correctly guessing the other side’s play. If you can do that consistently, you’ll win. If not — and if they guess your plays consistently — you will lose. And like all guessing games, it immediately becomes recursive (if he knows I know he’ll call a blitz, he won’t call a blitz, except he’ll also know that I know he knows, which means he will) and involves bluffing and deceit.
And not only is it a very smart game, it’s smart on a sliding scale. That is, once you have a basic familiarity you can grasp the big strategies and understand what’s happening. But as you learn more, you’ll understand more, and you’ll see the little fractal side-strategies — the operational and tactical levels, if you like. It rewards attention no matter how much or little you know.
A big part of the fun of watching it is trying to outguess the guys on the field. “Armchair quarterback” and “Monday morning quarterback” are American idioms for a reason. It’s also why football fans are perhaps the most likely to yell at a screen. “He knew you were going to call a blitz! Why did you call a blitz?”
2) It’s an unusually balanced game.
It’s not possible for a Saudi billionaire or Russian oligarch to buy victory by throwing money at it. That’s because the NFL has a complex set of systems — everything from salary caps to the draft — to ensure that teams have roughly equal access to quality players. So when teams win or lose, they do it because of draft choices, coaching, strategy, and intangibles like locker room culture and team spirit.
Dynasties are relatively rare in football, and it’s been 20 years since anyone repeated a Super Bowl victory. There are teams that stay bad for years on end — ask a long-suffering Cleveland Browns fan — but they’re relatively rare. And upset wins and Cinderella stories are more common than in most sports. As the saying goes, on any given day, any NFL team can beat any other NFL team. It’s almost true.
3) There’s not a lot of garbage time.
Garbage time starts when one team is so far ahead that there’s not much point in watching the rest of the game. This can happen in any sport, but it’s rarer in football, because surprise swings and fourth-quarter comebacks are more common. A team down by 10 points still has about a 20% chance of winning. A team down by 17 points (three scores, roughly comparable to being down 0-3 in soccer) still has about a 6% chance of winning. It’s the rock-paper-scissors thing: by the second half, a competent team has had a chance to spot the patterns, crack the code, and come up with a counter.
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Fueling a Football Team
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http://www.gssiweb.org/sports-science-exchange/article/sse-146-fueling-a-football-team
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KEY POINTS
Despite the fact that many football players focus their dietary intake on large amounts of protein, at the expense of carbohydrate, their repeated bouts of high-intensity movements throughout a game are dependent upon muscle glycogen and ultimately carbohydrate intake.
Kilocalorie requirements for players are based upon multiple factors, including body composition, height, weight and position on the football team.
Football players benefit from consuming enough protein to stimulate muscle protein synthesis (MPS); however, consuming more than what the body can handle does not offer any further benefits for stimulating MPS and the excess amino acids are oxidized by the body.
Due to their increase in energy intake, players meet or often exceed the dietary recommendations for fat. Additionally, saturated fatty acid intake tends to be high in football players and puts them at risk for cardiovascular disease.
The pre-game meal should supply enough energy so that players are not hungry during the game and should be composed of mostly carbohydrate with moderate protein and limited fat.
New recommendations for carbohydrate intake during exercise for intermittent bouts of activity, as seen in football, recommend small amounts of carbohydrate intake along with mouth rinses to maximize carbohydrate intake for both muscle and brain function.
The post-game meal should focus on healthy portions of vegetables and fruit, lean protein, whole grains and healthy fats and fluids for rehydration.
Hiring registered dietitians (RDs) as team dietitians has improved the food selection at training tables and increased nutrition education with players, allowing them to perform at their athletic potential.
INTRODUCTION
The way football players are fed has changed dramatically since the late 1970s and early 1980s compared to the practice and evidence-based science approach that is used today. If you walked into a professional football organization in 1980 and asked how they fed their players, they would have most likely walked you to the back door where the food truck, like a mobile canteen, was parked. The mobile canteen usually showed up just as the team was finishing the morning viewing of films and meetings before players changed into practice uniforms for drills in the afternoon. Most players bought their “noon time meal” from the truck while others would sometimes run to a local fast food restaurant to eat. Generally, the meal from the truck or fast food restaurant was the player’s first meal of the day. Their second meal of the day was either consumed on their way home after practice, which again could be fast food, or something they purchased at a restaurant that was heated up in their home microwaves.
Fast forward to 2015 and professional football organizations are now building full-size kitchens and dining rooms in their facilities. Most have hired full-time chefs and full-time sports RDs and serve 2-3 meals a day in addition to pre-practice snacks and recovery meals. While food trucks are still delivering food, they are now coming from farms and facilities that provide local and sustainably grown vegetables, fruits, dairy products and meats. No longer are players going most of the day without eating or eating only one meal a day. Additionally, the food that a player is served and consumes before, during and after training or a game is now based on evidence-based science to help improve health and performance.
ENERGY SYSTEMS
It is important to review the physiologic energy systems used by football players, as it determines what fuel they need to consume and replace before and after training and competition. While American football has not been studied like soccer or rugby, extrapolations can be made regarding the physiologic energy systems used during football games. In rugby, Duthie and colleagues (2003) found that about 85% of the game was spent in low-intensity activities while 15% was spent in high-intensity activities. Of the high-intensity activities, 9% was running and 6% tackling and wrestling for the ball. Williams and Rollo (2015) reported that both the anaerobic and aerobic energy systems work together during intermittent, team sport activities. During high-intensity sprints or tackles, energy is provided by anaerobic metabolism, while simultaneously aerobic metabolism continues to supply energy to the vital organs. The predominance of the energy system that is used during football is determined by the player’s position. For example, wide receivers, linebackers and defensive backs will rely more heavily on aerobic metabolism than linemen, who will rely more on the anaerobic metabolism. Anaerobic metabolism is fueled by intramuscular phosphocreatine (PCr) and glycogen, while aerobic metabolism is fueled by glycogen and fatty acids. It is important to note that glycogen or carbohydrate is a substrate for both aerobic and anaerobic activity and is the substrate of choice for high-intensity activity.
If a player is not eating adequate amounts of kilocalories or carbohydrates or the correct proportion of macro and micronutrients, then ATP cannot be made and over the course of a game or season, a player may not be able to maintain athletic performance. For example, in the fall of 2014, the offensive line for the University of Colorado football team was complaining of fatigue and tiredness during the training week. Coaches also stated that their performance in games for the first half of the season was declining and many of the players were losing weight. The offensive line coach was a firm believer in having his players participate in very intensive workouts during the week, and as a result, they were tired after practice and did not consume enough kilocalories and therefore carbohydrate. After several sessions with sports RDs, the players increased their carbohydrate intake and body weight returned to their playing weight, and performance improved for the second half of the season.
DIETARY RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FOOTBALL PLAYERS
Kilocalories
The determination of energy needs for football players is based on many factors including their physical characteristics and their position on the football team. For example, defensive linemen, particularly defensive ends, are generally smaller than offensive linemen while running backs, linebackers, wide receivers and defensive backs are generally the same size and have common physical measurements (Pincivero & Bompa, 1997; Pryor et al., 2014). In terms of body composition, similar findings are also found. Linemen generally have a higher percentage of body fat than linebackers, running backs, defensive backs and wide receivers (Pryor et al., 2014). Thus, the wide range in body size and composition can make kilocalorie requirements extremely variable among a football team. In addition, different teams may emphasize different weights and body composition for certain positions. Table 1 lists an estimated range of kilocalorie intakes for football players based on their position and body composition.
Resting metabolic rate (RMR) is the energy required to maintain bodily functions such as heart rate, respiration and circulation while the body is at rest. It accounts for approximately 60-80% of total energy expenditure. It is measured by indirect calorimetry, where oxygen consumption (L/min) and carbon dioxide production (L/min) are collected and analyzed for a specific amount of time. Because most practitioners do not have access to the equipment to actually measure RMR, a number of prediction equations are used to estimate RMR. Thompson and Manore (1996) compared predicted RMR equations with measured RMR and found that the Cunningham (1980) equation provides an accurate estimate of RMR when determining energy needs of active individuals.
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are the primary energy source for the exercising muscle when exercise intensity reaches 65% of maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max) or greater (van Loon et al., 2001). Carbohydrate is the fuel of choice for high-intensity aerobic exercise and also for so-called anaerobic exercise, where sprint and ballistic-like movements occur. Because football players have high-intensity and vigorous workouts for sometimes more than an hour a day, they may need as much as 5-7 g of carbohydrate/kg/day of body mass in order to maintain and replenish muscle and liver glycogen stores (Burke et al., 2011, Coyle, 1991). In the past, carbohydrate recommendations have often been expressed as a percentage of total kilocalories; however, this percentage is poorly correlated to both the amount of carbohydrate actually eaten and the required fuel needed to support an athlete’s training and competition.
National Football League (NFL) teams are allowed to have 53 players on their roster. Not all 53 play in the weekly games, but may have an active role during training sessions throughout the week. It is important to match the players’ carbohydrate intake to their fuel needs for games, training and recovery. This concept has been defined as carbohydrate availability and attempts to match increased carbohydrate intake specifically to training and competition needs (Burke et al., 2011). When players fail to consume adequate carbohydrates and energy during daily training, muscle glycogen levels decrease and training and competition performance may be impaired. Because football players practice at least 5 days per week, consumption of carbohydrates needs to occur every day, otherwise performance may be impaired.
Generally, a variety of whole grain pasta, breads and rice along with fruits and vegetables like potatoes not only provide the carbohydrates that players need, but also a variety of essential vitamins, trace minerals and fiber. Too often players choose carbohydrates with higher amounts of fats and sugars (such as french fries and cakes, cookies or candy). While football players are expending more kilocalories from carbohydrates and can afford to consume more kilocalorie dense foods such as sports drinks, gels and other simple sugar-containing food products, they should consume these types of foods for pre- and post-game refueling rather than including them in their daily meal pattern.
Protein
Of all the nutrients that could impact health and performance, consuming enough protein is a major focus for most football players. Long and colleagues (2011), along with Jonnalagadda and colleagues (2001), found that collegiate freshman football players were primarily concerned about consuming enough protein and believed that protein was the main source of energy for the exercising muscle. Additionally, young football players believe that the consumption of protein supplements is necessary for synthesizing new muscle (Jonnalagadda et al., 2001). Proteins are in constant flux in the body as they are involved in the processes of synthesis and degradation. Athletes, like football players, benefit from consuming enough protein to stimulate muscle protein synthesis (MPS) and repair muscle damage.
Protein recommendations for strength athletes, which would include football players, range from 1.6-1.7 g protein/kg body mass (Phillips, 2012). This is more than double the requirements for the sedentary adult. While protein is important for football players to facilitate muscle synthesis and repair, a word of caution needs to be heeded as many players exceed their protein requirement due to the added protein they consume in shakes, powders and protein bars. Most players can easily meet their protein requirements through a well-planned diet that includes high quality protein that is spread throughout the day rather than consumed in large amounts in one single meal. For example, Moore and colleagues (2009) found that consuming over 40 g of protein in a single meal had no additional benefits in further stimulating MPS and the excess amino acids were simply oxidized by the body.
In addition to the amount of protein that needs to be consumed, the quality of the protein also influences the body’s ability to synthesize protein. The quality of a protein is partially dependent upon its digestibility, but primarily on its essential amino acid profile including both the specific amount and the proportion of essential amino acids. Branched chain amino acids (BCAA) are absorbed faster than smaller amino acids, and essential amino acids (EAA) are absorbed faster than non-essential amino acids (NEAA) with leucine, isoleucine, valine and methionine being the most rapidly absorbed (Adibi et al., 1967). These physiological properties give BCAA, which are found in dairy and meat products, a high protein digestibility-corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS). Evidence from Wilkinson et al. (2007) and Tang et al. (2009) has shown that dairy products, especially milk, stimulate MPS. Lastly, the BCAA leucine can activate key signaling proteins of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway which plays a crucial role in turning on MPS (Baar, 2014; Drummond & Rasmussen, 2008; Drummond et al., 2009).
Ideally, a mix of protein sources should be included in the diet of a football player. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) is a large survey conducted in the U.S. and Canada to determine what people are eating (Center for Disease Control and Prevention). Results from these surveys have shown that 2/3 of the protein consumed in a typical North American diet comes from animal sources (Abbot & Byrd-Bredbenner, 2007). This increased consumption of animal products can lead to a higher intake of saturated fat, which can put individuals at risk for cardiovascular disease (Dixit et al., 2011) and metabolic syndrome (MS). Table 2 can be used to plan protein requirements for players based on body weight.
Fat
Dietary fats supply a source of essential fatty acids and fat-soluble vitamins that are important to a football player’s diet; however, most players either fall within the range for recommended fat intake or exceed it. Players who consume a high-fat diet will not only have adverse health effects but may also displace the storage of carbohydrates by fat (Coyle et al., 2001). On the other hand, players who eat a very low-fat diet (less than 15% of total kilocalories from fat) do not have any additional performance benefits (Stellingwerff et al., 2006). So, neither a high-fat diet nor low-fat diet is advised.
Despite the fact that most players fall within the recommended range of fat intake, players of all ages should be encouraged to consume more heart healthy fats, which include more fats that contain monounsaturated (olive and peanut oil) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (safflower and soybean oil) and lower amounts of saturated fatty acids (butter, lard, cream) and trans fats (processed foods like cookies and crackers) with the addition of fruits, vegetables and whole grains (ADA, 2009).
Bosch and colleagues (2014) found that as body mass increased, abdominal fat accumulation increased in NFL players. Another study conducted in 1994 by Baron & Rinsky found that offensive and defensive linemen had an increased risk of cardiovascular disease when compared with players at other positions. Consuming too much food (especially high-calorie food from fat) can result in the accumulation of abdominal fat, which puts linemen at risk for cardiovascular disease. In particular, linemen had a 52% greater risk of cardiovascular death when compared with the general population and three times the risk of dying from heart disease when compared to non-linemen. Additionally, Miller and colleagues (2008) investigated the evidence of MS in retired NFL players and found that linemen exhibited a high prevalence of MS, which was almost double the prevalence of their non-linemen counterparts. These studies could partially help explain the higher risk for cardiovascular death observed in retired linemen. Clearly, behavior and lifestyle changes, including dietary intervention, need to be implemented with retiring NFL players.
EATING FOR COMPETITION AND TRAINING
The foods consumed before, during and after competition and training can affect performance and how quickly the body can recover. Specific guidelines exist to provide athletes with the best recommendations to ensure maximum performance.
Pre-game Meal
One of the goals for the pre-game meal is to keep the player from feeling hungry before and during the game. Other reasons to consume a pre-game meal include refilling liver glycogen and to continue to replenish muscle glycogen from the last workout. Allowing for personal and psychological factors, the pre-exercise meal should be high in carbohydrates, moderate in protein and low in fiber and in a form that is readily digested (Rehrer et al., 1992). Foods with high fat content delay emptying time from the stomach and take longer to digest while foods with high carbohydrate content empty faster, with liquid carbohydrates emptying the fastest out of the stomach.
The meal consumed before exercise should be large enough so that players are not hungry during the game, but not so large as to leave undigested food in the stomach. Guidelines suggest that smaller meals should be consumed closer to the event to allow emptying of food and absorption of nutrients (ADA, 2009). Generally, carbohydrates should compose most of the pre-exercise meal and 1 g carbohydrate/kg body mass is appropriate 1 h prior to the start of the game, whereas 3-4 g carbohydrate/kg body mass can be consumed 3-4 h before the game (Burke et al., 2011).
In some cases where adrenaline levels are increased before the start of a game, a liquid meal replacement high in carbohydrates or carbohydrate drinks with a small amount of solid foods work well for the player. Note that consuming a pre-game meal does not make up for poor nutritional intake in the days leading up to a game or competition. Preparation for competition includes nutritional strategies to replenish energy stores in the week leading up to competition and includes the pre-game meal and the foods or beverages consumed just before the game starts.
The evidence-based guidelines below can be used as the basis to make pre-game recommendations to players.
What Science and Practice Recommends for Pre-game Meals
5-60 min before competition, it is suggested to consume lower amounts of carbohydrates that digest quickly. Try consuming:
Liquids that contain 30-60 g carbohydrates from a sports drink or gel
2 h before competition, solid foods can be introduced if it sits well with the player. Examples could include: Small bowl of a whole-grain cereal and low-fat milk
Whole-grain toast or a small low-fat muffin
1/2 whole-grain bagel, low-fat yogurt and fruit
Fruit smoothie made with low-fat yogurt or milk
3-4 h before competition, larger meals can be consumed. However, watch the amount of fat consumed because it takes the longest to digest. Try pre-game meals like:
Turkey sandwich on whole-grain bread with low-fat cheese, yogurt, fruit or granola bar
Pasta with 3-4 ounces of meat sauce, bread sticks, low-fat milk
Steamed rice with vegetables with 3 ounces of chicken and a piece of fruit
French toast or small stack of pancakes with limited syrup, 1 egg, low-fat milk and a piece of fruit
Eating the Hour Before the Game
In the past, there was a concern that if players ate carbohydrate foods or beverages immediately before the start of a game, insulin levels would rise and cause a decline in blood glucose and players would take the field in a hypoglycemic state. The notion of creating a hypoglycemic effect by eating carbohydrates immediately before exercise came from a study published by Foster et al. (1979). While these authors did find a reduction in exercise capacity when subjects consumed glucose the hour before exercise, in most athletes, this transient hypoglycemia is not detrimental to performance. In fact, most studies now find that carbohydrate consumption in the hour before exercise has no detrimental effects but rather provides an improvement in performance (Coyle, 1991; Hawley & Burke, 1997). It is suggested that within the hour before the game, players may benefit from consuming liquid carbohydrates, such as a pre-game beverage or gel (25 g carbohydrate/4 oz or 118 mL) or sports drink (~14 oz or 400 mL of solution containing ~6% carbohydrate).
Fueling During the Game
American football is an intermittent sport that can be riveted with long breaks between offensive and defensive plays in which players may have variable rest periods throughout a game and these variables can change from game to game. Along with questionable actual playing time, environmental conditions such as temperature, altitude and humidity change from game to game and can also differ from the beginning of the season to the end of the season. All of these factors, along with whether a player consumed a pre-game meal and at what time, can affect carbohydrate consumption during a game. Because studies have not been performed specifically using football players and how they tolerate carbohydrate intake during a game, extrapolations from other studies using intermittent exercise are used to make recommendations on carbohydrate consumption during a game. Several studies investigating carbohydrate consumption during intermittent sports lasting about an hour found an enhancement in performance with carbohydrate ingestion (Nicholas et al., 1995, Phillips et al., 2012). Jeukendrup and Chambers (2010) reported that for higher-intensity exercise with shorter durations, a mouth rinse containing carbohydrates can improve performance, potentially by stimulating centers in the brain related to fatigue, pleasure and/or motor control. Recently, Jeukendrup (2014) suggested new guidelines for carbohydrate intake that are dependent upon the duration of exercise. He suggested that athletes ingest smaller amounts of carbohydrates (that could include simple mouth rinsing) for shorter bouts of exercise, whereas exercise of longer duration would require more carbohydrates and the use of multiple transportable types.
Whether players may benefit from a carbohydrate beverage over water depends on a variety of factors, especially the duration of the exercise. Consuming a carbohydrate-containing beverage during exercise may be important for players who:
Have not consumed a pre-game meal
Skipped a meal throughout the day
Participate in intense training or at a moderate intensity for a prolonged period
Participate in two-a-day practices
Train in the heat, cold or altitude
Post-game Nutrition
Traditionally, NFL football games are played once a week on Sundays or Monday nights, while college football games are played on Saturdays. Whether it is a professional or college game, players usually have a week before their next competition and a full day off before resuming practice. In this case, they do not necessarily need to practice immediate post-game recovery after the games, as long as they go home and eat regular meals. However, most football teams practice 4-5 d/wk and it is important for them to practice recovery nutrition after practices. In-season recovery nutrition has been covered in another American-football themed Sports Science Exchange paper, (SSE #144) but football players do need to consume post-game meals that provide nutrients that will maintain health, well-being and healing, and replace the energy that was expended during the game.
At Home: Consuming a post-game meal in players’ homes is much easier than when the team is traveling on the road. Generally teams will provide post-game meals in an area close to the locker room at the stadium. In the past, the post-game meal was more of a smorgasbord of food focusing on massive amounts of protein. However, that has changed. The post-game meals are now planned by the team RD with a focus on healthy foods and fluids for hydration. Some players may then go and eat at restaurants or at home with families.
On the Road: Football teams usually spend between 24-36 h on the road per week. Typically, teams leave the day before a game and return immediately after the game. Meals on the road usually include a dinner the night before the game, maybe a late evening snack and the pre-game meal, which is provided by the hotel. After the game, fluid is available and possibly a small post-game snack. The main post-game meal is most likely served on the plane returning home. Football teams usually leave right after the team has showered, cleaned up and answered media questions. The team’s post-game meal can be catered by the airlines or from a local restaurant. Again, in the past this meal was high in protein and fat; however, under the direction of the team’s RD the post-game meal is now a meal that focuses on healthy portions of vegetables, fruit, lean protein and whole grains, and the fat that is found in the meal is a healthier fat such as monounsaturated or polyunsaturated fatty acids.
TRAINING TABLE
Just about every professional football team in the NFL has adopted the concept of properly fueling football players for optimal performance. The largest change over the years in feeding football players has been in hiring RDs and their influence on what foods are being served at the training table. Today’s training tables are no longer dominated by protein and saturated fat. For example, here is a menu from the Denver Broncos training table for a lunch served this past season:
Pistachio encrusted salmon with lemon caper reduction sauce and micro greens
Bison Bolognese over pasta
Sweet potato gnocchi with walnuts
Albert Bartlett red potatoes
Asparagus and heirloom tomatoes
Salad bar
The Broncos’ new kitchen and dining room is approximately 6,200 square feet of professional-grade equipment and includes dedicated areas for a smoothie station, an area for fresh fruit, a fuel bar and a recovery station. The staff includes an RD as director of team nutrition, an executive chef and a culinary team that replaced a catering company that served the team in the past years. The kitchen and dining room are open 11 months of the year and during preseason training camp, serves three meals/day plus two snacks that feed both players and coaches. During the season the staff will prepare breakfast and lunch with snacks.
Other NFL teams have similar setups. In fact, one team has a cafeteria line based on the American Heart Association Guidelines. Many of the team RDs use the food served at the training table as a means of nutrition education. For example, some team RDs have used a color-coded system to identify the best foods for optimal performance. Others RDs use the foods offered on the training table as a way to educate players about the correct proportion of food to eat for body composition changes, recovery and healing from injuries. Other means of nutrition education include signage around the dining room that identifies foods to eat that will provide fuel, help with recovery, build muscle mass, help with healing, and boost the immune system.
The benefit of having an RD with a football team and this greatly improved food served on the training table is that players are getting the nutrients they need to physically perform at their genetic potential, but more importantly they are learning how to eat for the rest of their lives and reduce the risk of a cardiac event at a time when they should be enjoying their retirement.
PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS
Football players not only need to meet their energy needs to support training and competition but they also need to focus on the quality of their diet by consuming healthy carbohydrates and fats and appropriate amounts of protein.
The more consistent a player can be with their daily eating pattern, the better they are at performing day to day, week to week and throughout the season as they have built a base on which they can perform at their potential.
The energy systems used to fuel football players rely upon glycogen and therefore carbohydrate intake.
Players need to consume adequate carbohydrates daily to maintain glycogen levels.
The pre-game meal should be consumed 1-4 h before the start of the game.
The pre-game meal should be composed primarily of carbohydrates that will enhance liver glycogen, continue to replenish muscle glycogen and provide energy to the brain. Additionally, the fluid consumed will help with maintaining hydration.
Carbohydrate consumption during intermittent sports like football has been shown to enhance performance.
Consuming a sports drink during exercise may be important for athletes who have not consumed a pre-game meal, skipped meals throughout the day, train in the heat or cold, or have multiple workouts during the day.
Post-game meals for professional football players have changed.
The foods served are now focused on healthy portions of vegetables and fruit, lean protein, whole grains and the fat that is found in the meal is a healthier fat such as monounsaturated or polyunsaturated fatty acids.
CONCLUSION
Fueling a football team has moved into the era of evidence-based science and the employment of RDs and professional chefs. Educating football players about what foods to eat, how much food to eat and the timing of pre-game and post-game meals is of prime importance for athletic performance. These guidelines can apply to football players of just about any age, and instilling good nutrition habits early in a football career can teach players how to eat for a lifetime.
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Williams, C., and I. Rollo (2015). Carbohydrate nutrition and team sports performance. Sports Science Exchange. 28:1-7.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_sport
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Sport with players in opposing teams
A team sport is a type of sport where the fundamental nature of the game or sport requires the participation of multiple individuals working together as a team, and it is inherently impossible or highly impractical to execute the sport as a single-player endeavour. In team sports, the cooperative effort of team members is essential for the sport to function and achieve its objectives. The objective often involves teammates facilitating the movement of a ball or similar object in accordance with a set of rules in order to score points. Examples are basketball, volleyball, rugby, water polo, handball, lacrosse, cricket, baseball, and the various forms of football and hockey. These sports emphasize teamwork, strategy, and coordination among team members while competing against opposing teams to achieve a common goal.[2] Team sports do not include individual or individual-to-team events within a sport.[citation needed]
Distinctions
[edit]
The meaning of a "team sport" has been disputed in recent years. Some types of sports have different objectives or rules than "traditional" team sports. These types of team sports do not involve teammates facilitating the movement of a ball or similar object in accordance with a set of rules in order to score points. Overall, the division into team sports and individual sports is not always unproblematic since there are different combinations in the individual sports.
Team sports and individual-to-team events
[edit]
Pure team sports
[edit]
This includes sports that can only be practiced as a team sport. The number of team members is fixed for the team. In order to compete successfully in championships and tournaments, teams need a roster that is significantly larger than the number of players starting the game. Players may be substituted from a squad in competition matches to replace exhausted or injured players or to make tactical changes. Examples are basketball, volleyball, rugby, water polo, handball, lacrosse, cricket, baseball, and the various forms of football and hockey.
Teams of two people are common in certain sports, such as dancesport or beach volleyball. No substitute players are used here. The two partners are absolutely dependent on each other. The absence of a person here means a loss of competitiveness.[3][4][5]
Formations
[edit]
In addition, there are sports, while mostly played in singles, that are also played in different formations together cooperatively, such as badminton, table tennis, or tennis in doubles. However, this formation is significantly lower in terms of prestige, spectators, and prize money.[6] In these formations, common tactics, teamwork, and agreements are crucial for success. There are also different rowing formations, such as one, two, four, and eight, or sailing with their different boat classes.[7][8] The most important thing here is smooth movements and common tactics. This also applies approximately to the team time trial in cycling,[9][10] which is the case with cycling tours and one-day races, which are different tasks for the team members of a cycling team.[11][12]
Relays
[edit]
In some sports, relay races are held, which can be distinguished from pure team evaluations by a common racing tactic and the observance of change regulations. Relay races are common in running, swimming, cross-country skiing, biathlon, or short-track speed skating and are also an integral part of the Olympic Games program[13] with high popularity. [14][15]
Team ratings
[edit]
There are team ratings in many sports, and the results of individual athletes or formations are added up. In cycling, team members, whilst still in competition with each other, will also work towards assisting one member of the team, usually a specialist, to the highest possible finishing position.[12][11][16] In some sports where participants are entered by a team, they do not only compete against members of other teams, but also against each other for points towards championship standings, for example, in motorsport, particularly Formula One.[17] Team orders can occur in such teams and although previously accepted were banned in Formula One[18] between 2002 and 2010. After a controversy involving team orders at the 2010 German Grand Prix however, the regulation was removed as of the 2011 season.[19]
Overview comparison
[edit]
Overview comparison Team Sports Formations in Sports Relay Races Sports with Team Ratings (e.g., Soccer, Basketball) (e.g., Synchronized Swimming, Doubles Tennis) (e.g., Track and Field relay, Swimming relay) (e.g., Gymnastics, Figure skating)
In team sports, the entire game or match revolves around team dynamics.
The outcome depends on collective performance throughout the entire duration of the match.
The teamwork, strategy, and coordination among team members are crucial for success.
Do not include individual or individual-to-team events within a sport.
These sports can be performed individually, but they also have team variations.
In synchronized swimming, swimmers perform coordinated routines together.
In doubles tennis, two players collaborate as a team to compete against another pair.
Team formations enhance the strategic and cooperative elements of these sports.
Relay races involve teams, but they are often a series of individual efforts within a team context.
Each team member runs a segment of the race independently.
Success depends on both individual speed and the smooth transition between the athletes.
These sports include individual performances, but the team rating considers the cumulative scores of all team members.
Team members' performances contribute to the team's overall score, but they may perform their routines individually.
Team strategy involves selecting the right competitors for specific events to maximize the team's chances.
In summary, team sports are characterized by the impossibility or impracticality of executing the sport as a single-player endeavor, and the entire game or match relies on team dynamics. In contrast, sports with team ratings and formations involve both individual and team aspects, where individual performances contribute to a team's overall success but may not be entirely reliant on team dynamics. Relay races combine individual efforts within a team context, where smooth transitions are essential.
History
[edit]
Main article: History of sport
Areas around the Mediterranean had a long tradition of athletic events. Ancient Egyptians and Mesopotamians depicted athletic scenes in the tombs of kings and their nobles. They did not, however, hold regular competitions, and those events that occurred were probably the preserve of kings and upper classes. Minoans culture held gymnastics in high esteem, with bull-leaping, tumbling, running, wrestling and boxing shown on their frescoes. The Mycenaeans adopted Minoan games and also raced chariots in religious or funerary ceremonies.[20][21] Homer's heroes participate in athletic competitions to honor the dead. In the Iliad there are chariot races, boxing, wrestling, a foot race, as well as fencing, archery, and spear throwing. The Odyssey adds to these a long jump and discus throw.[22]
It was in Greece that sports were first instituted formally, with the first Olympic Games recorded in 776 BCE in Olympia, where they were celebrated until 393 CE.[23] These ancient Olympic Games consisted of running, long jump, boxing, wrestling, Pankration (combat sport), discus throw, and javelin throw.[24] In the Bayankhongor Province of Mongolia, Neolithic-era cave paintings dating to 7000 BC depict a wrestling match surrounded by crowds.[25] Prehistoric cave-paintings in Japan show a sport similar to sumo wrestling.[26] In Wadi Sura, near Gilf Kebir in Libya, a Neolithic rock painting in the cave of swimmers shows evidence of swimming and archery being practiced around 6000 BC.[27]
Team sports have a rich and ancient history dating back thousands of years. These activities served as important facets of society, not only for physical fitness but also for social, cultural, and even political purposes. In ancient civilizations, team sports were prevalent and often intertwined with religious and cultural practices. In Mesoamerica, the Aztec ball game, ollamaliztli, was not just a sport but also a ritual with symbolic significance.[28]
The Greeks, who laid the foundations for many contemporary sports, held various team sports as central to their culture. The Olympic Games, first recorded in 776 BCE, featured events like chariot racing and team foot races, fostering unity and friendly competition among city-states.[29] The Spartans, known for their military prowess, engaged in team sports like the episkyros, a type of football.[30]
Rome adopted and adapted many Greek sports, introducing harpastum, a ball game similar to soccer, and ludi circenses, which included team chariot racing. These sports provided a sense of entertainment and unity, while also serving as a means of social control.[31]
In ancient China, cuju was a popular team sport akin to modern soccer, played as early as the Han dynasty (206 BCE – 220 CE). The sport was not only a form of entertainment but also a means of fostering camaraderie among communities.[32]
Throughout history, team sports have reflected the values and priorities of their respective cultures. Whether it was the competitive spirit of the Greeks, the discipline of the Romans, or the communal bonding in China, ancient team sports played an integral role in the social fabric of civilizations. They transcended mere physical activity, serving as a testament to the enduring significance of sports in human history. Today, these ancient traditions continue to influence modern team sports, reminding us of the timeless appeal and cultural importance of collective athletic endeavors.
Olympic team sports
[edit]
status after the 2022 Winter Olympics
Current Olympic team sports (16)
[edit]
Summer Olympics (14)
Source:[33]
Sport Men Women First edition Editions First edition Editions Cricket at the Summer Olympics [Note OG_2028] Paris 1900 1 Los Angeles 2028 not yet held Football at the Summer Olympics Paris 1900 27 Atlanta 1996 7 Water polo at the Summer Olympics Paris 1900 28 Sydney 2000 6 Lacrosse at the Summer Olympics [Note OG_2028] St. Louis 1904 2 Los Angeles 2028 not yet held Field hockey at the Summer Olympics London 1908 24 Moscow 1980 11 Basketball at the Summer Olympics Berlin 1936 20 Montreal 1976 12 Basketball (3x3) at the Summer Olympics Tokyo 2020 1 Tokyo 2020 1 Handball at the Summer Olympics Berlin 1936 14 Montreal 1976 12 Volleyball at the Summer Olympics Tokyo 1964 15 Tokyo 1964 15 Baseball at the Summer Olympics [Note OG_2028] Barcelona 1992 6 — — Softball at the Summer Olympics [Note OG_2028] — — Atlanta 1996 5 Beach volleyball at the Summer Olympics Atlanta 1996 7 Atlanta 1996 7 Rugby sevens at the Summer Olympics Rio de Janeiro 2016 2 Rio de Janeiro 2016 2 Flag football at the Summer Olympics [Note OG_2028] Los Angeles 2028 not yet held Los Angeles 2028 not yet held
Notes
Winter Olympics (2)
Ice hockey and curling are team sports at the Winter Olympics, with particularity that the men's tournament in Ice hockey was introduced at the 1920 Summer Olympics and was transferred permanently to the Winter Olympic Games program in 1924, in France. Before the monobob event has been introduced as an additional women's class by the IBSF for the 2020–21 world cup season and the 2022 Olympic games, bobsleigh was considered as a pure team sport, that can only be practiced as a team with at least two drivers. At the present time the men's events consist of the two-man and four-man class and the women's events are restricted only to the two-woman and women's monobob class.[35]
Sport Men Women First edition Editions First edition Editions Ice hockey at the Winter Olympics Antwerp 1920 25 Nagano 1998 7 Curling at the Winter Olympics Chamonix 1924 8 Nagano 1998 7
Discontinued Olympic team sports (3)
[edit]
Polo at the Summer Olympics (on 5 editions: 1900 Paris, 1908 London, 1920 Antwerp, 1924 Paris, 1936 Berlin)
Rugby Union at the Summer Olympics (on 4 editions: 1900 Paris, 1908 London, 1920 Antwerp, 1924 Paris)
Tug of War at the Summer Olympics (on 5 editions: 1900 Paris to 1920 Antwerp)
Demonstration team sports at the Olympic Games (9)
[edit]
Gaelic football (on 1 edition as a demonstration sport: 1904 St. Louis)
American football (on 2 editions as a demonstration sport: 1904 St. Louis and Los Angeles 1932)
Hurling (on 1 edition as a demonstration sport: 1904 St. Louis)
Cycle polo (on 1 edition as a demonstration sport: London 1908)
Korfball (on 2 editions as a demonstration sport: 1920 Antwerp and Amsterdam 1928)
Kaatsen (on 1 edition as a demonstration sport: Amsterdam 1928)
Pesäpallo (on 1 edition as a demonstration sport: Helsinki 1952)
Australian football (on 1 edition as a demonstration sport: Melbourne 1956)
Roller hockey (on 1 edition as a demonstration sport: 1992 Barcelona)
See also
[edit]
Sports portal
List of sports
Olympic Sports
Individual sport
Major professional sports teams of the United States and Canada
Most valuable player
Professional sports leagues in the United States
Relay race
Sports strategy
References
[edit]
Bibliography
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Revenue: Soccer or NFL, who makes more?
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Someone asked me, which entity makes more yearly in revenue, the NFL or Soccer as a whole worldwide. I would think that Soccer would just crush the NFL...
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BigSoccer Forum
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https://www.bigsoccer.com/threads/revenue-soccer-or-nfl-who-makes-more.167852/
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well the answer depends how you ask the question. Clearly if it's turnover, then soccer wins, with not even a hint of a contest, but then with so many clubs that's not exactly surprising.
In profit the NFL wins hands down because with the salary cap it's possibly to suppress salaries and the players have no option of going elsewhere.
Remember what a So called Silvio Berlusconi said at the height of Milans success,this is not a profit making business, at that time Milan was making losses,yet they would sign the best players,the Milans,Inters,Reals of this world don't have to make profits they are all about trophys and getting the players they want,just like Barca will not have any advertisements on their shirts or the nike swoosh cannot be white in color. More Money in soccer is easily translated as a means to buy the best players not who is doing the best business,look at Real's rooster,before the end of the baseball season their payroll was slightly larger than the Yankees,just like the Yankees Org it's all about the trophys, pride counts more than dollars in this business. You cannot compare the two sports in this respect,what NFL team will offer to pay up a players taxes,guess who will Inter,Real cause they will do anything to get what they want and thats trophys.
One league in one country v multiple leagues in multiple countries, how is this even a contest. If you are talking Gross, then there is no question Soccer will win. But if you compare the NFL to say just EPL or La Liga or any other single league then I would be interested to see that comparison.
My question why even have these debates? NFL is a different game then soccer, played primarily in the US. Who needs to make themselves feel better here? NFL fans or Soccer fans??
If my sums are right the NFL has a $17.6 billion TV deal over 8 years.
That's $2.2 billion per year.
If there are 32 NFL teams that's $68.75 per year per team (I think the $142 million per club figure must be turnover, not profit, as I can't see where they could get an extra $75 million per year)
The best TV deal in soccer is probably the premiership, where each team gets a basic £18 million per year or $32.5 million. So on that front the NFL wins easily, but then again, with the size of the TV markets in each country, it's hardly surprising. The USA has five times the population of England.
You're correct: in the US, we use the term "revenue" in the same way you are using the term "turnover." It is a measure of gross receipts, which included TV, ticket receipts, licensing and all. It is good business practice that the owners were able to negotiate a salary cap with the player since, as you point out, it helps limit their liabilities. Wasn't Serie A trying to do something similar, or did that not pan out?
Soccer makes more, but if you are one of the few NFL owners, you are all but GUARANTEED you are going to make money. There are no Leeds United in this league. The NFL is an absolute monopoly. In the NFL, there is a salary cap for two reasons (1) Competitive balance - it makes the TV networks and most of the owners happy that each year 80% of the teams have a chance at winning. How many EPL teams think they are going to finish in the top 4? Probably 4. (2) If the player doesn't like how much they make, where are they going? Arena football? Canada? I don't think so. In soccer, you don't like how much you make, you can go to just about any other country in the world and play.
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Tracking Systems in Team Sports: A Narrative Review of Applications of the Data and Sport Specific Analysis
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Seeking to obtain a competitive advantage and manage the risk of injury, team sport organisations are investing in tracking systems that can quantify training and competition characteristics. It is expected that such information can support objective decision-making for the prescription and manipulation of training load. This narrative review aims to summarise, and critically evaluate, different tracking systems and their use within team sports. The selection of systems should be dependent upon the context of the sport and needs careful consideration by practitioners. The selection of metrics requires a critical process to be able to describe, plan, monitor and evaluate training and competition characteristics of each sport. An emerging consideration for tracking systems data is the selection of suitable time analysis, such as temporal durations, peak demands or time series segmentation, whose best use depends on the temporal characteristics of the sport. Finally, examples of characteristics and the application of tracking data across seven popular team sports are presented. Practitioners working in specific team sports are advised to follow a critical thinking process, with a healthy dose of scepticism and awareness of appropriate theoretical frameworks, where possible, when creating new or selecting an existing metric to profile team sport athletes.
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https://sportsmedicine-open.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40798-022-00408-z
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Once the precision and accuracy of a tracking system are quantified, attention can turn to the analysis process. Tracking data can be used to identify key competition characteristics, including the most demanding situations, in order to objectively manage physical preparation, readiness, and return-to-play. Buchheit and Simpson (2016) proposed three main objectives for tracking data to: i) better understand locomotor characteristics and external load; ii) assist the programming of team training external load; and iii) help with decisions pertaining to performance and injury risk as they relate to an individual’s programme [11]. These objectives can be condensed into the following overarching and overlapping purposes: Describing, Planning, and Monitoring (Fig. 3).
Describing
Descriptive studies are an essential first step in epidemiological research [21]. This is reflected in applied sport science, whereby the initial application of a tracking system is to quantify locomotor characteristics across different contexts. The first notational systems in the 1970s were used to describe the differences in external load across playing position in football match-play [22]. Since then, training and competition outputs have been described by playing position in a variety of team sports [23,24,25,26]. Given the growing availability of tracking systems in youth environments, such descriptions now also extend across age groups [27] and bio-banding, according to maturity status [28].
Given that tracking systems have existed for more than four decades, calls have been made to further descriptive analysis. One proposal is to adopt an integrated approach to competition tracking data that contextualises characteristics by combining physical and tactical data [18]. This alignment of different data sources may allow for an improved understanding and translation of training to performance in team sport [18]. Spatiotemporal data, integrated with tactical context, have allowed the exploration of new concepts, including space occupation [29], off-the-ball scoring opportunities [30], the risk-reward of passing [31], and team pace of play [32]. These analytical approaches have started to delve into the complex problems that sport scientists face, and go beyond simply describing aggregate external load data. With the rise in data availability, affordability and accessibility, sport scientists now have the opportunity to apply many analytical techniques to the same tracking dataset, thus expanding upon descriptive reporting.
Planning and the Intersection with Describing
Practitioners use descriptive data to aid in the planning of training. Theoretical frameworks of the training process depict how external load, as determined by the training plan, is prescribed to elicit the desired training outcomes [33, 34]. Training plan development involves combining both an objective (e.g., external load) and subjective (e.g., coach experience) understanding of the sport’s characteristics. In team sports, performance is complex and the training process involves more consideration than physical inputs alone. However, it remains that fundamental training principles, such as overload and progression, should form the basis of physical preparation and training design [34].
A sliding scale of timeframes can be considered when planning the training process; long-term, seasonal, and day-to-day planning may all incorporate objective information provided by tracking systems [35]. This may be especially pertinent during periods of congested fixtures. For example, netball at the elite level is played across tournament style competition during World Cups and Commonwealth Games. This congested schedule, with matches often played twice per day, can result in reduced wellbeing markers, sleep quality and neuromuscular function [36]. Similarly, in field hockey, daily wellbeing markers were accompanied by a reduction in HSR, despite rest days [37]. Collectively, these results demonstrate the importance of a multivariate monitoring system whereby, both dose and response are tracked.
Higher external loads have been demonstrated during preseason training and yet, preseason participation may help to protect players from injury in the regular season [38]. According to training theory this can be expected, given it is the systematic repetition of a stimulus and its associated response that are necessary to elicit chronic adaptations [33]. Training plans, attempting to optimise this systematic repetition of stimulus, can be generated from tracking data using a constrained optimisation framework, to optimise physical performance and reduce injury-risk. Specifically, practitioners can use machine-generated algorithms to hone-in on how much risk is associated with a particular external load, by adjusting metrics or levers including total distance or HSR, for example. As an example, in Australian Football [39], Banister’s impulse-response was utilised for the training load—risk model [39], however, the same conclusions can be delivered from other studies in other sports using the most pertinent parameters to their environment [38]. Whatever method utilised, clear communication between practitioners and coaching staff is advised, to align and iteratively review physical and tactical objectives throughout the planning process, given that communication quality between coaching and medical staffs has been shown to be associated with injury burden and player availability [40].
Training goals within cycles are varied in an attempt to balance physical preparation and readiness for competition. For instance, it is commonplace for team sport training one day prior to competition to be substantially lower in external load than others within the microcycle [41, 42]. As the days between competitions increase, training load will also increase [43]. Therefore, the opportunity to apply tracking data analysis to influence planning may vary across and within sports, depending on fixture congestion. For example, American football schedules one game per week whilst soccer can have one or two, and basketball or ice hockey face three or four games per week during the in-season phase (see Sect. 4).
Competition characteristics are used as a benchmark to understand the most intense periods of play, from which the design of appropriate drills replicating or surpassing the intensity of the game can be planned [44]. Indeed, drill design can have a substantial impact on the external load elicited and thus is a vital piece of the planning process [45]. This is illustrated through research into small-sided games in soccer, whereby the number of players, floating players, pitch size, rules, goalkeepers, duration of bouts, and coach encouragement each impact external load [45,46,47]. By quantifying and storing drills in a systematic way, a database can be utilised to analyse and subsequently plan drill rules, duration, sets and repetitions structure, amongst other considerations. Armed with this objective information, practitioners could support coaches with a training design that elicits physical outputs in line with the training goals, whilst also respecting other training objectives outside of the physical realm (e.g., tactical, technical, psycho-social, cultural).
Utilising descriptions of training and game characteristics also assists with planning for the rehabilitation process. Returning a player to competition after injury is a challenging and complex process, which involves balancing risk and objective criteria with subjective experience [48]. Tracking data can therefore assist in the planning of rehabilitation from control to chaos, designed to meet the individual needs of the sport, playing position, individual athlete, and the specific injury in question [49].
Monitoring and the Intersection with Planning
Planning is an essential part of the training process, whereby tracking system data can play a vital role. However, for plans to be successful, it is advisable for stakeholders to be aligned and communicate physical training goals, before, during and post, the monitoring of training and rehabilitation. This is typically conducted as part of an ongoing review process across the multidisciplinary performance staff. The monitoring process has two main purposes: i) to assess the interaction between the resulting external loads compared with those that were planned [34], and ii) to analyse the dose–response of said training loads on a team and individual basis [35]. The data derived from tracking systems can be key for this process, providing practitioners with vital information on an athlete’s external load.
Performance staff plan the external load for desired training adaptations and responses from a drill to macro-cycle level (Fig. 3) to assist in performance, development and injury risk reduction [11]. As discussed, practitioners put plans in place to target an appropriate volume and intensity of training, at the right time in the training cycle, to either increase or decrease fatigue [2, 50]. In team sports, one of the goals of tracking systems data is to assess whether athletes have been subjected to the planned training load [34]. This can be accomplished through live monitoring and retrospective session analysis. The first, live monitoring, enables in-session adjustments to assist with trying to achieve the planned load during the training session [35], and ultimately contribute to the chronic fatigue-recovery response.
Training load management approaches have been widely researched and utilised in an attempt to reduce the risk of injury [51]. However, the ability to control the risk of injury, through the manipulation of training load, has recently come under scrutiny [34]. This is due to methodological concerns in the analysis of training load data [34]. Whilst this specific topic is beyond the scope of the present review, it remains that understanding the external load quantified through tracking system data is a useful tool as part of training load planning and monitoring processes [35]. An understanding of the external load placed on the athlete(s) can assist in titrating the fatigue response [2]. Further, it has been recommended that practitioners should not focus on external load alone [33]. The quantification of internal load, and the response to training, should be considered as part of a multivariate system alongside the external load data, in order to understand the dose–response relationship to training [16]. Including measures of the athletes’ individual characteristics, such as fitness [52]or maturation [28], into such a system also merits consideration. The cycle of planning and monitoring is an ongoing, iterative process in which the quantification and evaluation of planned and implemented load alongside training responses and outcomes can be beneficial to practitioners and the coaches and athletes they strive to support.
The Intersection of Monitoring-Describing and the Sport Evolution
The physical characteristics of sport evolve over time and thus, another application of tracking is to use ongoing monitoring data to update the objective description of the sport. For example, HSR has evolved in the Premier League (soccer), with a 35% increase in sprint distance over a seven-season period [53], a trend that has an even greater impact on full backs (36–63% increase) [54]. Evolving physical characteristics have also been demonstrated across other team sports [55, 56]. Similarly, longitudinal changes in physiological profiles may be representative of changes in competition characteristics, which could be explored with the use of tracking technology [57]. Such findings have implications for physical preparation and highlight the need to update objective descriptions of physical characteristics with ongoing data collection.
The evolution in physical characteristics within a sport may, in part, be influenced by changes to the rules of the game, which may be captured by ongoing monitoring of tracking data. For instance, rule changes that reduce the time taken to restart play in men’s professional Australian football have led to an increased flow and speed [55]. Changes to the kickoff portion of an NFL game, including a stationary start for coverage players, may have resulted in a change to physical outputs that contributed to a notable decrease in concussion injuries according to league medical officials [58]. The combination of IMU, pressure sensors and video cameras have been used to assess biomechanical loading in multiple scrum engagement techniques in rugby, with a pre-binding technique shown to reduce the stresses acting on the players [59]. The use of mouthguards instrumented with accelerometers and gyroscopes is also being explored in collision sports for measuring head kinematics, with a view to assisting with the detection and monitoring of concussion [60]. Such examples highlight the need to update the quantitative description of a sport as new means of monitoring become available. Clearly, sport is a dynamic ecosystem that changes over time. Therefore, tracking data allows the ability to recursively describe, plan, and monitor external load in line with a specific sport’s characteristics.
Between-System Interchangeability
In order to provide complete athlete monitoring, practitioners often need to combine tracking data from multiple systems [61]. Understanding the agreement between systems is important for practitioners, in order to track meaningful changes in profiles [62]. Comparison of optical tracking to GPS has shown slight-to-moderate and moderate-to-large differences for total distance and HSR distance (> 18 km∙h), respectively [63]. Buchheit (2014) found trivial-to-small overestimation of distance (5.4%) and slight-to-moderate overestimation of HSR (> 19.8 km∙h: 26.5%). These differences highlight the importance of considering GPS sampling rate, the number of visible satellites connected, satellite signal strength, and software filtering when reviewing system comparisons [64]. Recent advances in GPS hardware technology have resulted in a stronger correlation with an optical tracking system [61, 65]. Given that such differences remain, a recent area of interest is the use of predictive equations to account for system differences and enhance accuracy of the interchangeability of data [60, 61]. A number of techniques can be used to assess interchangeability between systems, including regression analysis.
Time Series Analysis
There are many applications and approaches to time series analysis of tracking data throughout the processes of Describing, Planning, and Monitoring, as indicated in Fig. 3. To determine an appropriate approach, practitioners and researchers can consider the most relevant time analysis approach(es) according to their specific sport, setting and intended application of the data. Reporting metrics derived from tracking systems can be done in a variety of ways, including by absolute values, temporal durations, moving averages or as normalised data (e.g., per 100 h played, per 100 possessions). Absolute values often describe metrics per the whole match, halves/quarters and training periods. Such aggregated approaches are commonly used across the literature in a range of sports, providing an indication of the external load encountered by athletes [66, 67]. This information can be useful in practice, providing total volumes and averages to assist in training planning and periodisation, especially when combined with internal load measures [68].
However, aggregated values are limited in the prescription of specific training practices given the intermittent nature of team sports. Therefore, practitioners may also consider other time -analysis approaches. Match-play and training can be stratified into periods based on different temporal durations (e.g., 5-min or 10-min) to capture the fluctuation in external load throughout match-play [69,70,71] and the peak characteristics, sometimes known as the “worst-case scenario” [72]. A segmental approach (e.g., the match file is split from zero according to the duration: 0–5 min, 5–10 min), a moving averages approach (i.e., a rolling average of the raw instantaneous data) [72], or time series segmentation (i.e., the computation of non-uniform segments from a time series) can also be used [73]. Additionally, the physical characteristics of match-play can be stratified per phases-of-play or by match-activities through the alignment of video and tracking systems data. Examples of such approaches in the current literature include: stratification per attack and defense [74, 75] or per possession of the ball [76, 77]. The alignment of technical-tactical and physical data provides practitioners with greater context to the physical characteristics, and perhaps greater application to training practices [18, 78].
Period Selection
The selection of the period for analysis (e.g., whole-match, temporal duration or phase-of-play) should be determined by the primary use of the data. When stratifying match-play based on temporal durations, a range of durations have been utilised [72]. It is important to consider that when using temporal durations, the intensities will differ depending on the epoch analysed [25, 79] and data cannot purely be extrapolated for different epochs. If the intended use of the data is to aid in the prescription of training drills, this should drive the duration window analysed, however this is often not known when the analysis of match-play is carried out. The use of the power-law relationship with moving averages was therefore proposed, providing an equation to predict the peak intensities as a function of time [80], which has been utilised in research in a number of team sports [26, 80,81,82,83]. Similar approaches have recently been applied to model the decrement in peak acceleration magnitudes in basketball [84]. Such approaches can be used as a simple monitoring tool, in practice, without the pre-determined selection of an epoch. For example, the unique power-law relationship can be determined for a sport, team, squad and/ or competition, and then the peak intensity for the desired time frame can be predicted from the equation. This approach can also allow practitioners to further investigate the peak periods of activity during training and matches, from a continuous data trace.
Peak Demands
The quantification of the peak passages of match-play has gained popularity in recent years, due to the practical utility of the data over whole match/ training aggregated values [25, 44, 85] and the availability of raw trace data. Research has quantified the peak locomotor demands (sometimes described as the “worst case scenario”) of match-play across the football codes [72], and other field-based team sports (e.g., lacrosse [85], field hockey [26] and court-based team sports [e.g., netball [81], basketball [84, 86]). Whilst different methodologies have been utilised—including segmental or moving averages and ball-in-play [44]—the moving averages approach is the most commonly used [87,88,89,90], given its ability to capture the subtle fluctuations in the intensity of match play, as well as the functionality of the power-law relationship. An example of its use is the monitoring of the intensity of small-sided games, to attempt to replicate for the intensity of peak periods of match-play [45]. Through the use of live monitoring, the intensity can be monitored and manipulated via feedback to coaches and consequent alterations to the match-play for example rules, pitch size and player numbers [35].
However, further considerations should be made regarding the depth in analysis of the peak demands. To shift the focus from one metric in isolation and enhance training application, the quantification of the concurrent demands within the most demanding physical passages of play can be investigated. For example, in collision sports (e.g., the rugby codes), the number of collisions that occur within the peak running periods, or the running that occurs within the peak collision periods, can be identified [3, 45, 91]. Additionally, it is important to understand the technical and tactical requirements alongside the physical data provided by tracking systems [18, 78], as well as any influence of contextual factors [92], to provide greater context to the data. Changes in the peak movement demands in relation to skill involvement have been investigated in Australian football, highlighting reductions in the movement profile as the number of involvements increases [91]. Additionally, in soccer, the “worst-case scenario” has been found to be impacted by contextual factors (i.e., match-location, match-outcome) [93], with greater peak characteristics in away games compared to home games, or the effect of ball possession within these worst-case scenario periods [18]. Moreover, it has been recently shown that the “worst-case scenario” produces unstable metrics that lack context, with high variability, and therefore, training drills targeting this metric may not have representative designs and so may underprepare athletes for future match demands [94].
Time Series Segmentation
Examining the physical output of team sport athletes via aggregate parameters has many challenges. Periods where physical output changes over time are unlikely to be detected when examining only the total distance covered or percentage of time spent performing high-intensity running. As described above, team sport athletes often execute periods of physical output whereby intensity is far greater than that of an averaged total game [25]. Given the volatility of team sport matches to identify meaningful changes on a per-second basis, moving minute intervals have been used to detect these periods [95]. However, the length of these moving intervals is often decided arbitrarily and typically only focuses on the rolling average (or peak average) of a metric [80]. Alternatively, time series segmentation involves detection of the mean and variance of a metric, over segments of non-uniform size, without the need for a priori defined intervals [73].
Time series data, including raw GPS and LPS traces, are characterised by their continuous nature, as opposed to match events which are transactional and discrete. Sport scientists are often faced with a difficult problem in how to analyse this continuous data, in order to derive meaningful information. A method which may be useful, when dealing with continuous data, is time series segmentation. This is an analysis technique that comprises of algorithms which search for change points within temporal data [96]. These change points designate that the pattern of subsequent data points is characteristically different to those prior [97]. Segments are automatically detected, based on a given number of change points, within an underlying time series, for example a raw GPS trace. This trace could be analysed via time-series segmentation, to detect how athlete physical output changes during a match, as a function of time. In team sport, time series analysis has been utilised in Australian football to identify and describe the segments of physical (and skilled) output during matches [73]. Similarly, time series analysis has been utilised to profile the skilled output in team sport matches [98] and predict team success in the English Premier League [99]. The visualisation of metrics from athlete tracking systems, including raw trace data that can be analysed via time series segmentation, requires the visual encoding of thousands of data points. Sport scientists thus need to decide whether to aggregate specific time periods (e.g., distance covered during an on-field rotation or stint), or all data points that are contained within the time period. Therefore, communicating how data are selected and analysed before visualisation occurs is an important skillset for the modern sport scientist.
Context will drive what technology (and in turn, metrics) should be selected to capture the characteristics of team sport athletes during training and competition. For example, in basketball and netball, the use of GPS is rendered inoperable, given at the elite level both sports play and train indoors. Therefore, LPS, IMU and optical tracking are more appropriate. Similarly, the use of optical tracking to monitor athletes during Australian football and rugby codes may be limited, given the large (and varying) field sizes, whereby many cameras would need to be installed at height around the ground. Therefore, the tracking technologies and derived metrics used for specific sports and playing positions need careful consideration. Below we have arbitrarily selected team sports and introduced sport-specific considerations that practitioners should be mindful of, when selecting the technology and corresponding metrics to profile the physical characteristics of athletes during training and matches.
American Football
American football is an intermittent, contact sport characterised by physical demands that include HSR, accelerations, decelerations, and changes of direction [100]. The game is play-by-play in nature across four 15-min quarters, with multiple stoppages and commercial breaks, extending the game length, in actual time, to upwards of three hours (Fig. 2). Players are selected from a roster of 53 to 120, depending on the time of the season and the level (i.e. collegiate vs professional) with specialist positions across defense, offense and special teams [101]. Factors that set this sport apart includes the vast differences in positional characteristics, the mandatory inclusion of personal equipment (i.e., helmets and pads) that in turn likely influences the magnitude of collisions, and the prolonged time course over which the game is played. As such, there are nuanced considerations for applying tracking data in this sport.
The wide disparity of positional characteristics in this sport provides practitioners with challenges related to both physical preparation and tracking itself. The process for selecting metrics may be especially pertinent given that the notable difference in positional characteristics may lead to the focus of different metrics for different positions. Differences in running, assessed via HSR, and non-running, assessed via total inertial movement analysis (IMA) from the IMU, characteristics were notable across position groups during a professional training camp [102]. Similar differences have been illustrated in training and competition characteristics at the collegiate level [100, 103, 104]. While the use of IMU data may help to capture sport-specific actions (e.g., throwing, contact, and collisions) and be developed into position-specific metrics [105], this technology may still be unable to fully quantify some characteristics that rely less on movement tracking, such as the high isometric demands of grappling and blocking. Further, IMU technology is not permitted in competition at the professional level, wherein Radio Frequency Identification technology is currently employed [106].
Given the heterogeneity of the physical characteristics by position, relative velocity thresholds may be pertinent. Ward and colleagues (2017) used a HSR threshold above 70% of the maximum speed for the respective position group, derived from training sessions within the previous year. Absolute speed zones for the entire team, which may over- and under-estimate demands for faster and slower athletes respectively [100], have also been utilised. However, it is also important to note that research in other sports (soccer) found the use of relative speed thresholds did not better quantify the dose–response and, in fact, the application of a player’s peak speed to establish speed zones may result in erroneous interpretations [107]. More research is required in American football to determine the most suitable approach for quantifying the dose–response relationship, especially given the wide heterogeneity of characteristics by positions and also the variation of intensities within position-specific periods in a training session [102].
The heterogeneity of American football characteristics is exacerbated by the special teams element. During these passages of play, a mixture of offensive and defensive players (generally non-starters) combine to perform roles in support of specialist kickers, who are attempting punts, kickoffs, and/ or field goals. Thus, practitioners are challenged to prepare these players for the physical characteristics of both their primary and special teams roles concurrently. For example, a Linebacker who is also a special teams specialist, may play across all four phases of Punt, Punt Return, Kickoff, and Kickoff Return. If an injury occurs, the planned roles may be further influenced. These passages of play may often be the most physically demanding with regards to HSR (unpublished observations), and so there are repercussions for tracking the physical outputs of these passages, both in terms of understanding the specific characteristics and monitoring the external load each individual player is subjected to.
There may be further disparity in the physical requirements for players within numerous periods of a training session. Whilst a session may be divided into five key periods (i.e., warm up, position-specific training drills, special teams drills, preparatory plays, and team periods [102]), players may be required to work on different characteristics during those time periods, based on their role. For instance, starters not involved with special teams may be training separately according to their position role on offense and defense during such periods. This is an important contextual note for practitioners attempting to categorise, analyse, store, and plan periods/drills using a database.
Considering the physical characteristics of a session, period or individual play level, is worthwhile in the planning process, as American football is a sport characterised by a high tactical demand. With an intermittent play-by-play structure (Fig. 2), players are expected to learn set movement demands outlined in a playbook, more akin to set pieces in other sports. As such, certain time epoch analysis, including segmental analysis, rolling averages or game speed approaches, may be less relevant to track in this setting. Rather, tracking outputs on a specific play level may be more pertinent. Given the prominence of the integrated combination of physical, tactical, and technical characteristics of the game, there may be benefit in aligning tracking data with video and play/scheme notations to understand the physical outputs within the game context. Indeed, machine learning techniques are exploring the ability to classify route combinations, blocking assignments or coverage type from tracking data [108].
Australian Football
Australian football is an invasion-sport contested between two teams of 22 players, 18 permitted on the field and four on the interchange bench. A unique constraint of the sport is the non-uniformity of field size. The dimensions of fields used within the professional competition, the Australian Football League (AFL) vary from 175 m in length and 145 m in width (University of Tasmania Stadium) to 155 m by 136 m (Sydney Cricket Ground). The average length and width of AFL grounds are 163.6 ± 5.9 m and 132.1 ± 6.9 m, respectively. One AFL field (Marvel Stadium) is indoors. Collectively, field size and stadia constrain the type of tracking systems used. In Australian football, GPS is commonly utilised during matches and training [109,110,111]. Given their suitability across outdoor and indoor stadia, inertial sensors including accelerometers, are also used [112]. Only recently have LPS been utilised during elite competition [113]. Using optical tracking is unsuitable for this sport, given the vast ground sizes that require a large number of cameras be used [114]. Athlete tracking systems are therefore, largely confined to accelerometers, GPS and LPS, and their derived metrics. The selection of which metrics to use, for the purpose of profiling Australian football training and match play, from these different systems is an important consideration.
The physical characteristics of these athletes is complex, part of interacting sub-systems and often reactive to a stimulus, including the ball, umpires, opponents or teammates. Understanding how these stimuli impact physical output is useful, to decide which metrics are meaningful. Features including anthropometric (e.g., height) and physiological (e.g., aerobic capacity) may impact external load. For example, aerobic fitness has a large effect on relative total and HSR distances covered during AFL matches [109]. Rucks in Australian football are typically taller than their teammates but cover up to 45% less distance at high-speed [109]. Environmental factors also impact metrics obtained. These results demonstrate that sport scientists should be mindful of the performer constraints during training and matches, which can impact the metrics.
A number of contextual factors influence the external load of Australian football athletes during training and matches. The number of rotations, margin, opposition quality and stoppages all impact the direction and magnitude of physical output in men’s matches [109]. In women’s matches, physical output is influenced by on-field rotation stint, opposition quality and margin [115]. Other contextual factors, including stoppages or brief breaks in play, also impact Australian football athlete external load. In elite men’s matches, increased stoppages result in less relative total distance covered [116]. Sport scientists should therefore be mindful of these contextual factors when analysing men's and women’s tracking data.
The relationship between physical and skilled characteristics has been examined in Australian football, in an attempt to give further context to physical metrics. Trivial and weak relationships exist between aggregated physical (e.g., absolute total high-intensity running) and skilled (number of involvements, including handballs and tackles) characteristics, when analysed via generalised linear models and conditional inference trees [113, 116]. Linear mixed models had low explanatory power whilst the conditional inference trees also had poor accuracy [113]. This is likely due to subtle changes in athlete physical and skilled output not detected in aggregate parameters. Moving averages have been utilised in Australian football, with men’s match intensities peaking at 223 ± 35 m.min across one-minute moving averages [117]. However, time-series analysis as described in 3.6.3 above, removes the need for manually selecting pre-defined time windows and can utilise the mean and variance of a metric. Athlete velocity data can then be examined, without having to rely on fixed duration windows, allowing for the detection of precisely when a peak match intensity occurs at a specific point in time [73]. By utilising time series and data mining techniques, sport scientists can therefore delve beyond aggregate parameters and extract features from raw GPS or LPS data. The specificity of Australian football training drills to matches could be examined by visualising the distribution of features from raw velocity traces, identifying when players obtain match intensities and how often this happens.
Given the abundant data available from athlete tracking systems and the dynamic, non-linear nature of the sport, sport scientists should look to move beyond reporting aggregate parameters, including total distance covered per drill, on-field rotation, quarter or match. Instead, sport scientists could utilise the raw velocity (or accelerometer) trace data to identify where, when and how Australian football athletes’ external load alters as a function of time. When combined with an underlying theoretical framework, for example ecological dynamics [118], physical and skilled characteristics could together be analysed to potentially provide rich insights into Australian football training and matches.
Basketball
While there are data describing physical characteristics from different basketball leagues [119], the description of external load at the highest professional level (NBA), is limited [62, 120]. Game positional data is only accessible through the NBA’s official optical tracking provider, Second Spectrum (Los Angeles, U.S), and there are strict rules for the use of data for publication [62]. Commonly, other tracking systems are used during practices (those pre-approved by the NBA and the National Basketball Players Association), which implies a lack of homogeneity and compromises the ability of practitioners to build complete external load profiles across practice and competition [121]. As such, basketball sport scientists, performance and medical staff face numerous challenges on a day-to-day basis when it comes to using tracking systems and how to best use the information.
Basketball is an intermittent sport that, due to the court dimensions, number of players, and the rules [e.g., ball possession time (24 s)], requires the player to perform repeated high-intensity actions, such as rapid changes of direction and cutting actions, changes of speed in short distances, contacts (e.g., post-ups, screens, box-out), or run-to-jump actions, occurring between different locomotor demands (e.g., standing, walking, running, sprinting). Likely heavily influenced by pre-existing research from other team sports, the most common tracking metrics studied in basketball have been total distance, relative distance (distance/duration), distance and/or time in speed zones (total, relative and percentages), high-intensity actions (usually referred as distance, time and/or counts of accelerations, decelerations, jumps) and peak velocity [119, 122]. Moreover, as in other team sports, the analysis of describing the most demanding scenarios, both through discreet or fixed-length time epochs and rolling average time epochs, is emerging [86]. However, the mentioned influence from other team sports reflects a certain lack of critical thinking in the analysis of basketball specifically.
High-speed, very high-speed running and sprinting distance are commonly reported at > 10 km.h−1, 18 km.h−1 [123], and > 24 km.h−1 [86, 122], respectively, in the literature; whereas, top speed reached by players reported in the literature is ~ 20 km.h−1 [119, 124]. However, different results in peak speeds have been shown at the elite level (e.g., NBA; unpublished data). Based on the limitation of court size and the subsequent shorter lengths of explosive efforts in basketball, practitioners should reconsider the selection of peak speed as a key metric for planning and/or monitoring in the decision-making processes. The lack of consensus, and the actual requirements of distances at different intensities, requires that the practitioners consider reviewing speed thresholds for sprinting and high- and very-high speed running in basketball, independently of references from other team sports. Data mining techniques have been used to determine sport-specific thresholds, including fitting Gaussian curves [125], k-means clustering [126], and spectral clustering [127]. Such methods warrant consideration in basketball. Given the difference in the size of the playing area, it is likely that speed thresholds lower than other sports may be more suitable for analysing tracking data in the context of basketball.
Measures of velocity change (i.e., accelerations and decelerations) are other commonly used metrics, however, there is a lack of clarification and consensus across different tracking systems and manufacturers on how signals are filtered, calculations performed, or which are the suitable thresholds for this sport. Regarding the latter, thresholds for LPS vary from < > 2 m.s−2 [86, 123], while research utilising IMU has used < > 3 and 3.5 m.s−2 for total and ‘at high-intensity’, respectively [119]. Similarly, there are differences across tracking systems as to whether acceleration and deceleration data are reported in counts, distances or time spent changing velocity. Alternatively, a simple method for averaging the acceleration and/or deceleration profile of a team sport has been proposed to overcome issues with using predefined thresholds with time-series data [128]. While this analysis was conducted on rugby league athletes, the authors discuss the importance of such movements to physical preparation and performance across a variety of team sports. While sport-specific research should be undertaken for basketball, given the court size, the nature of the rapid movements required and the importance of actions such as turnovers, cuts, close outs, or defensive shuffles, it appears these movements are vital for managing injury risk, planning and monitoring the training process, and quantifying competition characteristics. Which calculation to use will depend upon the use of the information by the practitioner; for example, the summated acceleration profile may be most relevant for description and monitoring; whereas, the count and distance covered accelerating may be useful in programming individual workouts in a rehabilitation process.
Quantifying overall external load using accelerometery technology has been become a key metric in basketball. Many manufacturers have their own version of accelerometer-derived load, although PlayerLoad™ may be the original and the most commonly used [7]. It is recommended that practitioners seek to understand how manufacturer-specific “load” metrics are calculated, not only in basketball but all sports using this metric, since the measurement, filtering processes, and threshold rules differ. For example, some manufacturers calculate “load” from three-dimensional accelerometery data, while others use two-dimensional LPS for the calculation. Additionally, Schelling and Torres (2016) showed that constraints such as number of players, opponents, and court dimensions (i.e., half-, full-court) influence the external load [124]. Such studies are relevant for the practitioners to understand how the manipulation of constraints affect external load. Another pertinent aspect in basketball is the impact of the vertical load (z-axis) in the total count of ‘load’. The nature of this sport implies vertical actions (e.g., shooting, blocks), an aspect that has not been commonly reported in the literature, probably due to the lack of studies validating the quantification of jumps (and landing impact) across different tracking systems.
The evolution of tracking systems and machine learning techniques is allowing greater precision in the detection of basketball-specific movements. At present, technical aspects such as types of shots (e.g., driving layup or floater, pull-up jumper, step back, catch and shoot), picks, posts, isolations, off ball screens, among others, are recorded during matches with optical tracking. This, in combination with the metrics quantifying physical characteristics, can become a powerful tool for the generation of new and powerful insights in the description, planning and monitoring of external load in basketball.
Ice Hockey
Ice hockey is an intermittent, collision sport played on ice, characterised by high-intensity bouts of skating with rapid changes in speed and direction [129] and high technical demands, such as puck control, evading defenders, and body checking [130]. Players rotate on and off the rink in shifts, each lasting approximately 30 to 80 s, generally between 20 and 35 times across 60 min of game time [131].
At the highest professional level, the National Hockey League (NHL), the 82-game regular season is played with a game approximately every 2.25 days, prior to a post-season that can include an additional 28 games over 60 days [132]. Due to shift rotations, there is a wide range of individual game-time per player, with the total time on ice potentially varying from approximately 5 to 28 min for skaters (excludes Goaltenders). Given this variation in game participation, compounded by the rate of competition, monitoring individual external load with a team is a worthwhile application of athlete tracking.
In order to monitor external load, tracking technology should be validated for the distinctive requirements of this sport. Notably, describing the unique biomechanical challenges of ice-skating reveals different characteristics to running [132]. Recent research has deemed an accelerometer-derived measure a reliable quantification of on-ice external load in a closed-roof hockey arena [133]. This measure can also reliably distinguish between certain ice hockey-specific movements including: acceleration, top speed, shooting, and repeated shift timing [133]. Describing external load, stratified into sport-specific categories and/or metrics, can further the understanding of technical and physical characteristics of training and competition. However, such microsensor technology may not be permitted in official competition and therefore, practitioners may be required to integrate such systems from the training environment with the different solutions permitted in competition.
Describing the high-intensity characteristics of skating with validated tracking technology is useful for the physical preparation of such athletes. One study of 36 NHL players demonstrated an average of seven high-intensity bouts per minute required, with high-intensity (> 17 km.h−1) skating accounting for approximately 45% of total skating distance [131]. However, this distribution of skating intensity is different according to position. Defensemen and forwards accumulate a similar distance across a game but in a different manner; with defensemen skating significantly higher distances at lower velocity skating speeds and forwards covering more in higher velocity bands [131, 134, 135].
Given these positional differences, there is opportunity for tracking data to assist with planning appropriate training drills and sessions, both on a positional and individual level. The selection of suitable temporal durations for analysis and in turn, planning, should be considered by the practitioner based on training objectives. While game-time is structured by shifts with varying work-to-rest ratios, training drills may at times be more continuous in nature with all skaters participating on the ice. This warrants a critical appraisal to consider the most appropriate time-series analysis. For instance, given a forward could spend ~ 22.7 s of a shift in maximal or near-maximal skating [135], a similar time epoch (notably less than one minute) may be used to better understand skating intensity. In addition to understanding the intensity across positions, there is also a “special teams” component in ice hockey with “power play” and “penalty kill” periods. These passages may have implications for physical preparation, given the difference in the number of skaters permitted on the ice.
Using the playing environment to assess fitness parameters, rather than requiring additional time for isolated testing, is an appealing solution that tracking technology may assist with. Positioning systems may be capable of measuring on-ice sprint times in place of timing gates, although the context of the sprint should be considered, with the duration and movement complexity influencing the reliability of the measure [136]. The ability to repeatedly produce power is important to success and tracking systems may be able to objectively capture this ability [137]. This may be particularly valuable given that similar off-ice (i.e. land-based) measures do not necessarily relate to on-ice performance [137].
Tracking systems are still a relatively recent addition to ice hockey, with competition player and puck training introduced to the NHL in the 2019–20 regular season [138]. As such, there may currently be a paucity of tracking research within this sport, but numerous potential avenues to explore going forward. These include; the indication of fatigue based on drop-off in tracking outputs [136], assessing team pace of play using spatio-temporal possession data [32], quantifying the unique characteristics of the Goaltending position, and continuing to describe the characteristics of the game across different competitions, age groups, and genders.
Netball
Netball is a dynamic, high-intensity intermittent court-based team sport [139, 140]. Netball has unique physical [141], technical [142] and tactical [143] characteristics due to rules restricting players to specific areas of the court based on seven distinct playing positions, moving only one step when in possession of the ball and releasing the ball within three-seconds of receiving it [144]. Unlike other team sports, netball is capped at 15 min quarters, unless an injury occurs and play is halted, whilst the clock is stopped. Profiling the physical characteristics of netball athletes has largely been confined to video analysis and wearable IMU, due to training and matches being held indoors at the elite level [139, 141]. Recent advancements in LPS have allowed the physical characteristics of elite netballers to be profiled.
A key consideration for practitioners working within netball is the positional differences. Playing position defines where the players can move on court; Goal Keepers (GK) and Goal Shooters (GS) are restricted to only one third of the court, compared to Centres, who can play in all thirds (except for the shooting circles). These large discrepancies in the space available for players to move within greatly impacts the physical characteristics of match-play. Centre court players (centres, wing attack [WA] and wing defence [WD]) consistently have greater external loads compared to GK and GS [139, 140, 145]. Positions also differ in the contribution of locomotor (e.g., jogging, walking, shuffling, running) and non-locomotor (i.e., catch, jump, rebound, guarding) activities to total match load [146]. Sweeting et al. (2017) found that the movement sequences of GD, GA and WA are the most closely related, with GS being highly dissimilar to all other positions [110]. Therefore, it is imperative that practitioners working with tracking systems in netball acknowledge the positional differences when considering metric selection and analysis.
The distinct movement patterns of netball is another consideration. The tracking system used will determine the metrics utilised by practitioners; ongoing developments and increasing availability of technologies, including LPS, allow for tracking locomotor characteristics indoors [126, 140]. Whilst total distance and average speed can be examined with these systems [140], practitioners should consider how this is accumulated and the non-locomotor movements that are unique to the sport. Walking with straight movement and neutral acceleration have been found to be the most prevalent movement features in international match-play [126], and change-of-direction has been identified as an important external load metric in professional netballers [140]. When considering accelerometer-derived ‘load’ metrics, off-ball guarding has the greatest amount of PlayerLoad™ per minute, compared to other non-locomotor movements [146]. Further, IMA-derived metrics can investigate the non-locomotor movements and are particularly important for specific positions. For example, GS covers the lowest total distance, but performs the greatest number of total jumps [140]. Despite their use in research, IMA-derived metrics are yet to be validated during netball match-play, which must be acknowledged and considered.
The interchangeability of different manufacturers and providers is an issue for practitioners working in netball. During competitive matches, LPS could be used but teams may not have access to the data or system during training and subsequently, rely on inertial sensors to capture external load. Whilst wearable technologies such as IMU may have suitability to detect the “off-ball” movements in netball, as described above, clarity is needed on how to utilise the aggregate outputs of these metrics, including PlayerLoad™ per minute, for the design of training [146]. For example, many actions, off and on ball, can comprise the same PlayerLoad™ per minute. Therefore, practitioners may look to a systems approach to examine the key performance characteristics (physical and skilled) that exist within netball [56].
Given the high frequency of skilled actions and scoring in the complex and dynamic sport of netball, opportunity exists for sport scientists to place physical characteristics into context by overlying rich technical and tactical data. For example, a work domain analysis method, as part of a systems approach, for netball was recently investigated [56]. Specifically, 19 values and priority measures of elite netball were identified, including; passing, scoring, cognitive measures of psychological flow, team structure and the use of tactical timeouts, alongside physical characteristics [56], highlighting the need to integrate data. For example, measuring the acceleration or angular velocity of a netballer, when coupled with applying defensive pressure on an opponent could be a rich source of information [126]. Similarly, netballers use a variety of coordination strategies to shape tactical and physical behaviours during turnovers [147]. Together, these studies present a complex systems approach to analysing netball athlete performance that could potentially give further context to existing metrics, on how and why activities take place. For example, rather than presenting data on total distance covered or the number of accelerations that take place in netball, practitioners could complement this physical data with tactical and technical data to give richer insights.
Rugby Codes
All three rugby codes (league, union and sevens) are played on the same field dimensions and are characterised as high-intensity intermittent contact sports [148]. Yet despite these similarities, distinct differences exist between codes. Rugby union and sevens are played under similar laws, with different playing numbers (15 vs. 7), whereas rugby league is played with 13 players per team and extensively different laws [148]. The different laws and playing numbers of the rugby codes result in unique characteristics that should be considered by practitioners when determining the use of tracking systems data in each code. Here we will focus on some key considerations for rugby league.
Rugby League
Games of rugby league are played over two 30 to 40 min halves (depending on the level of competition), separated by a 10-min rest interval. At the professional level players cover between ~ 5367 to 7064 m, with ~ 335 to 563 m HSR distance, whilst also carrying out ~ 21 to 34 collisions, depending on playing position, within a match [149]. Given these physical characteristics, and specifically the associated physiological, biomechanical, and energetic cost of such contact elements on players [1], quantifying both locomotor and contact demands as part of the external load is vital.
Following the validation of a collision detection algorithm [150], the use of tracking systems data to quantify collisions has increased [151]. Hulin et al. (2017) found Catapult Optimeye S5 devices to be sensitive (97.6 ± 1.5%) to detecting collisions, and the overall accuracy to increase when low intensity (< 1 PlayerLoad™ AU) and short duration (< 1 s) collisions are removed [150]). The use of tracking systems to detect collisions in rugby league enhances the ability to consider the locomotor and collision characteristics concurrently as opposed to separate entities [152]. For example, when quantifying and monitoring the ‘peak demands’ of rugby league competition, practitioners should consider: (1) the concurrent collision count, during the duration specific peak locomotive periods, and (2) the concurrent average running speed of the duration of the specific peak collision periods, to appropriately prepare players for the periods of competition.
Due to the collision nature of the sport, and the spatial confinements, players regularly accelerate and decelerate at high intensities; given the metabolic cost of these movements [128], it is important that they are also quantified and monitored. A range of acceleration metrics are utilised in rugby league, with average absolute acceleration becoming increasingly popular, especially for the analysis of the peak characteristics [82, 128]. This is an important trend given that acceleration has been shown to occur separately to peak periods of speed and yet, are equally important to the match outcome [81]. The use of PlayerLoad™, and its variants, has also been proposed to capture the acceleration, deceleration and change-of-direction, as well as the contact load [150] and are widely used in practice [16, 153]. Interestingly, the variant capturing the slow component (< 2 m/s) of PlayerLoad™, known as PlayerLoad™ Slow, has been used in rugby codes as a measure of sport-specific low-speed activity (e.g., rucking) [154]. Such accelerometry-derived metrics are also useful to capture external load in indoor training environments, given it is common practice for rugby league teams to carry out contact training in specific ‘padded’ rooms, and GPS derived acceleration metrics cannot be used in such environments.
