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7350
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dbpedia
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1
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https://pro.statsports.com/high-intensity-activities-applications-in-american-football/
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en
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High Intensity Activities – Applications in American Football
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[
"High Intensity Activities",
"American Football"
] | null |
[
"STATSports"
] |
2020-01-30T16:44:39+00:00
|
The term HIA explained in detail by our Sport Science team.
|
en
|
STATSports
|
https://pro.statsports.com/high-intensity-activities-applications-in-american-football/
|
Introduction
GPS wearables have become one of the more commonly used tools for accurately measuring external load.
Monitoring these loads provide a variety of objective measures that, along with subjective findings, can be used to monitor stress load, improve performance, and aid practitioners in their training load-management strategies.[i]
American Football is a field-based team sport similar in playing style to that of Australian Football and Rugby.
One major difference is each play in American Football is comprised of short-duration plays averaging around 4-7 seconds, filled with high-intensity movements and high-impact collisions followed by a stoppage in play, allowing for brief rest in-between plays.[ii]
High intensity movements are often primarily based on high-speed running and sprinting due to the high forces and energy cost required to do so.
While it is true that high-speed running places a high amount of stress on the body, even at low speeds accelerations and decelerations can be physiologically exhausting.
There are more NFL games missed due to hamstring and ACL injuries than any other injuries. With the short duration nature of each play in Football many of these accelerations and decelerations come within multiple changes of direction.
Accelerations require large amounts of energy, while decelerations place the body under high eccentric forces. As the frequency of accelerations and decelerations increase, the physiological demand on the body increases as well.[iii]
The Apex software gives practitioners the ability to quantify these movements, their intensities, and the subsequent physiological load incurred.
HIGH INTENSITIY ACTIVITIES (HIA’s)
HIA’s are defined as sprints, accelerations, and decelerations related to a practitioner’s preferences for acceleration and deceleration active zones, and sprint thresholds.
The Apex Desktop Software makes it possible to view all HIA’s at once. HIA’s are available by first selecting a session and then a player.
After both have been selected choose the tab labelled INDIVIDUAL>HIGH INTENSITY>HIGH INTENSITY ACTIVITIES.
The heading will include the selected player’s name, session date, and type of session (e.g. general, matchday, etc.) The sub-heading HIGH INTENSITY ACTIVITIES quantifies the overall total number of HIA, as well as breaking each category of HIA down into total number by type (see figure 1).
Figure 1
Also included in this section is the TOTAL DECELERATION LOADING which is the combined Dynamic Stress Load (DSL) of all decelerations measured in G’s or G-force.
ACTIVITY TYPE, TIME, DURATION, & DISTANCE
HIA TYPE categorizes each HIA from that session into either an acceleration, deceleration, or sprint. START TIME is the time that the corresponding HIA began with END TIME being when the movement ended.
DURATION gives the length of the activity in seconds and DISTANCE which gives the distance covered during the activity (Default unit of measurement for DISTANCE is meters, configurable in EDIT>PREFERENCES>GENERAL>DISTANCES)
MAGNITUDE, MAX M/POWER, AVG. M/POWER & DSL
Magnitude is the peak speed reached during the duration of a sprint (m/s) or acceleration/deceleration (m/s²). Max M/Power is the maximum power output in W/kg during the duration of that HIA, in contrast Avg. M/Power is the average power output in W/kg during the duration of that HIA. DSL is the weighted total of impacts over 2G’s (See figure 2).
Figure 2
EXCEL EXPORT/COPY HIA DATA
The data from the table can be copied into an excel document simply by selecting the blue COPY icon to the left of the HIGH INTENSITY ACTIVITIES table (See figure 3).
Figure 3.
Once copied, pasting this info into an excel document allows for sorting, comparing, and contrasting HIAs at the user’s discretion.
Practical Considerations
One distinct difference between American Football and other field team sports with similar physical demands is that in the span of one play a player can cover a substantial amount of distance filled with high-intensity activities while primarily moving laterally or backwards.
The NFL combine uses drills based on position specific movements to evaluate players. For example, every defensive back drill at the combine begins with a back pedal of at least 5 yards and then rapid transition into change of direction based on the ability to react to the ball in the air.
Since it is not unlikely for a defensive player to cover more distance back pedaling and/or moving laterally than forward running it brings into consideration directional high-intensity activities (45-degree accelerations, back pedal decelerations, etc.).
25 yards sprinting forwards will have a different physiological demand on the body than a 25-yard back pedal. Although there is little research on direction specific movements using GPS it is a topic frequently mentioned amongst American Football Strength and Conditioning Coaches.
ABOUT AUTHOR
Steven Philpott Jr, CSCS
Sports Science
Sports Scientist
[email protected]
References
[1] Esmaeili, A., Hopkins, W. G., Stewart, A. M., Elias, G. P., Lazarus, B. H., & Aughey, R. J. (2018). The Individual and Combined Effects of Multiple Factors on the Risk of Soft Tissue Non-contact Injuries in Elite Team Sport Athletes. Frontiers in Physiology,9. doi:10.3389/fphys.2018.01280
[1] Rhea, M. R., Hunter, R. L., & Hunter, T. J. (2006). Competition Modeling Of American Football. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 20(1), 58-61. doi:10.1519/00124278-200602000-00010
[1] Hatamoto, Y., Yamada, Y., Sagayama, H., Higaki, Y., Kiyonaga, A., & Tanaka, H. (2014). The Relationship between Running Velocity and the Energy Cost of Turning during Running. PLoS ONE, 9(1). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0081850
|
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7350
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1
| 49
|
https://www.avonoldfarms.com/blog/the-aof-blog/~board/blog/post/footballlife-lessons-in-brotherhood-integrity-and-sportsmanship
|
en
|
Football: Life Lessons in Brotherhood, Integrity, and Sportsmanship
|
[
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[] |
[
"The AOF Blog",
"Avon Old Farms"
] | null |
[
"Mathew Proffitt: Math Teacher, Asst. Varsity Football Coach"
] |
2019-08-13T00:00:00
|
Avon Old Farms is an all boys private boarding school in Connecticut. Read our blog today!
|
en
|
/uploaded/favicon.ico
|
https://www.avonoldfarms.com/blog/the-aof-blog/~board/blog/post/footballlife-lessons-in-brotherhood-integrity-and-sportsmanship
|
We may be entering the “dog-days” of summer, but here on campus at Avon Old Farms, the private school for boys, we are anxiously awaiting the return of the “boys of fall”. Autumn in the Farmington Valley is certainly a sight to behold, but there are few things more synonymous with the season than high school football. At Avon Old Farms, we’re committed to nurturing and educating the whole boy and find that learning opportunities present themselves both inside and out of the classroom. Four key tenets guide our curriculum: Brotherhood, Scholarship, Integrity, and Sportsmanship. Athletics, and more specifically playing a team sport, is such a valued component of our educational ethos.
As someone who owes so much to the great game of football, I cannot find a better arena to learn about and exhibit our core values than being a part of the football team at the New England boarding school Avon Old Farms. Each day I continue to draw on lessons learned and benefit from relationships made while playing football. My experience on the gridiron has contributed so much to my development as a man, educator, and coach. I believe coaching football is the best opportunity I have to pay it forward and influence others. I have relationships with brothers that I played with/against and acquired several lifelong leadership skills and abilities that I attribute to the game. For me, a season’s success is not measured in wins and losses but measured by how many of our players leave our program with those same experiences that I experienced growing up.
Football is so much more than a game. Football provides an outlet and an opportunity for student-athletes to push themselves outside of their comfort zone and learn much about their strengths, weaknesses, will, and abilities. Avon Old Farms positions itself well in athletics by competing at the highest level while using the time spent working together as an opportunity to teach our student-athletes about brotherhood, integrity, and sportsmanship.
Brotherhood
Athletes that take part in the football program at Avon Old Farms will become part of an organization that is bigger than themselves. Each player must commit fully, to serve the program and the school to the best of their ability. A successful team will always have the motto, “what’s best for my brother, is best for me.” While working towards a common goal, each player will be held accountable for their preparation, performance, and work ethic. Peak performance requires everyone from the coaching staff to the parents, supporters, and most of all, the players to do their part—no matter how big or small.
undefined
There is no “I” in the word, TEAM: joining and becoming a part of the football team will help a student throughout the rest of the school year to be successful. Students—especially new students—will make an immediate connection to other young men who are facing and tackling some of the same challenges at the same time. They will also have an immediate connection and commitment to AOF as they adorn their Crimson and Navy each Wednesday or Saturday. The relationships formed in the locker room and on/off the practice field will often be long-lasting and impact their lives for years to come; furthermore, players will be linked to a powerful network of past Avonians.
Integrity
Avonians continue to impact their communities, workplaces, and families. They are governed by a strong moral compass calibrated while on campus at AOF. Lifeskills such as discipline, persistence, strength, competitiveness, selflessness, and teamwork, are taught in conjunction with offensive philosophies and defensive schematics. Leaders will emerge in the form of captains and in other capacities. Their leadership ability will be tested often. The ability to follow and take direction will become imperative as well. Football, unlike anything else, is able to bring people of all different backgrounds and skillsets together in search of a common goal. Our founder, Theodate Pope Riddle, so eloquently stated that “the ways in which we differ are more important than the ways in which we are like.” A healthy locker room should have the highest level of tolerance, respect, and inclusivity where all differences are valued. Teamwork is key to the success of any organization, and each member of the team must know that the person standing next to them is willing to sacrifice, work, and persist in order to reach the goal.
Sportsmanship
While football has a reputation for being rough, tough, and rugged, sportsmanship plays a crucial role in team development. There is simply no room for a lapse of judgment when it comes to how players conduct themselves on the field, off the field, on the sidelines, or in the stands. Athletes are clearly instructed by the coaches, athletic directors, and the rest of the administration that anytime they wear our school colors, they are representing our school, community, and all of the students that have come before them. With that said, football provides daily opportunities for athletes to exhibit true sportsmanship. From always playing by the rules to simply picking up an opponent from the ground. The Avon Old Farms football team has a long, valuable history of being both fiercely competitive, and great sportsmen. The NEPSAC, our league’s governing body, holds its teams to high standards with regards to exhibiting good sportsmanship, and all of the heads of schools meet perennially to discuss both its importance and how we can continually improve. Success can only be celebrated if it is achieved within the framework of the rules and the game’s intention. Therefore, our student-athletes will be held to the highest standards at all times.
undefined
In this video, the Avon Army rushes the field after the Winged Beavers clinch the Erickson League title!
Key Takeaways
At Avon Old Farms, football continues to be a mainstay and a tradition. Our participation rates continue to grow, and all of our decisions are made with the boys’ safety in mind. Despite facing many successes and disappointments, I can promise you the following:
A Winged Beaver will be pushed, oftentimes further than what he thought was possible. But, he will be provided a soft place to land with much support and encouragement.
A Winged Beaver will face long days and will be asked to overcome adversity. But, he will have the support of his brothers and coaches behind him each day.
A Winged Beaver will gain confidence each day as he meets these challenges, gets stronger, and finds success.
A Winged Beaver will be part of a team and will be connected to our AOF community in a truly meaningful and lasting way.
A Winged Beaver will learn to persevere and see something all the way through from beginning to end.
I am most confident that any young man will have an incredible experience on the Avon Old Farms football team.
Again, I owe so much to the game of football, and I hope to see several generations of Avonians have an experience like mine. Each new season brings with it a new opportunity to build a strong brotherhood and add to the rich tradition of Avon Old Farms football. We will ask much of our players in hopes that they find the value in their hard work and dedication; therefore, I close with this powerful video and ask our players to consider how far they are willing to push themselves.
About the Author
MATTHEW PROFFITT
Math Teacher, Asst. Varsity Football Coach
|
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7350
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dbpedia
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3
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https://www.classace.io/answers/write-an-essay-about-american-football
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en
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Answers to: Write an essay about American football
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American football is a popular sport in the United States that has captured the attention and passio...
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en
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/favicon.ico
|
Class Ace
| null |
American football is a popular sport in the United States that has captured the attention and passion of millions of fans. With its combination of physicality, strategy, and teamwork, it has become a beloved pastime that unites people from all walks of life. One of the most distinctive aspects of American football is its physicality. Unlike other sports, such as soccer or basketball, American football is a contact sport where players use their bodies to tackle opponents, block defenders, and protect the ball. This physical aspect adds an element of excitement and suspense to the game, creating high-impact clashes and thrilling plays that keep viewers on the edge of their seats. The strategy involved in American football is another key element that sets it apart. Coaches meticulously design plays, formations, and sequences of movements to outsmart their opponents and gain an advantage on the field. From the quarterback's decision-making to the intricate route running of receivers, football is a game that requires intelligence, foresight, and quick thinking. The complexity of the game makes it a true chess match between two teams, where each move and countermove has the potential to change the outcome of the game. Furthermore, American football is a team sport that emphasizes the importance of collaboration and teamwork. In order to succeed, teams need to work together, communicate effectively, and trust their teammates. Each player has a specific role and responsibility, and it is only through their collective effort that they can achieve success. This emphasis on teamwork teaches valuable life skills, such as leadership, discipline, and cooperation, that extend beyond the football field and into other aspects of life. American football has also become deeply ingrained in American culture. From the highly anticipated Super Bowl to the fervent support of local teams, football has become a significant part of the American identity. It brings people together, fostering a sense of community and camaraderie as fans gather to cheer for their favorite teams, share in victories and defeats, and create lasting memories. However, it is important to acknowledge that American football has not been without controversy. In recent years, there has been growing concern over the long-term effects of concussions and other injuries sustained by players. Efforts have been made to improve player safety and reduce the risks associated with the sport. Additionally, debates have emerged surrounding the sport's cultural and social impact, particularly in relation to issues of race, gender, and representation. In conclusion, American football is a sport that embodies the values of physicality, strategy, and teamwork. It has a unique ability to captivate and unite people, becoming a symbol of American culture and identity. While it may face ongoing challenges, the love and passion for the game are sure to endure, as fans continue to cheer on their teams and celebrate the excitement that American football brings.
American football is a beloved and revered sport in the United States, captivating the hearts of millions of fans and athletes alike. It is a high-energy and physically demanding game that requires both mental and physical strength, making it an exhilarating and engaging sport to watch and play. American football was born out of a combination of soccer and rugby, and has evolved into a unique and exciting sport that has become an integral part of American culture. The game is typically played between two teams, each consisting of eleven players, on a rectangular field with goalposts at either end. The objective of the game is to score points by carrying the ball into the opponent's end zone or kicking it through the goalposts. The game is divided into four quarters, each lasting 15 minutes, with a halftime break in between. One of the most compelling aspects of American football is the physicality and intensity of the game. Players must possess exceptional speed, strength, agility, and endurance to excel in this sport. The game is characterized by hard hits, powerful tackles, and strategic plays, making it a thrilling and intense experience for both players and spectators. The physicality of American football not only demands a high level of athleticism, but also requires players to possess a strong mental fortitude and resilience in the face of adversity. In addition to the physical demands, American football is a game of strategy and skill. Coaches and players must analyze their opponents' strengths and weaknesses to develop effective game plans and play-calling. The game requires collaboration and communication among teammates, as well as quick thinking and decision-making under pressure. The complexity and depth of the game make it an intellectually stimulating and challenging sport that rewards both physical prowess and tactical acumen. American football has also become a symbol of community and camaraderie. It fosters a sense of unity and pride among fans, who come together to support their favorite teams and players. The game has become a cherished tradition in many American households, with families and friends gathering to watch and celebrate the sport. The sense of community that surrounds American football extends beyond the field, as it brings people from diverse backgrounds together in a shared passion for the game. In conclusion, American football is a thrilling and captivating sport that embodies the essence of athleticism, strategy, and camaraderie. It has become an integral part of American culture, captivating the hearts and minds of millions of fans across the country. The physicality, intensity, and complexity of the game make it a truly unique and exhilarating sport that will continue to inspire and unite people for generations to come.
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7350
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dbpedia
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https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8864029/
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Factors Influencing Team Performance: What Can Support Teams in High-Performance Sport Learn from Other Industries? A Systematic Scoping Review
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2022-12-19T00:00:00
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The primary aim of our systematic scoping review was to explore the factors influencing team function and performance across various industries and discuss findings in the context of the high-performance sport support team setting. These outcomes may ...
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PubMed Central (PMC)
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https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8864029/
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Sports Med Open. 2022 Dec; 8: 25.
PMCID: PMC8864029
PMID: 35192078
Factors Influencing Team Performance: What Can Support Teams in High-Performance Sport Learn from Other Industries? A Systematic Scoping Review
,1,2 ,1,3 ,4,5 ,1 and 1,6,7
Benjamin Salcinovic
1Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
2Rehabilitation Department, Aspetar Orthopedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
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Michael Drew
1Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
3Athlete Availability, Applied Technology and Innovation, Australian Institute of Sport, Bruce, Australia
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Paul Dijkstra
4Department of Medical Education, Aspetar Orthopedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
5Department for Continuing Education, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Gordon Waddington
1Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
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Benjamin G. Serpell
1Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
6School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW Australia
7Geelong Cats Football Club, Geelong, VIC Australia
Find articles by Benjamin G. Serpell
1Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
2Rehabilitation Department, Aspetar Orthopedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
3Athlete Availability, Applied Technology and Innovation, Australian Institute of Sport, Bruce, Australia
4Department of Medical Education, Aspetar Orthopedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
5Department for Continuing Education, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
6School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW Australia
7Geelong Cats Football Club, Geelong, VIC Australia
Benjamin Salcinovic, Email: moc.ratepsa@civoniclas.nimajneb.
Corresponding author.
Copyright © The Author(s) 2022
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Associated Data
Supplementary Materials
GUID: 9BEE690A-809C-4A0A-A130-60046099F9BF
Data Availability Statement
All relevant data are included within this article.
Abstract
Background
The primary aim of our systematic scoping review was to explore the factors influencing team function and performance across various industries and discuss findings in the context of the high-performance sport support team setting. These outcomes may also be used to inform future research into high-performance teamwork in sport.