Additionally, the unique technical and tactical requirements of the different positions within a rugby league team [155] result in differences in the physical characteristics of match-play. A main difference between positions is in the playing time of the match; forwards have lower playing times than backs [149, 156], which consequently influences the physical characteristics and should be taken into consideration. Backs are reported to cover greater total distance than forwards [152], however studies report no differences in the average running speed of match-play, given the differences in playing time between positions [156, 157]. Therefore, practitioners are encouraged to not only utilise total distances, but also consider the intensity of the work given the differing playing time, via analysis of the average running speeds of match-play and the peak characteristics for position specific training practices. Importantly, differences in HSR, very HSR, and collisions are present between positions. Forwards cover less HSR distance compared to adjustable and backs, but carry out more collisions [149]. As such, tracking metrics may therefore be of differing value to practitioners when seeking to monitor the external load, and subsequent dose–response, across positions.
Finally, the tactical characteristics of rugby league should be considered alongside the physical, to enhance the application of tracking systems data and aid in training practices. Whilst competition is 80-min in duration, the match can be broken up into distinct phases of play given the rule of the set of six tackles: attack, defence and the attack-defence transition, as well as ball-in-play periods. By considering the physical characteristics within these periods of play, practitioners can work with coaches when planning and evaluating technical-tactical training. Distinct locomotor characteristics exist during attacking and defending phases, with greater average running speeds during defense, but greater HSR distance per minute during attack [74]. Further positional differences are likely due to the unique positional requirements such as ‘backs’ leading the kick chase or challenging for the ball during the attack-defence transition. Therefore, practitioners working with tracking systems data in rugby league should consider the nature of the sport (e.g., contact) and positional differences, alongside the tactical characteristics when collecting, analysing and interpreting data.
Soccer (Association Football)
Soccer is an intermittent field sport played by two teams of 11 players (10 outfield plus a goalkeeper) over two continuous 45-min halves, separated by a 15-min half time period [158]. The sport may be viewed as an early adopter of tracking systems, with much of the early research conducted in the 1990s stemming from optical tracking (predominantly semi-automated camera systems) and GPS use, in competition and training environments respectively, in the men’s professional game [158]. Despite being permitted in professional competition from 2015, many teams prefer to restrict GPS use to training only, potentially due to the less invasive nature of optical tracking. Thus, practitioners in these environments often face the challenge of integrating tracking data in order to consistently describe, plan, and monitor across the season. While integrative equations have been proposed, these are tracking system-specific, as well as dependent on the pitch size of the data collection [64].
Physical competition characteristics vary by playing position, depending on a number of situational factors, including tactical decisions, team formation, opponents style of play and level of competition [159, 160]. Total distance during a professional men’s match ranges from 10 to 12 km, with central midfielders covering the highest distance (11,885 m) while central defenders and strikers cover the lowest (10,671 m and 10,790 m, respectively) [161]. High-speed running (> 5.5 m.s) constitutes on average 12% of the total distance, however wide players are seen to cover a greater contribution of their total distance at high speeds [162, 163]. Similarly, wide players compared to central also produce the highest acceleration efforts, which is important due to the greater energetic demand of these movements [164]. The unique demands of the goalkeeping position result in 50% less total distance than outfield athletes (4–6 km), with 98% of match time spent in low intensity movement [165]. However, tracking systems have recently aimed to quantify goalkeeper-specific movement demands that include the number of dives, jumps, and overall forward and lateral explosive movements.
While absolute totals are necessary to describe the sport’s characteristics and monitor individual external load, practitioners are encouraged to think beyond absolute values to help guide physical preparation. The most simplistic use of relative (per minute) metrics enables identification of athletes' ‘pacing strategies’ [70]. For example, elite outfield male soccer players will range between 102 and 118 m/min depending on playing position [166]. Similarly, Fereday and colleagues (2020) identified the relative total distance between 120 and 190 m/min across a range of rolling average durations in professional male soccer players [90]. Rolling averages have been suggested as a superior analysis method compared to discrete 5–15 min epochs, due to a 12–25% underestimation in peak running demands [87]. Utilising peak locomotor demands to design position-specific training drills is common in applied soccer practice in an attempt to simulate game intensity [18]. However, concern has been raised over the validity of this concept, given that peak demands do not occur concurrently across metrics and players [94]. Practitioners are therefore reminded that the training process is complex and no single metric or calculation can surmise the external load an athlete is subjected to.
Drills in soccer are often manipulated in their design via field size, the number of players, or work-to-rest ratios, in order to elicit particular intensities. Practitioners using tracking systems in soccer can analyse the data to quantify the effects of such manipulation. For instance, larger pitch size provide greater opportunity to sprint whereas, smaller pitch sizes may allow less exposure to high velocities but greater exposure to changes of direction, accelerations and decelerations [5]. In particular, small-sided games have garnered popularity as a training methodology in soccer, however they should be combined with other forms of drills due to limitations on reaching higher velocities. High-speed exposure has been particularly highlighted as important for performance and injury risk perspective in soccer and therefore, many practitioners use the objective characteristics of soccer drills in comparison to competition characteristics to monitor athlete speed exposure over time [167]. However, despite the widespread adoption of regular high-speed exposure in practice, along with experts' opinion behind the concept [168], further work is required to establish stronger evidence in support of injury protection properties against regular high-speed exposure.
While this focus on quantifying and planning training drill design from a physical perspective is important, the technical and tactical components of soccer are also key contributors to success. Therefore, coaches and practitioners strive to combine physical preparation with the tactical element. One method, tactical periodization, has become a popular training strategy [169]. This methodology stresses different physical and tactical elements in turn across the microcycle, whereby the main focus is soccer-specific training [170]. Furthermore, the coach’s style of play heavily influences physical characteristics in soccer, as in other team sports, with tactical periodization assisting in training exercise selection that represent the specific coach’s principles of play [170]. With many professional leagues competing multiple times a week, along with congested schedules at other levels of play, the taxing schedule adds an element of complexity regarding preparation and recovery. As such, combining physical and tactical goals into training drills and sessions provides a time-efficient approach that tracking systems can support.
While soccer research has historically focussed on male athletes, there has recently been an increase in the women’s game [171]. Whilst the volume and intensity of total distance in the women is similar to that of males (8–11 km total; 108–119 m/min) [171,172,173], male players perform on average 30% more high-intensity movements during matches [171]. Therefore, to ensure appropriate application of tracking data to inform training and match preparation, an understanding of the physical characteristics specific to the female athletes is required. Particularly important to practitioners working with tracking data in women’s soccer is the consideration of suitable speed thresholds, given that most research has been conducted on men. A Gaussian curve fitting approach was used with instantaneous velocity data from women’s soccer and other team sports, with the intersections between curves used to determine sport-specific speed thresholds [125]. However, concerns have been raised, including the appropriateness of the technique itself—as there is no evidence to suggest that the velocities within each zone follow a Gaussian distribution—as well as the dataset used, which was not from an elite female population [127]. Consequently, another group used the spectral clustering technique on a dataset from 27 female players across 52 international matches, which determined thresholds of 12.5, 19.0, and 22.5 km/h most suitable to denote high-speed, very-high-speed, and sprint categories, respectively, for elite women’s soccer [127].
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American football, known in the United States simply as football, is a competitive team sport known for its physical roughness despite being a highly strategic game. The object of the game is to score points by advancing the ball into the opposing team's end zone, kicking a field goal, or scoring a safety by tackling an opposing team's ball-carrier in his own end zone. The ball can be advanced either by carrying it or by throwing it to a teammate. The winner is the team with the most points when the time expires and the last play ends.
American football descended from rugby football, played in the United Kingdom in the mid-nineteenth century. The first game of college football was played on November 6, 1869 between Rutgers University and Princeton University. The first modernized game was on June 4, 1875 between Harvard University and Tufts University.
Professional football developed in the mill towns of Pennsylvania and the American Midwest in the early twentieth century. The National Football League (NFL) was founded in 1920 in Canton, Ohio, and is now comprised of 32 teams. Today, football is the most popular American sport, with the day of the NFL championship—the Super Bowl—being one of the biggest occasions for social gatherings in the United States.
Outside the United States, the sport is referred to as American football to differentiate it from other football games. In Australia and New Zealand, the game is known as Gridiron, although in America the word "gridiron" refers only to the playing field. Variations of the game include Canadian football and Arena football.
History
American football dates from the early 1800s when teams in various colleges and secondary schools met. They usually played by kicking or batting at the ball, as in varieties of football played in the United Kingdom. In 1867, the convergence of various developments at Eastern colleges and schools led to the codification of American football. Rutgers University and Princeton University played the first recorded game of American college football on November 6, 1869 in New Brunswick, New Jersey, won by Rutgers 6-4. Today, Rutgers is popularly recognized as the "Birthplace of College Football." However, English Football Association rules were followed in this Princeton/Rutgers contest; participants were only allowed to kick the ball, not handle it; and each side had 25 men. Thus, some see the Princeton-Rutgers meeting of 1869 as the first intercollegiate game of "soccer" in America, but not American football (Smith 1988). In 1870, Rutgers invited Columbia for a game, and the popularity of intercollegiate competition in football would spread throughout the country.
Dartmouth College students played a football-like game now known as "Old Division Football," for which they published rules in 1871. In 1873, Columbia, Rutgers, Princeton, and Yale met to formulate the intercollegiate football rules for the games they played. This meeting is notable for two reasons. First, it is the first attempt at making a single set of rules for all schools to follow. Second, Harvard refused to join the meeting.
The first modern game
Harvard University and Tufts University played one of the "first" games that would be recognizable to modern fans as American football on June 4, 1875 at Jarvis Field in Cambridge, Mass., won by Tufts 1-0. A report of the outcome of this game appeared in the Boston Daily Globe on June 5, 1875. In the Tufts-Harvard game participants were allowed to pick up the ball and run with it, each side fielded 11 men, the ball carrier was stopped by knocking him down or "tackling" him, and the inflated ball was egg-shaped. A year prior to the Tufts-Harvard game, Harvard faced McGill University of Montreal, Canada on May 14, 1874 in a game under rules similar to the Tufts-Harvard game. To this day, Harvard, McGill, and Tufts continue to field football teams though they no longer play each other.
Encouraged by Yale University's Walter Camp, the schools began to adopt the rules that would differentiate American football from rugby in the 1880s. The scrimmage was introduced in 1880 and the system of downs in 1882.
However, by the turn of the twentieth century, football had become notoriously dangerous, and 18 college players died in 1905 alone. Colleges responded with a series of rule changes to open up the game, most importantly the forward pass, along with outlawing dangerous formations such as the "flying wedge," and introducing and requiring better equipment such as helmets. The game achieved its modern form by 1912, when the field was changed to its current size, the value of a touchdown increased to six points, and a fourth down added to each possession.
Originally dominated by the Ivy League, football soon captured the interest of colleges nationwide. By 1916, when the Rose Bowl game matching eastern and western teams became an annual event, football had developed a national following, second only to baseball among team sports.
Professional football developed in the mill towns of Pennsylvania and the American Midwest in the early years of the twentieth century. The future National Football League (NFL) was founded in 1920 in Canton, Ohio as the American Professional Football Association; it adopted its current name in 1922. Professional football remained a largely regional sport of secondary importance to college football until after World War II, when television broadcasts boosted NFL football's national appeal. The professional game had surpassed both college football and baseball in popularity by the early 1970s. The first Super Bowl—between the champions of the NFL and the rival American Football League—was played in 1967, and the leagues merged in 1970.
Befitting its status as a popular sport, football is played in leagues of different size, age, and quality, in all regions of the country. Organized football is played almost exclusively by men and boys, although a few amateur and semi-professional women's leagues have begun in recent years.
The 32-team National Football League (NFL) is currently the only major professional American football league. There are no developmental or minor leagues, but the similar sports Arena football and Canadian football are considered lower-level leagues.
College football is also popular throughout North America. Nearly every college and university has a football team, no matter its size, and plays in its own stadium. The largest, most popular collegiate teams routinely fill stadiums larger than 60,000. Several college stadiums seat more than 100,000 fans and usually fill them to capacity. The weekly autumn ritual of college football includes marching bands, cheerleaders, homecoming parties, and the tailgate party, and forms an important part of the culture in much of small town America. Football is generally the major source of revenue to the athletic programs of schools, public and private, in the United States.
Most American high schools also have football teams. In the Southern United States, many schools regularly fill stadiums holding over 10,000 fans and can afford artificial playing surfaces. Since high schools in the United States are tied to the town they are situated in, the football team is often a chief source of civic pride in small towns, and football heroes are very well-regarded in their communities.
Football is also played recreationally by amateur and youth teams (e.g., the Pop Warner little-league programs). There are also many "semi-pro" teams in leagues where the players are paid to play but at a small enough salary that they generally must also hold a full-time job.
Due to the violence and expense of the sport, many football games involve variations of the rules to minimize contact. These include touch football and flag football, both of which do not involve tackling and usually omit helmets and padding.
Football is an autumn sport. A season typically begins in mid-to-late August and runs through December, into January. The professional playoffs run through January.
It is a long-standing tradition in the United States, though not universally observed, that high school football games are played on Friday night, college games on Saturday, and professional games on Sunday. In the 1970s, the NFL began to schedule one game on Monday night on ABC. In recent years, nationally televised Thursday night college games have become a weekly fixture on ESPN.
Certain fall and winter holidays—most notably Thanksgiving and New Year's Day—have traditional football games associated with them.
Outside the United States
The professional Canadian Football League and collegiate Canadian Interuniversity Sport play under Canadian rules, which involve fewer downs, a wider field, more players, and thus emphasize the passing game more than the NFL. The NFL operated a developmental league, NFL Europa, with teams in five German cities and one in the Netherlands, but this league folded following the 2007 season. The sport is popular as an amateur activity in Mexico and American Samoa and to a lesser extent in Japan, Europe, Korea, The Bahamas, Chile, Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina, Australia (Gridiron Australia), Israel, and the United Kingdom (BAFL).
The International Federation of American Football is the governing body for American football with 45 member associations from North and South America, Europe, Asia, and Oceania. The IFAF also oversees the American Football World Cup, which is held every four years. Japan won the first two World Cups, held in 1999 and 2003. Team USA, which had not participated in the previous World Cups, won the title in 2007. Despite this, the game has been slow to catch on in most countries.
Rules
The object of American football is to score more points than the opposing team within the time limit of the game.
American football is played on a field 120 yards long by 160 feet wide. The longer boundary lines are sidelines, while the shorter boundary lines are end lines. Near each end of the field are two goal lines located 100 yards apart. A scoring area called an end zone extends 10 yards beyond each goal line to each end line.
Yard lines cross the field every five yards, and are numbered from each goal line to the 50-yard line, or midfield. Two rows of lines, known as hash marks, are interspersed between the yard lines, one yard apart from each other. All plays start with the ball on or between the hash marks.
At the back of each end zone are two goal posts (also called uprights) 18.5 feet apart and connected by a crossbar 10 feet from the ground.
Each team has 11 players on the field at a time. However, teams may substitute for any or all of their players, if time allows, during the break between plays during time-outs. As a result, players have very specialized roles, and the large majority of the 46 active players on an NFL team will play in any given game. Thus, teams are divided into three separate units: the offense, the defense, and the special teams, which are involved in kicking plays.
Game duration
A standard professional or college football game consists of four 15-minute quarters—typically lasting 12 minutes in high-school football—with a half-time intermission after the second quarter. The clock stops after certain plays; therefore, a game lasts considerably longer than the official game time, often more than three hours in real time. If an NFL game is tied after four quarters, the teams play an additional period lasting up to 15 minutes. In an NFL overtime game, the first team that scores wins; this is referred to as sudden death. In a regular-season NFL game, if neither team scores in overtime, the game is a tie. In an NFL playoff game, additional overtime periods are played, as needed, to determine a winner. College overtime rules are more complicated.
Advancing the ball
The team that takes possession of the ball (the offense) has four attempts, called downs, to advance the ball ten yards toward their opponent's (the defense's) end zone. When the offense gains ten yards, it gets a first down, which means the team has another set of four downs to gain yet another ten yards or score with. If the offense fails to gain a first down (ten yards) after four downs, the other team gets possession of the ball.
Before each down, each team chooses a play, or coordinated set of actions, that the players should follow on a down. Sometimes, downs themselves are referred to as "plays." The plays are usually communicated in a "huddle" in which the players group together so that the play will not be known by the opposing team; however, plays are often called out by the captain on the line of scrimmage. These plays are called "audibles" and often involve codes to prevent the opposing team's understanding.
Except at the beginning of halves and after scores, the ball is always put into play by a snap. Offensive players line up facing the defensive players at the line of scrimmage—the position on the field where the play begins. One offensive player, the center, then passes (or "snaps") the ball between his legs to a teammate, usually the quarterback.
Players can then advance the ball in two ways:
By running with the ball, also known as rushing. One ball-carrier can hand the ball to another player or pass the ball through the air backwards to another player. These are known as a handoff and a lateral respectively.
By throwing the ball forward to a teammate, known as a forward pass or as passing the football. The offense can throw the ball forward only once on a play, and only before crossing the line of scrimmage.
A down ends, and the ball becomes dead, after any of the following:
The player with the ball is forced to the ground (tackled) or has his forward progress halted by members of the other team.
A forward pass touches the ground before it is caught or is caught out of bounds. This is known as an incomplete pass. The ball is returned to the most recent line of scrimmage for the next down.
The ball or the player with the ball goes beyond the dimensions of the field (out of bounds).
A team scores.
Officials blow a whistle to notify players that the down is over.
Change of possession
The offense maintains possession of the ball unless one of the following things occur:
The team fails to get a first down (i.e., in four downs they fail to move ten yards ahead of where they got their last first down). The defensive team takes over the ball at the spot where the fourth down play ends.
The offense scores a touchdown or field goal. The team that scored then kicks the ball to the other team in a special play called a kickoff.
The offense punts the ball to the defense. A punt is a kick in which a player drops the ball and kicks it before it hits the ground. Punts are nearly always made on a fourth down, when the offensive team does not want to risk giving up the ball to the other team at its current spot on the field and feels it is too far from the other team's goal posts to attempt a field goal.
A defensive player catches a forward pass. This is called an interception, and the player who makes the interception can run with the ball until he is tackled, forced out of bounds, or scores.
An offensive player loses the ball (a fumble) before being tackled and a defensive player picks it up. As with interceptions, a player "recovering" a fumble can run with the ball until tackled or forced out of bounds. Lateral passes that are not caught, or caught by a defensive player, are considered fumbles. Lost fumbles and interceptions are together known as turnovers. In college rules, a player who recovers the ball by falling on it, may not advance the ball even if he has not been tackled.
The offensive team misses a field goal attempt. In this case the defensive team gets the ball at the spot where the previous play began or—in the NFL—at the spot of the kick. If the unsuccessful kick was attempted from within 20 yards of the end zone, the other team gets the ball at its own 20-yard line (that is, 20 yards from the end zone).
The defense forces a "safety." If an offensive ball-carrier is tackled or forced out of bounds in his own end-zone—or loses the ball out of bounds there, or the offense commits certain penalties in the end-zone—the defense scores a "safety," worth two points. The offense must then kick the ball to the defense from its own 20 yard line.
An offensive ball-carrier fumbles the ball forward into the end zone and then the ball goes out of bounds. This rare occurrence leads to a touchback, with the ball going over to the opposing team at their 20 yard line. (However, touchbacks during non-offensive special teams plays, such as punts and kickoffs, are quite common.)
Scoring
A team scores points by the following plays:
A touchdown is worth six points. It is scored when a player runs the ball into or catches a pass in his opponent's end zone.
A conversion. After a touchdown, the ball is placed at the other team's three-yard line (the two-yard line in the NFL). The team can attempt to kick it over the crossbar and through the goal posts in the manner of a field goal for one point (an extra point or point after touchdown (PAT)), or it may run or pass the ball into the end zone in the manner of a touchdown for two points (a two-point conversion).
A field goal (FG) is worth three points. It is scored by kicking the ball over the crossbar and through the goal posts. Field goals may be placekicked (kicked when the ball is held vertically against the ground by a teammate) or drop-kicked (extremely uncommon in the modern game). A field goal is usually attempted on fourth down instead of a punt when the ball is close to the opponent's goal line, or when there is little or no time left to otherwise score.
A safety, worth two points, is scored by the defense when a ball-carrier is tackled in his own end zone, etc., as explained above.
Kickoffs and free kicks
Each half begins with a kickoff. Teams also kick off after scoring touchdowns and field goals. The ball is kicked using a kicking tee from the team's own 30-yard line in the NFL and college football (as of the 2007 season). The other team's kick returner tries to catch the ball and advance it as far as possible. Where he is stopped is the point where the offense will begin its drive, or series of offensive plays. If the kick returner catches the ball in his own end zone, he can either run with the ball, or elect for a touchback by kneeling in the end zone, in which case the receiving team then starts its offensive drive from its own 20-yard line. A touchback also occurs when the kick goes out-of-bounds in the end zone. A kickoff that goes out-of-bounds anywhere other than the end zone before being touched by the receiving team results in a penalty. Unlike with punts, once a kickoff goes 10 yards, it can be recovered by the kicking team. A team, especially one who is losing, can try to take advantage of this by attempting an Onside kick. Punts and turnovers in the end zone can also end in a touchback.
After safeties, the team that gave up the two points puts the ball into play with a punt or placekick from its own 20-yard line.
Penalties
Rule violations are punished with penalties against the offending team. Most penalties result in moving the football towards the offending team's end zone. If the penalty would move the ball more than half the distance to the defense's end zone, the penalty becomes half the distance to the goal instead of its normal value.
Most penalties result in replaying the down. Some defensive penalties give the offense an automatic first down. Conversely, some offensive penalties result in the automatic loss of a down. If a penalty gives the offensive team enough yardage to gain a first down, they get a first down, as usual.
If a penalty occurs during a play, an official throws a yellow flag near the spot of the foul. When the play ends, the team that did not commit the penalty has the option of accepting the penalty, or declining the penalty and accepting the result of the play.
A few of the most common penalties include:
False start: An offensive player illegally moves after lining up for the snap. The play is dead immediately.
Offside: A defensive player is on the wrong side of the ball at the start of a play. If play has started, the penalty is delayed pending the outcome of the play.
Holding: Illegally grasping or pulling an opponent other than the ball-carrier.
Pass interference: Illegally contacting an opponent to prevent him from catching a forward pass.
Delay of game: Failing to begin a new play after a certain time from the end of the last one.
Illegal block in the back: An offensive player pushing a defensive player in the back.
Face mask: Grasping or touching the face mask of another player while attempting to block or tackle him.
Clipping: A blocker hitting an opposing defender from below the waist from behind.
Variations
Variations on these basic rules exist, particularly in touch and flag football, which are designed as non-contact or limited-contact alternatives to the relative violence of regular American football. In touch and flag football, normal tackling is not permitted. Offensive players are "tackled" when a defender tags them or removes a flag from their body, respectively. Both of these varieties are played mainly in informal settings such as intramural or youth games. Professional, intercollegiate, and varsity-level high school football invariably use the standard tackling rules.
Another variation is with the number of players on the field. In sparsely populated areas, it is not uncommon to find high school football teams playing nine-man football, eight-man football or six-man football. Players often play on offense as well as defense. The Arena Football League is a league that plays eight-man football, and also plays indoors and on a much smaller playing surface.
Players
Most football players have highly specialized roles. At the college and NFL levels, most play only offense or only defense, but many will double as special teams players.
Offense
The offensive line (OL) consists of five players whose job is to protect the passer and clear the way for runners by blocking members of the defense. Except for the center, offensive linemen generally do not handle the ball.
The quarterback (QB) receives the snap from the center on most plays. He then hands or tosses it to a running back, throws it to a receiver or runs with it himself. The quarterback is the leader of the offense and calls the plays that are signaled to him from the sidelines.
Running backs (RB) line up behind or beside the QB and specialize in running with the ball. They also block, catch passes and, on rare occasions, pass the ball to others. If a team has two running backs in the game, usually one will be a halfback (HB) or tailback (TB), who is more likely to run with the ball, and the other will usually be a fullback (FB), who is more likely to block.
Wide receivers (WR) line up near the sidelines. They specialize in catching passes, though they also block for running plays or downfield after another receiver makes a catch.
Tight ends (TE) line up outside the offensive line. They can either play like wide receivers (catch passes) or like offensive linemen (protect the QB or create spaces for runners).
Defense
The defensive line consists of three to six players who line up immediately across from the offensive line. They try to tackle the running back if he has the ball before he can gain yardage or the quarterback before he can throw or pass the ball.
In most situations, at least three players act as defensive backs, which are either cornerbacks or safeties. They cover the receivers and try to stop pass completions, as well as tackling runners who enter their areas. They also occasionally rush the quarterback.
The other players on the defense are known as linebackers. They line up between the defensive line and defensive backs and may either rush the quarterback, tackle runners, or cover potential receivers.
Special teams
The units of players who handle kicking plays are known as "special teams." Two important special-teams players are the "punter," who handles punts, and the "placekicker" or "kicker," who kicks off and attempts field goals and extra points. Another key special teams player is the kick returner, who tries to run the ball back to place his offensive team in an advantageous position, or even score a touchtown himself.
Uniform numbers
In the NFL, ranges of uniform numbers are reserved for certain positions:
1-19: Quarterbacks, wide receivers, kickers, and punters
20-49: Running backs and defensive backs
50-59: Centers and linebackers
60-79: Offensive and defensive linemen
80-89: Wide receivers and tight ends
90-99: Defensive linemen and linebackers
NCAA rules specify only that offensive linemen must have numbers in the 50-79 range, but the association "strongly recommends" that quarterbacks and running backs have numbers below 50 and wide receivers numbers above 79. This helps officials as it means that numbers 50 to 79 are ineligible receivers, or players that normally may not touch the ball.
Physicality
To compensate for the dangers inherent in the game, players must wear special protective equipment, such as a padded plastic helmet, shoulder pads, hip pads and knee pads. These protective pads were introduced decades ago and have improved ever since to help minimize lasting injury to players. An unintended consequence of all the safety equipment has resulted in increasing levels of violence in the game. This has caused the various leagues, especially the NFL, to implement a complicated series of penalties for various types of contact.
Despite protective equipment and rule changes to emphasize safety, injuries remain common in football. It is increasingly rare, for example, for NFL quarterbacks or running backs to make it through an entire season without missing some time to injury. Additionally, 28 football players, mostly high-schoolers, died from injuries directly related to football from 2000-2005—although many of were related to dehydration or other examples of "non-physical" dangers. Concussions are common, with about 41,000 estimated every year among high school players.
Extra and optional equipment such as neck rolls, spider pads, rib protectors, and elbow pads help against injury as well, though they do not tend to be used by the majority of players because of their lack of requirement.
The danger of football and the equipment required make regulation style football impractical for casual play. Flag football and touch football are less violent variants of the game popular among recreational players.
References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees
Fuehr, Donna Poole. Touchdown!: A Guide to Understanding and Enjoying Football. Franklin Press, 1992. ISBN 978-0963379702
Long, Howie, and John Czarnecki. Football for Dummies. For Dummies, 2007. ISBN 978-0470125366
McCorduck, Edward Scott. Understanding American Football. NTC/Comtemporary Publishing Company, 1998. ISBN 978-0844205724
Oriard, Michael. Reading Football: How the Popular Press Created an American Spectacle. The University of North Carolina Press, 1998. ISBN 978-0807847510
Smith, Ronald A. Sports and Freedom: The Rise of Big-Time College Athletics New York: Oxford University Press, 1988. ASIN B000OKFNIU
Watterson, John Sayle. College Football: History, Spectacle, Controversy. The John Hopkins University Press, 2002. ISBN 978-0801871146
All links retrieved April 1, 2024.
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Football and WWI
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Sports, including football, had an important role in preparing U.S. soldiers for combat in World War I.
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/sites/default/files/favicon.ico
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National WWI Museum and Memorial
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https://www.theworldwar.org/learn/about-wwi/football-and-wwi
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Football was originally created in the mid-19th century, and after undergoing many changes, became a popular sport on college campuses in the years leading up to World War I. The first Army-Navy football game was played in 1890. By 1917, when the United States entered WWI, football had been played by many of the young men entering military training camps around the U.S.
“In the history of American football, 1919 will always stand out as a memorable year, one of remarkable achievements, and of splendid promise for the future…”
— from The New York Times, Nov. 23, 1919
The National Football League that exists today was founded in 1920 in response to a bidding war for players for professional teams, which some historians trace to a shortage of eligible men due to recent WWI military service. As soldiers returned from the war, interest in football skyrocketed. According to historian Chris Serb, in his book War Football: World War I and the Birth of the NFL, “More than 240 war football alumni, including seven Hall-of-Famers, would fill the NFL’s rosters during its early years, paving the way for the professional game’s survival and ultimate success.”
Trading their cleats for boots and game balls for bayonets, many athletes – amateur, collegiate and professional – became players in an entirely new game during the First World War. To raise the morale of servicemen, along with millions of dollars in funding for the war effort, each branch of the United States military created competitive football teams. The camaraderie fostered between military players, along with spectator interest in these types of all-star teams, lingered long after the Armistice, leading to the founding of the National Football League in 1920.
Join author Chris Serb for a timely lecture on the history of America’s favorite pastime – from the front to the field.
Sgt. Stubby: War Hero and Football Mascot
Did you know? Sergeant Stubby, the decorated military dog and mascot of the 102nd Infantry Regiment, also served as one of the earliest football mascots! After the war, his owner, Corporal J. Robert Conroy, attended Georgetown University and Stubby became the Georgetown Hoyas’ mascot in the early 1920s.
Kansas City's Football History
The National WWI Museum and Memorial also has its connections to football history, serving as host to the parade rally when the Kansas City Chiefs won Super Bowl IV in 1970. The event was documented in the Kansas City Times (the then-morning edition of the Kansas City Star).
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The Power of Teamwork: Lessons from the Super Bowl
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2023-02-12T07:43:50+00:00
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Author: Coach Ray - The Super Bowl is the most watched annual sporting event in the United States. It is a spectacle that draws in fans from all walks of life, rooting for their favorite team.
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https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/al2o9zrvru7aqj8e1x2rzsrca
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https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/power-teamwork-lessons-from-super-bowl-raymund-gerard
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Author: Coach Ray -
The Super Bowl is the most watched annual sporting event in the United States. It is a spectacle that draws in fans from all walks of life, rooting for their favorite team. But what makes the Super Bowl so special? Aside from the ads and half-time show, it is the culmination of a long season of hard work and dedication by two teams. What we can learn from the Super Bowl is the power of teamwork.
In any setting, be it sports, business, or even personal relationships, teamwork is key to success. In order to achieve something great, it takes more than just one person – it takes a team working together towards a common goal. The Super Bowl is a perfect example of this principle in action. From the players on the field to the coaches in the sidelines, every member of both teams has an important role to play in order to give their team a chance at winning.
While we may not all be playing in the Super Bowl anytime soon, we can still apply these lessons of teamwork to our own lives. Next time you’re facing a challenge, remember that it takes a team to win – so don’t go it alone! Work with others and see how much further you can go.
The Super Bowl is the most prestigious event in American football, and it takes a team of outstanding players, unified by trust and collaboration, to become champions. It's no exaggeration to say that successful teams go beyond just talent; strong communication between coaches, players and staff members is also essential for ultimate victory. From deciding plays in the huddle to cheering each other on from the sidelines, the importance of teamwork should never be underestimated - from start to finish, a committed group effort must be put forth if a team intends to win the Super Bowl. This year, millions of people around the world will come together to join in the spectacle that is The Big Game; now let’s all come together again and cheer for those who have done what some would think impossible: bring home a championship.
The Super Bowl is the biggest stage in American football, and it takes a team of dedicated players to win it all.
Teams that come out victorious at the Super Bowl put in hours and hours of hard work, communication and collaboration to honing their skills. During the frantic weeks up to the big game, when focus is paramount, team members rely on trust in each other and play a crucial role as a responsible team member. It's not just about having great talent but also collaboration and teamwork between players, coaching staff and management that makes for a winning formula. Each individual contributing at their best allows one group to be greater than the sum of its parts. That’s what has separated past winners from others – unquestionable trust that everyone is working toward a common goal and ambition. The Super Bowl is no walk in the park; it’s under immense pressures that real teams are formed which ultimately decide who get to hoist the Vince Lombardi trophy at year’s end.
Teamwork, communication, trust, and collaboration are essential in any successful venture, whether it's a sports team or a business.
Working together, trusting each other and communicating clearly are critical elements for any successful endeavor. From the NFL to an office setting, without these pieces in place a team can never reach their full potential. This is why teamwork, communication, trust, and collaboration were essential for the Super Bowl; the level of skill and determination behind winning it requires nothing less than all parties being on the same page and dedicated to a shared goal. If a team can’t trust each other to work as one cohesive unit, then even with every player having top-notch individual talent — it’s simply not enough. In sports as in business, success often depends on quick decisions during intense moments; this is best achieved when everyone involved can focus on their hand in contributing to the whole—with everyone trusting what those around them are doing too.
Without teamwork, communication, trust, and collaboration there would be no Super Bowl - it's as simple as that.
The Super Bowl is a cultural phenomenon that has brought friends, families, and strangers together for over fifty-four years. Yet, we often forget that the most essential ingredients in creating this special experience are not the cameras, flashy commercials, or half-time shows - it’s teamwork, communication, trust, and collaboration. From players banding together to coaches formulating strategies to technical crews ensuring everything runs smoothly - all elements of a successful Super Bowl come down to these very factors. As has been witnessed time after time and year after year, without unity between players and staff alike the ultimate goal - becoming Champions - is not achievable. Simply put: without teamwork, communication, trust and collaboration there would be no Super Bowl at all.
The lessons we can learn from the Super Bowl about Teamwork, communication, trust, and collaboration are numerous and valuable.
The Super Bowl is a prime example of how successful teams are built on strong foundations of teamwork, communication, trust and collaboration. The best teams in the world strive to build a close knit network, through which everyone plays their part and works hard together to achieve great things. Even if huge players in the NFL are bigger than life, they understand that alone they can only do so much, it’s only when they all embrace this collective unity that greatness can be achieved. We should all take these lessons with us into our own daily lives – be it at work or home – because the reward of working together is always greater than any individual task we could tackle!
So next time you're feeling discouraged about working with others, remember the power of Teamwork, communication, trust, and collaboration and how it can help you achieve success.
When it comes to success in any area, few examples can be more inspiring than the Super Bowl. Every year the best teams in the NFL demonstrate the power of teamwork, communication, trust and collaboration on one of the biggest stages of all. It can be easy to get caught up in our own individual goals and ambitions but we need to remember that working together with others is often the key to unlocking our full potential. Whether you're trying to achieve your own personal dreams or striving for success as part of a team, these same principles remain true -- teamwork, communication, trust and collaboration go a long way towards achieving great results. So next time you're feeling discouraged about working with others, remember the power of teamwork, communication, trust, and collaboration and how it can help you achieve success!
When it comes to the Super Bowl, not only is this game of American football exciting and captivating, but it can also teach us some valuable lessons. It’s clear that teamwork, communication, trust and collaboration are integral to achieving success in any pursuit or profession—and the Super Bowl proves no exception. Without these four core foundations of a successful team, the Super Bowl would cease to exist. We must take the time to recognize and appreciate the power that working together holds—whether it’s on the field or in the office. So take some time to enjoy this upcoming Super Bowl game for all its glory and entertainment, but also make sure you reflect on the lessons it can teach us. Don’t forget that with a little hard work, dedication, and collaboration from everyone, your projects (like our teams!) have just as much potential for greatness as any other Super Bowl contender!
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American football – Travel guide at Wikivoyage
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https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/American_football
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History
[edit]
Football finds its origins in rugby, which bears some general similarities to gridiron-style football. (Association football—or "soccer"—also split from rugby around the same time, albeit in a very different direction.) The first football games were played by the colleges of the Northeastern United States, with the first recognized football game taking place in 1869, soon followed by the establishment of a standard set of rules and intercollegiate play. The game closely resembled rugby, but as it evolved through the 1870s and 80s football began to break from its rugby roots, particularly with the innovation of the "line of scrimmage" and the "snap" (passing the ball backwards at the start of play). Walter Camp, then-captain of Yale's football team and now considered the "Father of American Football", was instrumental in securing rule changes that effectively created the modern sport of football.
Further innovations followed in the early decades of the 20th century, such as the establishment of the forward pass and the current point system and field dimensions. During this time, the collegiate leagues established a governing body, the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), and the tradition of annual postseason bowl games. The era also saw the rise of professional football, with the 1920 creation of the National Football League, which quickly established itself as the premier professional league, but nonetheless had to fight off rival claimants to major league status during almost all of its first five decades of existence. Eventually, the NFL would come to surpass the collegiate leagues in popularity, and by the late 1960s football was the most popular sport in the United States. 1960 saw the establishment of the American Football League, a rival professional league which soon proved fierce competition for playing talent with the NFL, though the rivalry quickly came to an end when the two leagues agreed to a merger in 1966, which instituted a championship game to be played between the champions of each league: the Super Bowl. The AFL–NFL rivalry arguably helped football surpass baseball in popularity and grow as a sport as the game went from 12 teams in 1959, only two of which played south of Washington, D.C. or west of Chicago (both in California), to 26 in 1970 upon completion of the merger. Both game attendance and TV ratings also grew very fast during that period of time.
Today, the NFL and the NCAA remain far and away the most popular football leagues in the world, with both having made attempts since the 1990s to promote football abroad, the most notable of which is the yearly NFL international series in London. The Super Bowl is the single most important game on the American sporting calendar, and perennially one of the most-watched television events every year, with hundreds of millions tuning in from around the world for the only football game they will watch until the following February.
Due to a number of rules that ensure competitiveness, such as the draft, the salary cap, or revenue sharing for TV revenue, the NFL is one of the most balanced professional sports leagues in the world and many teams have gone from championship contender to the bottom of their division or the other way round in just a few years. This makes "dynasties" of teams appearing in and winning multiple Super Bowls in a short span of time all the more impressive, as unlike in other sports, simply outspending opponents to get the best players is not a feasible tactic.
Rules
[edit]
The following is a brief overview of the basics of American football, as played in the NFL (there are some small differences in the NCAA or high school matches):
Football is played by two teams of 11 players on the field who face off trying to advance an elongated ellipsoid ball (often described as looking like an egg) towards the end zone and its tall yellow goalpost, where points can be scored. The offense has four opportunities (called downs) to advance the ball 10 yards (9.1 metres). Each new down begins where the preceding down ended (i.e. where the ball carrying player was "marked down" or—in the case of an incomplete pass—at the previous spot). If the 10 yards have been achieved, a new set of four downs starts. If a net distance of 10 yards has not been achieved after four downs, the offense must turn the ball over to the other team. Oftentimes, a down is synonymous with a play but if a penalty is called on the defensive, the offensive may be given extra opportunities or even an all-new first down to start over after a particularly egregious defensive infraction.
In very few cases will the offense risk turning the ball over on downs when they are in a disadvantageous field position; instead, they almost always elect to punt on fourth down. Punting means kicking the ball away out of the hand towards the opposing team (much like a goalkeeper does in soccer). However, if the field position is good enough (usually within 35 yards of the end zone) a field goal will be attempted (see below). In rare cases, including cases where the offensive team is trailing by more than three points or only needs a couple yards to gain, the team may try to "go for it", i.e. convert the first down.
Each play starts with a snap, in which the ball is passed backwards to the quarterback, away from the line of scrimmage. The ball may then be advanced through passing with one forward pass (subject to some other preconditions as well) and unlimited backward passes (which are rarely used) permitted per play. Passing is almost exclusively the domain of the quarterback, who is usually the best paid and most prestigious player on the field. He is the de facto team captain and guides the other offensive players. If a forward pass is not caught before it hits the ground, the referee signals an incomplete pass, the play ends ("is blown dead") and the next play begins at the spot where the previous one started. The ball may also be advanced by running (carrying it forward) which is usually done by a running back. The other positions on the offense are the wide receivers, who catch forward passes; the offensive linemen, who try to clear a space for the running back to run through and are also responsible for protecting the quarterback; and the tight end (not always present), a larger receiver who may be called on to either catch passes or block, depending on the play call.
The defense tries to stop the offense's advance by tackling the player that carries the ball. There are three basic defensive positions. The defensive linemen try to prevent the offense from pushing the defense back and will try to reach the quarterback on passing plays. Linebackers, who play behind the defensive linemen, have perhaps the broadest role. Depending on what the offense does, they may rush the passer, cover a running back or tight end on a pass pattern, or try to chase down a running back. Defensive backs, divided into cornerbacks who play at the edges of the defense and safeties who play in the middle of the field, are usually assigned to a specific receiver or area and try to prevent the receivers from catching the ball or catch it themselves. If they catch it themselves, it is called an interception and possession of the football changes to the other team. If a player who had control of the ball drops the ball, or a backwards pass or snap is not caught, it is called a fumble. When the ball is fumbled, any player of either team may take the ball and advance it (for an exception to that rule, found only in the NFL, see Wikipedia's article on the "Holy Roller" play). Lost fumbles and interceptions are collectively referred to as turnovers, and one of the most important aspects in winning the game is to turn the ball over less than the opponent does. Typically a team that turns the ball over three or more times loses the game.
Scoring is done through one of three means. The most common and coveted is a touchdown: when a player enters the opponent's end zone with the ball, or catches the ball inside the opponent's end zone. Unlike in rugby, and despite its name, touching the ball to the ground is not required. A touchdown is worth six points, and further points may be earned by either a two-point conversion (another touchdown from the two-yard line) or a single point by touchdown kick (which is similar to a field goal). As the touchdown kick is by far the preferred option and has a success rate well over 90% (in the NFL at least; in youth and amateur leagues that rate may be considerably lower), touchdowns are often perceived to be worth seven points. Field goals are scored by kicking the ball through the yellow goalpost from a place kick, and are worth three points. A very rare drop kick can also be attempted instead of the place kick when attempting a field goal or one-point conversion, whereby the ball is dropped and immediately kicked through the goalposts on hitting the ground—only one has been successfully converted in NFL football since 1941. Least commonly, the defense can score a two-point safety if the opposing offense is brought down within their own end zone. Even more uncommon is a different type of two-point safety (also called a defensive conversion), scored if the defense forces a turnover (blocked kick, interception, fumble) on a conversion attempt and returns the ball to the opponent's end zone.
Fouls, or penalties, are signaled through yellow flags (orange in Canada) which are thrown onto the field by an official. Enforcing the penalty involves placing the ball some distance forward or back, to the detriment of the offending side. Common penalties include unnecessary roughness, any type of illegal motion prior to the snap (such as a false start or crossing the line of scrimmage) and holding (grabbing a player who doesn't have the ball).
Each game lasts for four quarters of 15 minutes each, although each team is allowed a limited number of timeouts to briefly stop the clock. As the clock stops or keeps running depending on what happened in the previous play, "clock management" is one of the most crucial and complicated aspects of tactics at the highest level, particularly in the last few minutes of a half. After the first two quarters, an extended break called half-time occurs where the two teams return to their locker rooms to recover. During this intermission, entertainment is provided for the fans, such as a cheerleading or a marching band performance, or a pop music concert in the case of major events. When the teams return from the break, the end zones are swapped for the second half of the game. During the regular season, if the scores are tied at the end of the fourth quarter, the game goes into a 10-minute overtime period, where the first team to score wins the game. If neither team manages to score by the end of overtime, the game ends in a tie. During the playoffs, each overtime period lasts for 15 minutes, and play continues even after a team has scored, and the team with more points at the end of overtime wins. If the scores are tied at the end of overtime, the game continues into as many overtime periods as necessary until a winner is determined.
As American football allows an unlimited number of substitutions, players tend to specialize in either offense or defense, and the entire team is usually substituted whenever there is a stoppage during or after a turnover. This means that touchdowns by defensive players are a rare event, and typically only occur if a pass by the offensive team is intercepted, or if a fumble by the offensive team is recovered by the defensive team in a good position. While even the NFL has a few players that play "both ways" (J. J. Watt is a commonly cited example), this is more common in youth or developmental leagues or outside North America, as some players so far outrank others in talent that the additional strain and less rest is not a deciding factor. It is more common for an otherwise defensive or offensive player to play on special teams, often in a role broadly similar to his role on scrimmage downs.
Super Bowl and Pro Bowl
[edit]
The Super Bowl, the NFL championship game that pits the AFC champion against the best of the NFC, is the biggest single-day event in sports and one of the most watched TV programs worldwide every year. Many fans dream of seeing a Super Bowl live once in their lifetime, but tickets sell out extremely quickly and unless you have luck, patience, a lot of money, or know the right people getting tickets is extremely hard, if not impossible.
The Super Bowl is a major annual event in the United States and has even become something of an unofficial holiday, drawing the attention even of people who don't typically follow football. There has been a media obsession with Super Bowl commercials, due to the exceptionally high cost of airtime during the Super Bowl television broadcast and the increasingly theatrical nature of these advertisements. Super Bowl Sunday is also one of the busiest days for food delivery of any kind—tip accordingly—and high amounts of fast food are eaten.
Even if you can't make it to the game, being in the city of the Super Bowl during Super Bowl weekend can be a worthwhile reason for travel all by itself. The highlight of Super Bowl festivities is the NFL Experience, a fan festival that takes place the week prior to the game in the host city and has lots of games, vendors, a giant souvenir/collectibles store and autograph opportunities. You can get free gear, participate in virtual reality football games, go zip-lining, and generally be in the center of the action without actually attending the game itself. Wherever the Super Bowl is held, expect packed hotels, more expensive flights (or bus/train tickets if and where applicable) and a general state far from normalcy in and around the host city.
Venues are chosen and announced years ahead and the date has shifted from being in January for several years to being held on the second full weekend in February. (The most recent change was due to the NFL expanding its regular season from 16 to 17 games in 2021.) The next events are scheduled to be:
Super Bowl LIX, February 9, 2025 / Caesars Superdome, New Orleans (in the Central Business District)
Super Bowl LX, February 8, 2026 / Levi's Stadium, Santa Clara (in the San Francisco Bay Area)
Super Bowl LXI, February 14, 2027 / SoFi Stadium, Inglewood (near Los Angeles International Airport)
Finally, the Pro Bowl is an all-star match played a week before the Super Bowl. For several years, this one-off game was played in Hawaii, but has since moved to the US mainland, most recently to Las Vegas in 2022 and 2023. The Pro Bowl is a more low-key event than the Super Bowl—e.g., the NFL does not allow players from the Super Bowl teams to play in the Pro Bowl, to avoid injuries and focus on the big game. Starting with the 2023 edition (2022 season), the event is now known as the Pro Bowl Games, with various skills competitions leading up to a series of three non-contact flag football games. But for someone who is even a casual fan, the Pro Bowl is a unique experience to see several of the game's greatest players having fun. Events will frequently include older stars who have retired and may be honored at the proceedings.
Regular season
[edit]
There are numerous college football conferences in the United States. Teams play both in-conference and out-of-conference games. If you are interested in seeing a college football game somewhere where you are visiting, look at the websites of local colleges for schedule and other useful information. The atmosphere at college games is very different from what you would experience at an NFL game, with a lot more cheerleading (cheerleaders are those pretty women in flashy uniforms, often partnered with muscular men in slightly less flashy uniforms, who chant things and do dance and sometimes acrobatic moves) and performances by the college's pep band (a marching band) and dance team (more pretty women in flashy uniforms, but they only dance and don't do acrobatics) during halftime and other breaks in the action. There are myriad local rivalries; some teams located close to an opponent (e.g. Michigan and Michigan State or Texas and Texas A&M) may have a crowd made up of even contingents for both squads, although this normally happens only when the game is held at a neutral site within easy reach of both fanbases (e.g. Oklahoma–Texas, held in Dallas, and Florida–Georgia, held in Jacksonville). Outright hooliganism or violence is rare, but emotions can run high and these can result in especially rowdy audiences.
Conference championship games
[edit]
From 2018 through 2023, all 10 FBS conferences held championship games. At the start of that period, these games featured the champions of the league's two football divisions, but with recent changes to NCAA rules, most conferences no longer split their teams into divisions. As of the upcoming 2024 season, the only conference with divisions is the Sun Belt Conference (SBC). The early-2020s conference realignment effectively killed the Pac-12 Conference; it now has only two members after the other 10 left for other power conferences in 2024, making a conference championship game meaningless. The other eight—the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC), American Athletic Conference (The American), Big Ten Conference, Big 12 Conference, Conference USA (CUSA), Mid-American Conference (MAC), Mountain West Conference (MW), and Southeastern Conference (SEC)—instead feature the top two teams in the final conference standings. All conference championship games are held on the first full weekend of December. The "Power Four" conferences (ACC, Big Ten, Big 12, SEC) all hold their title games in NFL stadiums, as does the Mid-American Conference.
Games with permanent sites
ACC – Bank of America Stadium in Charlotte, home of the Carolina Panthers.
Big Ten – Lucas Oil Stadium in Indianapolis, home of the Colts.
Big 12 – AT&T Stadium in Arlington, Texas, home of the Dallas Cowboys.
MAC – Ford Field in Detroit, home of the Lions.
SEC – Mercedes-Benz Stadium in Atlanta, home of the Falcons.
The other Group of Five leagues—The American, CUSA, MW, and SBC—play their championship games on campus. The SBC game is hosted by the divisional champion with the better conference record; all others are hosted by the team with the best conference record.
Army–Navy Game
[edit]
Another prominent college football event is the Army–Navy Game, the annual matchup between the teams of two of the country's five military academies—the Army Black Knights of the United States Military Academy and Navy Midshipmen of the United States Naval Academy. The game, held on the second Saturday of December (the week after FBS conference championship games), is steeped in military pageantry and decades-old traditions, and is a unique combination of bitter competitiveness and mutual respect. Even though neither team has been nationally relevant in the modern era, thanks to players being subject to mandatory military commitments and weight limits, the game remains nationally televised to this day, and is now the last game of college football's regular season. While the game has been played in a number of places during its history, it's usually played in Philadelphia at the Eagles' home of Lincoln Financial Field. Both academies are now football-only members of the American Athletic Conference, but they will still play on their traditional date outside the conference. (In the very unlikely event that both qualify for the conference championship game, they will play in back-to-back weeks.)
Ivy League
[edit]
Much like the Army-Navy game, the "Ivy League" - the conference of America's preeminent and most traditional educational institutions on the East Coast - has over a century of tradition, pageantry and rivalries, but in terms of the likelihood of any of the players on the field ever playing in the NFL, they are an afterthought. In part this is due to the Ivy League not giving scholarships based on sports ability alone. In addition, the Ivies play in Division I FCS, the second tier of NCAA football. That said, Ivy League alumni who've played an important part in the early history of the sport (for example, Walter Camp attended Harvard, and coached Amos Alonzo Stagg at Yale) continue to shape the game and its equipment with a former Harvard Quarterback founding the Xenith company that introduced a few innovations in helmet design.
Historically black colleges and universities (HBCUs)—schools founded during the era of legal segregation to educate African Americans—have unique football traditions of their own. Before the Civil Rights Movement, many traditional flagship universities in the South were off-limits to African Americans, with some not even allowed to play against integrated teams, much less all-black ones. Talented black players in the South who wanted to play in college had two options—leave the region, or play at an HBCU. In the immediate post-World War II era, many HBCU stars made their way to the NFL, with a significant number becoming all-time greats. The rival leagues the NFL had to fend off in the 1940s (AAFC) and 1960s (AFL) both became known for drafting more people from HBCUs and other small universities overlooked by the established and more conservative NFL. With integration, almost all of the most talented black players now attend traditional major schools, both within and outside the South, but the traditions of black college football are still a significant part of African-American culture—even if all of the HBCUs now play in Division I FCS, or in lower levels of college football. Similarly HBCUs now admit white students and they have of course taken to the Football field just as well as black students.
Many HBCU games are marketed as "classics", often held at neutral sites and some in distant cities. When marketed in this way, the game is typically the culmination of several days of festivities, with concerts, parties, and "battles of the bands". The last of these involves special performances by the marching bands of the schools involved; HBCU bands are famous for incorporating extensive theatrics into their musical performances, and are not to be missed, whether at a halftime show or at an outside event.
A little-known variant of college football governed completely outside the NCAA structure, sprint football is played under standard college rules, but its players can weigh no more than 178 pounds (81 kg). This weight limit places a premium on speed and agility. As of the next 2024 season, 16 schools play this variant (some of which also have full-sized teams), divided into two leagues. The Collegiate Sprint Football League features 9 schools in the northeastern quadrant of the country, including Army, Navy, and a couple of Ivy League schools. The Midwest Sprint Football League features 7 teams in the Midwest and Upper South.
For several decades, there was no championship tournament in Division I college football, unlike the NFL's Super Bowl or the NCAA's Final Four in basketball, but the post-season has been restructured into a unique tournament style. After the regular season, starting before Christmas and going until January, there are numerous bowl games. These games are heavily advertised and extremely profitable for the schools whose teams are picked to play in them, and also for the TV networks that offer live coverage. Some have long traditions, while others are much newer. The most famous is the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, which takes place every New Year's Day and is ushered in with a parade, but the Sugar Bowl (in the New Orleans Saints' stadium), the Cotton Bowl (in the Cowboys' stadium in Arlington), and the Orange Bowl (in the Miami Dolphins' stadium) are also famous and take place around New Year's. Since the 2014 season, these four bowls, along with the Fiesta Bowl (in the Arizona Cardinals' stadium near Phoenix) and Peach Bowl (in the Atlanta Falcons' stadium), are part of the College Football Playoff (CFP), the de facto national championship for major college football. Through the 2023 season, two of the six previously mentioned bowl games rotate as hosts of CFP semifinal games, while slots in the other four games are filled by other top teams. The winners of the two semifinals advance to the College Football Playoff National Championship, whose host is determined by open bidding several years in advance. Sites for the championship game have been announced through the 2025 season (with the title game being played early in the next calendar year).
Also of note is the Celebration Bowl, the only FCS bowl game and the de facto championship game for HBCU football. It features the champions of the two HBCU conferences, the Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference and Southwestern Athletic Conference (the three HBCUs that are in other FCS conferences are left out). Played in the Falcons' stadium in Atlanta, it takes place on the Saturday after FBS conference champpionship games—the same day as the Army–Navy Game, although the Celebration Bowl kicks off at noon and Army–Navy at 3 pm.
Starting with the 2024 season, the CFP will expand to 12 teams: the top five conference champions in the CFP rankings will automatically participate, but no conference will receive an automatic bid. The other seven slots will be selected by the same committee that ranks teams and invites playoff participants. The four top-ranked conference champions receive first-round byes; the remaining eight teams will play at the home stadiums of the higher seeds in each matchup (the higher seed can also designate an off-campus site). The quarterfinals and semifinals will be hosted by the current "New Year's Six" bowl games (Cotton, Fiesta, Orange, Peach, Rose, Sugar), with each bowl hosting two quarterfinals and one semifinal in a three-year cycle. As before, the CFP National Championship will be held at a predetermined site.
2025: Mercedes-Benz Stadium in Atlanta, Georgia (home of the Atlanta Falcons), 20 January
2026: Hard Rock Stadium in Miami Gardens, Florida (home of the Miami Dolphins), 19 January
Bowl games are huge events, so tickets may be expensive and hard to come by, especially for the major bowls listed above.
The lower divisions of college football each play a traditional single-elimination tournament, just like the majority of NCAA sports (with baseball and softball as the most notable exceptions).
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https://www.theatlantic.com/newsletters/archive/2022/10/do-sports-matter/671769/
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en
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Do Sports Matter?
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[
"Conor Friedersdorf"
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2022-10-17T20:19:00+00:00
|
Readers weigh in on the role of athletics in today’s society—and if they should have one at all.
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en
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https://cdn.theatlantic.com/_next/static/images/favicon-3888b0e329526a975703e3059a02b92d.ico
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The Atlantic
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https://www.theatlantic.com/newsletters/archive/2022/10/do-sports-matter/671769/
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There is way too much emphasis given to sports, especially in schools. We need to disassociate schooling and sports teams, much like other countries do. I taught high-school math for a few years and there were several times when parents, a student athlete, or even the principal would ask me to reconsider a star athlete’s grades because the athlete did not meet the academic requirements necessary to play their sport. They wanted me to just change the athlete’s grades so that they would be eligible to play.
The purpose of attending school is to learn. It is not to play sports so you can go into professional leagues. Gym class teaches you the basics and provides a physical outlet. But when you look at the state of our schools, where money is hard to come by for books and to pay teachers and all of the other aspects of running an education system, and then you look at the multimillion-dollar stadiums built for sports, you can see where society’s priorities are. Sports should be played at a club level independent from schools.
For those that can’t afford the club, there should be scholarships available. We should get rid of college sports, again to emphasize education and research, which are the true foundations of universities and colleges, and have minor-league opportunities for athletes to participate in either in conjunction with college or completely outside of college.
I’ve never understood the fascination with sports that is a huge part of our culture. Many sporting events are incredibly violent. And if not violent, then abusive to the participants and any animals involved. Thoroughbred horses? OMG! I lived in Kentucky where the discussions about how horses were trained and managed made me sick. Reading about that football player, Tua [Tagovailoa], who suffered a dramatic neurological event while playing his game and then was not treated immediately? That man will suffer for the rest of his life! Of course, he did sign up for it, and he knew the risks, didn’t he?
I attended the University of Kentucky in the mid-1970s, where sports was THE most important aspect of the school. Students outside sports had to wait for the entire sports program’s participants to get their classes selected before anyone else could be confirmed in a class. Don’t get me started about people my age (I’m in my eighth decade) who still live and breathe their college football team’s every move. Their lives revolve around sports, and football and basketball seasons are the worst! Why can’t these people move on? Rabid adherence to every aspect of the games is just amazing and confounding to me! I read somewhere that if the highest-paid faculty member in a school is a coach, then it’s not really a school; it’s a sports venue with an academic side hustle!
Sports are among mankind’s greatest achievements and an essential part of the human condition. We’ve had sports in some form as long as we’ve had civilization. Yet their importance to society is undervalued as we live more of our lives online, staring at phones or TV screens. Physical education in the U.S. continues to be underfunded in spite of an obesity epidemic. We all could stand to spend more time outside playing, as human beings just weren’t built to be spending 12 hours a day staring at a computer screen.
I dislike how popular culture often presents athletics to be incompatible with academics––like we’ve internalized the logic of ’80s teen movies where nerds and jocks are mortal enemies. Just the other day I read a fascinating New York Times article about NFL players who play chess. The NBA great Kareem Abdul-Jabbar has proven himself to be a great writer, providing insightful commentary on the issues of the day.
I’d also point you to Jon Bois’s hypertext web novel, 17776. It posits a future where humanity unexpectedly becomes immortal, but at the cost of being able to have children. Famine is eradicated, war is meaningless, and money holds no value. In such a world there’s not much to do, but humanity overcomes existential ennui through sport. Football fields are expanded to take up entire states, and games often last millenia.
When everything has lost meaning, we’ll always have sport.
I am uncoordinated and didn’t play any sports growing up. I never understood why many people are passionate about sports, or why some people who are as uncoordinated as I am are passionate about watching a certain sport, even to the point of flying their favorite team’s flag outside their home. My perspective has changed, both because I accept that different people have different passions and because I have a teenager who demonstrated an aptitude for coordinated movement from the time he learned to walk at 10 months old. He tried soccer, but it wasn’t for him. Same thing with basketball. And then he discovered volleyball when he started high school. He is passionate about playing volleyball. He has practiced bumping, setting, and spiking almost every day. He loves practicing with his teammates (his team is co-ed, which I love), and he is learning to manage the intense anxiety he experiences when he’s on the court.
Based on what I have witnessed in my son and his teammates, sports are beneficial for youth that enjoy them. While I believe there is too much emphasis on sports teams whose players have million-dollar contracts, and while I am concerned that many boys perceive sports as their ticket out of poverty, I also believe that young people who have an interest in sports should be supported in their sports interests just as other kids are supported in their music, coding, dance, and activism interests. Or their passion for reading, which is the passion that I expected to pass on to my volleyball-obsessed son.
C’est la vie.
My son is 25, coaching both an 11- and 14-year-old girls’ and boys’ program as part of the Red Bulls Academy youth soccer program. Having grown up in the inner city, [attended] public schools, and with a learning profile different from the “one-size-way’ education system offered by the Department of Education, he embraces soccer as the world’s diversity liberator and global equalizer. The “beautiful game” [is] a physical in-/out-of-body expression combining mind/strategy, heart/relationship, and of course soul/team identity.
Sports teams ping a string within us that is still resonant from many eons ago, mimicking the tribes of our not-so-distant past. They allow the full exuberant expression of identity, yet within an unwavering framework of authority, a vital context allowing different ideologies regarding how to play the game. For sure, each team’s leader, at any given time, puts forth a particular prescription for success by developing an organization with a specific culture based on prioritized values, beliefs, rituals, and behaviors. I often contemplate how we might capture the magic of this condition at a grander scale.
Sports is more than just a game. It is the lifeblood of a community, and it can bring people from different backgrounds, cultures, and religions together. I am currently taking a course about the history of baseball. We talked about the Dodgers leaving Brooklyn. For the people in Brooklyn, this loss was visceral; it was real, and it endured for generations.
Sports [affiliation] can be [a part of] one’s identity just as much as other demographic characteristics. Although my dad has spent more than twice the time on the East Coast than in Cleveland, Ohio, he still roots for the Browns, Guardians, and Cavaliers as passionately as in his youth. I was with my dad on Father’s Day in 2016 when the Cavs broke the “Cleveland Curse.” He had not spent time in Ohio for close to 30 years at that point, but he exuded happiness and utter joy. Watching the countless people come out for the Cavaliers championship parade astonished me and brought to mind how unifying sports can be for a city, especially a city that had been downtrodden for decades. Remember the joy that communal sporting events can bring to billions of people.
It is not unheard of for more people to crowd into the bleachers of the local high school on any fall Friday night in Texas than the census number posted at the city limits. Is that healthy? I don’t know, but I enthusiastically imbibe in the spectacle of it all. It is a real instance of community in a culture where the word is overused but seldom realized.
I love the sport. I managed to play, as a young boy, back when we all thought we were bulletproof. But was it healthy? I don’t know. I enjoyed watching my boys play the game, but I slept better when they no longer played, because I knew they were not bulletproof. Was that healthy? I don’t know. I still enjoy watching grown men play a kids’ game and get paid obscene amounts of money to satisfy our voyeurism for a violent sport. Is that healthy? I don’t know, but I still tune in and get emotionally involved.
I won’t defend or denigrate the sport. But growing up in the deep South, I can tell you there is one aspect of the game that is very important. There is something similar to a soldier’s-fox-hole brotherhood that develops between teammates over the long course of a season. It starts with two-a-day practices in the blistering heat of August and continues with the smelly locker rooms, long bus rides, wins, losses, injuries to body and pride, and brief moments of shared glory, all lending to a unique bond among teammates.
In the early days of desegregation in the South, football was a sanctioned opportunity for racial animosity and violence. But over the long course of a season you come to value ability over skin color and, after all, you all share the same jersey and mascot. Football is a merit-based and color-blind obsession in the South, in the bleachers and on the field and in the locker room. It is a means of social mobility, both up and down the social ladder. This is true not just for the gifted athlete that moves on to the next level but for the small-town local boys that get invited to parties and events, and sometimes just to hang out in homes and neighborhoods they would never visit were it not for the game. Our politics may be vastly different, but on Friday night we are all involved in a common purpose and pulling for a common team. Is that healthy? Absolutely!
Growing up, I would fail gym class because I refused to dress out. I found sports so boring and annoying, yet a part of me always felt like I was missing out, because I would see people just have the best of times when watching or attending these events. It’s difficult to get into sports as an adult, however, because no one wants to teach you anything about the game. You’re supposed to just inherently know what third and forever means, or the difference between a fastball and slider, or the terms center-back, dribble, biscuit, etc. With a subject that was so far removed from my experiences, [watching televised sports] was like watching complicated math equations in another language on the screen.
That is, until I started dating a woman who was wildly into every single sport you can imagine. Soccer, baseball, basketball, F1, tennis—everything! But football was her favorite by far, and I would sit on the couch with her on Sundays while she would (begrudgingly) give me insight into what was happening. I remember once she was visibly angry that her college team was losing, and I saw a touchdown and said, “Hey, they got a touchdown!” To which she gritted her teeth at me and said, “That’s the other. Fucking. Team.”
Just like that, my sports fandom was born. We’re not together anymore, but I have four jerseys in my closet, all from different teams. As I was born and raised in a state with no [professional sports] team, I chose to be a true American and spread my fandom across the country. When people walk in my apartment and see Bengals, Saints, Dodgers, Royals, Lightning, and Blackhawks, they’re confused. But I don’t care. I get to enjoy it my way, and my fandom is no less than anyone else’s. I love how sports can give instant camaraderie when you see a stranger wearing the same logo, and bring people together in ways no other form of entertainment or activity can. It’s about history, rivals, human excellence, teamwork to the highest degree, and in cases such as tennis and golf, it’s also about individual concentration and dominance. There’s an excitement to seeing stories unfold with heartbreaking and uplifting turns that no one can predict as people put every aspect of their brains and bodies on the line. I’m so grateful that someone took the time to educate me on professional sports, because even on the bad days when all my teams lose, I didn’t spend one second of that day wishing I had done anything else. It can be dark, and toxic fans can and do exist, but that’s true of just about anything.
My family was immersed in sports of all kinds since our children were old enough to play. T-ball, Little League baseball, youth football, youth soccer, and youth basketball were all played by my sons. It is not always an even playing field, much like life. Many lessons, both good and bad, can be learned playing sports. Players learn early that not all things are fair or done fairly. For my sons it was a way to be an individual and to play with friends. Sports helped one son graduate high school and another stick it out and get his college degree. Most of all, the sports that they played were with kids from school or nearby towns. The friendships and memories they made can last a lifetime.
The downside is the parental aspect. I have coached, managed, officiated, and been an officer for several sports and organizations. At one time, I was the problem. Early on, I was a type A parent: loud! Obnoxious! Rude! Then I began to officiate. The shoe was now squarely on the other foot. I went back to a lot of my colleagues who were still officiating and apologized. They just laughed and said I would be paid back, and then some. They were right. In youth sports, it takes adults to ruin things most of the time. I have always tried to remember that the players are the most important part of youth sports.
There is value in camaraderie associated with cheering for the home team, giving people something to be interested in, and providing excuses for neighborhood get-togethers.
But we radically overvalue those games. Dak Prescott got a four-year, $160 million contract. That’s too much for playing a game. I don’t blame Dak. He’s getting his market value. It’s not his fault. I don’t even really blame Jerry Jones, though that’s a closer call. He knows what the team and the players he pays to be on it are worth in the market. He’s maximizing his own profit by escalating the “value” (the cost) of everything.
It’s our fault. When the average cost for a family of four to go to a pro-football game is $600, we should balk. If people would stop paying those prices, costs would come down. If we, the football-going public, simply said, “Sorry. We’ll spend $300 for a family of four instead of $600,” the owners then might spend only $600 million, instead of $2 billion, to build the next stadium, and they’d be able to pay Dak $10 million a year instead of $40 million.
Everyone would still be happy. At least I would.
I can’t recall how many conversations I’ve had with fans bemoaning ridiculously high salaries. Yet, these athletes have clearly measurable performance metrics driving their salaries. Their work is performed in the most public way, where every mistake is magnified. There is only one Aaron Judge; he just set the American League home run record. People buy his jersey, with his name on it; they fill stadiums and they watch on TV.
The whole, very profitable league is directly benefiting from Judge’s abilities. He will make $19 million plus endorsements [this year alone], because he is one of one. There is no other Aaron Judge. There are certainly other great ball players, but that skill goes in storied history books. Now, compare pay for athletes with pay for CEOs. I just Googled CEO pay, and every single CEO on the list makes more than Aaron Judge. Their performance is measured in dubious ways (for example, a CEO can direct his company to buy back their own stock, artificially driving up the price), and their pay is routinely separate from their performance.
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dbpedia
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https://brickhousenutrition.com/blogs/articles/benefits-of-contact-sports-play-hard-stay-strong
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Benefits Of Contact Sports: Play Hard, Stay Strong
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[
"Michael Jessimy"
] |
2024-01-04T21:20:37
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Looking for something new to try this year? How about a contact sport? Different from a non-contact sport, such as tennis, these activities tend to keep you on your toes- and that’s a good thing. On the plus side- many contact sports are team based, which means that it can help with character building in a way that’s d
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en
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BrickHouse Nutrition
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https://brickhousenutrition.com/blogs/articles/benefits-of-contact-sports-play-hard-stay-strong
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Looking for something new to try this year? How about a contact sport? Different from a non-contact sport, such as tennis, these activities tend to keep you on your toes- and that’s a good thing.
On the plus side- many contact sports are team based, which means that it can help with character building in a way that’s different from riding solo.
But what makes these sports unique? Let’s check it out now.
What Is A Contact Sport Anyway?
Contact sports are a category of physical activities where participants engage in direct physical interactions or contact as an integral part of the game. This contact, often forceful and strategic, distinguishes these sports from non-contact varieties where such interactions are minimal or forbidden.
The essence of contact sports lies in the physicality involved. In these activities, the contact between players isn't incidental but a fundamental aspect of the gameplay. For example, in sports like rugby and American football, tackling, blocking, and physical confrontations are not just common; they are essential tactics for gaining an advantage over the opposing team. Similarly, in martial arts, the contact between competitors through strikes and holds is the primary method of scoring and victory.
However, the degree and nature of contact can vary significantly between different sports.In boxing and martial arts, the contact is direct and often aimed at the opponent’s body with the intent to strike or subdue.
In contrast, in sports like soccer and basketball, while physical contact is frequent, it's generally less forceful and more about maneuvering for position or gaining control of the ball.
Safety measures are an integral aspect of contact sports. Due to the inherent risk of injury from physical collisions, these sports often have strict rules and regulations designed to protect the participants. Protective gear such as helmets, pads, and gloves are commonly used to mitigate the risk of injury.
Additionally, referees and officials play a crucial role in enforcing rules and maintaining a safe environment for all players. Participation in contact sports also requires a high level of physical fitness and skill.
Players must not only be physically capable of withstanding the rigors of the sport but also possess the skills and tactical knowledge to engage safely and effectively. Training for contact sports often involves a comprehensive regimen focusing on strength, endurance, agility, and technique, tailored to withstand and leverage the physical interactions that are characteristic of these activities.
The appeal of contact sports is multifaceted. For many, the physical challenge, strategic depth, and dynamic nature of these sports make them particularly engaging and rewarding. They often foster a strong sense of camaraderie and teamwork, as players must work closely together to succeed. Then there’s the fact that the clear and objective nature of victory and defeat in contact sports can provide a straightforward and compelling narrative for both participants and spectators alike- adding to the “addictive” quality many of the sports possess.
Different Types of Contact Sports
Rugby
Rugby is a high-contact team sport known for its physical intensity and strategic depth. It involves two teams competing to carry, pass, or kick an oval-shaped ball to the end of the field or over the crossbar.
Tackling is a major component, with players using their bodies to stop opponents' progress physically. Rugby is not just about physical strength but also about teamwork, endurance, and tactical savvy. It builds resilience and camaraderie as players work closely to achieve their goals under physically demanding circumstances.
American Football
American Football is one of the most popular contact sports in the United States. It combines strategy, physical power, and agility. Players wear protective gear due to the sport's intense physical nature, which includes tackling, blocking, and physical confrontations.
Each team aims to move the ball towards the opponent's end zone to score points. American Football is not only a test of physical prowess but also of mental resilience, as players must quickly recover from setbacks and maintain focus throughout the game.
Boxing
Boxing is a combat sport, or rather, more specifically a combat sport, where two individuals face off in a ring, using punches and defensive maneuvers. It's known for its intensity and the physical and mental toughness required.
Boxers must have quick reflexes, endurance, and the ability to strategize on the go. It's a sport that not only tests physical strength and agility but also mental fortitude, as boxers must remain composed and focused while under pressure.
Martial Arts (e.g., Judo, Taekwondo)
Martial arts encompass various styles, each with its techniques, philosophy, and approach. Sports like Judo and Taekwondo are Olympic disciplines that involve strikes, kicks, and throws to subdue the opponent.
They are not just about physical strength but also about discipline, respect, and self-control. Practitioners learn to channel their energy effectively, develop situational awareness, and build mental resilience alongside physical skills.
Hockey (Ice and Field)
Hockey, whether played on ice or a field, is a fast-paced sport involving teams trying to hit a puck or ball into the opponent's goal using sticks. It's known for its speed, teamwork, and the physical contact between players, including body checks and collisions.
Hockey players must have excellent hand-eye coordination, endurance, and the ability to make quick decisions.
Lacrosse
Lacrosse is a team sport with Native American origins. It involves using a long-handled stick with a net (lacrosse stick) to catch, carry, and pass a ball, aiming to shoot it into the opponent's goal.
The game is fast-moving and involves significant physical contact, including stick-checking and body-checking. Players require agility, coordination, and strategic thinking. Lacrosse is not only physically demanding but also encourages teamwork and strategic planning.
Wrestling
Wrestling is one of the oldest forms of combat, involving grappling techniques such as throws, takedowns, and pins. The objective is to maintain control over the opponent and ultimately pin them to the ground. It's a sport that emphasizes strength, technique, and endurance.
Wrestlers must be mentally tough, able to anticipate their opponent's moves, and adapt their strategy on the fly. Wrestling teaches discipline, resilience, and a high level of body awareness.
Soccer (Football)
While not as high-contact as other sports on this list, soccer involves significant physical interaction, including shoulder charges, tackles, and aerial challenges. It's the world's most popular sport, where two teams compete to score goals by getting a ball into the opposing team's net.
Soccer requires endurance, agility, and teamwork. Players must be able to think strategically, maintain composure under pressure, and work closely with their teammates to succeed.
Benefits of Contact Sports
Improved Physical Fitness
When you engage in contact sports, one of the primary benefits you experience is improved physical fitness. This isn't merely a byproduct of active participation; it's a core element intrinsic to these types of sports.
Contact sports, by their very nature, require a blend of strength, endurance, agility, and cardiovascular fitness, making them an effective way to enhance your overall physical health and capability.
Let’s first consider the cardiovascular benefits. Contact sports often involve short bursts of high-intensity activity followed by periods of lower intensity or rest, similar to interval training. For instance, sports like soccer or rugby involve running across the field at near maximum, followed by slow jogs, which elevates your heart rate, improving heart health and endurance. Regularly putting your body through these paces not only increases your stamina but also enhances your body's efficiency in oxygen utilization, which is crucial for overall fitness.
Strength and muscle tone significantly improve as well. The physical nature of contact sports means that you're constantly using your muscles to move, block, tackle, or resist opponents. This constant engagement works for various muscle groups across your body.
Over time, this leads to increased muscle mass, improved tone, and strength. Unlike isolated exercises in the gym, the movements in contact sports engage multiple muscles simultaneously, leading to balanced and functional strength.
Contact sports can even contribute to improved bone density. The weight-bearing and impact nature of the activities stimulates bone remodeling and growth, leading to stronger bones. This aspect is particularly important as you age, as it helps combat natural bone density loss, reducing the risk of osteoporosis.
Smart supplementation, such as with Foundation; our creatine and Peak ATP formulation, can help improve your physical performance and boost recovery after the game. Your nutrition and supplementation must be on point to fully reap all the physical benefits of your sport of choice.
Enhanced Coordination and Agility
Enhanced coordination and agility are pivotal benefits you can gain from participating in contact sports. These qualities are not just ancillary benefits but central to your performance and enjoyment of these activities.
Coordination refers to your ability to move different parts of your body smoothly and efficiently in response to your environment. Agility, on the other hand, is your ability to move quickly and change direction with ease.
Together, these skills form a critical foundation for any contact sport.In the dynamic and unpredictable environment of contact sports, your body and mind must work in unison to respond to rapid changes and challenges.
Whether you're dodging a tackle in football, intercepting a pass in basketball, or executing a judo throw, your success relies heavily on your coordination and agility. These sports inherently train these skills by placing you in situations where you must quickly process information and execute complex physical maneuvers.
Engaging in contact sports exposes you to a variety of movement patterns and situational challenges. Over time, this exposure enhances your neuromuscular coordination, the ability of your brain to communicate effectively with your muscles. This improved communication means you can perform movements more smoothly and efficiently. Similarly, the frequent need to change direction, speed, and level in contact sports develops your agility, providing you with the ability to make rapid, precise movements.
Improving your coordination and agility have benefits that also extend beyond the playing field. These skills can improve your balance and reaction time, reducing the risk of falls and injuries in daily life. They also contribute to better overall body awareness, helping you move more gracefully and effectively in any physical endeavor.As you continue to participate in contact sports, you'll likely notice these improvements not just in your performance but in your general physical capability.
So whether you're navigating a crowded sidewalk, dancing, or simply reaching for an item on a high shelf, the enhanced coordination and agility you've developed will serve you well. These are not just skills but vital components of a healthy, active lifestyle.
Stress Relief
Engaging in any sports discipline can be a highly effective way for you to manage and reduce stress. This benefit, though perhaps less immediately apparent than the physical fitness gains, is equally significant for your overall well-being.
The mechanisms through which contact sports alleviate stress are multifaceted and deeply embedded in both your physiological and psychological responses to physical activity.Firstly, the intense physical exertion associated with contact sports triggers a series of biochemical responses in your body.
As you engage in these vigorous activities, your body releases endorphins, often referred to as 'feel-good' hormones. These natural mood lifters play a crucial role in alleviating stress, inducing a sense of euphoria, and enhancing your overall sense of well-being. The physical effort required in contact sports ensures a substantial release of these hormones, providing a natural and effective way to combat stress.
For many, the structured nature of contact sports also offers a unique form of escapism. The focus and concentration required to perform in these sports demand your full attention, effectively providing a mental break from daily stressors.
This focused state, often referred to as being 'in the zone,' allows for a mental respite, during which time your mind is diverted from the issues that contribute to your stress, granting you a period of mental relaxation and clarity.
Contact sports also provide a healthy and controlled outlet for aggression and frustration. The physical contact and competitive nature of these activities allow you to channel pent up emotions into the game, releasing them in a socially acceptable and constructive manner.
This cathartic release can be particularly effective in reducing feelings of anger and frustration, which are common components of stress.The social aspect of contact sports should not be underestimated as a stress-relieving factor either.
In addition to the immediate stress-relieving benefits, regular participation in contact sports can lead to long-term improvements in your ability to handle stress. The discipline, resilience, and coping strategies you develop on the field can translate into your everyday life, enhancing your ability to manage stressors more effectively.
As your physical health improves and you gain confidence from your achievements in the sport, you may also find that your overall stress tolerance increases, making you less susceptible to the adverse effects of stress in the future.
Teamwork and Cooperation
Learning teamwork and cooperation is a fundamental aspect of participating in contact sports. When you engage in these physically demanding activities, you're not just enhancing your physical capabilities; you're also cultivating vital interpersonal skills that extend beyond the playing field.
In contact sports, the synergy and collective effort of the team often determine the outcome of the game, making the development of teamwork and cooperation not just beneficial, but essential.
As you train and play, you'll learn that success in contact sports often hinges on the ability to anticipate and react to your teammates' actions.
Regular practice sessions are not just for bettering individual skills, but also about learning how each member fits into the team's strategy. This requires communication, a willingness to adapt, and an understanding of each other's strengths and weaknesses.
Active communication is key in this. On the field, you'll need to communicate quickly and effectively, often under pressure. This could be verbal, through calls and shouts, or non-verbal, through gestures and body language.
Developing this layer of understanding and communication enhances team cohesion and effectiveness, allowing for more fluid and coordinated action during the game. In contact sports, you often have to rely on your teammates to support you, back your play, or be where they need to be at the right moment.
This trust is built over time through consistent, collaborative practice and shared experiences, both in victory and defeat. Understanding that everyone is working towards a common goal and that each member is vital to the team's success strengthens this bond.
Contact sports are physically and mentally demanding, often putting players in tough, high-pressure situations. Overcoming these challenges as a group can forge a strong sense of camaraderie and mutual support.
Shared experiences, especially those involving adversity, tend to bring people together, creating a sense of fellowship and collective resilience.
Discipline and Respect
Partaking in a contact sport is not only a test of physical prowess but also a profound exercise in cultivating discipline and respect. When you immerse yourself in the world of contact sports, you'll find that these two virtues are not just byproducts of your training but essential elements for both personal growth and athletic success.
Discipline in contact sports is multifaceted. It begins with commitment—the dedication to consistently attend practices, drills, and games. This commitment often requires you to manage your time effectively, balancing sports with other responsibilities.
As you progress, you'll find that discipline extends to your physical preparation as well. Adhering to a strict regimen of physical conditioning, skill development, and strategic learning is imperative.
This discipline ensures you're not only physically prepared for the demands of the sport but also mentally attuned to the strategies and rules of the game. Moreover, contact sports demand discipline in adherence to rules and regulations. These guidelines are in place not just to ensure fair play but also to protect you and your fellow participants from harm.
Learning to respect these rules, even when they might frustrate your immediate goals on the field, is a crucial aspect of your development. It teaches self-control, a skill that is invaluable both in and out of the sporting arena.