Methods
A systematic scoping review of literature published in English since 2000 reporting team-based performance outcomes and included a performance metric that was ‘team outcome based’ was conducted using search of the Academic Search Ultimate, Medline, Business Source Ultimate, APA PsycInfo, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, and Military database (ProQuest) using the terms: ‘team’, ‘function’ OR ‘dysfunction’, ‘Perform*’ OR ‘outcome’.
Results
Application of the search strategy identified a total of 11,735 articles for title and abstract review. Seventy-three articles were selected for full-text assessment with the aim to extract data for either quantitative or qualitative analysis. Forty-six of the 73 articles met our inclusion criteria; 27 articles were excluded as they did not report a performance metric. Eleven studies explored leadership roles and styles on team performance, three studies associated performance feedback to team performance, and 12 studies explored the relationship between supportive behaviour and performance. Team orientation and adaptability as key figures of team performance outcomes were explored in 20 studies.
Conclusions
Our findings identified 4 key variables that were associated with team function and performance across a variety of industries; (i) leadership styles, (ii) supportive team behaviour, (iii) communication, and (iv) performance feedback. High-performance teams wishing to improve performance should examine these factors within their team and its environment. It is widely acknowledged that the dynamics of team function is important for outcomes in high-performance sport, yet there is little evidence to provide guidance. This inequality between real-world need and the available evidence should be addressed in future research.
Supplementary Information
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40798-021-00406-7.
Keywords: Team effectiveness, Team performance, Leadership, Teamwork, Organisation
Key Points
Across multiple sectors, four key variables were identified as important for teamwork, team function, team performance and team effectiveness; (i) leadership style (ii) supportive team behaviour (iii) communication, and (iv) performance feedback.
Evidence obtained in this literature review was unable to illicit causal relationships between the four key variables important for high-performance sport support team function and individual athlete or playing team performance.
Considering factors associated with teamwork, team function team performance and team effectiveness from other sectors provides leverage points for high-performance sport support teams to improve functions.
Introduction
Each team has the potential to rise or fall based on the group of people who share the same passion and goals and are working together to achieve success [1]. This narrative is very common in elite sport, an environment that presents considerable health and performance challenges to the athlete and those charged with the responsibility of supporting them [2]. Considering that the success of athlete support teams is often measured by athletic performance outcomes [3], evidence supports the notion that contemporary athlete achievement can be strongly influenced by the function of the athlete support team [4, 5]. However, given the enormity of the performance and health challenges, elite sport teams may need further inputs beyond traditional structures of coaching staff and limited number of medical personnel to influence health and athletic performance outcomes [6]. Research exploring the dynamics of team function and team performance in an elite sporting environment is one under-appreciated area that can assist meeting this increasing challenge. The nature of team function is a complex phenomenon that is far from resolved [1].
A ‘team’ can be defined as a group of individuals with specified roles and responsibilities interacting adaptively, interdependently, and dynamically towards a valued common outcome and who are together embedded in an encompassing organisational system, with boundaries and linkages to the broader system context and task environment [7]. Individuals within elite sport support teams include team/athlete coaches and the sports medicine and science team members who are constantly looking for ways to improve the performance and health of the athletes with whom they work [8]. Although varying in definition across sporting contexts, this team of individuals supporting the athlete form the high-performance team (HPT; see Fig. ) [2, 9–11]. Teamwork refers to the behavioural processes that team members (e.g. members of a HPT) use to achieve work within the team (e.g. communication, collaboration, sharing of expertise), and team function refers to a group of people working towards a common objective. That is, the function of a team relates to the ability to coordinate and cooperatively interact with each other to facilitate task objectives through a shared understanding of the team’s resources (e.g., members’ knowledge, skills, and experiences), the team’s goals and objectives, and the constraints within the work environment [12–14]. Thus, teamwork is a component of team function [15, 16]. Team performance accounts for the cumulative outputs of the team’s actions, sometimes irrespective of how the team may have accomplished the task [7]. The effectiveness of a team, however, takes a holistic perspective in considering not only how the team performed, but also how the team interacted attempting to achieve a desired output (see Additional file 1) [15]. Thus, the performance of support teams in high-performance sport may not be simply reduced to the outcomes of the athletes or teams of athletes they support.
Teams that encourage and facilitate each other’s efforts in order to reach a common goal are influenced by issues of leadership [17], supportive team behaviour [18], organisational environment [19] and adaptability [20]. Teams educated about the mechanisms of teamwork (performance monitoring, adaptation, and facilitative leadership) have better performance outcomes [21], particularly when team members were able to anticipate each other’s behaviours and had better communication mechanisms. The addition of coordinating mechanisms such as supportive team behaviour, team communication and orientation are necessary facilitators of teamwork for a team to be successful [7, 22]. Furthermore, the high-performance sporting environment presents challenges for individuals to function effectively as a team [23]. Despite increased interest in the teamwork construct [24, 25], there are multiple and divergent conceptualisations of teamwork. There is a limited perspective in the present literature regarding the teamwork–team performance relationship [26]. To the authors’ knowledge, little work has described what the inputs and processes of teamwork are, nor described methodologies to measure the various influences and determine their role in assessing teamwork relative to performance in high-performance sport.
Challenges within HPTs in the elite sport setting arise because of factors such as organisational climate, professional conflict, power and influence challenges coupled with employment insecurities [19]. Additionally, high risk to reward scenarios, the demand to have a competitive advantage, and the emphasis on winning, have fractured the modern sports culture resulting in disparity and separation of athlete support staff and coaching staff within the same team [2, 27, 28]. Effective team function underpins the achievement of desired outcomes of collaborative work [12]. Consequently, suboptimal teamwork has at times catastrophic results for outcomes of such work [29]. While high-performance teams in elite sport have benefited from considerable scientific advances in physical preparation, participation and recovery practices, elite sport in this instance has not benefited from the science of teamwork effectiveness [30]. The primary aim of our systematic scoping review was to explore the factors influencing team function and performance across various industries and discuss findings in the context of the high-performance sport support team setting. These outcomes may also be used to inform future research into high-performance teamwork in sport.
Methods
We adopted the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis extension (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines [31] to identify a primary set of articles for data extraction and review. The 5-step process as described by Arksey and O’Malley [32] with enhancements as described by Levac et al. [33] was utilised: Identify the research question, identify relevant studies, study selection, chart the data, and collate, summarise, and report the results. In the final step, the review process was supplemented by application of thematic analysis methods [34] to categorise each article within the themes that emerged from relevant literature on team effectiveness models [7, 35–37]. The PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR) checklist was used to ensure complete and transparent reporting [31].
Identification of Relevant Studies
The article inclusion criteria were; full text, empirical studies published in English, between 2000 and November 2021, and reported objective team-based performance outcomes and included a performance metric that was ‘team outcome based’, e.g., team effectiveness, cohesiveness, efficiency, reflexivity and potency. We chose to explore only articles with an objective performance based outcome to limit theoretical/speculative content. Articles were excluded under the following criteria: the study had no defined metric of performance outcomes, was a literature review or was an opinion piece.
A search of the Academic Search Ultimate, Medline, Business Source Ultimate, APA PsycInfo, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, and Military database (ProQuest) was conducted in October 2021 using the terms: ‘team’, ‘function’ OR ‘dysfunction’, ‘Perform*’ OR ‘outcome’. All records retrieved by the search query were imported into Endnote X9 (Thompson Reuters, Carlsbad, CA, USA) and duplicates removed.
Final Study Selection
Two authors (BS, BGS) independently reviewed titles and abstracts for potential eligibility. For the potentially eligible records, the full-text articles were thereafter retrieved and assessed according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The reference lists of the resulting articles were searched by the lead author (BS) for inclusion of additional articles. Any discrepancies were discussed by the reviewers (BS, BGS). No conflicts were identified. The review of full-text articles revealed that those articles that reported a performance metric provided sufficient content data for a continued analysis.
Collating the Results
Analysis of the methodological and conceptual features of extracted data was thereafter performed by the lead author (BS) to summarise and collate the content of the articles and was subsequently confirmed by a co-author (BGS). Analysis of eligible papers involved describing the type of study which was performed, the occupational domain the study was conducted, where it was conducted, participant characteristics, study aims, performance metric and the category of teamwork. With regards to the conceptual analysis, we focused on examining common and emerging themes among definitions of team performance and their operationalisation (e.g., leadership, team orientation) as well as primary research findings as they pertained to team performance. A critical appraisal was not conducted on our findings as the aim of this review is to identify and map the available evidence [32].
The operationalisation categories followed the key themes of teamwork that emerged from the literature on team effectiveness models [7, 12]. Team leadership roles and styles; the ability to direct and coordinate the activities of other team members, assess team performance, assign tasks, develop team knowledge, skills, and abilities, performance goals and feedback; the ability to develop common understandings of the team environment and apply appropriate task strategies to accurately monitor teammate performance, team orientation and adaptability; the ability to adjust strategies based on information gathered from the environment through the use of supportive team behaviour and reallocation of intrateam resources, supportive team behaviour; the ability to anticipate other team members’ needs through accurate knowledge about their responsibilities (Fig. ).
Results
Literature Search
The initial literature search identified a total of 11,734 articles for title and abstract review, and one article was retrieved from another source. Seventy-three articles were selected for full-text assessment with the aim to extract data for either quantitative or qualitative analysis. Forty-six of the 73 articles met our inclusion criteria; 27 articles were excluded as they did not report a performance metric. The article selection process is seen in Fig. .
Study Characteristics
The 46 papers identified from the search process were published across a twenty-year period (2000–October 2021) (Figs. , ). Team performance outcomes were examined within business (n = 12), sport (n = 8), military (n = 6), health and social care (n = 3), engineering (n = 2), education (n = 1) or across multiple sectors (n = 14) (Fig. ). In terms of geographical location, the studies were conducted across: North America 61% (USA, n = 26; Canada, n = 2), Europe 28% (UK, n = 4; Netherlands, n = 3; Spain, n = 2; Germany, n = 1; Italy, n = 1; Portugal, n = 1; Europe, unknown = 1), Asia Pacific 9% (South Korea, n = 1; Pakistan, n = 1; India, n = 1; Australia, n = 1), Africa 2% (Tunisia, n = 1). There was a positive trend of the number of articles produced over the 2-decade period, 2000–2004 (n = 7), 2005–2009 (n = 10), 2010–2014 (n = 12) and 2015–2019 (n = 13) (Fig. ).
Studies utilised mixed methods approaches (n = 17) (i.e., questionnaires combined with archival data from financial reports and published articles), cross-sectional surveys (n = 12), experimental interventions designed to evaluate team performance among participants (n = 8), and interview-based approaches (n = 1). Other designs included archival analysis (n = 5) and laboratory-based experiments (n = 3).
Outcomes
Team Leadership Roles and Styles
Eleven studies explored leadership influences on team performance (Table ) [38–48]. The role of the team leader is described as pivotal for effective team function, as leaders have responsibility for team members and the direction of all team activity and processes [45, 49]. Leaders who displayed higher cognitive ability, conscientiousness and charisma were better able to mediate their teams to enhance team performance outcomes [40, 41, 43, 44, 46]. Charismatic and transformational leaders positively change the values and priorities of team members and motivate them to perform beyond their expectations [39, 41]. Leaders within a centralised structure where the decision-making authority is concentrated at the top, and all other lower levels follow the directions coming from the top of the organisation structure, have negative effects on conflict and performance. This leadership model also affects relationships between team members [38, 42, 46]. Our literature search revealed that teams will perform better when team leaders are highly involved in the team’s communication and workflow networks [42, 45]. Specifically, in diverse work groups, the nature of interpersonal interactions was found to be an important determinant of group member performance and group effectiveness. For example, referring to gender diversity, one of the studies retrieved argued that a diverse group with low leader-member relationships (i.e. where relationships between team leaders and team members were poor) will not perform highly regardless of how well the leader differentiates role assignments because of insufficient attention to relationships [46]. Leaders act as influential role models, wherein their self-regulatory behaviours directly shape task-related team processes, which was shown to positively influence team performance [44].
Table 1
Author/YearAimStudy populationFindingsBusinessD'Innocenzo et al. (2021) [47]To test (i) whether shared leadership and performance were related over time, (ii) the relative magnitude of those relationships, (iii) whether a shared leadership intervention changes those relationships205 Members of 53 student teams in businessShared leadership to performance relationship was positively related and grew stronger with interventionDoghri et al. (2021) [48]Analyse the influence of empowerment leadership and its mechanism of effect250 Start up businessesShared leadership and knowledge sharing had a positive relationship on performancesCicero and Pierro (2007) [39]Analyse leadership and work outcomes as they are associated to social identification processes200 Italian public and private sector employeesPositive association between charismatic leadership and employees’ work-group identification; work-group identification is also associated with their job involvement, job satisfaction, performance, and turnover intentionPayne et al. (2009) [45]Identify five attributes of high-performing teams—knowledge, information, power, incentives and opportunity/time—and how they influence corporate financial performance210 Fortune 1000 companiesTeam effectiveness attributes are associated with higher levels of board effectiveness as rated by the board directors, and that board effectiveness is significantly related to corporate financial performanceMilitaryStewart and Johnson (2009) [46]Test a moderator of the association between diversity and work group performance: leader–member exchange (LMX)224 High-ranking officersLeader-member exchange interacted with work group gender diversity, such that in more gender diverse groups leader–member exchange differentiation was positively associated with work group performance when aggregate leader–member exchange was high (above the median)Health and social careKane and Borgatti (2011) [42]Examine if groups will perform better if their more proficient members are highly central in the group’s communication and workflows network468 Employees (32 teams)Centrality–Information System proficiency alignment is significantly and positively related to performance across multiple systems examined individually and with the portfolio of systems examinedKickul and Neuman (2000) [43]Investigate the individual differences in emergent leadership behaviours and their relationships to teamwork processes and outcomes320 Psychology studentsOpenness to experience and cognitive ability were predictive of emergent leadership behaviours. Conscientiousness and cognitive ability were associated with team performanceMultiple sectorsBunderson, van der Vegt et al. (2016) [38]Explore whether hierarchy can promote group performance and member satisfaction75 TeamsAcyclicity in influence relations reduces conflict and thereby enhances both group performance and member satisfaction, centralisation and steepness have negative effects on conflict, performance, and satisfaction, particularly in groups that perform complex tasksDeChurch and Marks (2006) [40]Leader strategising and coordinating effects on functional leadership, inter team coordination, and multiteam systems performance were examined384 Undergraduate studentsFunctional leadership mediated the effects of both types of training on inter team coordination and inter team coordination fully mediated the effect of multiteam system leadership on multiteam system performanceLyubovnikova et al. (2017) [44]Examine how authentic leadership influences team performance via the mediating mechanism of team reflexivity53 TeamsSelf-regulatory behaviours inherent in the process of authentic leadership served to collectively shape team behaviour, manifesting in the process of team reflexivity, which, in turn, positively predicted team performanceHan et al. (2018) [41]Investigate how an organisation's high-performance work system affects team managers' transformational leadership179 Teams in 44 organisationsMultilevel, moderated mediation effect with the indirect effect of high-performance work system on team performance via transformational leadership varies significantly as a function of adaptation and efficiency orientations
Performance Goals and Feedback
Three studies associated performance monitoring to team performance (Table ) [50–52]. They explored the use of negative feedback and positive reinforcement as modalities for performance feedback and argued this can help to build the team, the culture, and the capacity for quality improvement [50–52]. They showed, learning through performance feedback provides team members with the opportunity to learn how to work collaboratively [52], having the potential to (1) shape team culture or attitudes, (2) establish common team goals, and (3) improved understanding of performance standards [51]. However, in one study, it was noted that the effect of team performance feedback on intentions to improve performance was hindered by a poor understanding of how the team could use the feedback and how the feedback was perceived [51].
Table 2
Author/YearAimStudy populationFindingsBusinessBachrach et al. (2001) [50]Examine the possibility that feedback regarding team performance may influence team members' reports of organisational citizenship behaviours95 Teams of business studentsOrganisational citizenship behaviour (helping behaviour and civic virtue) in work groups may be a function of the nature of the performance feedback that group members receive; negative feedback plays a more critical in this attributional processHealth and social careKotecha et al. (2015) [52]Explore the influence of the learning collaborative program on team functioning in participating primary healthcare teams10 PHC teamsThe learning collaborative program provided opportunities for participants to learn how to work collaboratively, and participation in the learning collaborative program appeared to enhance team functioningMultiple sectorsJohnston et al. (2011) [51]Explore the acceptability and impact of feedback of team performance data to primary care interdisciplinary teams7 Interdisciplinary teamsExisting performance indicators do not equally reflect the role of different disciplines within an interdisciplinary team
Supportive Team Behaviour
Eleven studies [26, 53–62] explored how the relationship between supportive team behaviour, the ability to anticipate other team members’ needs through accurate knowledge about their roles and responsibilities [7], and team performance, complement each other (Table ). Teams with strong group identity, communication and structural cohesion mitigated the adverse consequences of team conflict and collective team failure [53, 56, 60, 61, 63], Relationship conflict within teams has negative consequences on task performance [57, 59]. Task conflict has positive impacts on team performance in teams exhibiting high levels of openness and emotional stability [54, 55, 57]. Members within teams that engage in more cooperative behaviours become more efficient, effective, and viable [55, 56, 60, 61]. Supportive team behaviour has additional positive effects on team performance when in combination with performance monitoring [26].