Respect is equally vital in contact sports. On one level, it's about respecting your opponents. Despite the physical confrontations and competitive nature of these sports, recognizing and valuing your opponents' efforts and skills is crucial.
This respect ensures that the competition remains healthy and that the aggressive aspects of the game don't turn into personal animosity.
Respect also extends to your teammates and coaches. Recognizing their efforts, listening to their advice, and valuing their contributions fosters a positive team environment. This mutual respect is often the foundation of successful teams, creating a sense of unity and shared purpose.
Furthermore, respect for the sport itself is paramount. Understanding its history, traditions, and values, and carrying yourself in a way that honors these aspects, can enrich your experience and growth as an athlete.
Self-Esteem and Confidence
Partaking in a contact sport can be a profoundly effective way to develop self-esteem and confidence. When you engage in such activities, you're not just training your body; you're also cultivating a mindset geared toward personal growth and resilience.
Understanding how this process works can provide you with insights into enhancing your self-perception and self-assurance. Initially, the very act of participating in a contact sport challenges you to step out of your comfort zone.
This is where the first seeds of self-esteem are sown. When you commit to a sport that involves physical contact, you're making a bold statement about your willingness to face challenges head-on.
Every time you show up for training or a game, you're reinforcing a self-image of someone who is determined and brave. As you progress, the skills and techniques you learn and refine contribute significantly to building your confidence. Mastery of a sport comes with an understanding of your physical capabilities and limitations.
With each practice, you learn more about what your body can do, and this knowledge translates into a growing confidence in your abilities, not just in the sport but in life's other challenges as well.
The feedback loop in contact sports is often immediate and tangible. Scoring a goal, making a successful tackle, or even just improving your personal best can provide a powerful boost to your self-esteem. These accomplishments provide concrete evidence of your abilities and progress, reinforcing your belief in yourself.
The social aspect of contact sports also plays a crucial role in building self-esteem and confidence. Being part of a team means you're constantly interacting with others who are facing the same challenges and working toward the same goals.
This sense of belonging and mutual support can significantly enhance your self-perception. As you recognize your role and contribution to the team, your sense of self-worth grows.
Contact sports also teach an important lesson about resilience. You'll inevitably face setbacks, losses, and perhaps even injuries.
Learning to cope with these adversities, to get back up and try again, instills a robust sense of resilience. This resilience contributes to a deeper, more enduring confidence. You learn that your worth isn't based on never failing but on the courage to continue and the ability to learn from mistakes.
Sociability
Partaking in a contact sport offers a unique and potent avenue for developing social skills, leveraging the very nature of these activities to foster connections, communication, and community.
Contact sports are inherently team-oriented. Whether you're playing rugby, soccer, or participating in a martial arts class, you're seldom alone. This team environment necessitates constant communication and coordination.
You'll learn to express yourself clearly and understand others' perspectives quickly and under pressure. These interactions, over time, don't just improve your ability to communicate within the game; they also translate into more effective social interactions in various other aspects of your life.
The trials, triumphs, and even the defeats experienced together act as a bonding agent, fostering deep connections with your teammates. These relationships often extend beyond the playing field, leading to a broader social circle and a sense of community that can be profoundly rewarding.
Training and competing together also build trust and reliance among team members. In contact sports, where physical safety can sometimes be a concern, trusting your teammates is crucial. This trust, developed through shared experiences and challenges, can help you feel more connected and supported, enhancing your ability to form trusting relationships in other areas of your life as well.
In addition to this, most contact sports often involve a social (or pecking) structure beyond just the players on the field. Coaches, support staff, and even fans contribute to a broader social environment.
Engaging with this wider community can enhance your social skills, expose you to diverse perspectives, and provide opportunities for networking and friendship.Engaging in contact sports also provides valuable lessons in managing emotions and conflict.
Learning to control and express your emotions appropriately, understanding others' emotional responses, and navigating conflicts are all skills that are honed on the field and are directly transferable to social situations off the field.
Lastly, the discipline and respect that are integral to contact sports also play a significant role in building sociability. Respect for teammates, opponents, and officials helps in fostering a positive and inclusive environment. Understanding and adhering to this culture of respect ensures that your interactions, both within the sport and in wider social contexts, are constructive and valued.
Safety Concerns in Contact Sports
Safety concerns in contact sports are plenty due to the inherent physical nature of these activities. While these sports are known to offer many benefits, including physical fitness, teamwork, and resilience, they also carry risks that need to be managed carefully.
Some of the primary safety concerns in contact sports include:
Concussions and Brain Injuries: Perhaps the most serious concern in contact sports is the risk of concussions and other traumatic brain injuries. These can occur from hits to the head or violent shaking of the head and can lead to serious, long-term cognitive and neurological issues.
Fractures and Sprains: The nature of contact sports means that fractures and sprains are relatively common. These injuries can occur from falls, collisions, or improper technique and can range from minor to severe, sometimes requiring surgery and lengthy recovery periods.
Overuse Injuries: Many contact sports involve repetitive motions that can lead to overuse injuries. These are not the result of a single event, but rather the cumulative effect of repetitive stress on a particular body part, leading to chronic pain and other issues.
Spinal Injuries: Contact sports carry a risk of spinal injuries, which can be particularly serious. These injuries can occur from impacts, falls, or awkward tackles and can lead to long-term disability or paralysis in severe cases.
Dental and Facial Injuries: Impact to the face are common in many contact sports, leading to broken teeth, facial fractures, and other injuries. These can be particularly distressing for players and can sometimes require reconstructive surgery.
Cuts and Bruises: While generally less serious, cuts, bruises, and abrasions are extremely common in contact sports and can lead to infections if not properly treated.
Heat-Related Illnesses: Contact sports often involve intense physical exertion, sometimes in hot outdoor conditions. This can lead to heat-related illnesses like heat exhaustion or heat stroke, which can be very serious if not promptly addressed.
Psychological Impact: The competitive and intense nature of contact sports can sometimes lead to psychological stress and anxiety. This is particularly true for young athletes who may feel pressure to perform or return from injuries before they are fully healed.
To minimize these risks, it's crucial for athletes to use appropriate safety equipment, receive proper training, and follow the rules designed to keep the sport as safe as possible.
Coaches and referees should enforce safe play and ensure that athletes are removed from the game and evaluated if there's any suspicion of a serious injury like a concussion.
Appropriate rest and proper conditioning are also important to reduce the risk of overuse injuries.
Lastly, never neglect the impact of psychological and mental health. Even if you are involved in a contact sport as a casual player or an athlete, the rigors can take their toll on you. Always make sure to look after this aspect of your health, too.
Final Words
Getting involved in a contact sport is highly rewarding, and something to consider if you aren’t actively involved in another discipline. However, understand that there are inherent risks of doing so, some of which involve physical injury or incapacitation.
Nevertheless, don’t let that deter you; it doesn’t have to be an elite-level sport- just some casual games can do wonders for your entire well-being.
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How to Achieve Team Cohesion through Competition in Sport: An Organizational Model
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Submitted by Jay K. Smith1*
1* Battalion Executive Officer, 3-13 IN BN, 193rd IN BDE, Fort Jackson, South Carolina
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to conceptualize a practical method for coaches of any sport team to improve team performance and cohesion through inter-squad competition and intra-squad cooperation. While the concept of intra-team competition to improve cohesion and
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The Sport Journal
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https://thesportjournal.org/article/how-to-achieve-team-cohesion-through-competition-in-sport-an-organizational-model/
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Submitted by Jay K. Smith1*
1* Battalion Executive Officer, 3-13 IN BN, 193rd IN BDE, Fort Jackson, South Carolina
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to conceptualize a practical method for coaches of any sport team to improve team performance and cohesion through inter-squad competition and intra-squad cooperation. While the concept of intra-team competition to improve cohesion and team performance is not new, this paper describes a practical, task driven approach for coaches to use. For purposes of clarity, American football is the example used to describe this approach. Although, this task driven competition format can be applied to other sports teams, American football has more distinctive task oriented positions than other sports, thus providing simplicity. Also, football teams use the most formal off-season competitive scrimmage strategies in which the first team offense and first team defense play each other in order for the coaching staff to assess players and test game schemes. This widespread tactic is useful for coaches, but it can be argued this creates division with the rest of the team. In-fighting among the individuals in each squad (i.e. wide receivers, offensive line, etc…) can prevail, and a counter-productive attitude may develop that breaks any cohesive advantage gained as players begin to focus on the amount of playing time they get in relation to their teammates. However, if coaching staffs adopt a task oriented system in which the squad coaches encourage group success and teamwork, and the coordinator level harnesses the competitive spirit, players will be more likely to encourage each other to become better. Pre-season scrimmages should not be scored in a traditional, regular season-like format. Instead, scrimmages should be scored by accumulating points for successful plays executed by any player from a specific squad against any opposing squad with naturally opposing tasks. This means receivers would be competing two levels up at the Coordinator level, and not among themselves. Building off past research, this should also diffuse anxiety levels of players since each cohesive group will be focused on building up the less talented players, instead of trying to dominate them for increased playing time.
Keywords: competition, cooperation, group dynamics, motivation, team cohesion
Introduction
The purpose of this paper is to conceptualize a practical method for coaches of any sport team to improve team performance and cohesion through inter-squad competition and intra-squad cooperation. While the concept of intra-team competition to improve cohesion and performance in sports teams is not new, this paper describes a task driven approach for coaches to incorporate. For purposes of clarity, American football is the example used to describe this approach.
Although this task driven competition format can be applied to other sports teams, American football has more distinctive task oriented positions than most other sports, thus provides simplicity. Football teams also have the most formal off-season competitive scrimmage strategies in which the first team offense and defense play each other in order for the coaching staff to assess players and test game schemes. This widespread tactic is useful for coaches, but it can also be argued that this creates division with the rest of the team. In-fighting among the individuals in each squad (wide receivers, offensive line, etc.) can prevail, and a counter-productive attitude may develop that breaks any cohesive advantage gained as individual players begin to focus on the amount of playing time received in relation to their teammates.
If coaching staffs adopt a task oriented system in which the squad coaches encourage group success and teamwork, and the coordinator level is where the competitive spirit is harnessed, players will be more likely to encourage each other to improve their performance. Simply stated, the pre-season scrimmages should not be scored in a traditional regular season format, but should be scored by accumulating points for successful plays executed by any player from each squad against an opposing squad whose tasks are in opposition naturally. This structure would encourage players that play the same position to cooperate in order to improve each other’s performance. A cooperative attitude at the lowest level of a football team’s hierarchy will lower the anxiety levels of many players early in the team’s formation, before the season starts (Teymori, Khaki, & Nikbakhsh, 2014). For example, the entire wide receiving squad, whether first team starters or bench players, would receive points for every completed pass. The defensive backs would receive points for every pass not completed because they batted the ball away, intercepted it, or disrupted the play by preventing the wide receiver from running the appropriate route. This means receivers would be competing two levels up at the coordinator level, and not among themselves. Building off past research, this should also diffuse anxiety levels of players since each cohesive group will be focused on improving the performance of the less talented players, instead of trying to dominate each other for increased playing time.
Discussion
The foundation of this process is for the coaching staff to encourage unit cooperation in distinct groups that are either one level up or down as described in the coaching hierarchy (see Figure 1). At the same time, coaches two levels up encourage competition. In a pure, fully staffed football team, this would leave the head coach as an active observer who is not emotionally attached to any individual player. The head coach is responsible for managing the competition between the offense and defense, and is free to concentrate his or her attention on team schemes and strategy without being bogged down with individual performance.
Although most football teams require some coaches to perform two or more positions, all teams follow a standard hierarchy and division of labor (see Figure 1).
The head coach typically has three coordinators that manage the offense, defense, and special teams, respectively. These coordinators in turn, have individual position coaches that train and manage each player. While the coordinators are responsible for the overall schemes of either the offense or defense, position coaches are charged with the development of individual players that are grouped together by function. The wide receiver coach, for example, is in charge of the development of all wide receivers. It is also important to understand that most of the tasks that position coaches train are individual tasks such as catching, running, tackling, or blocking. These tasks, by nature, are coactive tasks. Therefore, the majority of tasks taught by position coaches are individual efforts whose outcome is aggregated for the team’s success or failure. These coactive tasks are similar to a collegiate golf team in which each golfer’s score is not dependent on the other players, but does influence the team’s overall performance. Because these coactive tasks are fundamental skills of the particular position players, these tasks are the primary focus early in the training cycle when the team is first being formed. Typically, coaches spend this time focusing on player competition in order to set an aggressive tone early in the season. Aggressive and often negative language is used while running fundamental drills during practice and even during conditioning workouts. However, if coaches use this time early in the training cycle for cooperative teambuilding attitudes, versus the usual competitive philosophy of the players fighting among themselves for starting positions, position coaches will be able to identify the various informal roles within their particular squad. Instead of encouraging competition between individuals of the same position, by encouraging cooperation among those players, the position coach will have formed a group that is in constant interaction. Not only will this interaction be constant as players are working together and not as individuals, their interaction will be positive in nature. This positive interaction will help the position coaches quickly identify the informal leaders since the players will be focused on working together instead of trying to beat each other out for a spot in the starting lineup (Cope, Eys, Beauchamp, Schinke, & Bosselut, 2011).
Traditionally, the position coach level is where the intra-team competition occurs, as individual receivers compete against each other for playing time and the accolades placed on them by the coaches. In this system, there is little incentive for players to encourage other players to be better, because the starter may risk losing playing time. This player versus player competition at the lowest level contradicts a multitude of research that proves when coaches engage in positive, task-oriented interactions with players, a higher perception of team cohesion and improved performance is achieved (Carron & Eys, 2012, pp. 284-288). Thus, when position coaches encourage competition at the lowest level within the hierarchy of a football team and in the smallest groups, these coaches are missing opportunities to establish a team comprised of many smaller, cohesive teams that can influence the overall performance later in the training cycle as games approach. Not only will small groups of players with like task responsibilities be cohesive early on in the training cycle, but roles and norms of appropriate attitudes of those players will be clearly defined. Role clarity is important to establish early in the formation of any sports teams, and the more clarity assigned those roles, the more cohesion and collective efficacy will be present (Hodge, Henry, & Smith, 2014). Meanwhile, before and during the season, most coaches attempt to shift their focus on the cohesion of the entire team. This shift conflicts with months of players competing with each other, and is arguably too late for the team to reap any benefits they would enjoy from a new practice of cooperation among players. This shift from competition to cooperation can be confusing to many players, thus resulting in interpersonal conflict and a lack of cohesion among players (see Figure 2).
One level up from the position coaches is the offensive, defensive, and special team coordinators. The coordinator is two levels up from the players. Because of the separation between the coordinator and the players, the coordinator can safely encourage competition when interacting with players as individuals. The coordinators’ emphasis on competition would negate any pitfalls of social loafing that may occur among groups of players of any given function. A leading cause of social loafing, the phenomenon in which individual effort is reduced when participating as part of a group, in sports teams is that many players will become too secure in their status on the team as either a starting player or a substitute player. If players do not believe consequences, good or bad, exist for the amount of effort the player puts forth, then social loafing can occur during practices (Bohlander & Snell, 2010; Carron & Eys, 2012). Two-level-down coaching focuses on individual performance and allows for self-enhancing attribution that will increase the motivation to seek self-improvement by each individual (Carron & Eys, 2012, p. 293 and p. 334). Meanwhile, the Position Coach is constantly reinforcing teamwork and improvement, as he or she is charged with the performance of each player that plays a certain position (see Figure 3). This method of one-level-down coaching shifts the focus of the players to team enhancing attribution at the earliest time and the lowest level. This shift of emphasis on the team’s performance by the smallest groups of players institutes social norms of individual responsibility in relationship to team success or failure (Vincer & Loughead, 2010). While this conflict between coaches may seem to be disruptive, the level of interaction between each coach and each player is not balanced. Therefore the cooperative encouragement of the position coach would have more impact on individual players when it comes to player-to-player interaction. Since the position coach would monitor individual, skill-centric drills early in the training season, a sense of cooperation would first be established throughout the entire team. Therefore, long before the spring practice game, the composition of the team would be a collection of smaller teams whose focus is to make each particular team better through cooperation. This part of the theory captures the conclusions of the Carron et al. study in which they hypothesized that “increased cohesion would be a catalyst for increased coordination in sports where task interactions are essential for group success” (Carron, Colman, & Wheeler, 2002, p. 172). Although Carron et al. found that there is no cohesion-performance correlation based on task type, using a Group Environment Questionnaire to provide an operational measure of team cohesion, they did find evidence that coactive sports have a stronger cohesion-performance relationship. In other words, increased cooperation from coactive competitors, such as the individuals that play the same position, raised the performance of the group. For example, the collective group of wide receivers would perform better in their assigned tasks if they all viewed themselves as part of a cooperative whole, despite the fact each individual’s ability to accomplish a given task does not affect the other receivers’ ability to do the same task. (Carron et al., 2002, p. 182)
Once the team’s training shifts toward more collective preparation, running plays for example, the individual players would already be cohesive in smaller groups, and have improved each other’s performance. As the groups of players are organized by functions without delineation of starting players and bench players each group would begin to compete against the other groups with the position coaches continually encouraging cooperation in order to defeat another position coach and those players. Scoring of inter-squad scrimmages should be conducted by the functions that are required by each position. During the scrimmage, position coaches are still encouraging cooperation within each group, but the coordinator challenges each individual to beat out the other players for a spot in the starting lineup (see Figure 3). Receivers are cycled through plays against the defense; the receiver coach is actively keeping score of how many catches the whole group of receivers make. Meanwhile, the coordinator is challenging each receiver to be the best receiver of the group by providing rewards for them.
Rewards should be centered on an appearance of expert power. For this example, the wide receiver who makes the most catches is awarded by being assigned as a trainer for the other positions that may have similar functions, such as the tight ends and running backs that often catch passes. Thus, the coordinator would be effectively encouraging cooperation one level down as players of different positions would join together to create a better offense in order to compete against the defense and vice versa. This model also works for other positions. This includes offensive linemen teaching running backs pass blocking techniques, running backs teaching receivers how to break tackles after the catch, and even physical training like tight ends teaching offense linemen techniques to improve quickness and agility.
The key factor of success is that all of the coaches, whether a position coach or coordinator, pay close attention to the interpersonal style they use when interacting with various players. This may be particularly challenging for the coordinators who may be required to shift from a style of interaction that is competitive and aggressive with a player at a certain time and a style that is positive and cooperative with that same player, but in a different situation. As Hodge et al. determined, the techniques team leaders use when interacting with their teammates greatly influences the team’s environment (Hodge et al., 2014; Sullivan, 2013). Therefore, in order to promote a strong sense of competition and to defeat social loafing, a defensive coordinator may use intense, harsh, and possibly negative language and mannerisms when one of the linebackers misses a tackle. Since the player, a linebacker in this case, is two levels down, the interaction will be brief and may spark cohesion among the whole group of linebackers as his teammates try to defend the mistake. The position coach, who will have longer, more in depth interactions with that player, augments this. However, when the offense and defense square off during scrimmages in order to practice unit schemes, the coordinator should use positive, reinforcing language that explains how the player’s missed tackle affected the entire defense. This should inspire not only other linebackers to help their teammate, but also players of other positions to help demonstrate how to shed the opposing blockers so that the next time that linebacker will not miss the tackle.
This type of specialized interaction between coach and player will reinforce role acceptance among the team. To further the above example, when the defensive coordinator calls one of the linemen to teach the linebacker how to avoid the block in order to make the tackle, the chosen lineman should be a team captain and leader (see Figure 4). This provides the team captain role clarity and diffuses any role conflict among the players because the coordinator provided the necessary expert and legitimate power. Thus, the lineman’s self-efficacy in the role of team leader and captain is increased (Carron & Eys, 2012, p. 181). Furthermore, Benson et al. (2013) proved the importance of an athlete’s perception of his or her role and the roles of teammates when it comes to group cohesion. Benson et al.’s study determined that players would be more accepting of a leader’s role as the team captain if they perceive that the role has meaning and importance. By tasking various players with the duties of training less skilled players, the coordinator and position coaches are displaying the importance of the captain’s role long before the first game when the captains are announced and walk onto the field for the coin flip (Benson et al., 2013, p. 273).
This process of two levels competition and one level cooperation facilitates important behaviors among the coaching staff that will influence the team’s cohesion. In their 2014 article, Zakrajsek et al. noted the importance of the behaviors of the coaches on team cohesion. By creating a competitive and cooperative atmosphere among the different levels of the team’s hierarchy, the coaching staff can show a competitive or cooperative attitude with each other based on the performance of their players. This can further tighten the various teams within the team as their coach is subjected to similar interactions with the next level coach. Also, once the offensive and defensive units scrimmage in the collective training block, the position coaches will display a cooperative attitude, thus influencing the attitudes of the players (Zakrjsek, Abildso, Hurst, & Watson, 2007).
Conclusion
In conclusion, coaching staffs of sport teams should closely analyze the organization of their team and the method of pre-season training in order to capitalize on previously published studies and conclusions that identified the influences competition and cooperation have on team cohesion. While team hierarchy among coaching staffs is critical to the operations of the team, especially during pre-season training, coaches should include the players at the lowest level of the hierarchy. This not only allows coaches to organize the players by function, which many already do, but also allows a framework on how coach-player interactions can be focused to achieve an attitude of cooperation or competition among the players at specified times in the training cycle. This type of organizational system allows a sense of cooperation among players of a specific function or position, thus capitalizing on the benefits of a cohesive group at the earliest time. Two-levels-up coaching focusing on competition among individuals will simultaneously capitalize on the benefits that strong competition provides, including preventing social loafing and increasing self-motivation to improve performance by each player on the team.
Applications to Other Sports
Although American Football was used as an example for this concept, this organizational competition concept can easily be applied to other team sports. One caveat to applying this concept to other sports is that the team must be relatively large similar to American football. If the team is too small, the separation of hierarchal level will not be great enough and would not contain the necessary diversity in players or sport-required tasks. Also, the sport must be task interrelated in that each player’s actions directly impact other players on the field. Therefore team sports in which the performance of an individual is simply aggregated to create a team score would not have the wide variety of tasks to create the necessary interaction. Therefore, team sports such as wrestling, tennis, and golf would not benefit or be able to appropriately apply the techniques described in this paper. However, coaches of soccer, rugby, and lacrosse teams could benefit greatly from the use of this concept.
For example, rugby teams are often divided into Forwards and Backs. Forwards are traditionally the larger, more power based players, while the backs are speed and skill based. As a result, the coaching staff has two primary assistant coaches for the forwards and the backs respectively. These assistant coaches can be viewed in the same context as the offensive and defensive coordinators in American football. Forwards and backs are further divided into specific positions based on physical attributes and task responsibilities. The forwards are further divided into the tight five and the loose forwards, or back row. The tight five form the core of the scrum, and are the largest, most powerful players on the field. These five players, not including bench substitutes, bind together by holding onto each other tightly in preparation to engage the opposing tight five. These players physically restrain each other by gripping the uniform of the others, including the other team. As a result, speed and quickness are useful attributes for a tight five player in the open field, but are not required since the player cannot transition into open field play until released by another player during the majority of playing time.
The loose forwards on the other hand are bound to the edges of the tight five, but are not restricted by the bind of another player. One of the key tasks of a loose forward is to immediately put pressure on the opposing ball carrier as soon as a defensive scrum is over. Therefore, physical size and quickness are both important characteristics for loose forwards, but neither is a primary concern. In other words, loose forwards must be strong and fast, but not the strongest or the fastest on the team. Also, the tight five are more likely to carry the ball in traffic on offense, similar to a fullback in American football, and defend in large clusters during free play. While the loose forwards also operate in large clusters and confined areas, they are more likely to support the backs in the open field whether on offense or defense. Consequently, open field tackling, passing skills, and the ability to break tackles are more important skills for a loose forward than they are for a tight five player. Similar division of the backs should be done in order to improve specific skills required. That being said, rugby is a fluid sport in which players from different positions may find themselves being required to execute various skills of the other positions. Therefore, cooperative and competitive interaction would benefit a rugby player greatly. The same could be said for soccer, lacrosse, and any other task interdependent sport with a large number of players required.
References
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dbpedia
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| 37
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https://truesport.org/teamwork/ways-youth-sports-coaches-encourage-teamwork/
|
en
|
5 Ways Youth Sports Coaches Can Encourage Teamwork
|
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[
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[
"Hailey Radvillas"
] |
2018-04-29T04:24:04-06:00
|
While we praise youth sports as a great way to develop teamwork, figuring out how to actually teach it isn't always obvious as a coach. Preaching the
|
en
|
TrueSport
|
https://truesport.org/teamwork/ways-youth-sports-coaches-encourage-teamwork/
|
While we praise youth sports as a great way to develop teamwork, figuring out how to actually teach it isn’t always obvious as a coach. Preaching the importance of working together often falls on deaf ears at the youth level, as it’s the kind of advice that has become cliché, like ‘play hard’ or ‘give 110%.’
But while teamwork might seem like an abstract and over-killed concept, it can be taught in ways that aren’t so overt, such as through games, goal setting, or simply through modelling team-first behavior.
1) Create Drills Athletes Want to Win
While everyone wants to win, even that isn’t enough if youth athletes aren’t having fun playing together. Teamwork can be taught in ways other than in ‘live-action’ games or scrimmages, such as through practice drills that divide athletes into mini-teams and force them to rely on each other in order to win the exercise.
An example of this is the popular end-of-practice soccer drill called ‘World Cup.’ All players are divided into teams of two and the playing field is restricted to half of a soccer field (or less, depending on the age and number of kids). With each team representing a country of their choosing, the players must try and score on a coach playing goalkeeper. When a team scores, they step aside until the next round begins—the last team remaining in a round (having not scored) is eliminated and the process repeats until there is just one team left standing.
2) Set Measurable Goals
Most youth athletes begin having their game statistics and training progress recorded by coaches around the junior high or high school level. While tracking this kind of data works well in creating a thirst for individual improvement, setting team or position-based goals can also be an effective tactic in getting everyone to work better together.
Football position coaches often have specific criteria for success for their respective groups, which get displayed on a big board in the team’s locker room. These per-game goals can be as specific as a target number of quarterback rushes for the defensive line or downfield blocks for the wide receiver corps, but all require the entire unit working together. Striving to meet these benchmarks in turn helps the team reach their overarching goal of winning a game, title, or tournament. After a game or ahead of the next practice, the goals can then be reviewed and tweaked in order to encourage further improvement or consistent peak performance as a team.
3) Dole Out Responsibility and Roles
One of the best ways to get a group to work together is by designating a specific role for each individual. Only once everyone understands how their job fits into the larger puzzle can a team play together optimally.
The power of giving out roles is a way to encourage teamwork, even if just by making it clear who on your basketball team is a point guard, a power forward, and so on. After defining these players’ roles clearly, pairing up players of the same position in practices can help them better learn from one another their duties on offense and defense.
4) Give Ownership
A coach may technically be ‘in charge’ of a team, but the most teamwork-oriented teams go a step further and do things to make it feel like their own. This doesn’t mean overruling the coach’s decisions, but instead taking ownership of anything ‘outside’ the tactics and play of the game, like the team cheers done after aces in volleyball.
Ownership can also be fostered by letting players take part in team decisions, such as deciding which restaurant the team’s end-of-season award ceremony will be held at or choosing the design of a new uniform.
5) Verbal Rewards
Although it might be as a fan watching from the sidelines, what is and isn’t good teamwork isn’t always clear to players in the heat of a game. However, simply calling out a moment of great teamwork between players can be enough to make the rest of the team recognize the importance of working together selflessly (and what it looks like).
While it may seem counterintuitive, individually recognizing players for great acts of teamwork can create a group of strong team players. For many, the mere recognition of a good moment of teamwork is enough to encourage both that athlete, and everyone else on the team, to seek out similar praise by being a stronger team player.
6) Stop and Listen
Of course, true teamwork is impossible if players don’t listen to one another (and their coaches). Even if two players will never be best friends, their odds of developing a strong team connection during games are slim if they won’t even hear each other out in practice. And as a coach, buy-in will always be limited if the players feel like interaction with their coaches is a one-way street.
Instead, communicate just how important communication is by being open to comments, criticism, and feedback about your coaching. Cultivate an environment at practices or games where players feel like they can speak up and be heard without judgement, perhaps taking time at the end of a practice for questions, comments, and concerns. A coach that listens to their team and takes what they have to say to heart shows the power in open communication, one of the bedrock components of strong teamwork.
|
|||||
7350
|
dbpedia
|
2
| 94
|
https://www.dictionary.com/e/soccer-or-football/
|
en
|
Why Do Americans Call Football “Soccer”?
|
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[
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[
"Dictionary.com"
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2023-08-18T07:01:47+00:00
|
Why does the most popular sport in the world have two names? Learn about where the names "football" and soccer" come from, and who uses them now.
|
en
|
Dictionary.com
|
https://www.dictionary.com/e/soccer-or-football/
|
If you’re reading this in the US or Canada, you’re likely familiar with the sport of soccer. But, if you’re reading this pretty much anywhere else, then you probably know the same game rules and call it football. What’s the difference?
How did we end up with two names, football and soccer, for the same sport?
Let’s start in England in the 1800s. Young men, especially at boarding schools, played a number of versions of moving a ball (with hands or feet) across an opponent’s goal. At Rugby School, for instance, they played a version that allowed for use of the hands; at Eton College, only feet were permitted.
So, in 1863 in London, a Football Association (the world’s first) was formed to standardize the rules. Two codes resulted from it: rugby football, after Rugby School, and association football, after that newly formed association.
Where does the word soccer come from?
Now, around the 1870s, students, especially at Oxford University, were fond of a playful slang practice where they shortened words and added –er to their end. Breakfast, for instant, became brekker. Rugby? Rugger. Football? Footer.
The association in association football was also shortened to soccer. This clips off the first and last three syllables of association, leaving –soc-, onto which that chummy –er was added, yielding soccer. The term is first recorded as socker in 1891. Footer is slightly older, found in that fateful year of 1863.
What is the origin of American football?
But, what about that other football that people in the US bring to the Super Bowl? American football (a term recorded in the 1870s) is based on rugby and had already taken off by the time association football became popular in the US.
For whatever reason, the name soccer stuck for association football and football for the gridiron sport. In fact, the governing body for soccer in the US was called the United States Soccer Football Association until 1974.
How many football fans know the origins of the terms used in the American sport? Learn about quarterback and more, here.
Does anyone else around the world call football soccer?
Americans and Canadians aren’t alone, however, in calling the sport soccer. Many in Australia, New Zealand, and Ireland call association football soccer, likely as a way to distinguish it from Australian rules football and Gaelic football, which are commonly referred to just as football in those places—just as Americans call American football simply football.
|
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7350
|
dbpedia
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3
| 60
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https://www.pennlive.com/highschoolsports/2023/12/should-your-little-kid-play-football-a-look-at-the-risks-and-rewards-documentary.html
|
en
|
Should your little kid play football? A look at the risks and rewards (documentary)
|
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[
"TJ Smith | asmith@pennlive.com",
"TJ Smith",
"asmith@pennlive.com"
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2023-12-22T10:20:00.359000+00:00
|
Youth, or "Pop Warner," football is a version played by children and teenagers to introduce them to the sport, teach them fundamentals, and promote activity and teammwork.
|
en
|
/pf/resources/images/pennlive/favicon.ico?d=1375
|
pennlive
|
https://www.pennlive.com/highschoolsports/2023/12/should-your-little-kid-play-football-a-look-at-the-risks-and-rewards-documentary.html
|
Youth, or “Pop Warner,” football is a version of the American sport played by children and teenagers. It is designed to introduce young players to the sport, teach them fundamentals and promote physical activity and teamwork.
But it does so much more than that.
Youth football typically caters to children between the ages of 5 to 14, although that can vary by organization or league. They are often divided into age groups, such as 6 under, 8U (Smurf), 10U (Peewee), 12U (Pony), and 14U (Midget).
Youth football rules are often modified and simplified to make the game safer and more suitable for young players. For example, there may be rules to limit contact and promote safety, such as restrictions on tackling techniques. Youth football fields are often smaller than those used in high school, college or professional football.
Safety is a top priority. Players are required to wear protective equipment, including helmets, shoulder pads and pads for the legs and hips.
Teams are typically coached by volunteers, often parents or community members. Youth football places a strong emphasis on teaching fundamental skills such as passing, catching, running and blocking. Coaches aim to help players develop their skills and a love for the sport.
Tri-Community Panthers Smurf Head Coach Zeke Johnson said coaching is his calling.
“Everybody has their passion and their calling, mine is something with them kids,” Johnson said.
Central Penn Crusaders President Christopher Watts Sr. said the key to his organization’s success is the coaches, volunteers and parents.
“The parents, coaches and volunteers dedicate countless hours to our program. Not just during the season but all year long. Whether it’s fundraisers, making sure equipment is ready and proper paperwork is filled and documented. It is a year-round commitment, and without our coaches, volunteers and parents we would be nothing,” Watts said.
Youth American football is organized through various leagues and organizations, both at the local and national levels. Pop Warner, American Youth Football (AYF), and USA Football are someof the national organizations that oversee youth football programs.
The Capital Football Association (CFA) is the largest youth football league in Pennsylvania, and consists of many feeder programs that make up the Mid-Penn Football Conference. The CFA has three conferences: The National Conference, Federal Conference and Liberty Conference.
Here’s a look at the central Pennsylvania teams in each of the conferences:
National Conference Teams: Central Penn Crusaders, Harrisburg Cougars, Susquehanna Twp. Tribe, Carlisle Herd, Cumberland Valley, New Cumberland Colts, York Bears, Central Dauphin Rams, State College Lions, Mechanicsburg Wildcats
Federal Conference Teams: East Pennsboro Panthers, Middletown Blue Raiders, Northern Polar Bears, Swatara Tigers, West Perry Mustangs, Chambersburg Trojans, Waynesboro Stallions, Steelton Raiders, Northern Lebanon Vikings, Lebanon Raiders, Lower Dauphin Falcons, Red Land Patriots
Liberty Conference Teams: Boiling Springs Bubblers, Gettysburg Warriors, Trinity Shamrocks, Big Spring Bulldogs, Seven Sorrows Eagles, Susquenita Blackhawks, Hershey Trojans, Palmyra Cougars, Tri-Community Panthers, Greenwood Buffaloes
It’s worth noting that the rules, regulations, and organization of youth football can vary significantly by region and league. The primary goal is to provide a safe and enjoyable introduction to American football for young players, with a focus on skill development, teamwork and sportsmanship.
Benefits of youth football
Youth football promotes physical activity and helps children develop strength, endurance, agility, and coordination. It encourages an active lifestyle and helps combat childhood obesity. It’s a team sport and teaches young players how to collaborate, communicate and support their teammates — valuable skills that can be applied in many areas of their lives.
Susquehanna Tribe Smurf Head Coach Raekwon Purdy believes football builds bonds like no other sport.
“When you put those shoulder pads on and you put your helmet on and go out on the field, those are your brothers,” Purdy said.
“Those are the guys that you’re willing to lay it all on the line for. Nothing builds bonds between young men like football, in my opinion.”
The game teaches kids the importance of showing up for practice, following rules and committing to a schedule. It instills discipline and responsibility, and helps children set and pursue goals, a fundamental life skill. Football fosters social interactions, allowing kids to make friends and build relationships with teammates, coaches and parents. That can be especially important for children’s social development.
Football can instill values such as sportsmanship, respect and integrity. It teaches kids how to handle success and failure with grace and dignity. Football involves strategy and decision-making, helping kids develop problem-solving skills as they assess situations on the field and make quick, informed decisions. It can teach children to manage their emotions, to bounce back from disappointments and to persevere.
Youth football can create a sense of community and identity, connecting children with their local area and giving them a sense of belonging. For some, playing youth football can spark a lifelong passion for the sport, even for those who don’t pursue it professionally.
Youth football coach and mentor Sonny Arp says his coaching style is all about developing character.
“My coaching style is based on young men becoming someone in life, it’s not about the actual sport,” Arp said. “It’s about giving them tools for life and teaching them hard work.”
The cons of youth football
Youth football, like any sport, carries certain risks that can have both short-term and long-term consequences for young athletes. Players are at risk of injuries, including concussions, sprains, strains, fractures and dislocations. The physical nature of the sport can lead to both acute injuries and overuse injuries.
Mikell Simpson, a former Division I football player for the University of Virginia, doesn’t believe kids under the age of 10 years old should play tackle football due the wear and tear on the body.
“As a kid your body is still growing, and football is a violent sport. When you’re that young and not lifting weights or training your body properly to take on the type of punishment physically, you can get seriously injured playing this game” said Simpson.
Concussions are a major concern in football at all levels, as they can have both immediate and long-term consequences on a player’s health. Repeated concussions can lead to chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), a neurodegenerative disease. Proper concussion management is crucial in youth football. If not handled appropriately, concussions can lead to more severe injuries or long-term issues. Education and awareness are essential for coaches, parents, and players.
Football is often played in hot weather, and players can be at risk of heat-related illnesses, such as heat exhaustion and heatstroke. Dehydration is a concern, and proper hydration is crucial.
Youth athletes may be more susceptible to overuse injuries because their bodies are still growing. Repeatedly stressing the same joints and muscles can lead to injuries that can have lasting effects. The physical demands of the sport can take a toll on a young player’s body.
Efforts are being made to make youth football safer. Organizations like USA Football and Pop Warner have implemented rule changes and safety protocols to reduce injury risk. Parents, coaches and players should be aware of the dangers and take steps to minimize risks by emphasizing proper equipment, training, supervision and sportsmanship.
Considering the child’s age, size and physical development is crucial when deciding whether to allow participation in contact sports like football.
Participation in youth football can also be expensive, with costs for equipment, uniforms, league fees, and travel. This financial burden may limit access to the sport for some families.
|
||||
7350
|
dbpedia
|
1
| 79
|
https://blog.pitchero.com/how-to-be-a-great-team-player-in-sport
|
en
|
How to be a great team player in sport
|
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[
""
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[
"Arthur Raffle"
] | null |
Improve your team's performance by becoming the ultimate team player
|
en
|
https://blog.pitchero.com/how-to-be-a-great-team-player-in-sport
|
In any team sport, the fortunes of the team will be sure to improve if players think about the team’s success over personal glory.
As the age-old saying goes, there is no ‘I’ in ‘team’ - a grammatical play on words that is still relevant in all levels of sport, from professional to grassroots and junior teams.
What makes you a great team player?
A great team player is someone who always goes above and beyond for the good of the team, and lifts the entire team when it is most needed.
They might be a natural team leader, motivating others from the front, or they might prefer a backseat role, inspiring colleagues with their unrelenting hard work.
Crucially, a good team player is someone who can energise the team to be better than the sum of its parts. We’ve come up with 7 characteristics that are key to being a great team player.
What are the 7 characteristics of a great team player?
Becoming an outstanding team player is easy to achieve if you always think about the following 7 steps.
They will help your personal development as a player and the team as a whole. If everyone in the team is thinking about being a better team player, the effect will multiply.
1) Communicate and cooperate
A team that doesn't talk to one another isn't a team at all. Keep team members informed about developments, and you will work together far more efficiently.
As a team player, it's your responsibility to communicate effectively with others. Team players who communicate well are open with others, willing to express themselves and happy to share ideas.
Good communication also means offering constructive criticism on how others can operate better within the team. A good team member is never afraid to speak when they feel necessary.
The balance is achieved if players remain respectful and positive when sharing their thoughts (something we'll touch on later).
The benefits of good communication? On-and-off the pitch, teams are going to face challenges. Tackling these challenges requires good communication as a starting point. Finding solutions helps the team operate better on the pitch, and brings them together away from it.
As a team player, working together as a unit will become the norm. Once you appreciate the benefits it can bring, you'll never look back.
On the pitch, cooperation is integral to success, particularly when things aren't going to plan.
You might get lucky if individual brilliance occasionally lifts your team when struggling during a match, but most of the team’s success will involve some contribution from every team member.
Show your cooperative side by involving other team players, working together to come through a crisis, and encouraging those who are showing a commitment to the cause.
2) Listen to others
Communication is a two-way street. Offering your thoughts on how a team should progress and giving out pointers to other individuals is important, but you have to be able to take advice yourself.
Teams should be an open forum, where every player has as much right to put their thoughts across as the next.
As a player who advocates a team-ethos at all times, active listening is essential – other people’s ideas are equally valid.
This will add to the positivity running through your squad. Although having a team leader is important, shouting over others and failing to take on feedback will shroud your team with negativity and makes playing sport much less enjoyable for everyone.
A great team player is a good listener first, and a good speaker second.
3) Be an active part of the team
A great team player takes an active role in problem-solving both on the training ground during the week and on matchdays.
As we pointed out above, communication is vital – but being an active part of the team goes beyond playing and training.
As a team that spends a significant amount of time together, it's always better if you get along. If you're a group of players who like to spend social time together, say during a team building day or a Friday night out on the town, a good team player will always ensure others are onboard.
While it's inevitable some people won't get along, a team that is a group of friends off the pitch will be more likely to fight for one another during games.
As a member of that team, make a special effort to take part in any team activities that happen away from the pitch.
Plus, when new players come into your team, ensure they are integrated immediately. Internal cliques can strike a divide among team members that can prove detrimental to harmony and performance.
4) Respect others around you
Good communication and an inclusive environment require one thing that should be central to everything you do – respect.
Being respectful to other team players is a crucial part of being a good team player. Fellow team members turn up and train for the good of the team just like you, so they deserve your respect when spoken to.
If you're offering advice to a teammate, talk to them in an informative and dignified manner. They'll respond to your words much more effectively, and offer you the same level of respect in return.
Don't turn your team into a school playground by bullying other members or making them the butt of jokes. And be consistent.
Don't just be respectful and listen to responses and offer feedback some of the time, do it all of the time.
5) Be flexible
As a team, you will grow, develop and adapt as you go. A new coach might be installed, the team direction could change on the field, or some new personnel may come into the side.
As the model team player, you take this in your stride, and it's your job to make the best of it.
Being flexible in your squad role means committing to change whatever the circumstances. If a team decides on a new direction, you can sulk about the things that have changed, or you can fully embrace it and ensure you do your bit to keep the team on track.
A good team player adopts a flexible stance at all times.
6) Be reliable
Whatever your role and whatever the circumstances, deliver on your objectives and you'll position yourself as a good team player.
Only a team player who consistently delivers can motivate others to do the same. A player or coach that fails to agree and deliver on objectives can be a great cause of frustration for the rest of the squad.
You may have experienced this disappointment as a result of others in the past, so make it your mission to avoid the pitfalls of being unreliable, and deliver what you set out to do.
The first step is knowing what your role is. This is where communication is important. Team players who talk to one another are much more likely to be aware of their individual roles, and they can get help when they aren't quite achieving their own objectives.
Many essential teamwork skills are intertwined with each other, and this is just one example.
Outline your own and the team’s objectives by using your communication skills, and then deliver on these objectives reliably.
7) Be committed to the cause and want to win
As a team player, you want to contribute to collective success as best you can. Showing dedication and motivation out on the pitch can have a significant impact on your teammates, and help mould you into a player that puts their team first.
Whether you're out on the pitch during a match or working on different technical skills during training, be at the forefront of the game – always involved, rousing other team members and giving your all.
As an outsider looking in, that level of commitment rubs off on other players, making them more likely to take a similarly positive attitude.
Spreading your positive attitude through the team leads to a more dedicated squad on the whole, and success will follow.
Ultimately, a team is there to compete and hopefully, to win. As a team player, you need to show a desire to beat your opponents, and a high level of commitment and passion.
Top drawer coaching content from Pitchero
|
||||||
7350
|
dbpedia
|
3
| 3
|
https://teambuildersplus.com/teamwork-lessons-from-the-nfl/
|
en
|
Teamwork Lessons from the NFL
|
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[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"caskew@takeflightlearning.com",
"[email protected]"
] |
2023-10-20T14:17:36+00:00
|
en
|
Team Builders Plus
|
https://teambuildersplus.com/teamwork-lessons-from-the-nfl/
|
With the NFL season upon us, players and coaches are focusing on the ultimate goal, a Super Bowl championship.
By analyzing past Super Bowl winners, it is clear that great players are just one component of a championship team. As stated by the late, great Vince Lombardi, “The achievements of an organization are the results of the combined efforts of each individual.” High caliber teams have great players, but it is more than great players that make a great team.
Unlike most sports, football has a stoppage after each and every play for a team huddle. Verne Harnish discusses the importance of team huddles in his bestselling book, “Mastering the Rockefeller Habits.” With the help of the coaching staff on the side line, the current situation is analyzed, decisions are made, and those decisions are communicated to the 11-person team on the field. This all takes place in under one minute. From this point the team members need to trust the coach and rely on each other to carry out their task during the next play. If one person on the team fails to successfully implement their task, it is likely that the entire team will fail on that play. By the same token, one person can raise the quality of performance by the contribution he makes.
There are team dynamics and skills that are visible to the spectator as they watch the game, such as trust, leadership, communication, commitment to the team and planning. However, there are team dynamics behind the scenes that can make or break a team. It only takes one player with a negative attitude to bring down the rest of the team. One person’s drama on the field, in the locker room or even in their personal lives can have a detrimental effect on the team.
The same holds true for teams within corporations. Once drama starts, it easily impacts the culture of the team. As a leader on the field or within a company, it is important to find ways to minimize drama so the team can focus on winning.
The individualism and virtuosity witnessed in the incredible athleticism in the NFL is fun, to watch but it does not put a player above the team or above society. Personal excellence should be in the service of the team. As Vince Lombardi aptly said, “…individual commitment to a group effort – that is what makes a team work, a company work, a society work, a civilization work.”
As you watch your favorite team on the field, pay attention to the team as a whole as opposed to only focusing on the player with the ball. You can learn a lot about teamwork as you cheer your team to victory.
|
||||||
7350
|
dbpedia
|
1
| 80
|
https://uwm.edu/news/the-fans-are-right-when-it-comes-to-football-momentum-is-real/
|
en
|
The fans are right: When it comes to football, momentum is real
|
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[
"Laura Otto",
"UWM News",
"Jonathan Stark",
"executive director of NMDSI",
"John Schumacher",
"Howie Magner",
"Kathy Quirk",
"Amanda Kienow"
] |
2022-11-01T14:36:56+00:00
|
Academics have long dismissed the concept of momentum in sports as an illusion. But a team of UWM scientists has used machine learning and 10 years of NFL data to prove the fans right.
|
en
|
UWM REPORT
|
https://uwm.edu/news/the-fans-are-right-when-it-comes-to-football-momentum-is-real/
|
Another clutch play, another first down, and your team is on a roll. The fans go wild! Gonna win this game for sure…
Not so fast, academics have long claimed – momentum is a fiction. Success doesn’t necessarily lead to success. But researchers at UWM have proved the fans right.
“Our model’s performance is comparable to the point spread at the start of the game and improves thereafter with little bias,” said Paul Roebber, a UWM professor of mathematical sciences who led the research team.
The scientists used machine learning and 10 years of play-by-play data from NFL regular season games to show that momentum within a game is real and that it improves a team’s chances of winning.
Training a neural network
Roebber’s team trained a neural network – where the algorithms perform like the connections of neurons in the human brain – to predict a team’s probability of winning through momentum.
The model defines momentum as an increase in a team’s “win probability” over the course of at least three changes in ball possession, based on factors such as the down, score and the team’s location on the field.
“So with this definition of momentum, it’s typically a pretty extended period of time,” Roebber said.
The project was published in June in the journal PLOS ONE.
Both positive and negative momentum
Both offense and defense contribute to win probability, Roebber said. So positive momentum by one team coexists with negative momentum by the opposing team.
To illustrate how momentum bumps up win probability incrementally, Roebber gave the following scenario:
“The home team might improve its chances of winning through an offensive possession, and then the visitors get the ball,” he said. “And perhaps the home team defense holds their opponents to a ‘3-and-out,’ which gives the home team possession of the ball in good field position. That would be considered two positive changes in possession, where the home team has improved their chances of winning on both sides of the ball.”
The researchers also found that negative momentum exists. Because their model is defined relative to the home team, negative momentum means the visiting team is effective on both offense and defense. So positive momentum by one party coexists with negative momentum by the opposing team.
A function of collective performance
Previous research trying to establish a correlation between momentum and game outcomes have looked primarily at the streaks in performance from an individual player in a game. In those instances, no associations could be found, Roebber said, because the model wasn’t describing team performance.
“When you’re talking about a team sport like football, my view is that momentum is a function of all the players,” he said. “And so, you really need to look at the collective performance of the team.”
The researchers’ model also had some success in predicting when momentum was most likely to emerge during a game, by applying a second neural network.
Two interesting aspects of the work had to do with controlling for clock management and a game’s favored team.
Toward the end of a game, the leading team wants to run out the clock because plays that burn time without giving the opponent the opportunity to advance increase their chances of winning. Likewise, the researchers also took into account the pre-game odds, after initially not including them in the data. Once incorporated, those data didn’t change the model’s results.
Roebber added that the model is designed to look at momentum in a single game, but not for multiple games across a season, a situation that would require a different machine-learning model.
|
|||||
7350
|
dbpedia
|
3
| 21
|
https://time.com/3394678/nothing-teaches-leadership-like-football/
|
en
|
Nothing Teaches Leadership Like Football
|
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[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Jon Butler"
] |
2014-09-18T11:00:40+00:00
|
Pop Warner's executive director on the virtues of the game
|
en
|
/favicon.ico
|
TIME
|
https://time.com/3394678/nothing-teaches-leadership-like-football/
|
In stadiums and playgrounds across the country each day in the fall, young people embrace the finesse and the physical journey of football, the contact with a purpose and the joy of hauling in a pass in the back of the end zone. Ours is a game that has nurtured millions of young men and women. Because football is more than a great sport, it is a classroom. It teaches a variety of positive attributes – character, loyalty, discipline, teamwork, physical fitness and leadership among others.
It may be why General Raymond T. Odierno, Chief of Staff of the U.S. Army, credits football for getting him into West Point, and cites leadership and fitness as the two qualities most sought after in military recruits. Nothing teaches those attributes like football and team sports.
The hard work and teamwork have instilled character and an appreciation of working as a unit. We have so many great sports for our young people but football is the sport in which teamwork is essential to success. In basketball, a coach can run an isolation play for her star player. In baseball, an ace means the rest of the team can relax and ride that pitcher’s arm to victory. But in football, if all eleven players don’t do their jobs on every play it will be a long day.
There is a bond in pushing yourself as you and your teammates go through the same exhausting practices in the most physical of games. The athletic demands improve your physical fitness and the joined experience cements a loyalty.
Football also teaches both physical and mental resilience. As Vince Lombardi put it, “In football, you’re going to get knocked down. It’s what you do next that matters.”
It is no coincidence that one of the highest correlations of corporate chief executives is that they played team sports. They learned to work together to overcome obstacles, how to deal with different personalities within the team and the gratification of succeeding with teammates.
Football is not just a game; it also helps instill these traits into our youth. All of these aspects guide them towards being the leaders of tomorrow.
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dbpedia
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| 38
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https://www.statscore.com/market-research/what-are-the-5-most-popular-sports-in-the-usa/
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en
|
What are the 5 most popular sports in the USA?
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https://www.statscore.com/market-research/what-are-the-5-most-popular-sports-in-the-usa/
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Like it or not – we have to honestly say that the USA is a unique place on Earth. This applies to its politics, business, society, and culture. And of course to the world of sports, which is a crucial aspect of American life. STATSCORE takes a closer look at the most popular sports in the US.
Though basketball may be the most globally popular US sport (even if it was actually created in Canada), when it comes to American fans nothing can beat football (American football, of course)!
SportMajor leagueTV viewing recordFavourite sport declared (source: Gallup)American footballNFL111.9m37%Baseball/SoftballMLB40.0m9%BasketballNBA24.4m11%Ice hockeyNHL27.6m4%SoccerMLS27.3m7%
TV viewing record measured for the greatest audience of events for each of the sports: 2016 Super Bowl, 2016 NBA Finals Game 7, 2016 World Series Game 7, 2014 FIFA World Cup Final, 2010 Winter Olympics Gold medal ice hockey game.
1. American football (NFL)
Sorry, soccer (or association football)! You won’t beat that! In America, it’s the NFL that brings success, fame, and money!
With 37% of Americans (source: Gallup) declaring that it’s their favourite sport to watch, American football is without a doubt the most popular sport in the USA. The NFL also has the highest average attendance (67,591) of any sports league in the world!
The league consists of 32 teams, which are divided between the National Football Conference (NFC) and the American Football Conference (AFC). The 17-week regular season starts in September and ends in December, with every team playing 16 games. Then it only gets bigger, as the best teams advance to the play-offs culminating in the Super Bowl, which in itself is the biggest annual sporting event in the country!
Please accept marketing-cookies by clicking here to watch this video.
The NFL gets the highest TV ratings among all major sports, and it is seen as part of American culture to spend Sunday afternoons watching football.
The Super Bowl Sunday, when the final game of a season is held, has, in fact, become a sort of an unofficial holiday. Almost everyone celebrates that day, even if they are not interested in football. In 2014, a record 167 million people watch the game! Super Sunday even has its own traditions when it comes to food – about 1.25 billion chicken wings, and 8 million pounds of guacamole are consumed that day.
2. Baseball (MLB)
Although America football is the most-watched sport in the US, many Americans would argue that it’s baseball that really captures what their country is all about, with the experience of witnessing a grand slam home run, the tradition of attending the games with your children, and rivalries like New York Yankees vs. Boston Red Sox.
In fact, MLB is the oldest of the major sports leagues in the US. It was founded in 1903 but its roots (National League) take us back as far as to… 1876! It’s been with America through its defining moments – from Jackie Robinson breaking the colour barrier in 1947 to the first post-9/11 Mets’ game marking the return to normalcy.
Please accept marketing-cookies by clicking here to watch this video.
Now, that’s some history you’ve got there!
Engage American fans with STATSCORE’s LIVE trackers!
The league is contested by 30 teams (29 in the US, and 1 in Canada), divided between National League and American League. Each team plays 162 games in the regular season and 5 teams in each league advance to a postseason tournament that ends with the World Series.
3. Basketball (NBA)
Basketball is the third most popular sport in the US, and it is the one that is most widely followed by sports fans outside of that country.
Throughout its history, the game has had its share of problems, but it was successfully reformed by NBA’s longtime commissioner David Stern. And with stars like Charles Barkley, Patrick Ewing, and of course, Michael Jordan, the league has become enormously popular worldwide in the 1990s.
Please accept marketing-cookies by clicking here to watch this video.
Currently, 11% of Americans say that basketball is their favourite sport, and more than 26 million actually play the game themselves (more than any other team sport).
Check out STATSCORE’s LIVE basketball trackers!
The NBA is currently composed of 30 teams (29 in America, and 1 in Canada), divided between Eastern Conference and Western Conference. Each of the teams plays an 82-game regular season, and the best ones advance to the play-offs.
4. Ice hockey (NHL)
Ice hockey has traditionally been considered the fourth of the US sports, although it has always been much less popular than American football or baseball.
However, the game of hockey is widely followed especially in the northern US states, and in Canada.
The National Hockey League is currently contested by 31 teams, divided between Eastern Conference and Western Conference. The best teams advance to the play-offs to fight for the Stanley Cup, which is considered by International Ice Hockey Federation be one of the „most important championships available to the sport”.
Please accept marketing-cookies by clicking here to watch this video.
4% of Americans say that ice hockey is the favourite sport to watch, which means that it has already been overtaken by… football (or, soccer!)
5. Soccer (MLS)
It has taken many years for soccer to join the Great Four American Sports. We all know these stories – too boring, too few goals, why can’t they use their hands…
After many attempts, however, it now seems that football (soccer) is really gaining traction in the US.
Please accept marketing-cookies by clicking here to watch this video.
In fact, currently, 7% of Americans say that soccer is their favourite sport to watch (and when it comes to TV watching records, it has almost reached the level of ice hockey).
Since its establishment in 1996, MLS has been expanding many times to include more teams and engage more fans. In 2020, two more teams, Inter Miami CF and Nashville SC, joined the competition which now has 26 participating teams.
MLS matches are attended by an average of 20,000 fans, which is the third-highest average attendance of any sports league in the US (only after NFL and MLB).
Attract them to your betting website with STATSCORE’s trackers!
We can clearly see that there is a great future for soccer (is it really soccer, not football?) in America!
Sign up for our weekly BETTING INDUSTRY REVIEW to stay updated with the latest trends and key developments in the world of sports data and betting. You can do it by filling the form below.
|
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| 82
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|
en
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8 Oldest Sports in the US
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[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Victor Eaton",
"Lauren Johnson"
] |
2022-09-07T03:34:39+00:00
|
Discover the 8 Oldest Sports in the US here. Prepare to be transported into a rich & fascinating history on the Oldest Sports in the US that exist.
|
en
|
Oldest.org
|
https://www.oldest.org/sports/oldest-sports-in-the-us/
|
Sports are the most popular form of entertainment for many people around the world. It’s one of the few occasions where people can experience a sense of community with other humans who share a common bond. The vibe is completely different at a sporting event than it is during ordinary everyday life; everyone is there to do something they love, be it watching a professional athlete perform or taking part in their own favorite sport.
The US is home to the most popular and successful sports franchises. As the world’s largest country, with more than 350 million people, the US has produced some of the biggest names in professional sports like soccer, basketball, golf, and more. This is why many consider that the US is one of the few sports powerhouses in the world.
If you are wondering what the oldest sport in the US is, then you are in the right place. This article will show you the list of not just the popular sports you are watching, but also the eight oldest sports in America.
8. Snowboarding
photo source: Tahoe Quarterly
Snowboarding was created in the US in the 1960s, when Americans started seeking new winter activities. The following ten years saw a significant volume of boards being produced by various businesses, and interest in the game began to grow internationally.
Snowboarding eventually attracted skateboarders and surfers, and by 1980 it had become a national trend. The logical next step was to host new competitions. In the United States, the first national championships took place in 1982, and the first global championships were held there in 1983.
Did You Know?
Snowboarding is a good cardiovascular activity that builds cardiac muscle. They strengthen your bones and tone your muscles at the same time because they are weight-bearing workouts.
7. Skateboarding
photo source: pinimg.com
In California, skateboarding started to take off in the 1950s. While the exact origins of the skateboard are unknown, it is possible that surfers who were searching for something to do when the waves were small invented the sport. It peaked in US popularity in about 1963, just before the market collapsed in 1965.
The introduction of urethane skateboard wheels in the early 1970s altered this from the flimsy old metal or wooden wheels on the first boards. The contoured wheels suddenly made skating on less than perfect ground much simpler. After a while, skateboarding began to acquire popularity in the UK.
Skateboarding is an activity that is open to people of all ages, so you should evaluate your level of stability and fitness. With adult supervision and the proper skateboard safety equipment, such as helmets, knee and elbow guards, and skateboards, skateboarding is typically safe for kids ages 6 and up.
Skateboarding is not just for kids; it is also very popular among adults, many of whom make their own boards rather than purchasing fully assembled ones.
Did You know?
Considering how many people skate, skateboarding has earned this rating. California in the USA is one of the most well-liked places in the world to be a skater, as it is home to more than half of all American skaters.
6. Baseball
photo source: collinsdictionary.com
Baseball is a unique game played by two teams, each consisting of nine players on the field at all times. In baseball, there are two types of strikes: called foul balls and foul tips. This can be very confusing to beginners because it takes a little bit for them to learn about the game.
The goal is to score runs by hitting a ball with a bat, while preventing the opponent from doing so. The players take turns batting and fielding, with the exception that no one may touch the ball with their hands or arms. At the end of every half-inning and play, individuals get credit for team hits, and teams get credit for individual hits; all of this is stored in the score book.
Did You Know?
The most recorded World Series games were played in Game 3 (1956), when Carl Yastrzemski hit a grand slam and Ted Williams had four hits.
5. Volleyball
photo source: betteratvolleyball.com
Since William G. Morgan’s innovative creation of volleyball in 1895 in the drab YMCA gymnasium in Holyoke, Massachusetts, in the United States, the sport has advanced significantly.
With 220 associated national federations, the FIVB is the largest international athletic organization in the world. Volleyball is currently one of the top five global sports. Due to volleyball’s participation in the schedule of the inaugural Far-Eastern Games, which were held in Manila that year, the sport had spread over the whole Asian continent by 1913.
Throughout the past, the “Brown rules,” which called for the use of 16 players, were used to play volleyball in Asia (to enable greater participation in matches).
Did You Know?
The primary reason volleyball is so distinct from other sports is that players must rebound the ball. The player is permitted to hold or pause with the ball during game play in all other major American sports.
4. Basketball
photo source: thoughtco.com
The sport of basketball was invented in the United States. The first known basketball court was built in 1891 by James Naismith, an instructor at Springfield College in Massachusetts. In the early 1900s, basketball became popular at American colleges and high schools across the country. Since then, it has become one of America’s most popular sports and has been played by millions of people worldwide.
The University of California and Miss Head’s School met in the first-ever women’s collegiate football game in 1891. Senda Berenson, professor of physical education at Smith College, was the first ever to play basketball in 1892.
Berenson modified the guidelines before to accommodate women. She visited Naismith when she initially started working at Smith to learn more about the sport. The new sport and the ethical lessons it might teach piqued her interest. On March 21, 1893, she arranged a game between her Smith freshmen, which became the first instance of women playing collegiate basketball.
Did You Know?
It might surprise you to learn that dribbling wasn’t used in the first basketball games. To keep the game going, you had to pass the ball to another player when you caught it.
3. Softball
photo source: sportsmatik.com
George Hancock, a Chicago Board of Trade reporter who also developed softball, introduced “indoor baseball” in 1887. The game had moved outside by the spring of 1888. Originally known as mushball, kitten ball, or indoor baseball, softball was given that name in the 1920s. The Amateur Softball Association of America was established in 1933, marking the beginning of the sport’s organization in the country (ASA).
Softball is a bat-and-ball game in which two teams of ten players each compete. The pitches are thrown underhand rather than overhand, and softballs are larger than baseballs. Despite these fundamental distinctions, it is a direct descendent of baseball. Compared to baseball, softball is played on a smaller diamond.
Did You Know?
A World Cup for girls under 16 years old started in 2001, while the first international competition for junior men and women was staged in 1981.
2. American Football
photo source: Wikimedia
The history of American football dates back to the late 19th century, when the sport was first played in universities. By the early 20th century, football was being played at the professional level by teams like the Green Bay Packers and Pittsburgh Steelers.
The most notable player in American football history is Walter Camp, who played for Yale University for three years as an All-American end known for his speed and agility on offense. He also invented many rules that are still used today, including the forward pass rule; tackle rule; delayed scrimmage kick rule; fair catch kick rule; and center jump snap.
Did You Know?
Given the vertical yard lines that delineate the field, the game we Americans know and love as football is actually better referred to as “gridiron football.”
1. Lacrosse
photo source: Wikimedia
Among all the sports started in the US, lacrosse is considered the oldest organized sport in the country. Lacrosse is a sport that combines the speed and agility of football with the five-man attack and defense of ice hockey.
This sport is a contact sport, played with a small rubber ball by two teams of nine players with sticks, which are used to defend and attack the goal. Later, deerskin balls replaced the original wooden balls.
The netting was made from deer sinew at the same time that the sticks developed into more sophisticated instruments. In preparation for a game, players painted and drew on their bodies and faces. Canada, Mexico, Japan, Trinidad and Tobago, and other countries all play lacrosse.
Did You Know?
According to Finn, the first Europeans to see Native Americans playing the game were French missionaries in Quebec in the 1600s. Because the missionaries believed the sticks resembled the bishop’s cross carried during religious rites, lacrosse was given its name.
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American Football Ireland
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2020-02-10T13:43:48+00:00
|
American Football is an explosive game which is great to both play and watch. Even if you are a newcomer to the sport of American football, by following these five simple golden rules you can understand the basics of this great game. The Basics Teams score 6 points for a touchdown, 3 points for a […]
|
en
|
American Football Ireland
|
https://www.americanfootball.ie/thegame/
|
The Game
American Football is an explosive game which is great to both play and watch. Even if you are a newcomer to the sport of American football, by following these five simple golden rules you can understand the basics of this great game.
The Basics
Teams score 6 points for a touchdown, 3 points for a field goal and, after a touchdown, can kick for one extra point or pass or run for two extra points.
Teams advance the ball down the field in a series of set-piece plays (called ‘downs’). The play ends when the ball-carrier is tackled to the ground, goes out of bounds, or if a forward pass hits the ground.
Teams have to gain at least 10 yards in 4 plays to keep possession and earn a new set of 4 downs. If a team gains 4 yards on its first down, they would then be facing 2nd and 6 (2nd down and 6 yards to go to make the required 10).
On each play teams can choose to run (by handing the ball off to a running back) or pass (the quarterback throws to a receiver). On fourth down teams will usually try to kick a field goal or punt the ball away if they don’t think that they can gain enough yards for a first down. Otherwise, they have to surrender possession of the ball to the opposition at the place of the end of the play.
Players on the offensive team (the team with the ball) can protect the player with the ball by blocking opposing tacklers. Defenders can use their hands to push or pull opponents out of the way to get to the ball carrier. Only the ball carrier can actually be tackled and pulled to the ground.
Key rules on passing plays
There may only be one forward pass per play
A forward pass cannot be thrown once the ball has gone forward of its starting spot.
Team mates are allowed to block opposing defenders to protect the quarterback but cannot grasp with their hands or encircle with their arms.
Defenders can try to disrupt receivers with open hands (put not hold them) until the ball is thrown. After this any intentional contact is deemed illegal and will result in a ‘pass interference’ penalty.
Defenders can also attempt to catch the ball themselves. This is call an ‘interception’.
Receivers must have control of the football and get at least one foot in the field of play to have completed a ‘catch’.
Key rules on running plays
A player running with the ball can complete as many backward passes (as in rugby) as they like, although this is considered risky as, unlike rugby, players not in possession of the ball can be blocked.
Team mates are allowed to block opposing defenders to create running lanes for a ball carrier. However, they cannot block defenders in the back or from behind.
When a quarterback runs beyond the line of scrimmage (the start point of the ball) it is considered a running play and they can no longer throw a forward pass.
For the non-contact version of the game, Flag Football, there are no kicking plays and players are not allowed to block opponents or physically tackle opponents. Instead, to make a tackle, a ‘flag’ is pulled from the ball carriers belt.
GLOSSARY
End Zone – the end zone is a 10-yard section stretching the width of the field at both ends of the playing field. A player entering the end zone whilst in possession of the football scores a touchdown, as does a player who catches the ball from a forward pass whilst in the end zone.
Fumbles and incomplete passes – a fumble occurs when the ball carrier or a passer drops the ball on the ground. Any player can recover the ball by diving on it or they can pick it up and run with it. The team that recovers the fumble gets possession of the football. It is not a fumble when a pass receiver drops a catch. This is called an ‘incomplete pass’. A fumble only occurs when the ball is dropped after the player has gained full control of the football.
Interception – an aggressive defense can regain possession of the ball for their offense by catching (intercepting) passes meant for players on the other team
Fumble Recoveries & Interceptions (known as turnovers) can be run back into the opposing team’s end zone for touchdowns.
Line of Scrimmage – an imaginary line crossing the width of the field, beyond which a team cannot cross until the next play has begun. Its location is based on the spot where the ball is placed after the end of the most recent play.
Touchdown – the act of scoring in the end zone, either via running into end zone or by catching the ball whilst in the end zone.
|
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dbpedia
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2
| 41
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https://www.economist.com/culture/2024/02/09/can-american-football-become-less-american
|
en
|
Can American football become less American?
|
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"The Economist"
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2024-02-09T00:00:00
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The NFL wants to take the sport to the world. The world may not want it | Culture
|
en
|
/favicon.ico
|
The Economist
|
https://www.economist.com/culture/2024/02/09/can-american-football-become-less-american
|
The NFL wants to take the sport to the world. The world may not want it
Feb 9th 2024
TO WITNESS THE power of American culture, step into a hip coffee shop in a big city outside the United States. The decor will typically have a Brooklyn aesthetic, with exposed brickwork and mismatched chairs; American pop music will play softly in the background; patrons will pore over their MacBooks while sipping overpriced caffè americano. Want to exit Pax Americana? Ask one of those patrons to predict the winner of the Super Bowl, which is taking place on February 11th, and witness their blank stare.
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7350
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dbpedia
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2
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https://www.diffen.com/difference/American_Football_vs_Rugby
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en
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American Football vs Rugby - Difference and Comparison
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https://www.diffen.com/favicon.ico
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https://www.diffen.com/favicon.ico
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American Football vs Rugby comparison. American football is a game played between two teams and consists of 11 players in each of the two teams, with unlimited substitutions. American football is a game of intense physical play with complex strategy to score points by advancing the ball to the...
|
en
|
/favicon.ico
|
https://www.diffen.com/difference/American_Football_vs_Rugby
|
American football: Each team has 11 players on the field at one time, with unlimited substitutions. Each team gets three time-outs per half. Play begins with a kickoff. Two teams line up opposite each other; they are usually lining up a “play from scrimmage.” Receiving player may run with ball or may pass it. Each team has to move the ball at least 10 yards within 4 downs. If they fail to do so, other team gets the chance. If they succeed they get 4 new tries to move the ball 10 yards further. The main object is to score points by advancing the pointed oval-shaped ball into the opponent’s team end-zone.
Rugby: A Rugby team consists of 15 players, divided into forwards and backs. Forwards are often larger and stronger players of the team having their main job to win the possession of the ball. The backs are usually smaller, faster, and more agile and exploit the ball possessions. The match begins with a kickoff and the teams compete for possession. The player of the receiving team may run with the ball, or kick it, or pass it to any other player laterally or behind him. Opponent player may tackle the ball carrier at any time. Other than tackles, scrummages, rucks, mauls, and lineouts, no other contact is allowed. Even dangerous tackles are not permitted and are penalized severely. Once tackled, the player must release the ball immediately so play may continue. Once a team has crossed the opposing team’s goal line and touched the ball to the ground, a try is scored (five points). After each try, the scoring team has the opportunity to score two more points with a conversion.
American football is said to have developed from rugby. British colonists from Canada are said to have brought rugby to the Americans. At that time the two were not as differentiated as now.
The origin of rugby in England goes back long into the 19th century and even earlier. In 1800's formalities were introduced to football rules in the seven major public schools of England.Handling the ball was permitted in football in the early 1800's when players were allowed to take a mark and then a free kick. The Rugby Football Union had been formed in 1871 by representatives of 21 clubs - all of which were located in southern England and most were within London. By the early 1890's rugby was widespread and well over half the RFU's clubs were in northern England. The working classes of the north of England and South Wales were particularly taken with rugby over football (soccer).
Playing Field
American football is played on a rectangular field 120 yards (110 meters) long by 53 1/3 yards (49 meters) wide. Near each end of the field is a goal line; they are 100 yards apart. A rugby league field is very similar, it is 120 metres long and about half that in width, there is a line across the field every ten metres.
The most significant differences between American and Rugby football are that in Rugby all players are allowed to handle the ball and any sort of blocking, forward passing, and time-outs are not allowed. Unlike American football, in case of Rugby any kind of screening and obstruction to players who do not have the ball is not allowed. This is the main reason why Rugby is much safer than American football. Unlike American football, only lateral passes are legal, and running and kicking can advance the ball. In American Football, one forward pass per down is permitted, so long as it originates behind the line of scrimmage.
In Rugby, there is lack of hard protective equipments such as helmet and padding. That’s why in case of Rugby players are also taught to tackle with personal safety in mind. In football, hard tackles are allowed which is why there is padding.
Schedule and Cost
Rugby provides for a more flexible schedule and less costly athletic team than professional football, hockey, or other options.
Control
In case of Rugby, players are concerned more about retaining ball possession rather than gaining yardage as in case of American football.
Scoring
A touchdown is the American football equivalent of rugby league's try. Ironically, a try requires the ball to be 'touched down' to the ground, whereas a touchdown doesn't. In American football it is sufficient for the player carrying the ball to cause the ball to enter the end zone (in-goal area) while still in bounds, by carrying it in or holding the ball in or through the imaginary plane of the goal line. In rugby league the ball must be pressed to the ground in the in-goal area. An American football touchdown scores 6 points and a rugby league try is now worth 4 points. In rugby union a try is worth 5 points, the conversion is worth 2.
American football is a game of set moves and counter moves (similar to chess). On the other hand, Rugby is a more free-flowing spontaneous game.
Geographical differences
As the name suggests, American football is played in North America while rugby is played across the globe with prominence in South Africa, New Zealand, Australia and parts of Europe.
References
|
|||
7350
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dbpedia
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1
| 55
|
https://athleticademix.com/sports-at-college/
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en
|
Sports at College
|
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2019-04-02T13:57:03+00:00
|
What is the level of competition in the US? What are the differences between divisions and organisations in US college sports?
|
Athleticademix
|
https://athleticademix.com/sports-at-college/
|
What competitive level can I expect in the US as a college athlete?
DEVELOPMENT
As a college athlete in the US, you are placed in to an environment whereby you will have the best possible opportunity to succeed. The coaching staff and support staff around you will be of the highest quality. They are employed full-time to work towards optimizing you and your teammates’ performance and, importantly, lead the team to win as many games/competitions as possible. They also have a vested interest in your personal development on and off the sports field. A coach will often fill more than one role and can also become your mentor, confidant and advisor.
DO I NEED TO HAVE PRO AMBITIONS?
No! It goes without saying that only a small number of college athletes make the grade to turn professional. But college in the US offers so much more than that! The entire experience is life-changing and something you will remember fondly for the rest of your life. Plus, you will be obtaining your degree, which you will have for life once you’ve earned it. This degree will help provide you with further career options beyond university, which may or may not be in the world of sport. Regardless, your experience will undoubtedly stand out to employers who recognise the commitment and discipline required to succeed as a student-athlete.
HOW OFTEN WILL I TRAIN?
At all levels of college sport, you will train nearly every day of the week during your season. Even on rest days you will be expected to make sure you are getting treatment and keeping yourself in prime condition. The training facilities are exceptional and enable you to propel yourself to the next level. You will undoubtedly improve as an athlete at college in the US.
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DIVISIONS AND ORGANISATIONS?
There are a number of different divisions in the US college sports system. The NCAA has three divisions, D1, D2 and D3.
NCAA D1 is made up of larger schools (approximately 350) with more sports teams and generally more sports scholarship funding available. School sizes range from 5,000 – 60,000 students. They can have high academic entry requirements, meaning that it is only athletes competing at the highest standard (national/international) with strong grades and test scores who will be considered at this level.
Examples of NCAA D1 colleges: Syracuse University , San Diego State University
In D2 (made up of approximately 325 schools), there is also sports and academic scholarship available, but not quite as much as there is in D1. Generally, D2 schools will be slightly smaller (2,000 – 12,000 students) but the sporting level is still very strong.
Examples of NCAA D2 colleges: Nova Southeastern University, Adelphi University
D3 schools (made up of 442 schools) only offer academic scholarships and do not offer sports scholarships. The level is still highly competitive and these institutions are also renowned for being very strong, academically.
Examples of NCAA D3 colleges: Milwaukee School of Engineering, Connecticut College
The NAIA is a separate organisation from the NCAA and has approximately 210 member schools. They all offer athletic and academic scholarship, and often compare similarly to the size and level of NCAA D2 institutions.
Examples of NAIA colleges: Keiser University, Georgia Gwinnett College
The NJCAA is a little different. Here, the member schools are known as ‘Junior Colleges’ which are 2-year schools. They are in place for student-athletes who may not initially make the grade (academically) to attend a 4-year college. Instead, students can attend a Junior College (JUCO) for two years, before switching to a 4-year college for the final two years. So, the four-year schedule does not change and you can still earn your degree whilst competing for a full four years!
Examples of NJCAA colleges: Monroe Community College, Daytona State College
It is worth noting that student-athletes should not get too hung up on which division they compete in. Athleticademix will give you the best advice possible based on their expertise and experience, but what matters most is that the college you choose is a strong match for you, personally.
DIFFERENT SEASONS IN COLLEGE SPORTS?
Colleges offer different sports, all of which have established times of the year in which they compete in their main season. Here’s a list below:
Fall (Autumn) – August to November
Cross Country
Field Hockey
American Football
Soccer
Volleyball (Indoor)
Water Polo
Winter – September to March
Basketball
Bowling
Fencing
Field Hockey
Gymnastics
Ice Hockey
Skiing
Swimming
Track & Field (Indoor)
Wrestling
Spring – January to May
|
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7350
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dbpedia
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1
| 22
|
https://www.collegefootballpoll.com/news/what-makes-american-football-so-popular/
|
en
|
What Makes American Football So Popular?
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A huge part of football's mass appeal comes from the sheer complexity of its rules, plays, and strategies. It requires an immense level of understanding to be able to call a play that succeeds against your opponent's defense.
|
en
|
https://www.collegefootballpoll.com/
|
January 23, 2023 by Staff
American football, or gridiron, is a sport most widely played in the United States and Canada. It is a team game that requires physical strength and agility as well as strategy and finesse to be successful. In a typical match of American football, two teams of eleven players each compete against one another by attempting to propel an oblong ball into the other team's end zone or kick it through an upright goalpost while trying to stop the opposition from doing this themselves.
The team with the highest score after four quarters of play wins; overtime may be necessary when scores are tied. Although often viewed as violent due to its physical nature, American football is actually highly regulated, with rules dictating elements of play, including downs (possessions), snap formation, blocking, tackling, and use of certain formations such as passing and punt return formations. It's no wonder American Football continues to gain popularity among its fans and players.
Plus, you can maximise your winnings when betting on American football by taking advantage of the many bonuses and promotions offered by online sportsbooks. This can make for an exciting game all around!
Below are the main reasons why American football is a popular and beloved sport all over the world:
The Complexity of Gameplay
American football is easily one of the most intriguing and engrossing sports in existence. It has taken an incredible amount of work by players, coaches, and organizations to create the sport as it is today. From dynasties like the 'Niners of the 80's to the Patriots dynasty that has lasted more than 15 years, American Football's intense competitions make for a riveting viewing experience each week.
A huge part of football's mass appeal comes from the sheer complexity of its rules, plays, and strategies. It requires an immense level of understanding to be able to call a play that succeeds against your opponent's defense.
The range of tactics that teams can use is constantly shifting and evolving, making sure fans have something new or something classic thrown at them during every game. That depth within American Football not only captures enthusiasts' attention but also binds them for generations to come
The Physicality
American football certainly stands out among other sports for its sheer physicality. The combination of strategy, speed, agility, and contact makes it a thrilling spectator sport. Players must outmaneuver their opponents while being prepared to take hits from all angles. Watching teams battle it out on the field is captivating because of the level of brute force required to be successful.
It takes strength, endurance, and a plethora of strategies to play effectively at this level, making matches incredibly dynamic. This exquisite blend of athleticism, reaction time, and accuracy makes American football one of the most popular sports in the world today.
The Community
American football has long been considered a romanticized pastime in the US. From the classic Friday Night Lights to tailgates on game day, it's impossible to ignore the camaraderie that comes along with this beloved sport. Not only does American football bring friends, family, and neighbors together - it also creates an exciting environment within local communities.
This atmosphere is reflected not only in the enthusiasm for community attendance but also in the number of unofficial football matches.
Organizing impromptu football games is a cost-effective way for enthusiasts to exchange emotions. When the group is small, a custom ring can serve as a prize for the winner. This custom ring can be worn as a symbol of honor and also used as an accessory to complement one's overall style. Custom rings can effectively boost participation at a relatively low cost by igniting people's enthusiasm.
Get Custom Rings to connect with peers closely now!
Watching a game at home or cheering alongside other fans on the sidelines of a high school field unites people with a shared passion for sports. It puts down any differences and builds bridges between people of all ages and backgrounds, creating lifelong connections through a mutual love for the game. This strong sense of community is perhaps one of the reasons why American football continues to be a cultural cornerstone for many Americans today.
The Legacy
American football is one of America's most beloved sports and a major source of entertainment for many families. Part of its popularity stems from the rich legacy that it carries. Generations of athletes have displayed unwavering dedication to their teams in both victory and defeat, forming lifelong bonds along the way.
Similarly, fans across the world rally to show support for their teams on game day, creating an atmosphere of camaraderie rarely seen in other activities. While there is no doubt as to American football's unique intensity, in the end, it's clear that The Legacy is what makes this sport so special and dear to millions around the globe.
Because of its complexity, physicality, community, and legacy - American football will always remain a beloved sport among Americans and beyond. It's an exciting display of athleticism that has captured the hearts of millions around the world and will continue to do so for centuries to come.
If you're looking for entertainment, action, and excitement - American football is an unbeatable choice. You must start your journey now and join the millions of others who have already discovered just how amazing this incredible sport can be.
Bottom Line
American Football is an exciting, dynamic sport with a great legacy that has captured the hearts of millions around the world. Its complexity, physicality, community, and legacy make it a beloved pastime for many Americans and beyond. If you're looking for entertainment, action, and excitement - American football is an unbeatable choice. So start your journey now and join the millions of others who have already discovered just how amazing this incredible sport can be.
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https://www.nmact.org/2020/12/life-lessons-sports-teaches-us/
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en
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LIFE LESSONS SPORTS TEACHES US
|
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[
"JP Murrieta"
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2020-12-24T00:00:00
|
Now more than ever, we are reminded how many life lessons can be taught by participating in sports. Coaches are teachers that can lead others in lessons such as how […]
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en
|
NMAA
|
https://www.nmact.org/2020/12/life-lessons-sports-teaches-us/
|
Now more than ever, we are reminded how many life lessons can be taught by participating in sports. Coaches are teachers that can lead others in lessons such as how to stay positive, how to overcome adversity, how to work together for a common purpose, how to be resilient and how to be there for others. Achieving goals and overcoming obstacles can help teens persevere in uncertain times like these. Students can find a sense of belonging and accomplishment through individual sports and team dynamics.
Sports are symbolic of life. Life requires teamwork, discipline, resiliency, respect, compassion, and character. Sports can develop those skills to apply on the playing field and in their life.
We recently spoke with several different coaches from all over New Mexico, in a variety of sports, about the importance of sports and the lessons it can teach.
Commitment
For coaches, sports are an extension of the classroom. They encourage their athletes to always do their best on the field, in the classroom, and in life. Champions can be determined by their commitment to goals.
“I remember a conversation with a former athlete of mine and they were contemplating dropping out of college. Then this person told me, ‘Coach, I thought to myself that is not who I am. I never quit! I will fight to the end!’ I was never more proud as a coach and, yes, he graduated!” -Ryan Galindo, Carlsbad High School Tennis
Self-Discipline
Tough times don’t last, but tough people do. It’s a saying coaches are used to preaching. Get up when you get knocked down. The self-discipline taught in sports allows a person to thrive in life with a work ethic to improve. Self-discipline spills over into every aspect of life and is a highly common trait among successful people.
“For me, the example that resonates over and over is that of the kid with a less than optimal home life. A kid that doesn’t have the nice clothes, fancy shoes, or even a car to drive to school. This specific kid has every excuse to ‘not make it’ and no one would judge him for that. Yet, he decides to get involved in sports and realizes that dreams can come true through hard work and determination. Through the experiences and lessons learned in sports, new things are possible and maybe even attainable with the right mindset. Goals can be reached regardless of where you begin. Success can be achieved at any level if the proper self-discipline and work ethic are put in place. This example happens very often. A player falls in love with a sport, a coach, or a program and it drastically changes their attitude towards life and propels them to seek a future that once wasn’t an option for them. I guess this life lesson can be summed up in one word that sports can provide… HOPE. Players need HOPE.” -Heath Ridenour, Sue V. Cleveland High School Football
Mental Toughness
Sports can teach a person to be strong in body and mind. Athletes learn to push their bodies beyond what they ever believed they could to achieve their goal. Whether it’s in practice or competition, a person can learn to overcome adversity they may not have faced without sports.
“The life-lesson I learned through volleyball came my Junior season in college when I tore my ACL & MCL during a spring workout. Volleyball was my life, my days revolved around the game and my teammates. I was devastated. However, through this injury and set back I learned what mental and physical toughness truly meant. My rehab took 9 months, many hours a day, was very painful and caused separation from my teammates. Nevertheless, it taught me so much about what I was really made of. The injury helped me develop a stronger faith in God, established new friends outside the game and led me to other passions as well as volleyball. I came back to the game stronger and a more complete player. I now use my injury every time a player in our program is injured…because, I lived it as well.” -Kristen Scanlan, Texico High School Volleyball
Learning To Work With Others
Everyone doesn’t come from the same place. Everyone has different skills and talents to contribute, but everyone has value. Athletes learn quickly that a team can achieve success when everyone contributes. Through collective hard work, kids learn to contribute to a greater good.
“I had a young lady from our program who authored ‘How to Survive Piedra Vista Softball: A guide by the 2016 Varsity Team’. I opened it up and read it again and, as always, got choked up on some of the things the girls wrote.” -Kevin Werth, Piedra Vista High School Softball
Sample from the Guide
“I want everyone in this program to know the joy of a hard-fought win, and also learn how to be gracious in defeat. I want everyone in the program to understand that adversity is inevitable, but that doesn’t mean you still can’t kick its butt. I want everyone in the program to believe in themselves and each other.” -Haley Parson
“Probably just knowing that there’s going to be a next pitch coming, there’s going to be another day to come, that things are going to get better no matter what.” – Katie Jensen
Try to gain respect by giving respect the best you can, and love your teammates.” – Tyra Garcia
Teamwork
Sacrificing one’s personal gain for the better of the group is a lesson taught in all team sports. Athletes understand how they can best contribute using their strengths. Together Everyone Achieves More (T.E.A.M.). Players learn quickly that their best chance at success will be through cooperation with the teammates.
“I had a young man back in 2001 by the name of Phil Sakala who had won the 800 meters and 1600 meters at the State Track Meet. He was favored to win the 3200 meters the next day and become one the first distance runners to sweep all three distance events. My 800-meter anchor leg, Frank Hemingway, in the Medley Relay developed a stress fracture in the prelims and could not run the Medley in the finals the next day. I spoke with Phil that night explaining to him that I know he has a chance of becoming a state champion in all three distance events, but we really need him to anchor our Medley since we had no other backup 800-meter runner. The next day, Phil sacrificed his personal individual 3200-meter opportunity for the principle of teamwork and he anchored our Medley relay to a state champion finish. Phil was quoted in our local paper as saying ‘I just helped three of my best friends win a state title’. Phil went on to attend and graduate from the West Point Academy where today he carries a rank of Major continuing to apply the concept of teamwork, leading soldiers in military endeavors.” –David Nunez, Onate High School Track and Field
Handling Fear and Failure
Whether it’s striking out, making an error, or just losing a game, failures happen in sports as well as life. Learning that not everyone gets to win can be a valuable lesson in someone’s early development. Life isn’t always fair. Injuries happen, calls are missed. Players learn that getting angry or frustrated doesn’t always help and can affect their performance. Losing with dignity is just as important as winning with class. A person can find success after learning from their failures.
“I try to give as many life lessons through the game of baseball. I think sports closely parallels everyday life and the lessons you learn on the field can be applied to successful living. We teach kids to deal with frustration, controlling their emotions and adjusting to change. By playing sports you can learn maturity, honesty, loyalty, and patience.” -Gil Padilla, Las Cruces High School Baseball
Resilience
Not everything always goes according to plan. Sometimes you get thrown a curveball at the plate, and in life. Athletes need to know how to bounce back. It’s ok to make a mistake, but how you come back from the setback will define you.
“The biggest life lesson that I have learned as a coach is that the sun will come up the next day. No matter the outcome of the day, process it, learn from it and make the best of the next day that has been given to you. Bad things are going to happen as a competitor and as a coach; how you react to those bad things are ultimately going to shape and mold you into the person you are.” -Evan Copeland, Cleveland High School Wrestling
Goal Setting
Setting a goal in place and finding a way to accomplish that goal in the face of adversity is a useful skill. After setting a goal, an athlete knows to work hard to reach it. That goal can be a motivator for improvement.
“The best example I can think of was when our golf team played in the 2017 NMAA State Championship in Roswell. Our boys team put in the work all year and gotten their brains beat in by Cleveland High School, which was the best team in the state by far. The boys played with poise and a ‘no-fear’ attitude and ended up winning the tournament by 8 shots…until they didn’t. One of our players got disqualified for signing an incorrect scorecard and we ended up losing by 3 shots instead of winning the school’s first blue trophy in boys golf. The team had to juggle an emotional roller coaster of the highest high and the lowest low and also console a devastated teammate. The boys not only handled it with grace, but also put together a plan on the bus ride home to start preparing the very next day for 2018. They named the season ‘The Redemption Tour’ and ended up working harder than this coach thought was possible. In 2018, they left no doubt in winning their first ever state championship at Pinon Hills Golf Course. I have never seen a group of boys handle adversity of that magnitude and then channel their emotions into a positive goal for the next year. It truly was a story of redemption and it was quite a journey as a coach…and one I will never forget!” -Tom Yost, Piedra Vista High School Golf
Time Management
Being a successful athlete takes a lot of dedication, but it also takes a lot of time. Athletes have to juggle their time between school, practice, and sometimes a job. Being on a team can be a job in itself. Sports teaches a person how to organize, prioritize, and focus on the importance of academics. Athletes know what they need to do and when to do it.
“I had a student-athlete that wasn’t living up to the expectations of our volleyball team and herself. As a result, she did not attend a week-long summer trip/team camp as an upperclassman, and it definitely sent a message to the player. Years later, and after college, the player contacted me and said ‘Thank you, coach. That was an experience that changed my life for the better, I owe a lot to you coach. My path to be successful began with the expectations/discipline that you provided a young kid.’” -Toby Mananares, Rio Rancho High School Volleyball
Dedication
Every athletic season has a beginning and an end. Coaches preach to their kids to finish what you start. It’s one of the foundations of sport. Everyone wants to quit at some point, but dedication to improvement and becoming the best you can be is what keeps the athlete going.
“Sometimes my kids don’t understand why I get on them for being ‘a few minutes late to practice’. But in life, ‘a few minutes late’ here and there can cost you a job or an opportunity. Life is about dedicating and committing yourself to something you believe in and giving yourself to that belief even when it is hard and isn’t maybe always going your way. You don’t quit, you keep moving and giving everything you have.” -Stacy Salinas, Rio Rancho/Sue V. Cleveland Swimming
Overcoming Adversity
In sports, there are hurdles to get over, much like in life. Sometimes things can surprise you or catch you off guard. They say life is not about what happens to you, but how you deal with it.
“I had a player who lost both his parents. He lost his mom when he was 5 and dad when he was 15. This young man had several offers from families to move in with them, but he was a very proud young man and refused. Well, he was able to find housing and remained in the school district and on the team. The year after his dad died, he had many ups and downs but fought his way through it as he had a lot of support from friends, families, and coaches. This young man ended up contributing to 3 Cross Country Championships, 1 State Track Championship, and 2 State Basketball Championships. He more than overcame his adversity!” -Ira Harge, Espanola High School Athletic Director
Perseverance
Having the tenacity and determination to accomplish something despite the level of difficulty doesn’t just apply to student-athletes, sports can teach the same perseverance to coaches too. Fight through it, don’t run from a situation when adversity strikes. There will be setbacks. There will be obstacles, but success doesn’t happen overnight.
“There was a girl who I coached almost 15 years ago, she was a good player, and was starting at the beginning of the year. But through the end of September, she could not keep her breath and was having a hard time running. Well, she went to the doctor and they could not find out what was wrong, but she was not getting any better. She was so loyal to the team, never missed practice and was at every game. Even her senior year she still was around for everything, but would get sick quite often and had a hard time playing, but we kept a great relationship through all this. She went off to college and we always would meet when she came back into town. We talked life lessons each time, and each time she said how playing soccer taught her so much. She now has a wonderful professional job in New York City and what she has learned through sports has helped her with everything she has accomplished in her professional life. She still gets sick and has a hard time with her heath, but she never gave up and always pushed forward. Sports teaches you things like that.” -Amber Ashcraft, La Cueva High School Soccer
Patience
Winning takes time. Championship teams aren’t built overnight. In sports you have a coach and in life you have a boss. You learn to take instruction, develop patience and become a member of a team.
“I tell my players that when we do something, we do it right and we do it that way every time. I give our players and parents a booklet every year. It talks about how to perform under pressure. They understand that the role of discipline and self-sacrifice play an important part of being successful. Experiencing the pains of commitment and the thrill and joy of success is an integral part of being a basketball player; those same feelings that will be experienced in the real world.” -Marty Zeller, Los Lunas High School Girls Basketball, 41 Years of Coaching
Respect
Athletes must respect their coaches, officials, teammates, and their opponent. It is important to recognize the worth of another.
“As an athlete, I think the biggest thing I gained was confidence to pursue. I learned how to set my sights on something and be willing to put in the work even if I had underlying doubts. It’s the idea of relentlessly putting one foot in front of the other, even when things get hard. Along with that came an ability to give to and receive from others in a collective effort.” -Kathy Hipwood, Los Alamos High School Cross Country
Integrity
Morals and ethics come into play every day in sports. Honesty and adherence to the rules is a foundation of every game. Many coaches will tell you that with some athletes it takes time and patience for them to realize their self-worth and value, but people can develop into some of the strongest members of their team when they realize there are no short cuts.
“My suggestions are to smile when the headwind makes us work harder, laugh when we fall down bleeding, and never let anyone else control our emotions.” -Tim Host, ATC Cross Country
Responsibility
Taking accountability is a major characteristic of successful student athletes. Participating in sports brings many obligations, to your teammates, to your coach, and to your academics.
“I had a athlete that started wrestling his sophomore year with no prior experience. He was failing in school and was ineligible to compete. His junior year, he was 2.8 GPA student with a less than .500 win percentage. His senior year, he was a 3.4 GPA student and made the state finials! I believe the lessons he learned on the mat has transformed him to the man he is today, being a highly well-respected police officer.” -Nate Sellers, Miyamura High School Wrestling
Compassion
Athletes can learn about caring for another as their coach cares for them. Young adults can witness, first hand, the sympathy and care for the suffering of others. Coaches themselves can relate to another’s pain because it’s something they might have gone through themselves at one time.
“The one incident that stands out to me was a life-long lesson learned by one of my athletes that decided they were going to run away from home with their significant other as a sophomore in high school. The couple had purchased bus tickets, and this athlete informed their grandparents they were living with, that they were leaving. The athlete was begged to stay and of course did not. The grandmother called me in the middle of the night begging me to talk to this individual as the departure time was getting closer. At first I was hesitant, but then I thought – ‘what if this was my kid doing this and I had the confidence in their coach to try and assist during this time of need?’ So, of course, I jumped in the car and headed to the bus station. By the time I arrived, my athlete was on the bus, the grandmother was crying in the parking lot and I was thinking to myself – ‘What am I going to be able to say to change their mind?’ I boarded the bus, looked my athlete in the eye and explained how disappointed I was that they could disrespect their grandmother like this, disrespect themselves and let their teammates down. The responsibility/commitment they made when becoming a part of the team was just about to be broken. I cried, they cried….we talked about feelings, respect, etc., and just as the time for departure arrived, the athlete grabbed their belongings and got off the bus. At this point, I don’t know who cried more…me, the athlete or the grandmother. This event that happened was unfortunate, however, I believe the athlete learned some very valuable life lessons, as did I, having children of my own. This individual had a very successful high school career both on and off the court and went on to play at the next level on a scholarship, graduated from college, married and has 3 beautiful children. To me, this is what coaching is all about.” -George Maya, Mayfield High School Girls Basketball, 37 Years of Coaching
Dream Big, Anything Is Possible
At all levels, sports have given us memorable moments when we say ‘I can’t believe that just happened!’ Athletes think about what they want and forget all the reasons why it can’t become a reality. They work hard to make their dreams come true. If you believe it, you can achieve it.
“I had a student athlete who happened to have down syndrome. She was on the dance team all 4 years of high school. She participated in everything but competition. Every year she would put on her uniform and get hair and makeup done for State. She would join me up front and cheer on the team. Her senior year, this young lady got to do the one thing left undone. She walked down the ramp and this time her teammates joined me upfront and cheered her on as she performed on the PIT floor in front of 15,000 people. I hope the lesson learned by my team and others, is that nothing is impossible. We can all achieve our dreams, and maybe help someone else achieve theirs.” -Nicole List, Cheer/Dance Coach
All of those lessons we learn from competing. We haven’t even touched on how sports can teach loyalty, leadership, and maturity. Sometimes self-improvement can’t be measured in wins, losses, time or distance. Self-improvement is connected to one’s determination in the face of unexpected obstacles.
I’d like to finish with this thought. Adversity is a part of life. Never quit. That’s the lesson Heath Ridenour says sports taught him, both as a player and a coach. “Find the light amidst the darkness,” he reminds others. “Overwhelm the negative thought with a positive action. Choose to wake up and win every single day. This applies to athletics, but it is 100% relevant in every aspect of life as well.”
Spoken like a true coach.
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7350
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dbpedia
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https://www.jerseywatch.com/blog/team-building-activities-for-youth-sports
|
en
|
Team Building for Youth Sports: A Coach's Playbook
|
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[
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[
"Tim Gusweiler"
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2023-08-17T11:05:00-04:00
|
Learn 10 of the best team building activities for youth sports to build trust and communication between athletes.
|
en
|
/apple-icon-57x57.png
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https://www.jerseywatch.com/blog/team-building-activities-for-youth-sports
|
Teamwork is the foundation of any successful sports team.
When players on your team build strong relationships, it makes life much easier as a coach or parent.
One of the fastest ways to build a strong sense of teamwork is to organize team building activities before your season. The key to a successful team building activity is to make it a fun event, emphasize collaboration, and involve everyone - including players, coaches, and parents.
In this post, we’ll go over some benefits of team building activities and share some ideas you can use before your next season.
The importance of team building in youth sports
Why is it important to use team building activities for your youth sports team? Team building activities can lead to better player communication, increased trust, and positive team culture.
Plus, players with strong friendships are bound to have more fun practicing and playing games throughout the year.
Even college and professional teams use team building activities to strengthen social relationships and improve on-field performance.
Improve communication and collaboration among team members
“Teamwork makes the dream work,” as they say. Most team building activities will help improve player communication skills and teach athletes to become team players and work toward a common goal.
Regardless of your team’s age or skill level, have a few fun team building activities throughout your season.
Build trust and camaraderie
Players need to trust one another and their coaches on the field. Fun team building activities can teach athletes to believe in one another and trust that their teammates have their back.
Foster a positive team culture
You need your players to be excited to be a part of the team and contribute to the overall success. Working together on tough challenges during preseason team building activities will build strong bonds throughout your season.
10 team building activities for kids sports
Do you need to brainstorm ideas for team building activities for your team? In this section, we’ll go over a few of our favorites, both on-field and off-field.
Try to find a few preseason team building activities, and continue to add more fun activities during your season as needed.
On-field team building activities
Try to have at least one fun outdoor activity at the end of your first few practices. Players should look forward to the friendly competition before they head home.
1. Relay races
Relay races are the easiest team building activity you can organize. You can make it competitive by giving a reward to the first team that wins.
Here are a few relay race ideas depending on the sport you coach:
If you coach a basketball team, you can split your team up into teams of three or four for a dribbling relay race that ends with a layup for each player. To make it extra fun, make the players shoot the layup backward or bounce the ball off the floor into the basket.
Outdoor sports like football or baseball, you can do classic wheelbarrow races with teams of two.
Track and Field teams can do a typical 4x100 relay, but mix things up to make it fun. Include athletes that normally participate in different events like throws or long distance in the sprint, and make your sprinters bear crawl instead of run (just make sure each team has one bear crawler 🙂).
Volleyball teams can have a relay race to see which team can each hit a serve into a small target (like a ball cart).
If possible, have your coaches participate in the relay race. Including coaches can help create a bond between players and coaches while adding extra fun to the activity.
2. Obstacle courses
Every kid loves a good obstacle course. If you have the time, you can also take your team to a local obstacle course.
Most cities have several outdoor or indoor obstacle courses at local parks or recreation facilities. Make sure to make the challenge a team effort - ideally, a few obstacles will require players to work together to complete the obstacle.
If there’s a race nearby, you could sign your team up for a Mud Run or Obstacle Race where they can compete together.
3. Team building conditioning activities
No kid enjoys conditioning activities. Adding a team element is one way to make the exercise more fun. Players will encourage one another and build stronger relationships by completing a difficult challenge as a group.
For example, you could have players bear crawl a long distance (like a mile) as a group. While one player is bear crawling, the others rest and cheer on their teammate. Depending on the size of your team, each player could bear crawl about 100 yards, and benefit from encouraging their teammates while they rest.
Pre-season team building activities can lead to a tight-knit team during your season.
4. Human knot
The human knot is a popular team-building exercise for sports, educational programs, and even corporate environments.
Get the team to stand in a circle. This activity works well with 8 to 20 people, although it can be adapted for smaller or larger groups.
Instruct everyone to reach out with their right hand and grab the hand of someone standing across the circle from them. They should not grab the hand of the person immediately next to them. Then have them reach out with their left hand and grab a different person's hand.
At this point, everyone should be holding hands with two different people, and their arms should be entangled, forming the "knot."
The objective now is for the team to work together to untangle the knot without letting go of each other's hands. They will have to communicate, cooperate, and strategize to gradually untangle themselves.
5. Pass the hula hoop
Have the team members stand in a circle or in a straight line, depending on your preference and space available.
Instruct everyone to hold hands with the person next to them. Place a hula hoop over one person's arm, so it rests between two team members who are holding hands. The goal is to pass the hula hoop around the circle or down the line without letting go of each other's hands.
To add some difficulty, time the team to see how fast they can complete the challenge, or you can introduce multiple hula hoops traveling in opposite directions.
6. Group jump rope
Assemble the team, and decide on the groups that’ll be jumping together. You can have two to four or even more people jumping at the same time, depending on the length of the rope.
the goal is for the group to jump over the rope together without getting tangled or missing a jump. You can set a target number of consecutive jumps or see how many jumps the group can achieve in a set time.
Off-field team building activities
Off-field team building exercises take a little more work to organize. But, you can involve players, coaches, and even parents to build a strong sense of community throughout your team.
7. Meet the Team Night
Meet the Team Night is an easy way to get coaches, players, and parents together before your season starts. You can have a team meal at a parent’s home or a local restaurant (you can even make the event a fundraiser for your team).
Allow the coach to speak for a few minutes to share goals for the season and answer any questions from parents.
8. Sports-themed scavenger hunts
If you have a young team (ages 6-10), a scavenger hunt can be a fun way to get the players working together. If your players are new to the sport, you can use the scavenger hunt to help them learn basic concepts and rules.
Make the scavenger hunt somewhat quick (about 15 minutes) and not too tricky.
9. Community service projects and volunteer work
Community service is a popular team building activity for youth and high school sports teams. Find a Saturday when you don’t have a game and spend a few hours volunteering. You can use www.volunteermatch.org to find opportunities in your community.
There are lots of youth sports charities your team can support as well. You could allow your team to pick a charity to support and work together toward a donation goal at the end of the season.
10. Overnight camps
If you coach a high school or travel team, consider running an overnight camp a few weeks before your season. Overnight camps can help your team gear up with extra practices, and provide plenty of team bonding opportunities.
Make sure to try to include several fun activities for players each day to go along with difficult training and conditioning.
Leadership and communication in team building
One of the biggest benefits of youth sports participation is developing social skills. During team building activities you should place an emphasis on teamwork, effective leadership, and quality communication.
Developing leadership skills
Youth sports are a great opportunity for kids to develop basic leadership skills. Every player should have an opportunity throughout the season to be a leader.
Encouraging different players to take a leadership role in each team building activity. Don’t allow the same kid to always be in the leadership position.
Teach players to listen when their teammate is speaking.
Promoting effective communication
Communication skills should improve throughout your season. Communication isn’t a one way street from coaches to players.
Encourage players to do most of the talking, not coaches.
Implement regular “player meetings” when each player can talk about the team’s progress, previous games, and areas for the team to improve.
Encourage players to give one another constructive feedback.
Sportsmanship and fair play in team building
Teaching sportsmanship should be a constant focus whether you’re coaching 5-year old players or 25-year old athletes. You can use your team building activities as an opportunity to set sportsmanship expectations for your season.
Promoting sportsmanship
Emphasize respect for opponents. For example, you can require teammates to shake hands with one another after a fun after-practice relay race.
Recognize and celebrate acts of sportsmanship. You can even ask players after the game to share examples of their teammates showing good sportsmanship. This can be particularly useful to young players who need to learn basic sportsmanship skills.
Fostering fair play
Team building activities are an opportunity to practice integrity for the real game.
Create a culture of fairness and integrity. You can require that players officiate themselves during team building activities. Any arguments or rule disagreements need to be resolved respectfully between players.
Address issues of cheating or unsportsmanlike behavior. Make sure it is unacceptable for players to bend the rules during team building activities. Players that violate the rules repeatedly can be removed from the game, or suspended from future activities.
Tips for running team building activities
Team building activities lead to stronger bonds between players throughout your season.
Ideas are easy, but execution is everything. Follow these tips to keep your team building activities fun from your first practice, through the end of the season.
Understand your team's needs and dynamics
Assess your team’s weaknesses before planning team building activities. Does your team need better verbal communication skills? Are a few players taking all of the leadership roles? Do they just need to have more fun? Before planning your team building activities, decide where you would like to see improvement.
Adjusting activities based on age. If you’re coaching a soccer team of 4 year olds, try a 10 minute scavenger hunt rather than a 1-hour scavenger hunt. Think about what your team can handle and schedule appropriately so your team isn’t overwhelmed or bored.
Organize engaging activities
Change up the routine throughout the season. Try different fun team building games at the end of practice before settling on a favorite.
Encourage participation from coaches and parents. Involvement from adults in the team building activities can build friendships throughout the organization.
Evaluate and monitor the impact
Discuss with players which team bonding activities they enjoy and why.
Ask parents and coaches if they’ve noticed a difference in player communication and camaraderie.
Notice if more players are taking on leadership roles during practices and games.
Evaluate if you’re noticing more overall team spirit from coaches, players, and parents.
Final thoughts
Fun and engaging team building is a key part of starting a youth sports league. You can use them as icebreakers in the beginning of a season, or to develop problem solving and communication skills during ot. Ideally, you want to have severall on-field and off-field team building activities on hand.
Remember to include more than just athletes in your team building activities. Events can also include coaches, parents, and volunteers. Successful team building activities can help you build a stronger community of players, coaches, volunteers, and parents while leading to more on-field success.
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| 4
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https://sites.psu.edu/leadership/2014/06/22/sports-are-they-a-team-or-a-group/
|
en
|
Sports: Are they a team or a group?
|
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[
"Chandara Jenny Chhay"
] |
2014-06-22T00:00:00
|
en
|
https://sites.psu.edu/leadership/2014/06/22/sports-are-they-a-team-or-a-group/
|
Earlier I was responding to a discussion post, similar to a blog post, and I had a bit of a new revelation between teams and groups. I will admit that I too am guilty of using each terms interchangeably because I’ve never quite defined the terms in relation to team leadership. Team leadership defines teams as individuals working together to achieve a common goal. Groups on the other hand, defined by team leadership, as individuals working separately though achieving common goals. (The Pennsylvania State University) Luckily, I have a little star athlete who has been on multiple sports team that allowed me to interview him. My brother Scott has played baseball for two seasons, wrestling for four, and track for three so we chatted about teams and the variation of events or positions of each sport.
During this time of the year, summer 2014, the biggest sport event of the year is the World Cup, so “FOOTBALL” and no it isn’t American football but what we here in America often refer to as soccer. After completing a quick refresher and search of soccer field positions, there’s the goalkeeper, defenders, midfielders, forwards, and hybrid positions who work together as a team to defend opponents from scoring and score into your opponents as often as possible. Soccer works as a team not so much as a team. The eleven players on the field work with one another to achieve one goal win. Now, take sports like wrestling and track while both sports are essentially a “team” players do fall into the definition of group where all individuals work solely in achieving a common goal.
My baby brother Scott played a team sport of baseball as defined by team leadership. I would categorize baseball as a team sport because it, essentially requires players to work together to achieve a common goal at least in outfield and a player at bat is playing like one were in a group because the player is an individual working solely to achieve a common goal. Typically I would also categorize both track and wrestling as a group sport too because of the core concepts of these sports: Wrestling at 120 and now 140-145 weight classes Scott wrestles one-on-one with his opponents there isn’t a such thing as team wrestling matches except only in professional wrestling like in the WWE. In some of his track events he would run the 100m and 400m also perform in both high jump and long jump events solely to achieve a common goal. One factor, I have failed to mention in relation to the mentioned sports above, they are essentially a team and no not because they’re attempting to achieve a common goal, but the important aspects of any sport, camaraderie and sportsmanship. Earlier I asked Scott if he would define his positions in wrestling and track as either a team or a group, and he said a team. “We work together whether it be on the mat assisting with coaching or on the sidelines of a track field cheering one another on always.”
Reference:
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| 34
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https://inkinaction.com/5-reasons-why-american-football-is-the-best-sport/
|
en
|
5 Reasons Why American Football is the Best Sport in the World
|
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""
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[
"David"
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2023-02-03T10:00:03-07:00
|
Millions of fans all over the world enjoy American football, a sport that is rich in tradition. From the bone-crunching tackles and high-flying aerial
|
en
|
Print your thoughts. Tell your stories.
|
https://inkinaction.com/5-reasons-why-american-football-is-the-best-sport/
|
Millions of fans all over the world enjoy American football, a sport that is rich in tradition. From the bone-crunching tackles and high-flying aerial assaults to the strategic decision-making and clutch performances, American football is a sport that offers something for everyone. In this article, we will explore five reasons why American football is the best sport in the world. Whether you’re a seasoned fan or just discovering the sport for the first time, there’s no denying that American football is an extraordinary and unique athletic endeavor.
Rich History
American football has a rich and storied history, dating back to the late 1800s. From the earliest versions of the sport to the modern-day NFL, American football has evolved and grown over the years but has always maintained its unique blend of physicality, strategy, and excitement.
The history of American football is dotted with iconic moments and legendary players who have left their mark on the sport. From the legendary coaches who have built winning programs to the game-changing players who have defined their eras, American football is full of stories and traditions that give the sport its character and soul.
Another aspect of American football’s rich history is the rivalries that have formed between teams over the years. These rivalries, many of which date back decades or even centuries, add an extra layer of excitement to the sport and create a sense of tradition and legacy that is unmatched by any other sport.
With a legacy of iconic moments, legendary players, and timeless rivalries, the sport has a depth and complexity that adds to its excitement and makes it a truly unique experience for fans. Whether you’re a lifelong fan or just discovering the sport for the first time, American football’s rich history is an essential part of what makes it the best sport in the world.
Strategic Complexity
One of the defining features of American football is its strategic complexity. The game requires a high level of planning and preparation from both the coaches and players, as they must make decisions on both offense and defense in order to gain an advantage. This level of strategic depth sets American football apart from other sports, as it requires a unique combination of physical and mental skills.
Coaches must develop game plans that take into account the strengths and weaknesses of their opponents, as well as the skills of their own players. They must make decisions on when to run or pass the ball, what formations to use, and when to take risks and go for it on fourth down. On defense, they must develop schemes to stop the opposing team’s offense and create turnovers.
Players, too, must be strategic in their approach to the game. Quarterbacks must make quick decisions under pressure, reading the defense and adjusting their plans accordingly. Linemen must anticipate the movements of their opponents and work together to protect the quarterback and open up running lanes. Defenders must react quickly to what they see on the field and make split-second decisions to stop the offense.
All of these strategic elements combine to make American football a sport that is both physically and mentally demanding, and one that requires a unique blend of athletic ability and strategic insight.
Exciting Gameplay
Another reason why American football is considered the best sport in the world is its exciting gameplay. From high-scoring offenses to big plays to clutch performances from star players, the game is full of moments that leave fans on the edge of their seats.
Offenses in American football can be explosive, with talented quarterbacks and skilled receivers combining to create big plays down the field. Running backs, too, can make game-changing runs that can swing the momentum in their team’s favor. And on defense, hard-hitting tackles and interceptions can change the course of a game in an instant.
But what makes American football truly exciting is the unpredictable nature of the sport. A team can score a quick touchdown on one drive, only to turn around and give up a big play on the next. This constant back-and-forth action keeps fans on their feet and creates an excitement that is unique to American football.
The fast-paced nature of the sport also adds to its excitement. With a mix of physicality and finesse, American football keeps fans engaged from start to finish. Whether it’s a bruising run up the middle or a graceful leap over a defender, the game is full of dynamic, awe-inspiring plays that captivate fans.
Dynamic Athlete Types
American football is unique in that it allows for a wide range of body types and skill sets to excel on the field. This diversity in player types makes the sport more exciting to watch and allows for a greater variety of play styles.
For example, bulky offensive and defensive linemen use their size and strength to control the line of scrimmage and create running lanes. Nimble running backs use their quickness and agility to dodge defenders and make game-breaking runs. Agile receivers use their speed and jumping ability to make acrobatic catches and stretch the field. And versatile athletes, such as tight ends and hybrid defensive players, bring a mix of skills to the table and can play multiple positions.
This diversity in player types allows for a greater variety of play styles, as teams can tailor their game plans to take advantage of their unique strengths. This, in turn, creates a more exciting and dynamic game, as fans are treated to a wide array of offensive and defensive strategies, each designed to exploit different player types and skill sets.
Strong Community
American football has a strong community of fans, players, and coaches that contributes to the overall enjoyment of the sport. From youth leagues to college programs to the professional ranks, American football is a sport that brings people together and fosters a sense of camaraderie and shared passion.
One of the most unique aspects of American football is its ability to bring people together on game day. Whether it’s tailgating with friends before the game or bonding with fellow fans during the game, American football creates a sense of community that is unlike anything else. With millions of fans tuning in to watch games every week, the sport has a widespread and dedicated following that only adds to its excitement.
The strong sense of community in American football extends to the players and coaches, too. Teams spend countless hours together, both on and off the field, and form close bonds as they work towards a common goal. This camaraderie is evident on game day, as players and coaches work together to execute their game plans and strive for victory.
Whether you’re a fan, a player, or a coach, the sport brings people together and creates memories that last a lifetime. Be a part of this community by wearing our football-themed shirt.
Summary
In conclusion, American football is considered the best sport in the world for several reasons. Its strategic complexity, exciting gameplay, dynamic athlete types, strong community, and rich history all contribute to the sport’s unmatched appeal. Whether you’re a fan of physical play or intricate strategy, American football has something for everyone.
From the roar of the crowd on game day to the camaraderie of tailgating with friends, American football creates memories and experiences that last a lifetime. And with its ever-evolving rules and innovative technologies, the sport continues to push the boundaries of what’s possible and capture the imagination of fans around the world.
So, whether you’re a lifelong fan or just discovering the sport for the first time, it’s easy to see why American football is considered the best sport in the world. Whether you’re watching from the stands, tuning in on TV, or playing on the field, the sport offers an unforgettable experience that is unmatched by any other sport.
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| 56
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https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbesbusinesscouncil/2022/08/01/what-the-nfl-teaches-us-about-corporate-team-building/
|
en
|
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[
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] | null |
[] |
2022-08-01T00:00:00
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| null | |||||||||
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dbpedia
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1
| 18
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https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2024/02/05/by-a-wide-margin-americans-say-football-not-baseball-is-americas-sport/
|
en
|
By a wide margin, Americans say football – not baseball – is ‘America’s sport’
|
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"Beshay",
"John Gramlich",
"Anna Jackson",
"Michael Rotolo"
] |
2024-02-05T00:00:00
|
More than half of Americans (53%) say America’s sport is football – about twice the share who say it’s baseball (27%).
|
en
|
Pew Research Center
|
https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2024/02/05/by-a-wide-margin-americans-say-football-not-baseball-is-americas-sport/
|
Baseball is known as “America’s favorite pastime.” But for the largest share of the U.S. public, football is “America’s sport,” according to a recent Pew Research Center survey.
In August 2023, we asked nearly 12,000 U.S. adults the following question: “If you had to choose one sport as being ‘America’s sport,’ even if you don’t personally follow it, which sport would it be?” The question was part of a broader survey about sports fandom in the United States.
More than half of Americans (53%) say America’s sport is football – about twice the share who say it’s baseball (27%). Much smaller shares choose one of the other four sports we asked about: basketball (8%), soccer (3%), auto racing (3%) or hockey (1%).
We also included the option for Americans to write in another sport. The most common answers volunteered were golf, boxing, rodeo and ice skating. Other respondents used the opportunity to have some fun: Among the more creative answers we received were “competitive eating,” “grievance politics,” “reality TV” and “cow tipping.”
In every major demographic group, football is the most common choice when the public is asked to identify America’s sport. It tops the list for men and women, for older and younger adults, and for White, Black, Hispanic and Asian Americans alike.
Still, some demographic differences emerge for certain sports. For instance, White Americans are more likely than other racial or ethnic groups to say the national sport is baseball, while Hispanic Americans are more likely than other groups to say it’s soccer. Black and Asian Americans, in turn, are more likely than White and Hispanic Americans to say America’s sport is basketball. In each of these racial and ethnic groups, however, by far the largest share of people say the national sport is football.
Most Americans don’t closely follow sports
Just because Americans see football as the national sport doesn’t mean they’ve been closely following the NFL season leading up to this weekend’s Super Bowl LVIII.
Most U.S. adults (62%) say they follow professional or college sports not too or not at all closely, and a similar share (63%) say they talk about sports with other people just a few times a month or less often, according to the Center’s August survey. In fact, only 7% of adults are what might be called sports “superfans” – people who follow sports extremely or very closely and talk about sports with other people at least every day.
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0
| 42
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https://www.lincoln.ne.gov/City/Departments/Parks-and-Recreation/PRPrograms/Team-Sports
|
en
|
Team Sports
|
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Parks and Recreation provide opportunities for both youth and adults to be a part of organized team sports all year round. Get your friends, neighbors, and co-workers together to play!
|
en
|
/files/ocfavicon/Public/apple-touch-icon.png?V=638473077543944745
|
https://www.lincoln.ne.gov/City/Departments/Parks-and-Recreation/PRPrograms/Team-Sports
|
FUNdamental to Active Living
Location: 3131 O Street, Suite 300
General Hours: Monday - Friday, 8:00 AM - 4:30 PM
Contact Phone: 402-441-7892
Contact email: athletics@lincoln.ne.gov
Register Online: teamsideline.com/lincolnne
Parks and Recreation provide opportunities for both youth and adults to be a part of organized team sports all year round. Get your friends, neighbors, and co-workers together to play!
We offer the following:
Softball divisions – adult men’s, adult women’s, adult coed, and church
Volleyball divisions – adult men’s, adult women’s, adult coed, and youth coed
Basketball divisions – adult men’s, adult women’s, youth and youth instructional camp
Jr.NBA divisions - youth boy's, youth girl's, and instructional camp (complete with a Jr.NBA jersey that the kids get to keep!)
NFL FLAG Football divisions – youth coed (complete with a NFL jersey that the kids get to keep!)
Kickball - Adult coed
Track & Field - one day youth track and field qualifying meet for the state meet; boys and girls divisions
Registration and Season Schedules
Adult Team Sport Registration Begins/Ends Season Begins/Ends Spring/Summer Softball Late February - Early April Mid April - Late July Fall Kickball Mid June - Late July Mid August - Mid October Fall Softball Late June - Late July Mid August - Mid October Fall volleyball Mid July - Mid August Early September - Early December Winter Volleyball Early November - Early December Early January - Late March Winter Basketball Early September - Late October Mid November - Late March Winter Indoor Kickball Late October - Mid December Jan - March
Youth Team Sport & Activity Grades Registration Begins/Ends Season Begins/Ends Spring NFL FLAG Football K-1, 2-3, 4-5, 6- 8 Early January - Late February Mid March - Late April Fall NFL FLAG Football K-1, 2-3, 4-5, 6- 8 Early June - Late July Late August - Mid October Jr.NBA Basketball Camp K-5 Mid August - Early October One day camp in October Jr.NBA Basketball League K-1, 2-3, 4-5 Mid September - Mid October Early December - Early February Volleyball 2-3, 4-5 Early January - Mid February Mid March - Late April Track & Field Ages: 6, 7, 8-9, 10-11, 12- 13 Early April - Early May One day event in May
Our youth programs emphasize INSTRUCTION and DEVELOPMENT of young players learning the game.
Youth need-based scholarships available.
Field Practice Reservations
Our Team Sports fields are available for your team’s practices.
Register online
Tournaments & Special Events
Use our ball fields for a tournament or charity event.
Officiating
Become an official for the Lincoln Parks and Recreation Department!
We offer free clinics for those interested in officiating for any of our programs listed above.
Volunteer Coaches
Do you enjoy sports and working with youth? Volunteer coaches are needed for youth basketball, football, and volleyball programs. Share your knowledge of and passion for the game with the youth of Lincoln! All coaches must complete a Background Check Form.
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| 17
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https://thunderbird.asu.edu/thought-leadership/insights/super-bowl-showcase-unity-and-teamwork-unveiling-crucial-lessons-todays
|
en
|
The Super Bowl: a showcase of unity and teamwork, unveiling crucial lessons for today's organizations
|
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The annual Super Bowl is a moment that reflects national unity and the power of
|
en
|
/sites/default/files/favicon-white.png
|
https://thunderbird.asu.edu/thought-leadership/insights/super-bowl-showcase-unity-and-teamwork-unveiling-crucial-lessons-todays
|
The annual Super Bowl is a moment that reflects national unity and the power of teamwork and offers a few valuable learning lessons for organizations today.
The National Football League’s (NFL) 2024 championship game, also known as the Super Bowl, took place in Las Vegas, NV on February 11, 2024. This single day event has evolved since its origination in the 1960’s to become one of the largest and most commercialized sporting events of our time.
It's a big business with a mass audience. The average ticket price to attend the Super Bowl is over 10 thousand USD, and it’s been commercialized so much that companies can reach a large scale of viewers that no other platform offers: 25% of Americans will watch the game simultaneously. The only other one-day event to attract as many Americans is the last U.S. presidential election.
Companies have launched new products and capitalized through this event platform, and many startups have become household names through their Super Bowl exposure. Viewers watch in real-time some very creative 30 second commercials, creating entertainment and value in the mind of the consumer. However, the exposure comes with a hefty price tag. Businesses and organizations promoting products or services during the Super Bowl may pay as much as 7 million USD for one 30 second commercial.
The NFL gets over 100 billion USD in 10-year TV rights, making it a massive revenue generator for each NFL team and making them more and more valuable. The latest NFL team to be sold, The Washington Commanders transacted at 6 billion USD, not a bad investment from owner Dan Snyder’s 800 million purchase price!
This sporting event attracted not only 65,000 people in the stands (including the celebrity Taylor Swift, girlfriend of The Chiefs Tight End Travis Kelce), but over 110 million Americans on their television, phones, or tablets, and millions of others globally connecting through YouTube and digital streaming platforms.
There are a few learning moments we can take from this event that extend beyond the 100-yard field of the game:
More than just a sport, the game is now an experience for children, families and others who may not know all the rules of the game but who share common passions.
The halftime show has evolved to showcase entertainment and draw in different audiences who may not even be the ones who like the sport of football.
For many, the Super Bowl has become a bonding experience for family and friends where they can come together in unity and to root for something in common, sharing dishes and conversation throughout the show.
The Super Bowl is a chance to root for your favorite team in the NFL and build a sense of community, connection, and personal identity to that team. We proudly wear the team’s colors, and players’ names and numbers on our clothing to show others our passion for the sport.
It’s also an opportunity to show the wonderful dynamics of competition and teamwork. There are 32 teams in the NFL. The Super Bowl is the culminating event that showcases how teams from all around the country and cities, with members from different cultures, backgrounds, and skills come together to showcase what individuals cannot do alone. Sports at this championship level show us how a collaborative team is needed to achieve the highest performance and how a team triumphs over contributions of individuals.
And finally, the Super Bowl is truly a moment America comes together and shows that in team sports, we can create a shared experience with common values.
|
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7350
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dbpedia
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| 40
|
https://www.growthofagame.com/2014/11/appeal-american-football/
|
en
|
What is the Appeal of American Football?
|
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[
"Travis Brody",
"Javier Ruiz"
] |
2014-11-03T01:00:57+00:00
|
Those of us who play or who have played American football have a good idea of how the game makes them feel, but what is the appeal of American football?
|
en
|
The Growth of a Game
|
https://www.growthofagame.com/2014/11/appeal-american-football/
|
Translations of this article are also available in the following languages:BosanskiDanskEspañolFrançaisItalianoMagyarNorskPortuguêsRomânăSrpski
In 2014 Jarryd Hayne, one of the greatest rugby players in the world, announced that he was forgoing his future in Australia’s National Rugby League to try to break into the NFL. Hayne not only turned down guaranteed money and a potential multi-million dollar contract extension with the NRL’s Parramatta Eels, he did it with no guarantee of making an NFL roster. He left the NRL simply to pursue his dream in the NFL without a contract already on the table.
Upon further research, Hayne had zero experience playing American football. Australia does have youth, college, and senior American football leagues, but Hayne began playing rugby from an early age and never participated in football at an organized level. He had been considering a move to the NFL for two years prior to the move, and finally decided the time was right. After taking a tour of the Seattle Seahawks’ facilities in September of last year, he announced his decision on October 15th, 2014.
So why would a rugby superstar – who some consider to be the top player in the world – give up the security of a long-term contract in his sport’s premier league for an uncertain future in American football?
Those of us who play or who have played American football have a fairly good idea of how the game makes them feel, but quantifying these characteristics into a concise explanation of what makes the game great is a bit more tricky. Still, American football offers so many great qualities that there is much to choose from. American football is the world’s greatest game, and Jarryd Hayne is just one of many who have come to understand this.
Here are the top 7 things that make American football great:
1. It’s a great team sport
Basketball is a 5-on-5 sport. Baseball is a 9-on-9 sport. Football is not an 11-on-11 sport. It’s a 50-on-50 sport, or at minimum 30-on-30. To compete at a high level for 60 minutes every week for an entire season, you need depth at every position on both sides of the ball. You then need to coordinate each of those positions within the scope of an organized offense, defense, and special teams. Even the coaching staffs require layered coverage and depth of every coaching position. A result of all this is a major emphasis on teamwork to achieve these objectives.
On the field, all eleven players must be performing in unison, otherwise there are weaknesses to exploit. It takes all eleven players executing on every play, and each has an assigned task that they must complete. Every player is involved in every play, which is unlike any other sport. Off the field, team chemistry is such an important factor. All players must believe that they’re fighting for the same cause and believe in their coaches and teammates.
2. The strategy of the game
Organizing a football roster is the equivalent of maintaining a small army. Much like an army unit, they’re trying to improve individually and as a team every day. Each position has unique responsibilities that they must perform, whether it’s blocking, tackling, catching, running, throwing, kicking, or defending. A coaching staff must coordinate its full roster in both training and its team’s games.
Within a game, teams must endeavor to execute their strategy, adjust when needed, change the point of attack, manage the clock, and substitute players when needed. The game requires more comprehensive strategy than any other sport, making it much more cerebral than anything else out there. If you add to that the preparation required by coaching staffs to watch game and practice film to learn from mistakes and prepare for its their next opponent, its easy to see why football is a very strategic sport.
3. Football is a spectacle
Borrowing some of the greatest aspects of American culture (or at least the most grandiose), football has truly become a spectacle not only in the United States but also around the world. 111.5 million people watched Super Bowl XLVII in the United States alone, with a total of approximately 167 million viewers worldwide. The NFL has become bigger than just the game – it’s pure entertainment. World-class athletes on each team battle it out with tons of action and drama, cheerleaders dance, bands perform, jets fly overhead, and much more. It’s become the best version of reality programming you can get. Throw in the tailgates and the giant stadiums (the Dallas Cowboys’ AT&T Stadium has a capacity of over 105,000), and you get swept up in the excitement.
This level of entertainment is not only reserved for the NFL: college football, high school football, and football in other countries (namely Canada, Mexico, Japan, Germany, and Austria, among others) also provide enormous value to fans. Football is the most popular sport in the United States and growing tremendously in other countries, causing more people to take notice and an increase in the entertainment value to fans of each respective team or league.
4. Pace of the game
A common criticism of football by those that don’t know football is that the game involves too much stopping and starting, with minimal continuous play. The issues with this argument is that it doesn’t acknowledge the value of the “stop-and-start” nature of football. The average play in American football lasts for approximately 4-6 seconds, followed by a period of approximately 25-40 seconds of pause. This time is used for physical and mental recovery from each play, as well as time to assess the last play and coordinate the next play. However, most importantly this enables players to get prepared to commit 100% effort to the next play. Due to the continuous nature of other sports, there are rarely moments when these sports exhibit 100% effort due to the fatigue associated with non-stop play. Rather than seeing players give you their very best, you’re watching them give the very best of what they have left – which is usually something like 80-90% of their full capacity.
Sports like soccer, baseball, rugby, cricket, hockey, and even basketball also involve a tremendous amount of time for players to simply stand around in the middle of play. This is something that simply never happens with football – every player is giving 100% effort and concentration to every play, with no standing around. This is something that few other sports – if any – can claim.
5. The intensity of the game
As Vince Lombardi famously said, “Football is not a contact sport, it’s a collision sport – dancing is a contact sport.” Football is not for the weak of heart, or weak of mind. The intensity of the sport is almost unparalleled, as are the big hits you take during a game. This takes an incredible amount of focus and mental toughness, as the risk of injury is very real.
While those less familiar with the game may claim that football is less intense than sports like rugby because pads and a helmet are part of the game, they’re missing the fact that these elements can also be used as a weapon against your opponent. Since football does provide you with pads, it gives you the confidence and ability to hit your opponent at full speed. Most rugby tackles are not performed with the same force as an American football tackle.
6. There is a position for everyone
Whether you’re 5’6″ or 6’6″, 150 lbs. or 300 lbs., there is a place for you in this game. While sports like basketball or soccer generally require you to fit a certain build and level fitness, football has a large variety of positions that perform very different functions and therefore require players of different sizes and athleticism. If you’re 6’4″, 280 lbs., there likely aren’t a lot of sports you can play, but in football you could be a legend (and often be paid well for it). For this reason, it’s a far more inclusive game than most and encourages cooperation among players of all different backgrounds.
7. Values
Toughness, teamwork, commitment, strategy, unity, and strength. These are just some of the characteristics attributed to American football. These are appealing, no doubt, and are coached into players from the first time they step on the field until the very last time they put on a uniform. The important thing about these values is that they go far beyond football – they are important in life. Football is in many ways a microcosm of life. It teaches you to overcome adversity, to stay focused on an objective, and allows you to taste success at varying levels.
When you go to battle with your teammates, it builds a powerful bond. A lot of friendships are built on and off the field. Football is a uniting force and allows you to learn some important lessons that you carry with you the rest of your life.
If you have a friend who could benefit from reading from this article, please share it with them so they can better understand your passion for the game of football.
What are your thoughts? Which of these is most important to you? Is there something else you’d add to this list? We’d love to hear from you in the comments section below.
|
|||||
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|
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| 52
|
https://blog.gwi.com/trends/fastest-growing-international-sports/
|
en
|
The fastest growing international sports
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[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Jack Seasholtz"
] |
2023-07-05T15:54:18+00:00
|
From American football and basketball, to soccer and judo, find out which international sports are scoring in new markets.
|
en
|
GWI
|
https://blog.gwi.com/trends/fastest-growing-international-sports/
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As the world grows more interconnected, people are increasingly exposed to international content. You only need to look at K-pop’s influence on Western fashion to see that.
If that wasn’t enough, over a quarter of TV streamers say that international content is important when deciding which platforms to subscribe to.
And the world of sports is no different.
Let’s start with a definition of “international sports”. In the context of this blog, it refers to a sport that isn’t associated with a country or widely played/followed there. For example, soccer wouldn’t be considered an international sport in Brazil, where it sees high engagement and has deep cultural roots, but American football would. Only 19% of Brazilians follow the latter, while 85% keep tabs on soccer.
Now the field is set up, we’re going to offer some striking examples of where international sports have been able to score in new markets.
Popularity of soccer in the US
First up is the massive growth of soccer. Despite Americans playing soccer for over 100 years, it’s only recently started to gain traction. It’s now one of the fastest growing sports in the US.
As of Q4 2022, soccer is the 4th most followed sport in the country – it ranked 6th in Q2 2020, but is now only outranked by domestic sports. It’s even giving baseball – the country’s oldest sport – a run for its money. Baseball has tried to combat its loss of market share, especially among younger audiences, by introducing new rules to increase scoring – including a pitch clock to help speed up pace of play and larger bases.
And these developments are necessary with soccer hot on its heels.
The rapid growth of soccer has been driven by younger Americans.
Millennials are 11% more likely to follow the sport than the average American sports fan, while Gen Z are 25% more likely.
With increased scrutiny on contact sports, more parents are getting their kids involved in soccer at a grassroots level. In 2021, American football was the most played team sport among US 8-11s, but its popularity has dropped 15% in the last 2 years. Soccer has now overtaken it, growing 9% over the same period.
The most popular soccer competitions that Americans follow are the FIFA World Cup, the Premier League, and the UEFA Champions League. The MLS is the 5th most popular soccer league in the US. So, much of the growth of soccer has been driven by international leagues, and not from the domestic game.
The Premier League is a great example. It hosts pre-season tournaments in the US, and its streaming partnerships make access easier for many Americans. As a result, US interest in the Premier League is up 53% since 2020.
The MLS will also likely see its popularity continue to grow. With new franchises opening, and the arrival of Lionel Messi, there’ll be more American eyes on the game than ever before.
This expanded audience has given streaming providers like Apple TV+ a great opportunity to expand into the live sports space. Meanwhile, other brands can reach a previously untapped audience through lucrative partnership deals and advertising.
Interest in soccer around the world
The US isn’t the only country where soccer is seeing some big changes. The recent growth of the game’s popularity in China can be attributed to the country lifting its zero-covid policy, allowing fans back into stadiums for the new CSL season. In Canada, qualification for the 2022 World Cup caused a nation to rally around a team, inspiring a new generation of players in the process.
That aside, South Korea shows the impact individual players can have on the game as a whole. Son Heung-min, who plays for Tottenham Hotspur in the Premier League, has significantly raised the profile of the club within the country. As of Q4 2022, 18% of South Koreans support the club.
An even more extreme example of this trend can be found in Egypt, where Mohamed Salah’s move to Liverpool boosted support in the country, from 18% in Q1 2017 to 40% in Q4 2022.
When Salah left his previous club Roma, support of that club in Egypt dipped from a high of 21% in Q1 2017 down to 2% in Q4 2022. This highlights the significant influence individual players can have on fan numbers, and the importance of continuously nurturing fan engagement.
One area to watch is the many big name signings made in the Saudi Arabian League this summer. If the league becomes an attractive spot for top players, and begins to compete with Europe’s top leagues, staying power shouldn’t be an issue. The league is trying to grow its audience quickly, which could be an opportunity for sports brands and sponsors to get in on the ground floor.
Judo is one of the fastest growing sports in the US
Another sport that’s gaining popularity is martial arts. In 2019, the World Karate Foundation committed to growing the sport in Europe. Post-pandemic, we’re starting to see the impact in Germany and Spain, as people are looking to get involved in new hobbies. The same effect can be seen among Gen Alpha in Europe, where martial arts participation has increased by 38% since 2021.
Martial arts have grown in the US, too. Though MMA derives much of its popularity from UFC, an American company, it’s likely made international martial arts more attractive.
The number of Americans who follow judo has increased by 24% year-on-year, one of the largest increases for any sport over this time span. USA Judo has partnered with Judo France in order to promote the growth of the sport stateside, as the sport is twice as popular in France.
One of the key initiatives for future growth will be developing judo programmes in schools. Martial arts has seen a 25% increase in popularity among girls aged 8-15 in the US, too, which points to a broader trend of women learning self defense.
As judo followers are very community-driven, brands have a chance to build relationships with extremely loyal fan bases by association.
Basketball is growing globally
The US has done a good job of making their domestic sports cultural exports. Baseball’s seen significant growth in Spain, as the MLB eyes up Europe, and Indonesia, where the country’s first domestic league just launched.
But the top American sport around the world is basketball. Globally, basketball is the 2nd most popular sport, with 39% of sports fans outside the US saying that they watch, play, or follow it. In fact, there are 5 countries ahead of the US when it comes to engagement.
The NBA is also the most followed league in every region. In China, it’s 62% more popular than the Chinese Basketball Association among basketball fans, for example. This is similar to the MLS and the Premier League in the US.
Fans are drawn to high quality competition, where they can see the biggest stars of the sport compete.
Outside the US, engagement with the NBA has grown 10% year-on-year, which can be linked to international stars. The past 5 regular season MVPs have all gone to international players, and the first pick in this year’s draft, Victor Webamayama, also comes from outside the US. While international stars aren’t anything new, there are more international players than in the past, with over 120 on NBA rosters.
As with soccer in the US, basketball tends to be much more popular with younger groups. Gen Z are 17% more likely than the average European to engage with basketball.
We can expect basketball’s reach to grow further in coming years as international stars continue to dominate the NBA, and other markets gain more access to games.
American football is growing rapidly in international markets
Another American export in the world of sports has been the NFL. The first overseas NFL game happened all the way back in 2007 at Wembley, and the NFL has been promoting the league in Europe ever since.
The proportion of sports fans in the UK who follow the NFL rose by 8% between Q4 2022 and Q1 2023. In Germany, the increase was 6%, following sellout crowds at the league’s first live foray into the market. We expect to see these figures rise, with three games to be played in London, and two games in Frankfurt next season.
APAC interest in American football is also on the rise, as more sports fans from Australia, India, and Indonesia tune in to watch the NFL. The rise in Australian interest has been the most significant in the region, as more of their countrymen become prominent figures in the sport.
What does all this mean for American football? If games continue to be well attended and audiences continue to grow outside of the US, it’s possible that an international franchise could be a real possibility sometime in the not so distant future.
Some winning thoughts on international sports
As we enter an increasingly globalized world, where content is easily available, traditionally domestic leagues are gaining widespread popularity abroad.
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Discover 13 Most Popular Sports In The USA
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"most watched sports in the us",
"biggest sports in america",
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"popular sports in america",
"most viewed sports in america"
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[
"amberstudent"
] |
2024-07-11T00:00:00
|
Explore 13 most popular sports in the USA, from football and basketball to golf! Stay ahead of the game! Discover the biggest sports in America and see which ones are winning fans.
|
en
|
https://amberstudent.com/blog/post/most-popular-sports-in-usa
|
It’s no shocker that slam dunks and touchdowns score big points in American hearts. Sports take up a big spot in American culture – with stadiums overflowing with fans every sports season and children who dream of being the next MVP (Most Valuable Player). Whether you’re a die-hard fan or wondering about the best American sports, we’ve got you covered with the most popular sports in the US. We will take you through popularity ratings, celebrity players, and viewership numbers to help you understand what makes the particular activities top sports in USA. So, grab your foam finger, wear your lucky socks and check out the biggest sports in America below!
Top 13 Most Popular Sports in America
Did you know around 160 million people in the USA watch live sports at least once a month? While people have moved from traditional TVs to online streaming services, the craze remains the same in the USA. So, if you want to look at the other side of this mania, let’s have a good look at the biggest sports in America. We have ranked based on viewership and popularity to compile a list of the most played and most popular sports in America. So, let the game get started!
1. American Football
Popularity: 74.5%
Governing Body: National Football League (NFL) & National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA)
Notable Athletes: Jim Brown, Jerry Rice, Tom Brady, Deion Sanders, Walter Payton, Joe Montana
Also known as gridiron and the most watched sport in the US, American football is a team sport played by two teams of eleven players. Evolving from rugby and soccer, it's the most popular US sport in terms of viewership. The annual championship, the Super Bowl, draws over 112 million viewers and features iconic halftime shows. It is not only one of the traditional American sports, but around 40 million Americans participate in fantasy football. It is undoubtedly one of the top 3 sports in USA. Around this time, there is a high possibility that you might get really good student discounts on clothes allowing you to get your favorite team jersey and make your experience even more memorable.
According to Statista, “ Viewers watched a combined 974.7 billion minutes of football action across the 284 televised games between November 2022 and November 2023.”
2. Basketball
Popularity: 56.6%
Governing Body: National Basketball Association (NBA)
Notable Athletes: Michael Jordan, LeBron James, Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, Kobe Bryant, Shaquille O'Neal
Invented in the 19th century, basketball is the most popular sport in USA. Teams of five battle to shoot hoops and dominate, with an average NBA Finals viewership of 15-20 million. Popular in schools (over 17,000 high school teams!), basketball boomed after WWII with the rise of cable TV and soon became the most loved sport in USA. The NBA, watched by 1.59 million viewers, has inspired movies like Hoosiers and Space Jam, showcasing its global influence as one of the biggest sports in USA.
3. Baseball
Popularity: 50.5%
Governing Body: MLB
Notable Athletes: Babe Ruth, Hank Aaron, Mickey Mantle, Bo Jackson, Ted Williams
Have you wondered about “What is the number 1 sport in America?” America's Pastime and one of the top favorite sports in USA, Baseball, is a bat-and-ball game enjoyed by two teams. Though not topping football or basketball in viewership, the World Series still draws around 11.8 million viewers. A cornerstone of American childhood and identity, it's played from little leagues to massive stadiums & is one of the most fun outdoor activities to try as a college student! Even though there is no national sport of USA, baseball will win the race unanimously any day.
4. Boxing
Popularity: 23.4%
Governing Body: National Boxing Association (NBA)
Notable Athletes: Muhammad Ali, Mike Tyson, Rocky Marciano, Marvelous Marvin Hagler
With roots dating back to the 19th century, boxing has cemented itself as a cornerstone of American sporting culture and earned the title of one of the most popular sports in USA. Its appeal lies in its raw simplicity: two athletes testing their strength, strategy, and endurance in a tightly confined space. Being one of the most famous sports in USA, 6.7 million in the United States participated in it. The drama of the knockout, the tension building with each dodged punch, and the triumphant roar of the victor all contribute to it becoming one of the top watched sports in America.
5. Ice Hockey
Popularity: 22.1%
Governing Body: National Hockey League (NHL)
Notable Athletes: Patrick Kane, Mike Mandano, Chris Chelios, Brian Leetch, Auston Matthews
Fast-paced and thrilling, ice hockey is the 5th most popular sport in USA! Teams battle on ice skates, using sticks to shoot a puck into the opponent's net (think hockey on ice!). The Stanley Cup Finals garner around 12.41 million viewers yearly, showcasing the best players from the NHL, a league spanning 32 teams in the US and Canada. Once you witness players swing their sticks with one hand and whip forward at 100 miles per hour, you will know why ice hockey is one of the top sports in USA. You can also catch movies like Slap Shot and Miracle and live through the excitement of the top 10 sports in America.
6. Soccer
Popularity: 21.6%
Governing Body: MLS
Notable Athletes: Landon Donovan, Clint Dempsey, Tim Howard, Christian Pulisic, Michael Bradley
Known elsewhere as football, soccer is not only becoming one of the most popular sports in USA but also ranking among the top 5 most watched sports in the US. Despite its global dominance, soccer's viewership peaked in 2017 as the 3rd most-watched sport with 24 million US viewers (after basketball and football). One of the reasons that soccer has become one of the most popular sports in USA, it’s because the 1994 World Cup was hosted at Sanford Stadium, which is one of the biggest stadiums in the USA. Another reason for its popularity is the US Women's National Team winning the first-ever Women's World Cup! Now, Major League Soccer (MLS), founded in 1996, showcases the best American men's professional players.
7. Golf
Popularity: 19.7%
Governing Body: The Majors
Notable Athletes: Ben Hogan, Sam Snead, Tom Watson, Byron Nelson, Walter Hagen
While often seen as elitist, golf boasts millions of American players, both competitive and recreational. One of the most popular sports in USA, its roots run deep, with the first course built in 1888. Though older people seem to show more interest in golf, the younger generations often take up the club. Renowned courses, like Pebble Beach and Augusta National draw in fans for major tournaments. Moreover, it will blow your mind that H. Chandler Egan was one of the Harvard University notable alumni! Of course, over 25 million people watch golf, making it one of the top sports in America.
8. Wrestling
Popularity: 16.5%
Governing Body: World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE)
Notable Athletes: Lee Kemp, Kyle Dake, Kyle Snyder, Hulk Hogan, John Cena
Dating back to ancient civilizations, wrestling has become the most popular sport in USA that blends athleticism with theatrical performance. Collegiate wrestling boasts a strong presence in the US, while professional wrestling companies like WWE captivate audiences with larger-than-life characters and storylines. WrestleMania, WWE's biggest event, draws over 1 million pay-per-view buys, showcasing the sport's entertainment value and becoming the most popular USA sport. With 2.6 million viewers, USA Wrestling selects athletes for international competitions like the Olympics, keeping the tradition of competitive wrestling alive in the US. If you want to unearth why wrestling is one of the most popular American sports, you should look up “Montreal Screwjob” or Ric Flair’s retirement.
9. Tennis
Popularity: 15.5%
Governing Body: Major League Table Tennis (MLTT)
Notable Athletes: Pete Sampras, John McEnroe, Andre Agassi, Serena and Venus Williams, Billie Jean King
Since we are listing famous sports in USA, tennis deserves to be in it. With the first US court built in 1874, tennis is a long-standing and popular US sport. Played competitively and recreationally, it boasts prestigious tournaments like the US Open, one of the Grand Slams. Matches feature two teams (singles or doubles) battling to score points with rackets. Moreover, tennis is one of the top American sports (over a million viewers) as the US players won over 80 Grand Slam singles titles! The United States Tennis Association plays a major role in promoting tennis at the grassroots level by organizing junior tournaments.
10. Auto Racing
Popularity: 14.6%
Governing Body: National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing (NASCAR)
Notable Athletes: A.J. Foyt, Mario Andretti, Richard Petty, Jimmie Johnson, Jeff Gordon
Fueled by adrenaline, Auto Racing is a popular US sport with millions of fans. The first race roared to life in 1895, and iconic events like the Daytona 500 (over 5 million viewers) drew in huge crowds. Speed demons race on legendary tracks like Daytona International Speedway and Indianapolis Motor Speedway, showcasing peak performance and daring maneuvers. It does not matter whether you have got into the best universities in USA or not; make it a wish to witness Formula One cars speeding 200 miles per hour before your eyes. Only then will you understand why it’s one of the top American sports and gets more than 1.1 views!
11. Ice Skating
Popularity: 2%
Governing Body: USFSA (United States Figure Skating Association)
Notable Athletes: Dorothy Hamill, Peggy Fleming, Katrina Witt, Michelle Kwan
From iconic figures like Sonja Henie to the popularity of winter rinks, ice skating has found its way into the cultural fabric. Though there has been a decline in viewership for figure skating in recent years, it has successfully held on to its position as one of the traditional and popular sports in the US (90,000 viewers). While organizations like U.S. Figure Skating (a national governing body) offer programs for all ages, ice skating's place in American culture might be more about leisure and tradition than topping the charts of popular sports. If you want to know why it’s one of the most popular sports in America, you should read about Edward Bushnell!
12. Mixed Martial Arts
Popularity: 1%
Governing Body: Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC)
Notable Athletes: Anderson Silva, Randy Couture, Anthony Pettis, Mark Coleman
Mixed martial arts (MMA), a combat sport combining boxing, wrestling, Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu, and other areas, has become not only the fastest-growing but also one of the most popular sports in USA (3.9 million viewers). The rise of the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) organization has been a major driver of this growth. High-profile events featuring skilled athletes and dramatic fights have captivated audiences’ attention. This surge has translated into more participation over the years, and it has become one of the most popular sports in America.
13. Rugby
Popularity: 10%
Governing Body: The United States Rugby Football Foundation (USRFF)
Notable Athletes: Chris Wyles, Samu Manoa, Blaine Scully
Rugby is one of the biggest sports in America, with Major League Rugby (MLR) attracting over 2 million viewers for its championship. Key players include Bryce Campbell and AJ MacGinty. The Collegiate Rugby Championship and USA Rugby National Championships are significant events, boosting the sport’s popularity and participation; as one of the top sports in America, it garners more than 2.5 million viewership every year.
What is the most popular sport in America? In this grand arena, we've taken quite the journey through the ten most popular sports in USA. From touchdowns to home runs, from fast-paced courts to ice-cold rinks, these most popular sports in USA have kept America entertained, engaged, and sometimes even enraged! So, whether you're pitching for baseball, scoring for soccer, or swinging for the fences in your own life, remember that it's the love for the game that truly matters!
|
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7350
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dbpedia
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| 6
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https://stoxenergy.com/en-fr/blogs/sports/5-team-sports-that-make-you-run-crazy
|
en
|
These are the 5 team sports that run the most!
|
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[
""
] | null |
[
"Caspar Disselhoff"
] |
2023-01-11T17:12:08
|
Looking for team sports that get you moving? we have listed 5 sports that make you run the most. Read all about them in our blog..
|
en
|
//stoxenergy.com/cdn/shop/files/317529261_204764958582967_5286661280988231584_n_32x32.jpg?v=1676983232
|
STOX Energy Socks
|
https://stoxenergy.com/en-fr/blogs/sports/5-team-sports-that-make-you-run-crazy
|
11 January 2023
5. American Football (2 km)
You've probably seen an American Football game on TV and if not, you've probably seen a clip from the Super Bowl. At first glance, it seems that the players are constantly running from one side of the field to the other, thus driving a lot of kilometers. Nothing is less true. According to this study, an average 60 minute American Football match has only 11 minutes of playing time. 11 minutes! The remaining time is spent on commercial breaks and reruns on television. Sounds little, but if you add up the distance of all players and calculate the average walking distance, you end up at about 2 kilometers. With an average playing time of 11 minutes, that is quite a lot, especially when you consider that most players are heavier than 100 kilos!
4. Basketball (4.5 km)
Since 2012, SportVU has been used in the basketball world; a modern technique with which the movement of each individual player can be mapped. This showed that the average walking distance of a basketball team is 4.5 kilometers. Basketball player Jimmy Butler (Chicago Bulls) covered the greatest distance in the 2014 season and ran an average of 4.98 kilometers per game.
Fun fact: The NBA is one of the world's largest basketball leagues, with each team playing as many as 82 games. If you add the average walking distance of a basketball player and multiplied by 82, you end up with 408 kilometers. On average, a basketball player runs almost 10 marathons during the entire competition!
TIP: Do you also practice a team sport such as basketball, tennis or football? Then try playing a match (or training) with sports socks from STOX Energy. These compression socks make your legs less tired and give your legs constant energy. In addition, muscle damage and the risk of injuries is significantly reduced!
3. Tennis (4.8km)
This is a tricky one, because a tennis match has no time limit and the winner is determined when the player has won two sets or when the player wins the tiebreak. It is therefore very difficult to determine how much a tennis player runs on average per match, but as far as possible, a professional player runs about 4.8 kilometers per match. The record for the shortest tennis match was during Wimbledon 2013 (Igor Sijsling and Ivan Dodig), which lasted only 14 minutes. The longest match? That was also at Wimbledon in 2010 when John Isner and Nicholas Mahut ran back and forth for a whopping 11 hours and 5 minutes until Isner came out victorious. Both players would have walked about 9.6 kilometers at the end of the latter match.
2. Football (11km)
Football players cover a considerable number of kilometers in a 90-minute match (not counting injury time). Compared to the forwards and the defenders, the midfielders run the most and sometimes cover more than 15 kilometers per match! However, the average distance of all players of a football team is around 11.2 kilometers per match. Blame the keeper, because if we hadn't taken that into account, the average would undoubtedly have been a lot higher.
1. Hockey (approx. 9 km)
Ha! You thought football came first? Believe it or not, of all team sports, hockey players run more than the players of any other team sport. A hockey game lasts 70 minutes and a football game lasts 90 minutes. In addition, a hockey field (91 meters) is a lot smaller than a football field (100-120 meters), so a hockey player also runs back and forth a lot more often. If you also consider that a hockey player with 20 minutes less playing time walks almost as much as a football player, then an average walking distance of 9 kilometers is quite a lot! Prevent overload, cramps, injuries and swollen ankles during your hockey match with our hockey socks. These fit perfectly under your shin guards!!
So, those were the top 5 team sports with which you run the most kilometers. Do you remember a few sports that we forgot to mention or are you curious how our compression socks from STOX Energy work? Feel free to contact us!
Niek van Spronsen
Niek has been part of the STOX Energy Socks team since 2022, writing informative and inspiring articles about compression socks, sports, health, and nutrition. With a passion for an active and healthy lifestyle, Niek shares valuable tips and advice to help athletes and health-conscious readers improve their performance and well-being.
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||
7350
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dbpedia
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2
| 46
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https://lastwordonsports.com/2023/11/01/american-football-soccer-name/
|
en
|
Why is American Football Called Football
|
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] | null |
[
"Michael Kovacs, ADMIN",
"Michael Kovacs"
] |
2023-11-01T00:00:00
|
Explore why 'football' in the U.S. differs from the global 'soccer.' Uncover origins, rules, and how betting amplifies its thrill.
|
en
|
Last Word On Sports
|
https://lastwordonsports.com/2023/11/01/american-football-soccer-name/
|
Why is American football called football? Many people find this question intriguing, especially when comparing it to soccer, which is referred to as football in numerous countries.
Evolution of the Term “Football” in American Sports
The story of “football” began with games played on foot, far different from what we witness today. The term was a broad descriptor for various games with the common goal of moving a ball towards a target area, primarily using feet. However, with the establishment of the Football Association, “association football” or “soccer” started to take a distinct form. American football, though evolving with different rules and influences, particularly from rugby, surprisingly kept the original name “football.” This retention speaks volumes about the sport’s history and the cultural significance of the name in American sports.
Historical Context of American Football
Diving into the past of American football reveals a rich tapestry of events, influences, and changes that shaped the sport known and loved today. This journey is essential for understanding American football and why it’s such a significant cultural element in the United States.
The Origins of American Football
The roots of American football are deep. Initially, it was a hybrid of soccer and rugby, rather than the distinct sport it is now. The transformation began in the late 19th century, with the first football game purportedly taking place in 1869 between two college teams, Rutgers and Princeton. This game, which hardly followed any standardized rules, is a far cry from the organized, strategic sport that football in America has become.
It was Walter Camp, known as the “Father of American football,” who made the pivotal changes in the 1880s that started shaping the sport. He introduced the line of scrimmage, the concept of downs, and the system of scoring that differentiated it from its rugby roots. These rule changes made the game unique and addressed the growing concerns regarding the sport’s safety at that time.
The Influences of Various Traditional Ball Games
American football wasn’t created on its own; it was influenced by different traditional ball games. Knowing these influences is important, especially when thinking about where the name “football” came from or when you’re into football betting on websites.
Soccer
Soccer, or ‘football’ as most of the world calls it, helped shape American football. In soccer, players mostly use their feet to move the ball toward the other team’s goal. American football uses some of these ideas. But, it lets players use their hands to carry or throw the ball.
Rugby
Rugby has a lot in common with American football. Both games are physical and strategic. Players in both sports run with the ball, engage in robust tackles, and aim to advance position on the field. These fundamental aspects are common to both games, while the ball’s shape, scoring methods, and American football ball movement techniques on the field originate from rugby. American football changed some rugby rules. Yet, the excitement, strategy, and teamwork are still there. Knowing this helps us understand the process of changing the game over time. Fans who bet on games see the value in this history.
The Emergence of Distinct American Football Rules and Gameplay
As American football evolved, its rules became quite different from soccer and rugby. This change didn’t happen all at once, but through several important changes that made the sport truly unique. So, let’s discover the main differences between soccer and football in the table below.
Feature Soccer NFL American Football The objective of the Game Score goals into the opponent’s net. Score points by carrying or throwing the ball into the opponent’s end zone or kicking it through the goalposts. Duration of the Game Two halves of 45 minutes each. Four quarters of 15 minutes each. Playing Field Rectangular, grass. Rectangular, with yard lines, grass, or artificial. Number of Players 11 11 Ball Round. Oblong, leather. Contact Limited. Full. Use of Hands Goalkeeper only. All players are allowed. Offsides Yes. No (but there is a neutral zone rule). Time-outs No. Yes. Passes Feet and head only. Hands and feet. Penalties Penalty kicks, free kicks. Penalty yards.
Walter Camp introduced a revolutionary concept that replaced the chaotic scrums from rugby. The introduction of downs, or limited attempts to advance the ball, added a strategic element, forcing teams to plan plays carefully.
Scoring changed as well. Touchdowns, field goals, and safeties started to earn different points. So games were more complex and strategic. The size of the field, player positions, and game length became standardized, creating a foundation for teams to develop various tactics and playing styles.
Equipment improved, making safety a priority without sacrificing the game’s excitement. Helmets, padding, and the forward pass reduced the roughness of early games, making the sport more dynamic and safer.
These rule changes, over years of implementation and refinement, sculpted American football as distinct from any other sport. The result is a game that captivates millions. It is characterized by a unique blend of strategy, physical prowess, and sheer unpredictability that keeps fans, players, and football betting enthusiasts on the edge of their seats.
The popularity of American Football Today
American football is a premier sport in the United States, with a huge following and a strong media presence. It’s not just popular in stadiums; online football betting sites also play a big role in spreading its appeal and engagement through the digital world.
How Sports Betting Boosted the Appeal of American Football
The surge in sports betting, particularly in football, has undeniably elevated the sport’s excitement. Platforms offering the best betting football options have expanded the fanbase, attracting enthusiasts who may be interested in the game’s dynamics and in the potential for monetary gain. These platforms provide a plethora of betting options, from predicting game results to specific player performances, thereby increasing viewer investment in matches.
Moreover, the question, “Why is American football called football?” becomes even more intriguing when placed in the context of betting. The unique rules, play styles, and scoring system of American football offer a variety of betting angles and strategies, distinguishing it from betting practices in soccer, known as football elsewhere.
The integration of sports betting with watching football has led to a more interactive experience. Fans aren’t just passive spectators but active participants who analyze game statistics, player information, and team strategies. This level of engagement is a testament to the sport’s enduring popularity and the diverse ways it continues to captivate audiences worldwide.
Conclusion
Why do people call American football ‘football’? To understand, we need to look at the time when the game started. Long ago, it was more like rugby and soccer. Now, it’s the most popular sport in the United States.
Walter Camp changed the game a lot. His new rules made American football different from games like rugby. Now, it’s not just a game. It’s a big part of American culture that brings audiences together. American football keeps changing, but one thing stays the same – people love it. It’s fun and exciting for fans to work with each other as a team. That’s why it’s so special in America.
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https://sports.stackexchange.com/questions/25948/numbers-on-american-football-field
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Numbers on American football field
|
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2021-05-23T03:00:14
|
I get American football in Brazil. I try to watch the game, but, honestly, can't understand a thing.
One thing that made me curious was the numbers on the ground. For instance, there's a "1st ...
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en
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https://cdn.sstatic.net/Sites/sports/Img/favicon.ico?v=ec9baeffe7fc
|
Sports Stack Exchange
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https://sports.stackexchange.com/questions/25948/numbers-on-american-football-field
|
Those numbers specify the downs, and yards to go.
In the NFL, when a team gains possession, they have 4 downs to gain 10 yards. Failure to do so results in the other team gaining possession from where the ball was at the end of those 4 downs. That's why you see punts and kicks on the 4th down, to avoid giving the other team the ball at the current yardage. If a team gains the 10 yards before 4 downs, the yardage resets. That is they earn another 4 downs to gain 10 yards.
In the first picture we see a 1st down and 10. Meaning this is the 1st of the 4 downs explained above, and the team with possession has 10 yards to go to gain their next first down. You can also confirm that by looking at the distance between the blue line (on the 40 yard line) and the yellow line (on the 30). Although the default first down yardage is 10 yards, it doesn't always have to be that many yards based on panelties and position of the ball with respect to the end zone.
In the second picture we have 3rd and 8. That means the team with possession is on their 3rd attempt to gain 10 yards, and they still have 8 more yards to go. Again if you look at the distance between the blue line (where the ball is placed) and the yellow line, you'll see there's 8 yards in between them.
Note that those numbers on the field are TV overlays and not present on the field itself, as well as the yellow and blue lines. The blue lines on pictures (not always blue on all broadcasts) is the line of scrimmage, and the yellow line (again not always yellow) is the first down line.
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https://atp.uidaho.edu/blog/what-is-it-like-to-be-an-athletic-trainer-in-the-nfl/
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What is it like to be an Athletic Trainer in the NFL?
|
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"Athletic Training"
] |
2023-06-02T17:40:27+00:00
|
The NFL is a demanding and rewarding career with plenty of opportunities for professional development. Take a look inside the life of an NFL athletic trainer.
|
en
|
UNIVERSITY OF IDAHO
|
https://atp.uidaho.edu/blog/what-is-it-like-to-be-an-athletic-trainer-in-the-nfl/
|
In the United States, American football has the most participants of any other sport at both the high school and college level. The NFL (National Football League) is the leading professional football league in the United States. It comprises 32 franchises divided into two conferences, each of which have extensive staffs focused on the safety and well-being of their players. For many athletic trainers, being able to work in the NFL is a lifelong dream come true.
What is it like to be an NFL athletic trainer? How much do NFL athletic trainers make? How does a person become an athletic trainer for an NFL team? Let’s take a look.
What are athletic trainers?
As defined by the National Athletic Trainers’ Association (NATA), an athletic trainer is a highly qualified, multi-skilled health care professional specifically trained in the prevention, examination, diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation of medical conditions and emergent, acute, and chronic injuries.
Athletic Trainers in the NFL
Athletic trainers are only one piece of a successful NFL team, but they have an important role to play. Their specialization in orthopedic injury prevention and rehabilitation keeps players on the field, helps players return to the field as quickly and safely as possible after an injury, and in general helps athletes achieve their maximum athletic potential. How do they achieve this?