Table 3
Author/YearAimStudy populationFindingsBusinessBradley et al. (2013) [55]Investigate whether personality compositions influence the effect of task conflict on team performance561 StudentsTask conflict had a positive impact on performance in teams with high levels of openness or emotional stabilityPorter et al. (2010) [26]Examine boundary conditions for the positive effects of two aspects of teamwork (backing up behaviour and performance monitoring) on team performance276 Undergraduate business students (69 teams)Backing up behaviour had positive effects on team performance when combined with performance monitoringEngineeringShaukat et al. (2017) [59]Offer insights regarding the consequences of relationship conflict among employees in terms of their task performance, contextual performance and turnover intentions306 Telecom engineersRelationship conflict is negatively related to task performance, contextual performance and turnover intentionsSportYou (2020) [62]Analyse the difference in cultural functions between high- and low-performance university soccer teams316 Korean University Soccer PlayersHigher performing teams were good at adapting to changes in their environment, and had coherent and aligned goalsVerma et al. (2012) [60]Assess the role of different parameters of team cohesiveness (Group-Task and Group-Social) among the high and low performing teams208 Male elite volleyball playersGroup cohesion parameters were significantly higher among high-performance volleyball players in comparison with low-performance playersWarner et al. (2012) [61]Employs social network analysis as a tool to explore a case study of the structural cohesiveness of two women’s collegiate basketball teams47 Team membersHigh performing teams showed improved structural cohesion in the efficacy network and highlighted the movement of key players in the different networks (friendship, trust, advice, and efficacy) over timeHealth and social careJehn et al. (2015) [57]Examine the effects of asymmetric perceptions of task conflict on the anticipated relationship with the partner, as well as subjective and objective performance84 University students (25 men and 59 women)When individuals realise that they have asymmetric task conflict perceptions, they have lower expectations about having a positive relationship with their partner and perform worseEducationReimer (2001) [58]Explore the effect of performance attributions on group achievement80 Senior High school studentsIn situations in which a conflict arises among group members group, performance is determined by the individual’s problem-solving strategies and also by the extent to which group members consider their partners’ perspectiveMultiple sectorsBachrach et al. (2006) [53]Examine whether task interdependence moderates the relationship between the helping form of organisational citizenship behaviour (OCB) and group performance62 TeamsThe relationship between helping and group performance depends on the level of task interdependence required of group membersJackson (2011) [56]Investigate if group failure on a task was expected to adversely affect cooperative responses to a subsequent social dilemma48 Four-person teamsA strong group identity mitigated the adverse consequences of collective failureBang and Park (2015) [54]Examine the relationship between task conflict and team performance5,579 Employees (153 teams)Task conflict positively predicted actual team performance when job demand was high, whereas it had a negative effect when job demand was low
Team Orientation, Organisational Context and Adaptability
Team orientation, organisational context and adaptability as key features of team performance outcomes were explored in twenty-one studies (Table ) [38, 63–82]. Team orientation describes how members in teams learn, store, use, and coordinate their knowledge to accomplish team and organisational goals [76]. Team communication and cohesion were found to be key to collaborative work within teams to enhance team performance [63, 68, 69, 75, 80]. Functional diversity within teams had varying implications for team processes and performance depending on how this was utilised [83]. Specifically, intrapersonal functional diversity—where each member’s experience is distributed over many functional domains (operations, logistics, leadership), rather than focused on one specific functional area—was positively associated with information sharing and collective group performance [68, 83]. The right processes and team culture in an organisation promote team commitment [37]. Organisational context influences team effectiveness, both directly and by determining the initial conditions that promote effective team functioning [84].
Table 4
Author/YearAimStudy populationFindingsBusinessBakker et al. (2008) [67]Examine how job characteristics and burnout (exhaustion and cynicism) contribute to explaining variance in objective team performance176 EmployeesWork conditions influence performance particularly through the attitudinal component of burnoutBunderson and Sutcliffe (2002) [83]Examined the process and performance effects of dominant function diversity and intrapersonal functional diversity438 IndividualsDifferent forms of functional diversity can have very different implications for team process and performance; intrapersonal functional diversity matters for team effectivenessKong et al. (2015) [73]Examine the view of team agreeableness as a moderator for the relationship between team member satisfaction and team performance230 Senior-level professionalsWhen team agreeableness was low, team member satisfaction was positively related to team performance; no significance was found when team agreeableness was highKurtulus (2011) [74]Explore the consequences of grouping workers into diverse divisions on the performance of employees9248 WorkersRelationships between performance and the various measures of dissimilarity vary by occupational area and division sizeLewis (2004) [76]How transactive memory systems emerge and develop to affect the performance of knowledge-worker teams64 Consulting teams (n = 261)Transactive memory systems were positively related to team viability and team performance, suggesting that developing a transactive memory system is critical to the effectiveness of knowledge-worker teamsEngineeringHirst et al. (2018) [72]Examine domain-specific evidence that when individual self-efficacy is high, team climate has diminishing performance and creative benefits317 EngineersTeam level and individual-level influences that by themselves are positive antecedents of performance and creativity in combination yield diminishing returnHealth and social careMarques-Quinteiro et al. (2020) [82]Team adaptability and cohesion affects absenteeism from work for firefighters27 Firefighter teamsAbsenteeism was less related to team cohesion when compared to workloadSportArnold et al. (2016) [65]Examine if the frequency, intensity, and duration of the organisational stressors that sport performers encounter vary as a function of performance level1277 Sport performersSignificant differences were found between males and females, between team and individual-based performers, and between performers competing at different levelsBuran et al. (2019) [69]Establish if consistent concepts exist among sports medicine professionals working within elite cricket when developing a multidisciplinary performance team6 Sports medicine professionalsCommunication is key to members collaborative work within a multidisciplinary team, along with innovation and strong structural, philosophical, strategical and governance policies to enhance team performanceCarmichael and Thomas (2000) [70]To estimate a production function for English Premiership football20 Teams in premiership footballPlayer skills of accurate and effective shooting and passing, together with good defensive skills have a positive effect on team outcomesLeo et al. (2013) [75]Define different profiles of cohesion and perceived efficacy in soccer players and measure their differences in performance235 Soccer players in the U18 + Soccer players with higher cohesion and collective efficacy levels belonged to teams that completed the season at the top-level classificationSánchez et al. (2007) [78]Assess empirically the relative importance of the key factors determining a basketball team performance18 Teams over 34 league days (2 seasons)There is a substantial difference between the impact of each play characteristic on a team’s winning probability and that probability varies as the quality/ quantity of the input’s changes, albeit not proportionallyMilitaryAaberg et al. (2009) [64]Investigate utilisation of a human performance model to explore and analyse a training organisationMilitary organisationThe systemic and systematic practices of the human performance model are applicable to military organisationsArthur Jr et al. (2012) [66]Develop an effective method to identify team-based tasks and jobs and how they relate to team performance140 F-16 PilotsTeams that accurately perceived the level of interdependency performed betterWright and Kaber (2005) [81]Investigate effects of automation as applied to different stages of information processing on team performance in complex decision-making tasks40 TeamsAn increase in automation of information analysis resulted in higher team coordination ratingsMultiple sectorsBrodbeck and Greitemeyer (2000) [68]To compare individual training conditions with mixed group and individual training conditions on subsequent nominal and collective group performance132 StudentsCollective group performance improves as a function of group experience; nominal group performance improves as a function of improved individual resources for performing the task individuallyButchibabu et al. (2016) [63]Evaluate the frequency and methods of communications used as a function of task structure13 TeamsTeams in which members proactively communicated information about their next goal to teammates exhibited improved team performanceFirth et al. (2015) [71]Study the effects of frame-of-reference training on multiteam system coordination and performance249 Multiteam systemsFrame-of-reference training had a positive effect on team performanceSong (2008) [79]To assess the impacts of knowledge creation process on organisational performance improvement481 From Korean organisationsKnowledge creation practices could account for 40% of organisational performanceSousa Pinto and Lourenço (2014) [80]Analyse the relationship between the internal functioning of teams and their team task performance, as well as the moderating role of task interdependence in that relationship72 Work teams (408 members)The dimensions of the internal functioning of work teams are positively related to team performanceMell et al. (2014) [77]Compare teams in which metaknowledge is concentrated within one central member with teams in which metaknowledge is distributed evenly among the members122 IndividualsTransactive memory systems allow teams to capitalise on the diversity of the knowledge held by their members by supporting coordination and integration of knowledge
A relationship exists between team performance and measures of demographic similarity; described as the team’s agreeableness, self-efficacy and creativity [73, 75, 83], and demographic diversity of age and sex [65, 74], In individuals low on self-efficacy and agreeableness, team climates encouraging exploitation and exploration respectively deliver increasing performance and creative benefits. When team encouragement for exploitation—treating someone unfairly in order to benefit from their work—increases, the returns on such encouragement diminish, and individuals with high levels of self-efficacy and agreeableness show less additional performance and creative returns [72, 73]. Age, job tenure and performance dissimilarity are also associated with lower team performance as broader contextual factors in the social world are potential obstacles to effective team functioning [65, 74].
Discussion
This systematic scoping review identified four key variables that were associated with team function and performance across a variety of industries; (i) leadership styles [17], (ii) supportive team behaviour [18], (iii) communication, and (iv) performance feedback [20]. High-performance teams may wish to consider prioritising these variables to improve health and performance outcomes. However, this should be done with caution given limited evidence was identified in sport relative to these factors. Team function and performance in the context of support teams in high-performance sport may be better enhanced if we first work towards understanding the behaviour of those four key variables relative to each other in the broader sports team [85].
Leadership Styles Influence Team Cohesion and Performance
In sport, leadership behaviour is not just important for individual players; it is important for the team as a whole as it establishes an interpersonal environment characterised by support, respect, trust and appreciation of staff and players [86], which ultimately have a positive influence on team cohesion and performance [86]. Leadership styles that promote back up behaviour were suggested to enhance team cohesion. Highly cohesive teams worked together more efficiently and, consequently, performed better than less cohesive teams [39]. It is well established that leadership serves as a critical input for influencing group processes and output, and that leaders can shape team members’ attitudes, beliefs, and values [44]. Sports psychology research supports the view that leadership behaviours are associated with higher levels of motivation and performance [87–89], increased well-being [90], and increased task/team cohesion [87]. A study of leadership styles of football coaches indicated that leadership behaviours that communicated a clear and positive vision of the future appeared to reduce the risk of severe injuries by 29%-40% [86]. This is in line with the idea that transformational leaders develop an image of the future of their organisation and communicate that vision to their subordinates. In contrast, leadership that does not promote supporting behaviour and adaptability might risk insufficient collaboration within the team, poor decision-making and high stress. This is likely to lead to the team underperforming [11].
Our findings demonstrate that charismatic leadership has positive effects on team performance [39]. This is contrary to the evidence supporting this style of leadership within the sport setting. In a recent study in the sport of football [86], no correlation was found between charismatic leadership and injury rates or players’ availability. It is incumbent on the leader to establish positive rapport across the team as this is an important determinant of team performance and effectiveness [46].
Team Communication and Feedback Influence How a Team May Function
Open communication and feedback about both strengths and weaknesses were identified as a characteristic of well-performing teams, and poor communication was a marker of dysfunctional relationships [91]. When teams of multidisciplinary practitioners adopt this teamwork approach, they have been described as an ‘interdisciplinary team’, differentiated by their integration of knowledge and collaborative behaviours beyond that seen in ‘multidisciplinary teams’, where individuals work towards their own goals with limited interaction [84, 92]. This may be explained by the mechanism through which teams collectively encode, store, and retrieve knowledge; described as transactive memory systems (TMS). TMS facilitates team shared knowledge and communication by developing a structure and organisation [64, 67, 69, 77, 79–81], and supporting the development, integration and change of knowledge and its content [79].
Communication is considered an important mediator of performance in team sports [93]. This notion is supported by work which highlights the importance of distributed decision-making in groups of people [94], and in fact, a recent study in the sport of football concluded that the quality of communication within a team was associated with both injury rates and player availability [91]. Teams with high internal communication quality had lower injury rates and higher player availability than teams with low communication quality [91]. Low communication quality between the head coach and the medical team was significantly associated with the injury rate; such teams had a 6%–7% lower player availability at training and matches and a 50% higher injury burden, compared with teams with moderate or high communication quality [91]. High quality communication between individuals in different roles is likely to promote good collaborations and facilitate the benefits derived from multiple perspectives in informed decisions, for instance, return to play decision or major decisions regarding the well-being of players [2, 91].
Low-quality communication is likely to increase the risk of misunderstandings and promote one-sided decision-making and high stress, which in the long run might contribute to the risk of injuries [11, 91]. Without effective communication and feedback, it is difficult to modify individual training plans (e.g. training load and other environment considerations like training surface) according to athlete age, position and medical history. Good communication, management and training restrictions can assist players to continue playing and performing throughout the season without exacerbating the injury [91]. The tendency to weight negative information more heavily than positive information during feedback processes could help account for the asymmetrical effects that negative (as opposed to positive) feedback has on group members' implicit performance [50]. Feedback strongly influences emotional reactions, which in turn affect employees' attitudes and role behaviours. Therefore, leaders may be better off framing their feedback to subordinates in a positive rather than a negative manner as this comes with increased employee commitment and organisational citizenship behaviour [95]. Considering teamwork factors that have been demonstrated to shape outcomes of teamwork in organisations outside of sport provides leverage points for teams to improve team function [25].
Team Culture May Mitigate Against Consequences of Team Conflict
Team culture—a shared set of values that inform a group’s behaviour—is considered one of the most prominent contributors to the success of a sporting organisation [96, 97]. Teams with strong team culture mitigate the adverse consequences of team conflict and collective team failure [53, 56, 60, 61, 63] as it facilitates supportive behaviour and accountability by having clear purpose, well-defined roles and organisational policies [10, 98]. In the sport setting, there are established hierarchies based around teamwork [2]. The organisational culture and climate of elite sport have been described as ‘rife’ with culturally-driven challenges that include interdepartmental communication problems, coach-athlete conflict, interference from owners, negative reporting in the media and staff being required to continually justify how their input impacts performance [23]. Sports teams that foster acceptance of group goals, promote communication and positive conflict had a positive relationship with team cohesion [99]. Teams who are able to address conflict directly are better able to develop an open constructive atmosphere and forge a stronger team identity [100]. However, HPT may exhibit high levels of team conflict, particularly within high pressure environments like that in elite sport [23] which can interfere with effective team performance [101]. When team members’ perceptions of their individual role within the team are in alignment with how other team members perceive their roles, HPT can avoid high levels of team conflict and exhibit better team performance [101].
Bias, Limitations and Future Research
Within our systematic scoping review, we identified commonly interchangeable use of terminology which makes pooling and summarising the results across industries and domains difficult. The studies identified displayed a publication bias towards cross-sectional studies. Such study designs are unable to assess the dynamic nature of working in teams. Teams are complex, dynamic systems that ‘adapt’ to new knowledge, relationships, external events and environment constraints among many other potential inputs. It is therefore important to carefully consider optimal study designs when examining team behaviours and their consequences [7] through certain study designs. Future research to agree on a taxonomy of definitions will enable research in this area to be applied to a sporting context and compared across investigations. An expected limitation of this review was the lack of existing research that satisfied the search criteria for data extraction. To minimise this limitation, we searched a common array of academic research databases leading to a sensitive search strategy which identified many false positives based on the inclusion criteria. No studies identified in this systematic scoping review investigated causal relationships. Future research investigating whether certain inputs or process improve team function may benefit from utilising causal inference methodology.
We concede this review has explored the effect of support team-teamwork/team effectiveness/team function on injury incidence and availability of athletes; however, its effect on athlete or playing team sporting performance has not been commensurately discussed. To the knowledge of the researchers, no evidence linking support team-team work to individual or playing team sporting performance exists. If we are to consider, however, increased athlete availability increases training opportunity, and that the people in the broader team environment can affect competition performance in athletes [102–104], it is reasonable to assume support team-teamwork/team effectiveness/team function affects athlete or playing team sporting performance similarly to how it affects athlete injury incidence and availability.
Conclusion
Across various sectors, we identified that improved team function and performance are associated with leadership, supportive team behaviour, communication, and performance feedback. In the context of complex sporting organisations where leaders must respond to multiple stakeholders and meet performance goals across multiple dimensions of effectiveness, addressing the reported challenges and considering the importance of organisational commitment to team development can help ensure that team objectives are effectively designed, delivered, and sustained. While the evidence obtained in this literature review was unable to elicit causal relationships between these factors and enhanced sport performance, it provides a point at which high-performance sport support teams can commence their investigation and interventions to improve team function and performance. This review will pave the way for future research; however, no agreement currently exists on terminology and definitions for performance outcomes to support performance analyses of teamwork and to establish if a performance support team that works effectively will enable better health and performance outcomes for their athletes/sport team. It is widely acknowledged that the dynamics of team function is important for outcomes in high-performance sport, yet there is a dearth of evidence to provide guidance in the high-performance sport context; hence, we have explored team work in alternate sectors. This inequality between real-world need and the available evidence should shape future research to work towards examining team effectiveness related to achieving both health and performance outcomes in elite sport.
Supplementary Information
Additional file 1. Notes.(31K, docx)
Acknowledgements
Not applicable.
Abbreviations
HPTHigh-performance teamTMSTransactive memory systems
Authors' contributions
BS and BGS conceived and designed the analysis. BS and BGS conducted the systematic literature search. BS, BGS, MD, PD and GW gave final approval for the eligibility of all articles included in the analysis and provided critical revision of the article. BS wrote the first draft of the manuscript and was responsible for the integrity of the data analysis. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Funding
This review was not supported by any research funding.
Availability of data and materials
All relevant data are included within this article.
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate
Formal consent is not required for this type of study.
Consent for publication
Not Applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Footnotes
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Contributor Information
Benjamin Salcinovic, Email: moc.ratepsa@civoniclas.nimajneb.
Michael Drew, Email: ua.vog.tropsua@werd.kcim.
Paul Dijkstra, Email: moc.ratepsa@artskjid.luap.
Gordon Waddington, Email: ua.ude.arrebnac@notgniddaw.nodrog.
Benjamin G. Serpell, Email: moc.liamg@llepres.neb.
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Articles from Sports Medicine - Open are provided here courtesy of Springer
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https://www.isci.education/en/a-physiological-review-of-american-football/
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A Physiological Review of American Football
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https://www.isci.education/en/a-physiological-review-of-american-football/
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(reprinted with the permission of the author)
Danny M . Pincivero and Tudor 0. Bompa
Sports Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennyslvania, USA
Department of Kinesiology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Contents
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Energy Systems . . . . . . . . . . .
Energy Systems Utilised in Football
Performance Measures
Size and Body Composition . . 5. Strength . . . . . . . . .
Speed and Anaerobic Power
Cardiovascular Endurance .
Positional Requirements .
Performance Improvement .
Conclusion . . . . . .
Summary
American football has been one of the most popular sports in North America within the past century and has recently received support and increased partici pation from European nations. Two of the biggest concerns regarding participa tion in American football are the high incidence of injury and the physical demand for preparation. A basic u nderstanding of the physiological systems utilised in the sport of football is necessary in order to develop optimal training programmes geared specifically for preparation as well as the requirements of individual field positions. Previously, it has been assumed that football relies primarily on an anaerobic source of energy for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) resynthesis with approximately 90% coming from the phosphocreatine (PCr) energy system. In lieu of research conducted specifically with football players, it appears that the energy contribution from the anaerobic glycolytic pathway in this sport has been underestimated. The elevated blood lactate levels observed i n football players following game participation cast doubt on this hypothesis. Identifying position specific characteristics may also enhance the development of training pro grammes based on the requirements of the different positions. It appears that offensive and defensive linemen are generally larger, have higher levels of percent body fat and have greater absolute strength scores than all other positions. Offens ive backs, defensive backs and wide recei vers tend to display the lowest percent ages of body fat, lower absolute strength scores, fastest times over 5, 10, 40 and 300m and the highest relative V02max values. Linebackers appeared to represent a tran sition group mid way between the backs and linemen for size, body composition, strength, speed and endurance as well as positional duties. Findings within the literature suggest that a lack of cardiovascular development of university and professional football players may prove to be a hindrance to performance with specific regards to thermal regulation. Additional aerobic conditioning as well as the reduction of percent body fat would not only enhance performance, but might play a key role in preventing injuries and allowing a smoother transition into life after football.
_____________________________________________________________________
To the novice observer American football may appear to be a game dependent upon brute force and the ability to overpower opponents. However, this game heavily taxes the physiological systems of those who take part. American football, in fact, has been reported to combine the physical qualities of nearly all other sports – size, strength, power, speed, agility and endurance) 1 1 The psychological capabilities of an individual as well as the strate gies and tactics of a team are of vital importance to success. Physical preparation, however, is the prime concern in developing athletes into football players. American football is unlike other sports in that the potential and incidence of injury are very high and participants must be optimally developed physically in order to withstand the constant phys ical contact and the physiological demands of the game.
The physical demands of the game include strength, speed, power, agility, flexibility, as well as aerobic and anaerobic endurance necessary. The objective of this review is to analyse the game of American football with regard to the different physical parameters previously stated. An analysis of the literature yields some interesting facts con cerning the development of college and profes sional football players. It appears that throughout the literature, a trend concerning the lack of cardio vascular development in American football players is quite evident.r 1 -41 Furthermore, a relationship ap pears to exist between body composition (i.e. per cent body fat) and its relation to physical performance in tests of strength, speed, and endurance.13, 5-81
The physical requirements of American football will be discussed from 2 different viewpoints. Firstly, the basic characteristics of the sport and its elements will be examined with respect to the con tribution of different biomotor abilities as well as the systems in which energy resynthesis takes place. Secondly, an analysis and grouping of the different positions into distinct categories will be addressed with respect to objective measures such as strength, speed, body composition and endur ance. With this information established, the selec tion of certain physical characteristics that are most important to the development of football players can take place. Furthermore, certain physical char acteristics that appear to have been neglected or have the potential for performance improvement can be determined.
It is through this in-depth review and compila tion of the existing research that a systematic and scientific approach to football can be taken, which may enhance the performance of individuals and teams. By means of this, proper training parame ters can be set according to the specific needs of the sport, which may consequently alter traditional methods used in the past.
1. Energy Systems
For muscular work the high energy compound ATP is required. When this chemical compound is broken down into its 2 constituent subunits, aden osine diphosphate (ADP) and an inorganic phos phate (Pi) molecule, energy is released and muscle contraction occurs.f91 ln order to contin ue muscular work, these 2 molecules must be resynthesised so as to be broken down again for continued energy release. But this resynthesis requires energy in it self which is generally provided by 3 different metabolic pathways: the PCr system; anaerobic glycolysis; and the aerobic system.191
During the onset of high intensity exercise, ATP resynthesis occurs via the PCr system with the aid of the enzyme creatine kinase. This enzyme func tions as a catalyst to the reaction between ADP and PCr resulting in the formation of ATP.f 1°1 PCr is catalysed so that the liberated phosphate ion is do nated to ADP to form ATP.llO, I I J This is the most rapid method of supplying ATP to the muscles and is the primary system used for ATP resynthesis at the onset of exercise and during short term and high intensity work as seen in American foot ball) 1 2• 1 31 However, PCr is stored within the mus cle fibre in limited amounts and the duration of maximal intensity exercise utilising this energy
system has been reported to last approximately I to 10 seconds.191
The second anaerobic method by which ATP formation takes place during short term, high in tensity exercise is through anaerobic glycoly sis.l9,1 1 ·1 3l This system, along with the PCr system, resynthesises ATP for muscular contraction in the absence of oxygen. Also referred to as fast glycol ysis, this system functions by breaking down blood glucose or muscle glycogen to form pyruvic acid, and eventually its reduced form, lactic acid, with the net formation of 2 or 3 ATP molecules.I 14 1 Throughout this process, hydrogen ions (H+) are liberated into solution and bind with the molecule nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) to form the reducing equivalent NADH and H+.191 In the case of anaerobic glycolysis where oxygen is not adequately supplied to the working muscles, pyru vic acid accepts the hydrogen ions donated by NADH, thereby liberating that molecule so that further binding with H+ may occur. Pyruvic acid then forms lactic acid and allows the continuation of glycolysis.191 However, during intense exercise, large amounts of lactic acid are produced, which immediately dissociate and release H+ that can ad versely affect exercise performance. This increase in intracellular H+ concentration reduces the abil ity of muscle cells to resynthesise ATP and also hinders the contractile process of muscle contrac tion.19· 1 1 l This metabolic system is the princi pal one used in those events lasting from “’30 sec to 2 min, such as a 400m race)9, 1 1 l There is evidence that the anaerobic glycolytic pathway is stimulated much earlier following the onset of high intensity exercise.l 1 3·1 5·1 6l
In the presence of oxygen, the glycolytic path way is still active in the form of ‘slow’ or aerobic glycolysis.l 14l In this case, the hydrogen ions that are liberated in solution are bound to NAD and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and transported to the mitochondria (in the electron transport chain) in order to resynthesise ATP. It appears that this system operates in conjunction with the aero bic or oxidative system, in which numerous ATP molecules are generated by the mitochondria.l 1 1 1
Exercise activities that exceed “‘4 min duration, or those of a lower exercise intensity, tend to use the aerobic system as the primary source of ATP production.191 It should be noted that the transfer be tween energy systems is a gradual one that occurs in a continuum and is a function of oxygen avail ability, exercise intensity and duration.
2. Energy Systems Utilised in Football
American football requires many physical qual ities that appear to be independent of playing posi tion. Such abilities include rapid acceleration, high running speed, good jumping ability, explosive force of muscles, speed endurance, strength endur ance, power of the throw and deceleration.1 1 1 The body must have certain qualities to perform these necessary abilities. Football players must have an aerobic capacity to provide power throughout a prolonged, intermittent duration and to recover quickly in short pauses. Maxi mu m anaerobic power is also necessary to perform powerful move ments and quick start acceleration. Groups of mus cles must have the ability to provide stabilisation thereby contributing to maximal muscle force and explosive strength. Local muscular endurance is necessary to provide consistently repeated ru nning at high speeds for long distances. I 1 1
American football can be classified as an acyclic sport that is composed of integral functions performed in one action.I 1 7 1 For example, such functions including backpedalling, cutting and tackling are often performed in one integrated ac tion during a given play. On the other hand, running is classified as a cyclic sport since the motor acts of running comprise cyclic, repetitive move ments.[ l ?J
With respect to the primary energy systems used in football, it appears that the PCr and lactic acid systems (anaerobic glycolysis) provide the bulk of energy productionJ2· 1 2·1 81 It has been suggested by Fox and Matthewsl 1 2l that the PCr system provides 90% of energy production in football whereas the lactic acid system contributes the remaining 10%. This contribution of the energy systems may hold true for football since it is a sport in which very short, highly intense bursts of energy (2 to 5 sec) are required, followed by brief periods of recovery lasting from 25 to 40 sec.l 191 However, this ratio of the energy system contribution may be slightly el evated in light of more current research.
In a study conducted at the Canadian Football League (CFL) all-star game in 1979, Zapiec and Taylor[ 201 noted that athletes’ playing time varied from 5 minutes and 42 seconds to 9 minutes and 48 seconds during a 2-hour and 19-minute game. In an earlier study carried out by Craigl 1 91 that examined exposure time in professional football it was determined that maximal partici pation was 13.5 minutes. The shorts bursts of activity over such a prolonged period of time are indicative of a maximal or near maximal intermittent work regimen.l 2 1
Lactate levels in the players examined by Zapiec and Taylor1201 increased 3- to 5-fold following completion of the game, although, blood glucose levels were not significantly affected. Similar find ings were also reported by Smith and Jackson121 I who observed significantly higher blood lactate levels in college football players. Their results showed elevated blood lactate levels from a pre game value of 1.67 ml/L, to 4.39 and 5.08 ml/L at the half-time and postgame periods, respec tively.l21 i
It was also observed that the professional play ers in the Zapiec and Taylor120l study had a higher relative area of fast twitch (FT) muscle fibres to slow twitch (ST) muscle fibres. An important point to note from this study is that the postgame muscle glycogen stains showed a reduction in content pri marily in the FT fibres.l 20l FT fibres are rich in glycogen and glycolytic enzymes thereby enabling these fibres to have a large anaerobic capacity.l9l
Since FT fibres contract rapidly and develop more force than ST muscle fibres, it appears that the re sults reported by Zapiec and Taylor[ZOJ support the notion that football is a strenuous intermittent type of exercise that relies on the PCr and lactic acid system for energy production.l9.I I J
It has been established that PCr is restored rap idly following vigorous activity.l 1 2,22.231 However, since the recovery period during football is very short (25 to 40 seconds), the amount of PCr replen ishment that occurs may be less than optimal. In fact, it has been demonstrated that the time required to replenish intramuscular CP stores in recreational individuals following isolated quadriceps exercise may range from 55 to 90 seconds.l 22 1 Repeated bouts of high intensity exercise incorporating brief periods of recovery suggest that football may rely more on the glycolytic pathway for its energy pro duction that the I 0% previously cited.l9l This finding is reinforced by the elevated lactate levels mea sured by Zapiec and Taylor.1201 However, it should be stressed that the PCr system may still be the primary system for ATP resynthesis. Based on the research cited, the 9/ I PCr to lactic acid system ratio may appear slightly elevated. Over the course of a football game, ATP resynthesis via anaerobic glycolysis may become a more important factor as a means for providing energy for work under con ditions of PCr depletion and fatigue_l2, 9l
3. Performance Measures
When an individual commences participation in football he must first acquire the basic skills nec essary in order to be competitive. These skills in clude catching and throwing, backpedalling and changing direction, blocking and tackling. As the individual progresses from the high school level to university or professional football, he will very likely specialise at a particular position. Playing different positions in the sport places varying biomechanical and physiological demands on these individuals. The objective of the following section is to compare and contrast these physio logical and biomechanical attributes and based on these findings, develop distinct categories of play ers. Such variations include body size, body com position, strength, speed and cardiovascular endur ance. Since consistent data on quarterbacks and kickers is limited, these 2 positions will not be in cluded in this analysis.
4. Size and Body Composition
Traditionally, coaches have used the criteria of size and maximum strength as the most important variables in selecting top potential football players. However, the element of size can be a very mis leading factor when selecting players. With respect to football or other types of athletic skills, body composition plays a large role in successful perfor mance. Body composition has been shown to be related to strength, speed and cardiovascular endurance in many studies conducted on university and professional football players.17,8·24·251 In order to develop distinct groups of players by position based on objective data, size and body composition appear to have been some of the most obvious and consistent measures utilised.
Various studies conducted on football players have yielded from 2 to 5 categories of posi tions.17·8·1 8·25·261 One of the consistent findings among these studies was that offensive and defen sive linemen had statistically similar sizes as did the offensive backs, receivers and defensive backs. The linemen were taller and heavier than the backs in each of these studies. It appears that the linemen and backs represent opposite ends of the spectrum with linebackers midway between, thus yielding at least 3 categories of players.12,7·8·27 1 With reference to body composition in percent fat and lean body weight, similar results were also found. The line men exhibited higher values for percent fat and lean bodyweight than the backs, who statistically displayed significantly lower values.12,5,7,8,24,271
Linebackers once again appeared to display values midway between these 2 groups, although in some of these studies, linebackers showed more similar ities to backs while in other studies they had more in common with linemen (table I). This trend indicates the uniqueness of the linebacker position and therefore establishes these players as a distinct group.1281 In fact, Wilmore et al.f 8l observed that professional linebackers were similar in size and body composition to world-class discus throwers as reported by Fahey et al.1291 Based on previous findings, it may be suggested that the recom mended optimal percent body fat for college foot ball players is as follows: defensive backs IO, offensive backs 12, linebackers 13, defensive line men 15, and offensive linemen 17%.161
5. Strength
Strength training has been the cornerstone of football player development within the last 20 to 30 years. Strength can be defined as the maximum force that can be generated by a muscle or group of muscles against a resistance.I 1 1 , 1 7 1 Very often when evaluating football players, the 1 repetition maximum ( 1 RM) is used. This method refers to the maximum amount of weight that can be lifted during 1 complete dynamic repetition of a particular movement.191 The most commonly utilised ex ercises are the bench press, the squat and the power clean, with the bench press being a test to evaluate upper body strength, the squat used to assess lower body strength and the power clean to test overall strength and explosive power.1281 Studies that utilised dynamic methods have produced strength norms and averages for the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) division I, II, and III university football players. It has been found in these studies that linemen (offensive and defensive) have significantly higher absolute strength values than backs.128·30·31 1 These findings also demonstrate a tendency for linebackers to fall mid way between the linemen and backs, which is con sistent with respective size and body composition values. In a study that examined a number of performance variables in division I -AA football play ers, Barker et aJ.132 1 found that offensive and defensive backs had statistically lower values for a I -RM lift in the squat exercise than defensive line- differences existed between any of the positions. men. However, when strength was evaluated as the Black and Roundyl 331 demonstrated the consistent number of repetitions performed at a percentage of trend with respect to absolute strength as division I -A each player’s respective I -RM (70 and 90%), no defensive linemen and offensive guards displayed higher mean values for the bench press and back squat as compared with cornerbacks and wide re ceivers. As depicted in table II, there also appears to be a difference in strength levels between NCAA division I and division II college football players. Division I football players displayed statistically greater values for bench press and power clean strength than both division II and III players. Divi sion II players were also found to have statistically greater bench press strength values than division III playersJ 31 I
With respect to relative strength, which is the ratio between an athlete’s absolute strength and his bodyweight, division II backs exhibited higher val ues that those of the linemen.13°1 Similar differ ences in relative strength in division I-AA were also observed by Barker et aL,(321 who found that offensive backs and linebackers displayed higher values than offensive linemen. Contrary to these findings, Olson and Hunter[ 281 have shown that in division I football players, linemen exhibited the highest val ues for relative strength. The greater rel ative strength values obtained by the linemen in the Olson and Hunter[ 281 study have been attributed to differences in the intensity and type of training reg imen, variable emphasis on strength training or to genetic selection. Furthermore, because human muscle has been shown to generate a constant (specific) tension of approximately 30 N/cm 2 of muscle cross-section, the muscular mass of the linemen is likely to be higher than that of players in other positions.[ 34-3s1
In a study conducted on National Football League (NFL) players by Wilmore et aL,[81 a sim ilar trend appeared between backs and linemen with respect to absolute strength. Offensive and defensive linemen were stronger than offensive backs, receivers, and defensive backs with respect to the standing press, the curl and the bench press.181 Linebackers in this study, however, had similar strength val ues to those of the linemen and in fact, exhibited a higher average value for the bench press than did either offensive or defensive linemen. The linebackers also demonstrated higher average strength val ues for the standing press than the offensive linemen. Higher values of percent body fat observed in the linemen as compared with the linebackers may have played a significant and detrimental role in dynamic strength perfor mance.181 Although this explanation is purely spec ulative, a lower level of percent body fat may have the potential for improving the efficiency of move ment ultimately enhancing muscular activation and, therefore, strength performance.
Another method that is used when assessing strength levels in football players is through isokinetic dynamometry, which evaluates muscle force against accommodating resistance at a prede termined angular velocity.1391 A study that exam ined division II football players found similar results to the previous findings of Mayhew et al.f26.30J
Using a Cybex II dynamometer, distinct differ ences were found between linemen and backs in regards to quadriceps and hamstring peak torque with linemen tending to be stronger than backsJ 26 1 However, when peak torque was determined per kilogram of bodyweight, backs demonstrated higher values than the linemen.1261
Although it seems evident that a greater magni tude of strength is required to play the position of offensive or defensive lineman, the literature ap pears to support the notion that higher levels of body fat represent a factor limiting performance as shown by the lack of positional differences in rel ative strength. Although linemen seem to display higher values for lean body mass (table I), the spe cific tension generated by skeletal muscle suggests that these players should demonstrate greater rela tive strength scores than backs. However, this does not appear to be the case. Further support for the adverse effects of excessive body fat are presented later in this review. Football is not just a game of size and strength but also of speed and power. The examination of speed and the role of cardiovascu lar endurance may help to delineate this observed trend in grouping football players.