Duties and roles of NFL athletic trainers
As mentioned above, all athletic trainers help with the prevention, examination and diagnosis, and treatment and rehabilitation of athletic injuries. Let’s look at each of those through the lens of the NFL.
Prevention
An athletic trainer for the NFL helps athletes prevent injuries by examining equipment, creating injury prevention programs, and surveying the field while players are active for possible scenarios where the risk of injury is higher. They also help develop and implement emergency action plans, which are distributed to the entire care team, so if an injury occurs the entire team knows what to do in order for the athlete to receive prompt care.
Examination and Diagnosis
When an injury does occur, an athletic trainer is the first on the scene. They quickly examine the injury and determine if the athlete can return to play. This requires them to make quick confident decisions with limited information.
Treatment and Rehabilitation
A spectator watching an NFL game may see an athlete hobble off the field leaning on an athletic trainer’s shoulder, but that is just the beginning of their journey through rehabilitation. Athletic trainers employ a wide variety of treatment options, including manual therapy, aqua therapy, physical exercises, and therapeutic modalities like ultrasound. These treatments may take several days, or several months. Athletic trainers work under the direction of a physician, and work closely with the other members of the care team to return the athlete to play as soon as safely possible.
Day in the life of an NFL athletic trainer
NFL Athletic Trainers agree: their job is a strenuous one. During the season, many start their day in the early hours of the morning and start providing treatments to athletes not long after. They remain at work as long as the athletes are there, and sometimes long after. Some report staying as late at 11pm on a semi-regular basis. During the season, they may be on-call 24/7, and they work for the duration of the season without much time off. Many report working 60-80 hours per week. They travel with the team, and they spend long stretches of time away from home. As difficult as this sounds, many enjoy the glamor of professional football and the comradery among the team. It’s a unique setting that brings fulfillment to those who enjoy this type of lifestyle.
How much do athletic trainers in the NFL make?
The average salary for an athletic trainer employed by an NFL team in 2008 (the latest data available) is $64,266. The salary range can vary by experience from as little as $30,000 to more than $100,000 a year.
How to become an athletic trainer for an NFL team
In 49 out of 50 states, professional athletic trainer jobs require some form of licensure or certification. To become a certified athletic trainer, the candidate must graduate from an accredited master’s program, such as our MSAT here at the University of Idaho. Upon graduation, they must pass the Board of Certification (BOC) exam. Once certified, he or she must meet ongoing continuing education requirements in order to remain certified. Athletic trainers must also work in collaboration with a physician and within their state practice act.
One way our program is beneficial for students who wish to work with the NFL is our immersive clinical model. During their degree, our students complete a minimum of 900 hours of clinical immersion. With more than 250 sites around the country (and adding more all the time) we have the ability to customize a student’s clinical rotations to match their career goals. This means that by the time a student completes their degree, they already have connections to working professionals in the specific setting they would like to work in.
Athletic trainers often begin a career in the NFL is with an NFL internship. We have an entire blog post on this topic available here.
In conclusion
Thanks for reading about athletic trainers in the NFL. If you’re interested in this career path, the University of Idaho athletic training program may be just what you’re looking for to stand out in the sea of applicants. We can help you get the professional contacts and experience needed to be an exceptional candidate
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https://www.ehtpal.org/post/touchdowns-teamwork-5-key-benefits-of-flag-football-for-kids
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en
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Touchdowns & Teamwork: 5 Key Benefits of Flag Football for Kids
|
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[
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] | null |
[
"Angelo Sica"
] |
2024-02-28T16:14:23.950000+00:00
|
Flag football is a fantastic sport that offers a variety of benefits for kids beyond just physical activity.
|
en
|
EHT PAL
|
https://www.ehtpal.org/post/touchdowns-teamwork-5-key-benefits-of-flag-football-for-kids
|
Flag football is a fantastic sport that offers a variety of benefits for kids beyond just physical activity. It's a fun and exciting game that promotes teamwork, athleticism, and strategic thinking. In this blog we will explore five of the many benefits that playing flag football can offer your child!
Promotes Teamwork and Cooperation
Team sports like flag football teach kids the importance of working together towards a common goal. Playing on a team requires communication, cooperation, and trust among players. By playing on a team kids learn to rely on their teammates, understand their strengths and weaknesses, and collaborate to achieve success on the field. These skills are invaluable both in sports and in life. Your child can utilize these skills as they navigate friendships, school, and their future careers.
Decreased Risk of Head Injury
One of the most notable benefits of flag football is the lowered risk of injury, specifically injuries that result in head trauma. Unlike standard football, flag football is a no-contact sport which means there’s no tackling. No tackling means the risk of your child suffering trauma from a head injury is greatly decreased. Enjoy peace of mind knowing that your child is at a reduced risk of suffering an injury while your child enjoys their time on the field!
Enhances Strategic Thinking
Flag football is not just about running and catching; it's also a game of strategy and tactics. Kids learn to think critically, analyze situations, and make quick decisions under pressure. Whether it's devising offensive plays, adapting to the opponent's defense, or anticipating their next move, flag football challenges young minds to think strategically and outsmart their opponents. These cognitive skills are transferable to other sports, academics, and problem-solving situations beyond the field.
Builds Confidence and Self-esteem
Successes and failures on the field can have a profound impact on a child's self-esteem. Winning a game, scoring a touchdown, or making a crucial play boosts confidence and instills a sense of accomplishment. Even setbacks and losses provide valuable learning opportunities, teaching resilience and perseverance. Exposure to loss and failure is important for kids to prevent developing a crippling fear of failure that can lead to lower self-esteem. Through flag football, kids learn to set goals, work hard, and believe in themselves, laying the groundwork for future success in all areas of life.
Fosters Sportsmanship and Fair Play
Flag football teaches kids the importance of sportsmanship, fair play, and respect for others. They learn to win with humility and lose with grace, to respect the rules of the game, and to treat opponents, coaches, and officials with dignity and respect. These values are fundamental to the spirit of sportsmanship and are essential for creating a positive and inclusive sports environment. By participating in flag football, kids develop character, integrity, and a sense of fair play that will serve them well both on and off the field.
Where Can I Find A Flag Football League Near Me?
The Police Activities League of Egg Harbor Township and Atlantic County hosts an NFL Flag Football league multiple times throughout the year! Not only do we have divisions for children ages five through thirteen, but our league is also co-ed! If you’re interested in learning more about our flag football league or any of the other leagues we offer, get in touch with us!
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https://worldpopulationreview.com/state-rankings/most-popular-sport-by-state
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en
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Most Popular Sport by State 2024
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https://worldpopulationreview.com/favicon.ico
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https://worldpopulationreview.com/favicon.ico
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Research by MyProtein analyzed sales from popular ticket-selling website Vivid Seats along with Wikipedia search volume to analyze the most popular sport in each state.
Football
Football is America’s favorite sport. In thirty-one states, football was revealed to be the most popular sport. The NCAA and SEC Country have emboldened viewers and their allegiance is to college teams during televised hours on Saturday during the fall season. In recent years, states with big SEC schools are fervently devout to watching the college gridiron. The National Championship runs through the SEC - and the popularity spike between Georgia and Alabama in 2021 was no surprise to several viewers.
States that love NCAA Football include Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Idaho, Louisiana, Michigan, Mississippi, Nebraska, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, and West Virginia. Even though several of these states have professional football teams, the fans prefer the excitement of college football.
Still, professional football is still the most popular sport. In nineteen states, it is the most popular choice. The NFL season in the United States is as much part of American culture as fireworks on the Fourth of July. Some of the states on this list do not have an NFL team.
The list of these states love American Football, and everyone is cheering for their team to win the Superbowl. Rivalries at the dinner table are extremely common as to who will win or lose for the current year. The list of the states who consider professional football their number one sports addiction includes: Alaska, Arizona, Delaware, Florida, Hawaii, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Maine, Minnesota, Montana, New Mexico, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Dakota, and Washington.
Baseball
You didn't think MLB wouldn't make the list, did you? Although football is listed as one of the state's favorite pastimes, baseball is the national sport of choice and is part of the American identity. The Cardinals, Cubs, Yankees, and Red Sox have gone down in history as some of the most influential teams in the sport. Unsurprisingly, most of the New England region is still extremely heavily interested in the MLB season over other sports games. This can come down to tradition, but it is most likely that their division also connects it to Canadian teams. The Blue Jays are the only official Canadian team that plays in the MLB and hosts many minor professional American teams.
With the love of the sport being so widespread, it is unfortunate to see that the love is only for the big leagues. The minor leagues do not receive nearly enough support. Nine states have MLB as their favorite sport to watch: California, Connecticut, Illinois, Maryland, New Jersey, New York, Texas, Virginia, and Wyoming. MLB also tops the list of popular sports for residents of the District of Columbia.
Other Sports
Basketball is another sport that many people enjoy watching. While it does not seem to get the same hype as baseball or football, there are still plenty of viewers who won’t miss a game. In Kentucky, NCAA Basketball is the most popular. It holds the position of the only state that enjoys college basketball above any other sport. NBA Basketball is the favorite in an additional four states and in Puerto Rico. In Colorado, Oregon, Utah, and Wisconsin, people are making sure to keep an eye on the score during the NBA season.
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https://medium.com/top-level-sports/do-major-north-american-sports-leagues-have-too-many-teams-3af35ffa11d0
|
en
|
Do Major North American Sports Leagues Have Too Many Teams?
|
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[
""
] | null |
[
"Connor Groel",
"connorgroel.medium.com"
] |
2019-07-20T18:58:35.079000+00:00
|
Expansion is always on the mind of the major North American sports leagues. However, should they really be thinking about going smaller?
|
en
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/5d8de952517e8160e40ef9841c781cdc14a5db313057fa3c3de41c6f5b494b19
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Medium
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https://medium.com/top-level-sports/do-major-north-american-sports-leagues-have-too-many-teams-3af35ffa11d0
|
It seems that for the major North American sports leagues, expansion is always on the mind. Perhaps this is indicative of a uniquely American mindset — a remnant of Manifest Destiny that requires every city to have its own professional sports teams.
Regardless, the NFL, NBA, MLB, NHL, and MLS have never been shy about growing bigger and bigger, with a steady adding of franchises over time in each league.
The most recent of these new teams is FC Cincinnati, which became the MLS’ 24th team this year. As the youngest of the major leagues, Major League Soccer has been rapidly introducing new expansion teams with no signs of slowing down. In 2020, clubs in Miami and Nashville will begin play. Austin FC starts in 2021 as the MLS’ 27th franchise, and the league has already announced its intention to jump to 30 teams in the coming years.
Elsewhere, the NHL brought hockey to the desert in 2017 with the Las Vegas Golden Knights and will set up shop in Seattle for the 2021–22 season, completing their expansion to 32 teams. The MLB is similarly looking to grow from 30 to 32 franchises, and commissioner Rob Manfred has even named potential destinations.
Expansion isn’t even limited to the United States and Canada. Since 2007, the NFL has hosted at least one game internationally each year, with four in London and one in Mexico City scheduled for 2019. There isn’t a poorer held secret in sports than the NFL’s intentions to put a team in the United Kingdom.
The least likely of the five leagues to add more teams is the NBA. Yet, even NBA commissioner Adam Silver acknowledges that expansion of his league is inevitable. While it’s not a major focus right now, it’s only a matter of time before a team returns to Seattle, and once a 31st team comes to fruition, a 32nd won’t be far behind.
For these leagues, bigger certainly seems to be better — but should that be the case? I want to suggest the idea that these leagues are actually too big, and that getting rid of teams would improve the overall product.
I’m usually against expansion, but until recently, I had never considered downsizing, mostly because it never seemed like a real option. And, to be clear, it isn’t. Having more teams means more games and more money. Unless a league starts to struggle financially, teams aren’t going to disband. Heavy expansion fees mean owners would want more teams, and for players, it leads to more available jobs.
Despite the infeasibility, let’s consider the outcomes of eliminating teams. First, it would directly lead to greater competition. The teams that would be removed wouldn’t be the LAs, New Yorks, or Bostons of the world. It would be the Jacksonvilles, Memphises, and Tampa Bays.
Especially in a sport without a salary cap like baseball, smaller market teams who can’t afford the same payrolls as the Yankees or Dodgers are at a huge disadvantage. Every now and again, someone can break through — we all know the story of Moneyball — but over time, the same teams win again and again.
Even in salary cap sports, bigger markets are more likely to sign big-name free agents. Getting rid of some of the smaller teams would lead to more excitement. There would be more stars on each team, and attendance would be higher. Plus, your favorite team would win more.
Live sports attendance is dropping pretty much across the board and adding teams in medium to small markets won’t help. 30 and 32 aren’t magic numbers calculated to represent a perfect league size. Those are just the numbers we seem to have settled on over the past few decades.
Just because you can stick an MLB team in Portland doesn’t mean you should. We don’t need more franchises like Miami who struggle to average even 10,000 fans in a stadium that seats more than 36,000.
Some recent expansions have made sense — the Houston Texans, for example, have been a great success. But that was an obvious move. There are seven million people in the Houston metro area, and it’s in Texas. Hockey in the desert with the Las Vegas Golden Knights has also worked, although it remains to be seen how the fanbase will hold up when the team isn’t as competitive.
Others, however…not so much. Plenty of cities have teams but don’t need them. This is especially true in MLS, which is already larger than just about every major league in the world. Most leagues have 16–20 teams. 30, like MLS is shooting for, is unheard of. And honestly, we just don’t have the talent to support that many teams.
The MLS is being held back from growing to its full potential and rivaling other leagues around the world by its unending desire to add new clubs. This expansion would make sense if a promotion-relegation system was adopted, and the MLS could find a way to merge with the United Soccer League (USL). However, from both a business perspective and its clashes with the American mentality, that’s unlikely to ever occur.
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https://reads.alibaba.com/us-latest-trends-of-american-football-in-2024-a-glimpse-into-the-future-of-the-gridiron/
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en
|
US Latest Trends of American Football in 2024: A Glimpse into the Future of the Gridiron
|
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[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"John Jing"
] |
2024-03-20T06:00:58+00:00
|
Uncover the 2024 American football trends, from market growth to innovative technologies and top-selling equipment shaping the sport's future.
|
en
|
Alibaba.com Reads
|
https://baba-blog.com/us-latest-trends-of-american-football-in-2024-a-glimpse-into-the-future-of-the-gridiron/
|
Table of Contents
● Introduction
● Market Overview: Focusing on Target Audience
● Innovations in Player Safety and Performance
● Equipment Evolution: The Game-Changers
● Conclusion
Introduction
As we step into 2024, American football continues to captivate fans with its dynamic evolution. This year, we’re witnessing a remarkable blend of tradition and innovation, reshaping the sport’s landscape. This report intends to enlighten the business professionals and online retailers to catch up the latest trends and make the brightest decisions to purchase the most suitable products.
Market Overview: Focusing on Target Audience
American Football is obviously the most popular sport in the US. As an US online retailer, please consider selling your products to the Great Lakes region and big cities like New York in the east, since according to Google Trending, the consumers in these regions have higher interest. With a projected CAGR of 3.29% from 2022 to 2031, the market is expected to witness significant expansion. The market is characterized by the presence of major players such as Spalding, Under Armour, Franklin Sports, Wilson, TealCo, Passback Sports, Champion Sports, and Baden Sports.
The American Football market is segmented by type, including Cow Leather, Rubber or Plastic Materials, Composite, among others, and by application, including Profession Player and Amateur Player segments. Among these types, please notice that the Cow Leather and Profession Player segments are especially popular. Moreover, for retailers who have interests in selling products overseas, the East Asian market is also noteworthy. Please pay attention to China, Japan and South Korea.
Innovations in Player Safety and Performance
Advanced Protective Gear
The focus on player safety in American football has driven the development of advanced protective gear, impacting a broad customer base including professional athletes, college, high school programs, and youth leagues. This wide-ranging impact is backed by data highlighting the essential role of such gear in enhancing player safety and performance.
Professional Athletes
For professional athletes in the NFL, the advanced protective gear is a critical component of their playing kit. According to the NFL’s Health and Safety Report, the league has implemented rigorous helmet testing standards, resulting in a dynamic shift towards helmets that perform better in reducing the risk of concussions. The report highlights that over 99% of NFL players opted for helmets that ranked in the top-performing categories of the NFL’s helmet safety rankings in the 2020 season, a stark increase from just 41% in 2017. This shift underscores the professional athletes’ reliance on cutting-edge equipment to enhance safety on the field.
Collegiate and high school football programs are key users of advanced protective gear. The NCAA actively promotes safety with advanced helmets and shoulder pads. A 2021 study in the Journal of Athletic Training linked this gear to lower concussion rates and less severe head impacts. Similarly, high school programs, following NFHS guidelines, have increasingly adopted helmets with the latest safety features. NFHS data reveal that over 80% of high school programs upgraded their gear by 2022.
Youth Leagues
Youth leagues form the foundational layer of the downstream customer base for advanced protective gear in American football. With growing concerns over player safety at younger ages, organizations such as Pop Warner Little Scholars and USA Football have implemented strict equipment standards to protect young athletes. A report by USA Football in 2023 highlighted that participation in youth football leagues that adhere to advanced safety protocols and equipment standards has seen a less than 2% incidence rate of concussions, demonstrating the effectiveness of such gear in protecting young players.
Equipment Evolution: The Game-Changers
The latest advancements in American footballs involve improved grip, aerodynamics, and the integration of smart sensors for enhanced tracking and analytics. Here’s a summary of the key features and technologies based on the search results:
Improved Grip and Aerodynamics
The Nike Vapor Elite Football is designed with all-leather construction and stitched SRS stripes, which enhance grip and aerodynamics.
Wilson LABS has developed the Omega football, which features a weight redistribution within the ball to increase the spin rate, resulting in better performance. The ball’s leather has been pre-treated for immediate grip, and the stitching has been optimized for better hand fit and ball security.
Smart Sensors and Tracking
Wearable soccer (football) sensors track various metrics such as shots, passes, sprints, and more. These sensors can sync with apps via Bluetooth, allowing players and coaches to monitor and analyze performance over time.
Playermaker’s CITYPLAY tracker uses 6-axis smart sensors that sample movement 1000 times per second, providing detailed data on player performance.
Next11 offers a live sports tracking system that is affordable and tracks technical, physical, and tactical performance. It is 100% mobile and provides AI-powered insights for in-game decisions. Next11 is also planning to launch tracking of the ball with an embedded chip in the ball
Training Equipment
Innovative training aids are indeed revolutionizing practice sessions in American football, with a focus on virtual reality setups and resistance technology that mimics in-game scenarios. Here’s how these technologies are being applied:
Virtual Reality (VR) Training
VR training systems in the NFL allow players to hone their skills, enhance decision-making, and improve field vision without the risk of injury.
These systems provide players with the ability to read offense and defense schemes better, respond faster, and make more accurate decisions.
VR can simulate hundreds of reps and provide real-time feedback on in-game behaviors, which is crucial for training muscle memory and long-term retention.
The technology developed by companies like STRIVR and Sports VTS, such as the QBSIM platform, offers immersive experiences that allow quarterbacks to use a real ball and receive tracked feedback to improve performance.
Resistance Technology
Resistance bands are used to build speed, power, and strength on the football field. They allow athletes to perform football-specific movements with added resistance, making them more effective than traditional weight training for certain aspects of the game.
The VertiMax training equipment provides resistance technology that helps athletes improve their power off the line, change of direction quickness, and vertical jump performance. It is used by NFL teams and professional football players to enhance on-field performance.
Specific resistance band exercises, such as the Resisted Forward and Side Step, Three Point Stance Forward and Back, and the Linebacker Pop, are designed to build power and strength for dominating the line of scrimmage.
Wearable Technology
GPS trackers and heart rate monitors are examples of wearable technology that provide real-time performance data. This allows coaches to tailor training programs and optimize player development.
Impact sensors are integrated into equipment to prioritize player safety by detecting and managing high-impact collisions. This data can also be used to assess the effectiveness of protective equipment and inform equipment design.
Other Training Equipment
Agility ladders, training sleds, and other tools are used to improve footwork, speed, strength, conditioning, and explosiveness. These tools provide targeted training methods to improve specific aspects of a player’s game.
Conclusion
|
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7350
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dbpedia
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3
| 30
|
https://onmilwaukee.com/articles/sportsteamwork
|
en
|
Which sport requires the most teamwork?
|
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[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Allen Halas",
"Molly Snyder",
"Edgar Mendez"
] |
2010-11-30T16:10:00-06:00
|
Teamwork is the ability of everybody to focus on a goal and to work cooperatively to achieve that goal. Good teamwork leads to success. And absence of teamwork leads to coaches getting fired.
|
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OnMilwaukee
|
https://onmilwaukee.com/articles/sportsteamwork
|
The Milwaukee Bucks are off to a start that nobody could have foreseen, languishing near the bottom of their division, having trouble scoring and trouble stopping the other team from scoring.
To say that surprise is the predominant reaction is a massive understatement.
The search for answers covers a vast array of causes, but it seems the most significant and popular one is that the Bucks have a lot of new players and they are still working to find a way to effectively play with each other.
What's missing, obviously, is a sense of teamwork.
That state of affairs got me thinking about sports where teamwork is a primary goal, where it's vitally important to the success of a team.
Teamwork is the ability of everybody to focus on a goal and to work cooperatively to achieve that goal. Good teamwork leads to success. And absence of teamwork leads to coaches getting fired.
We can discount individual sports as far as the teamwork discussion goes. A golfer and a caddy have to be on the same page, but that's not what I mean.
Water ballet requires a lot of teamwork, as do water polo and luge, but I'm talking about major sports.
Baseball is off the map because it is such an individual sport. There is, of course, the idea of intellectual teamwork, with a full team believing in the strategies used by a manager. Baseball can be included in that definition but real teamwork takes place on the field of play. I think the three leading contenders are soccer (I can't believe I said that), basketball and football.
Soccer obviously requires some teamwork but the individual activities, from flopping to mugging, are performed without the aid of a teammate. Also, the soccer pitch is so large that intricate teamwork seems superfluous.
Basketball requires a high level of teamwork. Basketball coaches design plays and players have to work with each other to complete those plays. On defense teamwork is especially important as players have to help teammates and step in to cover an unguarded player after his opponent has left him open. There is probably more on-court talking between teammates in basketball than any other sport.
In addition, the non-stop nature of basketball lends itself to a kind of ballet of teamwork with incredible body contact without pads and a grace that is sometimes hard to believe. Is there any play in any sport more beautiful than a well-executed, successful alley-oop? I think not.
Which brings us to the final contender, football. I think the very nature of football makes it the winner in the battle to see which sports requires the highest level of teamwork.
Football is a start and stop game. Eleven players line up on offense. Eleven players line up on defense. Each player has to perform and work with his teammates for a play to be successful. The element of disguise is critical in a football game and that disguise requires an incredible level of teamwork to be successful.
If you've ever seen a coach diagram a play on a blackboard you would shake your head in wonder at the complicated nature of a single play. And there are dozens of them in your average game playbook. What's more, all the players may be required to change the play they expect to run once they get to the line of scrimmage.
It takes an incredible level of teamwork to pull that off, and that's why football narrowly gets my nod as the sport requiring the highest level of teamwork.
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dbpedia
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https://www.profootballhof.com/news/2018/06/why-is-the-game-called-football/
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en
|
Why Is The Game Called Football
|
[] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
The name "football" can be traced back to two European cousins, soccer and rugby. The two sports combined and became the game of football we all love. Learn more today!
|
en
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/assets/favIcons/apple-touch-icon.png
|
pfhof
|
https://www.profootballhof.com/news/2018/06/why-is-the-game-called-football/
|
Like the game itself, the word “football” has foreign ancestors. Historians trace American football back to two European cousins, soccer and rugby. Both began as kicking games.
Soccer- the most popular sport in the world – was originally known as “association football.” Newspapers seeking a shorter phrase began to refer to it as “assoc.” That name was soon shortened to “soc” and then grew back a bit to “soccer.”
While rugby also began as a football game, in 1823 something occurred that changed the kicking game forever. A player named William Webb Ellis, instead of kicking the ball over the goal line, picked it up and ran it across. At first, observers didn’t know what to think. Eventually, the agreed it was a good idea. The game was played at the Rugby School and became known as rugby football, later shortened to rugby.
Both soccer-style football and rugby-style football eventually found their way to America. What resulted was an American combination of the two games. It was until much later (1906) that forward passing was allowed. So because the American game was really just another form of the European football games, it too became known as football.
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7350
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dbpedia
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3
| 47
|
https://sports.stackexchange.com/questions/4379/why-do-athletes-need-help-standing-up
|
en
|
Why do athletes need help standing up?
|
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[
""
] | null |
[] |
2014-03-31T02:30:12
|
Watching televised sports, especially American Football and Basketball, it seems that whenever a player falls or is knocked down, he needs help getting back up. With football, it is somewhat
|
en
|
https://cdn.sstatic.net/Sites/sports/Img/favicon.ico?v=ec9baeffe7fc
|
Sports Stack Exchange
|
https://sports.stackexchange.com/questions/4379/why-do-athletes-need-help-standing-up
|
You are over-thinking it. As someone who has played plenty of basketball, the 'reasons' are:
Sportsmanship
Saving energy
Convenience
Take a quick rest while there's a break in the action
No reason
Just making sure you're ok and not injured
None of these are because the player is incapable of standing up on his own (unless actually injured). More often than not, it's just a convenience thing or to get a quick little rest if you're fatigued. Actually, if you're talking about a player for the Heat or Clippers, disregard everything I just said...they flop and milk it like soccer players :)
Unless the player is injured, the player could physically get up on their own; if they couldn't, there is no way they would be in physical shape enough to play the game. Nearly every play in football, however, ends with someone laying down on the field. At the end of the play, the players still standing typically offer a hand to help the ones that are down, even if they are on the other team.
The reasons other players will lend a hand to help other players up are professionalism, courtesy, sportsmanship (for the players on the other team), and teamwork (for the players on his own team).
When a player helps someone up that they have just tackled, it is acknowledgement that they are both professionals doing a job, and that there are no hard feelings. Most professional players understand that, although they play on different teams, they are all coworkers, in a sense, and that your opponent this year might be your teammate next year.
That having been said, sometimes, especially in basketball, there is something else going on. Again, as with football, if a basketball player truly cannot get up off the floor on their own, they are not well enough to continue to play the game. Unfortunately, you sometimes see an element of theatrics in basketball. The player is trying to show that they have been fouled, and so they act hurt. They'll wave for help to try to draw sympathy, and then they will slam dunk the next ball they get. Basketball doesn't seem to have the "iron-man," "shake-it-off," "tough guy" culture that football has.
I agree with all the reasons @A-D listed, but would also include that this is a way to disguise time-wasting. Yes, this happens in soccer quite a bit. By waiting for a teammate to pick them up a player to gets some rest while precious time ticks off the clock. Officials will generally allow it unless it's glaringly blatant that they're milking the time. This is particularly useful if a team has a marginal lead at the end of a game. Of course this mainly applies to soccer because the clock never stops, but in other sports this could be a way to kill an opponent's momentum. By slowing the game down it can chip away at a team's energy and cause frustration.
|
||||
7350
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dbpedia
|
0
| 12
|
https://www.leadershipandsport.com/types-of-sports/
|
en
|
What Are the Different Types of Sports?
|
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2020-08-14T15:24:50+00:00
|
Want to know about the different types of sports? On this page, we have categorised the different types of sports, broken these into categories even further and then provided a list of the different types of sports that are accepted by the International Olympic Committee (IOC). Most sports are organised and run by National or… Read More »What Are the Different Types of Sports?
|
en
|
/wp-content/uploads/fbrfg/apple-touch-icon.png?v=alJlAWa34Q
|
Leadership And Sport
|
https://www.leadershipandsport.com/types-of-sports/
|
Want to know about the different types of sports?
On this page, we have categorised the different types of sports, broken these into categories even further and then provided a list of the different types of sports that are accepted by the International Olympic Committee (IOC).
Most sports are organised and run by National or International Governing Bodies and more sports are also being included in the Olympics In Tokyo. Find out all the different Olympic sports that are now included at the bottom of this article. You can also view all of our resources and articles here.
What are the different types of sports?
The different types of sports categories are:
Individual Sports
Partner Sports
Team Sports
Extreme Sports
Team sports can then be broken down into four categories:
Invasion Games
Net Games
Fielding & Striking Games
Target Games
What is an invasion game?
An invasion game is any game a team has to attack another teams area and to score a point. For example, Football is an invasion game as one team has to maintain the position of the ball, take the ball into the other teams half and then try and score a goal in the opponents net (invade another teams area).
What is a net game?
A net game is when a net is involved in the sport and keeps players separated. For example, Badminton is a net game as there is a net in the middle of the court and two players remain opposite the net at all times.
What is a Fielding and Striking game?
A fielding and striking game is when a game involves a set of fielders and one person striking an object at one time (such as a ball) and running a set course. For example in cricket, a Batter strikes a cricket ball and has to run from one crease to another to score a run. There are also fielders form the opposite team around the cricket field.
What is a Target game?
A target game is when a player has to aim and project an object to a designated area. For example, golf is a target game as a player has to hit a golf ball to a set area aiming to putt the ball into a set hole.
Below, we have included lists of individual sports, partner sports, team sports and extreme sports across the world. If you feel any have been missed out please comment below:
Individual Sports
Alpine & Cross Country Skiing
Archery
Arm Wrestling
Athletic Track and Field
Badminton (Singles)
Biathlon
Bodyboarding
Body Building
Bowling
Bowls
Boxing
Canoeing
Chess
Chess Boxing
Croquet
Cycling
Darts
Diving (Singles)
Draughts
Downhill Skiing
Duathlon
Fencing
Golf
Gymnastics
Horse Riding
Jet Skiing
Judo
Kayaking
Mixed Martial Arts
Motor sports (Auto & Bike)
Orienteering
Powerlifting
Tennis
Rodeo
Rollerblading
Rock Climbing
Skateboarding
Skating (figure)
Sport Climbing
Snooker
Snowboarding
Squash
Surfing
Swimming
Table Tennis (singles)
Trampolining
Triathlon
Weight Lifting
Wrestling
Partner Sports
Badminton
Diving
Figure Skating
Golf
Table Tennis
Tennis
Trampolining
Volleyball
Team sports
List of Team Sports:
American Football
Athletics
Australian Rules Football
Baseball
Basketball
Bobsleigh
Cricket
Gaelic Football
Handball
Hockey
Hurling
Ice Hockey
Korfball
Lacrosse
Netball
Polo
Rowing
Rugby Union
Rugby League
Rounders
Roller Hockey
Roller Derby
Soccer/Association Football
Softball
Swimming
Ultimate Frisbee
Underwater Football
Volleyball
Water Polo
Extreme Sports
Extreme sports normally have a risk of danger involved and can also be called adventure sports.
A list of extreme sports
BASE Jumping
Bobsleigh
BMX
Climbing
Free Climbing
Free running
Freestyle skiing
Gliding
Ice Climbing
Ice Cross
Ice Diving
Ironman events
Kayaking
Luge
Mountain Boarding
Mountain Climbing
Paragliding
Parkour
Rock Climbing
Scuba diving
Ski Jumping
Skeleton
Trail running
Skateboarding
Skydiving
Water Skiing
Whitewater Rafting/kayaking
List of Official Olympic Sports (Tokyo 2020)
You can view all of the Official One Minute sport videos here. These videos explain each Olympic sport in one minute.
3×3 Basketball
Archery
Artistic Gymnastics
Artistic Swimming
Athletics
Badminton
Baseball/Softball
Basketball
Beach Volleyball
Boxing
Canoe Slalom
Canoe Sprint
Cycling BMX Freestyle
Cycling BMX Racing
Cycling Mountain Bike
Cycling Road
Cycling Track
Diving
Equatorial
Fencing
Football
Golf
Handball
Hockey
Judo
Karate
Marathon Swimming
Modern Pentathlon
Rhythmic Gymnastics
Rowing
Rugby
Sailing
Shooting
Skateboarding
Sport Climbing
Surfing
Swimming
Table Tennis
Taekwondo
Tennis
Trampoline Gymnastics
Triathlon
Volleyball
Water Polo
Weightlifting
Wrestling
Types of Sports – Want more:
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You may also be interested in the following articles:
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https://www.edutopia.org/discussion/social-and-academic-benefits-team-sports
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The Social and Academic Benefits of Team Sports
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[
"Paige Maslen"
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2015-12-29T19:58:20+00:00
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Team sports are about so much more than their physical benefits. This is especially so when group sports activities are incorporated into a young person’s life.
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/assets/older-iPhone.png
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Edutopia
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https://www.edutopia.org/article/discussion-social-and-academic-benefits-team-sports/
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Team sports are about so much more than their physical benefits. This is especially so when group sports activities are incorporated into a young person’s life. Studies have shown a direct correlation between physical activity and academic performance. A University of Kansas study looking at the performance of students in grades 9 to 12 showed that more than 97% of student athletes graduated high school, 10% higher than those students who had never participated in sports. Athletes were also shown to have better G.P.A. outcomes than non-athletes.
This might have to do with the increased cognitive ability that comes from playing sports. Physical activity naturally increases blood flow to the brain and activates endorphins, chemicals that are released when you exercise. Endorphins can impact your mood and work performance, meaning athletes may be more willing and capable of tackling that next big problem.
Team sports can also help with emotional development. Research published by the Canadian Fitness and Lifestyle Research Institute states that exercise can lead to a unique state of short-term relaxation. That relaxation can promote increased concentration, better memory, enhanced creativity, more effective problem solving, and an improved mood — all benefits that will extend into the classroom.
Team athletes are constantly working with a slate of other people, many of whom can become positive role models along the way. Team sports foster mentorship between older players and younger players, coaches and athletes, and more. Coaches in particular can play an important role in a young athlete’s life. Players who have positive sports mentors when they’re young are also more likely to seek effective role models throughout their life.
Soft skills are personal attributes that allow people to build positive social relationships. Team sports are an excellent source of soft skills development, as they allow athletes to grow within a supportive environment. Here are just a few of the soft skills fostered through team sports:
Communication Skills
While it might not be as obvious as sitting down and discussing a group project, team sports take a lot of communication — both spoken and unspoken. Communication skills are key in maintaining a functioning sports team, whether it’s listening to locker room pep talk, picking up on nonverbal cues given by other players, or expressing a thought during a post-game debrief.
As Jill Prudden said in her book "Coaching Girl’s Basketball Successfully,” players are expected to express their concerns, hopes, and disappointments to their coaches and their teammates. She also encourages her players to seek feedback from coaches as well as their classroom teachers, as a result fostering communications skills that will help them succeed in their academic endeavors.
Decisive Action
Sports plays happen fast, and athletes develop the skills needed to make effective snap decisions. Whether it’s a basketball player deciding to shoot or a soccer player realizing his best move is to pass to a teammate for the assist, athletes learn critical decision-making skills that will benefit them both during and after game time.
Any athlete who has played in a championship game knows the meaning of pressure. Sports create an environment where athletes learn to conquer their natural “fight or flight” instinct to make consistent and difficult decisions under high pressure situations. This ability to function under pressure translates to person who is better at making deadlines and working in stressful situations in the future.
Teamwork
This is an obvious one. Teamwork is all about collaborating with others to reach a common goal. The diverse pairing of personalities and scenarios will help your athlete become adaptable, persistent, and patient. Team sports also teach a sense of group and individual responsibility.
Being on a team with a dozen or more of your peers is an excellent way to recognize the individual talents each person brings to the table. As the Janssen Sports Leadership Center says, working with teammates teaches athletes important life skills such as to respect one another, act in unselfish ways, make good decisions on behalf of the team, and not cut corners.
Time Management
The time commitment required by athletes can be comparable to that of a full-time job. Think of all the different commitments an athlete needs to juggle: competitions, strength and conditioning, team meetings, sports physiotherapy — and these are just the sports-related obligations!
Necessity demands that athletes learn valuable time management skills, otherwise they would never be able to keep up with academics and sport. Effective time management planning is part of why a recent article published by Fast Company argues employers should consider hiring a former student athlete.
Team athletes know that every second counts, and this value of time will translate to their everyday life. As Shannon Miller, a member of the 1992 and 1996 United States Olympic women’s gymnastics team told Forbes, she kept a schedule that was almost minute by minute when she was an athlete. This careful planning and precision helps athletes focus on reaching their goals sooner than non-athletes.
Build Self-Esteem and a Sense of Community
Team sports are said to bolster the five C’s: competence, confidence, connections, character, and caring. At the heart of this is self-esteem – an increased sense of self as a result of better social interactions, stronger relationships, and higher academic performance.
Team sports provide athletes with a natural community. A report from True Sport says that youth who play sports have higher levels of social support, and that the sense of community created with teammates, coaches, and family members incubates the perfect setting for critical self-esteem development.
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Manchester Titans American Football Club
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2014-07-23T18:58:40+00:00
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Timing American Football games are divided into four 15-minute quarters, separated by a 12-minute break at half-time. There are also 2-minute breaks at the end of the first and third quarters as teams change ends of the field after every 15 minutes of play. At the end of the first and third quarters, the team […]
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Manchester Titans American Football Club
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https://www.manchestertitans.co.uk/game/rules/
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Timing
American Football games are divided into four 15-minute quarters, separated by a 12-minute break at half-time. There are also 2-minute breaks at the end of the first and third quarters as teams change ends of the field after every 15 minutes of play. At the end of the first and third quarters, the team with the ball retains possession heading into the following quarter. That is not the case before half-time. The second half starts with a kickoff in the same way as the game began in the first quarter. The clock stops at the end of incomplete passing plays, when a player goes out of bounds, or when a penalty is called. The clock starts again when the ball is re-spotted by an official.
Substitution and Specialisation
In American Football, there is unlimited free substitution of players; a team can change any number of players in the time between plays throughout the game. As a result players have become specialised, with each one having a set role. Each team has 3 separate units: the Offence, those players who are on the field when the team has possession of the ball; the Defence, players who line up to stop the other team’s Offence; and Special Teams that only come in on kicking situations (punts, field goals, and kickoffs). Only 11 players are on the field from one team at any one time.
The aim of the game is to score more points than the opposition.
How is this done?
Although American Football teams typically have many more players than Rugby teams or other sports teams, only 11 players from each side are allowed on the field at one time. One team has the ball and tries to score, the other team tries to stop them. Advancing the ball, scoring and changes of possession are outlined below.
Advancing the ball
Advancing the ball in American Football is similar to the six-tackle rule in Rugby League. The team that has possession of the ball (the Offence) has four attempts, called downs, to advance the ball 10 yards towards their opponent’s (the Defence’s) end zone (or into it!). When the offense gains 10 yards, it gets a first down, which means the team has another set of four downs to gain yet another 10 yards or score with. If the offense fails to gain a first down (10 yards) after 4 downs, it loses possession of the ball. The beginning of a set of downs (the first play in a “Drive”) is first and ten or 1-10. If the Offence gains 5 yards on that play, the next play would be second and five (showing that the Offence has five yards to go for a new first down, not that it has moved five yards).
If on that play the Offence gained two more yards, it would be third and three for the following play. If the Offence had lost yards on second and five (a Quarterback getting sacked for 6 yards for example) it would be third and eleven. Except at the beginning of halves and after scores (when there is a kickoff), the ball is always put into play by a snap (where the Centre swiftly moves the ball back through his legs into the Quarterback’s hands, the speed of the movement gives it the name snap).
Players can then advance the ball in two ways:
By running with the ball, also known as rushing. The Quarterback can hand the ball to Running back; this is known as a hand off.
By throwing the ball to a teammate, known as a forward pass or as passing the football. The forward pass is a key factor distinguishing American Football from other football sports. The Offence can throw the ball forward only once on a play and only from behind the line of scrimmage. The ball can be thrown, pitched, or tossed sideways or backwards at any time. This last type of pass is known as a lateral (like passing from player to player in both codes of Rugby) and is less common.
What are the key rules on passing plays?
There may only be one forward pass per play.
A Receiver who has been forced off the pitch by a defender cannot catch the pass as he runs back onto the field.
Receivers must have control of the football and get both feet down in the field of play to have completed a catch.
Defenders can touch Receivers and tight ends within the first 5 yards of the line but any contact after that is deemed illegal and will result in a penalty.
The Quarterback must be behind the line of scrimmage to attempt a pass.
Team mates are allowed to block opposing defenders to protect the Quarterback as he passes down field and to create running room for a receiver after he catches the ball
What are the key rules on running plays?
A running back can complete as many lateral passes (as in rugby) as he likes, although this is considered a risky act in the NFL.
Team mates are allowed to block opposing defenders to create running lanes for a ball carrier, but they cannot block defenders in the back or from behind.
When a quarterback runs beyond the line of scrimmage it is considered a running play and he can no longer throw a forward pass.
A down ends, and the ball becomes “dead”, after any of the following:
The player with the ball is forced to the ground (tackled) or has his forward progress halted by members of the other team (as determined by an official).
A forward pass flies out of bounds or touches the ground before it is caught. This is known as an incomplete pass. The ball is returned to the most recent line of scrimmage for the next down.
The ball or the player with the ball goes beyond the dimensions of the field (out of bounds).
A team scores.
Officials blow a whistle to notify all players that the down is over.
Change of possession
The Offence maintains possession of the ball unless one of the following things happens:
The team fails to get a first down i.e., they fail to move the ball forward at least 10 yards in four downs. The defensive team takes over the ball at the spot where the 4th-down play ends. A change of possession in this manner is commonly called a turnover on downs.
The Offence scores a touchdown or field goal. The team that scored then kicks the ball to the other team in a special play called a kickoff.
The Offence punts the ball to the defense. A punt is a kick in which a player drops the ball and kicks it before it hits the ground. Punts are nearly always made on fourth down, when the offensive team does not want to risk giving up the ball to the other team at its current spot on the field (through a failed attempt to make a first down) and feels it is too far from the other team’s goal posts to attempt a field goal.
A defensive player catches a forward pass. This is called an interception, and the player who makes the interception can run with the ball until he is tackled or forced out of bounds or scores.
An offensive player drops the ball (a fumble) and a defensive player picks it up. As with interceptions, a player recovering a fumble can run with the ball until tackled or forced out of bounds. Lost fumbles and interceptions are together known as turnovers.
The offensive team misses a field goal attempt. The defensive team gets the ball at the spot where the previous play began (or, in the NFL, at the spot of the kick). If the unsuccessful kick was attempted from within 20 yards of the end zone, the other team gets the ball at its own 20-yard line (that is, 20 yards from the end zone).
An offensive ball carrier is tackled, forced out of bounds, loses the ball out of bounds, or commits certain penalties, in his own end zone. This fairly rare occurrence is called a safety.
Scoring
A team scores points by the following plays:
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https://rockytopsportsworld.com/blog/benefits-playing-football/
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6 Benefits of Playing Football That You Should Know
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2021-11-22T10:40:42+00:00
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Learn more about the benefits of playing football, including improved work ethic and reduced anxiety.
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en
|
Rocky Top Sports World
|
https://rockytopsportsworld.com/blog/benefits-playing-football/
|
As one of the most popular sports in the U.S., football has tons of benefits for those who choose to play. There are multiple mental and physical perks to participating in football, including reducing anxiety, as well as providing an awesome workout. You would be surprised at how many areas of your life can be positively impacted by this sport. Here are 6 benefits of playing football that you should know:
1. Improved Work Ethic
Whether you’re playing on an amateur or professional level, football is hard work. Not only do you have to work hard to ensure you’re pulling your own weight for the team, you also have to be ready to assist your teammates at any time. It takes practice and dedication and is a great way to improve your overall work ethic. If you want to be good at football, you’ve got to put in the necessary effort.
2. Reduced Anxiety
If you’re someone who struggles with anxiety, football can be a great way to redirect your stress into a more productive outlet. The adrenaline that comes with playing football is shown to reduce the effects of daily stressors and keeps the players calm. People who play football show less symptoms of depression and anxiety, in addition to being less likely to exhibit aggressive behaviors in their everyday life.
3. A Great Workout
Combining cardio, strength training, and endurance, football is an overall great workout. If you aren’t someone who enjoys going to the gym or a workout class, signing up for a recreational football league may be a great option for you. One of the greatest benefits of playing football is the consistent workouts you’ll get during practice and games.
4. Teaches Teamwork
Football is not an individual sport where you only have to depend on yourself. When your team isn’t working effectively together as a group, it’ll be very difficult to win any games. This sport teaches selflessness, cooperation and teamwork to players, coaches and even fans. When a team comes together as a unit, it shows on and off the field.
5. Interval Training
Football is a great way to work on interval training! With periods of slow and fast movements, your heart begins to work at different speeds to accommodate for both elevated and reduced levels. This is a great form of interval training, which helps control your body fat and increase your overall fitness.
6. Stronger Bone Density and Mass
One benefit of playing football that a lot of people don’t think about is the improvement it can have on your bone density and mass. With the combination of high protein intake and strength training, football players typically see strengthening in their bones and joints. This can decrease your chances of facing bone and joint related diseases as you age.
With so many benefits of playing football, it’s no wonder so many people around the world enjoy this sport. If you coach or are a member of a football team, make sure to sign up for a few of the events at our Gatlinburg sports complex. We look forward to seeing you!
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The Quantification of Acceleration Events in Elite Team Sport: a Systematic Review
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[
"Robert I. M. Delves",
"Robert J. Aughey",
"Kevin Ball",
"Grant M. Duthie"
] |
2021-12-19T00:00:00
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Wearable tracking devices are commonly utilised to quantify the external acceleration load of team sport athletes during training and competition. The ability to accelerate is an important attribute for athletes in many team sports. However, there are ...
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https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8245618/
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Sports Med Open. 2021 Dec; 7: 45.
PMCID: PMC8245618
PMID: 34191142
The Quantification of Acceleration Events in Elite Team Sport: a Systematic Review
,1 ,1 ,1 and 2
Robert I. M. Delves
1Institute for Health & Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3011 Australia
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Robert J. Aughey
1Institute for Health & Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3011 Australia
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Kevin Ball
1Institute for Health & Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3011 Australia
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Grant M. Duthie
2School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Strathfield, NSW Australia
Find articles by Grant M. Duthie
1Institute for Health & Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3011 Australia
2School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Strathfield, NSW Australia
Robert J. Aughey, Email: ua.ude.uv@yehguA.treboR.
Corresponding author.
Copyright © The Author(s) 2021
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Associated Data
Data Availability Statement
Not applicable.
Abstract
Background
Wearable tracking devices are commonly utilised to quantify the external acceleration load of team sport athletes during training and competition. The ability to accelerate is an important attribute for athletes in many team sports. However, there are many different acceleration metrics that exist in team sport research. This review aimed to provide researchers and practitioners with a clear reporting framework on acceleration variables by outlining the different metrics and calculation processes that have been adopted to quantify acceleration loads in team sport research.
Methods
A systematic review of three electronic databases (CINAHL, MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus), was performed to identify peer-reviewed studies that published external acceleration load in elite team sports during training and/or competition. Articles published between January 2010 and April 2020 were identified using Boolean search phrases in relation to team sports (population), acceleration/deceleration (comparators), and competition and/or training (outcome). The included studies were required to present external acceleration and/or deceleration load (of any magnitude) from able-bodied athletes (mean age ≥ 18 years) via wearable technologies.
Results
A total of 124 research articles qualified for inclusion. In total, 113/124 studies utilised GPS/GNSS technology to outline the external acceleration load of athletes. Count-based metrics of acceleration were predominant of all metrics in this review (72%). There was a lack of information surrounding the calculation process of acceleration with 13% of studies specifying the filter used in the processing of athlete data, whilst 32% outlined the minimum effort duration (MED). Markers of GPS/GNSS data quality, including horizontal dilution of precision (HDOP) and the average number of satellites connected, were outlined in 24% and 27% of studies respectively.
Conclusions
Team sport research has predominantly quantified external acceleration load in training and competition with count-based metrics. Despite the influence of data filtering processes and MEDs upon acceleration, this information is largely omitted from team sport research. Future research that outlines acceleration load should present filtering processes, MEDs, HDOP, and the number of connected satellites. For GPS/GNSS systems, satellite planning tools should document evidence of available satellites for data collection to analyse tracking device performance. The development of a consistent acceleration filtering method should be established to promote consistency in the research of external athlete acceleration loads.
Keywords: Acceleration, Data filtering, Activity profile, Deceleration, Wearable technology, Athlete tracking, Microtechnology, Athlete loads
Key Points
Acceleration in team sport research has largely been quantified via the use of count-based metrics.
There is a lack of information surrounding the processing of acceleration data in team sport research. Very few studies in this review quantified the filtering processes used to calculate acceleration and the minimum effort duration for these events. For satellite-based tracking systems, inconsistency seen in GPS/GNSS device reporting on horizontal dilution of precision and satellite number information has hindered the ability to objectively evaluate athlete acceleration and deceleration datasets.
Future research should attempt to develop a common acceleration filtering/processing method to allow for appropriate comparison in load between studies and between tracking manufacturers. A common process would help to alleviate concerns of technology-driven variations in athlete acceleration data.
Background
Through the continued development of athlete wearable technology, team sport practitioners have increasingly elected to monitor their athlete’s external load during training and competition with player-tracking devices [1]. Technologies, such as the Global Positioning System (GPS) and optical-based systems, are established player-tracking methods, whilst progressions have been made in the development of local positioning systems (LPS) and access to the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS). Regardless of the technology implemented, the aforementioned tracking systems allow for the relatively unobtrusive and objective collection of a player’s locomotion during training and match-play, with information obtained on athlete distances and speeds [1, 2]. Tracking information allows for the creation of activity profiles for respective sports, which details the different load placed upon athletes and positions played within that sport [1, 3]. For performance staff, an activity profile enables specific prescription of athlete training programs and rehabilitation processes that are centred towards preparing the athlete for the rigours of competition load [1].
The ability to change speed and direction through acceleration and deceleration are important attributes for successful performance in many team sports [4–7]. Subsequently, team sport research has produced a wide variety of metrics to assess acceleration in training and competition [7, 8]. Given the stochastic nature of team sport movement, the assessment of acceleration is imperative in depicting the overall loads of competition [7]. For example, team sport athletes across the football codes of rugby league, rugby union, association (soccer) and Australian football represent average match speeds that would be considered low intensity at approximately 80 to 140 m min− 1 (1.3–2.3 m s− 1) [7]. However, the aforementioned sports can see peak intensities up to 170 to 210 m min− 1 during a 1-min moving average epoch and have been shown to further increase to intensities up to 380 m min− 1 with smaller moving average window lengths (e.g., 5 s) [6, 9–12]. The wide range in intensities from match averages to competition peaks indicates that the ability to change velocity (acceleration) is important to performance. In invasion/combat sports such as rugby league, where general play is contested in tight confines, acceleration load is highest compared to other football codes, indicating the ability to rapidly change velocity is important to successful performance in this code [6, 9–11]. Similarly, in American football, where players are also actively trying to gain or negate yardage, skill players such as wide receivers, defensive backs and line-backers accumulate substantial counts of high accelerations (> 3.5 m s− 2) per game (range 26–38 counts per game) [13].
Whilst being able to perform accelerations is important to successful athletic performance, quantifying accelerations is also important to practitioners for athlete load management [8]. Accelerations incorporate a significant portion of the total overall external load during team sport training and competition [8, 14–17]. However, the magnitude of acceleration efforts can provide different sources of load experienced by the athlete. For example, accelerations (positive velocity) will place a greater metabolic cost on the body compared to deceleration events, as accelerations require greater energy to fuel the change in velocity [4, 14, 15, 18]. Deceleration events however differ from accelerations with respect to the mechanically demanding, eccentric loads placed upon the body when braking (particularly at higher intensities). Athlete braking (decelerating) is dampened by soft-tissue structures which attempt to attenuate the force of each deceleration effort [8, 14–17, 19]. In team sport athletes, an increased count of high-intensity accelerations is associated with neuromuscular fatigue and muscle damage (marked by increased creatine kinase) post competition [7, 8, 14, 20]. Therefore, it is important that acceleration and deceleration can be appropriately quantified and monitored during training and competition to ensure athletes are adequately prepared for this load [7, 9].
For team sport practitioners and researchers however, the existing research on acceleration and how acceleration load in competition and training is quantified, has varied greatly between studies [7, 8]. Currently, there are a multitude of different methods in which to quantify accelerations in team sport research [21]. Specifically, acceleration in applied team sports has been quantified via threshold based counts, time or distance spent in certain thresholds (e.g., > 3.5 m s− 2 threshold for “high-intensity accelerations”) or more recently, by combining all absolute acceleration data (regardless of intensity) and averaging over a defined time period [1, 7, 20–23].
Regardless of the metric chosen to quantify acceleration, the measurement of acceleration is subject to the device quality and filtering settings of the tracking system. In GPS technology, there have been continual improvements in device capabilities, with 10-Hz devices being deemed most valid and reliable for measuring acceleration [3, 7, 22, 24]. Varley et al. [22] determined that 10-Hz devices could, at worst, detect an acceleration had occurred, but otherwise possessed acceptable validity for accelerations at various starting velocities in straight running (CV 3.6–5.9%). However, deceleration at a starting velocity between 5 and 8 m s− 1 had greater variability (CV 11.3%) which was attributed to the rapid change in speed during deceleration compared to acceleration [7, 22, 24].
To analyse the quality of positional data in GPS/GNSS devices, the horizontal dilution of precision (HDOP) and the average number of connected satellites are extracted [1, 25]. For GPS/GNSS devices, HDOP and the number of satellites provide an indication of the quality of device connection and signal strength [2, 25]. However, despite the importance of HDOP and the number of satellite information, the reporting of these metrics has been inconsistent in team sport research [1]. With the development of online GNSS planning tools providing evidence of the number of available satellites for a given period, researchers and practitioners should endeavour to compare the satellite tracking information from their devices to website-based tools outlining satellite availability. Extracting satellite quality information can then aid in assessing the overall data quality of metrics surrounding acceleration events. Given the importance of device signal quality on athlete positioning data, the HDOP and the number of connected satellites are significant variables that need to be reported upon in athlete-tracking research. In practice, the publishing of HDOP and satellite data then aids practitioners to determine what data they should include and exclude in their athlete load monitoring systems, including acceleration metrics. For example, HDOP values greater than one or satellite numbers less than 10 may be grounds for data exclusion in daily monitoring processes.
The processing or calculation of an acceleration event may also influence the measurement of athlete acceleration [1]. It is believed that despite the similarities in device hardware between manufacturers, the filtering and minimum effort durations in the calculation of acceleration/deceleration largely differ between devices, potentially creating technology-driven differences in acceleration/deceleration-based research [1, 26, 27]. Despite the previously stated need for greater consistency in the reporting of wearable device specifications and processes, there are still large inconsistencies in reporting of acceleration in team sport research.
With the ongoing development of athlete-tracking systems as a measure of external athlete output and the approval to implement these devices during competition, there is an increasing prevalence of the technology in team sport research [1, 8]. Additionally, with the extensive number of studies that have outlined activity profiles of respective sports during training and competition, numerous systematic reviews have been published [8, 28–30]. However, there is currently no systematic review that has outlined the different metrics and the calculation of the metrics used to quantify accelerations in team sport research. The systematic review from Harper et al. [8] outlined and compared high and very high-intensity accelerations in competitive team sports but this study was dependent upon cut-off thresholds, which limited the overall scope of the study. The introduction of metrics such as absolute acceleration prompted this review to include all acceleration events/metrics regardless of the magnitude, as ultimately all acceleration and deceleration events carry a physiological cost [7]. With the inevitable further developments in player-tracking technologies (e.g., optical systems) and the importance of accelerations in team sport activity profiles, it is pertinent to review and appraise the metrics that have been used to quantify acceleration/deceleration. Therefore, the primary aim of this systematic review is to outline and compare the different methods that have been adopted to quantify acceleration and deceleration events in team sport research. A secondary aim was to identify the processing methods used by researchers in calculating acceleration/deceleration by way of data filtering methods and minimum effort durations.
Methods
Study Design
The current systematic review was undertaken in accordance with the Preferred items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement on the transparent reporting of systematic reviews [31].
Search Strategy
Three electronic databases (CINAHL, Medline, and SPORTDiscus) were systematically reviewed in May 2020 by the lead author to identify articles that investigated the quantification of acceleration and/or deceleration as a metric in the load monitoring of team sport athletes in either training or competitive environments. Peer-reviewed research articles published in the English language between January 1, 2010, and April 2020 were reviewed for selection into the study. The search terms devised for this review were constructed using the PICO framework, where population (team sport/team sport athletes), interest (quantification of Acceleration/Deceleration metrics) and context (in competition or training) were accounted for. Search terms and exclusion criteria (Table ) relating to team sport athletes and the quantification of acceleration and deceleration in competition or training were then identified (Table ). Boolean operators “OR” and “AND” were used in the final search to combine all search terms together (Table ).
Table 1
Study inclusion/exclusion criteriaInclusion criteriaExclusion criteriaOriginal research articlesSystematic Reviews, Reviews, letters to the editors, non-peer reviewed articles, editorial, books, periodicals, surveys, opinion pieces, conference abstractsTeam-based sportsOutdoor court games (tennis, volleyball) water-based, ice-based and sand-based sports.Participants with a mean age ≥ 18 yearsResearch with the mean age of athletes below the age of ≤ 18 years.Elite-level, able-bodied, participants playing at the elite domestic competition for their respective team sport or international representation above U/18 competitionSub-elite-level, amateur and novice athletes or athletes not playing within the top tier of their respective domestic league/competitions. Athletes with a physical or mental disability. Referees & OfficialsOfficial team activities: including competition/game/match observations and training sessions (e.g., small sided games, match simulations, individual training drills)Validation or reliability studies on wearable technologies using athletes in an experimental setting
GPS/GNSS-based trackers (sampling ≥ 5 Hz)
Optical/LPS-based Camera Systems
AccelerometersAcceleration or deceleration events measured during designated team activities of any magnitude and measured in any available metric (e.g., counts, metres, time spent, average acceleration, acceleration load) that is not combined with any separate metric (e.g., metabolic power)Combined metrics (metabolic power, repeat high-intensity efforts, PlayerLoad)Research available in English (full text)Research articles that are not published in English or cannot be accessed in English.
Table 2
Key search termsRelated search terms1. Acceleration/Decelerationaccelerat* OR decelerat* OR metabolic power OR metabolic load OR energetic cost2. Athlete tracking Systemglobal positioning system* OR GPS OR global navigation satellite system* OR GNSS OR local positioning system* OR LPS OR microtechnology OR microsensor* OR tracking system* OR athlete tracking system OR notational analysis OR camera-based tracking OR optical tracking system3.Team sportteam sport* OR team-sport* OR intermittent sport OR professional team sport OR elite sport OR elite team sport OR australian rules football OR australian rules OR australian football OR australian football league OR AFL OR australian football team OR australian rules football team OR australian football club OR australian rules football club OR soccer OR soccer player OR soccer team OR football OR footballer OR football player OR football team OR field hockey OR field hockey athlete OR field hockey player OR rugby league OR rugby OR rugby league player OR rugby league team OR rugby football OR rugby league competition OR rugby union OR rugby union player OR rugby union competition OR rugby union club OR rugby sevens OR rugby sevens competition OR lacrosse OR lacrosse competition OR american football OR american football player OR national collegiate athletic association OR NCAA OR gaelic football OR gaelic football player OR hurling OR hurling player OR cricket OR netball OR basketball4.Training/competitionmovement demands OR movement pattern OR external load OR external demands OR physical workload OR physical demand* OR activity demand* OR activity profile OR activit* profile* OR match profile OR match demand* OR match play OR match-play OR match intensit* OR game load* OR game intensit* OR competit* demand* OR training OR training demands OR practice OR small sided games OR match simulation OR game simulation
Screening Strategy and Study Selection
Upon execution of the search, all returned studies were collated and exported into a reference manager (EndNote X9, Thomson Reuters, Philadelphia, PA, USA) for further review. The initial review process incorporated three stages to identify qualifying articles. Firstly, all duplicate articles were identified and removed from the reference manager. Secondly, studies were scanned via their abstracts and keywords to establish relevance. If studies were deemed to be irrelevant at this juncture, they were excluded. If doubt remained after inspection of the abstract as to the relevance of the study, it would advance to the next stage for further scrutiny. The final stage consisted of reviewing the full-text documents of each study and excluding articles that were subject to the exclusion criteria (Table ). If doubt remained as to the eligibility of respective studies following this process, the authors resolved the process through deliberation. If an article was identified through this process or identified in any other way other than the initial search it would be subject to the same review process to determine qualification.
Data Extraction
All relevant search data were extracted into a custom-made Microsoft Excel spreadsheet by the lead author. The extracted data from each eligible study included athlete population (sport, competition, age, height, weight), athlete-tracking system used (e.g., GPS, LPS or camera-based) and the associated properties (e.g., unit sample rate, HDOP, number of satellites), acceleration metrics measured (e.g., counts, distance, or average acceleration), the filtering/processing method used to quantify the acceleration and any relevant acceleration findings. All acceleration events, regardless of the magnitude were included into the analysis. There were no exclusion criteria based on the velocity threshold of the acceleration event. Similarly, all organised team activities (training and competition) were eligible for inclusion into the study. Studies that only presented information on athlete-tracking device reliability or validity in an experimental setting were excluded from analysis. Additionally, given the recent guidance on the reporting of GPS/GNSS device properties in research and similar systematic review publications, all available GPS/GNSS device information was extracted from each relevant study [1, 8]. Specifically, the characteristics observed included HDOP, number of satellites connected during activity, device sample rate, device model and device manufacturer.
Results
Search Results
The combined search of three databases returned 706 studies (SPORTSDiscus = 263, Medline = 272, CINAHL = 171) for analysis. All 706 studies were exported into a reference manager where 357 articles were removed as being duplicates. This resulted in the screening of 349 titles and abstracts. Of these titles and abstracts, 167 articles were deemed well outside the scope of the review and were subsequently removed. In total, 182 full-text articles were reviewed and assessed relative to the parameters of the inclusive criteria. Upon review of all full-text articles, 62 were excluded based on athlete skill level (n = 27), athlete age (n = 14), GPS device sample rate (n = 12), inappropriate study type (n = 3) and other exclusions (including accelerometer derived acceleration and the use of combined metrics such as metabolic power) (n = 6). A total of 120 studies remained at the completion of this process. Additionally, four studies were identified and included outside of the database search via the review process for this research. Therefore, 124 studies were included. Figure identifies the classification of studies and pathway of eligibility into the study.
Study Characteristics
The accepted studies in this review outlined acceleration load during an organised, elite team sport activity. This was measured through various player-tracking technologies, including GPS/GNSS, local positioning systems or optical-based tracking systems. The results of this review are focused on how acceleration was quantified in these studies and the metrics used to present the external acceleration load. The characteristics of each of the included studies are summarised in Table .
Table 3
StudyTeam sportDeviceManufacturerModelSample
rate (Hz)HDOPNo. of satellitesAcc/decFilterCalculation interval/MEDThreshold
(m s− 2)Acc/dec metricCalculation of metricAkenhead et al. [32]SoccerGPSCatapult Sports
MinimaxX
S4
10 Hz0.9 ± 0.112 ± 1
Acc
Dec
Smoothing
Filter 0.5 s
0.5 s
Low: 1–2
Moderate:
2–3
High: > 3
Total:
> 1
Distance
(m)
Distance attained in respective threshold band.
Acc/dec also pooled at 1 and 3 m s−2
Akenhead et al. [33]SoccerGPSCatapult SportsMinimaxX10 Hz0.8 ± 0.113 ± 1
Acc
Dec
N/SN/S
Low: 1–2
Moderate:
2–3
High: > 3
Total:
> 1
Acc & Dec Distance (m)Threshold-based sum of acc/dec distancesAkiyama et al. [34]LacrosseGPSPolar ElectroPolar Team Pro10 HzN/SN/S
Acc
Dec
N/SN/S
Low:
0–1.99
Moderate:
2.0–3.99
High:
> 4
Counts
(n)
Efforts in respective threshold bandAltavilla et al. [35]SoccerGPSK-SportN/S10 HzN/SN/S
Acc
Dec
N/SN/S
High:
> 2
Distance
(m)
Distance attained in respective threshold band
Aughey
[36]
Australian FootballGPSCatapult Sports
MinimaxX
Team Sport
2.0
5 HzN/SN/SAccN/S0.4 s
Maximal:
> 2.78
Counts
(n)
Counts per minute (n/min−2)
At least two consecutive efforts at same rate of change in velocity (0.4 s) respective threshold band
Aughey
[37]
Australian FootballGPSCatapult Sports
MinimaxX
Team Sport
2.0
5 HzN/SN/SAccN/S0.4 s
Maximal:
> 2.78
Counts
(n)
Counts per minute (n/min−2)
At least two consecutive efforts at same rate of change in velocity (0.4 s) respective threshold.
Efforts with respect to activity time
Aughey
[38]
Australian FootballGPSCatapult Sports
MinimaxX
Team Sport
2.0
5 Hz1.5 ± 0.97.5 ± 1.2AccN/SN/S
Maximal:
> 2.78
Counts
(n)
Counts per minute
(n/min−2)
Efforts with respect to activity time
Aughey
[39]
Australian FootballGPSCatapult Sports
MinimaxX
Team Sport
2.0
5 HzN/SN/SAccN/S0.4 s
Maximal:
> 2.78
Counts
(n)
Counts per minute
(n/min−2)
At least two consecutive efforts at same rate of change in velocity (0.4 s) respective threshold band.
Efforts with respect to activity time
Bauer et al.
[40]
Australian FootballGPSCatapult Sports
MinimaxX
v4.0
10 Hz1.8 ± 0.4N/SAccN/SN/S
Low:
0–2.77
Hard:
≥ 2.78
Counts
(n)
Distance
(m)
Efforts in respective threshold band.
Distance attained in respective threshold band.
Blair et al. [42]Rugby SevensGPSGPSportsSPI Pro 1010 HzN/SN/S
Acc
Dec
N/SN/S
Low:
1.5–2.5
High:
> 2.5-3.6
Counts
(n)
Efforts in respective threshold bandBowen et al. [43]Soccer
GPS
Optical
STATSports
ChyronHego
Viper 2
TRACAB
10 HzN/SN/S
Acc
Dec
N/S0.5 s
All:
> 0.5
Counts
(n)
Efforts in respective threshold band lasting at least 0.5 s and
> 0.5 m s−2
Bradley et al. [44]SoccerOpticalProZone SportsProZone Version 3.0N/AN/AN/AAccN/SN/S
Medium: > 2.5-4
High:
> 4
Counts
(n)
Efforts in respective threshold bandBrooks et al. [45]NetballLPSCatapult Sports
Catapult T6
ClearSky
10 HzN/AN/A
Acc
Dec
N/S0.2 s
Z1:
0–2
Z2:
2–3.5
Z3:
3.5–6
Z4:
6–10
Acceleration Density: (Average Acc/Dec)
(m s−2)
Acceleration Density Index:
(avg Acc/Dec per
10 m; m s− 2)
Total Acceleration Load:
(total Acc/Dec;
m s− 2)
Distance
(m)
Average acc
values across the specified period
Average acc performed per 10 m of distance
(Acc Load/Distance)
Sum of acc values across the analysed period (acc values were calculated at 0.2 s intervals)
Distance attained in respective threshold
Chesher et al. [47]Field HockeyGPSCatapult Sports
MinimaxX
S4
10 Hz0.88 ± 0.0311 ± 0.59DecN/SN/S
Low:
− 3–−5.99
Medium:
-6–− 8.99
High:
− 9–− 11.99
Very high:
<− 12
Counts
(n)
Average Deceleration
(m s−2)
Efforts in respective threshold band.
Mean Dec in each competitive match
Clemente et al. [48]SoccerGPSJOHAN SportsN/S10 HzN/SN/S
Acc
Dec
N/SN/S
High:
> 3
Counts
(n)
Efforts in respective threshold bandCoutts et al. [50]Australian FootballGPSCatapult SportsMinimaxX Team Sport 2.510 HzN/SN/S
Acc
Dec
N/S0.2 s> 2.78
Counts
(n)
Two consecutive samples exceeding 2.78 m s−2Cummins et al. [51]Rugby LeagueGPSGPSportsSPI Pro X15 HzaN/SN/S
Acc
Dec
Butterworth 4th order
Cut-off frequency:
1 Hz
N/S
Moderate:
< 1.12
High: 1.13–2.78
Very high:
> 2.78
Counts per minute
(n/min−2)
Efforts in respective threshold band with respect to activity time
Dalen et al.
[56]
Soccer
Radio Freq.
Tracking
ZXY Sport TrackingRadioEye Sensors20 HzN/AN/AAccN/S0.5 s
All:
> 2
Counts per minute
(n/min−2)
Efforts lasting for at 0.5 s in respective threshold band.
Efforts in respective threshold band with respect to activity time
Dalen et al.
[57]
Soccer
Radio Freq.
Tracking
ZXY Sport TrackingRadioEye Sensors20 HzN/AN/A
Acc
Dec
N/S0.5 s
All:
> 2
Counts (n)
Distance (m)
Efforts lasting for at 0.5 s in respective threshold bandDelaney et al. [7]Rugby LeagueGPSGPSportsSPI HPU5 HzN/SN/S
Acc
Dec
N/SN/S
Low:
1
Moderate:
2
High:
> 3
Counts
(n)
Time
(s)
Distance
(m)
Average Acc
(m s−2)
Average Dec
(m s− 2)
Average Acc/Dec
(m s− 2)
Efforts, time and/or distance in respective threshold band.
Absolute values of acc averaged over given analysis period.
Absolute values of dec averaged over given analysis period.
Absolute values of acc/dec averaged over given analysis period
Delaney et al. [9]Rugby LeagueGPSGPSportsSPI HPU15 Hza1.1 ± 0.18.3 ± 1.4
Acc
Dec
Butterworth 4th Order
Cut-off frequency:
1 Hz
N/SN/AAverage Acc (m s−2) / minAbsolute values of acc/dec averaged over given analysis periodDelaney et al. [10]Australian FootballGPSCatapult SportsOptimeye S510 HzN/SN/S
Acc
Dec
N/SN/SN/AAverage Acc (m s−2) / minAbsolute values of acc/dec averaged over given analysis periodDelaney et al. [11]Rugby UnionGPSGPSportsSPI HPU15 HzaN/SN/S
Acc
Dec
N/SN/SN/AAverage Acc (m s−2) / minAbsolute values of acc/dec averaged over given analysis periodDelaney et al. [6]SoccerGPSCatapult SportsOptimeye S510 Hz0.86 ± 0.2810.6 ± 1.7
Acc
Dec
N/SN/SN/AAverage Acc (m s−2) / minAbsolute values of acc/dec averaged over given analysis periodDelves et al. [58]Field HockeyGPSCatapult Sports
Optimeye X4
MinimaxX S4
10 HzN/SN/S
Acc
Dec
N/SN/SN/A
Average Acc (m s−2) / min
Average Acc
(m s−2)
Absolute values of acc/dec averaged over given analysis periodDempsey et al. [59]Rugby LeagueGPSGPSportsSPI Pro X10 HzN/SN/S
Acc
Dec
N/SN/SHigh: > 3.0
Counts
(n)
Counts per minute
(n/min−2)
Efforts in respective threshold band.
Efforts calculated in absolute terms with respect to activity time and threshold
Duthie et al. [61]Field HockeyGPSCatapult SportsOptimeye X410 HzN/SN/S
Acc
Dec
N/SN/SN/AAverage Acc (m s−2) / minAbsolute values of acc/dec averaged over given analysis period
Figueiredo
et al.
[62]
SoccerGPSSTATSportsViper Pod10 HzN/SN/S
Acc
Dec
N/SN/SN/S
Counts
(n)
Efforts in respective threshold bandFurlan et al. [63]Rugby SevensGPSGPSportsSPI HPU5 HzN/SN/S
Acc
Dec
Butterworth 4th Order
Cut-off frequency:
1 Hz
N/S
Moderate:
2–3
High:
.1–4
Very high:
> 4
Counts per minute
(n/min−2)
Acc/Dec counts derived from filtered 15 Hz data.
Efforts in respective threshold band with respect to activity time
Gabbett
[65]
Field HockeyGPSCatapult SportsMinimaxX5 HzN/SN/SAccN/S2 s
High:
> 0.5
Counts
(n)
Efforts in respective threshold band lasting at least 2 s
Gabbett
[66]
Rugby LeagueGPSCatapult Sports
MinimaxX
Team Sport
2.5
5 HzN/SN/SAccN/SN/S
Maximal:
> 2.79
Counts
(n)
Counts per minute
(n/min−2)
Efforts in respective threshold band.
Efforts in respective threshold band with respect to activity time
Garvican
et al.
[69]
SoccerGPSCatapult Sports
MinimaxX
Team Sport
4.0
10 HzN/SN/SAccN/SN/S
Maximal:
> 2.78
Counts
(n)
Counts per minute
(n/min−2)
Efforts in respective threshold band.
Efforts in respective threshold band with respect to activity time
Gaudino et al. [70]SoccerGPSGPSportsSPI Pro X15 HzaN/S
Range:
8-11 Satellites
Acc
Dec
N/S1 s
Moderate:
2–3
High:
> 3
Counts
(n)
Maximum Acc/Dec
(m s−2)
Efforts in respective threshold band lasting for at least 1 s.
Maximum acc & dec effort in analysed period.
Gaudino et al. [71]SoccerGPSSTATSportsViper10 HzN/SN/S
Acc
Dec
N/S0.5 s
Total:
> 3
Counts
(n)
Counts per minute
(n/min−2)
Efforts in respective threshold band lasting for at least 0.5 s and of magnitude > 0.5 m s− 2Hauer et al. [72]LacrosseGPSPolar ElectroPolar Team Pro10 HzN/SN/S
Acc
Dec
N/SN/S
Z1: 0–1.0
Z2: 1.0–2.0
Z3: 2.0–3.0
Z4: > 3.0
Counts (n)Efforts in respective threshold bandHigham et al. [73]Rugby SevensGPSCatapult SportsMinimaxX Team Sport 2.55 HzN/SN/S
Acc
Dec
N/S0.4 sModerate: 2 – 4 High: > 4Counts per minute (n/min− 2)Efforts in respective threshold band with respect to activity timeHigham et al. [74]Rugby SevensGPSGPSportsSPI Pro X15 HzaN/SN/S
Acc
Dec
N/S1 sTotal: > 1Counts per minute (n/min−2 )Efforts in respective threshold band with respect to activity time lasting at least 1 s.Hoppe et al. [75]SoccerGPSCatapult SportsMinimaxX S410 Hz1.1 ± 0.111.8 ± 0.5
Acc
Dec
Butterworth 2 Passes Cut-off: 1 HzN/SHigh:> 3Time (s)Time spent in respective threshold bandIhsan et al. [76]Field HockeyGPSCatapult SportsMinimaxX Team Sport 2.55 HzN/SN/S
Acc
Dec
N/SN/SHigh: > 2Counts (n)Efforts in respective threshold band
Ingebrigtsen
et al. [77]
SoccerRadio TrackingZXY SportTracking
ZXY Sport
Chip
40 HzN/AN/AAccN/S0.5 s
Total:
> 2
Counts
(n)
1) The start of Acc is marked by the Acc reaching the minimum limit (1 m s).
2) Acc has to reach 2 m s.
3) Acc must remain above the 2 m s for at least 0.5 s.
4) The duration of the Acc lasts until it passes the minimum Acc limit (1 m s)
Jaspers et al.
[79]
SoccerGPSCatapult Sports
Optimeye
S5
10 HzN/SN/S
Acc
Dec
N/SN/S
Z1:
0–1
Z2:
1–2
Z3:
2–3.5
Z4:
> 3.5
Counts
(n)
Distance
(m)
Efforts in respective threshold band.
Distance attained in respective threshold band
Jaspers et al.
[80]
SoccerGPSCatapult Sports
Optimeye S5
MinimaxX S4
10 Hz< 1.5≥8 satellites
Acc
Dec
Smoothing Filter
0.2 s
0.4 s
Total:
> 1
Counts
(n)
Efforts in respective threshold bandJohnston et al. [81]Rugby LeagueGPSSTATSportsApex10 Hz0.76 ± 0.2517.7 ± 1.9
Acc
Dec
N/SN/SN/AAverage Acc (m s−2) / minAbsolute values of acc/dec averaged over given analysis periodJohnston et al. [82]
Australian Football
Rugby League
GPS
AF:
Catapult Sports
RL:
STATSports
AF:
Optimeye
S5
RL:
Apex
10 Hz
AFL:
0.69 ± 0.09
NRL:
0.76 ± 0.25
AFL:
10.5 ± 0.65
NRL:
17.7 ± 1.90
Acc
Dec
N/SN/SN/AAverage Acc (m s−2) / minAbsolute values of acc/dec averaged over given analysis periodJohnston et al. [83]Rugby LeagueGPSCatapult Sports
Optimeye
S5
10 HzN/SN/S
Acc
Dec
N/SN/SN/AAverage Acc (m s−2) / minAbsolute values of acc/dec averaged over given analysis periodJohnston et al. [84]Australian FootballGPSCatapult Sports
MinimaxX
S3
MinimaxX
S4
S3:
5 Hz
S4:
10 Hz
1.0 ± 0.312.2 ± 0.7
Acc
Dec
N/SN/S
Low:
0.65–1.46
Moderate: 1.47–2.77
High:
> 2.78
Counts per minute
(n/min−2)
Distance per minute
(m/min)
Time
(%)
Efforts calculated in absolute terms with respect to activity time and threshold.
Distance in respective threshold band with respect to activity time and threshold.
Time spent as a percentage in respective threshold band
Johnston et al. [85]Australian FootballGPSCatapult Sports
MinimaxX
S3
MinimaxX S4
5 Hz
10 Hz
1.0 ± 0.212.1 ± 0.7
Acc
Dec
N/SN/S
Low:
0.65–1.46
Moderate: 1.47–2.77
High:
> 2.78
Counts per minute (n/min−2)
Distance per minute
(m/min−2)
Time
(%. min−2)
Efforts in respective threshold band with respect to activity time and threshold.
Distance attained in respective threshold band with respect to activity time and threshold.
Percentage time spent in respective threshold band with respect to activity time
Johnston et al. [86]Australian FootballGPSCatapult Sports
MinimaxX
S3
MinimaxX S4
5 Hz
10 Hz
1.0 ± 0.112.2 ± 0.6
Acc
Dec
N/SN/S
Low:
0.65–1.46
Moderate: 1.47–2.77
High:
> 2.78
Counts per minute
(n/min−2)
Distance per minute
(m/min−2)
Time
(%. min−2)
Efforts in respective threshold band with respect to activity time.
Distance attained in respective threshold band with respect to activity time.
Percentage time spent in respective threshold band with respect to activity time
Kempton & Coutts [88]Rugby League NinesGPSGPSportsSPI Pro X15 HzaN/SN/S
Acc
Dec
N/SN/S
Total:
> 2.78
Counts
(n)
Counts per minute (n/min−2)
Efforts in respective threshold band.
Efforts calculated in absolute terms with respect to activity time and threshold
Kempton et al. [89]Rugby LeagueGPSGPSportsSPI Pro X15 HzaN/SN/S
Acc
Dec
N/SN/S
Total:
> 2.78
Counts
(n)
Counts per minute
(n/min−2)
Efforts in respective threshold band.
Efforts calculated in absolute terms with respect to activity time and threshold
Kempton et al. [90]Rugby LeagueGPSGPSportsSPI Pro5 HzN/S9.1 ± 1.4
Acc
Dec
N/S0.4 s
Total:
> 2.78
Counts
(n)
Two consecutive samples exceeding 2.78 m s−2Lacome et al. [91]Rugby UnionPC-based trackingSport Universal ProcessAmisco Pro
10 Hz
Velocity
N/AN/AAcc
Butterworth low pass
2nd order
cut-off frequency:
1 Hz
Double phase-lag filter
0.5 s
Z1:
1–2
Z2:
2–3
Z3:
> 3
Mean acceleration
(m s−2)
Values of acc averaged over given analysis period.
Distribution of acc values over given analysis period with respect to thresholds
Malone et al.
[92]
SoccerGPSCatapult Sports
Optimeye
G5
10 HzN/SN/S
Acc
Dec
N/SN/S
High:
> 3
Counts
(n)
Efforts in respective threshold band
Mara et al.
[93]
SoccerGPSGPSportsN/S15 HzaN/S5-8 SatellitesAccN/SN/S
Efforts:
> 2
Time
(s)
Distance
(m)
Max distance
(m)
Max
acceleration
(m s−2)
Repeat acceleration
Average time spent in acc in analysed period.
Average distance accumulated in analysed period.
Average max distance accumulated in analysed period.
Max acc effort in analysed period
Acc efforts performed with < 21 s separation
Mara et al.
[94]
SoccerGPSGPSportsSPI HPU15 HzaN/SN/S
Acc
Dec
N/SN/S
High:
> 2
Counts
(n)
Efforts in respective threshold band
Marrier et al.