Table I. Body composition values and sizes of university and professional American football players
Study Type n Height (cm) Weight (kg) Body fat (%) Lean body mass (kg) Wickkiser & Kellyl61 University DB 15 178.3 77.3 11.5 68.4 OB & WR 15 179.7 79.8 12.4 69.6 LB 7 180.1 87.2 13.4 75.4 OL & TE 13 186 99.2 19.1 79.8 DL 15 186.6 97.8 18.5 79.3 Wilmore & Haske1117l Professional DB 4 184.4 85 7.7 78.4 OB & WR 10 184.2 91.8 8.3 84.1 LB 6 189.7 107.6 18.5 87.7 OL& TE 12 193.5 113.2 15.5 95.4 DL 12 192.2 120.6 18.7 97.7 Smith & Byrd13l University DB 4 183.7 80.4 9.6 72.7 OB 5 181.5 183.1 13.8 71.6 OL 11 189.2 97.9 14.6 83.5 DL & LB 7 188.8 99.9 14.3 85.6 Wilmore et al.18l Professional DB 26 182.5 84.8 9.6 76.5 OB & WR 40 183.8 90.7 9.4 81.9 LB 28 188.6 102.2 14 87.6 OL & TE 38 193 112.6 15.6 94.7 DL 32 192.4 117.1 18.2 95.8 Burke et al.124J College Backs 20 181.4 85.5 13 74.4 Linemen 33 187.3 101.6 21.8 79.5 White et al.15l College DB 8 178.9 77.6 7.3 72 OB 17 179.5 81.8 11.5 72.2 LB 6 181.8 90.2 11.6 79.6 OL 13 185.9 99.7 14.8 84.7 DL 14 183.1 96.6 13.2 83.5 Gleim12l Professional 51 DB & WR 173.4 83.6 5.7 OB 183 90.7 9.6 LB & TE 189.2 103.8 12.5 OL & DL 191.2 117.6 17 Housh et al.1251 University DB 14 172 83 OB & WR 14 172.4 81.2 OL 13 174.8 110.2 DL 14 173.8 100.1 Seiler et al.l27J University Backs 17 83.6 9.7 Linebackers 11 99.3 12.5 Linemen 13 117 16.5
Abbreviations: DB= defensive back; DL= defensive lineman; LB = linebacker; n = sample size; OB= offensive back; OL = offensive lineman; TE = tight-end; WR = wide receiver.
6. Speed and Anaerobic Power
Speed can be defined as the capacity to travel or move quickly from one point to another, whereas power can be defined as mechanical work per formed per unit of time.l9,,,,4o1 Since the predominant energy pathways utilised in football are the PCr and anaerobic glycolytic systems, the 40yd (36m) dash has been used as the standard test of football speed. However, the applicability of this test has been questioned since there are few times a player actu ally runs 40yd during a game.l 25lA study by Crews and Meadorsl 25l on 48 university football players revealed high positive relationships between 5 (4.5m) and 40yd run times and between 15 ( 13.Sm) and 40yd run times. Therefore, it was concluded that performance in a 40yd run is representative of how fast a player can move at 5 and I Syd and was therefore deemed to be an appropriate test of football speed. However, Seiler et al.r27 1 found low to moderate relationships between the mean running velocity after Syd and the mean running velocity in the final 35yd of a 40yd dash in division I college football players. These results subsequently led to the conclusion that the 40yd run may not be an accurate predictor of initial running velocity.1271 The confounding results in these studies indicate the necessity of utilising sport-specific as well as position-specific field tests that are more accu rately related to football performance.
Studies carried out of 40yd dash times of pro fessional and university football players have yielded results that have grouped players into the categories previously suggested (table IIl).12,28,30,331
When examining division I college football play ers, wide receivers, offensive backs and defensive backs displayed the fastest times over 40yd with defensive and offensive linemen having the slowest times.l28,331 Linebackers, once again, tended to fall midway between these 2 groups, This trend was also evident from an evaluation of 51 professional NFL players by Gliem,l 21 who found that defensive backs and wide receivers had the fastest times followed in order by offensive backs, linebackers and tight ends, and finally offensive and defensive linemen. Mayhew et a1.t 3o1 also observed this trend as division II backs demonstrated faster times over 40yd than linemen. More recently, how ever, Barker et aJ.l32 l utilised a number of different running tests to evaluate positional group differ ences: the 5, I O and 300yd shuttle ru n tests, Their results revealed that offensive linemen displayed slower times over 5 and l Oyd as well as the 300yd shuttle run than offensive backs, defensive backs and linebackers. Defensive linemen also displayed slower times during the 300yd shuttle run than the offensive backs but did not display statistically different times than the backs for the 5 and I Oyd backs as opposed to offensive linemen.l321 Further more, offensive linemen were found to have lower val ues for vertical displacement than lineback ers.1321 These findings appear to be consistent with those of Black and Roundyl 33 1 who also found higher vertical jump values for defensive backs and wide receivers as opposed to linemen. Barker et aJ.1321 attempted to explain the observed differences in vertical jump power between the offensive linemen and backs based on the following factors:
the offensive linemen had the highest percent body fat of any other position thereby reducing jumping efficiency;
the offensive linemen demonstrated the lowest relative strength scores.
Results obtained by Mayhew et aJ.141 I lend support to these notions as significant negative correlations were observed between percent body fat and anaer obic power corrected for bodyweight in college shuttle runs.1321 Black and Roundyl 331 also found this trend with respect to the 40yd dash, as offens ive and defensive linemen displayed slower times than cornerbacks and wide receivers. Comparisons in 40yd run times have demonstrated differences between division I, II and III college football play ers.1311 Fry and Kraemer131 I reported that division I and II football players displayed faster ru n times over 40yd than their division III counterparts. Sim ilar to the highest strength values observed in divi sion I players over division II and III players, it appears that a continuum from division I to III ex ists regarding athletic fitness and performance. Such a trend may be attributed to superior player selection and recruitment as well as variable advancements in training.
Table III. Mean 40yd (36.6m) dash times (sec) for university and professional American football players
Professional
DB, WR 4.58 ± 0.12
OB 4.81 ± 0.21
LB, TE 4.93 ± 0.14
OL, DL 5.08 ± 0.21
University, Division 1
WR 4.60
OB 4.63
DB 4.64
LB 4.78
OL 4.98
DL 5.08
University, Division II
Backs 4.91 ± 0.22
Linemen 5.22 ± 0.26 University division 1A
Cornerback 4.48 ± 0.12
WR 4.46 ± 0.11
DL 4.99 ± 0.19
OL 5.08 ± 0.15
University
Division I 4.88 ± 0.27
Division II 4.92 ± 0.26
Division Ill 4.96 ± 0.27
Abbreviations: DB = defensive back; DL = defensive lineman; LB = linebacker; OB = offensive back; OL = offensive lineman; TE = tight-end; WR = wide receiver.
The assessment of power in American football players has often been accomplished by the stand ing vertical jump test or the use of a power index. The ability to jump higher has been observed to be significantly greater for offensive and defensive players. Furthermore, significant positive correla tion coefficients were also demonstrated between percent body fat and agility, 10 and 40yd dash times. l41 1 Seiler et al.l27 1 continued to observe this trend as backs generally had greater values for an aerobic power corrected for bodyweight, as ob tained through the Wingate and Margaria-Kalamen tests, than linebackers and linemen. Although the linemen observed by Seiler et al.l 27 1 generated the highest absolute power indices of the 3 groups of players, their values appeared consistently lower than backs and linebackers when corrected for bodyweight. Since power production over repeated plays during the duration of a football game may be the key factor for successful performance on the offensive line, drastic improvements for this vari able may be possible through changes in body com position.
7. Cardiovascular Endurance
Endurance can be generally defined as the capacity to perform a type of activity which involves many muscle groups and systems for a prolonged period of time.1 17 1 The most common method of measuring cardiorespiratory function in athletes is an incremental treadmill test that measures the rate of oxygen consumption (v’02) This measure can be defined as the functional capacity of the cardiorespiratory system to deliver blood to the working muscles during maximal and supramaximal (> 100% v’02max) work while maintaining mean arterial blood pressure.191 It appears that football players generally do not have a well developed cardiovascular system as compared to athletes in other sports.17,81 In fact, with specific reference to v’02max, university and professional football players demonstrate similar values to those of age-matched controls.12,1 8,281 Since football is an anaerobic-type sport, the role of cardiovascular development has not been emphasised in training programmes for these players. It may be for this reason that there does not appear to be a distinct trend between groups of players as far as v’02max is concerned although backs tended to have higher relative values than linemen (table IV). These differences in v’02max may explain similar findings by Barker et aI.1321 who demonstrated that offensive and defensive backs had faster times over a 1.5 mile (3.2km) run test than offensive and defensive linemen, and linebackers. These observations reflect differences in the aerobic capacity between the different groups of players as well as demonstrating a trend among the linemen who displayed higher values of percent body fat. However, in addition to aerobic cardiorespiratory function, physiological fitness as measured through blood lactate analyses has lacked documentation within the literature and may there fore be an important factor in demonstrating adaptive characteristics in American football as well as examining relationships with performance. Sub sequent sections of this review will attempt to associate findings regarding size, body composition, strength, speed and endurance with performance requirements of different positions.
8. Positional Requirements
Based on measurements of size, body composition, strength, speed and endurance, 3 distinct groups of football players may be established: (i) offensive and defensive linemen; (ii) defensive backs, offensive backs and wide receivers; and (iii) line backers and tight-ends. The position of tight-end may also represent a transitional group along with linebackers, although they have been grouped with either the offensive backs, the offensive linemen or the linebackers. Since the position of tight-end re quires the player to make blocks on defensive line men as well as to run down field to catch passes as a receiver, it would seem justifiable to place these players in a category with the linebackers as a transitional group between backs and linemen.
The results of the different physical parameters previously cited appear to be representative of the requirements for different positions. For example, success while playing the offensive and defensive line depends on the ability to execute the movements of charging, blocking and tackling with greater force and greater speed of execution.142.431
Moreover, linemen must have a high degree of instantaneous strength and, in the case of the defensive lineman, be able to move quickly, hit the offensive opponent with considerable impact and then be able to move away quickly to the point of action.(7.431 These facts clearly demonstrate that playing football, especially at the line position, is dependent upon power which is related to maxi mum strength. Since maximum strength is one component that should be developed in all football players, it should be combined with the element of speed in order to produce a greater degree of power, particularly in the case of the lineman.
The positions of offensive back, defensive back, and wide receiver have been characterised as those having the lowest values for size and strength, a low percentage of body fat, yet demonstrating the fastest times over 40yd. With respect to the position of defensive back, quick, agile movements are required as well as a great deal of manouverability and speed in order to cover wide receivers _[ 3•71 These necessary qualities of the defensive back may offer an explanation as to why these players have one of the lowest percentages of body fat, since excessive levels of body fat may be detrimental to playing this position. Receivers and offensive backs also require a great deal of speed and finesse. As a result, strength development may not have been emphasised for these players. However, the lower relative absolute strength scores that appear to be characteristic of defensive backs and receivers suggest that this is one area of development that may need to be improved, since strength enhancement in the proper manner can increase power as long as a relatively low percentage of body fat is maintained.
The position of linebacker has been described as the core position of the defence aimed primarily at tackling the ball-carrier should they get past the line of scrimmage. Linebackers are also responsi ble for covering tight-ends and offensive backs running downfield to receive passes. Therefore, it appears evident as to why those who play the line backer position have size, strength and speed val ues that fall midway between those of the backs and the linemen. These players are required to per form duties similar to those of the defensive line men and defensive backs. As a result, an equal de velopment of power, strength, speed, endurance and agility is optimal for linebackers since their duties range from contacting offensive linemen and tackling running backs to running downfield to cover receivers and tight ends.
The 3 distinct groups of players that have been established in this review can be used to develop a training programme for a football team keeping in mind the predominant energy systems and the characteristics of each position. Although more differences exist between specialty positions (e.g. a wide receiver spends more time catching footballs then a defensive back), dividing players into the 3 groups may be beneficial when the objectives are to develop strength, speed and endurance. How ever, when designing such a programme based on these findings, 2 factors that should receive more consideration are body composition and cardiovascular fitness. In the past, these 2 aspects of training have been somewhat neglected. What appears to be uncertain at the present time, however, is whether improvement in these 2 areas can facilitate better performance.
Table IV. Endurance capacity (V02max) of university and professional American football players
Study Type N Umin ml/kg/min Wilmore & Haskelll71 Professional DB 2 4.5 54.5 OB, WR 2 5.1 52.4 LB 3 5.4 51.1 OL, TE 4 6.2 52.6 DL 4 5.6 43.5 Wilmore et al.181 Professional DB 25 4.5 ± 0.4 53.1 ± 6.2 OB. WR 39 4.7 ± 0.5 52.2 ± 5.0 LB 28 5.3 ± 0.6 52.1 ± 4.9 OL, TE 35 5.6 ± 0.8 49.9 ± 6.6 DL 27 5.3 ± 0.6 44.9 ± 5.4 Smith & Byrdl31 University DB 4 4.77 ± 0.30 59.3 ± 1.00 OB 5 5.00 ± 0.37 60.2 ± 4.27 OL 11 5.44 ± 0.60 55.9 ± 7.41 DL, LB 7 5.28 ± 0.68 53.2 ± 7.32
Abbreviations: DB = defensive back; DL = defensive lineman; LB = linebacker; OB = offensive back; OL = offensive lineman; TE = tight end; WR = wide receiver.
9. Performance Improvement
The utilisation of tests designed to assess per cent body fat and physiological fitness have been a necessary tool for many football coaches as a means of monitoring the physical state of an ath lete. For example, 3 300lb (135kg) offensive line men for a professional team reported early to sum mer camp in 1988 specifically for a weight loss and conditioning programme developed by the team’s management.( 44 1 University football coaches, also should be aware of the negative effects of a high percent body fat. Excessive body fat has been associated with a reduction in speed, power and en durance.1451 Significant negative correlations have been found between percent body fat and 40yd ru n times.17- 251 Crews and Meadors125 1 observed that if players’ weights were higher than their optimal playing weight, they tended to display slower reaction times and slower run times at 5, 15, and 40yd. Further evidence of this finding can also be based on individual case information as well. Wilmore and HaskeJJ!7l examined 2 cases: a 27 llb (22.5% fat) defensive tackle and a 235lb ( 18.8% fat) running back who played for a professional team. After these 2 players were convinced to lower their playing weights, the defensive tackle dropped his weight to 2581b (13.9% fat) and the running back dropped to 2 I 61b ( 1 1.5% fat). Each player had what he and his coaches felt was his best year in professional football while playing at this new reduced weight.171
Another factor that may enhance the performance of football players is the development of cardiovascular fitness. It has been demonstrated that the majority of game injuries occur in the second and fourth quarters, which are the latter portions of the 2 halves.144.46.471 Players that demonstrate a reduced ability to utilise oxygen during recovery may increase the likelihood of fatigue toward the later stages of a game and therefore in crease their risk of injury.181 Therefore, with a better developed cardiovascular system, players may be better able to maintain a higher performance level throughout a game with relatively less effort, resulting in better play.181 More specifically, endurance training has been shown to increase the capac ity of the muscle to extract oxygen, which is believed to be primarily due to an increase in cap illary density and secondarily to the increase in the myoglobin concentration and mitochondria num ber. l 1 1 .481 Subsequently the body has a better ability to utilise oxygen to carry out muscular work which results in less PCr depletion and less lactate and hydrogen ion formation.191 Further evidence presented by Takahashi et al.1221 found that endurance trained runners had a significantly greater ability to resynthesise intramuscular PCr following severe and exhausting quadriceps exercise than untrained individuals. The combination of improved substrate resynthesis and lactic acidosis buffering would allow the football player to more efficiently utilise PCr as a rapid and immediate source for ATP production during game situations. Furthermore, during practice, less accumulation of lactic acid during submaximal drills would occur as a result of a faster rise in oxygen uptake.l 9l Another benefit that a well developed cardiovascular system may provide occurs during summer football practices where thermal load can potentially burden a play ers’ physiological system. Since the principal role of aerobic conditioning on the heart is to augment its ability to function as a volume pump, a resulting increase in cutaneous blood flow enhances the removal of internal heat which may reduce the chance of acute heat stress.f2A91 As a result of these adaptations, incorporating aerobic training may help prevent injuries, improve performance, de crease the chance of fatal nontraumatic collapse, and condition the athlete to lead a healthier life after retirement. [21
10. Conclusion
Research into the literature has yielded some very interesting and useful information regarding American football. Firstly, American football can be classified as an intermittent type sport that primarily utilises the PCr system for its energy supply with secondary involvement of anaerobic glycolysis. In addition to this, 3 basic groups of players exist on a typical football team: (i) offensive and defensive linemen; (ii) offensive backs, defensive backs and wide receivers; and (iii) linebackers and tight ends. Based on parameters such as size, body composition, strength, speed and endurance while excluding some position-specific variables such as catching or throwing, an optimal training programme can be developed for each group of players in order to improve their performance. However, more attention should be directed towards the elements of body composition and cardiovascular endurance since development in these 2 areas may improve performance for the reasons previously cited. In addition, the improvement of body com position with a decline of excessive weight may reduce the risk of coronary artery disease, hyper tension, stroke and diabetes.l501 Aerobic conditioning assists with the problem of excessive weight since cardiovascular training increases the utilisation of free fatty acids for energy production.[ 91 Not only may an increased emphasis in these areas help to improve performance, but it may also assist one to live a more healthy lifestyle after football.
Acknowledgements
This paper is dedicated to the memory of Edgar R. Nowalkoski, MSc, ATC, CAT (C).
Original article: American Football Physiology by Dott. Tudor Bompa
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References
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Gleim GW, Witman PA, Nicholas JA. Indirect assessment of cardiovascular ‘demands’ using telemetry on professional football players. Arn J Sports Med 1981; 9 (3): 178-83
1 9. Craig Jr AB. Exposure time to injury in professional football.
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Smith ME, Jackson CGR. Lactate response of college football players to practices and a game [abstract]. J Appl Sport Sci Res 1991; 5: 1 63
Takahashi H, lnaki M, Fujimoto K, et al. Control of the rate of phosphocreatine resynthesis after exercise in trained and un trained human quadriceps muscles. Eur J Appl Physiol 1995; 71: 396-404
Hultman E, Bergstrom J, McLennan Anderson N. Breakdown and resynthesis of phosphorylcreatine and adenosine triphos phate in connection with muscular work in man. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1967; 1 9: 56-66
Burke EJ, Winslow E, Strube WY. Measures of body composi tion and performance in major college football J Sports Med 1 980; 20: 173-80
Crews TR, Meadors WJ. Analysis of reaction time, speed, and body composition of college football players. J Sports Med 1978; 1 8: 169-74
Housh TJ, Johnson GO, Marty L, et al. Isokinetic leg flexion and extension strength of university football players. J Orthop Sport Phys Ther 1988; 9 (11 ): 365-9
Seiler S, Taylor M, Diana R, et al. Assessing anaerobic power in collegiate football J Appl Sport Sci Res 1990; 4 ( I ): 9-15
Olson JR, Hunter GR. A comparison of 1974 and 1984 player sized and maximal strength and speed efforts for division I NCAA universities. Nat Strength Cond Assoc J I 985; Jan: 26-8
Fahey TD, Akka L, Ralph R. Body composition and V02max of exceptional weight trained athletes. J Appl Physiol 1975; 39: 559-61
Mayhew JL, Levy B, McCormick T, et al. Strength norms for NCAA division II college football players. Nat Strength Cond AssocJ 1987; 9 (3): 67-9
Fry AC, Kraemer Physical performance characteristics of American collegiate football players. J Appl Sport Sci Res 1991; 5 (3): 126-38
Barker M, Wyatt TJ, Johnson RL, et al. Performance factors, psychological assessment, physical characteristics, and foot ball playing ability. J Strength Cond Res 1993; 7 (4): 224-33
Black W, Roundy E. Comparisons of size, strength, speed and power in NCAA di vision I -A football J Strength Cond Res 1994; 8 (2): 80-5
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Kanda K, Hashizume K. Factors causing difference in force output among motor units in the rat medial gastrocnemius muscle. J Physiol (Lond) 1992; 448: 677-95
McDonough MJN, Davies CTM. Adaptive response of mam malian skeletal muscle to exercise with high loads. Eur J Appl Physiol 1984; 52: 139-55
Nygaard E, Houston ME, Suzuki Y, et al. Morphology of the brachia! biceps muscle and elbow flexion in man. Acta Phys iol Scand 1983; 117: 287-92
Roy RR, Edgerton VR. Skeletal muscle architecture and perfor mance. In: Komi PV, editor. Strength and power in sport. Champaign (IL): Human Kinetics Publishers 1992: 115-29
Perrin DH. Isokinetic exercise and assessment. Champaign (IL): Human Kinetics Publishers, 1993
Enoka RM. Neuromechanical basis of kinesiology. 2nd ed. Champaign (IL): Human Kinetics Publishers, 1994
41 . Mayhew JL, Piper FC, Schwegler TM, et al. Contributions of speed, agility and body composition to anaerobic power measurements in college football players. J Appl Sport Sci Res 1989; 3 (4): 101-6
Yessis M. Strength and power training program for football line men. Nat Strength Cond Assoc J 1983; 5 ( I ): 30-6
Elam RP, Barth Bl. The relationship between tibial nerve con duction velocity and selected strength and power variables in college football linemen. J Sports Med 1986; 26: 398-405
Gauthier MM. Oversized athletes: fit or just fat1 Phys Sports Med 1 988; 16 (12): 20-2
Kelly JM, Wickkiser JO. For ‘ideal’ football weight assess fat, not Phys Sport Med 1 975; 3 ( 1 2): 38-42
Blomquist CG, Saltin B. Cardiovascular adaptations of physical training. Annual Rev Physiol 1983; 45: 169-89
National Football League 1974 Injury Study. Menlo Park (CA): Stanford Research Institute, 1974
Hoette CA, Clark BA, Wolff GA. Cardiac function and physical response of 146 professional football players to graded tread mill exercise stress. J Sports Med 1986; 26: 34-42
Raskoff WJ, Goldman S, Cohn K. The ‘athletic heart’: preva lence and physiologic significance of left ventricular enlarge ment in distance runners. J AMA 1976; 126: 158-62
A strand P, Rodahl K. Textbook of work physiology. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1986
Correspondence and reprints: Dr D.M. Pincivero, 50 Gulliver Rd #509, Toronto, ONT M6M2N2, Canada.
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https://www.britannica.com/sports/American-football
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American football | Definition, History, Leagues, Rules, & Facts
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1999-07-26T00:00:00+00:00
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American football is the version of the sport of football that evolved from English rugby and soccer (association football). American football, played with 11 on each side, originated in North America, primarily in the United States, where it eventually became the country’s leading spectator sport.
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Encyclopedia Britannica
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https://www.britannica.com/sports/American-football
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Roots in soccer and rugby
Gridiron football was the creation of elite American universities, a fact that has shaped its distinctive role in American culture and life. After several decades of informal, student-organized games that were tolerated by faculty as an alternative to more destructive rowdiness, the first intercollegiate football game was played on November 6, 1869, in New Brunswick, New Jersey, between in-state rivals Princeton and Rutgers according to rules adapted from those of the London Football Association. This soccer-style game became the dominant form as Columbia, Cornell, Yale, and a few other colleges in the Northeast took up the sport in the early 1870s, and in 1873 representatives from Princeton, Yale, and Rutgers met in New York City to found the Intercollegiate Football Association and to adopt a common code. Conspicuously missing was Harvard, the country’s premier university, whose team insisted on playing the so-called “Boston Game,” a cross between soccer and rugby. In May 1874, in the second of two matches with McGill University of Montreal (the first was played by the rules of the Boston Game), Harvard’s players were introduced to the rugby game and immediately preferred it to their own. The following year, for Harvard’s first football contest with Yale, representatives of the two schools agreed on “concessionary rules” that were chiefly Harvard’s. When spectators (including Princeton students) as well as Yale players saw the advantages of the rugby style, the stage was set for a meeting in 1876 of representatives from Harvard, Yale, Princeton, and Columbia to form a new Intercollegiate Football Association based on rugby rules.
Walter Camp and the creation of American football
(Read Walter Camp’s 1903 Britannica essay on football.)
Harvard made the first breach in rugby rules. Rejecting the traditional manner of putting the ball in play—players from both teams massed about the ball in a “scrummage,” or “scrum,” trying to kick it forward through the mass of players—Harvard opted for “heeling it out,” or kicking the ball backward to a teammate. The further transformation of English rugby into American football came chiefly through the efforts of Walter Camp, who even during his lifetime was known as the “Father of American Football.” As an undergraduate and then a medical student at Yale, Camp played football from 1876 through 1881, but—more important—beginning in 1878, he dominated the rules committee for nearly three crucial decades. Two of Camp’s revisions in particular effectively created the gridiron game. The first, in 1880, further refined Harvard’s initial innovation, abolishing the scrummage altogether in favor of a scrimmage, which awarded possession of the ball to one of the two teams. It was then put in play by heeling it out. (Snapping the ball with the hand became legal in 1890, though snapping with the foot continued as an option until 1913.)
Britannica Quiz
Great Moments in Sports Quiz
The second crucial rule change was necessitated by the first. Camp’s more orderly manner of initiating play did not require the team in possession of the ball to give it up. After Princeton simply held the ball for an entire half in its 1880 and 1881 contests with Yale, both games ending in scoreless ties that bored spectators as much as they frustrated Yale’s players, Camp proposed a rule that a team must advance the ball 5 yards or lose 10 in three downs (plays), or it would be obliged to surrender the ball to the other side. Camp was also responsible for having 11 players on a side, for devising a new scoring system in 1883 with two points for a touchdown, four points for the goal after a touchdown, and five points for a field goal (a field goal became worth three points in 1909, a touchdown six points in 1912), for creating the quarterback position, for marking the field with stripes, and for proposing several other innovations, but it was those two simple rules adopted in 1880 and 1882 that most fundamentally created American football.
After the crucial rule changes, the play of the game was relatively open, featuring long runs and numerous lateral passes, as in rugby. In 1888 Camp proposed that tackling below the waist be legalized, in order to offset the advantage of speedy backs streaking around the ends. The new rule resulted in the rise of mass plays, an offensive strategy that massed players on a single point of the defense, most famously in Harvard’s “flying wedge” in 1892. This style of play proved so brutal that the game was nearly abolished in the 1890s and early 1900s.
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https://www.fanverse.org/threads/what-sport-requires-the-most-teamwork.240974/
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What Sport Requires the Most Teamwork?
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"Haze is Dreamin'",
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2007-07-07T08:21:00+00:00
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I think basketball anyone want to argue and ill say why it requires more teamwork than whichever sport you choose.
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FanVerse
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https://www.fanverse.org/threads/what-sport-requires-the-most-teamwork.240974/
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^ But there isn't any actual communication. I think you can stick a bunch of random people together and they can play volleyball. I think it's Basketball. In football (both footballs) your players are spread so far away you can barely communicate. In Basketball you're usually stuck in that half-court.
To the person that says football requires more, the NBA is on a whole different level. You have go to guys, some of the guys are playing for stats, it's a show. People want to see Kobe net 30+ a game. You go a step down, in college ball there's a lot more distribution and you don't usually get super high scoring guys. Then you go to pick up basketball, 3 on 3 half court games a lot of ball movement.
^ But there isn't any actual communication. I think you can stick a bunch of random people together and they can play volleyball. I think it's Basketball. In football (both footballs) your players are spread so far away you can barely communicate. In Basketball you're usually stuck in that half-court.
To the person that says football requires more, the NBA is on a whole different level. You have go to guys, some of the guys are playing for stats, it's a show. People want to see Kobe net 30+ a game. You go a step down, in college ball there's a lot more distribution and you don't usually get super high scoring guys. Then you go to pick up basketball, 3 on 3 half court games a lot of ball movement
Did you ever play volleyball. No seriously, not making fun or anything. There is little to no communictaion because there is no time to. I play soccer, basketball, and volleyball and I am on my school's team for all three, and I know what its like. In volleyball you are either all organised and ready to help each other or you all lose. In soccer and basketball, one player can stall while the others get ready, but in volleyball, you have to be ready to help your teammate or you're screwed.
Football, I have played all sports mentioned. Football requires at least 22 players to be on the same page. If one person doesn't do their job on one play, that could be the game. To whoever said there is no communication in football, you obviously haven't played it. If anything it has the most communictaion(not saying it does). Not only do you need good players to play in football you need the other 56 on the roster to be good so they can help you practice. If you have clowns on your team aside from your strarting 22 your not going anywhere(You won't get good looks in practice). Plus you need another say 5 off the bench to know plays and be able to work with everyone else. In basketball you have 1 or 2 off the bench for the most part. Their is no 1 man band man in football if you can tell me a team that was lead to win a Super Bowl because of 1 player than lemme' know. You can have clowns on the basketball court and someone like Lebron can make up for that a'la what was it 23 of the last 24 points against the Pistons. Lebron's performance wasn't nice passes to him, oops, or pick and rolls. It was give him the ball at half court, let him dribble up the court, than press the lane on Chauncy and slam it in Tayshawn Prince's face. That wasn't team play that was Lebron taking over a game. You can't do that in any other sport, just feed someone the ball and expect super results and win the game. You ever wonder why there isn't a best football player of all time? While in baseball you have Babe Ruth and in Basketball you have MJ. There is no best player in football, you have best people at their positions, but that is as far as it goes. Not saying that it is a fact but just my reasons for thinking it does require the most teamplay.
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https://playfootball.nfl.com/about-youth-football/the-values-of-football/
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en
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The Values of Youth Football
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Youth football inspires character, leadership, resilience and teamwork — key life skills that transfer from the huddle to the classroom and beyond.
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en
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/visuals/css-assets/favicon/favicon.ico
|
https://playfootball.nfl.com/about-youth-football/the-values-of-football/
|
The Values of Football
The values of football set up kids for success on and off the field. The game inspires character, leadership, resilience and teamwork — key life skills that transfer from the huddle to the classroom and beyond.
Character
“I believe football teaches the values of teamwork, resiliency, hard work, commitment and integrity in a way that leaves a lasting impression on the young men who play the game that lasts a lifetime.”
- Randy Allen, 2017 Don Shula NFL High School Coach of the Year
Leadership
“What I learned from football enters my life every day. So, when you ask what a CEO does — drives performance, knows how to develop other people, and knows how to set standards. All three of those things I think in some way come back to what I learned when I was playing football.”
- Jeff Immelt, former CEO of General Electric; offensive tackle for Dartmouth College
Resilience
“Simply put, the character development and life lessons I learned through football informed every facet of my life in a positive way. The game taught me the successful qualities of teamwork, physical and mental toughness, resilience and competitiveness.”
- Jason Jenkins, Senior Vice President, Miami Dolphins
Teamwork
“These [football] environments teach young men about taking coaching, overcoming adversity and communicating with teammates. There is a unique bond that I have with my high school teammates. It’s a bond that never goes away.”
- Peyton Manning, former NFL quarterback
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https://oneteamsports.com/
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ONETeam Sports
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We equip teams with unity, pride, and give them the opportunity to represent together - as one.
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https://playtoday.co/blog/stats/origin-of-american-football/
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en
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Origin of American Football: From Ancient Rome to Super Bowl
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"Damjan Jugovic Spajic",
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2022-06-02T10:35:47+01:00
|
Today, we will be taking a trip down the history lane, looking at all the key moments and the events that lead to creation of what we today know as football.
|
en
|
PlayToday.co
|
https://playtoday.co/blog/stats/origin-of-american-football/
|
When most people think of American football, they imagine muscular guys running around on a field trying to score touchdowns. In reality, the origin of American football can be traced directly to rugby, which originated in England in the mid-19th century. Still, the game that started it all was much, much older.
Today, we will be taking a trip down the history lane, looking at all the key moments that affected the game. We’ll also talk about the events that lead to creation of what we today know as football.
The Brief History of American Football
Believe it or not, the game that inspired the creation of rugby and American football is more than 2,000 years old. They played football way back in ancient Rome!
The first recorded game happened in 776 BC and featured two teams of 30 players each. Unlike the modern version, this contest involved picking up a ball and running rather than kicking it.
That game was called Harpastum, meaning “to seize.” The goal was to keep the ball on one side of the field for as long as possible. While the exact rules are long forgotten, some sources indicate there were barely any other rules except that anything goes. Yes, it was a very violent sport, and you could tell ancient Romans were a warrior nation.
The story of football history continued in the middle ages as Calcio Florentino, and it was as violent as its predecessor. In this variation, there were goals on opposing sides. Luckily, some rules were introduced, like banning hits to the head.
Although the public interest in the game waned over time, it is still played in Florence. The game is now known as Calcio Storico and was even featured as part of the Netflix docuseries Home Game.
The First American Football Game
So, now we know a bit about the game that was the precursor to rugby and football. But who invented football and when?
To answer that question, we need to skip ahead to the late ‘60s of the 19th century, more precisely to 1869. On November 6, two American colleges, Rutgers and Princeton, played the first official football game. The game was a mix of both soccer and rugby.
The rules were quite simple. There were 25 players on each side, and the objective was to score goals by getting the ball into the other team’s territory. The field was 150 yards long, and the goalposts were only 10 feet tall. This game is widely considered the origin of American football as we know it.
You could only score a goal if you kicked the ball into the other team’s territory. Running with the ball was not allowed, and neither was tackling or blocking players who didn’t have the ball. At half-time, the teams switched sides, and the game continued.
This system of play is still used today in rugby. The match ended in a draw, with each team scoring three goals, but it forever remained a part of the history of football in America.
Although this was the first official football game, it wasn’t the first time the game was played in America. There are records of games being played as early as 1843. These matches were more similar to rugby than football, as they allowed players to run with the ball and tackle their opponents.
Evolution of the Game
After the first football match, the game continued to evolve in the following years. Only two years after that match, in 1871, more colleges joined in and played the first intercollegiate football game. Six years later, the Thanksgiving football game tradition started.
Yale, Columbia, Rutgers, and Princeton were the teams involved this time. The game was again different from the modern-day version, as there were 20 players on each side.
The next big change happened in 1878 when Walter Camp,cconsidered the father of American football, introduced some major rule changes. The origins of American football, at least the modern game, lie at this moment.
First of all, he reduced the number of players on each team to 11 and changed the shape of the field, making it rectangular instead of square. This made the game faster and more dynamic. He also created the quarterback position and specified that the team had to advance the ball 10 yards to retain possession.
Other important changes included the introduction of downs, a system that allowed teams to keep trying to advance the ball until they either failed or scored, as well as the line of scrimmage, and the creation of penalties for various infractions.
Thanks to Walter Camp, the game began to take the form that we know today. Camp also played a key role in helping the Intercollegiate Football Association (IFA) set the rules and coached the Yale team from 1888 to 1892.
The First Professional American Football League and Origins of NFL
Before there was the modern NFL, there was a lot of gridiron disagreement. Football players couldn’t agree on rules, so in 1920, representatives from 11 teams came together to found what is now the National Football League.
But even then, they didn’t have everything figured out. For example, the representatives didn’t know how long the playing field should be. One proposal suggested 100 yards, but some people thought that was too short. So they compromised and made it 120 yards. That’s still the length of a football field today.
The creation of the NFL was very humble. At first, there were only 12 teams in the league until the Chicago Cardinals and the Decatur Staleys joined. The latter went on to eventually become the Chicago Bears. The NFL was up and running!
In 1925, Red Grange changed football forever when he signed a contract with the Chicago Bears. He was the first player to ever sign a professional football contract, and his signing helped legitimize the NFL. Fans wanted to see this superstar in action, and they packed the stands to watch him play.
The First Super Bowl
We can’t discuss the professional American football origins without talking about the first NFL championship in 1933. The event was the first time football fans could see a game that determined who was the best team in the league.
The first AFL-NFL World Championship Game, now simply known as the Super Bowl, was played on January 15, 1967. It was between the Green Bay Packers of the National Football League and the Kansas City Chiefs of the American Football League. The Packers won the game with a score of 35-10.
Today, the Super Bowl is one of the biggest annual sporting events in the world. It is also lucrative as players, coaches, and NFL refs earn millions of dollars by participating in this event.
Famous Moments in American Football History
Like any other sport, football had its legendary moments of triumph. The last-second touchdowns, record-breakers, and star players all contributed to the history of this sport. Here are some of the most famous American football moments:
The “Immaculate Reception” was a last-second, game-winning touchdown catch by Franco Harris of the Pittsburgh Steelers in a 1972 AFC divisional playoff game against the Oakland Raiders.
The “Miracle at the Meadowlands” was a late, come-from-behind victory by the Philadelphia Eagles over the New York Giants in 1978, thanks to a fumble recovery by cornerback Herman Edwards.
“The Catch” – a touchdown reception made by Dwight Clark of the San Francisco 49ers in the 1982 NFC Championship game against the Dallas Cowboys. The catch helped the 49ers to victory and sent them to their first Super Bowl.