[95]
Rugby SevensGPSDigital Simulation
Sensor
Everywhere
V2
16 Hz< 27 [1]AccN/S0.5 s
All:
> 2.5
Counts (n)Efforts in respective threshold band lasting for at least 0.5 s
Martin-Garcia et al.
[96]
SoccerGPSSTATSportsViper10 HzN/SN/S
Acc
Dec
N/SN/S
High:
> 3
Counts
(n)
Efforts in respective threshold band
Martin-Garcia et al.
[97]
SoccerGPSSTATSportsViper10 HzN/SN/S
Acc
Dec
N/S0.5 s
High:
> 3
Counts
(n)
Efforts in threshold band lasting for at least 0.5 s and of magnitude > 0.5 m s−2
Martin-Garcia
et al.
[98]
SoccerGPSSTATSportsViper10 HzN/SN/S
Acc
Dec
N/SN/S
High:
> 3
Counts
(n)
Efforts in respective threshold band
Montgomery & Maloney
[100]
3 × 3
Basketball
GPSCatapult Sports
Optimeye
S5
10 HzN/SN/S
Acc
Dec
N/SN/S
Low:
< 2.5
Medium:
2.5–3.5
High:
> 3.5
Intensity
(m s−2)
Average intensity in respective threshold band.Morencos et al. [101]Field HockeyGPSGPSportsSPI Elite10 HzN/S10.6 ± 1.2
Acc
Dec
N/SN/S
Low:
1–1.99
Moderate:
2.0–2.99
High:
> 3
Counts
(n)
Counts per minute
(n/min−2)
Efforts in respective threshold band.
Efforts calculated in absolute terms with respect to activity time and threshold
Morencos et al. [102]Field HockeyGPSGPSportsSPI Elite10 HzN/SN/S
Acc
Dec
N/SN/S
Low:
1.0–1.9
Moderate:
2.0–2.9
High:
> 3.0
Counts
(n)
Counts per minute (n/min−2)
Efforts in respective threshold band.
Efforts in respective threshold band with respect to activity time
Murray & Varley [103]Rugby SevensGPSCatapult Sports
MinimaxX
S4
10 HzN/S11.3 ± 1.4AccN/S0.4 s
Maximal:
> 2.78
Counts
(n)
Counts per minute
(n/min−2)
Efforts in respective threshold band lasting at least 0.4 s.
Efforts calculated in absolute terms with respect to activity time and threshold lasting at least 0.4 s
Newans et al. [104]SoccerGPSCatapult Sports
Optimeye S5
Optimeye X4
10 HzN/SN/S
Acc
Dec
N/S0.5 s
Moderate:
1–2
High:
> 2
Time
(s)
Ratio of
Dec: Acc
Time spent in each respective threshold lasting at least 0.5 s.
Duration of Dec (High) and Dec (Mod)
divided by total Acc time (High + Mod) in each period.
Determined a moderate and high
Dec:Acc ratio
Owen et al.
[105]
SoccerGPSSTATSportsViper Pod10 HzN/SN/S
Acc
Dec
N/SN/S
Total:
> 3.3
Counts
(n)
Efforts in respective threshold bandOwen et al. [106]Rugby UnionGPSGPSportsSPI HPU15 HzaN/SN/S
Acc
Dec
N/SN/S
Light:
1–1.99
Moderate:
2.0–2.99
Heavy:
3–5.99
Counts
(n)
Efforts in respective threshold bandOxendale et al. [107]Rugby LeagueGPSCatapult SportsMinimaxX Team Sport 2.510 HzN/SN/S
Acc
Dec
N/SN/S
Maximal:
> 2.79
Counts
(n)
Efforts in respective threshold band
Palmer et al.
[108]
Ultimate FrisbeeGPSCatapult SportsOptimeye X410 Hz0.90 ± 0.1013.7 ± 0.5AccProprietary Filter0.6 s
Total:
> 1.5
Counts
(n)
Counts per minute
(n/min−2)
Efforts in respective threshold band lasting for at least 0.6 s and with respect to time
Passos Ramos et al.
[109]
SoccerGPSCatapult Sports
MinimaxX
Team S5
10 HzN/SN/S
Acc
Dec
N/SN/S
1:
− 1–1
2:
1–2.5
3:
> 2.5
Counts
(n)
Counts per minute (n/min−2)
Efforts in respective threshold band and with respect to time
Passos Ramos
et al.
[110]
SoccerGPSCatapult Sports
MinimaxX
Team S5
10 Hz0.75 ± 0.312.4 ± 0.5
Acc
Dec
Exponential Filter
(Derived from GPS Software)
0.5 s
Total:
> 1
Counts (n)Efforts in respective threshold band
Passos Ramos
et al.
[111]
SoccerGPSCatapult Sports
MinimaxX
Team S5
10 Hz0.75 ± 0.315.5 ± 0.5
Acc
Dec
N/SN/STotal: > 2Counts (n)Efforts in respective threshold bandPeeters et al. [112]Rugby SevensGPSDigital Simulation
Sensor
Everywhere
16 Hz1.35 ± 0.348 ± 1AccN/SN/STotal: > 2.5
Counts
(n)
Counts per minute (n/min−2)
Efforts in respective threshold band.
Efforts calculated in absolute terms with respect to activity time
Polgaze et al. [113]Field HockeyGPSCatapult Sports
MinimaxX
S4
10 Hz1.00 ± 0.0711.6 ± 0.5AccProprietary Filter0.6 s
Low:
< 2.0
High:
> 2.0
Counts
(n)
Counts per minute
(n/min−2)
Time
(s)
Distance
(m)
Eligible Acc was determined once a participant changed speed by 2 m s for a minimum within 0.6 s.
Efforts in respective threshold band.
Efforts calculated in absolute terms with respect to activity time and threshold
Time spent in respective threshold band.
Distance attained in respective threshold band
Pollard et al.
[114]
Rugby UnionGPSSTATSportsViper10 HzN/SN/SAccN/SN/S
Total:
> 3
Counts per minute
(n/min−2)
Efforts in respective threshold band.
Efforts in respective threshold band with respect to activity time
Polley et al. [115]LacrosseGPSCatapult Sports
MinimaxX
S4
10 HzN/SN/S
Acc
Dec
N/SN/S
Low:
0–1.11
Moderate: 1.11–2.78
High:
≥ 2.78
Counts per minute
(n/min−2)
Efforts in respective threshold band with respect to activity time
Rennie et al.
[117]
Australian FootballGPSCatapult SportsOptimeye S510 Hz1.1 ± 0.118.2 ± 1.1
Acc
Dec
N/S
0.2 s
Two Samples
Efforts:
> 2.78
Counts
(n)
Two consecutive samples in respective threshold band
Romero-Moraleda et al.
[118]
Field HockeyGPSGPSportsSPI Elite10 HzN/SN/S
Acc
Dec
N/SN/S
Low:
1–1.9
Moderate:
2–2.9
High: > 3
Counts per minute
(n/min−2)
Efforts in respective threshold band with respect to activity time
Sangnier et al.
[121]
SoccerGPSK-SportK-GPS10 HzN/SN/S
Acc
Dec
N/S0.4 s (over 3 s threshold)
Distance:
> 2
Counts:
> 3
Counts per minute
(n/min−2)
Distance per min (m/min)
Efforts > 0.4 s (over 3 m s−2 threshold).
Distance in threshold band with respect to activity time
Silva et al.
[122]
SoccerGPSSTATSportsViper10 HzN/SN/S
Acc
Dec
N/S0.5 s
Z1: > 2
Z2:
> 2.5
Z3:
> 3
Counts
(n)
Counts per minute (n/min−2)
Efforts in respective threshold band lasting at least 0.5 s of magnitude > 0.5 m s−2
Smpokos et al.
[123]
SoccerGPSSTATSportsViper Pod 210 HzN/SN/S
Acc
Dec
N/S0.5 s
Total:
> 2
Counts (n) and counts per minute (n/min−2)Efforts in respective threshold band lasting at least 0.5 s of magnitude > 0.5 m s−2Smpokos et al. [124]SoccerGPSSTATSportsViper Pod 210 HzN/SN/S
Acc
Dec
N/S0.5 s
Total:
> 2
Counts (n) and counts per minute (n/min−2)Efforts in respective threshold band lasting at least 0.5 s of magnitude > 0.5 m s−2
Stevens et al.
[125]
SoccerLPSInmotioInmotio LPS24 HzN/AN/AAcc
Weighted Gaussian
Average
N/S> 2
Distance
(m)
Distance in respective threshold bandSuarez-Arrones et al. [128]Rugby UnionGPSGPSportsSPI Pro X15 HzaN/SN/SAccN/SN/S
Maximal:
> 2.78
Counts
(n)
Efforts in respective threshold band
Sullivan et al.
[129]
Australian FootballGPSCatapult SportsMinimaxX Team Sport 2.510 Hz1.25 ± 0.19N/SAccN/SN/S
One Threshold:
0–4
Counts per minute
(n/min−2)
Efforts with respect to activity time
Sullivan et al.
[130]
Australian FootballGPSCatapult SportsMinimaxX Team Sport 2.510 Hz1.25 ± 0.19N/SAccN/SN/S
One Threshold:
0–4
Counts per minute
(n/min−2)
Efforts with respect to activity time
Sweeting et al.
[131]
NetballRadio Tracking SystemWASPWASP Node10 HzN/AN/AAccKalman FilterN/SN/A
Intensity-based clusters
(m s−2)
Acceleration calculated from velocity data.
Tee et al.
[132]
Rugby UnionGPSGPSportsSPI Pro10 HzN/SN/SAccN/SN/S
Efforts:
> 2.75
Minutes per Accel
(n/min)
Efforts with respect to activity time
Tee et al.
[133]
Rugby UnionGPSGPSportsSPI Pro5 HzN/SN/SAccN/S1 s
Maximal:
> 2.75
Minutes per Accel
(n/min)
Efforts in respective threshold band with respect to activity timeTee et al. [134]Rugby UnionGPSGPSportsSPI Pro5 HzN/SN/SAccN/SN/S
Total:
> 2.75
Minutes per Accel (n/min)Efforts in respective threshold band with respect to activity time
Thornton et al.
[135]
Rugby LeagueGPSGPSportsSPI HPU15 HzaN/SN/S
Acc
Dec
N/SN/SN/A
Acc/Dec Load
(AU)
Average absolute value of all acc/dec data relative to a defined period.
Absolute value multiplied by defined duration to convert to load metric
Varley & Aughey [136]SoccerGPSGPSportsSPI Pro5 HzN/S8 ± 1AccN/SN/S
Maximal:
> 2.78
Counts
(n)
Efforts in respective threshold bandVarley et al. [137]
Soccer
Rugby League
Australian Football
GPS
AF & RL:
Catapult Sports
Soccer:
GPSports
AF & RL:
MinimaxX
Team Sport
2.5
Soccer:
SPI Pro
5 HzN/SN/SAccN/SN/S
Maximal:
> 2.78
Counts
(n)
Counts per minute
(n/min−2)
Efforts in respective threshold band.
Efforts in respective threshold band with respect to activity time
Vazquez-Guerrero et al.
[138]
BasketballLPSRealtrack Systems
WIMU
Pro
20 HzN/AN/A
Acc
Dec
N/SN/S
Total Acc:
All counts
High intensity:
> 2
Peak acceleration
(m s−2)
Counts
(n)
Counts per minute
(n/min−2)
Highest acc value obtained during analysed period.
Efforts in respective threshold band.
Efforts in respective threshold band with respect to activity time
Vescovi & Frayne [139]Field HockeyGPSGPSportsSPI Pro5 Hz
Values
< 4
8–12 Satellites connected during collection
Acc
Dec
N/SN/SAll events
Counts
(n)
Efforts in respective threshold band
Vigh-Larsen
et al.
[140]
SoccerRadio Tracking SystemChryon-Hego
ZXY
Tracking System
20 HzN/AN/A
Acc
Dec
N/S0.5 sTotal: > 2
Counts
(n)
Counts per minute (n/min−2)
Efforts lasting at least 0.5 s and reaching at least 1 m s−2
Efforts lasting for at least 0.5 s and reaching at least 1 m s−2.
Wehbe et al. [141]SoccerGPSGPSportsSPI Pro5 HzN/SN/S
Acc
Dec
N/S0.5 s
Medium:
2.5–4
High:
> 4
Counts
(n)
Efforts in respective threshold band lasting at least 0.5 s
Wellman et al.
[142]
American FootballGPSCatapult Sports
MinimaxX
S5
10 HzN/SN/S
Acc
Dec
N/SN/S
Low: 0–1.0
Medium:
1.1–2.0
High:
2.1–3.0
Maximal: > 3.0
Distance
(m)
Distance attained in respective threshold bandWellman et al. [143]American FootballGPSCatapult Sports
Optimeye
S5
10 HzN/SN/S
Acc
Dec
N/SN/S
Low:
0–1.0
Medium:
1.1–2.0
High:
2.1–3
Maximal:
>− 3
Distance
(m)
Distance attained in respective threshold band
White & MacFarlane
[146]
Field HockeyGPSCatapult SportsMinimaxX5 Hz0.99 ± 0.211.2 ± 1.3AccN/S> 1 s
High intensity:
> 3
Counts
(n)
Efforts in respective threshold band lasting at least 0.5 sYamamoto et al. [147]Rugby UnionGPSGPSportsSPI Pro X5 HzN/SN/SAccN/SN/S
AZ1:
1.5–2.0
AZ2:
2–2.5
AZ3:
> 2.5
Counts
(n)
Efforts in respective threshold band
Young et al.
[148]
HurlingGPSSTATSportsViper Pod10 HzN/SN/S
Acc
Dec
N/SN/S
Total:
> 2
Counts
(n)
Efforts in respective threshold band
Team Sport Characteristics
The team sport characteristics of each of the 124 studies are featured in Table . Of the 124 articles, research from Soccer provided the greatest contribution of studies to the review (33.9%), followed by Rugby League (14.2%), Australian Football (11.8%) and Field Hockey (11.0%). Athlete sex was mixed in each sport contribution, with the exception of Australian and American Football, Basketball, Hurling, Rugby League, Rugby League Nines and Ultimate Frisbee.
Table 4
SportStudy count% sport contribution to reviewStudy athlete sexAthlete levelReference% Male% Female3 × 3 Basketball10.85050Elite, Junior International[100]American Football43.11000Elite Collegiate[13, 41, 142, 143]Australian Football1511.81000Elite[10, 36–40, 50, 82, 84–86, 117, 129, 130, 137]Basketball10.81000Elite[138]Field Hockey1411.06633Elite, Elite Collegiate[47, 58, 61, 65, 76, 78, 101, 102, 113, 118, 139, 144–146]Hurling10.81000Elite[148]Lacrosse32.46633Elite[34, 72, 115]Netball21.60100Elite[45, 131]Rugby League1814.21000Elite[7, 9, 51–53, 59, 64, 66–68, 81–83, 89, 90, 107, 135, 137]Rugby League Nines10.81000Elite[88]Rugby Sevens107.99010Elite[42, 49, 63, 74, 95, 103, 112, 116, 127]Rugby Union1310.2928Elite, Junior International[11, 54, 55, 60, 87, 91, 106, 114, 128, 132–134, 147]Soccer4333.98812Elite, Junior International[6, 17, 32, 33, 35, 43, 44, 46, 48, 56, 57, 62, 69–71, 75, 77, 79, 80, 92–94, 96–99, 104, 105, 109–111, 119–126, 136, 137, 140, 141]Ultimate Frisbee10.80100Junior International[108]Total1271007525
Tracking Device Characteristics
The wearable technology type, as well as respective manufacturers and devices, are outlined in Table . Global Positioning System/GNSS-based studies were assessed on two data quality metrics. HDOP (mean ± SD) and the number of satellites (mean ± SD) in connection with the GPS device during athlete tracking were observed in this review. Of the 113 eligible GPS/GNSS studies, 23.9% (27/113 studies) of the included articles specified the mean HDOP for their research. For the number of satellite connections during the tracking period, 27.4% (31/113) of studies specified the mean ± SD value. This information is presented in Table .
Table 5
Tracking technologyManufacturerDeviceSample rateReferenceGlobal Positioning System/Global Navigation Satellite System GPSCatapult SportsOptimeye S510 Hz[6, 10, 41, 52, 78–80, 82, 83, 99, 100, 104, 117, 143]Optimeye G510 Hz[92]Optimeye X410 Hz[58, 61, 99, 104, 108]MinimaxX S510 Hz[109–111, 142]MinimaxX S410 Hz[32, 46, 47, 58, 75, 78, 80, 84–86, 103, 113, 115]MinimaxX S35 Hz[84–86]MinimaxX Team Sport 2.05 Hz[36–39]MinimaxX Team Sport 2.55 Hz[66, 73, 76, 137]10 Hz[50, 107, 129, 130]MinimaxX Team Sport 4.010 Hz[40, 69, 87]MinimaxX5 Hz[64, 65, 67, 68, 144–146]10 Hz[33]STATSportsAPEX10 Hz[81, 82]Viper10 Hz[54, 55, 62, 71, 96–98, 105, 114, 119, 120, 122, 148]Viper 210 Hz[43, 123, 124] GPSGPSportsSPI Elite10 Hz[17, 101, 102, 118]SPI HPU15 Hza[7, 9, 11, 13, 60, 63, 94, 106, 135]SPI Pro5 Hz[90, 133, 134, 136, 137, 139, 141]10 Hz[42, 132]SPI Pro X15 Hza[51, 70, 74, 88, 89, 116, 127, 128, 147]10 Hz[59]PolarPolar Team Pro10 Hz[34, 72]Digital SimulationSensorEverywhere8 Hz[49]16 Hz[95, 112]JOHAN SportsJohan GPS10 Hz[48]K-SportK-GPS10 Hz[35, 121]Local positioning systems LPSCatapult SportsClearSky T610 Hz[45]Realtrack SystemsWIMU Pro20 Hz[138]InmotioInmotio LPM24 Hz[125]Inmotio LPM31 Hz[126]Radio frequency Radio frequencyChyron HegoZXY Tracking System40 Hz[77]ZXY Tracking System20 Hz[56, 57, 140]WASPWASP Node10 Hz[131]Optical Optical-based trackingProZone SportsProZone 3.0N/S[44]
Sport
Universal Process
Amisco Pro25 Hz[91]Chyron HegoTRACABN/S[43]
Table 6
GPS/GNSS
Data quality metricUnit of measureStudies that outlined variable% of studies in review that outlined informationReferenceHorizontal Dilution of Precision (HDOP)Mean ± SD27/11323.9%[6, 9, 32, 33, 38, 40, 47, 75, 78, 81, 82, 84–86, 95, 108, 110–113, 117, 120, 129, 130, 139, 144–146]Number of satellites connectedMean ± SD31/11327.4%[6, 9, 32, 33, 38, 47, 55, 70, 75, 80–82, 84–86, 90, 93, 95, 101, 103, 108, 110–113, 117, 120, 136, 139, 144–146]
Acceleration Processing Characteristics
The processing methods studies implemented to calculate acceleration events are outlined in Table . The velocity/acceleration filters that were implemented to process athlete movement data was specified by 12.9% (16/124 studies) of the studies included in this review. The minimum effort duration for the calculation of acceleration metrics were specified in 32.3% (40/124 studies) of the included studies. The specified minimum effort duration of 0.5 s was most frequent in the included studies, followed by 0.4 s, 1 s and 0.2 s.
Table 7
Acceleration/deceleration calculation metricUnit of measureMinimum effort durationOutlined in studies% of studies in reviewReferenceVelocity or acceleration filterN/AN/A16/12412.9%[9, 32, 49, 51, 53, 63, 75, 78, 80, 91, 108, 110, 113, 125, 126, 131]Minimum effort duration/calculation intervalSeconds (s)0.2 s[45, 50, 117]0.4 s[36, 37, 39, 73, 80, 90, 103, 121]0.5 s[32, 43, 49, 56, 57, 71, 77, 91, 95, 97, 104, 110, 120, 122–124, 126, 140, 141]0.6 s[78, 108, 113]1 s[70, 74, 127, 133, 145, 146]2 s[65]Total40/12432.3%
Acceleration Metrics
Acceleration events in this review were quantified via numerous different metrics. These metrics encompassed counts, distance, time, load, intensity and ratio markers. Of these metrics, count-based variables were predominant. Acceleration counts were selected in 72% of the studies in this review. In total, 63% of studies included absolute acceleration counts (regardless of magnitude), whilst 32% of studies implemented acceleration counts relative to the athlete or team’s time during the activity (counts per minute). Distance (m) was next highest in terms of prevalence with 13.7% of the research in this review opting to quantify acceleration events with respect to the distance attained in threshold bands. Metrics of acceleration intensity followed, with a combined 10.9% of studies (acceleration (m s− 2) 6.7%, deceleration (m s− 2) 4.2%) opting to quantify acceleration with respect to the acceleration distance relative to the time period. Similarly, absolute acceleration was selected in 9.2% of the included studies for this review. Statistics for the acceleration metrics included are presented in Table .
Table 8
Acceleration/deceleration metricUnit of measureMetric definition% of studies featuring metricReferenceCountsCounts (number)Efforts in respective threshold band62.9%
[7, 13, 17, 34, 36–40, 42–44, 47–50, 52, 54, 55, 57, 59, 60, 62, 64–66, 69–72, 76–80, 88–90, 92, 94–99, 101–103, 105–113, 116, 117, 119, 120, 122–124, 126–128, 136–141, 144–148]
[36–39, 51, 53, 56, 59, 63, 66, 69, 71, 73, 74, 84–86, 88, 89, 101–103, 108, 109, 112–115, 118, 121–124, 129, 130, 137, 138, 140]
Counts (number) per minuteEfforts in respective threshold band with respect to activity time31.7%Counts (absolute and relative)Overall absolute and relative count contribution to review71.8%DistanceMetresAcc/Dec distance attained in respective threshold band13.7%[7, 32, 33, 35, 40, 41, 45, 57, 67, 68, 79, 87, 93, 113, 125, 142, 143]Per minuteDistance in respective threshold band with respect to activity time and threshold3.3%[84–86, 121]Per hourDistance attained in respective threshold band0.8%[46]Accelerationm s− 2Intensity metric of any magnitude of acc over given analysis period.6.7%[7, 70, 78, 91, 93, 100, 131, 138]Decelerationm s−2Intensity metric of any magnitude of dec over given analysis period.4.2%[7, 47, 70, 78, 100]Acceleration Density IndexAvg Acc/Dec per 10 m; m s−Average acceleration performed per 10 m of distance covered (Acceleration Load/Distance)0.8%[45]Acceleration LoadTotal Acc/Dec; m s−2
Sum of acceleration values across the analysed period
Average absolute value of all acc/dec data relative to a defined period.
Absolute value multiplied by defined duration to convert to load metric
0.8%[45]AU0.8%[135]Average Accel/Decel(m s−2)Absolute acceleration/deceleration values averaged across the specified period9.2%[6, 7, 9–11, 45, 58, 61, 81–83]TimeSecondsTime in respective threshold band4.2%[7, 75, 93, 104, 113]% timeTime spent as a percentage in respective threshold band0.8%[84]% time per minutePercentage time spent in respective threshold band with respect to activity time and threshold1.7%[85, 86]Minutes per countEfforts in respective threshold band with respect to activity time2.5%[132–134]Ratio of Dec:Acc
Ratio
Dec:Acc
Duration of Dec (High) and Dec (Mod) divided by total Acc time (High + Mod) in each period.0.8%[104]
Discussion
The aim of this systematic review was to outline and compare the different methods that have been adopted to quantify acceleration events in previous team sport research. The main finding in this review was that the vast majority of included studies elected to quantify acceleration events using GPS/GNSS technology (113/124 studies) and via the use of count-based metrics (72% of all studies featured counts). Whilst the aim to ascertain how accelerations were quantified by way of metrics was achieved, this review could not achieve the secondary aim which was to determine how acceleration events were commonly processed in team sport research. Specifically, there was a lack of information provided by the studies in this review that outlined the filtering processes of acceleration events and the minimum effort duration in which these events were designated. In this review, only 13% of studies specified the filtering settings of their acceleration data whilst 32% outlined the minimum effort duration. Moreover, for GPS/GNSS research, the reporting of HDOP and the number of satellites was only specified in approximately a quarter of all eligible studies. Given the known influence of data quality metrics, filtering techniques and calculation intervals on acceleration/deceleration as it’s calculated, future team sport research should endeavour to outline how acceleration and deceleration events are processed.
Variables Chosen to Quantify Acceleration
The results of this review overwhelmingly highlight the use of counts to outline the external acceleration load of team sport athletes. Counts and, to a lesser extent, counts relative to time accounted for the vast majority (counts 72% of all metrics) of acceleration variables selected by team sport researchers. The use of counts is not surprising given the practicality of implementing count-based metrics into the athlete monitoring process. Counts are advantageous to the practitioner for a number of reasons. Firstly, this is due to the ability to detail the number of actions occurring, usually with respect to particular thresholds. The volume of counts provides an indication of the total acceleration load and, when coupled with activity time of the athlete, can also provide an indication of the acceleration intensity. Secondly, it is relatively simple for a practitioner to apply thresholds to count metrics via the manufacturer proprietary software. This simplicity allows for efficient processing and analysis of the external acceleration load of the athlete or team.
In isolation, outlining external acceleration load via counts is an acceptable choice for most researchers and practitioners. However, counts are regularly implemented in conjunction with velocity-based thresholds that may separate efforts into corresponding bands [8]. Despite the use of threshold bands being a common practice in applied sport science, this method is limited by the validity and reliability of the athlete-tracking system recording the event [7]. Specifically, threshold-based counts for accelerations have been set at discrete intervals which may separate counts from being moderate or high with small differences separating the bands. For example, Bauer et al. [40] presented external acceleration load using count thresholds of 0–2.77 m s− 2 (low) and > 2.78 m s− 2 (high). Similarly, Blair et al. [42] specified low acceleration counts at 1.5–2.5 m s− 2 and high counts at > 2.5 m s− 2. Whilst it is logical to define a lower and upper threshold for each band, counts are also influenced by the level of error in the wearable technology device [7, 26]. For example, in Buchheit et al. [149], large inter-unit variations were found between GPS devices in acceleration and deceleration counts (coefficient of variation (CV) 10–56%) during a team sport movement simulation [7]. Following on from the research in Buchheit et al. [149], Delaney et al. [7] raised the issue that the variation seen in the aforementioned study could have been a result of the use of threshold-based counts. Specifically, the use of discrete bands for count-based acceleration events was suggested to be subject to the device reliability and that the cut-off threshold could then be subject to between-device variation. Using the example provided by Delaney et al. [7], a 3 m s− 2 cut-off could be measured differently by two different tracking devices. One device may measure the event at 2.98 m s− 2, which would not qualify for the cut-off, whilst the other may measure the effort at 3.01 m s− 2, which would constitute an event. It is then problematic if one device records the effort as an event, whilst the other does not, which may create inconsistencies in both the literature and the athlete monitoring process.
Issues surrounding the reliability of threshold-based variables also apply to the acceleration metrics that are measured in terms of distance (metres). Outside of the count-based metrics, distance-based acceleration variables were the third most frequent (18% combined) metric implemented by the included studies in this review. Despite sharing similar advantages to the use of count variables, distance-based metrics are also susceptible to similar issues of inter-unit reliability, particularly at moderate to high acceleration thresholds. In Thornton et al. [26], a team sport simulation circuit was implemented to identify the inter-unit reliability for three commercially available GPS/GNSS devices. For acceleration metrics, software-derived, moderate acceleration distance for STATSports APEX units were classified as having poor reliability (CV; 90% confidence limit 19.7%; ± 1.5%) whilst GPSports EVO (2.7%; ± 1.5%) and Catapult Sports S5 (3.1%; ± 1.6%) devices showed greater reliability. The substantial variation seen across the results of the three GPS/GNSS devices highlights the potential issues associated with threshold-based variables of acceleration metrics as measured by athlete-tracking devices [26]. Moreover, interchanging tracking/positional systems (e.g., GNSS & LPS) can also provide reliability issues between technologies for practitioners and researchers [150]. Given the increased use of LPS and camera-based systems within outdoor stadiums, practitioners may need to change between technologies depending on their training and competition locations [26]. Research from Buchheit et al. [150] highlighted small to very large variation from one LPM system (Inmotio) against GPS (GPSports SPI Pro XII & VX VX340a) and a semi-automated camera system across acceleration efforts (> 3 m s− 2) during match play analysis of the study. With the results of the aforementioned study, any variability between tracking systems may then have practical implications for practitioners. Generally, athletes complete the same team drills and therefore have an expectation surrounding the respective external loads associated with those drills.
A suggested way to alleviate the concerns with inter-unit variability in count-based approaches is to assign a wearable tracking device to an athlete for the duration of the competitive season [7, 151]. Whilst this suggestion is important to maintain consistency in the load reporting for each athlete, it is not without limitation. The wearable tracking device may consistently measure under the count threshold which may have practical implications for the practitioner and researcher [7]. Moreover, at the applied level, it is not uncommon to group athlete positional data together to gain an understanding for training and match loads [7]. If the combined positional average data has existing variability at the individual athlete level, this may then extend into variation seen in the group average [7]. This review anticipates the implementation of count, distance, and other threshold-based metrics in the reporting of acceleration load will continue in future team sport research. However, it is important that researchers and practitioners understand the respective limitations outlined in these metrics before choosing to incorporate them in athlete load monitoring workflows.
Choice of Athlete Tracking System
Whilst this review sought to include all forms of athlete-tracking technology that outlined acceleration or deceleration loads, it is overwhelmingly clear that GPS/GNSS remains the most abundant and popular tracking technology within team sport research. From the results of this review, 113 out of the possible 124 studies (91%) implemented GPS or GNSS devices to track athlete locomotion. This is not surprising given these devices were largely introduced in ~ 2004 and as such have seen continued developments in their technology as well as their commercial availability to practitioners [2, 152]. The continued progressions in the capabilities of GPS/GNSS devices, with regard to improvements in device sample rates, along with the allowance to wear these devices in most major competitions, have seen these tools become commonplace in the load monitoring of team sport athletes [1, 8, 22]. The widespread acceptance of these devices (at the applied level) can be attributed to the many benefits GPS/GNSS provide the practitioner. These tools provide objective and unobtrusive data collection from the athlete on their external loads in real time, which can be further analysed to develop training programs and activity profiles aimed at preparation for competition [3] . This is aided by the nature of outdoor team sports, particularly those conducted at stadia/practice facilities with no overhanging structures or surrounding infrastructure that may occlude or partially occlude the sky. With minimal occlusion, GPS/GNSS satellite signal connection is maintained and therefore allows for improved athlete-tracking data quality. In turn, there is no additional GPS/GNSS device setup required by the practitioner, which enhances the practicality of tracking athlete movement during training and competition [2].
Distribution of GPS/GNSS Devices
The results of this review saw the utilisation of 21 different GPS/GNSS device models from seven manufacturers in the outlining of acceleration and deceleration loads from the study cohort. Whilst the inclusion criteria of this review only included GPS/GNSS devices with sample rates at or above 5 Hz, there was a representation of both 5-Hz and 10-Hz devices from manufacturers. It is generally accepted that the use of 5-Hz GPS technology is disadvantageous compared to the greater capacities of 10-Hz devices, particularly at high-intensity acceleration and decelerations [3, 21]. In the context of the calculation of acceleration and deceleration however, the number of manufacturers and GPS/GNSS devices used, regardless of sample rate, raises concern surrounding data consistency in reporting and methodology. The concern surrounding the number of GPS/GNSS devices used stems from the known differences that exist in the data filtering methods and minimum effort durations utilised between manufacturers in the calculation of acceleration [26, 27]. This review is not suggesting that the number of devices or manufacturers of wearable technologies is an issue, but rather the issue lies in the differences in their methods to calculate acceleration. With the number of the devices and manufacturers seen in this review, it is anticipated that at least on the manufacturer level, differences exist in acceleration processing [26]. The difference in acceleration processing may then extend between device models, device firmware and between the proprietary software processing acceleration data [26]. Ultimately, variation between tracking devices could have the potential to create technology-driven rather than athlete-driven differences in acceleration/deceleration loads [26].
Local Positioning Systems in Team Sport Research
Background
Historically, it has been difficult for indoor-based team sports to capture their external athlete loads during training and competition [153, 154]. Despite the continued growth of GPS/GNSS technology for outdoor team sports, the obvious limitation of enclosed stadium infrastructure means that GPS/GNSS signals cannot accurately penetrate and track indoor sports [131]. As a consequence, there has been limited technology available to indoor team sport practitioners to adequately capture external athlete loads with sports such as Basketball, Netball, Handball and Futsal relying upon optical systems to track athlete locomotion [153]. The introduction of local positioning systems (LPS) or local positioning measurement (LPM) however has seen sustained development since the inception of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) systems [154–158]. Previously suggested to be the most abundant LPS within applied sport science, RFID systems operate by measuring the distance between anchor nodes at known locations around the field of play with athletes wearing the mobile nodes [154, 159]. Acceptable levels of accuracy exist during locomotion for RFID systems for measuring distance (mean error 1.26–3.87%) and for average and maximal velocity (3.54% and 13.15%, respectively) [155, 158, 159]. However, RFID systems can be limited by incidents of signal instability and interference [159, 160]. The developments of LPS systems that operate via Ultra-Wideband (UWB) technology have been suggested to overcome the limitations of signal instability in RFID systems [153, 159]. The enhanced technology seen in UWB systems allows for greater precision, with signals that are capable of penetrating many structural materials [153, 160]. The existing literature evaluating UWB-based LPS systems is limited but two UWB systems (WIMU Pro & Catapult ClearSky T6) are a valid means to assess the positioning of indoor court athletes [153, 154, 159, 161]. Operationally, LPS devices operate through short-range communication wave generators that are in contact with receivers [153]. Local positioning system receivers are fixed to various points around the stadium to maximise full court coverage of the technology [153].
Interaction of LPS Systems with Outdoor Team Sport Tracking
Whilst LPS-based studies represented a small contribution to the overall review, it is important to discuss the interaction of UWB and radiofrequency technology with outdoor team sport tracking. Given the development of UWB technology, the recent validation studies and the requirement for tracking system technology for indoor-based team sport athletes, it is anticipated that the use of LPS to measure acceleration load will continue [153]. The prevalence of UWB LPS can be seen in applied sport science with the increasing utilisation of LPS in outdoor-team sport stadia [2, 26]. With the exception of the use of optical tracking in soccer, many outdoor team sports have historically tracked external athlete loads in training and competition using GPS/GNSS technology. However, during outdoor-team sport competition in stadiums with obtrusive infrastructure, there have been instances of disruptions in signal quality. The disruptions may occur from overhanging stadium structures which disrupt the signal line of sight with satellites. To alleviate signal quality concerns, UWB LPS technology has been erected within outdoor stadia to remove the signal interference seen in GPS/GNSS data [26]. It may be that with further UWB LPS development, these systems will be preferred over the traditional GPS/GNSS devices during competition within large stadiums. Regardless, the development of LPS for indoor-based team sports is important for the analysis of the acceleration load of these athletes. However, it must be presented to practitioners that LPS technology is not without limitation. To utilise LPS, stadia must be appropriately fitted with the correct infrastructure before tracking can take place. This cost is expensive and may be problematic with venues that facilitate sporting and entertainment events [159]. Similarly, to utilise this technology for away fixtures, the LPS infrastructure must be installed in the away venue which requires compatible technology to be of use [26].
Alternative Acceleration Metrics
The results of this review identified metrics outside of the traditional threshold-based variables for quantifying acceleration. This review identified that team sport researchers have implemented the absolute acceleration variable to quantify acceleration load. Specifically, 9% of the studies included in this review presented the absolute acceleration metric, with the majority of the studies originating from the same research group [6, 7, 10, 11, 45, 58, 61, 81–83, 135]. Absolute acceleration combines the absolute value of all acceleration data (regardless of the magnitude) and is averaged over the given time period (e.g., drill or match) [9]. The use of absolute acceleration avoids the issue of dichotomising a continuous variable into acceleration thresholds, as all acceleration events are included and are not subject to device reliability issues that are seen with threshold-based metrics [162]. For athlete load monitoring, incorporating all acceleration events may be beneficial as all acceleration events carry a physiological and mechanical cost that needs to be accounted for [7]. At the research level, the reliability of this method was also found to be good to moderate in both 5-Hz (CV 5.7%) and 10-Hz (CV 1.2 %) devices [7] when compared to VICON [163], rendering the variable suitable for team sport monitoring.
Since the introduction of the absolute acceleration metric, there have been derivative metrics of this variable introduced into research [9]. Firstly, acceleration density index (ADI) (avg Acc/Dec per 10 m; m s− 2) incorporates the absolute acceleration metric, but is calculated as absolute acceleration performed per 10 m of distance covered [45]. In essence, ADI is analysing acceleration load relative to distance [45]. At the applied level, ADI may provide benefit to court-based sports such as Netball or Basketball where athletes may not accumulate high acceleration load relative to total activity time (subject to rest), but accumulate substantial acceleration load during locomotion (e.g., goal shooters/goal keepers in netball or centres/power forwards in basketball) [45]. Secondly, load measures that derive from absolute acceleration were evident in this review. Acceleration total load (total Acc/Dec; m s− 2) summates the accumulation of all acceleration events over an analysed time period [45]. For athlete monitoring, total acceleration load can be implemented as a standalone metric or it can be used as a supplementary variable which summates the information in threshold-based acceleration metrics [45]. Similarly, acceleration load (arbitrary units; AU) featured in this review, was quantified by calculating absolute acceleration over the analysed period before multiplying the value by duration to convert to load (AU) [135]. With the growth of the absolute acceleration metric and the subsequent derivate metrics, the implementation of these variables both practically and in research is likely to continue.
Limitations of Included Studies
With the increasing prevalence of athlete-tracking technologies in applied sport science, there has been a requirement for standardised processes when collecting and reporting upon athlete datasets [1, 8]. The basis for a standardised collecting and reporting process is to ensure greater consistency and transparency when reporting activity profiles or external athlete load in research. In keeping with the recommendations outlined by Malone et al. [1], this review attempted to extract values surrounding the quality of satellite data when tracking athletes over the analysed period. Specifically, this review analysed the HDOP and the number of satellites connected to devices during the analysed activity. The horizontal dilution of precision provides a value of the accuracy of the GPS/GNSS horizontal positional signal as determined by the geographical positioning of the satellites [164]. Generally, when satellites are spread out, HDOP is low which enhances data quality [25, 165]. To rank HDOP quality, a scale of 1–50 is implemented [1, 25]. Any HDOP value below 1 is considered optimal for HDOP readings with at least four to six satellites being required to capture human movement [1, 25]. Despite the importance of these metrics pertaining to the data quality of each individual study, this review was limited by a lack of information surrounding HDOP and the number of satellite details. For HDOP, only 24% of the eligible GPS/GNSS studies specified a HDOP value for their respective study. Similarly, only 27% of studies outlined the mean number of satellites connected to the tracking device during the analysed periods. Consequently, it is difficult to make inferences regarding the studies included in this review without sufficient information regarding their data quality. Moreover, at an applied level, it is then difficult for practitioners to make judgements regarding activity profiles. The authors do acknowledge however that whilst all GPS/GNSS devices are capable of collecting HDOP and information on the number of satellites, the access to this information may be limited by device manufacturers, which in turn may not have been made available to researchers [1]. However, with the availability of GNSS planning tools, researchers and practitioners are still be able to obtain information relating to the availability of satellites and HDOP measures during data collection. Planning tools should be consulted to document the satellite activity during the data collection to supplement the satellite information from GPS/GNSS devices. Future research should endeavour to specify HDOP and satellite information where possible to allow researchers and practitioners a wholistic opportunity to evaluate research data quality.
Despite the potential differences that may exist between athlete-tracking device hardware and specifications (e.g., device sample rate), the way in which acceleration events are calculated can result in substantial variation in acceleration load [1, 26, 27]. It is accepted that different athlete-tracking devices and manufacturers process acceleration events in different ways. Firstly, acceleration is not directly measured by the tracking device. As a result, acceleration is calculated as a derivative measure of velocity (for GNSS) [24, 166]. Secondly, there is a sweeping issue with the reporting of athlete-tracking data in which there is no consensus method to process acceleration events. These two points coupled with the increasing amount of wearable tracking devices and manufacturers available to practitioners has potentially created technology-driven variations in acceleration load between devices [1, 26]. Variations include the filtering of velocity and/or acceleration data by device manufacturers and also the selection of minimum effort durations (MED) for acceleration events [8, 27].
The filtering of athlete tracking data can directly influence acceleration load, regardless of the magnitude or metric used to quantify the event [1, 8, 26, 27]. The purpose of filtering extends to maintaining data quality, removing poor signals and to decreasing the noise content of the signal [23, 166–169]. In human movement, there are many different types of filters which have been introduced to process athlete data [23]. Firstly, bandpass filters help to convert raw data from the spatial to the time domain via the use of a Fourier Fast Transform (FFT) [23, 166, 170]. The use of low pass filters allows for low-frequency signals to pass whilst minimising the high-frequency noise, whereas digital filtering processes the frequency spectrum of the noise and the signal [23]. In LPS, common filtering methods include, but are not limited to, Kalman and Butterworth filters, whilst GPS/GNSS devices can also utilise Butterworth as well as moving average, moving median, median or exponential filters [1, 23, 49, 63, 131, 157, 158, 166]. However, the process by which manufacturers select their filtering process is arbitrary and can vary from manufacturer to manufacturer [1]. In research and for applied sport science practitioners, this is problematic as there are many different manufacturers and devices commercially available. As such, there are many different types of filters that can be modified, potentially altering the magnitude of an acceleration event [26]. For example, manufacturers may elect to filter the velocity trace using a determined filter and then calculate acceleration from the velocity trace. Manufacturers may also filter the velocity trace and then filter the calculation of acceleration using a predefined filter. Therefore, consistency in the reporting of filtering methods is required when processing athlete acceleration data. In this review, only 13% of studies detailed the filter used when processing athlete movement data. This detail includes proprietary filters as defined by the manufacturers and custom filters applied by researchers. The lack of information surrounding the filtering processes in these studies then raises questions as to any identified differences between the research. Are these differences driven by the discrepancies between athlete-based external outputs or are they derived from technology-driven influences from the use of different data processing methods [26]? However, in posing this question, the researchers do acknowledge that in similar regard to satellite and HDOP information, the filtering process used in the calculation of acceleration via the manufacturer’s proprietary software may not be made available.
With the lack of critical information on filtering and signal quality, the authors of this review were limited in the ability to make judgements and comparisons on acceleration. It is difficult to assess external athlete load without knowing how the acceleration data were processed, given the known influence these processes have on athlete external loads [1, 8, 26]. Therefore, it is important that future research outlines the filtering processes used in the calculation of acceleration to ensure appropriate comparisons between tracking technology and external athlete load. However, if future research begins to improve the reporting process on filtering in the calculation of acceleration, there may still be issues surrounding the comparability of acceleration load between athlete-tracking technologies and manufacturers. There may still be technology-driven discrepancies between activity profiles and validity and reliability studies of wearable technology [26]. Following the summations of Thornton et al. [26], this review contends that future research should be centred towards a consistent method to process acceleration. Despite the majority of the discussion surrounding GPS/GNSS technology, it is anticipated that these same difficulties would occur with local positioning systems and optical systems [26].
The minimum effort duration (MED) is a qualifying criterion in which acceleration events need to be sustained for a specific time frame for the effort to be acknowledged as an event [8, 27]. For instance, if a MED of 0.5 s was chosen, the athlete would need to maintain the acceleration for at least 0.5 s for it to qualify as an event [27]. However, the selection of the MED is problematic as the MED and any accompanying velocity threshold (where applicable) is generally arbitrary. The arbitrary selection of the MED may be due to many factors including the inconsistency in the selection of the MEDs within previous team sport research and the use of different tracking devices and manufacturers. Currently, there is no consensus or consistent MED outlined in athlete-tracking-based studies and as such, there has been a wide variety of different MEDs presented to calculate external athlete acceleration load [8, 27]. In this review, there were six different MEDs selected, ranging from 0.2 s to 2 s, with the 0.5 s threshold being the most frequent. Moreover, approximately 68% of the included studies in this review did not specify their MED for acceleration or deceleration events.
The variation in MEDs between studies is in itself problematic, as the calculation interval directly influences the magnitude of an acceleration [8, 27]. In the Harper et al. [8] review, the study made the point that small fluctuations between MED intervals (i.e., 0.1 s) can result in differences in the number of high-intensity acceleration efforts. The suggestion from Harper et al. [8] is based on the original research from Varley et al. [27], which quantified the impact of differing MEDs (from 0.1 s to 1.0 s (0.1 s increments)) upon acceleration counts. In this research, the authors concluded that during an elite Dutch soccer match, there was an exponential decline in the number of observed acceleration efforts as the MED increased, across all filtering methods [27]. In essence, this finding confirmed that the selection of a lower MED of 0.1–0.3 s (GNSS) is more appropriate for capturing short and discrete acceleration events [8]. However, MEDs of 0.1-0.3 s (GNSS) in length are also more susceptible to any error in measurement that may be a result of numerous repeat accelerations that occur too closely together [8]. Conversely, a MED of longer duration (> 0.5 s) may have a smoothing effect on the acceleration datapoints for GNSS-based technology, which in turn may dampen the magnitude of higher acceleration events or may underestimate the number of efforts [27]. It should be stressed that this research is GNSS based and may have different implications for LPS/LPM technology.
There is no one “perfect” MED for the calculation of athlete acceleration [27]. However, it is prudent for practitioners to realise the implications of the selection of a MED and how this may be compared with similar team sport activity profiles [27]. It is also recognised by the researchers that the choice of a MED may be dictated by the tracking device model/manufacturer. Similar to the choice of filtering applied to acceleration data, practitioners may be limited to the MED specifications outlined by the manufacturer, whilst other manufacturers may allow complete customisation of the process. Regardless of the situation, differences in MED settings can still lead to differences in acceleration load between research studies.
To alleviate the potential differences in load as a result of different MED settings, previous research has highlighted the use of a threshold inclusion criteria [8, 27]. The inclusion criteria suggested that a qualifying threshold standard for an acceleration effort could be implemented alongside a MED. For example, the acceleration must eclipse 1 m s− 2 for the effort to be counted. Moreover, to establish an acceleration endpoint for an effort, this could be implemented when acceleration falls below 0 m s− 2 [8, 27]. The issue of varied MEDs in research however still exists with this method. With inconsistencies seen between MEDs in this review, future research may then look to identify appropriate MEDs with respect to each team sport. The presence of MEDs with respect to each team sport would then create a more consistent approach to acceleration/deceleration reporting.
Future Research
To improve future research, studies should attempt to improve the consistency in the processing and reporting of team sport acceleration and deceleration loads. Specifically, future research should be guided by the following recommendations:
Report the HDOP and number of satellites in connection with devices during data collection (satellite-based technology only).
Report the acceleration processing method, including any filtering methods (if known and applicable) and the minimum effort duration.
Utilise GNSS planning tools (where applicable) to evaluate the performance of their respective wearable tracking system relative to the available satellites (satellite-based technology only).
Move towards the determination of a common acceleration filter that can be used practically and within research that may be sport specific.
When reporting acceleration load from tracking devices, it is important that future studies attempt to outline the HDOP and the average number of satellites in connection with the devices during analysis. Satellite information can be used by researchers and practitioners as an indication of the signal quality from these devices and can aid in the evaluation of the quality of the acceleration/deceleration datasets. In terms of acceleration metrics, future research should also endeavour to outline the acceleration filtering used to process the acceleration data (if known and applicable) and the MED to quantify any threshold-based metrics.
Future research should attempt to introduce a common acceleration filtering technique for the processing of external athlete acceleration and deceleration loads. A common filtering technique that is sport specific may be appropriate. However, the amount of tracking devices, manufacturers and systems seen in this review highlights the importance of having a consistent process to handle and process acceleration data. Without a consistent process and with the known influence filtering methods have upon acceleration/deceleration data, future research will continue to question whether differences in acceleration/deceleration loads are athlete or technology driven [26].
Conclusions
Acceleration metrics are important components of the external load monitoring process of team sport athletes. The ability to quantify acceleration events allows practitioners to understand the energetic (acceleration-focused) and eccentric load placed upon the athlete during training and competition [7]. With athlete acceleration information, acceleration-specific loads can be accounted for in the athlete preparatory process.
Acceleration events in team sport research have been predominately quantified via the use of effort counts, including counts related to time. Other “traditional” metrics in terms of acceleration being quantified via distance remains a relevant selection, as does average intensity by practitioners.
Global Positioning Systems and now GNSS are the most common tracking systems utilised in the quantification of acceleration in the team sport athlete. However, despite the widespread use of GPS/GNSS technology in tracking athlete locomotion, there is a lack of information surrounding the signal quality via the HDOP and number of satellite metrics. Future research should aim to outline HDOP and the number of satellites where possible, to allow researchers to evaluate the quality of the athlete tracking data.
The calculation of acceleration in the athlete-tracking device is influenced by MEDs and the specification of data filtering processes. Despite the influence and variation of data filtering and MEDs between tracking device manufacturers, these metrics have not been consistently published in research. This review concludes that even if future studies outlined the acceleration data filtering process, the anticipated variation between tracking manufacturers and devices may highlight technology-driven influences in acceleration/deceleration loads. Therefore, a consistent and potentially sport-specific acceleration filtering process and reporting structure needs to be developed and introduced within applied team sport research.
Acknowledgements
Not applicable.
Code Availability
Not applicable.
Abbreviations
AUArbitrary unitsAccAccelerationADIAcceleration density indexCVCoefficient of variationDecDecelerationFFTFast Fourier TransformGNSSGlobal Navigation Satellite SystemGPSGlobal Positioning SystemHDOPHorizontal Dilution of PrecisionLPMLocal Positioning MeasurementLPSLocal Positioning SystemMEDMinimum effort durationPRISMAPreferred items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-AnalysesRFIDRadio Frequency Identification systemsUWBUltra-wideband
Authors’ Contributions
RD wrote the manuscript and performed the systematic review search. All authors contributed to conception of the systematic review. RD and GD devised the search parameters for the systematic review. All authors contributed to the interpretation of the results. All authors reviewed the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Funding
No funding was received for the preparation of this article.
Availability of Data and Materials
Not applicable.
Declarations
Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate
Not applicable.
Consent for Publication
Not applicable.
Competing Interests
The authors, Robert Delves, Robert Aughey, Kevin Ball, and Grant Duthie, declare that they have no competing interests.
Footnotes
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
References
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Researchers Find CTE in 345 of 376 Former NFL Players Studied
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https://www.bumc.bu.edu/camed/2023/02/06/researchers-find-cte-in-345-of-376-former-nfl-players-studied/
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The Boston University CTE Center announced today that they have now diagnosed 345 former NFL players with chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) out of 376 former players studied (91.7 percent). Among those diagnosed in the last year are two former players who once represented the teams paired in this Sunday’s Super Bowl LVII matchup – former Philadelphia Eagles quarterback Rick Arrington, who played three seasons for the Eagles from 1970-73, and former Kansas City Chiefs defensive tackle Ed Lothamer, who played for the Chiefs in the very first Super Bowl and was a member of their winning team in Super Bowl IV.
For comparison, a 2018 Boston University study of 164 brains of men and women donated to the Framingham Heart Study found that only 1 of 164 (0.6 percent) had CTE. The lone CTE case was a former college football player. The extremely low population rate of CTE is in line with similar studies from brain banks in Austria, Australia and Brazil.
The NFL player data should not be interpreted to suggest that 91.7 percent of all current and former NFL players have CTE, as brain bank samples are subject to selection biases. The prevalence of CTE among NFL players is unknown as CTE can only be definitively diagnosed after death. Repetitive head impacts appear to be the chief risk factor for CTE, which is characterized by misfolded tau protein that is unlike changes observed from aging, Alzheimer’s disease, or any other brain disease.
“While the most tragic outcomes in individuals with CTE grab headlines, we want to remind people at risk for CTE that those experiences are in the minority,” said Ann McKee, MD, director of the BU CTE Center and chief of neuropathology at VA Boston Healthcare System. “Your symptoms, whether or not they are related to CTE, likely can be treated, and you should seek medical care. Our clinical team has had success treating former football players with mid-life mental health and other symptoms.”
McKee and her team are inviting former athletes, including women, to participate in research studies designed to learn how to diagnose and treat CTE. The BU CTE Center is collaborating with its education and advocacy partner the Concussion Legacy Foundation (CLF) to recruit former football players and other contact sport athletes to five active clinical studies.
One of the studies, Project S.A.V.E., is recruiting men and women ages 50 or older who played 5+ years of a contact sport, including American football, ice hockey, soccer, lacrosse, boxing, full contact martial arts, rugby and wrestling.
S.A.V.E. stands for Study of Axonal and Vascular Effects from repetitive head impacts. The major goal is to determine how repeated head impacts from playing contact sports can lead to long-term thinking, memory and mood problems. The results could highlight strategies to treat and prevent symptoms associated with head impacts from contact sports. To learn more about Project S.A.V.E. and four other studies enrolling participants, click here. To sign up for future clinical studies, enroll in the CLF research registry.
In addition, patients and families who believe they or a loved one has symptoms that may be related to prior concussions or CTE are encouraged to reach out to the CLF HelpLine, which provides referrals to doctors and care providers, educational resources, one-on-one peer support, and monthly online support groups.
“I miss my hero dearly,” said Jill Arrington, Rick Arrington’s daughter and former CBS/FOX/ESPN sideline reporter. “It pains me to know his life was cut short by the sport he loved most. As a brain donor, part of his legacy is in this research, and I want all former football players to know how important it is to contribute and sign-up for studies so Boston University CTE Center researchers and their collaborators around the world can learn how to treat, and one day cure, the disease that devastated our family.”
Research on CTE has advanced considerably over the past five years, and the BU CTE Center soon will publish its 182nd study on CTE. In part because of advances in research on CTE, in October 2022 the National Institutes of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), a branch of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), updated their position on what causes CTE: “CTE is a delayed neurodegenerative disorder that was initially identified in postmortem brains and, research-to-date suggests, is caused in part by repeated traumatic brain injuries.”
“We’d like to thank our 1,330 donor families for teaching us what we now know about CTE, and our team and collaborators around the world working to advance diagnostics and treatments for CTE,” McKee said.
The BU CTE Center offers the service of brain donation and expert analysis at no cost to families. To support their research, click here.
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American football facts for kids
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Learn American football facts for kids
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https://kids.kiddle.co/American_football
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American football, referred to as football in the United States and Canada and also known as gridiron, is a team sport played by two teams of eleven players on a rectangular field with goalposts at each end.
The offense, the team with possession of the oval-shaped football, attempts to advance down the field by running with the ball or passing it, while the defense, the team without possession of the ball, aims to stop the offense's advance and to take control of the ball for themselves.
The offense must advance at least ten yards in four downs or plays; if they fail, they turn over the football to the defense, but if they succeed, they are given a new set of four downs to continue the drive. Points are scored primarily by advancing the ball into the opposing team's end zone for a touchdown or kicking the ball through the opponent's goalposts for a field goal. The team with the most points at the end of a game wins.
American football evolved in the United States, originating from the sports of soccer and rugby. The first American football match was played on November 6, 1869, between two college teams, Rutgers and Princeton, using rules based on the rules of soccer at the time.
A set of rule changes drawn up from 1880 onward by Walter Camp, the "Father of American Football", established the snap, the line of scrimmage, eleven-player teams, and the concept of downs. Later rule changes legalized the forward pass, created the neutral zone and specified the size and shape of the football.
The sport is closely related to Canadian football, which evolved in parallel with and at the same time as the American game (although their rules were developed independently from that of Camp's).
American football is the most popular sport in the United States. The most popular forms of the game are professional and college football, with the other major levels being high school and youth football. As of 2012 , nearly 1.1 million high school athletes and 70,000 college athletes play the sport in the United States annually.
The National Football League, the most popular American football league, has the highest average attendance of any professional sports league in the world. Its championship game, the Super Bowl, ranks among the most-watched club sporting events in the world.
The league has an annual revenue of around US$10 billion. Other leagues exist worldwide, but the sport does not have the international popularity of other American sports like baseball or basketball.
Teams and positions
A football game is played between two teams of 11 players each. Playing with more on the field is punishable by a penalty. Teams may substitute any number of their players between downs; this "platoon" system replaced the original system, which featured limited substitution rules, and has resulted in teams utilizing specialized offensive, defensive and special teams units. The number of players allowed on an active roster varies by league; the NFL has a 53-man roster, while NCAA Division I allows teams to have 63 scholarship players in the FCS and 85 scholarship players in the FBS, respectively.
Individual players in a football game must be designated with a uniform number between 1 and 99, though some teams may "retire" certain numbers, making them unavailable to players. NFL teams are required to number their players by a league-approved numbering system, and any exceptions must be approved by the commissioner. NCAA and NFHS teams are "strongly advised" to number their offensive players according to a league-suggested numbering scheme.
Although the sport is played almost exclusively by men, women are eligible to play in high school, college, and professional football. No woman has ever played in the NFL, but women have played in high school and college football games. In 2018, 1,100 of the 225,000 players in Pop Warner Little Scholars youth football were girls, and around 11% of the 5.5 million Americans who report playing tackle football are female according to the Sports and Fitness Industry Association.
Offensive unit
The role of the offensive unit is to advance the football down the field with the ultimate goal of scoring a touchdown.
The offensive team must line up in a legal formation before they can snap the ball. An offensive formation is considered illegal if there are more than four players in the backfield or fewer than five players numbered 50–79 on the offensive line. Players can line up temporarily in a position whose eligibility is different from what their number permits as long as they report the change immediately to the referee, who then informs the defensive team of the change. Neither team's players, except the center (C), are allowed to line up in or cross the neutral zone until the ball is snapped. Interior offensive linemen are not allowed to move until the snap of the ball.
The main backfield positions are the quarterback (QB), halfback/tailback (HB/TB), and fullback (FB). The quarterback is the leader of the offense. Either the quarterback or a coach calls the plays. Quarterbacks typically inform the rest of the offense of the play in the huddle before the team lines up. The quarterback lines up behind the center to take the snap and then hands the ball off, throws it, or runs with it.
The primary role of the halfback, also known as the running back or tailback, is to carry the ball on running plays. Halfbacks may also serve as receivers. Fullbacks tend to be larger than halfbacks and function primarily as blockers, but they are sometimes used as runners in short-yardage or goal-line situations. They are seldom used as receivers.
The offensive line (OL) consists of several players whose primary function is to block members of the defensive line from tackling the ball carrier on running plays or sacking the quarterback on passing plays. The leader of the offensive line is the center, who is responsible for snapping the ball to the quarterback, blocking, and for making sure that the other linemen do their jobs during the play. On either side of the center are the guards (G), while tackles (T) line up outside the guards.
The principal receivers are the wide receivers (WR) and the tight ends (TE). Wide receivers line up on or near the line of scrimmage, split outside the line. The main goal of the wide receiver is to catch passes thrown by the quarterback, but they may also function as decoys or as blockers during running plays. Tight ends line up outside the tackles and function both as receivers and as blockers.
Defensive unit
The role of the defense is to prevent the offense from scoring by tackling the ball carrier or by forcing turnovers (interceptions or fumbles).
The defensive line (DL) consists of defensive ends (DE) and defensive tackles (DT). Defensive ends line up on the ends of the line, while defensive tackles line up inside, between the defensive ends. The primary responsibilities of defensive ends and defensive tackles are to stop running plays on the outside and inside, respectively, to pressure the quarterback on passing plays, and to occupy the line so that the linebackers can break through.
Linebackers line up behind the defensive line but in front of the defensive backfield. They are divided into two types: middle linebackers (MLB) and outside linebackers (OLB). Linebackers tend to serve as the defensive leaders and call the defensive plays, given their vantage point of the offensive backfield. Their roles include defending the run, pressuring the quarterback, and tackling backs, wide receivers, and tight ends in the passing game.
The defensive backfield, often called the secondary, consists of cornerbacks (CB) and safeties (S). Safeties are themselves divided into free safeties (FS) and strong safeties (SS). Cornerbacks line up outside the defensive formation, typically opposite a receiver to be able to cover them. Safeties line up between the cornerbacks but farther back in the secondary. Safeties tend to be viewed as "the last line of defense" and are responsible for stopping deep passing plays as well as breakout running plays.
Special teams unit
The special teams unit is responsible for all kicking plays. The special teams unit of the team in control of the ball tries to execute field goal (FG) attempts, punts, and kickoffs, while the opposing team's unit will aim to block or return them.
Three positions are specific to the field goal and PAT (point-after-touchdown) unit: the placekicker (K or PK), holder (H), and long snapper (LS). The long snapper's job is to snap the football to the holder, who will catch and position it for the placekicker. There is not usually a holder on kickoffs, because the ball is kicked off a tee; however, a holder may be used in certain situations, such as if wind is preventing the ball from remaining upright on the tee. The player on the receiving team who catches the ball is known as the kickoff returner (KR).
The positions specific to punt plays are the punter (P), long snapper, upback, and gunner. The long snapper snaps the football directly to the punter, who then drops and kicks it before it hits the ground. Gunners line up split outside the line and race down the field, aiming to tackle the punt returner (PR)—the player who catches the punt. Upbacks line up a short distance behind the line of scrimmage, providing additional protection to the punter.
American Professional Seasons
Exhibition season (better known as Pre-Season) is in August. In the exhibition season, the teams get ready for the regular season by having training. Teams have practices to help the team get better and see who will make the team. All of the teams play 4 games before the regular season starts, and the games do not change what team gets to the post season. Because of it, teams do not use their best players much, and use the games as more practice.
The 32 NFL teams are divided into two conferences: the National Football Conference (NFC) and the American Football Conference (AFC). Each of them is divided in four divisions: North, South, West and East. Each division includes four teams. The season lasts 17 weeks. Each team plays 16 games and has one week off. This week of rest is called a "bye week".
At the end of the regular season, the winners of each division, and the next two best teams in each area and the best 6 AFC teams play in a tournament. NFC's champion and AFC's champion play the NFL's final game, the Super Bowl. The event is often treated as a National holiday as many stores close for the event. The day of the event is commonly known nationwide as Super Bowl Sunday.
Related pages
Association football
Images for kids
A photograph of Walter Camp, the "Father of American Football", taken in 1878 when Camp was captain of Yale's football team
Pudge Heffelfinger, widely regarded as the first professional football player
A team from the Indiana Soldiers' and Sailors' Children's Home, 1896.
Cornerback Brent Grimes of the Hamburg Sea Devils intercepts a pass
A player for the Navy Midshipmen (dark jersey) scores a touchdown while a defender from the Tulsa Golden Hurricane (in white) looks on. The goal line is marked by the small orange pylon
A football field as seen from behind one end zone. The tall, yellow goal posts mark where the ball must pass for a successful field goal or extra point. The large, rectangular area marked with the team name is the end zone
Carolina Panthers quarterback Jake Delhomme (number 17) in the motion of throwing a forward pass
Tampa Bay Buccaneers placekicker Connor Barth attempts a field goal by kicking the ball from the hands of a holder. This is the standard method to score field goals or extra points.
Officials use the chains to measure for a first down. Here, the ball is just short of the pole and therefore short of a first down.
A modern down indicator box is mounted on a pole and is used to mark the current line of scrimmage. The number on the marker is changed using a dial.
A high school football game
Players with one of the youth divisions of the Borregos Salvajes football program of the Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education, Mexico City
The Boise State Broncos are the first football team to design a blue field in 1986
Opening ceremony of the 2010 NFL International Series at London's Wembley Stadium
A 2012 football match between national teams of Finland and Sweden at the Sonera Stadium (now Bolt Arena) in Helsinki, Finland
Men playing a game of flag football
See also
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https://pro.statsports.com/high-intensity-activities-applications-in-american-football/
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en
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High Intensity Activities – Applications in American Football
|
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[
"High Intensity Activities",
"American Football"
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[
"STATSports"
] |
2020-01-30T16:44:39+00:00
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The term HIA explained in detail by our Sport Science team.
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en
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STATSports
|
https://pro.statsports.com/high-intensity-activities-applications-in-american-football/
|
Introduction
GPS wearables have become one of the more commonly used tools for accurately measuring external load.
Monitoring these loads provide a variety of objective measures that, along with subjective findings, can be used to monitor stress load, improve performance, and aid practitioners in their training load-management strategies.[i]
American Football is a field-based team sport similar in playing style to that of Australian Football and Rugby.
One major difference is each play in American Football is comprised of short-duration plays averaging around 4-7 seconds, filled with high-intensity movements and high-impact collisions followed by a stoppage in play, allowing for brief rest in-between plays.[ii]
High intensity movements are often primarily based on high-speed running and sprinting due to the high forces and energy cost required to do so.
While it is true that high-speed running places a high amount of stress on the body, even at low speeds accelerations and decelerations can be physiologically exhausting.
There are more NFL games missed due to hamstring and ACL injuries than any other injuries. With the short duration nature of each play in Football many of these accelerations and decelerations come within multiple changes of direction.
Accelerations require large amounts of energy, while decelerations place the body under high eccentric forces. As the frequency of accelerations and decelerations increase, the physiological demand on the body increases as well.[iii]
The Apex software gives practitioners the ability to quantify these movements, their intensities, and the subsequent physiological load incurred.
HIGH INTENSITIY ACTIVITIES (HIA’s)
HIA’s are defined as sprints, accelerations, and decelerations related to a practitioner’s preferences for acceleration and deceleration active zones, and sprint thresholds.
The Apex Desktop Software makes it possible to view all HIA’s at once. HIA’s are available by first selecting a session and then a player.
After both have been selected choose the tab labelled INDIVIDUAL>HIGH INTENSITY>HIGH INTENSITY ACTIVITIES.
The heading will include the selected player’s name, session date, and type of session (e.g. general, matchday, etc.) The sub-heading HIGH INTENSITY ACTIVITIES quantifies the overall total number of HIA, as well as breaking each category of HIA down into total number by type (see figure 1).
Figure 1
Also included in this section is the TOTAL DECELERATION LOADING which is the combined Dynamic Stress Load (DSL) of all decelerations measured in G’s or G-force.
ACTIVITY TYPE, TIME, DURATION, & DISTANCE
HIA TYPE categorizes each HIA from that session into either an acceleration, deceleration, or sprint. START TIME is the time that the corresponding HIA began with END TIME being when the movement ended.
DURATION gives the length of the activity in seconds and DISTANCE which gives the distance covered during the activity (Default unit of measurement for DISTANCE is meters, configurable in EDIT>PREFERENCES>GENERAL>DISTANCES)
MAGNITUDE, MAX M/POWER, AVG. M/POWER & DSL
Magnitude is the peak speed reached during the duration of a sprint (m/s) or acceleration/deceleration (m/s²). Max M/Power is the maximum power output in W/kg during the duration of that HIA, in contrast Avg. M/Power is the average power output in W/kg during the duration of that HIA. DSL is the weighted total of impacts over 2G’s (See figure 2).
Figure 2
EXCEL EXPORT/COPY HIA DATA
The data from the table can be copied into an excel document simply by selecting the blue COPY icon to the left of the HIGH INTENSITY ACTIVITIES table (See figure 3).
Figure 3.
Once copied, pasting this info into an excel document allows for sorting, comparing, and contrasting HIAs at the user’s discretion.
Practical Considerations
One distinct difference between American Football and other field team sports with similar physical demands is that in the span of one play a player can cover a substantial amount of distance filled with high-intensity activities while primarily moving laterally or backwards.
The NFL combine uses drills based on position specific movements to evaluate players. For example, every defensive back drill at the combine begins with a back pedal of at least 5 yards and then rapid transition into change of direction based on the ability to react to the ball in the air.
Since it is not unlikely for a defensive player to cover more distance back pedaling and/or moving laterally than forward running it brings into consideration directional high-intensity activities (45-degree accelerations, back pedal decelerations, etc.).
25 yards sprinting forwards will have a different physiological demand on the body than a 25-yard back pedal. Although there is little research on direction specific movements using GPS it is a topic frequently mentioned amongst American Football Strength and Conditioning Coaches.
ABOUT AUTHOR
Steven Philpott Jr, CSCS
Sports Science
Sports Scientist
[email protected]
References
[1] Esmaeili, A., Hopkins, W. G., Stewart, A. M., Elias, G. P., Lazarus, B. H., & Aughey, R. J. (2018). The Individual and Combined Effects of Multiple Factors on the Risk of Soft Tissue Non-contact Injuries in Elite Team Sport Athletes. Frontiers in Physiology,9. doi:10.3389/fphys.2018.01280
[1] Rhea, M. R., Hunter, R. L., & Hunter, T. J. (2006). Competition Modeling Of American Football. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 20(1), 58-61. doi:10.1519/00124278-200602000-00010
[1] Hatamoto, Y., Yamada, Y., Sagayama, H., Higaki, Y., Kiyonaga, A., & Tanaka, H. (2014). The Relationship between Running Velocity and the Energy Cost of Turning during Running. PLoS ONE, 9(1). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0081850
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https://www.sportmember.com/en/sports-rules/american-football-rules
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en
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American football rules
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What's a fumble? Interception? 2-point conversion? We covered it all with our thorough guide. Learn the rules of American football in no time.
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/favicon_16x16.png
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https://www.sportmember.com/en/sports-rules/american-football-rules
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American football in short
American football is a ball game. The game is about getting the ball to the opponents end of the field whether you get it all the way to the end zone or just kick it between the 2 goal posts. Both of fhese result in points for your team. The team with the most points after 60 minutes is the winner.
Basic knowledge about American football.
Getting the ball into the opponents endzone gains your team 6 points. That's called a touchdown.
After at touchdown, the scoring team has one try to either kick the ball through the 2 goal posts or try to get it into the endzone again. This gives your team an additional 1 point for kicking and 2 points for getting it to the endzone.
If you decide to kick it after a touch down, it's called "Extra point". If you chose the more risky play going for the endzone again, it's called a "2-point conversion".
If that attacking team does not succeed in getting all the way into the endzone, the team can try and kick it through the 2 goal posts for a field goal. This results in 3 points for the scoring team.
A game is 60 minutes. The 60 minutes of the match are played in 4 quarters of 15 minutes. Between the 2nd and 3rd quarter, the teams get a prolonged break.
To keep the ball, the attacking team has 4 tries to move the ball atleast 10 yards (9,1m) forward. These tries are called downs. Between every down, information is shown about which down is about to be played and how many yards the attacking team has left to gain 4 new downs (and not turning it over to the opponent). If the attacking team only manages to gain 1 yard on their 1st down, the following down will be 2nd & 9, meaning 2nd down and 9 yards to go.
If the attacking team does not gain 10 yards on the 4 downs, the ball turns over to the opposing team. That's why you often use the 4th down to either try a field goal or punting the ball.
When you punt the ball, you kick the ball as far down towards the opponents endzone as you can to give them the toughest start possible to their scoring try.
The teams
2 teams, each with 11 players on the field at a time.
The players are often divided into 3 different categories. Offense, defense and special teams.
Which 11 players are on the field is determined by which formation both the offense and defense decide to run.
The offense's formation is often based on whether they want to run or throw the ball. On the other hand, the defense's formation is often based on what they think is the best defense to counter what they think the offense is going to do.
When the team plays either offense or defense, it's very rare for the same players to have roles in both formations.
Field
The field's dimensions are 120 x 53 1/3 yards - or 109,7 x 48,8 metres.
Each endzone are 10 yards deep, which leaves a 100-yard long field.
In the middle of each endzone's baseline are the goal posts, which are used for the extra point or field goal.
The line before the endzone is called "goal line". If the attacking team crosses the line with the ball, a touchdown is scored.
The last 20 yards towards the defense's endzone is called the "Red zone". Red zone has no official meaning for the game but is used more as an indicator. When the attacking team reach the red zone, they should be able to score points. As a minimum 3 points through a field goal where the team's kicker should be able to kick the ball between the goal posts within the last 20 yards.
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The ball
An American football is oval and easily recognisable as it's often produced in brown leather and has a distinct stiching down one side. When the ball is thrown right, it flies in a spiral and rotates around itself.
Point scoring
Touchdown: 6 points - The ball crosses the goal line into the opponents endzone. After a touchdown, the scoring team has 1 try to score either an extra point or a 2-point conversion.
Extra point: 1 point - After a touchdown, the scoring team can chose to kick the ball between the goal posts in between the 2 goal posts behind the opponents endzone. This is the safest choice after a touchdown.
2-point conversion: 2 points - Instead of going after the safe "extra point", the scoring team can try to get the ball across the goal line into the endzone one more time after succesfully scoring the touchdown for 6 points first.
Safety: 2 points - If a defending player manages to tackle the player carrying the ball in the attacking team's own endzone. Besides the 2 points they get, they also receive the ball from from a kickoff.
TIP: Get our free line up builder
Formations
The offense often line up in a formation depending on whether they want to run the ball or throw it. An example of a running formation could be a larger amount of big players that can push the defense back and give the running player (often a "runningback") a chance to get down the field. In a throwing formation, the attacking team will have a larger amount of lighter and faster players on the field. Their objective is to get down the field and free themselves from the opposing defenders and get open.
Common for all attacking formations is that the team must have atleast 5 linesmen on the field at a time. They all stand at the line of scrimmage, where the ball is before the play starts. The 5 linesmen are divided into 1 center, which stands in the middle of the linesmen, followed by 2 guards, who stand on each side of the center. On the outside are the 2 tackles.
A defense always lines up with the formation they think can defend the play they anticipate the offense to run in the best way possible. If the offense lines up with something that looks like a running formation, the defense will have more big players on the field - for example line backers. If the offense lines up with something that looks like a throwing formation, the defense will have more smaller and faster players - for example cornerbacks or safeties, also called defensive backs.
Terms & penalties
Interception: When a player from the attacking team throws the ball and a defender catches it. Untill the catching defender is tackled by one of the attacking players, he/she has the chance to run down and score a touchdown. The place where the player who intercepted the ball is brought down is the place his/her offense will start the following play, unless he/she manages to score a touchdown on the return.
Fumble: When a player in posession loses control of the ball and drops it before the player gets a knee to the ground. The ball is free for grabs and the player who gets the ball first will gain posession regardless of the player's team. The player can run with the ball towards the opponents endzone in a try to score a touchdown untill he/she is tackled. The place where the player is tackled is where the play is called dead, and the player's team gets the next play. If the player who loses the ball has a knee to the ground before he/she loses posession, the player is called down and therefore the play is dead.
If the ball is thrown backwards and lands on the ground, the ball is also up for grabs and all players on both teams can pick up the ball.
Sack: When the attacking team's quaterback is tackled by a defender while he/she still has possesion, it's called a sack. That's a very good play for the defense because the offense is moved back on the field to where the quaterback was tackled while they lose a down. This means that the offense gain negative yards on that down.
Off-side: A player on one of the 2 teams are on the opposing side's line of scrimmage when the play starts. This results in a replay of the down, while the team guilty of the penalty is punished by 5 yards to the opposing team.
False start: When the offense has chosen their formation and walks up to the line of scrimmage and prepares, all players beside the center have to stand in what is called a "set position". They have to show that they are ready to perform the play. After the players are in a set position, they can't start moving as that can lead the defenders to believe that the play is started. This results in a 5 yard penalty.
Delay of game: After the play is called dead, the offense has 40 seconds to start the next play. If the play hasn't started within the 40 seconds, a 5-yard penalty is called.
Pass Interference: When the offense throws the ball and a player capable of catching the ball is disrupted by tho opponent. Both offense and defense can be called for pass interference towards the opponent. If the attacking team commits the foul, it results in a 10-yard penalty. If the defense commits the foul, it results in a "spot foul", and the offense get to start the next play where the foul is comitted. If the foul is comitted in the defense's endzone, the offense starts the next play on the 1-yard line, only 1 yard away from a potential touchdown.
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American football and SportMember
American football is played all over the world and naturally, mostly in USA. There are around 75 clubs in UK in 2019.
A lot of clubs playing American football are using our digital platform, which unites players, coaches, parents, treasures, webmasters and much more. Our platform allows you to gather all the club's functions. Sign up for practice and matches, and get notified about different activities within the team or club. SportMember contains a lot more functions like resource management, paying membership fees and setting up a free website.
Creating a club or team on SportMember is 100% free whether you are part of a small team or a big club. Try it out by clicking "Create profile" below.
Create profile
The rules in this article is based on the official rules from the NFL.
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https://omtglobal.com/how-to-build-and-lead-high-performance-teams-a-lesson-from-the-nfl/
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How to Build and Lead High Performance Teams
|
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] | null |
[
"Shauna Pancott"
] |
2017-06-22T15:44:36+00:00
|
As leaders, it is only natural that we want to build and lead high performance teams. But do we truly understand what it takes?
|
en
|
OMT Global
|
https://omtglobal.com/how-to-build-and-lead-high-performance-teams-a-lesson-from-the-nfl/
|
As leaders, it is only natural that we want to build and lead high performance teams. But do we truly understand what it takes? When we think or talk about high performing teams, what teams usually come to mind?
Think of the most successful NFL teams in history. What makes them so successful? What’s their ‘secret’ to success?
Is it…
the best quarterback player?
the players’ strong (yet sometimes envious) physique?
the inspiring and leading coach?
Whilst these principles can contribute to success; they are only a small sum of the greater whole.
NFL is more than a great sport. It provides a classroom for learning and instilling self-development. The sport teaches a variety of positive attributes – loyalty, character, discipline, teamwork, and leadership among others. These attributes guide us towards being the leaders of tomorrow.
Whether it’s building and leading a high-performance football or workplace team, the same basic fundamental principles apply.
Let’s consider this further.
1. A Common Purpose
NFL players play with purpose. It is the identity of the team. Not so much what they can do, but who they are, what they stand for, and why they exist. Do your team members know WHY they exist?
Leaders connect personal meaning to a higher purpose to create belief and a sense of direction.
You need to impart a clear vision of where your team should be headed. In the words of US Psychologist Arnold H. Glasgow,
“In life, as in football, you won’t go far unless you know where the goalposts are”.
Bill Walsh, San Francisco’s 49ers coach transformed the worst performing team of its era to the best performing team, through setting realistic expectations from the onset and conveying a strong commitment from leaders and team members to achieve their goals.
Do you do this within your own teams? Do you set regular realistic SMART goals that flow from the common purpose? You as a leader, are responsible for leading your team down the field to success.
2. Understanding Team Dynamics
In comparison to some other sports such as baseball, football is the sport whereby teamwork is essential to success – every player has a key role. Bill Belichick believes,
“It is not the strength of the individual players, but it is the strength of the unit and how well they all function together”.
This is also true for your own team. To build and lead a high-performance team, you really need to know each individual team member to strengthen team dynamics.
The specific role that a football player takes on the field is called his ‘position’.
What is the ‘position’ of each of your team members?
What are their strengths and areas for development?
How do they like to be led?
What makes them tick?
How do they like to receive recognition?
How can they ‘play’ well together?
3.Open Communication
I remember somebody telling me once, “Communication is the glue of all personal and professional relationships”. I genuinely believe this. If there are clear and open communication channels, this can build trust and stronger relationships.
In NFL, communication is key both on and off the pitch. All NFL teams ‘huddle’ to communicate vision, provide clarity and demonstrate unity, before, during and after a game. A team cannot maintain a unity of purpose without exceptionally good communication amongst team members.
“Big ears are better than big egos – Listen, Learn, Lead”. Bill Walsh
Do you perform ‘huddles’ within your own teams on a regular basis? Today, teams enjoy recognition and often leaders take too long to recognize their star performers. Huddles provide an opportunity for recognition, support, mutual understanding of team dynamics and direction.
4.Dedicated Coaching
Just like sports teams, high-performance work teams require dedicated coaching – a coach that does what it takes to improve team ability.
The best leaders, like the best NFL coaches, focus on forming a team to not only accomplish a goal, but to help individuals to improve and develop. Great coaches like Vince Lombardi, brought out the best in their team through goal setting, gaining the buy-in, identifying individual strengths and weaknesses, learning from their experiences, fostering humility and trust, and most of all – they never stopped learning.
What can you learn from the greatest NFL coaches to lead your team to perform at their best?
What’s important to remember is that NFL teams can’t win every game. Not every project or idea can be successful either. The question is, ‘What was learnt? What can be improved next time around?’.
So, what is the NFL ‘secret’? There is no secret really. It is simply applying the basic fundamentals to build and lead any high-performance team. However, the great teams do it that little bit better than everyone else.
Find the inner NFL coach within you and begin to lead ‘star players’; and remember, your role doesn’t end when the whistle blows.
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https://journalofethics.ama-assn.org/article/evaluating-risks-and-benefits-participation-high-school-football/2014-07
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en
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Evaluating the Risks and Benefits of Participation in High-School Football
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[
"Michael J. O’Brien",
"William P. Meehan III"
] | null |
It is unclear whether the decreased risk of injury associated with prohibiting a teenage boy from playing football outweighs the benefits to his health and well-being of allowing him to participate.