“The Drive” – a 98-yard drive led by Denver Broncos quarterback John Elway in a 1986 AFC Championship game against the Cleveland Browns. The Broncos went on to win the game in overtime.
“The Kick” – a game-winning field goal kicked by Uwe von Schamann of the Oklahoma Sooners in the 1977 college football game against the Ohio State Buckeyes. This was one of the pivotal moments in NFL history, especially for von Schamann, who ended up playing for Miami Dolphins, where he set a record for the most converted extra-point attempts.
Final Word
|
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https://www.muhealth.org/conditions-treatments/pediatrics/adolescent-medicine/benefits-of-sports
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en
|
Benefits of Sports for Adolescents
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https://www.muhealth.org/sites/default/files/favicon_0.ico
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https://www.muhealth.org/sites/default/files/favicon_0.ico
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At MU Health Care, we encourage all children to participate in sports or other regular physical activity. Learn why sports benefit adolescents.
|
en
|
/sites/default/files/favicon_0.ico
|
https://www.muhealth.org/conditions-treatments/pediatrics/adolescent-medicine/benefits-of-sports
|
Organized, well-structured youth sports and on-going physical activities can provide many benefits for children and adolescents. Positive experiences that sports and an active lifestyle bring play an important role in a young person’s life.
At University of Missouri Health Care, our adolescent medicine team encourages all children to participate in sports or other regular physical activity. Physical exercise is good for the mind, body and spirit. Team sports help teach adolescents accountability, dedication, leadership and other skills.
Many athletes do better academically
Playing a sport requires a lot of time and energy. Some people may think this would distract student-athletes from schoolwork. However, the opposite is true. Sports require memorization, repetition and learning — skillsets that are directly relevant to class work. Also, the determination and goal-setting skills a sport requires can be transferred to the classroom.
Sports teach teamwork and problem-solving skills
Fighting for a common goal with a group of players and coaches teaches you how to build teamwork and effectively communicate to solve problems. This experience is helpful when encountering problems at work or at home.
Physical health benefits of sports
Clearly, sports can help you reach your fitness goals and maintain a healthy weight. However, they also encourage healthy decision-making such as not smoking and not drinking. Sports also have hidden health benefits such as lowering the chance of osteoporosis or breast cancer later in life.
Sports boost self-esteem
Watching your hard work pay off and achieving your goals develops self-confidence. Achieving a sport or fitness goal encourages you to achieve other goals you set. This is a rewarding and exciting learning process.
Reduce pressure and stress with sports
Exercising is a natural way to loosen up and let go of stress. You can also make new friends who can be there for you as a support system. When you feel under pressure or stressed, call up a teammate, head to the gym to talk and play it out.
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https://www.americanfootballinternational.com/football-advantages-how-playing-football-can-enhance-your-academic-and-career-goals/
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en
|
Football Advantages: How can playing football enhance your academic and career goals?
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[
"AFI"
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2023-04-13T19:22:08+00:00
|
How can playing football enhance your academic and career goals? Read the article to find out how many benefits there are
|
en
|
American Football International
|
https://www.americanfootballinternational.com/football-advantages-how-playing-football-can-enhance-your-academic-and-career-goals/
|
Today, in 2024, football has grown into a sport that is played and watched by millions of people all over the world. And it continues to grow.
What many people don’t realize though is that while for the regular person, playing football is a fun hobby, it can also help you reach your academic and career goals in many ways. This article deals with the benefits of playing football and how it can help you excel in life.
The game of football requires physical fitness, teamwork, and strategic thinking. Because you can use these skills in other parts of your life, it’s a great way to help you reach your academic and career goals. Whether you’re a student, an athlete, or a professional, playing football can bring you plenty of benefits that can help you succeed in life.
Academic Benefits of Football
There are many academic benefits to playing football. The sport requires thinking, planning, and discipline, all of which can help you do better in school. There are also chances to get college scholarships through football. Football teaches important skills like how to manage time, work as a team, and be disciplined. These skills can help you succeed in the classroom and at work.
Additionally, participating in football can demonstrate your ability to balance multiple commitments and excel under pressure, which can impress potential employers and college admissions committees. To further enhance your chances of success, consider using a college essay maker to help you create a high-quality essay that highlights your unique voice and experiences. This can be especially helpful for student-athletes who may be juggling multiple commitments. By using essay maker, offered by StudyClerk, you can ensure that your essay is well-written, grammatically correct, and engaging to read, all without spending hours poring over every word.
Let’s look more closely at the academic benefits of playing football:
Improved Cognitive Functioning
Football requires strategic thinking, problem-solving, and decision-making skills. These skills are essential for academic success. You can improve your brain power by playing football, which can help you learn and solve problems better.
Academic Scholarships
Many universities and colleges offer football scholarships to student-athletes. These scholarships can help pay for your schooling and make it easier for you to reach your academic goals. Being a student-athlete can also help you make connections and move up in your career.
Career Benefits of Football
There are also many career benefits to playing football. Sport gives you transferable skills that can help you get a job and help you meet new people. Some of the ways playing football can help your career are:
Transferable Skills
Teamwork, communication, and leadership are all skills that can be used in many different jobs. Employers value these skills a lot, and having them can help you stand out in the job market. Also, playing football can show potential employers how hard you work, how dedicated you are, and how disciplined you are.
Networking Opportunities
Football gives people a chance to meet new people and build relationships. Whether it’s with teammates, coaches, or fans, playing football can help you make connections that could lead to job opportunities. Also, being a student-athlete can give you access to job fairs and career resources.
Physical Health Benefits of Football
Playing football is an excellent way to stay physically fit. The sport involves running, jumping, and moving your body in various ways, which can improve your health. Some of the physical health benefits of playing football include:
Muscle Development
Football involves using your muscles in various ways, such as running, jumping, kicking, and tackling. Regular football training can help build strength, improve muscle tone, and increase endurance. It can also enhance bone density, reducing the risk of osteoporosis.
Coordination and Balance
Football requires a combination of physical skills, including coordination and balance. These skills are essential for performing well in many other sports and activities. By playing football, you can develop these skills and improve your overall athletic ability.
Mental Health Benefits of Football
There are also many mental health benefits to playing football. Teamwork, communication, and strategic thinking are all important parts of the sport, which can help your brain work better. It can also help you feel less stressed, give you more confidence, and make you feel better. Some of the ways that football is good for your mental health are:
Stress Relief
Football is an excellent way to reduce stress and anxiety. The physical activity involved in the sport can help release endorphins, which are natural mood boosters. Additionally, the social aspect of football can provide a sense of belonging and support.
Teamwork and Communication Skills
Football is a team sport that requires cooperation, communication, and collaboration. These skills are essential for success in many other areas of life, including academic and professional settings. By playing football, you can improve your teamwork and communication skills, which can help you excel in other areas.
Conclusion
Overall, playing football can help you reach your academic and career goals while also giving you fun. Playing football can be good for your health, both physically and mentally. It can also help you get academic scholarships, learn skills that you can use in other situations, and meet new people. Yet, it’s important to be aware of the problems, such as injuries and time commitments.
Bio
Percy J. Bunnell is an experienced writer and sports enthusiast with a focus on football. He has a passion for exploring the ways in which sports can impact personal and professional growth. With a background in journalism and a love of storytelling, Percy enjoys sharing his knowledge and insights with readers around the world.
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https://about.puma.com/en/this-is-puma/our-sports/teamsport
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en
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Football and other Teamsports
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How do you push yourself? By setting goals. For PUMA, it’s to be the Fastest Sports Brand in the world.
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en
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/themes/custom/dreist/build/assets/images/favicon/apple-touch-icon.png
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PUMA SE
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https://about.puma.com/en/this-is-puma/our-sports/teamsport
|
MANCHESTER CITY
Manchester City, are the reigning treble winners and are one of the best Football clubs in the world. Known for their beautiful football, the club’s identity is distinctly connected to the culture and heritage of the city of Manchester. City plays their home fixtures at the Etihad Stadium, a spectacular 55,000 seat arena. Founded in 1880 as St Mark’s West Gorton, the club has won numerous English League Titles, FA Cups, League Cups and the Champions League.
AC MILAN
AC MILAN is one of the most legendary and iconic football clubs in the world, with great support from some of the most devoted fans. Since its founding in 1899, AC MILAN has won numerous league titles and UEFA Champions LeagueTM titles. AC MILAN is the most successful Italian club at an international level and one of the best in Football history.
BORUSSIA DORTMUND
This German team is one of the world’s most iconic and striking clubs. Known and respected for their passionate fanbase, who are the creators of the awe-inspiring Yellow Wall, BVB has won eight league titles and one UEFA Champions League.
FUTURE
The FUTURE football boot stands for future of innovation and technology. The boot is all about pushing the boundaries of what can be done on the pitch, all whilst doing it with style. The FUTURE features an adaptive FUZIONFIT360 upper that combines a dual mesh, stretchy knit with the eye catching, PUMA exclusive PWRTAPE to lock down the foot for the ultimate fit. The FUTURE also integrates a dual-density Dynamic Motion System outsole to enhance stability, agility and traction.
KING
The PUMA KING has been worn by legendary players such as Johan Cruyff, Diego Maradona, Eusébio, Lothar Matthäus and Pelé, who dominated international football for decades. Our PUMA KING has recently found its new look, featuring PUMA exclusive K-BETTER; a completely new, non-animal based upper material for ultimate touch and control benefits. The new innovative upper also contains at least 20% recycled material as a step toward a better future. Built to be the King of Control, the KING allows maximum maneuverability through a lightweight outsole with external heel counter, integrated stability spine and conical studs.
ULTRA
The ULTRA brings speed to the next level – with the application of PUMA’s PWRTAPE technology that draws from the anatomy of the human foot to provide optimal lightweight support in key areas of the foot for added stability and a locked in fit to perform quick cuts and explosive movements. It also features an explosive dual-density SPEEDPLATE for next-level traction. The result is a more dynamic plate and a more reactive toe box that provides added propulsion and energy transfer when going from 0 to fast.
BRILLIANCE PACK (Women’s Specific)
A brilliant fit for brilliant ballers: PUMA’s Brilliance Pack features women specific fits for the FUTURE, ULTRA and KING football boots. Celebrating the brilliance of the women’s game, the boots provide female players with the right fit and technology to support their needs to perform at their best.
DENMARK
With numerous amounts of medals from the Olympics, the World Cup and the EHF Euro, DanskHåndbold claims its space as a top nation in the handball scene. Founded in 1935, DanskHåndbold has a proud tradition of talent work and development of the youth teams. In January 2023, the men’s team were able to lift the World Cup trophy for the 3rd time in a row.
Virat Kohli
Since 2017 he is part of our PUMA Family: Virat Kohli. He is hailed as one of the game’s greatest batsmen. He was at the no. 1 position in the ICC Men's ODI rankings for a remarkable 1258 straight days. Virat was an integral part of the Indian team that lifted the ICC Cricket World Cup trophy after 28 years in 2011 and the ICC Champions Trophy in 2013. After captaining the U-19 Team to World Cup glory in his early days, Virat also went on to lead the senior team for 8 years. Under his leadership, India rose to become the No. 1 Test team in the world for five consecutive years.
HARMANPREET KAUR
In 2023, we welcomed Indian women’s cricket team captain, Harmanpreet Kaur, to the PUMA family. The hard-hitting right-hand batter has led her country in over 100 games across ODI and T20I formats. She is India’s only centurion in women’s T20 internationals and also holds the record for the most number of caps in the shortest format. She captained India to a gold medal in the 2022 Asian Games in Hangzhou and also lead Mumbai Indians to victory in the inaugural Women’s Premier League in 2023.
ROYAL CHALLENGERS BANGALORE
In 2021, we signed a multi-year deal with Indian Premier League franchise Royal Challengers Bangalore (RCB), becoming the team’s official kit sponsors. RCB boasts an extensive global fan-following, consistently racking up some of the highest levels of social media engagement among sports clubs worldwide. Our ambassador Virat Kohli has been with the franchise since its inception in 2008 and has also captained the side for over 140 games. RCB have finished runners-up in the IPL on three occasions: 2009, 2011 and 2016.
International Floorball Federation
Floorball is a fast-growing sport, traditionally played indoors. PUMA is the long-term official sports apparel provider for the International Floorball Federation, which is based in Helsinki. The IFF is the head organisation of world floorball and was founded by Sweden, Finland & Switzerland in 1986. The IFF has 79 national federation members.
Sweden
The Swedish Floorball Federation is a powerhouse in the floorball community. The Swedish jersey with its blue and yellow colours symbolises pride, togetherness, and a willingness to always improve. Founded in 1981, the Swedish Floorball Federation’s continuing commitment to make floorball a sport for everyone – no matter who you are or where you are from – makes it a valued member association in Sweden and places floorball as one of the country’s most popular sports.
Czech Republic
Since 1992, the Czech Republic has been nurturing the development of Czech floorball, and it has become the second-largest team sport in the country. Alongside the growth of its membership base, there's a continuous rise in sporting success. The men’s team and U19 women’s team are current vice-world champions, while U19 men have clinched 2 world gold medals as representatives of the only country outside the Nordic nations.
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https://chsnews.org/10834/sports/high-school-football-and-its-importance/
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High School Football and its Importance
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High school football is a staple of American culture, and for many students, it provides more than just a physical outlet or a Friday night tradition. It is an important stage in an athlete’s career. Football at the high school level plays quite a large role in shaping the lives of young adults, helping them...
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en
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/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/CanyonHS_tertiary-70x70.png
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Smoke Signals
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https://chsnews.org/10834/sports/high-school-football-and-its-importance/
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High school football is a staple of American culture, and for many students, it provides more than just a physical outlet or a Friday night tradition. It is an important stage in an athlete’s career. Football at the high school level plays quite a large role in shaping the lives of young adults, helping them develop critical life skills and building lasting memories.
For starters, high school football teaches important life skills such as teamwork, discipline, and perseverance. Football is a team sport that requires players to work together, trust each other, and put the needs of the team above their own. In high school football, this teamwork translates to other aspects of their lives, helping students develop a sense of community and belonging. Additionally, playing football requires discipline, as players must follow strict rules and routines to be successful. This discipline extends to other areas of their lives, teaching students the importance of self-control and commitment. Finally, football is a physically and mentally demanding sport that requires players to persevere through tough times. This helps students develop a sense of resilience and determination that will serve them well throughout their lives.
Furthermore, high school football provides students with a sense of pride and school spirit. Football games are often the center of community life, drawing families and friends together to support the local team. For many students, being a part of the football team gives them a sense of pride and connection to their school, inspiring them to be more involved in other activities and events. Football also provides a source of inspiration for students, as they look up to the players and coaches, who serve as role models and sources of encouragement.
In conclusion, high school football is much more than just a game. It plays an important role in shaping the lives of young adults, teaching critical life skills, building lasting memories, and inspiring a sense of pride and community. Whether they play football or just attend the games, students are impacted by the sport and the impact it has on their lives and their communities.
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https://blog.ffbf.com/5-fun-facts-about-american-football
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5 Fun Facts About American Football
|
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From youth leagues and high school to college and professional play, football reigns supreme in the United States.
|
en
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https://blog.ffbf.com/5-fun-facts-about-american-football
|
From youth leagues and high school to college and professional play, football reigns supreme in the United States. Every weekend during the fall, millions of Americans flock to stadiums and gather in front of television screens to root for their favorite teams and players. And February 11 will be Super Bowl Sunday. Whether you’re a dedicated fan or just in it for the food, here are five fun facts to enrich your football viewing experience:
The first American football game was played in 1869
Although it was played even earlier in communities around the country, American football traces its official origin back to Nov. 6, 1869. That’s when the first-ever organized college football game was played between Rutgers University and the College of New Jersey (now known as Princeton University). However, this game more closely resembled soccer rather than modern football. And over the next decade or so, college teams grew to prefer a style of play heavily influenced by rugby.
Walter Camp was the “Father of American Football”
Walter Camp was an influential football player and coach for Yale University — so influential he became known as the “Father of American Football.” Thanks to his advocacy in rulemaking committees in the 1870s and 1880s, teams and clubs adapted many rules that clearly differentiated American football from rugby and soccer, putting the game on the path to its current form. Key elements of modern football Camp devised include clearly defined possessions based on downs, the line of scrimmage and center snaps, 11-man teams, and offensive positions like quarterback and halfback.
Footballs used to look very different
In the early days of American football, the game was played with a round ball (like soccer) or an oval ball (like rugby). These shapes matched up with football’s primary emphasis on kicking and running. However, once the forward pass was introduced in the early 20th century, ball design began to change. Footballs became narrower and more tapered at the ends so they’d be easier to throw and catch. This new shape, known as a “prolate spheroid,” also made the ball easier for offensive players to carry after completing a catch or receiving a handoff.
The ball isn’t really made of pig skin
In football, you’ll sometimes hear the game ball referred to as a “pigskin.” However, they’re not actually made of that material, and likely never were. In the very early and unofficial days of the game, some balls may have been made from an inflated pig’s bladder. By the 1860s, though, most teams were playing with a ball that consisted of a leather cover and a rubber bladder. Today, professional and college footballs are covered in cowhide with a synthetic rubber bladder.
Football is America’s most popular sport
Football is America’s most popular sport — and has been for a long time. As of 2017, Gallup polling indicated = 37% of U.S. adults listed football as their favorite sport to watch, far ahead of basketball at 11% and baseball at 9%. In 2019, Gallup found = 62% of Americans consider themselves professional football fans (ranking first in the poll), while 54% call themselves college football fans (ranking third). As you’d expect with these numbers, football is America’s leading sport in terms of television viewership and in-person game attendance.
These intriguing facts offer just a glimpse of what you can find out when you delve into the lore of American football. Learning about the game’s history and cultural impact is a great way to make each game you watch a little more meaningful.
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https://www.rulesofsport.com/sports/american-football.html
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en
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American Football Rules
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American Football Rules Photo credit: Torsten Bolten (source) American Football is one of the biggest North American sports. Whilst the game is played worldwide, the professional leagues in North America (such as the NFL) easily attract the best play...