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en
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/themes/custom/ama_joe_theme/favicon.ico
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Journal of Ethics | American Medical Association
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https://journalofethics.ama-assn.org/article/evaluating-risks-and-benefits-participation-high-school-football/2014-07
|
Case
Dr. Gupta is a private practice pediatrician in a small, rural town. As a primary care physician, he is often asked to evaluate children and teenagers for participation in youth sports programs. This means much of his work is dedicated to high school football, one of the mainstays of youth athletics in the region. Dr. Gupta is often happy to serve in this capacity; he has spent much of his career working to prevent child obesity and believes strongly that community sports and fitness are crucial components of healthy lifestyles.
He is asked to evaluate 15-year-old Jesse in preparation for the boy’s first season on a junior varsity high school football team. Jesse is accompanied by both of his parents. As Dr. Gupta walks into the examination room, he senses that the atmosphere is tense. After a brief history and pre-participation physical exam, he asks Jesse’s mother and father if they have any questions.
Jesse’s mother speaks up. “I’ve read that they’ve started placing sensors in players’ helmets, and they show that a lot of these boys are taking pretty hard hits. They say that concussions are actually more harmful than we knew about back in our day, and that over time all these head injuries could really cause damage to the brain. I’m worried, because Jesse’s already had one or two concussions in the past. Should we really let Jesse play football?”
Jesse’s father shakes his head and interjects: “Jesse’s brothers played high school football, and they got banged up pretty bad, but they’re fine. One of them has a scholarship to a good university, and he’s still playing football. I played the game myself when I was in school and it taught me a lot of important life skills—skills that served me as a unit leader in the Army and that I still use in running my business. I want Jesse to have the chance to play on a team and learn the value of sportsmanship. More important, I don’t want him hanging around after school with these other kids who are doing drugs and getting into trouble.”
Dr. Gupta listens carefully to each parent’s arguments. He says that he understands Jesse’s mother’s concerns about the risks of the sport, and he makes a point of acknowledging them. However, he also agrees with Jesse’s father that youth sports play an important part in teaching children and teens teamwork, leadership, and healthy lifestyles. He asks the parents to discuss their concerns with each other further, as well as with Jesse, and in the end to decide as a family how they want to proceed. The parents thank Dr. Gupta for his time, but as they get up to leave the office, he feels they wanted something more from him.
Commentary
In this case, Jesse, a 15-year-old male athlete with a history of one or two prior concussions, wishes to participate in football. Dr. Gupta is asked to perform a pre-participation evaluation. Jesse’s mother expresses concerns about her son playing football. Specifically she is worried about the risk of concussions, the cumulative effect of concussions, and the cumulative effect of blows to the head that her son might sustain that do not cause symptoms of concussion (i.e., subconcussive blows). Jesse’s father, on the other hand, notes the benefits of participating in football and uses Jesse’s brothers as examples of former high school football players who benefited from the experience.
This case illustrates one of the major functions of sports medicine physicians, which is to clear athletes for participation in sports. Although there are benefits to sports participation, there are also risks involved. The risk of injury, especially in collision sports such as American football, directly opposes the benefits to the athlete’s health and social well-being. The issue of clearing an athlete for sports participation can be complicated, particularly if the athlete has suffered previous injuries, as Jesse has.
When making a decision to allow or prohibit an athlete from participating in sports, we often turn to central ethical principles to help guide us, such as respect for autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice [1-4]. In the current situation, however, two of these principles are in direct conflict. In order to respect the family’s autonomy, Dr. Gupta must allow them to make an informed and free decision regarding the risks they are willing to accept in order to achieve the benefits of participation in football. The principle of beneficence, however, mandates that Dr. Gupta act in the best interest of Jesse’s health. This is a classic conflict that arises frequently in the field of sports medicine [5-9].
Jesse’s mother rightly notes that there are cumulative effects from concussions [10-13]. Many athletes who sustain one or two concussions in sports will go on to have safe, long, healthy, productive lives [14]. As an athlete sustains additional injuries, however, the risk of suffering long-term problems with cognition, behavior, and somatic symptoms increases. Currently, we are unable to predict the probability of long-term problems for a given number of sport-related concussions. Some athletes who have sustained multiple traumatic injuries to the brain over long careers in boxing, American football, and other sports have pathologic changes in the brain such as the deposition of beta-amyloid and phosphorylated tau [15-24]. This condition has become known as chronic traumatic encephalopathy. Although the evidence consists mostly of case reports and series at this time, and there are no definitive studies that show a direct association between the pathologic changes and the presumed neurobehavioral sequelae [25-27], the preliminary evidence is compelling. Therefore, Jesse’s mom is right to view this as a risk. Participation in American football also carries the risk of injuries besides concussions and chronic traumatic encephalopathy, including catastrophic injuries—those that result in death or permanent neurologic damage—the rates of which are higher in American football than most other team sports [28-38].
Jesse’s father, on the other hand, rightly notes the benefits of participation in team sports, focusing on social benefits such as sportsmanship. The health benefits of regular exercise are well known, including reduced rates of all-cause mortality, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, rheumatoid arthritis, fibromyalgia, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, breast cancer, colon cancer, chronic fatigue syndrome, and depression [39, 40]. He points out that many previous high school football players, including Jesse’s brothers, are healthy. He also believes that participation in athletics decreases Jesse’s risk of getting into trouble after school. He does not want to deny his son these benefits for fear of risk of injury.
When such conflicts arise in medicine, we often turn to ethical principles to guide us in reaching a decision [1-4]. In this case, as is common in sports medicine [5-9], we have two ethical principles that are in conflict with one another. The principle of respect for autonomy acknowledges a person’s right to make choices and to take actions based on personal values and beliefs [41]. This principle is derived, in part, from the philosophical teachings of Immanuel Kant and John Stuart Mill. It is a strong, culturally held belief in America and many other Western cultures. This principle has been emphasized in the code of ethics of the International Federation of Sports Medicine (FIMS), which states, “the team physician must…not refuse an athlete the right to make their [sic] own medical decisions” [42]. In addition, the code of ethics of the American Medical Association (AMA) says that “physicians should assist athletes to make informed decisions about their participation in amateur and professional contact sports which entail risks of bodily injury” [43]. It is important to remember that a decision can only be considered truly autonomous if the family understands the nature of the risks being assumed and is free from coercion or other external influences. If respect for autonomy were the only ethical principle involved in this scenario, then Dr. Gupta would discuss with Jesse and his parents the data regarding the risk of injuries in football and allow the family to decide whether or not they wish to assume the risks involved. Ultimately, Jesse’s parents have to decide whether they will give permission for Jesse to play.
There is, however, another fundamental principle of biomedical ethics, the principle of beneficence, which conflicts with the principle of respect for autonomy in this scenario. According to the principle of beneficence, physicians have a moral obligation to act for the benefit of their patients. Some believe they should be paternalistic; that is to say, physicians should make decisions on patients’ behalf. Patients or parents may desire or request that physicians take the summary of the existing evidence and give their own informed opinions on what they should do, particularly in cases like this where there is not a clear cut-answer.
There are nearly always external forces acting on athletes, making it difficult for them to make truly autonomous decisions. These external forces may include the inherent desire to support the team or to avoid dissappointing a coach or parent. Opportunities for college admission or scholarships can also exert enormous pressures on an athlete’s decision making. The argument can be made that in some instances paternalism is the only real way to safeguard the welfare of athletes.
The tension between these two principles can be seen in the codes of ethics of FIMS and the AMA. In addition to the statements above reinforcing the principle of respect for autonomy, each also emphasizes the principle of beneficence. According to the FIMS manual, a “team physician must…always make the health of the athlete a priority” and “oppose practices that may jeopardize the health of an athlete” [42]. According to the AMA code of ethics, “the professional responsibility of the physician who serves in a medical capacity at an athletic contest or sporting event is to protect the health and safety of the contestants…. The physician’s judgment should be governed only by medical considerations” [43] Although this tension has been considered by many authors, there is not universal agreement as to which principle takes priority. Some believe physicians should be paternalistic and safeguard the welfare of athletes, prioritizing beneficence over all other competing principles [44, 45]. Others argue that athletes, if well-informed, should be able to decide for themselves and that physicians must overcome their natural inclination to paternalism, further arguing that autonomous patients have a right to deny a specific treatment for injuries or illness irrespective of the assumed risks [46]. They note that athletes themselves are in fact the ones who know best how decisions will affect their lives. Some argue that patient autonomy always supplants the doctor’s opinion.
Ethical principles, however, are not hierarchical, with one taking clear precedent over the other in every situation. Ethical principles need to be considered and balanced in each situation. As these two principles, respect for autonomy and beneficence, frequently conflict when making decisions about allowing athletes to participate in sports, we must balance the value of one against the value of the other. As outlined by Beauchamp and Childress,
as a person’s interests in autonomy increase and the benefits for the person decrease, the justification of paternalism is rendered less likely; conversely, as the benefits for a person increase and the person’s interests in autonomy decrease the plausibility of an act of paternalism being justified increases. Thus, preventing minor harms or providing minor benefits while deeply disrespecting autonomy has no plausible justification; but preventing major harms or providing major benefit while only trivially disrespecting autonomy has a highly plausible paternalistic justification [47].
The risks of participation in football, particularly the cumulative effects of concussion and chronic traumatic encephalopathy, are not fully clear. Dr. Gupta cannot reliably predict whether or not Jesse will sustain further concussions, whether those concussions will have a significant effect on his future well-being, and whether or not the subconcussive blows he is likely to sustain while participating in high school football will result in long-term consequences. Thus, it is unclear whether the decreased risk of injury associated with prohibiting Jesse from playing football outweighs the benefits to his health and well-being of allowing him to participate.
Because there is no unusual risk in this case, respect for the family’s autonomy outweighs any potential net benefit, if indeed there is one, to prohibiting Jesse from playing. If there were a clear history of unusual risk or vulnerability (for instance, if Jesse had a history of multiple concussions occurring with decreasing force, injuries that were taking longer and longer to recover, or incomplete recovery) then it would be the responsibility of the physician to step in and insist that Jesse be disqualified from contact sports. In this case, that history doesn’t exist, so, the decision should be left to Jesse and his family. Essentially, this process is similar to informed consent after a discussion of the best medical information available.
We agree with Dr. Gupta’s decision to acknowledge and recognize both the health risks that Jesse’s mother is worried about and the benefits that Jesse’s father wants his son to obtain. His recommendation, that the family further discuss the risks and benefits, including Jesse in the conversation, and come to a conclusion about whether or not they wish Jesse to participate in sports, is sound.
Dr. Gupta’s approach could be augmented, however, by a more complete evaluation of Jesse and a more complete discussion of the available medical literature. He could more thoroughly assess Jesse’s readiness for a collision sport and potential risk of injury. For instance, if Jesse were particularly undersized for his sport or proposed position, if he had physical deficits such as subpar core strength, balance, or neck strength, or if he had already demonstrated a propensity for sustaining concussions with relatively low levels of contact that are expected to occur frequently in football, then Jesse, his family, and Dr. Gupta might feel more strongly about finding a sport with less contact. Furthermore, Dr. Gupta could review the relative incidence of concussion in football versus other team sports. He could discuss the studies that have demonstrated the cumulative effects of concussions sustained during sports. He could discuss the limitations of those studies, including the changes in management of sport-related concussions since the time those included in the studies were playing. He could discuss the evidence of chronic traumatic encephalopathy as well as the limitations of that evidence. By discussing the studies and data that are available while simultaneously acknowledging the existence of clinical uncertainty, Dr. Gupta would promote a more autonomous decision-making process, allowing Jesse and his parents to perform a more informed risk-benefit analysis [4, 48].
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New and Unique Sports List
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List of New & Unique Sports
Here is our full list in alphabetical order of some new and unique sports that you most likely have never heard of, but if the creators have their way it will be the next big thing, and maybe even make it onto the Olympic program one day. I have also listed my favorite top 10 new sports — have I picked the winners? You can rate each sport too - here is the top rated list. If you have created a new sport you can send the details to get it published too.
New Sports List
These sports are new and some are good ideas too. There is also a listing of more new sports (in brief).
360Ball — a racket and ball sport played on a circular field.
3goals1star — inspired by penalty shootout in football, scoring by throwing and kicking a soccer ball into a slot on a 3 Meters in diameter Giant Advertising Ball.
4D Soccer — a version of soccer played on a square pitch with two goals per team.
4-Squares — keep a ball inside the four squares and in constant motion by continually passing.
5 count and goal — get the ball into a goal square for a count of 5.
Aeris — involves the use of drones with 5 on a team.
Agball — appears to be a sport like dodgeball.
Aiden Ball — a mix of volleyball and soccer, where players punch or kick a helium filled ball into the opposing teams goal
Airball — similar to volleyball - to keep the ball in the air above a net.
Airstrip Tire — a player throws or rolls RC tires on a strip, runway or terrain for the greatest distance.
AlfaBuul — a simplified version of American football.
American Hand Tennis — similar to tennis except that instead of using a racquet you have to catch the ball and toss it back underhand.
American JumpBall — a variation of basketball which uses elements of American football.
American Rugby — a hybrid of American football and rugby.
Anbalines — the aim of the game is to get the ball with your hands inside some lines, that's as much as I could work out.
Apo-Apo — players hit a lightweight ball back and forth across a pitch using all parts of the body.
Aqua Cricket — essentially cricket played across a swimming pool.
Arborball — teams of up to 5 players take turns punting a ball through a forest toward their opponents goal.
Arena Ball — like gridiron with a soccer ball played indoors using rebound nets to increase scoring.
Armball — football without kickers.
BackPass —a football variation in which you score by passing the ball to your goalkeeper, who replaces the goal at the other end of the field.
Balance Ball (10) — balance and knock down cylinders.
Balkan Football — involves trying to score by passing 4 zones
Ball Bros — score by getting the ball into the net, but hitting it with a racket, thowing, kicking or heading.
Ballkenche — players attempt to throw rubber balls into holes in the ground
Balloonist — two teams compete to keep a balloon in the air.
Ballnastics — a form of gymnastics using an exercise ball as the apparatus.
Ballpather — one ball thrown ahead, and multiple attempts are used to try and hit the first ball further away.
Baseketball — a combination of basketball and baseball made famous in the movie "BASEketball".
Basketrun — you score baskets and run around a baseball diamond.
Batterball — a simple version of cricket/baseball.
Batthroball — a player stands in the center of several concentric circles and hits a ball and scores points for reaching other circles.
BattleBoats — American football type game played in a pool while players ride inflatable animals.
Beamer — a safe (high-tech) game that has no ball or physical contact, instead using lasers and shields.
Beatball — like handball but with a tennis ball.
Bench Football — two teams play against each other with one bench in the middle which a team can score from any side
Billiard Croquet (Golf) Game — a new sport for billiard and golf players, played on a felt top table.
Biraq — a two-handed racket sport from brazil.
Blindfolded Wrestling Ball — combines elements of wrestling and being blind and ball sports.
Blo-Ball — table tennis without the paddles, you blow.
Bobball — a soccer ball is thrown, kicked or headed forward to hit a large trash can.
Boluta — a type of handball using a badminton court and net and a tennis ball.
Bounceback — throw the ball at a concrete wall.
Bounceball — players throw foam balls trying to hit the wall behind the opposition.
Bouncer — bounce the ball in the goalie territory and land it in the goal
Bouncerbask — players progress across the floor, bouncing a ball and marking where it lands, until finally bouncing the ball into a net.
Boxball — like soccer though players are allowed to also punch the ball
Brennan Ball — a mix between Rugby, Football and Gridiron.
Bull Seal — played by teams in a pool, a bit like rugby.
Calcio Wrestling — is kind of like normal wrestling but very different.
Candown — the primary objective is for an offensive player to throw the ball so it hits the can for a mark.
Cans and Tires — a version of bowling in which players to roll a tire at soda cans.
Cash Money Ball — the aim is to get the ball to your teammate (the banker) in the hula hoop on the other team's side.
Centerball — kind of like a mix of rugby and ultimate frisbee
Centergoal — two teams strike two balls at a center goal attempting to move it into the other team's half.
Chargeball — a simplified version of football.
Chauss Boxing — a type of kickboxing in which the participants can wear shoes (chauss).
Chiskop Foot Tennis — teams of 4 players each side of the court will be tapping the shaved tennis ball to each other without the ball going out of bounds
Cirquer — a stick and ball sport where the offense attempts to push a big ball into a circle.
Clashlifting — power lifters clash by random selection of one against the other in a cup racing system
Clotgert — a new target golf game, three shots at a target from different distances.
Club Tennis — a new team oriented way to play tennis that involves a time clock, penalties, and more players on a bigger court.
Cornerball — receive points by hitting one of two opponent's corner flags.
Crossball — an outdoor sport played with a tennis ball on an elliptical field.
Cross-Country Big Ball — a soccer ball is hit with a baseball bat over cross-country terrain towards a goal.
DiscHoops — combines elements of Ultimate Frisbee and basketball
Disha — a team member verbally directs their blindfolded partner around a course in the shortest possible time.
Docaboosh — you try and get a ball bouncing by hitting it with a stick.
Dreamcatcher — a very fun and competitive sport involving, pitching, catching, and running.
Droid Suit Demolition — players wear special robot themed suits to fight another player in a junkyard themed boxing ring.
Dukaph — a team sport with players aiming to throw the ball into a box on two poles.
Duocock — is like badminton with a racket in each hand.
Eagle Ball — fast version of softball
EarthBall — combines Soccer and American Football with an oversized game ball
Earthing — a new 21st century sport combining sprint running and swimming.
Eclipse Ball — played with 2 to 6 players per team on a volleyball court combining aspects of volleyball, badminton and tennis with it's own unique rules.
Electric-powered wheelchair Racing — disabled athletes in wheelchairs race around a track.
Extreme T-Ball — try to knock tennis balls of tees placed on each side of the field by throwing a ball at them.
Fauxball — a combination of the rules of baseball, basketball, and football, combined in a sport that those of differing athletic ability can play.
FeeZBall — played with Feezballs (cotton filled balls), rackets and nets.
FellBoarding — a hybrid sport of two little known sports of mountain/dirt boarding and fell running.
Field Polo — a adaptation of polo on horseback that can be played anywhere.
Flexball — a simple combination of European handball, volleyball, and soccer.
Flog — Â a futuristic version of golf.
Flog Games — made up of 5 short mini games.
Floor Pong — is similar to table tennis but played on the floor.
Footballey — kick or head a ball over a volleyball net using tennis rules.
Footbaseball — a blending of baseball and football
Footby — a cross between (Association) football, rugby and American football.
Foot Kick — kicking a ball into a net, but it is not soccer
Footrug — a mixture between Football and Rugby.
Footup — is played like Volleyball but using the legs instead of hands.
Footwall — is like handball, but you use your foot to kick the ball against the wall
Forceball — two teams throw a ball at each other, scoring points for hitting or catching the ball.
Forehand Strike — combines the game of Roundnet, the underhand serve in Tennis, and Foursquare!
Fortball — combines fort building with dodge ball.
Freeball — simple rugby without line-outs, scrums, rucks, mauls or play-the-balls.
Frescotennis — a 2-6 player paddle sport played on a full tennis court with two bounces allowed.
Frisbee Ball — try and get the ball into the score zone while bouncing it on a frisbee.
Frisbee Trampoline — a non-contact team sport played with a flying disc on a playing field of 60 trampolines.
Friz — a disc must be bounced in the specified bounce zone in an attempt to get past your opponent or cause them to drop it.
Frizitch — a cross between ultimate Frisbee and Dodge ball, where you knock a cone from the top of a pillar using the Frisbee while avoiding the dodgeball
Frustrationball — combining hockey, basketball, soccer, tennis, ultimate frisbee, and lacrosse into a concise, fun, and easy-to-learn game.
Fufu — a mix of football and rugby and many other games.
FuGoal Golf — kick a soccer ball from the tee box into the FuGoal Net with the fewest number of kicks/strokes.
Fullball — a team sport type of new football, combining elements of football and volleyball.
Full Court 21 — a basketball game similar to the popular half court game for 3 players known as "21", but played on a full court.
Funnyball — a football-type game where each team defends two goals each.
Gargojian Football — like American Football played on a battlefield.
Gatepassing — two long fences across a field with a basket at each end of the fence.
G-Ball — pass a tennis ball to your teammates and then try and shoot it into the goal.
Gendaball — a new type of target sport, throwing small balls through holes of various sizes
GGgolf — the aim is to hit the golf ball at a target to score points
Gladiator — a martial arts based on the ancient Roman 'sport' of gladiators.
Glistro! — you need table tennis paddles, an over-sized table tennis ball, and a large room.
The Golden Goal — competition about football goal scoring from a direct free kick.
Gotball — some similarities to soccer, but with non bouncy ball.
Gridball — a team game similar to indoor football, where each team must try to dislodge cones at the opponents end of the grid using a ball.
Gridiron-Soccer — a mix of American Football (football) with Association Football (soccer)
Hammerfield — score by hitting a bell with a hammer, inspired by the movie ''The Avengers''.
Hand Hockey — a one-on-one hockey game played on ice using only the hands.
Hand Tennis — combining tennis and volleyball.
Hantis — all you need is four tables and a ball.
Hardball — a mix of football and basketball.
Hausay — played on a square court with four teams
H.A.V. Football (Soccer) — HAV stands for headers and volleys soccer.
Head Ball — a helmet with a transparent cylinder on top is used to balance and pass the ball.
HeadVolley — involves 9 different shots at a mini football goal
Hit the Ball — a simple sport that involves keeping a ball in the air using a bat
Hole-In-Drone — a drone golf game.
HookBall — played on a basketball court
Hooplem — a fast-paced team field sport where you score when the ball is hit into the net or through a hoop.
Hungerball Hockey — field hockey played in an enclosed structure with four, six or eight internal goals.
Hungerball Soccer — played in a fully enclosed round arena with six mini-goals.
Hyenbald — use sticks to whack a ball for 2 rounds, and score a goal.
Ice Soccer — a variation of association football played on ice.
Ice Soccer on Skates— a variation of association football played on ice while wearing skates.
Ionball — shoot the ball to the hoop and a teammate must catch the ball to score.
Jababall — using tennis rackets to hit a volleyball into a hockey net.
Jimuball — players skip an 80cm rope and shoot a ball past the goalkeeper to the back of the net of the goalpost
Kaaitoskill — a sport of kite flying skills.
Ketteryys — a martial art that is fought on a 10 by 10 meter cage that has a bouncy netting around
Khogoska — a skating sport in which the skaters race along a path and have to avoid opposition players every 10 meters.
Kick Bolz — like dodgeball where you have to kick the balls and not throw them
Kick Net — a combination of soccer and tennis, players must keep the ball in the air.
Kick Tennis — score by kicking the ball to where the other team can't retrieve it.
KigoH — teams kick for goal on a normal Rugby ground.
Knee Polo — a sport played indoors on your knees, with adrenaline, strength and tricky shots.
Knockout Ball — a cross between tennis and dodgeball, with a volleyball net.
Knuckle Racket — lets you punch the ball because the net of the rackets are right over your knuckles
Lander Cars — a race using Sliders and Hook Oars.
Lavball — team game won by scoring the most points by knocking over pins.
Lawn Football — a variation of football tennis played one-on-one but can also be played as a team in relay format.
Leadball — players run with sticks and hit the other teams players with a ball or try to make a goal in a hoop
Limball — a juggling ball is kept up by teams of 3.
Longball — a bat and ball game played on a diamond-shaped field.
Loofball — a bit like volleyball though the players throw and catch the ball over the net.
Loop — a pool game played on an elliptical shaped table.
Loveball — a five balls running sport between husband and his wife teams.
Luckchase — just like the game of chess, though each time a piece is to be captured, the players roll dice to determine if they are able to make that move.
Manus — played on a square field, there are two sides - the running side and the tackling side.
Masedeball — a new type of bowling sport with the target balls placed by the defender.
Mashball — a new kind of football.
Mech Racing — two robotic exoskeletons batttle each other over an obstacle course
Middleball — uses a beach ball, a net system, and is played in a racquetball court.
Mini Cricket — cricket played on your knees
M.I. Soccer — stands for mini-indoor soccer.
Multi Challenge — basically you have a bowler's square and a batter's square with cricket stumps behind.
Naked Tennis — tennis without a net
Net Squash — played on adjoining squash courts with a net between. The walls must be hit against a wall first.
NJ Ball — a fast-paced handball-type game played on a basketball court with an additional soccer goal beneath the hoop.
Nonterra — a team sport that involves using a solid cylinder that is used to transport around the playing field and to eventually score it into a half-pipe that is facing up.
Obstacle Knock Down — an obstacle course combined with dodgeball.
Octagon Sand Soccer — a mix of UFC and Beach Soccer
Omniball — you have to get to the other end of the court with the ball.
OneGoal.Football — based on football (soccer) but instead of the goals at either end of the pitch they are centrally located back to back.
One-In-Ten — a player must carry a ball to the goals while blindfolded following the sound made by his sighted partner.
One Pali — two teams have to outscore each other by hitting a ball (mambhukuza) against pali, to score poles.
One Touch Ping — based around the game of football, the aim is to, using only one touch, score a goal in your opponent's goal net from your own half
Osted — the goal is to roll a ball down a hill
Ovasinax — which is an abbreviation of "ovanpÃ¥ sin axlar", Swedish for "atop his shoulders".
Overball — a new version of American football played with a soccerball.
Paddle X — teams score by hitting the ball off a back wall into scoring areas while a snatcher moves around with a net trying to catch the ball
Palmball — team sport in whch players score by throwing a ball at a horizontal bar
Palmball Association — involves running with a ball on the palm or kicking it with a foot.
Paper Airplane Targets — you aim to hit a target with a paper airplane.
Peraball — a variation of baseball with frontal and shoulder-to-shoulder body contact permitted.
Phasketboot — a mix between basketball, football and ultimate frisbee.
Pilit — a non-contact team sport with similaririties to lacrosse. A ball is hit through a loop, more points are awarded for the farther you are from the hoop you are when you score.
Plush-Bouncing — you bounce a soft, plushy cube with your hands and against other euqipment to keep it in the air longer than your opponent.
Pointball — Â teams of players attempt to throw a ball to each other
Polearmball — role playing sport, where gamers get out of their seats and take their role playing to the Polearmball playing field.
Pole Ball — a physical, fast moving game with elements of basketball, lacrosse, and volleyball.
Pong Ball — a sport similar to soccer, though it is is played with table tennis rackets and a table tennis ball on a large field.
Pounceball — you use two sports disks to score goals.
Precision Ball — hit the ball over a tennis net and into a guarded football goal
Pugilball — similar to Lacrosse, though players hold pugil sticks and try to get a ball into the goal.
Punchyball — hit a punchyball (whatever that it) over a net.
Quickball — played inside by passing a ball to your teammates until someone can catch it in a box.
Quots — is like badminton but played with a rubber hoop.
Racket Hockey — played by two teams of 4, a ball is hit with tennis rackets at hockey goals.
Rebound — rebound the ball to your team mates to score.
Rebound Beach Volleyball — like beach volleyball played indoors, surrounded by high tensioned nets.
Relay Ball — a combination of ultimate frisbee and football played on a basketball court
Retball — a 9 a side team sport were the goal is to get the circular shaped ball to the opposing teams end zone.
Ricky Jim Football — you throw a football to someone and yell 'ricky jim football', if they catch it they have 2 seconds to throw the ball to someone else.
Ring Rong —  a table-version of Roval.
Ringer — it's soccer but using your hands instead of your feet.
Roof Ball — players take turns hitting a ball onto a slanted roof.
Roughball — you must throw it in the goal in a 1 minute possession period.
Roval —  a warped singles tennis court on a smaller court that has no lines.
R-Pool — Â is cool pool on a roundish table with an off-center hole.
Ruchanchii — involves kicking or carrying a small heavy black ball and score points on the other teams net.
Rugbis Ball — played on the beach with a rugby ball.
Runball — a simple game in which the aim is to score runs by throwing the ball to poles marking the other side of a field.
Runblock — run from one side of the court to the other without getting tagged.
Runeball — two opposing teams of 2 - 4 players each use a RuneSword to strike a rubber ball similar to a basketball (RuneBall) into a goal.
Runnerball — combines the popular sports of Rugby (Union and League), Football (Soccer) and Football (American)
Rush Ball — a new team-focused game influenced by various video games and sports, using trampolines and paintball equipment.
R-World — invented sports and games of the future by Doug Yurchey (aka Tray Caladan).
Ryderball — played in a court with a small ball involving throwing hitting and a new thing called chesting.
Sabakiball — a five-on-five team sport where one team tries to strike the opposing teams goal pin causing it to fall down or move off of the goal-pin spot.
Salto Ball — like basketball on a trampoline but with 3 baskets.
Schlammball — similar to soccer but each end has three goals and players must avoid mud pits in at each side of center field
Scoops — a non-contact game which resembles two pitchers hurling a ball at each other trying to throw a strike / catch the ball.
Scootbol — imagine soccer on scooters.
Scrambled Legs — is similar to rugby but you can pass it forward
Seedballer — an environmentally friendly sport which promotes plantation. Teams throw balls of seeds, earning points for each one found.
Sego — a South African sport.
Segway — ball sport played by two teams of five players, where each player is riding a three-wheeled manual kick scooter.
Senika — a ball court game from Macedonia.
Shay Fu — a new Martial Arts Style known for its fast reflexes, counter attacks, blocks, throws, and hits.
Shinda Kabutomushi — a combination of tennis, rugby, and swimming.
Short-leg Football — football (soccer) with the knees tied together.
Silejum — a one-legged tag team sport.
Simple Cricket — a simple version of cricket meant to be played in a span of under an hour and with fewer rules so its more fun and fastpaced.
Sixcup — involves kicking colorful dice-like foam cubes into round elevated goals.
Six Football — a hybrid sport, which combines the 6 football codes of Rugby, American Football, Canadian Football, Australian Football, Gaelic Football and Soccer.
Skewball — using a croquet style mallet to cannon another ball into the opponents goal.
Skillsball — a unique fun and fast-paced game.
Skirmish Football — a safer form of gridiron.
Skooing — snow skiiing using a modified kick scooter.
Skooting — riding on two kick scooters with shorter and lower handle bars.
Smarto — a non-contact basketball-like team sport with two goal baskets at each end.
Smash Ball — a mix of basketball (because of the ball) and volleyball.
Snooker Soccer — played on a snooker table, you use a cue to hit the balls into the goal.
Soccerball — Â combines soccer, water-polo, basketball and dodge ball.
SoccerSquash — soccer and squash, obviously.
Socket — a mix between the sports of soccer and cricket.
Softlon — it is just like tennis on a court but the ball is soft and you play with table tennis rackets.
Soft Touch — One-on-one football in a caged playpark arena using a Soft Touch football.
Soundball — play music by hitting a ball with color coded bats
Space Slam — while secured to a mini trampoline using resistance bands, players must bump, hit, or kick a tethered ball towards the goal at the opposite end of a pole.
Sparta Ball — squeeze through and touch the playmaker to score a point.
Speedgolf — golf, but as quick as you can with unlimited strokes.
Spekthow — marbles are thrown around a course of holes like in golf.
SpikeBoarding — a simplified form of Nordic XC roller skiing only on one board instead of two.
Spudball — using a ball called the spud.
Stairball — a bat and ball game played on a set of 7-8 stairs with a top and bottom zone.
Star — a team sport played on a circular field with rugby posts and a try line in the middle.
Starplay — throw a ball into circles.
Stick Ball — played on a field with billiard balls and hockey sticks
Stick Hockey — small scale hockey using lollipop sticks and a marble.
Straightball — played on a basketbal court, with lacrosse sticks and two goals to aim at.
Stupid Robot Fighting — hand controlled simple robot shapes battle each other.
Supa Punt — a one-on-one kicking game.
Switch — a mix of Football, Basketball, Volleyball, Netball and Handball.
Sword Strength Arena — a three part event incorporating sword fighting technique.
T1soccer — for skilled soccer players to express their ball skills.
Tabball — a combination between volleyball and handball.
Tackle Chess — a no ball team game involving two teams whose primary goal is to protect their own king and tackle the opposing teams king to the ground.
Tallyball — a fast-paced team sport played with a tennis ball on a basketball court.
Tapsketball — two teams try to throw a tennis ball into a small goal.
TC (Tow-Controlled) Racing — players race model cars or model trucks by tying a rope or string and towing them.
Tembi — each team tries to reach the opposing column while seeking to protect its own column.
Tennandby — team sport with a field with small goals and a tennis ball
Tenkey — a hybrid of tennis and hockey, players hit the ball/puck along the ground into the opposition player's goal.
Territory Ball — the aim is to keep the ball in your territory as long as possible.
Teseball — using a tenis racket to hit a tennis ball on your opponent's wall.
The Stair Game — based on baseball, all you need is a set of stairs and a tennis ball.
Three-in-one Race — a running race in which three people are connected to make up one team.
Threes — teams of two alternate between shooting 3-point shots and rebounding competing to score a designated number of points.
Thrillball — a thrilling sport played on a 100 yard football field.
Throw Goal — a hybrid of American football and Association football, you can score a goal by kicking or throwing it into the net.
Tin Can Cricket — like cricket with a twist.
Tomo — a mix between lacrosse and hockey, and it's as physical as football.
Touccer — two teams of players compete to spike a ball into a scoring zone on the opposite side of the field.
Tramp Ball — two players on a netted trampoline try and throw a ball onto the oposing player's net.
Trampoline Dodgeball — the name says it all
Trangleball — a 3 vs. 3 game played in a circular field.
Tri-Ball — a reinvention of baseballÂ
Triple-Net Volleyball — like volleyball, though now with soccer nets at the back of the court on either side.
Tugball — using a ball with eight ropes attached to a harness which surrounds a ball.
Twinbatting — like badminton but with two bats
Twoball — a simple throw and catch game, that utilizes the throwing and catching of two balls at the same time.
Ultra-Grav Ball — a cross of lacrosse and rugby played in a microgravity arena.
Ultimate Ball — a variation of Ultimate Football.
Ultimate Hand Team Tennis — two teams of five hit a ball with their hands across a net.
Ultimate Pool (or Ultimate Billiards) — like a cross between billiards and curling where the goal is to not knock the cue or eight ball into the corner pockets, while keeping your balls in scoring position and knocking opponents balls out.
Underwater Grappling — the aim is to submerge your opponent for 7 seconds.
Unifutsal — a special variation of non-contact indoor Football Football (Futsal) and regular Association football
V Ball — score by throwing a football or frisbee into a square box
Vennis — a game similar to volleyball simply played on a tennis court with soccer's rules, yet more flexible and modified.
Vier — two teams of two try to gain possession of a square court with tennis gear.
Vigabol — Volleyball Inspired Game Ball.
Voccer — It's soccer and volleyball put together.
Volfsball — like handball on a circular field with the goal at the centre.
Wall Pong — a combination of racquetball and table tennis.
Waterball — a modifed version of water polo.
Water Football — a smaller version of American football but in a pool. The aim is to get the football in the other end zone in 4 plays.
Werfball — a variation of American Football.
Whamo Sport — like street handball or lacrosse without sticks
Whippse — a sport using the traditional game of spinning tops.
Wicketball — combines soccer skills and croquet strategy in a golf course layout.
Windmill — a variant on kickball.
Yakball — bounce the ball into the target.
Yoga Ball Hitt — like basketball with a yoga ball.
Yorkball — combines the elements of football and handball.
Zapball — a futuristic sport using a "zapper" to both shoot and receive a ball.
Zoneball — the goal is to land the ball stationary in the opposing team's end-zone.
Zonering — a variation of 360Ball.
Related Pages
See also the listing of new sports with less details
top rated new sports list
My favorite top 10 new sports
Do you have a new sport? you can submit the details
See also unusual sports
Any comments, suggestions, or corrections? Please let us know.
Search This Site
New Sports
New sports are being created all the time. Check out our list of over 300 new sports submitted by visitors to this site. If you want to submit a new sport, check out our guide first.
Sport Extra
Check out the 800+ sports in the Encyclopedia of Every Sport. Well not every sport, as there is a list of unusual sports, extinct sports and newly created sports. How to get on these lists? See What is a sport? We also have sports winners lists, and about major sports events and a summary of every year.
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Examining the benefits of playing high school football for future NFL players
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<p class=”dont-count”>High school football is incredibly popular in the United States, with millions of players participating yearly. Playing high school football provides numerous benefits beyond physical skills, including significant impacts on a player’s future career prospects as an NFL player. Studies have shown that playing high school football can develop essential skills such as teamwork, […]
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https://www.heraldstandard.com/wp-content/themes/News_Core_2023_WashCluster/images/HSUP/favicon.ico
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Herald-Standard
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https://www.heraldstandard.com/news/2023/may/10/examining-the-benefits-of-playing-high-school-football-for-future-nfl-players/
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High school football is incredibly popular in the United States, with millions of players participating yearly. Playing high school football provides numerous benefits beyond physical skills, including significant impacts on a player’s future career prospects as an NFL player. Studies have shown that playing high school football can develop essential skills such as teamwork, leadership, and perseverance, which are highly valued in the workforce. This article explores the benefits that high school football players can gain from playing the game.
Drafting opportunities
If you are an avid American football fan, you know that the NFL is the biggest football league in America, and getting drafted into it is every player’s dream. The league is so big that thousands of people bet on nfl vegas odds to add to the excitement of watching the game and supporting their favorite teams. High school football exposes players to college coaches and recruiters who may not otherwise know about them. This exposure allows players to showcase their talent and potentially get recruited by top-tier universities or even directly into the NFL.
Physical benefits
High school football is an integral part of the development process for many future NFL players. One of the most critical physical benefits that high school football offers are improved strength and conditioning. Through regular practice and gameplay, athletes can build their muscle mass, increase their endurance and improve their overall fitness. It can help them become more competitive when they reach the professional level. High school football also helps players learn how to protect themselves from injury by teaching proper tackling techniques and body positioning during contact situations. This knowledge can be invaluable when playing at a higher level where injuries are more common.
Teamwork skills
Learning the basics of cooperation and collaboration via high school football is a terrific opportunity for young players. Skills like communication, problem-solving and leadership, all essential for making it in the NFL, may be honed on the field. High school football players who go on to play in the NFL may benefit from learning the importance of teamwork and how to work well with their teammates. With practice, the youngsters may pick up skills like mutual understanding and trust. Together, they may get experience working to find solutions to issues and making split-second judgments in high-stakes situations. High school football also allows students to develop their leadership abilities by seizing the reins in game-changing scenarios or directing teammates through essential exercises.
Mental benefits
High school football may be an excellent training ground to prepare for the cerebral demands of the NFL. It’s a great way to hone skills like working under pressure, cooperating with others and maintaining concentration. Managing one’s emotions under pressure is another skill developed via playing football that is crucial to making it in the NFL. In addition to helping students become more confident in their talents, high school football is an excellent way for them to network and make friends. The self-assurance gained from this may be used in other areas of life, such as collegiate and professional athletics.
Educational opportunities
Student-athletes in high school football programs often have better access to academic resources than their non-athletic peers. Several secondary schools, for instance, provide extra academic support for student-athletes via programs like tutoring and study rooms. Athletes may get assistance juggling their academic and athletic responsibilities via these programs. Also, several colleges and institutions give student-athletes scholarships to help offset the costs of higher education. Lastly, many high schools conduct college recruiting events where coaches from other universities visit to scout possible recruits. Football players may show off their abilities and compete for a college scholarship or a roster place in this way.
In conclusion, playing football in high school can help prepare future NFL players for the rigors of the sport, both physically and mentally. It also allows them to showcase their skills and gain exposure to college scouts.
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https://www.sbu.edu/news/news-items/2023/02/03/st.-bonaventure-siena-research-survey-reveals-70-of-americans-are-sports-fans-21-avid-football-clearly-king
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Siena Research survey reveals 70% of Americans are sports fans, 21% avid; football clearly king
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2023-02-03T00:00:00
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The latest news from St. Bonaventure University.
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Feb 03, 2023
Seventy percent of Americans say they are sports fans, according to a new national survey of more than 3,200 United States residents released today by the Siena College Research Institute and St. Bonaventure University’s Jandoli School of Communication.
Twenty-one percent of Americans are “Avid” fans who watch sports, sports news, talk about sports, check scores and in many cases play fantasy sports almost every single day, while another 26% of “Involved” fans engage with sports at least several times weekly.
Heading into Super Bowl week, 72% of Americans say they are football fans, even if they don’t consider themselves sports fans. Eighty-three percent watch football to bond with family and friends, 81% “because it’s fun” and 65% “because it is exciting.” Eighty-two percent say that they learn about teamwork by watching football, while 79% learn about strategy and 72% learn about leadership. At the same time, more than a quarter of Americans (27%) say that football is too violent.
Fan Favorites: Cowboys, Brady and Montana
“America’s Team” is also its most divisive. When asked which NFL team they most like or hate, Americans most often named the Dallas Cowboys for both. Tom Brady is the most popular active (at the time of the survey) NFL player, and Joe Montana is the most popular former NFL player. Patrick Mahomes and Aaron Rodgers were tied for second-most popular current player, while Brett Favre, Peyton Manning and Walter Payton finished behind Montana among former players.
“Sports in general and football specifically are central to who we are and what we do as a nation and as individuals,” said Aaron Chimbel, dean of St. Bonaventure’s Jandoli School of Communication. “It connects communities, families and friends in ways that no other sport does, and it is important to understand why and how football is part of our social fabric.”
Four Distinct Categories of Sports Fanship Identified
While 70% of Americans – including 81% of men and 60% of women – consider themselves sports fans, the Siena/St. Bonaventure survey also identified four distinct categories of fanship – Avid, Involved, Casual and Non-Fan – based on how often people engage is sports fan activities: watching live sports, listening to live sports, watching sports news or sports talk, checking scores, talking about sports with friends or family and playing fantasy sports.
Avid fans do each of those activities almost every day, while Non-Fans rarely or never do any of them. Twenty-one percent of Americans – 31% of men and 12% of women – are Avid fans (engaged daily). Twenty-six percent are Involved fans (engaged multiple times per week), while 26% are Casual fans (interested, but only engaged occasionally). More than a quarter of all Americans (27%) – 19% of men and 35% of women – are Non-Fans.
“For Avid fans, sports are woven into their lives every day, all day. They watch the games, listen to talk shows, check scores and banter with friends about sports constantly. Involved fans love the games but don’t engage every day, while a casual fan is more likely to check in on the weekends. The remaining quarter of Americans may watch a game infrequently, but sports are just not front and center all the time,” said Don Levy, Siena College Research Institute Director.
In conjunction with the Siena/St. Bonaventure survey, interested people can take an exclusive “fanship quiz” to determine their own status and how they compare to other Americans across a number of fanship categories.
America Loves Football
Seventy-two percent of all Americans – including 97% of Avid fans and 92% of Involved fans – identify as football fans. Forty-seven percent say football is their favorite sport, including 77% of Avid fans and a majority of men (52%). For those who said another sport was their favorite, 24% each identified baseball and basketball, 17% said soccer and 10% said hockey is their favorite sport.
Regionally, the Cowboys carry the South (15% of fans), the Giants lead the Northeast (17% of fans), the Bears are the Midwest favorite (14%) and the 49ers top the West (13%). The Cowboys are “most hated” in every geographic region except the Midwest, where the Packers top the list at 14%. Small-market teams – Green Bay, Kansas City and Buffalo – are among the seven most liked teams across the country.
“Do we watch football? Absolutely. Seventy-two percent of Americans watch live NFL games, including more than 90% of Involved and Avid fans, nearly 80% of men and even 27% of Non-Fans. A majority – 58% of all Americans – watch NFL games live more than two hours a week and 35% of Avid fans watch six or more hours of NFL football every week,” Levy said.
“These findings underscore the National Football League’s success in making its sport truly national, with fanship transcending traditional geographic boundaries and population centers,” said Chimbel. “The league has made its product perhaps the last remaining bit of ‘Must-See’ television programming.”
Why Do We Watch Football? Let Us Count the Ways
Watching football brings Americans together – even when they don’t enjoy other activities with their friends and families. Eighty-three percent of Americans enjoy watching football with their families, followed closely by 81% who say that watching football with friends is fun. Seventy percent say that watching their favorite team is very important to them, two-thirds (67%) say watching football is one of their favorite activities and 65% say it is more exciting than many other things they could be doing. Fifty-nine percent say watching football gives them a chance to eat and drink.
What Football Does For Us: Big Pluses, and Some Minuses
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Sports Names: A Guide to Types of Sports in English
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Explore various categories and name types of sports in English. Understand definitions, individual disciplines, team activities, indoor games & outdoor sports – with additional resources for further learning.
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Sports have created notable bridges between language, culture, and community. Whether it’s baseball or basketball, football or cricket, we enjoy the thrills and exhilaration of watching players demonstrate their formidable skills. But how familiar are you with other sports names in English? Knowing how to refer to various disciplines clearly will undoubtedly boost your confidence when talking about or discussing them. This guide aims to provide an overview of various categories and types of sports in English.
List Of Sports In English
Sports are physical activities that involve the skillful execution of rules, which is a recreational endeavor – undertaken by individuals or teams. Depending on the specific discipline and the contest level, the aim here ranges from having fun in the game to competing against opposing players or teams.
The sports name list in English includes everything from traditional disciplines like soccer, tennis, basketball, and baseball to new trends, such as netball, skateboarding, and surfing. It is constantly being expanded with new activities as people continue to explore and push the limits of physical performance.
Categories of Sports Names
While the number of games and sports is endless, the majority can be divided into several categories or groups. Commonly featured categories include individual and team sports and either indoor or outdoor games.
Individual disciplines. These are games or competitions where the winner is determined by individual performance. It involves tactics and skills but does not require players to interact as a team. Examples include running, swimming, and martial arts disciplines, such as Judo or Karate.
Team sports. On the flip side are disciplines that involve two sides competing against each other with designated roles – strikers, defenders, etc. Soccer, basketball, and baseball are all team sports that require tactful strategizing from both sides. These games require a team effort and well-defined strategies for any side to emerge victorious.
Indoor games. Although many sports can be played indoors and outdoors, some just make sense when confined within large spaces. Tennis, badminton, and volleyball are often performed indoors in a specially designed sports hall or gym arena.
Outdoor Sports. While indoor disciplines generally involve smaller movements and fewer players, their outdoor counterparts are usually quite the opposite. Football, rugby, or cricket often require vast fields with large chunks of land, along with any available grass or pitch.
Of course, we can point to many other categories like extreme or water sports, but this brief overview should be enough to get you started with the basics of the terminology in English. The next step would be to dive in deep and explore the names of sports within each category, assessing how to discuss them confidently!
Individual Sports Names List
Although it’s possible to participate in many disciplines for fitness or purely recreational purposes, athletes often aim to compete. This is true in various individual sports, which require physical and mental strength and intense training over the years. Below, we will provide a list of sports popular in competitive fields.
Running
One of the more popular individual sports is a track running – sprinting or marathon. Professional runners often refer to it simply as ’running,’ while each type has its own unique definition:
Sprint – races between 100 and 400 meters.
Marathon – a distance that covers 42 kilometers (ca. 26 miles).
These can be classified again into further categories, such as sprints, middle-distance races, and varying lengths. The most famous example of a running competition would be the Olympic Games, with athletes from all over the world aiming to cross the finish line.
Swimming
Like running, swimming is an endurance sport focused on efficient movements in a pool. One of the main distinguishing features is the use of varied strokes, a combination of breathing and arm movements requirements for speed. Furthermore, swimmers tend to be classified according to distance – from short, like 30-50 meters, up to long races, like 800 meters.
Cycling
Whether on a stationary bike or on the dangerous roads of mountain trails, cycling is one of those sports involving individual competition. This represents much more than just pedaling – you need to manage your energy efficiency and use proper techniques for increased speed. Moreover, athletes require intense training, energy-boosting diets, and smart strategizing.
Tennis
Tennis is an excellent sport for both physical fitness and competition. It involves two opponents (or four when playing doubles) throwing or hitting a bright yellow ball across the court. A player must ’return’ it over an elevated net, focusing on precision and agility.
Competitions are held indoors and outdoors, with surfaces ranging from clay to hard and grass. Notable examples include the Wimbledon tournament, considered one of the world’s oldest, providing a truly remarkable sporting experience for professional athletes!
Golf
Another example of a major individual sport is golf. This involves a set of clubs and balls with professional players aiming to hit the ball in fewer shots across an expansive field or course. The scorecard shows how many strokes each player had taken between all 18 holes; finally, their total sum is evaluated against the scores other competitors earned.
3
Team Sports
As mentioned before, team sports involve two sides competing against each other with designated and specific roles. Rules, strategies, and tactics all come into play when determining victors, particularly at the highest level of competitiveness. We will provide sport name examples below.
American football
American football is a team sport with two sides competing in an intense effort to progress an oval ball downfield toward each other’s goal line. The game’s main attractions are its strategic aspects and physical endurance tests, involving men of acute speed, skillful agility, and great individual performances.
Soccer
Also often referred to as football, soccer is the world’s most popular team sport, with millions of players. Essentially, two sides compete in an intense match, whereby the team scoring more goals emerges victorious. The major governing body is FIFA, currently present in over 200 countries worldwide with international competitions, including the famous World Cup and UEFA Champions League.
Basketball
Next to football, basketball is a globally renowned sport with many competitive universities, professional leagues, and amateur teams. The game is generally played by two five-player sides that pass the ball around to score baskets within predetermined hoops.
The fast tempo and physically challenging nature make it one of the most loved team sports. The major leagues include North America’s National Basketball Association (NBA) and international competitions like FIBA-sanctioned basketball tournaments.
Volleyball
This physically demanding sport requires two sides of six players to hit a larger ball across the net suspended within an indoor court. Its complex and fast-paced nature permits volleys to be sent back and forth with a strength requirement for successful teams. The game has great appeal, with rising popularity over the centuries. It is also an Olympic sport, and governing bodies like FIVB host several international competitions.
Ice Hockey
Ice hockey is particularly popular in Canada and the USA. It is played on an ice-skating rink and contains two teams of six players each; five outfielders and a goalkeeper. Teams battle it out with the help of a stick and puck, essentially trying to hit the latter into their opponent’s goal net.
Rugby
This is one of the more physical outdoor sports, which has been an ancient tradition for many countries in Europe and Oceania. Similar to American Football, Rugby features two groups fighting intensely over a ball, but the rules are far less complicated while it is mainly a contact sport. With two teams of 15 members each, the aim is to move an oval-shaped ball up and across the pitch – ultimately ending in one team’s ‘try zone.’
Baseball
Popular in the US and Japan, baseball is a team sport involving batting or pitching from one side. It generally consists of two teams with nine players competing within four innings. Here, the nine batters have to hit a small leather ball their opponent’s pitcher throws, trying to score points or ‘runs’ to break each inning.
Learn Sports Names and Terminology with Promova
Do you want to increase your knowledge of the English language regarding name types of sports? The Promova app can coach you step-by-step on words related to this topic – it provides thematic lessons, a dictionary section, and tests to measure your progress. With contextual usage, quizzes, and flashcards galore, you’ll master the terminology with ease. Download it now for your Android or iOS device and improve your vocabulary quickly!
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Conclusion
Sports, regardless of language or country of origin, unite people. They create a platform for discussion and active participation that helps bond like-minded individuals in an uplifting manner over enjoyable activities. Knowing the terminology and sports names in English will undoubtedly open doors to enjoying them and connecting with a much bigger audience.
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History
[edit]
Football finds its origins in rugby, which bears some general similarities to gridiron-style football. (Association football—or "soccer"—also split from rugby around the same time, albeit in a very different direction.) The first football games were played by the colleges of the Northeastern United States, with the first recognized football game taking place in 1869, soon followed by the establishment of a standard set of rules and intercollegiate play. The game closely resembled rugby, but as it evolved through the 1870s and 80s football began to break from its rugby roots, particularly with the innovation of the "line of scrimmage" and the "snap" (passing the ball backwards at the start of play). Walter Camp, then-captain of Yale's football team and now considered the "Father of American Football", was instrumental in securing rule changes that effectively created the modern sport of football.
Further innovations followed in the early decades of the 20th century, such as the establishment of the forward pass and the current point system and field dimensions. During this time, the collegiate leagues established a governing body, the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), and the tradition of annual postseason bowl games. The era also saw the rise of professional football, with the 1920 creation of the National Football League, which quickly established itself as the premier professional league, but nonetheless had to fight off rival claimants to major league status during almost all of its first five decades of existence. Eventually, the NFL would come to surpass the collegiate leagues in popularity, and by the late 1960s football was the most popular sport in the United States. 1960 saw the establishment of the American Football League, a rival professional league which soon proved fierce competition for playing talent with the NFL, though the rivalry quickly came to an end when the two leagues agreed to a merger in 1966, which instituted a championship game to be played between the champions of each league: the Super Bowl. The AFL–NFL rivalry arguably helped football surpass baseball in popularity and grow as a sport as the game went from 12 teams in 1959, only two of which played south of Washington, D.C. or west of Chicago (both in California), to 26 in 1970 upon completion of the merger. Both game attendance and TV ratings also grew very fast during that period of time.
Today, the NFL and the NCAA remain far and away the most popular football leagues in the world, with both having made attempts since the 1990s to promote football abroad, the most notable of which is the yearly NFL international series in London. The Super Bowl is the single most important game on the American sporting calendar, and perennially one of the most-watched television events every year, with hundreds of millions tuning in from around the world for the only football game they will watch until the following February.
Due to a number of rules that ensure competitiveness, such as the draft, the salary cap, or revenue sharing for TV revenue, the NFL is one of the most balanced professional sports leagues in the world and many teams have gone from championship contender to the bottom of their division or the other way round in just a few years. This makes "dynasties" of teams appearing in and winning multiple Super Bowls in a short span of time all the more impressive, as unlike in other sports, simply outspending opponents to get the best players is not a feasible tactic.
Rules
[edit]
The following is a brief overview of the basics of American football, as played in the NFL (there are some small differences in the NCAA or high school matches):
Football is played by two teams of 11 players on the field who face off trying to advance an elongated ellipsoid ball (often described as looking like an egg) towards the end zone and its tall yellow goalpost, where points can be scored. The offense has four opportunities (called downs) to advance the ball 10 yards (9.1 metres). Each new down begins where the preceding down ended (i.e. where the ball carrying player was "marked down" or—in the case of an incomplete pass—at the previous spot). If the 10 yards have been achieved, a new set of four downs starts. If a net distance of 10 yards has not been achieved after four downs, the offense must turn the ball over to the other team. Oftentimes, a down is synonymous with a play but if a penalty is called on the defensive, the offensive may be given extra opportunities or even an all-new first down to start over after a particularly egregious defensive infraction.
In very few cases will the offense risk turning the ball over on downs when they are in a disadvantageous field position; instead, they almost always elect to punt on fourth down. Punting means kicking the ball away out of the hand towards the opposing team (much like a goalkeeper does in soccer). However, if the field position is good enough (usually within 35 yards of the end zone) a field goal will be attempted (see below). In rare cases, including cases where the offensive team is trailing by more than three points or only needs a couple yards to gain, the team may try to "go for it", i.e. convert the first down.
Each play starts with a snap, in which the ball is passed backwards to the quarterback, away from the line of scrimmage. The ball may then be advanced through passing with one forward pass (subject to some other preconditions as well) and unlimited backward passes (which are rarely used) permitted per play. Passing is almost exclusively the domain of the quarterback, who is usually the best paid and most prestigious player on the field. He is the de facto team captain and guides the other offensive players. If a forward pass is not caught before it hits the ground, the referee signals an incomplete pass, the play ends ("is blown dead") and the next play begins at the spot where the previous one started. The ball may also be advanced by running (carrying it forward) which is usually done by a running back. The other positions on the offense are the wide receivers, who catch forward passes; the offensive linemen, who try to clear a space for the running back to run through and are also responsible for protecting the quarterback; and the tight end (not always present), a larger receiver who may be called on to either catch passes or block, depending on the play call.
The defense tries to stop the offense's advance by tackling the player that carries the ball. There are three basic defensive positions. The defensive linemen try to prevent the offense from pushing the defense back and will try to reach the quarterback on passing plays. Linebackers, who play behind the defensive linemen, have perhaps the broadest role. Depending on what the offense does, they may rush the passer, cover a running back or tight end on a pass pattern, or try to chase down a running back. Defensive backs, divided into cornerbacks who play at the edges of the defense and safeties who play in the middle of the field, are usually assigned to a specific receiver or area and try to prevent the receivers from catching the ball or catch it themselves. If they catch it themselves, it is called an interception and possession of the football changes to the other team. If a player who had control of the ball drops the ball, or a backwards pass or snap is not caught, it is called a fumble. When the ball is fumbled, any player of either team may take the ball and advance it (for an exception to that rule, found only in the NFL, see Wikipedia's article on the "Holy Roller" play). Lost fumbles and interceptions are collectively referred to as turnovers, and one of the most important aspects in winning the game is to turn the ball over less than the opponent does. Typically a team that turns the ball over three or more times loses the game.
Scoring is done through one of three means. The most common and coveted is a touchdown: when a player enters the opponent's end zone with the ball, or catches the ball inside the opponent's end zone. Unlike in rugby, and despite its name, touching the ball to the ground is not required. A touchdown is worth six points, and further points may be earned by either a two-point conversion (another touchdown from the two-yard line) or a single point by touchdown kick (which is similar to a field goal). As the touchdown kick is by far the preferred option and has a success rate well over 90% (in the NFL at least; in youth and amateur leagues that rate may be considerably lower), touchdowns are often perceived to be worth seven points. Field goals are scored by kicking the ball through the yellow goalpost from a place kick, and are worth three points. A very rare drop kick can also be attempted instead of the place kick when attempting a field goal or one-point conversion, whereby the ball is dropped and immediately kicked through the goalposts on hitting the ground—only one has been successfully converted in NFL football since 1941. Least commonly, the defense can score a two-point safety if the opposing offense is brought down within their own end zone. Even more uncommon is a different type of two-point safety (also called a defensive conversion), scored if the defense forces a turnover (blocked kick, interception, fumble) on a conversion attempt and returns the ball to the opponent's end zone.
Fouls, or penalties, are signaled through yellow flags (orange in Canada) which are thrown onto the field by an official. Enforcing the penalty involves placing the ball some distance forward or back, to the detriment of the offending side. Common penalties include unnecessary roughness, any type of illegal motion prior to the snap (such as a false start or crossing the line of scrimmage) and holding (grabbing a player who doesn't have the ball).
Each game lasts for four quarters of 15 minutes each, although each team is allowed a limited number of timeouts to briefly stop the clock. As the clock stops or keeps running depending on what happened in the previous play, "clock management" is one of the most crucial and complicated aspects of tactics at the highest level, particularly in the last few minutes of a half. After the first two quarters, an extended break called half-time occurs where the two teams return to their locker rooms to recover. During this intermission, entertainment is provided for the fans, such as a cheerleading or a marching band performance, or a pop music concert in the case of major events. When the teams return from the break, the end zones are swapped for the second half of the game. During the regular season, if the scores are tied at the end of the fourth quarter, the game goes into a 10-minute overtime period, where the first team to score wins the game. If neither team manages to score by the end of overtime, the game ends in a tie. During the playoffs, each overtime period lasts for 15 minutes, and play continues even after a team has scored, and the team with more points at the end of overtime wins. If the scores are tied at the end of overtime, the game continues into as many overtime periods as necessary until a winner is determined.
As American football allows an unlimited number of substitutions, players tend to specialize in either offense or defense, and the entire team is usually substituted whenever there is a stoppage during or after a turnover. This means that touchdowns by defensive players are a rare event, and typically only occur if a pass by the offensive team is intercepted, or if a fumble by the offensive team is recovered by the defensive team in a good position. While even the NFL has a few players that play "both ways" (J. J. Watt is a commonly cited example), this is more common in youth or developmental leagues or outside North America, as some players so far outrank others in talent that the additional strain and less rest is not a deciding factor. It is more common for an otherwise defensive or offensive player to play on special teams, often in a role broadly similar to his role on scrimmage downs.
Super Bowl and Pro Bowl
[edit]
The Super Bowl, the NFL championship game that pits the AFC champion against the best of the NFC, is the biggest single-day event in sports and one of the most watched TV programs worldwide every year. Many fans dream of seeing a Super Bowl live once in their lifetime, but tickets sell out extremely quickly and unless you have luck, patience, a lot of money, or know the right people getting tickets is extremely hard, if not impossible.
The Super Bowl is a major annual event in the United States and has even become something of an unofficial holiday, drawing the attention even of people who don't typically follow football. There has been a media obsession with Super Bowl commercials, due to the exceptionally high cost of airtime during the Super Bowl television broadcast and the increasingly theatrical nature of these advertisements. Super Bowl Sunday is also one of the busiest days for food delivery of any kind—tip accordingly—and high amounts of fast food are eaten.
Even if you can't make it to the game, being in the city of the Super Bowl during Super Bowl weekend can be a worthwhile reason for travel all by itself. The highlight of Super Bowl festivities is the NFL Experience, a fan festival that takes place the week prior to the game in the host city and has lots of games, vendors, a giant souvenir/collectibles store and autograph opportunities. You can get free gear, participate in virtual reality football games, go zip-lining, and generally be in the center of the action without actually attending the game itself. Wherever the Super Bowl is held, expect packed hotels, more expensive flights (or bus/train tickets if and where applicable) and a general state far from normalcy in and around the host city.
Venues are chosen and announced years ahead and the date has shifted from being in January for several years to being held on the second full weekend in February. (The most recent change was due to the NFL expanding its regular season from 16 to 17 games in 2021.) The next events are scheduled to be:
Super Bowl LIX, February 9, 2025 / Caesars Superdome, New Orleans (in the Central Business District)
Super Bowl LX, February 8, 2026 / Levi's Stadium, Santa Clara (in the San Francisco Bay Area)
Super Bowl LXI, February 14, 2027 / SoFi Stadium, Inglewood (near Los Angeles International Airport)
Finally, the Pro Bowl is an all-star match played a week before the Super Bowl. For several years, this one-off game was played in Hawaii, but has since moved to the US mainland, most recently to Las Vegas in 2022 and 2023. The Pro Bowl is a more low-key event than the Super Bowl—e.g., the NFL does not allow players from the Super Bowl teams to play in the Pro Bowl, to avoid injuries and focus on the big game. Starting with the 2023 edition (2022 season), the event is now known as the Pro Bowl Games, with various skills competitions leading up to a series of three non-contact flag football games. But for someone who is even a casual fan, the Pro Bowl is a unique experience to see several of the game's greatest players having fun. Events will frequently include older stars who have retired and may be honored at the proceedings.
Regular season
[edit]
There are numerous college football conferences in the United States. Teams play both in-conference and out-of-conference games. If you are interested in seeing a college football game somewhere where you are visiting, look at the websites of local colleges for schedule and other useful information. The atmosphere at college games is very different from what you would experience at an NFL game, with a lot more cheerleading (cheerleaders are those pretty women in flashy uniforms, often partnered with muscular men in slightly less flashy uniforms, who chant things and do dance and sometimes acrobatic moves) and performances by the college's pep band (a marching band) and dance team (more pretty women in flashy uniforms, but they only dance and don't do acrobatics) during halftime and other breaks in the action. There are myriad local rivalries; some teams located close to an opponent (e.g. Michigan and Michigan State or Texas and Texas A&M) may have a crowd made up of even contingents for both squads, although this normally happens only when the game is held at a neutral site within easy reach of both fanbases (e.g. Oklahoma–Texas, held in Dallas, and Florida–Georgia, held in Jacksonville). Outright hooliganism or violence is rare, but emotions can run high and these can result in especially rowdy audiences.
Conference championship games
[edit]
From 2018 through 2023, all 10 FBS conferences held championship games. At the start of that period, these games featured the champions of the league's two football divisions, but with recent changes to NCAA rules, most conferences no longer split their teams into divisions. As of the upcoming 2024 season, the only conference with divisions is the Sun Belt Conference (SBC). The early-2020s conference realignment effectively killed the Pac-12 Conference; it now has only two members after the other 10 left for other power conferences in 2024, making a conference championship game meaningless. The other eight—the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC), American Athletic Conference (The American), Big Ten Conference, Big 12 Conference, Conference USA (CUSA), Mid-American Conference (MAC), Mountain West Conference (MW), and Southeastern Conference (SEC)—instead feature the top two teams in the final conference standings. All conference championship games are held on the first full weekend of December. The "Power Four" conferences (ACC, Big Ten, Big 12, SEC) all hold their title games in NFL stadiums, as does the Mid-American Conference.
Games with permanent sites
ACC – Bank of America Stadium in Charlotte, home of the Carolina Panthers.
Big Ten – Lucas Oil Stadium in Indianapolis, home of the Colts.
Big 12 – AT&T Stadium in Arlington, Texas, home of the Dallas Cowboys.
MAC – Ford Field in Detroit, home of the Lions.
SEC – Mercedes-Benz Stadium in Atlanta, home of the Falcons.
The other Group of Five leagues—The American, CUSA, MW, and SBC—play their championship games on campus. The SBC game is hosted by the divisional champion with the better conference record; all others are hosted by the team with the best conference record.
Army–Navy Game
[edit]
Another prominent college football event is the Army–Navy Game, the annual matchup between the teams of two of the country's five military academies—the Army Black Knights of the United States Military Academy and Navy Midshipmen of the United States Naval Academy. The game, held on the second Saturday of December (the week after FBS conference championship games), is steeped in military pageantry and decades-old traditions, and is a unique combination of bitter competitiveness and mutual respect. Even though neither team has been nationally relevant in the modern era, thanks to players being subject to mandatory military commitments and weight limits, the game remains nationally televised to this day, and is now the last game of college football's regular season. While the game has been played in a number of places during its history, it's usually played in Philadelphia at the Eagles' home of Lincoln Financial Field. Both academies are now football-only members of the American Athletic Conference, but they will still play on their traditional date outside the conference. (In the very unlikely event that both qualify for the conference championship game, they will play in back-to-back weeks.)
Ivy League
[edit]
Much like the Army-Navy game, the "Ivy League" - the conference of America's preeminent and most traditional educational institutions on the East Coast - has over a century of tradition, pageantry and rivalries, but in terms of the likelihood of any of the players on the field ever playing in the NFL, they are an afterthought. In part this is due to the Ivy League not giving scholarships based on sports ability alone. In addition, the Ivies play in Division I FCS, the second tier of NCAA football. That said, Ivy League alumni who've played an important part in the early history of the sport (for example, Walter Camp attended Harvard, and coached Amos Alonzo Stagg at Yale) continue to shape the game and its equipment with a former Harvard Quarterback founding the Xenith company that introduced a few innovations in helmet design.
Historically black colleges and universities (HBCUs)—schools founded during the era of legal segregation to educate African Americans—have unique football traditions of their own. Before the Civil Rights Movement, many traditional flagship universities in the South were off-limits to African Americans, with some not even allowed to play against integrated teams, much less all-black ones. Talented black players in the South who wanted to play in college had two options—leave the region, or play at an HBCU. In the immediate post-World War II era, many HBCU stars made their way to the NFL, with a significant number becoming all-time greats. The rival leagues the NFL had to fend off in the 1940s (AAFC) and 1960s (AFL) both became known for drafting more people from HBCUs and other small universities overlooked by the established and more conservative NFL. With integration, almost all of the most talented black players now attend traditional major schools, both within and outside the South, but the traditions of black college football are still a significant part of African-American culture—even if all of the HBCUs now play in Division I FCS, or in lower levels of college football. Similarly HBCUs now admit white students and they have of course taken to the Football field just as well as black students.
Many HBCU games are marketed as "classics", often held at neutral sites and some in distant cities. When marketed in this way, the game is typically the culmination of several days of festivities, with concerts, parties, and "battles of the bands". The last of these involves special performances by the marching bands of the schools involved; HBCU bands are famous for incorporating extensive theatrics into their musical performances, and are not to be missed, whether at a halftime show or at an outside event.
A little-known variant of college football governed completely outside the NCAA structure, sprint football is played under standard college rules, but its players can weigh no more than 178 pounds (81 kg). This weight limit places a premium on speed and agility. As of the next 2024 season, 16 schools play this variant (some of which also have full-sized teams), divided into two leagues. The Collegiate Sprint Football League features 9 schools in the northeastern quadrant of the country, including Army, Navy, and a couple of Ivy League schools. The Midwest Sprint Football League features 7 teams in the Midwest and Upper South.
For several decades, there was no championship tournament in Division I college football, unlike the NFL's Super Bowl or the NCAA's Final Four in basketball, but the post-season has been restructured into a unique tournament style. After the regular season, starting before Christmas and going until January, there are numerous bowl games. These games are heavily advertised and extremely profitable for the schools whose teams are picked to play in them, and also for the TV networks that offer live coverage. Some have long traditions, while others are much newer. The most famous is the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, which takes place every New Year's Day and is ushered in with a parade, but the Sugar Bowl (in the New Orleans Saints' stadium), the Cotton Bowl (in the Cowboys' stadium in Arlington), and the Orange Bowl (in the Miami Dolphins' stadium) are also famous and take place around New Year's. Since the 2014 season, these four bowls, along with the Fiesta Bowl (in the Arizona Cardinals' stadium near Phoenix) and Peach Bowl (in the Atlanta Falcons' stadium), are part of the College Football Playoff (CFP), the de facto national championship for major college football. Through the 2023 season, two of the six previously mentioned bowl games rotate as hosts of CFP semifinal games, while slots in the other four games are filled by other top teams. The winners of the two semifinals advance to the College Football Playoff National Championship, whose host is determined by open bidding several years in advance. Sites for the championship game have been announced through the 2025 season (with the title game being played early in the next calendar year).
Also of note is the Celebration Bowl, the only FCS bowl game and the de facto championship game for HBCU football. It features the champions of the two HBCU conferences, the Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference and Southwestern Athletic Conference (the three HBCUs that are in other FCS conferences are left out). Played in the Falcons' stadium in Atlanta, it takes place on the Saturday after FBS conference champpionship games—the same day as the Army–Navy Game, although the Celebration Bowl kicks off at noon and Army–Navy at 3 pm.
Starting with the 2024 season, the CFP will expand to 12 teams: the top five conference champions in the CFP rankings will automatically participate, but no conference will receive an automatic bid. The other seven slots will be selected by the same committee that ranks teams and invites playoff participants. The four top-ranked conference champions receive first-round byes; the remaining eight teams will play at the home stadiums of the higher seeds in each matchup (the higher seed can also designate an off-campus site). The quarterfinals and semifinals will be hosted by the current "New Year's Six" bowl games (Cotton, Fiesta, Orange, Peach, Rose, Sugar), with each bowl hosting two quarterfinals and one semifinal in a three-year cycle. As before, the CFP National Championship will be held at a predetermined site.
2025: Mercedes-Benz Stadium in Atlanta, Georgia (home of the Atlanta Falcons), 20 January
2026: Hard Rock Stadium in Miami Gardens, Florida (home of the Miami Dolphins), 19 January
Bowl games are huge events, so tickets may be expensive and hard to come by, especially for the major bowls listed above.
The lower divisions of college football each play a traditional single-elimination tournament, just like the majority of NCAA sports (with baseball and softball as the most notable exceptions).
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https://globalsportmatters.com/business/2023/05/10/flag-football-safer-inclusive-pipeline-nfl-can-it-be-more/
|
en
|
Is Flag Football a Pipeline or a Standalone Sport?
|
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[
""
] | null |
[
"Aidan Corrales"
] |
2023-05-10T00:00:00
|
Flag football is more popular than traditional American football among women athletes and foreigners. Can it succeed as a standalone sport?
|
en
|
Global Sport Matters
|
https://globalsportmatters.com/business/2023/05/10/flag-football-safer-inclusive-pipeline-nfl-can-it-be-more/
|
Monthly Issue Sport's Next Generation
After watching Super Bowl LVI in 2022, 8-year-old Joseph Lopez told his father, Jorge, that he wanted to play football. Joseph’s parents thought it was a great idea, but they weren’t thinking about throwing young Joe into tackle football.
The Lopezes researched football programs in Brooklyn and found one tackle football league as well as Bed Stuy Sports, a flag football league. For the parents, the choice was easy.
“Just knowing all the injuries that happen in tackle, it’s like, ‘All right, let’s just kind of start him off with flag,’” Jorge Lopez said. “I don’t think it was ever an intent to even get him into tackle. It was, like, ‘All right, he showed interest in the sport. Let’s get him into flag football.’”
Flag football is believed to have originated during World War II as a way for military personnel to play a safer version of tackle football. In the decades that followed, it developed into a niche sport that, while popular among those familiar with it, never thrived as a robust, well-organized, and competitive alternative or companion to American tackle football.
Today, Troy Vincent, the former Nation Football League All-Pro cornerback and current NFL executive VP of football operations, is bullish on the sport. “The future of football is flag,” Vincent told me. “Not meaning professional football,” he clarified. “But, all indicators suggest and data supports that flag football is the future of football.”
The NFL has recently taken a leadership role in developing flag as a way to maintain interest in American football in general.
The growth of flag football in recent years has been impressive. Flag football is played by more than 20 million people in more than 100 countries, according to the NFL. Since 2015, the number of 6- to 12-year-olds playing flag football in the U.S. has increased by 38 percent. In 2022, 584,596 boys and girls participated in NFL Flag, the youth flag league sponsored by the NFL, which was a 40% increase from the previous year. Youth participation is now greater in flag football than in tackle football.
Girls are driving the growth. In the U.S., half a million girls ages 6 to 17 play some form of organized flag football. Currently, seven states (including New York and California) have sanctioned high school girls flag football. Vincent said he believes that within two years, all 50 states will have sanctioned the sport in high school.
Flag football is being played at the college level as well. Eighteen schools in the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) are playing and recruiting women to play flag football, with another seven schools adding the sport for the 2023-24 season. Next up is the NCAA, which the NFL is also pushing to sanction flag football. “We’re moving now into college where young ladies are earning scholarships to play flag football,” Vincent said.
Related: Will Women Breaking Barriers in the NFL Drive Progress Forward?
At the international level, flag football is on pace to overtake tackle football in terms of international organized participation opportunities, according to the NFL. In Japan, half-a-million children per grade have a chance to play flag football every year. In Mexico, there were 100,000 new flag football players in 2021 alone. In China, 200,000 play flag in schools.
International competition has grown quickly as well. National team participation in the International Federation of American Football (IFAF) World Flag Football Championships grew by 61% in the men’s competition and 73% in the women’s competition from 2017 to 2021. In 2022, flag football made its first appearance in the World Games in Birmingham, Alabama, where Mexico beat the U.S. to win the gold medal in the women’s competition.
The NFL’s and the IFAF’s focus now is to get flag football into the Olympic Games. Flag football is among nine sports that the International Olympic Committee (IOC) is considering for inclusion at the Los Angeles 2028 Games. The IOC’s final decision is expected before the end of 2023.
The NFL’s sponsorship and promotion is one of the biggest reasons for flag football’s recent boom. NFL Flag has increased access to and awareness of the sport.
“We start at the youth level,” Vincent said. “From parks and rec, elementary [schools], the scholastic piece.”
Vincent points to NFL Flag’s partnership with GENYOUth, a national nonprofit youth wellness organization.
In the past decade, GENYOUth has provided flag equipment to almost 15 million U.S. students and 28,000 schools, Vincent said, “so, this is not happening if we’re not partnering in the school system.”
Another integral partner for the NFL and its flag football initiative is RCX Sports, founded by former NFL safety Izell Reese, who was Vincent’s teammate on the Buffalo Bills. In 2019, Reese’s company was tasked with overseeing NFL Flag, and Reese subsequently initiated the NFL’s push to globalize the sport via the World Games and the Olympics.
“Flag football has kind of been this organic thing,” Reese said. “But now it’s like how do we lock arms and bring this flag football community together? And who better to lead that charge than the NFL? So, now we’re looking at intramural, adult, military, global growth and youth playing.”
Flag football has not been a tough sell.
Football is extremely popular for reasons beyond the physical and sometimes violent nature of the tackle version of the sport. The combination of running, chasing, catching, throwing, and strategy involved in the game is attractive in its own right. Taking tackling and heavy equipment out not only decreases the fear of injury but also turns the game into a faster, more inclusive sport.
“There’s catching passes, backpedaling, running routes,” Reese said. “You’ve taken tackle out of the equation, and it’s opened up more doors of continuous play.”
“With flag [as opposed to tackle], it’s 100 miles per hour,” Vincent added. “It’s all fun; it’s strategic; it’s fast; it’s quick. It’s a transferrable sport. If you grew up with soccer, lacrosse, baseball, basketball, and you’ve developed any type of hand-eye coordination, [flag football]’s a smooth transition.”
Flag football is also cheaper than tackle, and the NFL has made it easier for league directors and organizers to form and fill out leagues.
“[The NFL] makes our league possible by making it cost effective as an operator,” said Dan Flores, director of Bed Stuy Sports. “So, they’ve lowered the barrier for operators to pop up. They give you support and give you training. It’s all pretty much free. I can’t get jerseys cheaper from private vendors than I can from NFL Flag.”
The growing popularity of flag football is no doubt tied to an increasingly better understanding of the potential for serious injury in tackle football. Head injuries – in particular, the potential for resultant chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) – have caused parents to think twice about letting their children play tackle football, particularly at a young age.
The Concussion Legacy Foundation recommends children delay playing tackle football until age 14. Since 2016, tackle football participation rates for children ages 6 through 12 has decreased by 29%, and even high school tackle football participation has decreased 12.2% since 2008. Flag football has been embraced as a safer way for players to enjoy the game of football in the short and long term.
Lopez believes flag football can be a safe way for youth athletes to learn the basics of football before transitioning to tackle.
“I think it’s a place where you can learn the fundamentals, for sure,” he said. “Even talking to some of the other parents [at Bed Stuy Sports Flag Football], it’s like all the kids that play flag want to transition into tackle football.”
Reese believes flag football is a gateway to tackle football, among other things.
“[Flag]’s complementary. It creates a feeder into tackle, it also creates another variation of the sport, and you may never play tackle and that’s great, too. So, it’s just expanding the game of football.”
Whether the NFL is motivated to invest solely by seeing flag as a potential pipeline for tackle remains to be seen. Did the NFL focus on flag football only when youth participation in tackle went down as pundits, parents, and fans wondered about the future of mainstream tackle football? Vincent disputes that narrative.
“I disagree with it,” he said. “And the reason why I disagree is because we don’t need it to find those 2,000 [NFL players] every year. God made them special.
“We don’t need [flag] for that. God created them before the foundation of the earth; they’re always gonna be here. Those guys at Ohio State or Clemson – that’s a completely separate audience. This right here, frankly, is good for America, good for American communities. We need our kids active.”
Related: Sports Orgs’ Community Programs Now Face ‘Much Higher Expectations’ and Scrutiny
Maybe the biggest and most important reason for the flag football boom is the participation of girls and women. Particularly at the youth level, girls can participate on a level field with boys.
“Because the sport has been dominated by men for so long, these opportunities should be presented to women as well,” Vincent said. “I consider myself a contributor, an ambassador to the game, a gatekeeper to the game. I can now have this conversation with any parent, anywhere, any community around the world about their child considering [to play football]. I couldn’t say that before.”
Richard Long Jr. – who has 10-year-old twins, Richard Long III and Faith Long, who play flag football with Bed Stuy Sports – said he loves the opportunity flag has given his children, particularly Faith, who was the MVP during the 2022 fall session.
“They love it,” he said. As for tackle football moving forward, “Faith, of course, she would want to follow her brother. But with her, with the tackle, I would be kind of cautious with that.”
Although flag might be seen as the answer for girls and women who want to play football at the highest levels, tackle football remains an option for women as well, and flag could play a feeder role to tackle, just as it can for boys.
Adrienne Smith is a five-time champion wide receiver for the Boston Renegades in the tackle football Women’s Football Alliance, a three-time silver medalist for the United States in international flag football competition, and the founder of Gridiron Queendom, an organization with the mission of creating more opportunities in football for women and girls. She says that while flag can be a good introduction to football before a transition to tackle, girls shouldn’t feel that one version of the sport is superior to the other.
“Tackle football is a super fun sport. Girls love playing tackle football, women love playing tackle football and it’s just not going to go anywhere,” Smith said. “Some girls and women prefer to play tackle; some prefer to play flag. They both can exist. [Flag] is absolutely a great way to learn about the game of football, and then those skill sets can easily be translated into tackle.”
Tackle football may be preferable to many girls in at least one regard, according to Smith.
“Tackle football has more body inclusivity, and that’s a very important thing," Smith said. "For instance, when you are a girl 14 years old and you’re 6 feet tall and 200 pounds, your life is difficult. Football is a place where that size is an advantage, where that size is heralded as being something wonderful.”
Flores, who played football in college and in the Arena League and played competitive 11-on-11 flag football for seven years, said he believes there is a world where flag football becomes a viable option for college- and pro-level athletes.
Vincent is on board.
“I see [flag] exploding at the collegiate level,” Vincent said. “We should be looking at women’s flag having its own championship series.”
There’s an audience for it, he said.
“It’s fun. It’s fast. It’s creative. It’s social media friendly,” he said. “With the right venue, high competition, extremely competitive with people from around the world competing against one another? Oh, yeah, there’s an audience for it.”
Indeed. The American Flag Football League (AFFL) aired four games on CBS in 2021, one of which was the inaugural Women’s Division Final that doubled the viewership of the three other men’s division games.
The AFFL has since gone from a semi-pro league to a professional league and plans to resume league play in 2024 with up to six franchises. The 2023 NFL Pro Bowl’s new flag football format drew 6.28 million viewers, which is a positive sign for a potential flag audience.
These positive early returns have Vincent excited about the possibility of Olympic flag football.
“As a football player, that’s the one thing missing from our résumé,” Vincent said. “Every other sport, when you talk about their greatest and finest athletes in the world, the pinnacle for any athlete is being an Olympian.”
Would NFL players be willing to play flag football in the Olympics?
“Hey, man, why not? If you’re talking about the best of the best. It’s got to be that way, just like in other sports,” Vincent said.
With flag football taking off internationally, Olympic competition could be fierce.
Amanda Ruller, assistant football coach at McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario, and former temporary assistant running backs coach for the NFL’s Seattle Seahawks, has seen flag football take off in Canada just in the past year.
“Coming in last year, [the flag football program] was just getting their feet under the ground, … and the amount of people that have showed up to be part of these teams and especially the women’s university flag football team has been outstanding,” she said.
Ruller, who played tackle football for Team Canada Women’s World Football, said the youth flag football scene is strong in Canada as well. She said attendance for youth flag tournaments in Saskatchewan has nearly tripled in a year.
Whatever the NFL’s motivations, many positives have already come from the growth of flag football.
“[Flag] teaches all of the wonderful things that sports do for children,” Smith said. “Teamwork, leadership skills, knowing when to step up and when to step back. Those are all life lessons that adults use.”
The NFL has absorbed criticism for years over the danger of the sport it oversees. Flag football is not a catch-all solution to these challenges, but the NFL’s investment in flag already has led to significant growth and opportunity to new athletes, fans, and audiences
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| 87
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https://critter.blog/2021/06/08/the-actual-playing-time-of-sports/
|
en
|
The actual playing time of sports
|
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] | null |
[
"Mike Crittenden"
] |
2021-06-08T00:00:00
|
A football game takes over 3 hours but only has 11 minutes of action. That's wild.
|
en
|
Mike Crittenden
|
https://critter.blog/2021/06/08/the-actual-playing-time-of-sports/
|
(Source)
An American football game takes over 3 hours but only has 11 minutes of action. That’s wild. And it’s easy to point to that and say “watching football is a waste of time” but I think that’s missing the point.
Anticipation is the greatest joy and football is full of that. After each play, you wonder what they’re going to run next. You debate with your friends about what they’re doing right and wrong. Sure, you could just watch the 11 minutes of action, but then there’s no time for anticipation.
Same deal with baseball, with only 18 minutes of playing time. And most of a soccer match’s 57 minutes of “live action” are spent kicking the ball back and forth, which doesn’t really qualify as action. So there’s time for anticipation there too.
Basketball and hockey are closer to the “lots of actual live action” category, especially hockey. That makes me wonder what one’s favorite sport says about them as a person. Maybe hockey fans are doers and football fans are planners? Or maybe people just like the sport that’s popular where they grew up, and I’m making connections that aren’t there?
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| 24
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https://www.petcashpost.com/p/football-and-war-the-oddly-similar
|
en
|
Football and War: The Oddly Similar Comparisons
|
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[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Andrew Petcash"
] |
2022-02-11T10:30:45+00:00
|
Violence and Entertainment Entails The History of the Most Popular Sport In The World. But Where's It Headed In The Future?
|
en
|
https://substackcdn.com/image/fetch/f_auto,q_auto:good,fl_progressive:steep/https%3A%2F%2Fbucketeer-e05bbc84-baa3-437e-9518-adb32be77984.s3.amazonaws.com%2Fpublic%2Fimages%2Ff676f629-b278-4b8a-9ae1-7e6904bcd811%2Ffavicon.ico
|
https://www.petcashpost.com/p/football-and-war-the-oddly-similar
|
The Petcash Post is a daily report that breaks down the business of athletes, sports, and NIL.
Not yet subscribed? Join 24,000 others and get exclusive access here 🔑 — it’s free!
I still remember this very clearly and it comes up every now and then.
A few years ago at Boston University, my philosophy professor asked the international students in my class “what is the strangest thing you observed when coming to America?”
One kid said all the food options. Another kid mentioned how different people are depending on which state you’re in.
Then it was this girls turn from Scandinavia.
She introduces herself, where’s she from, and what she’s studying. Then the professor goes “What is the strangest thing about America?”
She looks up and says “American Football. It’s two sides of men trying to kill each other and advance down the field. It’s so warlike and is only really played in America.”
Wow. I had never even thought of that before, but it still shocks me to this day of how right she is.
Let’s dive in 👇
The History of American Football
The first American football game was played on November 6, 1869 between Rutgers and Princeton using rules based on soccer at the time. Rutgers won the game 6–4.
A set of rule changes drawn up from 1880 onward by Walter Camp, the "Father of American Football", established the snap, the line of scrimmage, eleven-player teams, and the concept of downs.
Despite these new rules, football remained a violent sport. Dangerous mass-formations like the flying wedge resulted in serious injuries and deaths.
19 fatalities occurred in 1905, which resulted in a threat by President Theodore Roosevelt to abolish the game unless major changes were made.
In response, 62 universities met in New York City to discuss rule changes in December of 1905. These proceedings resulted in the formation of the Intercollegiate Athletic Association of the United States, later renamed the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA).
Today, nearly 1.1 million high school athletes and 70,000 college athletes play football in the United States annually.
The National Football League (NFL) is the most popular American professional league and has the highest average attendance of any professional sports league in the world.
The Super Bowl ranks among the most-watched club sporting events in the world.
The NFL has an annual revenue of around $13 billion, making it the most valuable sports league in the world.
On November 12, 1892, Pudge Heffelfinger was paid $500 to play a game for the Allegheny Athletic Association in a match against the Pittsburgh Athletic Club.
This is the first recorded instance of a player being paid to participate in a game of American football, although many athletic clubs in the 1880s offered indirect benefits such as:
helping players attain employment
giving out trophies or watches
paying double in expense money
Football was founded not long after the Civil War, which I find as no surprise that it CLOSELY resembles war.
Football and The Similarities of War
Football and many combative team sports are really just modern expressions of warfare.
Here are the main ones:
Stadiums
Like the Roman Colosseum.
Formations
Like war. There’s an offense and a defense. How you align your players and put them to their specialties matters.
Aerial View.
Offensive coordinators sit high like a spy plane.
Cheating.
Anything to get an advantage. Cough Cough the Patriots.
Kickoff.
Two armies rushing at each other in war.
Coaches.
The generals and decision makers.
Medical staff.
Help injured players off the battlefield.
Armor.
Padding and equipment for protection and to enable fearlessness.
War, not a battle.
Long seasons, as you’ll lose some battles but the best warriors and generals come out on top at the end.
Fame.
Top warriors were famous, just like the top football players enjoy similar benefits.
Injuries.
Soldiers might suffer from PTSD, where as NFL players suffer from CTE or other chronic pains.
America Loves War (And Football)
Just like the Romans use to pack in a colosseum to watch the top warriors fight.
Americans pack into modern day colosseums to watch the top armies fight it out.
Great warriors were the highly-paid stars of days past and enjoyed the admiration of the people.
It is in ancient Rome that we get a great comparison between the warfare of times past and the warfare we see on fields across the earth today.
The Romans were warlike and organized, and they were used to winning. They built large stadiums in order to watch their bloodsports.
Deriving from the broader football-as-war analogy, athletes become warriors or soldiers, whilst coaches are regarded as generals.
The offensive coordinator sits high above the fray (in the skybox), cold-bloodedly calling individual plays that are then executed by the team on the field. Each of the players is a cog in the machine as every one has been drilled and drilled until they do exactly as they’re told.
There is minimal decision making on the field, especially as wireless technology has improved.
In football, you’re always facing one direction, always trying to advance the ball towards the end zone.
American culture loves our individual heroes and we actively seek them out. Football seems tailor made for this, particularly since the NFL deliberately spotlights specific players.
The weekly sports shows, fantasy football, and pregame build ups intentionally pick “good guys” and “bad guys.”
They love a special interest story, and play to American hero worship as much as possible.
American culture is far less responsive to sports that limit individual heroics. How is this a problem?
In football games, opposing teams often try to limit individuals instead of playing a fluid team sport. In war, military efforts often look for specific individuals to assassinate or capture.
But where is the game headed?
The Future of Football
I think there’s a chance football will go extinct at some point in my life.
“No Way!” is what you’re probably thinking. But hear me out.
Americans just want to be entertained and have a sense of pride in something.
We use to get our entertainment in blood and death.
We now get it through physical violence, but not in death.
Technology is advancing at a rapid pace and it’s only a matter of time before it catches up.
If e-Sports successfully merges with VR and AR, then that might be our new entertainment.
The best players will be playing in a virtual world with fans and no death or physical violence.
Definitely a possibility.
I hope you enjoyed this deep dive!
You might watch the Super Bowl on Sunday with a slightly different perspective.
I encourage you to share this article with someone else. Thank you!
Share
Enjoy the weekend,
-Andrew
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| 85
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https://www.sportsrec.com/4648025/benefits-of-teamwork-in-sports
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en
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Benefits of Teamwork in Sports
|
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Teams that often end up on the winning end of the score in team sports are those that work well together. Learning to cooperate with others towards a common goal in sports is what builds character, friendship and important life skills for players and coaches.
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//www.sportsrec.com/public/favicons/favicon.ico
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SportsRec
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https://www.sportsrec.com/4648025/benefits-of-teamwork-in-sports
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Teams that often end up on the winning end of the score in team sports are those that work well together. Learning to cooperate with others towards a common goal in sports is what builds character, friendship and important life skills for players and coaches. The friendships built within a team can last a lifetime for some players, and the journey of a team throughout a season is often memorable.
Team Cooperation
Entering into a new season in sports, you might only know a few of the players on your team. Some of the players may actually be people you are not that fond of off the playing field. But when your team decides at the beginning of the year that it wants to be the team in the winner's circle holding the league championship trophy at the end of the season, personal differences are often set aside for the common good of the team. Many coaches like to say that the name on the front of the jersey is more important than the name on the back. This is saying that no one player is greater than the team. Sports such as football and ice hockey are physical sports and often require heavy commitment and dedication to be successful. By the end of the season, players who have been battered and bruised by the grind of the regular season and the playoffs may feel a strong connection, much like brothers, to their teammates.
Exercising and Socializing
In the case of many of today's youth, team sports offer a way for kids and young adults to avoid many temptations, including drugs and criminal activity. It also allows for kids and adults alike a chance to get out and socialize with friends and avoid spending too much time at home watching television and playing video games. The team work involved in these sports allows for people to become part of something of value and teaches people how to help someone on their team when they are struggling and offer them words of encouragement when they are performing either poorly or admirably. Team work can also give players a greater respect for one another and can build friendships that last a lifetime.
Competition
Team work in sports offer a way for people to compete for something together. In ice hockey, for example, the captain of the team can make it his goal to motivate every member of his team to give everything they have during the season in order to win the league championship. Although it is important to know that winning is not everything in sports, healthy competition can be good for people. People can translate the hard work they've put into their sport by working harder to be a better student or employee and a better person overall. Working towards a goal can teach people the value of hard work, commitment and dedication and team sports are a great way to learn these values.
Building Important Life Skills
Team work in sports can help give participants stronger communication skills and teach them to work better with others. Many projects at work and at school often require a group to work together to put together a strong presentation to be looked at by the employer or teacher. Every member of that team must be pulling in the same direction to complete the project successfully. Additional advantages to team work in sports include learning to deal with conflict and exposure to a variety of ideas within the team.
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https://perspectiveblue.com/the-power-of-teamwork-how-sports-can-positively-influence-collaboration-at-work/
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en
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The Power of Teamwork: How Sports Can Positively Influence Collaboration at Work
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2023-10-27T08:55:07+02:00
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Sports and the world of work may seem like distinct realms, but they share a common trait: the importance of effective teamwork. The principles learned from
|
fr
|
Perspective Blue
|
https://perspectiveblue.com/the-power-of-teamwork-how-sports-can-positively-influence-collaboration-at-work/
|
Sports and the world of work may seem like distinct realms, but they share a common trait: the importance of effective teamwork. The principles learned from sports can have a transformative impact on collaboration in the workplace. In this article, we delve into how sports can positively influence teamwork at work and lead to greater success for both individuals and organizations.
1. Clear Communication
Successful sports teams thrive on clear and effective communication. Whether it’s a quarterback relaying a play to their teammates in American football or a basketball team coordinating passes for a perfect shot, communication is key. This same principle applies to the workplace. Clear communication ensures that team members understand their roles, responsibilities, and objectives, reducing the risk of misunderstandings and conflicts.
2. Leadership and Accountability
Team sports often have designated leaders, such as captains or coaches. These leaders instill a sense of responsibility and accountability in team members. Similarly, leadership within the workplace is vital for effective teamwork. When team members take ownership of their tasks and hold themselves accountable, it fosters a culture of reliability and trust.
3. Collaboration and Trust
Sports require players to trust their teammates. In a soccer game, players must trust that their defense will protect the goal, just as colleagues in a work setting should trust each other to complete tasks and meet deadlines. The collaborative nature of sports encourages trust, and this trust can be a cornerstone of successful teamwork at work.
4. Adaptability and Flexibility
Sports are often unpredictable, requiring quick thinking and adaptability. In the workplace, adaptability is equally essential. Team members must be willing to adjust their strategies and approaches in response to changing circumstances or new information. The flexibility learned in sports can benefit problem-solving and decision-making at work.
5. Goal Setting and Focus
Every sports team has a goal, whether it’s winning a championship or achieving a personal best. Setting clear goals and maintaining focus is equally critical in the workplace. Teams should have a shared vision and specific objectives to work towards, ensuring that everyone is aligned and driven.
6. Resilience and Perseverance
In sports, setbacks are common, whether it’s a missed shot or an unexpected defeat. However, resilience and perseverance are values instilled in athletes. These qualities are equally relevant in the workplace, where teams may face challenges, setbacks, or tight deadlines. The ability to bounce back and stay committed to the task at hand is essential.
7. Motivation and Camaraderie
The motivation and camaraderie within sports teams can be infectious. The shared determination to win and support for each other can inspire outstanding performance. A similar sense of motivation and camaraderie can be created in the workplace, enhancing team morale and boosting overall productivity.
8. Time Management and Discipline
Sports require rigorous time management and discipline to maintain training schedules and meet performance expectations. These skills translate directly to the workplace, where time management and discipline are crucial for meeting project deadlines and maintaining productivity.
Conclusion
The positive influence of sports on teamwork in the workplace is undeniable. The principles learned on the field or court can lead to stronger, more effective teams in professional settings. Clear communication, leadership, trust, adaptability, goal setting, resilience, motivation, and time management are just a few of the qualities sports can instill in individuals and teams.
By embracing the lessons learned from sports, organizations can foster a culture of teamwork, collaboration, and shared goals. This, in turn, can lead to increased employee satisfaction, better productivity, and ultimately, greater success in achieving business objectives. Whether it’s scoring a goal on the soccer field or completing a successful project at work, the power of effective teamwork is undeniable, transcending boundaries and making a positive impact on every aspect of our lives.
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| 65
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https://www.mdpi.com/2306-5729/2/1/2
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en
|
How to Make Sense of Team Sport Data: From Acquisition to Data Modeling and Research Aspects
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[
"Manuel Stein",
"Halldór Janetzko",
"Daniel Seebacher",
"Alexander Jäger",
"Manuel Nagel",
"Jürgen Hölsch",
"Sven Kosub",
"Tobias Schreck",
"Daniel A. Keim",
"Michael Grossniklaus"
] |
2017-01-01T00:00:00
|
Automatic and interactive data analysis is instrumental in making use of increasing amounts of complex data. Owing to novel sensor modalities, analysis of data generated in professional team sport leagues such as soccer, baseball, and basketball has recently become of concern, with potentially high commercial and research interest. The analysis of team ball games can serve many goals, e.g., in coaching to understand effects of strategies and tactics, or to derive insights improving performance. Also, it is often decisive to trainers and analysts to understand why a certain movement of a player or groups of players happened, and what the respective influencing factors are. We consider team sport as group movement including collaboration and competition of individuals following specific rule sets. Analyzing team sports is a challenging problem as it involves joint understanding of heterogeneous data perspectives, including high-dimensional, video, and movement data, as well as considering team behavior and rules (constraints) given in the particular team sport. We identify important components of team sport data, exemplified by the soccer case, and explain how to analyze team sport data in general. We identify challenges arising when facing these data sets and we propose a multi-facet view and analysis including pattern detection, context-aware analysis, and visual explanation. We also present applicable methods and technologies covering the heterogeneous aspects in team sport data.
|
en
|
MDPI
|
https://www.mdpi.com/2306-5729/2/1/2
|
by
Manuel Stein
1,* ,
Halldór Janetzko
2,
Daniel Seebacher
1,
Alexander Jäger
1,
Manuel Nagel
3,
Jürgen Hölsch
1,
Sven Kosub
1,
Tobias Schreck
4,
Daniel A. Keim
1 and
Michael Grossniklaus
1
1
Department of Computer and Information Science, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
2
Department of Geography, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
3
Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
4
Institute for Computer Graphics and Knowledge Visualization, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Data 2017, 2(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/data2010002
Submission received: 24 September 2016 / Revised: 22 December 2016 / Accepted: 23 December 2016 / Published: 1 January 2017
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Geospatial Data)
Abstract
:
Automatic and interactive data analysis is instrumental in making use of increasing amounts of complex data. Owing to novel sensor modalities, analysis of data generated in professional team sport leagues such as soccer, baseball, and basketball has recently become of concern, with potentially high commercial and research interest. The analysis of team ball games can serve many goals, e.g., in coaching to understand effects of strategies and tactics, or to derive insights improving performance. Also, it is often decisive to trainers and analysts to understand why a certain movement of a player or groups of players happened, and what the respective influencing factors are. We consider team sport as group movement including collaboration and competition of individuals following specific rule sets. Analyzing team sports is a challenging problem as it involves joint understanding of heterogeneous data perspectives, including high-dimensional, video, and movement data, as well as considering team behavior and rules (constraints) given in the particular team sport. We identify important components of team sport data, exemplified by the soccer case, and explain how to analyze team sport data in general. We identify challenges arising when facing these data sets and we propose a multi-facet view and analysis including pattern detection, context-aware analysis, and visual explanation. We also present applicable methods and technologies covering the heterogeneous aspects in team sport data.
1. Introduction
Recent progress in sensor development results in increasing interest in recording and analyzing movement in team sports. In this article, we focus on team sports than can be classified as invasive team ball games with two opposing teams competing against each other and trying to score more points than the opponent to win a game. We have chosen this specific focus for two reasons. First, while the interaction of opposing teams in invasive team sports makes the analysis of sports data more challenging, it also opens up more opportunities for findings. Second, many of the world’s most popular team sports, e.g., soccer, football, basketball, hockey, rugby, handball, etc. are invasive. Due to the popularity of these sports, the availability of corresponding data sets and the interest in their analysis are currently on the rise. Professional team sport companies invest substantial resources to analyze the own team’s performance as well as the performance of future opposing teams. Various aspects and several data sources are important descriptors for the performance of a team. In practice, some of these data sets are kept confidential by respective stakeholders, e.g., when they contain exact movement trajectories. Other data sets, e.g., basic statistics, are publicly available for analysis purposes (see Section 2.1 for several examples).
Depending on the available data, different analysis tasks can be executed. Analysts usually do not only want to have information about the what (e.g., “Team A won against Team B” or “Player X passed more often than player Y”) but instead want to investigate the why behind these facts. There is a need to understand why a certain movement happened and what the influencing factors were. For example, why did a player decide to move to Point A instead of Point B and what influence did this movement decision have on members of the own and opposing teams. The results of such analyses will help, e.g., in scouting or training. However, analysis often focuses on pure statistical approaches. For decades, movement and tactical analysis has been done manually by inspecting video recordings of past matches.
In this article, we give an overview of how to work with team sport data in general. Therefore, we introduce the various data types that are available and relevant for team sport analytics. Furthermore, we highlight the challenges that need to be overcome when gathering and working with team sport data. We focus on the different research aspects arising as displayed in Figure 1 with respect to the set of heterogeneous data. Figure 1 shows that the arising research aspects can be grouped into specific domains. Data acquisition describes what needs to be done at first to get the data, e.g., through video processing. The context domain allows us to enrich the data (e.g., through data fusion) after the acquisition with useful additional information. After data acquisition and enrichment the analysis domain allows us to search for patterns. The resulting team sport analysis is on the basis of high-dimensional data that contains time series as well as trajectory data.
We show which general computer science problems can be addressed while working on team sport data and propose our methodology to handle these challenges. Ultimately, research on team sport analytics not only influences the sport domain but other fields as well. We will describe the impacts on other sciences such as biology with a focus on collective behavior analysis. Throughout this article, we will use soccer as a prime example for our proposed methodology since it is a highly popular team sport. Nevertheless, we present a general overview of data, methods, and tasks that are applicable to all invasive team ball games. We contribute a concise description of the enablers for data-driven sports analysis. We will start with sensing the team sport by relevant sensors and data sources. By abstracting the data space, we can reveal general research aspects being related to data mining and visualization. We will identify Visual Analytics as an important analysis methodology when dealing with such complex and heterogeneous data analysis questions by analyst users in interactive systems.
2. Team Sport Data
Data acquisition for analysis in team sport can be achieved by various ways related to the variety of data types and sources. Characterizing team sports data is either possible by describing different technical aspects as for instance the used acquisition method (e.g., optical recognition, local positioning systems, triangulation, or manual recording) or by discussing the different data types arising from different data sources. In the following sections, we introduce various data sources in detail as depicted in Figure 2 and describe them in detail highlighting important technical aspects. Practically, most data in invasive team sports (like player movement, events, and descriptive statistics) are extracted from video and sensor data. The available information can be enriched by context data such as the location of the match and weather information. Relevant contextual information can also be obtained from live streams in social media channels, which may reveal interesting facets of the game from an audience perspective. The latter is again presented in heterogeneous data formats; depending on the social media channel, this may assume the form of text, images, or video feeds. In the following, we will elaborate each data type with information about data characteristics such as size, accuracy, and resolution. Furthermore, we will give an overview with respect to where such data can potentially be obtained from (i.e., which company offers which service). Whenever applicable, we will introduce possible architectural requirements, e.g., information about hardware or analytics supporting databases and index structures. We believe that the most comprehensive analysis covers and combines all of the mentioned data types below.
2.1. Video and Sensor Data
Video recordings are ubiquitous in invasive team sports and there is an increasing demand for professional analyses. Video recordings range from television recordings from mass media with various perspectives (e.g., Sky TV has 24 cameras on the ground for soccer matches [1] while for the NFL up to 70 cameras are used during a super bowl match [2]) to professional recordings carried out by the teams themselves. Consequently, video data generally can be considered as the most available data source and for example can be obtained by capturing television recordings of professional matches. Companies like STATS [3] or Opta [4] offer the service of extracting movement, event, and statistic data based on their own recordings. Working directly with video data is much cheaper than assigning a professional company to track a team’s players, events, and statistics. However, the extraction of player movement from video recordings is a non-trivial task. Nevertheless, due to recent progress in the field of image and video processing, recent publications showed the feasibility of extracting movement data based on video sources [5,6,7].
Another possibility recording team sports is capturing the players’ movement with sensors directly attached to players or game objects (e.g., ball, sidelines, targets, etc.). Practically, the applicability of this acquisition modality is depending on the legislation adopted by the sports associations. This data acquisition may be partially restricted in some invasive team sports (as it was for example in soccer until 2015) while allowed for others. For instance, the NFL [8] allows active tracking by sensors placed on the player shoulders in cooperation with Zebra Technologies [9]. Sensors may allow real-time capturing of data via wireless data transfer. The dataset of the ACM DEBS 2013 Grand Challenge is a perfect example for these kinds of sensor data [10]. Video data is often the basis for movement extraction. Nevertheless, videos can be enriched with analysis results visualized in the raw video data respecting perspectives and angles.
2.1.1. Movement Data
Movement data describes where an actor or game object (e.g., a player or the ball) is located at a specific point in time. Locations are usually measured by local coordinate systems with reference to the game pitch. These measurements contain as a minimum the x- and y-coordinates and sometimes also the z-coordinate. Depending on the acquisition technique, the positions are usually sampled around 10 to 25 times per second (Hz). In the sample dataset of the ACM DEBS 2013 Grand Challenge, each player has two sensors (one in each shoe; the keeper additionally has sensors in gloves) that each transmit position reports at 200 Hz. The ball contains one sensor that transmits at 2 kHz. For each sensor, a timestamp (X, Y, Z)-position, as well as both overall and component-based velocity and acceleration is retrievable. Storing a full game results in approximately 10 GB of data. Body postures are not recorded in the sample dataset due to the large amount of active sensors needed for robust posture recognition. Nevertheless, we expect these data arising in the foreseeable future especially with passive recognition from video data [11,12].
2.1.2. Event Data
Sport games can be described by an ordered sequence of events. We define events as actions being match-relevant and happening during the match. Events typically are derived from movement data by automatic video analysis; also manual annotation is possible and done professionally by some data providers. From a technical perspective, events are timestamped occurrences of previously known and defined categories optionally annotated with spatial coordinates or additional information as involved players. Most events will be directly ball related and corresponding to actions with the ball (for instance passes or dribbling). Other events may be time-dependent (e.g., start and end of a play period) or not directly dependent on the ball (e.g., a foul situation during a free kick). A multitude of methods to detect such events exist (in fact too many to list them here) ranging from manual annotation to fully automated systems [13,14,15,16,17]. The resulting streams of semantic data are already widely used in industry and scientific communities [18,19,20].
In practice, events might lack in accuracy, as they are usually annotated manually or as fully automatic recognition may produce false positive and negative events. The company Opta, for example, is commercially providing event data. As event data contains mostly information about players interacting with the ball, event data enables us to conduct overall game statistics (e.g., passing networks, pass accuracy, or time between gaining the ball and shot on target).
We give an example of a set of potentially relevant events for soccer analysis in Figure 3. This list of events derived from our previous works on a continuously expanded system for feature- and event-based soccer analysis [21,22,23]. Although arguably it may be extensible, and is not tailored towards a specific model from Sport Science, we believe it is a practical starting point for reasoning about the types of events potentially useful for analysis. The table contains the type of event, a short description of when the event is recognized, as well as a proposed categorization of events that share similar characteristics. We distinguish the following event categories:
Rule-induced events are events that occur as a result of the match rules. For example, if the ball passes the sideline of the soccer pitch, it has to be thrown in again by the opposite team.
Events tagged with prosecution indicate that there was a foul behavior of the related player(s) which is penalized.
Player interactions with ball is about events that happen when a player is touching the ball. Observable, almost every event that gets tagged falls under this category besides yellow and red cards, the end of a halftime and a substitution.
Events that interrupt the match gets marked as gameplay interruption.
If an event has a direct relation to scoring (e.g., a shot on the goal) we mark it as scoring related.
Events from different categories may lend themselves to different analysis tasks. Also, they are subject to possible detection or description inaccuracies and may require parameters to work. For example, running with ball requires appropriate threshold setting for distance between player to ball to be recognized. We observe that events may belong to different categories mandatory or optionally. In our table, we mark events dark blue if it always belongs to the respective category. If an event is marked in lighter blue instead, the event may falls under this category, but does not have to.
2.1.3. Descriptive (Statistical) Data/Derived Data
Properties of a player or a team can be characterized by descriptive (statistical) data. Descriptive data include everything that can be counted or measured during one or several matches, for example, how often a player passes or the maximum speed and acceleration. Today, some of these descriptors can be measured automatically by tracking devices. However, most of this data is collected manually by analysts. Due to historical reasons, descriptive statistics are the most common data sources for team sport analyses, as automatic movement recording is a relatively new technical achievement.
Additionally, datasets are available to access historical data such as prior match results between the teams, squad-memberships, final standings of leagues and career records. Beside several commercial providers and unstructured text websites, freely available and machine readable sources can be found online [24,25,26,27,28]. Bergmann et al. [29] show how such data sources can be matched and stored.
2.2. Context
External and Environmental factors can be obtained by matching, location, date of a match with external data sources, such as characteristics of the stadium (capacity, open/closed roof) [30]. Historical and current weather records [31] can be used to heuristically estimate the quality of the playing field and possible effects on player performance due to high or low temperatures and air humidity. Furthermore, Ekin et al. [14,32] showed that weather and stadium context can influence the effectiveness of video based tracking and needs to be taken into account.
News and Social Media
Community-generated reports about games can be gathered from social media platforms such as Twitter [33], reddit [34], or Wikipedia [35]. Yucesoy et al. [36] investigate for example the relation of tennis players’ popularities and their performance based on visits to their Wikipedia entries. Users write about context and progress before, during and after the event. Many of these services provide APIs to gather at least partial datasets for matches from the past and in real time.
Works from traditional news sources are collected in several projects similar to the European Media Monitor [37]. A real time stream of world wide journalistic articles can be retrieved with additional meta data and event detection added by the data provider.
3. Abstracting the Data Space
We described the multitude of facets and aspects of data in team sports in the sections above and pointed to the heterogeneity of recorded team sport events. However, what we still need to discuss are the abstract ingredients of team sport. We investigate the nested abstraction levels depicted in Figure 4 following a bottom-up approach starting with team sport and going all the way to the basic data types, namely geospatial and temporal data.
In team sport data, there are two competing groups that have opposed predefined objectives, meaning that (if the match did not end in a tie) only one of the two groups can achieve their objective and the other group loses the game. The challenge of analyzing team sport data is that movement is restricted by a pitch and rules, driven by the predetermined objective, and influenced by the movement of own and opposing team players. For illustration purpose, we exemplify these properties in American football: the movement of players and teams is limited to the pitch. The movement of the two opposing groups is clearly driven by a predetermined goal. The group possessing the ball wants to cross “the opposition’s goal line with the ball, or catch or collect the ball in the end zone” [38]. The counter-objective of the opposing team is to prevent this from happening and to gain possession of the ball. American football is a very good example to illustrate how groups and individuals influence their movement mutually. Examples include the defensive line trying to block the running back (group influencing an individual and vice versa), the offensive line pushing against the defensive line (group influencing group) and corner backs covering the receivers (one individual influencing one individual). Rugby is another example for team sport being analyzed nowadays as shown by Cintia et al. [39]. Gudmundsson et al. [40] published recently a comprehensive survey covering several aspects in team sports data. Our paper is aimed at both a survey and a concept paper, and our main goal is to widen the scope of considerations for team sports analysis as compared to previous surveys. We build on top of this survey by discussing the possible manifold data sources and their influences on the analysis process, hence widening traditional sensor data-based analysis schemes. As we point out, existing techniques often stem from the machine learning side, and may underweight the importance of visual-interactive interfaces for understanding team sport data and bringing background knowledge to the analysis. Therefore, we show several examples for Visual Analytics interfaces dealing with team sport data, to inspire thinking about possible user-oriented sport data analysis. Figure 5, Figure 6 and Figure 7 exemplify novel visual analytics interfaces which allow interactive analysis for aspects including spatial movement patterns, feature-based analysis and space-time segmentation, and visual comparison of events. Team Sport Analysis requires, in our view, and interdisciplinary approach where Sport Science, Behavioral Science, and Data Science including Data Visualization can all benefit to better using and understanding team sports data. By outlining this big picture, we indicate potential for interdisciplinary advance of research in the area.
One abstraction level higher, team sport can be seen as a specialization of group movement as shown in Figure 4. Group movement can contain either cooperative or competitive behavior or any combinations of both being exactly what can be observed in team sport. Group movement is also studied in biology and behavioral science. For example, there exists the so-called Movebank Project [41], a database about animal movement on a global scale. In nature, group movement occurs on very different scales, ranging from two (courtship or mating) to a thousand (social insects) individuals. The technical challenges of tracking individuals in animal groups still exists: even under laboratory conditions only parts of collectives can be marked and tracked. Consequently, the field of behavioral biology focuses on animal movement based on recent advances in data acquisition enabling a high temporal and spatial resolution of animal movement. GPS-tracking devices and classical tracking are used to record animal movements in the wild on a more global scale while video tracking analysis are used for rather locally restricted movements in the wild or under laboratory conditions. The increase in resolution led to an increased data volume to be analyzed. One of our visions is to research similarities and differences of team sport and animal collectives. The question is which patterns occur in both domains and which techniques are suitable in which analysis scenario.
On the highest abstraction level, movement in general is defined according to Andrienko et al. [42] as the path of moving entities through space and time. Andrienko et al. [43] suggest analyzing movement at two different granularities, of the individuals and of the group as a whole. Nevertheless, we also have to deal with pure time-series or time-stamped event data and with spatial topology data. There exists many works dealing with pure time series analysis mostly focusing on similarity calculation and pattern analysis. A good overview over state of the art methods in temporal data mining is given by Fu [44] and visualization methods for time series are discussed for instance by Aigner et al. [45]. Temporal analyses alone cannot explain all the behavior observed as important spatial aspects are neglected. Nevertheless, temporal visualizations are crucial to convey temporal patterns. From a pure spatial perspective, computational geometry can be the starting point to analyze trajectories in team sports data as described by De Berg et al. in [46]. However, pure geometric approaches do not cover the temporal aspects of movement. Consequently, spatio-temporal analysis are key for a successful analysis. For instance, Kang et al. [47] represent the movement of soccer players as trajectories and propose a model which quantitatively expresses the performance of players based on the relationships between the player trajectories and the ball. Another player network based analysis with respect to performance is performed by Cintia et al. [48,49]. Football strategies are investigated based on network theory analysis by Pena et al. in [50]. A different spatial topology based approach would be the use of graph theory in sports. Bourbousson et al. [51] analyze basketball matches and Clemente et al. [52] use graph theory to analyze soccer matches.
Working with team sport data, we can apply methods of and contribute to different areas of computer science. One obvious example could be the research field of big data analytics [53] proposed by Russom. According to Russom Big Data is defined by the three “Vs”, namely Volume, Velocity and Variety. Often a fourth “V” is mentioned, namely the Veracity, which is the uncertainty in the data, see e.g., Buhl et al. [54]. These are all attributes which we are facing when working with team sport data. For instance, we have to work with large volumes of data when analyzing video data of several leagues for multiple seasons or we have to consider the veracity of social media data.
4. Research Aspects
In the previous sections, we motivated why it is interesting to spend time on the analysis of team sports data. We gave an overview to the available sources and types in team sport data. By abstracting the data space, we identified connected research fields in computer science. In this section, we envision desired outcomes of team sport analyses and discuss pressing research challenges.
4.1. Definitions
Before we go into detail about the arising research challenges, we here provide required definitions.
4.1.1. Behavior
Behavior is an (re)action of an organism with a desired goal provoked by external stimuli or internal states such as motivation and arousal. For example, hunger provokes the goal “find food” and would be an internal motivational state that elicits foraging behavior. During foraging, external stimuli are used to fine-tune the foraging behavior and adapt behavioral patterns to instantaneous conditions. If a forager encounters an obstacle in its way the movement will be modified to overcome the challenge (temporary goal: pass the obstacle and go on with primary goal) or if any danger occurs, foraging behavior might be replaced by a behavior like fighting or escaping as the goal has changed essentially (goal: “I will survive!”). The definition of movement is highly context specific. In general, movement can be differentiated into movements in space like for migrating animals or movements referring to the movement ability of an individual restricted by anatomical and physiological capabilities. Movement behavior in space often is built up by distinct behavioral patterns. Orientation behavior elicited by the goal to know the position relative to the position that should be reached, walking/flying/crawling behavior etc. that describes the kind of movement an organism is operating with the goal to reach the destination. In Drosophila larvae these two phases of spatial movement are not simultaneously performed and therefore distinguishable by the observer [59]. In other organisms orientation and moving occur at the same time and orientation behavior is often less visible to the observer. These are only two aspects that are crucial throughout spatial moving and further aspects (arousal, motivation etc.) should be taken into consideration when the causes for a spatial movement are in question.
4.1.2. Movement Pattern
Formalizing movement patterns needs to reflect the variability of real-world movement. Today, we are able to automatically track groups of moving entities and need techniques to describe not only individual movement but also collective movement. In this paper, we extend the definition of movement patterns as “concise description of frequent behaviors, in terms of both space (i.e., the regions of space visited during movements) and time (i.e., the duration of movements)” by Gianotti et al. [60]. Movement patterns in team sport need to reflect collective group actions or reactions. Consequently, movement patterns are not necessarily frequently observed behaviors but coordinated in order to achieve a certain goal. A certain goal can often be achieved by alternative behavioral patterns and with experience and higher cognitive abilities the alternatives can be anticipated and planned. The ability to plan and estimate different strategies to reach a certain goal will lead to tactical considerations, especially in team sports, but might also be applied to animals with higher cognitive abilities. Formalized movement patterns can help to semantically annotate or interpret relevant intentions of the moving entities.
4.1.3. Group Behavior and Movement
Analysis of movement patterns or, more general, of behavior of individuals can nowadays be combined with simultaneous recordings of diverse parameters. 3D accelerometer data (behavior and energy use), remote sensing data (e.g., weather, habitat) and/or data about interactions with other tagged individuals can be assessed additionally to traditional tracking methods/data (reviewed by Kays et al. [61]). The increasing amount of data about crucial impacts on individual behavior can then be used to explain or predict behavioral responses of an individual on the different levels of behavior (see the works of Bergner [62], Hogan [63] and Sumpter [64]. The investigation of behavior becomes even more complex when (social) interactions of individuals are added like in, for example, team sports or collective behavior in animals.
The aggregation of individuals often leads to “collective behavior [that] is defined as the behavior of aggregates whose interaction is ’affected by some sense that they constitute a group’ but who do not have procedures for selecting or identifying leaders or members” [65]. Flocks of birds and shoals of fish are the textbook example for collective behavior in animals. The aggregate of individuals moves as a whole structure based on the individual behavioral patterns that are again influenced by the fact that the individual behavior is affected by the aggregate. This interdependency of individual and group behavior causes that no (obvious) leader can be identified by the observer. Different mathematical models can be applied on collective behavior in animals (e.g., by Sumpter [64]) and synergies that arise in team sports [66] might also apply to synergies arising in superorganisms like social insects. Although the ‘final cause’ (consequences of behavior, definitions by Hogan [63]) are very different between team sports (e.g., winning a match) and animals (e.g., passing genes to the next generation), certain structures of behavior might be shared across team sports and superorganisms [67]. The integration of different research fields might allow to apply principles revealed in animal superorganisms to team sports performance analysis and vice versa [67]. The analysis of movement patterns of individuals therefore will benefit from a close collaboration by researchers of different fields in which new movement analysis and visualization methodologies can arise [68] and help to understand collective behavior in the wild or/and under restricted conditions like team sports or lab experiments.
4.2. Research Challenges
Analysts inspecting team sport data usually pursue various goals such as identifying strengths and weaknesses of their own team and of opposing teams. The insights are used to improve training and raise the team’s awareness when preparing for upcoming matches. To identify strengths and weaknesses, analysts, for example, want to understand why a team won a past match. Widespread statistical approaches, however, typically provide only a basic overview (aggregation) over the characteristics of a match. Therefore, one of the most challenging tasks for statistical analysis is the identification of expressive statistical features that help to gain more insight into factors that could influence the outcome of a match. However, in order to get a better understanding of the outcome of a match, we have to analyze our data on a more fine-grained level (e.g., movement of single players). One example for the inherent complexity is shown in Table 1 with a real world example. Possession, shots and duel quota, among other statistics, are usually used to statistically compare teams. They indicate that both teams are equally strong. Considering that Germany beat Brazil 7–1 this is quite surprising. A different sight on the game outcome comes with two new statistics called Packing and IMPECT, both developed by the Impect GmbH [69]. Packing is the number of outplayed players and IMPECT is the number of outplayed defenders. A detailed explanation of both statistics is given by Regenhuber [70]. These statistics are better suited to explain the outcome of this match, with Germany having outplayed approximately 60% more defenders than Brazil.
However, even improved statistical measures cannot provide more than an indication about why a team won in a match. Features like packing in our example above show that Germany did a better job in outplaying Brazilian players, but we cannot see how these attacks were played in particular. Analysts want to find out why and how something important happened in a match as well as filter out noise obscuring interesting patterns. There are potentially three different ways how analysts identify patterns. The first way is to detect the pattern completely manually supported with appropriate visualizations. The second way are semi-supervised approaches, where analysts—at the beginning of the analysis—define a template of how the pattern should look like. Based on the template the system starts to look for patterns matching the given criteria. Lastly, analysts might have no clue what to look for and therefore the system should identify everything of general interest employing high-dimensional data descriptors.
Explaining movement patterns, however, is very complex, as the movement of a single actor is depending on the movement of all other actors. Because of these interdependencies, almost every action causes a reaction. Adding to the complexity is that typically, there are certain role definition in a sports team that influence movement. Particularly, team captain and goal keeper may steer or influence the movement patterns of team players, e.g., following a tactical decision to defend or press certain players. The role of such leadership effects is prominent not only in soccer analytics, but also a question of leader-follower relationships in domains like expeditions and explorations, military operations etc. This complexity in soccer analytic is added to by the fact that we do not only have to look at the interdependencies within a team but also the interdependencies between two opposing teams.
We can abstract this research challenge by generalizing our moving players to moving entities. This abstracted view allows us to widen our analysis possibilities to other domains, because conflicts of interest about where to go and what to do are a primary challenge of living in a collective. Groups do occur in nature hinting to correlating biological fitness. In the analysis of collective behavior, researchers are interested in detecting the way animals achieve consensus in stable groups with stratified social relationships [71]. When analyzing collective behavior biologists want to determine factors directing the movement of, for example, birds flocks or fish shoals. In both cases the group formation decreases the risk of predation and thus increases the fitness of a single individual. Consequently, the required analysis possibilities overlap and allow the transfer of developed techniques from one domain to the other helping to solve challenges.
Context-aware analysis is another important aspect when exploring team sport data. Analysts might have identified interesting patterns and want to explore them in-depth enriched with context information. Movement is more than just x- and y-coordinates: entities are motivated to move by intrinsic and extrinsic contextual factors. Context-aware analysis means that insights into group dynamic behavior are enabled by incorporating collective movement models in the analysis process. We thereby even incorporate research from the field of collective animal movement [72,73,74,75,76,77].
Finally, experts want to explain why, when and how specific movement behavior is expressed because of tactical behavior. Tactical behavior, in our understanding, represents the overall effort practiced on the field to eliminate the factor of luck as much as possible. Analysts want to retrieve explanations of observed cooperative movement patterns in reaction to competitive movement patterns by enhanced visualizations. Another open issue is tracking external influences as coach advices and the corresponding team reactions.
The challenges arising with team sport data are not only concerning the analysis of movement itself. Technical challenges as efficient data storage, querying, and processing arise as well. Improved tracking techniques and devices led to an increase in data volume gathered from team sports as well for wildlife observations in behavioral biology. Large datasets and in some cases vast amount of individuals tracked require new and efficient handling methods. The need for novel streaming technologies that allow real time analysis enabling analysts and coaches to gain information even, for example, during the halftime break is increasing. Consequently, creating a encompassing view of team sport data, integrating trajectories, time series, similarity search, high dimensional data, text, and video image processing/analysis will be the major challenge promising large synergy effects and real insights.
5. Methodology
Analyzing team sports data requires a toolbox of methods from different domains including sport domain knowledge. From our previous work we consider the following areas non-exclusively important. Models help in deriving patterns and features describing observed behavior in the domain. Models can stem from various perspectives. For example, in a data-driven way models can be obtained from statistical analysis and mathematical formulations; or from concepts developed in sport science. Data mining is the corresponding domain in computer science and uses mathematical and statistical approaches. The communication of modeling results is often achieved by methods from the Information Visualization domain. Information visualization is part of computer science and strongly connected to computer graphics and cognitive psychology. Recent research proposed a synergetic combination of data mining and information visualization by a Visual Analytics [78]. The core idea here is to implement steerable data mining methods and immediate visual feedback of the analysis results. Highly interactive analysis systems are the outcome supporting the integration of domain knowledge. We next detail aspects in the main areas of data modeling, data mining, interactive visualization and visual analytics.
5.1. Data Modeling
Generally speaking, modeling is about giving structure to the problem of sport analysis, by prescribing which aspects are of importance to the analysis. Ultimately, this needs to be informed by the task of the analysis. Different examples are, e.g., the short-term performance analysis of a single team member, versus the long-term analysis of the team performance or its evolution over time. The modeling process will eventually identify a set of variables and/or events to observe, and a quantitative scheme to aggregate and/or compare the measures. We distinguish two main approaches to guide the modeling: Domain-specific modeling is based on theories and concepts from Sport Science [79,80], which generalize relationships between actions and outcomes in the respective sport domain. On the other hand, data-driven or explorative modeling does typically not assume previous knowledge about the domain, but is guided by dependencies found in the data directly. In practice, both approaches often go hand-in-hand: There are expectation and theoretical models about typical dependencies in the sports events, and the analysis measures are derived to validate and quantify the expected dependencies. On the other hand, patterns that one may observe inconsistently in larger amounts of measurement data may lead to new domain-specific theories and hence guide the modeling approach conceptually.
Team sport is fundamentally about space-time interaction of players—understood as a combination of operation, communication, and strategy—with the most influential interaction being the interference of the opposing team which excludes in many respects absolute scales of measurement. The ongoing lack of reliable key performance indicators for soccer teams points in this direction (see, e.g., the illuminative discussion in [81,82]). A deeper understanding of the interaction structure and dynamics between and within teams during a match is meaningful for making progress in team sports analysis. Relative phases [83,84], couplings [85], invasion profiles [86], or centralities in passing networks [87] represent exemplary initial concepts.
As the data collected for a match shows only one realization of a contingent situation (“what happened”), the challenge is to determine the (path-dependent) set of possible actions executable in that situation (“what not happened”). Operationally, the presence of the opposing team first and foremost restricts the space-time regions on the pitch accessible for meaningful action of a focal actor. On the communication level, selecting an action from the set of accessible actions (“decision”) depends furthermore on the intra-team movement patterns, space cognition, and information processing. Here, coming up with realistic and feasible action models is very demanding [88,89,90], but worthwhile for answering to questions like “Which pass is best to execute given a set of possible passes?” Sole ball-oriented data is very limiting in respect thereof, as no information on players without the ball is available; the situation becomes much better with additional positional data of all players (see, e.g., [90]). Moreover, technology is available (at least in basketball) to track head positions and head orientations of the players providing data for a feasible inference of mental maps [91], e.g., which players are seen by a player. On the strategic level of interaction, expectations, style of play, tactical orientations, etc. determine a normal behavior of the teams. Data-based analyses of these aspects are thus required for an unbiased evaluation of action sets. However, corresponding techniques are currently less developed. Methods of game theory could be applied, e.g., building strategic games from multi-parameter interaction models based on tactical action-reaction schemes available from expert’s domain knowledge.
In principle, there are two approaches to analyze the interaction of two teams in competitive dyads (matches). First, characterize matches by the behavioral characteristics shown by the teams, i.e., observed events are directly assigned to individuals, groups, or teams with positive or negative evaluation. This is the standard bottom-up approach. Second, characterize the behavior of the teams by the characteristics of matches, i.e., observed events add up to global information on the match before they are projected onto the teams. This can be classified as top-down. Next to context information (match type/competition, venue, audience, weather, etc.), typical global characteristics are parameters related to match speed. Speed can be hardly assigned to one side only. Though there is no standard definition of match speed, the growing popularity of packing rates (which relate the space occupied by a number of opposing players to time represented by pass duration) can be seen as a need in this global information.
5.2. Data Mining
Data mining is the automatic or semi-automatic discovery of patterns in data sets, which are too large to analyze manually. It is the analysis stage of the knowledge discovery in databases process, which also encompasses Selection, Pre-Processing, Transformation and Interpretation [92]. Data mining itself is an umbrella term, which encompasses various methods from different computer science fields. It uses, inter alia, methods from machine learning, artificial intelligence, statistics and database systems [93]. Fayyad et al. [92] group data mining techniques into six general categories. In the remainder of this section, we use these categories in order to review existing data mining techniques and their possible application to sports data. Apart from example use cases, we will also survey quantitative findings that have been obtained in previous work from applying data mining techniques to sports data.
5.2.1. Clustering
Clustering is the grouping of similar objects into clusters. The concept of a cluster, however, is not clearly defined, which is why so many different clustering algorithms exist [94]. Generally speaking, a cluster is a set of objects which are more similar to each other, than to those in other clusters, however similar is defined. One could use one of the clustering algorithm by Lee et al. [95] to identify common movement patterns of individuals or groups. In American Football this could be used to identify the most often used passing patterns of a team. An example where clustering is used is the work of Janetzko et al. [21]. Here clustering is used to find common behavioral patterns of individual players. For this the k-means [96] algorithm is used on feature vectors consisting of various features like player speed or distance to ball.
5.2.2. Classification
“Classification is learning a function that maps (classifies) a data item into one of several predefined classes” [92]. These classes can either be defined manually or alternatively generated automatically using clustering, which is described in Section 5.2.1. This data mining method can, for example, be used—to stay with the American Football example—to automatically identify in which passing pattern a new pass can be classified. We successfully used classification in one of our previous works [22] to detect dangerous situations. A dangerous situation in our case was a shot on the goal of a team. First we trained classifiers with various features which were collected shortly before the event “shot on goal”. Afterwards the classifiers were applied on the data, to identify periods with similar feature values, but where the event “shot on goal” did not occur. Thus detecting potentially dangerous situations, which were previously unknown. Users then judged these situations on their dangerousness. This information was used to iteratively retrain the classifiers. The effectiveness of this approach was shown in a quantitative evaluation, in which two experts were tasked with finding dangerous situations. There the experts could find dangerous situations with a F 1 -Score of up to 66%.
5.2.3. Regression
Regression or regression analysis is the process of estimating the relationship between dependent and independent variables of an experiment [97]. Its goal is the determination of parameters of a function (such as α 1 , α 2 and ϵ in f ( x ) = α 1 × x + α 2 × x + ϵ ). If a relationship exist and if a good fitting can be archived the resulting function can be used to predict future observations. Regression analysis can be used to expose statistical correlations between and model the behavior of players [98] and teams in tournaments [99].
5.2.4. Summarization
“Summarization is a key data mining concept which involves techniques for finding a compact description of a dataset” [100]. Methods like calculating the mean or standard deviation or dimensionality reduction are often used to analyze and visualize large and complex data sets. Clustering (see Section 5.2.1) can also be used as a summarization method, with the centroid used as a representative for the whole cluster. This method has beneficial use to display the complex and large datasets, which are common for team sport analysis. For instance, techniques like the well-known PCA [101] or the recent t-SNE [102] are used to visualize high-dimensional data in lower-dimensional space, for example a soccer pitch representation. Perin et al. [56] show this by proposing a visual abstraction and summarization system of, for example, certain attack paths.
5.2.5. Change and Deviation Detection
Change and deviation detection, which is often also called outlier detection, refers to the detection of observations, which do not correspond to the already existing patterns. On method to find such observations is “Grubbs’ test for outliers” [103]. One possible use case in the research field of team sport analysis could be the detection of players which perform extremely better or worse than all other players.
5.2.6. Dependency Modeling
Dependency modeling or also called association rule learning is defined as the identification of significant relations between variables in the data. To identify interesting rules the measurements of confidence and support are often used [104]. These rules are often used for market basket analysis, to identify which items are often bought together. They could also be used in the field of team sport analysis, to identify which events frequently occur if, for example, a goal was scored.
5.2.7. Summary
Team sport analysis is a growing research field using complex, high-dimensional data to model the behavior of groups and individuals. There exist already many potential uses of data mining methods in the field of team sport analysis. However, it is necessary to either adapt existing methods from various research fields or to develop new algorithms to allow an effective analysis of team sport data.
5.3. Information Visualization
Information visualization is a growing research field and became quite prominent in the 1990’s. There are three main tasks of visualizations being directly transferable to the sports domain: exploration, hypotheses validation, and hypotheses generation. Exploration, here introduced as an example, is usually the first step when dealing with a previously unknown data set. Overview visualizations help to identify the descriptive features or to detect interesting patterns. The most important visualization techniques for sports data are statistical visualizations as scatter plots or parallel coordinate plots [105] as well as more specialized spatial and temporal visualizations (such as displayed in Figure 5). Spatial visualizations help to investigate distributions and individual or group movement patterns. Temporal visualizations [45] show how features change over time and effect each other. Horizon graphs [106] are a good example for a space efficient visualization of time-dependent data. Pixel-based visualizations [107] are even more space efficient, encoding data values by color-coding single pixels of the display. The challenge in pixel-based visualization is an effective layout of the data items on the screen. For instance, temporal data can be laid out hierarchically with the help of a technique called Recursive Patterns [108]. However, the high complexity and multi-dimensional aspects in sports data require novel visualization techniques. Abstracting the collected data in a suitable way and pointing experts to interesting aspects is key for a successful analysis. A selection of visualizations techniques used in recent publications can be seen in Figure 6.
5.4. Visual Analytics
Combining data mining with information visualization is creating synergistic effects of human and machine. This combination is called visual analytics and enables experts to include their domain knowledge during the analysis process by interactive and steerable data mining methods and immediate visual feedback of the results. We believe that visual analytics is a very effective way to cope with the challenging data properties in the team sport domain. The research challenges described in the section above showed that although the desired outcome is clear, we need to deal with ill-defined data analysis problems. For example, detecting movement patterns being of interest to the analyst requires a semi-formal description of interests of the analyst. However, this transfer from the sports domain to the data domain being understandable by machines is very difficult. Visual analytics proposes a transparent analysis process, where the manifold parameter choices of data mining algorithms are as comprehensible as possible. By interactive exploration of the data and parameter space, domain experts should get a feeling for their data. However, there is also translation and communication needed between sport experts and visual analytics experts. One possibility to enable a productive communication between experts of both domains could be the use of a Liaison as suggested by Simon et al. [109]. A very first example for a resulting system can be seen in Figure 7, where we provided methods to interactively add context to the given data.
In Figure 7a we developed so called interaction spaces to indicate the surrounding area each player aims to control [23]. Depending on speed and distance to the ball we determined a continuous model based on the conceptualization from the sport scientists around Grehaigne et al. [110]. We extended our model to show potential duel areas when two interaction spaces overlap. A player’s interaction space is restricted to the area that can be reached before opposing players. In Figure 7b we visualize the free spaces, which we defined as the regions players from one team can reach before the players of the opposing team can. In order to verify that our definition corresponds with the ideas from domain expert, we conducted a qualitative evaluation. In this evaluation experts were asked to sketch the free spaces for a given game situation. In ~80% of the cases, at least one of the free spaces, drawn by experts, overlapped with one of our computed free spaces. Thus confirming that our method to calculate free spaces is valid and valuable. The selection of proper data analysis methods is strongly dependent on the analysis task and usually done by visual analytics experts. Whereas, the choice of the right parameters is a joint effort, as judging results can be usually only achieved with domain knowledge. Up to now, there exists no extensive visual analytics framework for all possible analysis tasks as each application domain needs its very own approach.
6. Discussion and Conclusions
The analysis of team sport data is a potentially very useful, yet inherently difficult problem. In this paper, we gave a high-level overview to this fields as well as to identify future research aspects to contribute on. Team sport analytics involves many challenges and problems. First, the choice of data acquisition is difficult, as the type and quality of data available determines the potential analysis that can be done. Current acquisition includes video analysis, using position sensors or manual encoding. There is much additional data one can think of to include in a meaningful analysis, e.g., biomedical and physiologic measurements of players could be taken into account. In the wider sense, data acquisition also needs to consider data modeling, integrating, and cleaning, each representing significant work steps.
Being aware of data quality and comparisons of data sources is of critical importance. With regards to this work quality observations are especially needed when it comes to the trajectories of players and balls from video image sources. While we recognize the need for detailed benchmarks, such analysis has not yet been done in related literature and was beyond the scope of this article. In the future we will strive to fill this gap.
For meaningful analysis, domain requirements coming from external experts are important and must be taken into account. Specifically, analysts nowadays are, for example, interested in the analysis, prediction and performance monitoring of their team. Each problem, however, has many sub problems. The problem of data acquisition, for example, translates into video processing, classification and annotation problems. Nevertheless, team sport analysis is a highly interesting research field where experts from many different computer science subjects (computer vision, graph theory, network analysis, visual analytics, ...) can bring in their expert knowledge.
An important problem of doing analysis relates to modeling—what are the aspects in the sports events/matches which are of importance? How can we qualitatively and quantitatively assess individual player performance or the development of tactic and strategic capabilities of a team? Answers to these questions need to consider both data-driven approaches from Data Science, but also, models and concepts developed in Sport Science. Eventually, we see that both can go hand in hand to design appropriate analysis systems. Future work needs to better characterize the role and influence that both fundamental approaches have and how to combine them. In surveying existing analysis techniques, it may be instructive to distinguish these according to the level of detail on which they operate. Single events and situations (e.g., success rate of corner kicks) can be easily statistically computed. However, it is a difficult problem to assess strategic factors than can explain why a specific success rate is observed, or how it could be influenced. In particular, the development of explanatory models for different temporal scales from short- to long term, and considering involved dimensions, is seen an important problem for future work.
We also discussed visualization technology to help analysts interactively explore relevant sports data and help with interpreting patterns. We note that many analysis goals cannot be statically defined once and for all, but depend highly on the context of the analysis. For example, to prepare a team for a match against an upcoming other team, one coach needs to analyze or predict the strength of ones team in context of the other team. To this end, the analyst needs ways to define the context in which to do the analysis, for example, on the offensive of defensive sides. Interactive visualization is a key technology to provide adaptive analysis systems.
In Section 2.1.2 we provided a soccer event taxonomy based on previous data-driven soccer analysis systems we implemented so far. While it may serve as a starting point to guide the definition of event detectors and descriptors, the taxonomy is a starting point and may be extended. Specifically, we may align it with existing taxonomies from Sports Science. Also, while these events are obviously interesting for analysis, not all of them can be detected or quantified with the same prevision, and the latter may also depend on the data acquisition modality at hand. Also, the given taxonomy table considers situations within a game only. For strategic analysis, more high-level or long-term events may be recorded as well, e.g., like when a team moves up a league, acquires new players by transfer, or having the coach change a training system. The latter may be particularly interesting for strategic analysis and correlation of strategic decisions with short-term performance measures.
Also, it would be interesting to assess how representative it is for other sports like basketball or ice hockey. Open questions also pertain to the predictability of behavior in sports. As a first step to this end, we need to define a notion of behavior, and ways to formalize it, and then by experiments one may research if behavior is predictable and to which extent. We note that different kinds of individual and collective movement behaviors can be defined. Collaboration with professional sport analysts in requirement definition and eventually, case studying will be helpful to this end. A German journal recently interviewed [111] the German Football Association chief analyst, Christofer Clemens. In this interview, Mr. Clemens stressed the importance of data-driven sports analytics. Particularly, he stated that answers need to be found to questions such as what constellations of players are more successful in scoring goals, how important it is to quickly pass between the opponents defenders, and where it is important to outnumber players of the opposite team. Such requirements by domain experts can well serve to guide future research efforts in sports analytics.
Author Contributions
Manuel Stein is the leading author of this work. He performed the research and designed the structure of this article. Furthermore, Manuel Stein wrote the paper together with Halldór Janetzko, Daniel Seebacher and Alexander Jäger, Sven Kosub provided the section about Data Modeling. Manuel Nagel contributed in the discussion of transferability to the fields of biology. Together with all authors of this work, Jürgen Hölsch, Tobias Schreck, Daniel A. Keim and Michael Grossniklaus further revised the paper and gave substantial contributions to the design and analysis of this work.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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Figure 1. From acquisition (e.g., video processing) and data enrichment (e.g., data fusion) through context information to in-depth analysis tasks (e.g., trajectory analysis) on the raw data, many research fields are covered when analyzing team sport data.
Figure 2. Relations and hierarchies between different data types in team sport. Most data can be extracted either from video or sensor data. Additional information is provided by supplemental context data.
Figure 3. Various different kinds of events categorized by their characteristics.
Figure 4. The abstract ingredients of team sport.
Figure 5. Two recent systems that aim to improve the understanding of sport data by several visualization techniques. (a) TenniVis [55]; (b) SoccerStories [56].
Figure 6. Example uses of different information visualization techniques in recent publications in the field of visual sport analytics. (a) Enhanced parallel coordinates [57] displaying, for a single player, the average values of four features within a phase. Each line represents a phase, which is defined as a time-interval, in which player behavior doesn’t change; (b) Spatial visualization [58] highlighting the dangerousness of set plays executed in various regions of the soccer pitch. The dangerousness for each region is mapped to the blue hue. White meaning safe, dark blue meaning dangerousnes; (c) Temporal visualization [22] displaying the occurence of user-selected events, like fouls, goals or exchanges; (d) Horizon graph [21] showing the feature speed for two defense players within a set time interval.
Figure 7. Interaction Spaces (a) [23] are designed to visualize the surrounding area each player aims to control; Free Spaces (b) [23] describe how much players are put under pressure.
Table 1. Statistics of a real-world game: Brazil vs. Germany (2014 FIFA World Cup).
Table 1. Statistics of a real-world game: Brazil vs. Germany (2014 FIFA World Cup). StatisticBrazilGermanyGoals17Possession52%48%Shots1814Duel Quota51%49%Packing341402IMPECT5384
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Stein, M.; Janetzko, H.; Seebacher, D.; Jäger, A.; Nagel, M.; Hölsch, J.; Kosub, S.; Schreck, T.; Keim, D.A.; Grossniklaus, M. How to Make Sense of Team Sport Data: From Acquisition to Data Modeling and Research Aspects. Data 2017, 2, 2. https://doi.org/10.3390/data2010002
AMA Style
Stein M, Janetzko H, Seebacher D, Jäger A, Nagel M, Hölsch J, Kosub S, Schreck T, Keim DA, Grossniklaus M. How to Make Sense of Team Sport Data: From Acquisition to Data Modeling and Research Aspects. Data. 2017; 2(1):2. https://doi.org/10.3390/data2010002
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Stein, Manuel, Halldór Janetzko, Daniel Seebacher, Alexander Jäger, Manuel Nagel, Jürgen Hölsch, Sven Kosub, Tobias Schreck, Daniel A. Keim, and Michael Grossniklaus. 2017. "How to Make Sense of Team Sport Data: From Acquisition to Data Modeling and Research Aspects" Data 2, no. 1: 2. https://doi.org/10.3390/data2010002
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dbpedia
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https://lastwordonsports.com/2023/11/01/american-football-soccer-name/
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en
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Why is American Football Called Football
|
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[
"Michael Kovacs, ADMIN",
"Michael Kovacs"
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2023-11-01T00:00:00
|
Explore why 'football' in the U.S. differs from the global 'soccer.' Uncover origins, rules, and how betting amplifies its thrill.
|
en
|
Last Word On Sports
|
https://lastwordonsports.com/2023/11/01/american-football-soccer-name/
|
Why is American football called football? Many people find this question intriguing, especially when comparing it to soccer, which is referred to as football in numerous countries.
Evolution of the Term “Football” in American Sports
The story of “football” began with games played on foot, far different from what we witness today. The term was a broad descriptor for various games with the common goal of moving a ball towards a target area, primarily using feet. However, with the establishment of the Football Association, “association football” or “soccer” started to take a distinct form. American football, though evolving with different rules and influences, particularly from rugby, surprisingly kept the original name “football.” This retention speaks volumes about the sport’s history and the cultural significance of the name in American sports.
Historical Context of American Football
Diving into the past of American football reveals a rich tapestry of events, influences, and changes that shaped the sport known and loved today. This journey is essential for understanding American football and why it’s such a significant cultural element in the United States.
The Origins of American Football
The roots of American football are deep. Initially, it was a hybrid of soccer and rugby, rather than the distinct sport it is now. The transformation began in the late 19th century, with the first football game purportedly taking place in 1869 between two college teams, Rutgers and Princeton. This game, which hardly followed any standardized rules, is a far cry from the organized, strategic sport that football in America has become.
It was Walter Camp, known as the “Father of American football,” who made the pivotal changes in the 1880s that started shaping the sport. He introduced the line of scrimmage, the concept of downs, and the system of scoring that differentiated it from its rugby roots. These rule changes made the game unique and addressed the growing concerns regarding the sport’s safety at that time.
The Influences of Various Traditional Ball Games
American football wasn’t created on its own; it was influenced by different traditional ball games. Knowing these influences is important, especially when thinking about where the name “football” came from or when you’re into football betting on websites.
Soccer
Soccer, or ‘football’ as most of the world calls it, helped shape American football. In soccer, players mostly use their feet to move the ball toward the other team’s goal. American football uses some of these ideas. But, it lets players use their hands to carry or throw the ball.
Rugby
Rugby has a lot in common with American football. Both games are physical and strategic. Players in both sports run with the ball, engage in robust tackles, and aim to advance position on the field. These fundamental aspects are common to both games, while the ball’s shape, scoring methods, and American football ball movement techniques on the field originate from rugby. American football changed some rugby rules. Yet, the excitement, strategy, and teamwork are still there. Knowing this helps us understand the process of changing the game over time. Fans who bet on games see the value in this history.
The Emergence of Distinct American Football Rules and Gameplay
As American football evolved, its rules became quite different from soccer and rugby. This change didn’t happen all at once, but through several important changes that made the sport truly unique. So, let’s discover the main differences between soccer and football in the table below.
Feature Soccer NFL American Football The objective of the Game Score goals into the opponent’s net. Score points by carrying or throwing the ball into the opponent’s end zone or kicking it through the goalposts. Duration of the Game Two halves of 45 minutes each. Four quarters of 15 minutes each. Playing Field Rectangular, grass. Rectangular, with yard lines, grass, or artificial. Number of Players 11 11 Ball Round. Oblong, leather. Contact Limited. Full. Use of Hands Goalkeeper only. All players are allowed. Offsides Yes. No (but there is a neutral zone rule). Time-outs No. Yes. Passes Feet and head only. Hands and feet. Penalties Penalty kicks, free kicks. Penalty yards.
Walter Camp introduced a revolutionary concept that replaced the chaotic scrums from rugby. The introduction of downs, or limited attempts to advance the ball, added a strategic element, forcing teams to plan plays carefully.
Scoring changed as well. Touchdowns, field goals, and safeties started to earn different points. So games were more complex and strategic. The size of the field, player positions, and game length became standardized, creating a foundation for teams to develop various tactics and playing styles.
Equipment improved, making safety a priority without sacrificing the game’s excitement. Helmets, padding, and the forward pass reduced the roughness of early games, making the sport more dynamic and safer.
These rule changes, over years of implementation and refinement, sculpted American football as distinct from any other sport. The result is a game that captivates millions. It is characterized by a unique blend of strategy, physical prowess, and sheer unpredictability that keeps fans, players, and football betting enthusiasts on the edge of their seats.
The popularity of American Football Today
American football is a premier sport in the United States, with a huge following and a strong media presence. It’s not just popular in stadiums; online football betting sites also play a big role in spreading its appeal and engagement through the digital world.
How Sports Betting Boosted the Appeal of American Football
The surge in sports betting, particularly in football, has undeniably elevated the sport’s excitement. Platforms offering the best betting football options have expanded the fanbase, attracting enthusiasts who may be interested in the game’s dynamics and in the potential for monetary gain. These platforms provide a plethora of betting options, from predicting game results to specific player performances, thereby increasing viewer investment in matches.
Moreover, the question, “Why is American football called football?” becomes even more intriguing when placed in the context of betting. The unique rules, play styles, and scoring system of American football offer a variety of betting angles and strategies, distinguishing it from betting practices in soccer, known as football elsewhere.
The integration of sports betting with watching football has led to a more interactive experience. Fans aren’t just passive spectators but active participants who analyze game statistics, player information, and team strategies. This level of engagement is a testament to the sport’s enduring popularity and the diverse ways it continues to captivate audiences worldwide.
Conclusion
Why do people call American football ‘football’? To understand, we need to look at the time when the game started. Long ago, it was more like rugby and soccer. Now, it’s the most popular sport in the United States.
Walter Camp changed the game a lot. His new rules made American football different from games like rugby. Now, it’s not just a game. It’s a big part of American culture that brings audiences together. American football keeps changing, but one thing stays the same – people love it. It’s fun and exciting for fans to work with each other as a team. That’s why it’s so special in America.
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https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/top-10-most-popular-sports-in-america-1663158255-1
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en
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Top 10 Most Popular Sports in America
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[
"Jagran Josh"
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2022-09-14T17:57:56+05:30
|
Sports are an essential part of American culture. America, the land of dreams, is also the land of great sports. But what is the most popular sport in the country? Find out here!
|
en
|
Jagranjosh.com
|
https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/top-10-most-popular-sports-in-america-1663158255-1
|
Top 10 Most Popular Sports in America: Sports have been around since ancient times, and they continue to be one of the most significant topics of conversation today. In fact, we spend more time watching or playing them than anything else.
America, the country that has won the most medals in the Olympics till now, places a top priority on sports. For them, it is not only a source of entertainment but a matter of pride, unity, and excellence.
It is worth noting that, despite being one of the world's most popular sports, cricket is not among the United States' favorites. So, what game occupies the top spot? Let's find out.
The ranking is based on total viewership and active participation in the sport, based on the data published by Statista.com
10. Wrestling
Major League: WWE (World Wrestling Entertainment)
Prominent Players: The Undertaker, Hulk Hogan, and John Cena
Wrestling is a hugely popular sport in America, especially professional wrestling. It is a dominant sport in the nation because of its adrenaline-packed action, drama, fights, and larger-than-life characters. WWE, the pinnacle of wrestling in America, has produced a slew of wrestling stars that have helped popularize the sport even further.
9. Motorsports
Major League: NASCAR (National Association for Stock Car Auto)
Prominent Players: Fred Lorenzen, Fireball Roberts, Dale Earnhardt, and Richard Petty
Americans love adrenaline and adventure, which is why Motorsport ranks among the top most popular sports in the States. NASCAR is the North American sanctioning organization for stock car racing, which is responsible for making stock car racing a popular sport in the country. On average, it attracts millions of spectators. NASCAR's Cup Series often draws an eight million-person broadcast audience, as well as sold-out crowds at several tracks.
8. Tennis
Major League: The US Open
Prominent Players: Serena Williams, Venus Williams, and Naomi Osaka
Tennis is popular among both men and women. American tennis has given birth to some of the most well-known sports superstars of the contemporary era, including Venus Williams, Serena Williams, Andy Roddick, and many others. The milestones they have achieved indeed showcase America as a sport-loving nation.
7. Golf
Major League: The PGA Championship
Prominent Players: Tiger Woods, Jack Niklaus, Ben Hogan
Another popular sport in the nation is golf, sometimes known as the "rich people's game." It is a common belief that only the wealthy and elite may participate in the sport. The sport is accessible to everyone. Tiger Woods, whose name is known all over the world, is maybe the most famous golfer in the world.
6. Boxing
Major League: WBA (World Boxing Association)
Prominent Players: Muhammad Ali, Mike Tyson, and Joe Louis
The greatest boxers of all time in the world were Americans. What more reason do Americans need to love boxing? According to the Harris Poll (American market research and analytics company), which polled over 2000 respondents in 2021, about 33% of the respondents proclaimed their love for boxing, making it the 6th most popular sport in America.
5. Soccer
Major League: MLS (Major League Soccer)
Prominent Players: Christian Pulisic, Michael Bradley, and Landon Donovan
The fifth most popular sport in America is actually the most famous sport in the world. Soccer was not an immediate hit among American sports lovers. It took some time to love the sport, but now the game is gaining traction in the country. Though it is not as popular as the games mentioned above, it still has a whopping television viewership of 27.3 million and records a stadium attendance of over 20,000 fans.
4. Ice Hockey
Major League: NHL (National Hockey League)
Prominent Players: Patrick Kane, Brian Leetch, and Mike Modano
Ice hockey is the fourth most popular sport in the United States, despite being far less prevalent than American football or baseball. Hockey is the most popular in North America (primarily Canada and the north) and Europe.
NHL is the highest and most popular level of men's hockey in North America. Talking about the sport’s significance, America won its first gold medal in the Winter Olympics with this sport. Hockey has since become one of the most popular indoor recreational sports, even more so with the invention of artificial ice rinks.
3. Basketball
Major League: NBA (National Basketball Association)
Prominent Personalities: Michael Jordan, LeBron James, and Kobe Bryant
The third-most loved sport in the US is basketball, which is already pretty popular in the rest of the world. The NBA has cultivated some of the finest basketball players in the sport's history, such as LeBron James, Michael Jordan, Charles Barkley, and Kobe Bryant. According to statista.com, over 11% of Americans have said basketball is their favorite sport. It also has a television viewership of about 26 million.
2. Baseball
Major League: MLB (Major League Baseball)
Prominent Players: Babe Ruth, Roger Clemens, and Hank Aaron
Baseball is one of the most popular sports around the globe. It is also the 2nd most popular sport in the US. Americans love baseball so much that it is also referred to as “America’s favorite past-time.” Baseball competition in America has been categorized into two levels: minor league baseball and big league baseball (MLB).
The league has 30 teams, split into the National League and the American League. Each team plays 162 regular-season games, and five teams from each league proceed to a playoff competition that culminates in the World Series.
1. American Football
Major League: NFL (National Football League)
Prominent Players: Tom Brady, Lawrence Taylor, and Jim Brown
American Football (or simply Football) is the most popular sport in the US. Although the sport is unique to the country, it developed from two other sports, soccer and rugby. In 1869, two college teams, Princeton and Rutgers, played the first football match. The NFL organizes significant football competitions in the US. According to recent statistics, during the Sports Bowl 2022, the televised screening of American Football garnered over 99 million audiences, making it one of the most-watched sporting events in the world.
Not only does the sport dominate the tv viewership, but it also has thousands of fans flocking to the stadiums to watch the game live. The league's annual revenue amounts to about $15 billion, making it the most profitable sports league in the world.
With the data available, we can safely conclude that the most popular sport in America is undoubtedly American Football. And like the country, its sports are just as diverse, united, and incredible.
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dbpedia
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0
| 2
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https://healthysportindex.com/sport/boys/football/
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en
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Aspen Institute Sports and Society Program
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2018-08-15T17:36:20-04:00
|
Is football safe for teenagers? Learn about football including the relative benefits and risks of participating in the popular sport for adolescents.
|
en
|
Healthy Sport Index | Aspen Institute Sports and Society Program
|
https://healthysportindex.com/sport/boys/football/
|
7 Aspen Institute/University of Texas psychosocial benefits survey of high school athletes nationally, 2018. Scoring ranges from 1-4, with 4 being the best except for the Negative Experiences category.
8 Percentage of high school seniors in the sport smoking cigarettes in the past 30 days. Data from Monitoring the Future Study (2010-15) and analyzed by Women’s Sports Foundation in Teen Sport in America: Why Participation Matters.
9 Percentage of high school seniors in the sport binge drinking alcohol in the past two weeks. Data from Monitoring the Future Study (2010-15) and analyzed by Women’s Sports Foundation in Teen Sport in America: Why Participation Matters.
10 Percentage of high school seniors in the sport using marijuana in the past 30 days. Data from Monitoring the Future Study (2010-15) and analyzed by Women’s Sports Foundation in Teen Sport in America: Why Participation Matters.
11 Percentage of high school seniors in the sport who cut class for a full day in the past month. Data from Monitoring the Future Study (2010-15) and analyzed by Women’s Sports Foundation in Teen Sport in America: Why Participation Matters.
12 Percentage of high school seniors in the sport who have an average grade of an A or A-. Data from Monitoring the Future Study (2010-15) and analyzed by Women’s Sports Foundation in Teen Sport in America: Why Participation Matters.
13 Percentage of high school seniors in the sport who expect to graduate from a four-year college. Data from Monitoring the Future Study (2010-15) and analyzed by Women’s Sports Foundation in Teen Sport in America: Why Participation Matters.
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7350
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dbpedia
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https://thegillnetter.com/9386/opinion/why-soccer-is-better-than-football/
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en
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Why soccer is better than football
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In the United States, American football is widely considered the most popular sport to watch. Every Sunday from September to January, NFL games dominate multiple channels, often for more than 3 hours at a time. At this point, the Super Bowl is almost unavoidable. On the first Sunday of February, virtually everyone in the U.S....
|
en
|
/wp-content/themes/snoflex/images/favicon.png
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The Gillnetter
|
https://thegillnetter.com/9386/opinion/why-soccer-is-better-than-football/
|
In the United States, American football is widely considered the most popular sport to watch. Every Sunday from September to January, NFL games dominate multiple channels, often for more than 3 hours at a time.
At this point, the Super Bowl is almost unavoidable. On the first Sunday of February, virtually everyone in the U.S. has some level of exposure to the big game.
But the Super Bowl is not the biggest TV sporting event in the world. The most viewed Super Bowl ever was in 2015, between the Patriots and the Seahawks. This game drew an audience of 114.4 million American viewers and between 30 and 50 million international viewers. Some of these viewers tuned in to watch the game, some to watch the ads, and even some just for the halftime show.
The 2014 World Cup Final, on the other hand, drew over 1 billion viewers. Among these, 695 million watched 20 or more consecutive minutes of play. This means over six times as many people tuned in to watch the World Cup Final, and the large majority of these people were watching to actually see soccer.
I am not writing this to trash on football or the Super Bowl, as I know that wouldn’t go over very well in this country. Instead, I am writing to explain why I, and more than a billion others, enjoy watching soccer.
Less advertisements:
Soccer broadcasts contain WAY less advertising than football broadcasts. During a football game, commercials are always in rotation, you never know exactly when they might happen, but rest assured, you’re going to see a lot of ads. If an injury happens, you will be the target of multiple ads.
In a soccer broadcast, there are only ads during halftime. 45 minutes of soccer, about 15 minutes of ads and game analysis, 45 more minutes of soccer. This makes it very easy to watch only soccer if that’s what you want. Furthermore, if any injury occurs, the broadcast continues, and the announcers take the time to explain the events of the game. Additionally, soccer games start on time, so you know exactly when to tune in.
The fluidity of the game:
Football is a very choppy sport. It runs off starting and stopping. Over and over and over again. On average, football broadcasts last 3 hours and 12 minutes. Of this time, the ball is only in play for about 11 minutes. During a soccer game, the play, and the clock just keep rolling. The ball goes out of bounds every couple of minutes, but then it is put right back in play.
Each score is worth more:
Football games are far more highscoring than soccer games. The average amount of combined points scored in an NFL game is 43. By comparison, the average amount of combined goals scored in a soccer match is 2.6. The most common scoreline for a soccer game is 1-0. This makes each goal more valuable, and therefore, more exciting. You know the classic commentary of “GOALLLLLL”? You just don’t get that kind of excitement in football.
More of an international game:
When you watch football, almost all of the players, all of the coaches, and all of the refs are American. Soccer matches yield far more diversity. My favorite soccer club, Liverpool Football Club, has players from 5 different countries just in its starting lineup. On the flip side, England’s national team has a starting side with players from 8 different clubs. Soccer coaches and refs also come from all over the world. Having more diversity makes the games more worthwhile; it makes each game and each relationship more intricate, and therefore, more interesting.
Less serious injuries:
No one likes injuries. Unfortunately, they are a reality of any sport. While soccer players do get injured, sometimes seriously, this does not happen nearly as much in soccer as it does in football. This tends to lead to longer, healthier careers for the athletes, which is comforting to see from a fan’s perspective.
More competitions:
In the NFL, there is one competition and one goal; to win the Super Bowl! In soccer, there are multiple different competitions, leagues, and cups being played throughout the year. There are basically two levels of soccer. The first is the club level. Clubs are situated in a specific city and they play their league games against clubs in the same country. They also may take part in continental or even global competitions. Then there’s international soccer; countries playing against each other. When clubs are on break, international teams are playing. This wide variety of competitions essentially ensures that there is always some soccer going on.
More inclusive:
Simply put, soccer is a more inclusive sport than football. Women all around the world play soccer. The United States women’s national team won the World Cup in July 2019. Do you know any women’s football teams?
Simple rules:
Soccer is very easy to understand. There are basically two rules, don’t use your hands, and the offside rule, which can be confusing at first but is nothing compared to the extensive, detailed rules of football. It often seems like NFL refs don’t even know their own rules. On the other hand, any normal person can sit down to watch a soccer match and follow the action with little question about what is occurring.
So if you are bored on Sundays now that football is over, consider watching a soccer game. Turn on the TV, sit down, and be part of something bigger.
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