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en
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https://www.rulesofsport.com/sports/american-football.html
|
American Football is one of the biggest North American sports. Whilst the game is played worldwide, the professional leagues in North America (such as the NFL) easily attract the best players in the world making its leagues the most competitive. The pinnacle of the sport comes in the form of the Super Bowl played out every year to millions of people around the world.
Object of the Game
The object of American football is to score more points than your opponents in the allotted time. To do this they must move the ball down the pitch in phases of play before eventually getting the ball into the ‘end zone’ for a touchdown. This can be achieved by either throwing the ball to a teammate or running with the ball.
Each team gets 4 chances (downs) to move the ball 10 yards forward. Once they pass the 10 yards their downs reset and they start again for another 10 yards. After 4 downs have passed and they have failed to make it over the 10 yards required the ball will be turned over to the defensive team.
Players & Equipment
Whilst there are only 11 players from each team on the field at any team, an American football team is actually made up of 45 players. The teams are generally split into three groups of attacking (generally smaller, stronger, faster type of players, including a quarterback who is said to run the attacking plays and throw the ball to their teammates), defence (larger, more powerful players designed to stop players from running) and special team players (responsible for the kicking and punting side of the game with a mixture of larger and faster players).
An American football field is generally around 100 yards long and 60 yards wide. Lines are drawn on the field at 10 yard interval to indicate how far each team has to go before reaching the end zone. The end zones are added at each end of the pitch and are roughly 20 yards in length each. Posts can also be found at each end of which the kicker kicks the ball over.
Scoring
When a player scores a touchdown six points are awarded to their team. A touchdown can be scored by either carrying the ball into the end zone or receiving the ball from a pass whilst in the end zone. After a touchdown has been scored the attacking team have opportunity to kick the ball for an extra point. The ball must pass between the upright posts for a successful kick.
A field goal can be scored from anywhere on the pitch at any time (usually on the final down) and a successful kick will result in three points. A safety is where the defensive team manages to tackle an attacking opponent in their own end zone; for this the team will receive 2 points.
Winning the Game
The team with the most points at the end of the game will be deemed the winner. If the points are tied then over time will come into play where the teams will play an additional quarter until a winner is found.
Rules of American Football
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https://www.usafootball.com/
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en
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The Sport's Governing Body
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https://www.usafootball.com/favicon.ico
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https://www.usafootball.com/favicon.ico
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USA Football's here to lead, strengthen and grow the game alongside you as the sport's governing body through education, events and the U.S. National Team pathway.
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We're here to lead, strengthen and grow the game alongside you as the America's football governing body through education, events and the U.S. National Team pathway. As a non-profit, USA Football delivers premier developmental and competitive programs for tackle and flag football.
USA Football is the only organization that selects and leads the U.S. National Teams as the sole U.S. member of the International Federation of American Football (IFAF), and a recognized sports organization of the US Olympic & Paralympic Committee (USOPC).
Athletes and families deserve the best and expectations couldn't be any higher. With than 1.1 million coach certifications delivered since 2012, coaches are raising the game. Step up to the standard and get certified today!
Are you and your squad the ones to beat? The Road to The One Flag Championship is set with Sanctioned and Qualifier Tournaments, giving your team a chance to earn an invite to the championship and giving you a chance to be scouted for the red, white and blue.
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American Football
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American Football - Quick Guide - American Football originated in United States resembling a union of Rugby and Soccer; played in between two teams with each team of eleven players. American football gained fame as the people wanted to detach themselves from the English influence. The father of this sport is Walter Camp who altered
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https://www.tutorialspoint.com/american_football/american_football_quick_guide.htm
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American Football - Quick Guide
American Football - Overview
American Football originated in United States resembling a union of Rugby and Soccer; played in between two teams with each team of eleven players. American football gained fame as the people wanted to detach themselves from the English influence. The father of this sport is Walter Camp who altered the shape and size of the ball to an oval-shaped ball called ovoid ball and drawn up some unique set of rules.
Objective
American Football is played on a four sided ground with goalposts at each end. The two opposing teams are named as the Offense and the Defense, The offensive team with control of the ovoid ball, tries to go ahead down the field by running and passing the ball, while the defensive team without control of the ball, targets to stop the offensive team’s advance and tries to take control of the ball for themselves.
The main objective of the sport is scoring maximum number of goals by moving forward with the ball into the opposite team's end line for a touchdown or kicking the ball through the challenger's goalposts which is counted as a goal and the team gets points for the goal. The team with the most points at the end of a game wins.
Team Size
American football is played in between two teams and each team consists of eleven players on the field and four players as substitutes with total of fifteen players in each team. It is played in both men’s and women’s category.
American Football - History
The history of American Football starts from November 6, 1869, when the first game was played between the two college teams which were Princeton and Rutgers. Each team consisted of 25 players and had to play the game by foot only. Hands were not used to carry the ball. Players could use their hands, feet, head, and sides to kick the ball. The aim of each team was to reach the goal of the opponent and kick the ball into the goalpost.
The game was won by Rutgers as they were able to gain 6 points while the other team got 4 points only. This type of game was played between colleges for several years and the rules of the host school were followed.
Fixing Game Rules
Later, colleges decided to fix a set of rules for the game so representatives of the following colleges held a meeting on October 19, 1873 −
Yale
Columbia
Princeton
Rutgers
In the meeting, it was decided that the number of players on each side would be reduced to 20. The size of the field was 400 x 200 feet. No representative from Harvard University participated in the meeting as they wanted to follow the rules for this game similar to Rugby.
Harvard played two games with McGill University. In the first game, American rules were followed and in the second Canadian rules were followed. Harvard gave preference to the Canadian rules and involved the following −
Only 11 players on each side
Players can chase the ball and will not be chased by the opponent
Oblong ball should be used rather than the round one
The forward pass and tackling were also included
Harvard and Yale played the game in 1875 which was watched by the two athletes of Princeton so they started playing the game in their university. Later, an association was formed by Yale, Columbia, Princeton, and Harvard and they also decided to make modifications to the rules. The association was named as Intercollegiate Football Association. Yale joined the association in 1879.
Father of American Football
Walter Camp from Yale University made changes to the rules and came to be known as the Father of American Football. He reduced the number of players to 11 on each side and also made rules to reduce the chaotic environment.
Evolution of American Football
In Rugby football, scrum occurred often. Scrum is a part of Rugby in which players used to handle the ball for an indefinite period and the game has to be restarted.
Yale and Princeton played a game in 1881 and used the rule of holding the ball for an indefinite period. None of the teams could score any point and the game ended in a tie as both teams scored 0. This game became unpopular among the audience, teams and fans also did not like it.
In 1882, Walter Camp changed the rule and each team was limited to 3 downs or tackles, and the ball had to be taken till 5 yards. If the team is unable to take the ball to 5 yards, the ball will be handed to the other team. The change in this rule gave birth to the American Football. A five-yard line was also drawn on the field.
Some more changes were made to the rules which are as follows −
The field size was reduced to 100.6m x 48.8m
Four points were given for a touchdown
Two points were awarded for safety
Five points for a goal from the field
Two points for a goal following a touchdown
Players can tackle below the waist
Threat to abolish the game
The rules were changed but still, it was a violent game and players were injured and some also died. President Theodore Roosevelt threatened that the game would be abolished if major changes in the rules were not made as 19 players died in 1905.
In order to make changes, a meeting was held in New York City by 62 colleges and universities on December 18, 1905. This led to the creation of an association called Intercollegiate Athletic Association whose name was changed later to National Collegiate Athletic Association. The changes made in the rules are as follows −
Forward pass was introduced in 1906
The duration of the game was reduced from 70 minutes to 60 minutes
The first down was increased from 5 yards to 10 yards
A neutral zone was created so that chaos could be reduced
Points for a field goal were reduced to 3 in 1909
Points for touchdowns was increased to 6 in 1912
The size of the field was also reduced in the same year which included the following −
The length of the field was reduced to 100 yards
Two end zones of 10 yards each were created
Teams were allowed for four downs which previously was 3
Another rule was added in 1914 where a penalty was added for roughing the passer
In 1918, players were allowed to catch the ball anywhere on the field
Professional Era
In the 1880s, players were given extra benefits like getting a job. Trophies were also given to them by the athletic clubs. Some clubs also paid double for the money spent by a player but there was no direct payment.
On November 12, 1892, A sum of $500 was paid to Pudge Heffelfinger for playing a game for the Allegheny Athletic Association. The opponent in this match was Pittsburg Athletic Club and this was the first game in which direct payment was made to the players. This led to a rise in the number of professionals and salaries were given to the players. This also led to illegal payments to the players who were still studying in colleges.
National Football League (NFL)
The National Football League (NFL), established in 1920, decided to resolve this problem. Bidding wars for players was ended and college students were not allowed to play the game. It also made a rule that if a player changes the team, no payment will be made. NFL became the premier professional football league in 1922.
At this time, American Football was played mostly by college students at the college level. In 1925, an exhibition game was held in which the Pottsville Maroons defeated Notre Dame all-stars. Football became a popular game due to the 1958 NFL Championship game which was played between the Baltimore Colts and New York Giants. Millions of people watched the game and Colts scored 23 points while Giants scored 17.
The popularity of American Football led to the creation of the American Football League which helped to increase the popularity of the game in the United States. NFL was the dominating league and it was challenged by AFL by getting a television contract with ABC Television Network.
This forced the NFL to increase its capacity to Minnesota and Dallas to curb the expansion of AFL. AFL was able to introduce new features in the game in the United States. The features added by the AFL are as follows −
The time was based on the scoreboard rather than the watch in the referee’s pocket
Two points were given to run after touchdowns or by pass
The names of the jerseys of the players were changed
The role of the minority players was also enhanced
College players that were selected by the NFL were also selected by the AFL. AFL New York also signed Joe Namath which increased the competition of player selection between NFL and AFL. In order to end this competition, the NFL offered AFL for a merger which was done in 1970. This merger led to the arrangement of the World Cup each year in which the champions of both leagues will compete. This World Cup came to be known as the Super Bowl.
American Football - Terminology
Before knowing the game rules and playing guidelines, it’s very important to get familiarized with the terms used in the game.
Tee − a cone shaped platform which holds the ball
Yard Space − Space gained by the player to measure the progress of the game.
Line of Scrimmage − The lines parallel to goal line and next to each team’s end, the two lines are termed as the offensive & defensive line of scrimmage.
Offense − Team with the control of the ball.
Defense − Team opposing the offense, without the possession of the ball.
Center − Player in the offense, with the control of the ball.
Tackle player − Position of the players on both offense and defense lines.
Tight end − Position of offensive team player also called as the Y receiver, placed next to the offensive tackle.
Wide Receiver − Position of offensive team player 7 yards away from the formation.
Quarterback − Position of offensive player right behind the center.
Halfback − Position of offensive player behind the wide receiver near to the goal line.
Fullback − Position of offensive player placed behind the quarterback in forming a T shape structure.
End player − Position of defensive player placed on the defensive line of scrimmage exactly opposing the center.
Nose tackle − Position of the defensive player opposing the center, effective in stopping the running and rushing the pass.
Linebacker − Position of defensive player placed right behind the end players.
Cornerback − Position of defensive player positioned behind the linebackers to disrupt the passing.
Safeties − Position of defensive player behind the linebacker ready to take control of the ball from the offense.
Dead ball − The ball not anymore in the play
Kickoff − The ball is placed on a tee at the defense’s 35-yard line, and a special kicker also kicks the ball to the offense.
Placekick − It is a style of kicking the ball when put on the tee.
Drop kick − When the ball is being dropped to the ground and is being kicked before it hits the ground again.
Free kick − It is a kicking form to place the ball in the play.
Down − Time period in which the individual plays in a certain duration, outside of which the ball is dead or not in play.
First Down − When the offensive team effectively passes and moves the ball 10 or more yards, they earn a first down.
Run − A player advancing the ball gaining the necessary yard space.
Pass − A player passes the control of the ball to other player of the same team.
Forward pass − A player passing the ball, might touch an object, a person, or the ground nearer to the other team’s end line or is unintentionally lost in a forward throwing motion.
Tackle − When the player holding the ball whose knee touches the ground the play comes to an end with tackle.
Touchdown − It is a scoring system worth 6 points ideally when a player carries the ball and touches the opponent’s end zone.
Point after touchdown (PAT) − After the touchdown the team will try for an extra 1 or 2 points by kicking the ball through the goal post or throwing it to the end zone.
Field Goal − Worth of 3 points occurs if the ball is place kicked, drop kicked or free kicked in between the goal posts in the opponent’s end zone.
Safety − Scoring system worth of 2 points occurs by making the player possessing the ball out of his own end zone and out of bounds, or driving the other team to fumble the ball to exit the end zone. A safety is also presented if the offensive team does a foul in its own end zone.
Turnover − Happens when one team loses the ball the other team gains.
Fumble − Occurs when the player drops the ball by chance.
Interception − Takes place when a player regains the ownership of the ball from an opposing player.
American Football - Playing Environment
American football, rightly known as the game of collision, is a battle of the teams for more points aiming for the win of their respective territories and the field predominantly serves as a way to measure the momentum of this sport. The game is played on large fields similar to that of Rugby and Soccer.
American Football Field Design
The rectangular green field measures 360 feet long by 160 feet wide and has end zones at each end. Based on the NFL rulebook, 30-foot deep scoring end zones, horizontal lines drawn every five yards, with yard lines numbered in multiples of 10 positioned accurately twelve yards in from the side-lines. All lines and field markings are painted in white on green grass. The slingshot goalpost measuring 10 feet which was redesigned and relocated in the late 90’s, is now placed at the back of the end zone as shown in the below layout −
The two vertical lines in the centre of field are known as the line of scrimmage, the offensive & defensive teams with 11 players take the possession of the ovoid ball at their line of scrimmage. The line marked with 50 is the centre of the field and that is where the ball is first placed before the start of the match. The players position themselves in their own yard spaces to start the game.
Timing of the Game
American football is played for 1 hour with four 15-minute quarters, divided by a 12- minute break at half-time. With 2-minute breaks at the finish of the first and third quarters, and the teams change ends of the field after every quarter of the game. But at the end of the first and third quarters, the team retaining the ball would be heading into the following quarter. The second half of the game starts with a kick off similar to the beginning of the game in the first quarter.
Both the teams have 40 seconds after the end of a play and they must snap of the ball for the start of the next play. The team which is not successful in snapping the ball gets penalized. The game clock stops at the end of every incomplete passing plays, or a player goes out of boundary, or when a penalty is called. The clock starts again when the ball is re-spotted by the match referee.
In a tie game scenario, 15-minute overtime is given for the play and the team that first scores a point wins. A coin toss is made to determine the ball possession for the overtime.
American Football - Equipment
There are many American Football equipment that are used by players to play the game safely. Players have to touch each other physically and they may fall down or get hurt due to any other reasons. This equipment will help them to be safe and reduce the chance of injuries. We will discuss all the equipment in detail.
Arm Sleeves
Arm Sleeves are optional pieces and only a few players in a team use them like quarterbacks, wide receivers, running backs, etc. The sleeves are designed in such a way that they can prevent or reduce any kind of injury during the game. They also provide muscle support which is helpful for the players to play the game.
Balls
The size and structure of the ball has changed. In the 1800s, round-shaped balls were used in the game but now the shape of the ball is similar to the pig's bladder. Leather is used to make the football and it can be held easily with the help of laces. A football can be purchased from an online store or sporting goods stores.
Belts
Belts are used to keep the pants tight. They are tied on the waist to hold the pants in perfect position. All players have to use the belts designed by the NFL These belts can be found in the sporting goods store.
Chin Straps
Chin Straps are considered as one of the important equipment as they are valuable for the safety of the chin. The piece was first used in 1976 which decreased different types of injuries in the game. It can be uncomfortable but it creates a protective layer for the safety of the chin.
Cleat Cleaner
Cleat cleaners are used to clean the mud from cleats so that injuries can be prevented due to increased traction. If the game is being played on a wet field, cleat cleaners are very helpful.
Cleats
Cleats are required to help the players to run at a fast pace. Ordinary footwear cannot help the players to run fast while holding the ball. Cleats also help in the protection of ankles. Cleats also have grooved soles which provide traction to the runner.
Compression Apparel
Compression apparel is tight-fitting clothes which help the players to run on the field for a long time. These apparels are also good for safety from different kinds of injuries. Wearing these apparel is comfortable in comparison to shorts. They can absorb sweat and rashes and burns are also reduced.
Compression Shorts
Compression shorts are worn under the pants and they are used for protection from injuries. Muscle fatigue is reduced and it is also helpful in preventing strains. These shorts can be purchased from sporting goods stores.
Cones
Different sports including American Football use cones during the practice sessions. Cone drills help players to run at a fast pace and also develop the ability of body control.
Duffel Bags
The duffel bag is developed from a durable fabric and it also consists of a handle which helps players to take it from one place to another. These bags have been designed so that players can keep their equipment and move comfortably. Such bags are easily available in the sports goods stores.
Eye Black
Eye black is a strip that players apply to protect the eyes from the glare of the sun. It is a beneficial item that protects the vision of players. Eye blacks are also worn to make the opponents fearful.
Flag Football Belts
Flag Football belts are the pieces that are useful in playing flag football. Flags are taken by the opponents so that they can take possession of the ball. Tackling down is not allowed in the game.
Flags
Flags or penalty flags are the cloth of different colors and players of all the teams have to wear these flags. The flags of one team are of the same color. These flags can be easily taken off as they are tied to the belt.
Flak Jackets
Flak jackets are protective equipment which can be used to protect the rib areas as they are wrapped over them. The jackets are also attached to the shoulder pads. Ribs and abdominal injuries can be reduced and prevented through these jackets.
Girdles
Girdles are the pieces that can be used for the protection of the lower part of the body. A girdle consists of different types of pads that can be used in thighs, tailbone, and hip areas. These girdles are provided by the football team to the players.
Gloves
Gloves are an important protective equipment for football players. They help the players to protect their hands and fingers from getting injured. Receivers and linemen are more prone to hand injury as they have to catch the ball which may come by force. Receivers have to catch the ball and hold it to prevent other team members from snatching it. Linemen use gloves to protect their hands from bruising.
Hand Warmers
Hand warmers are the equipment that can be used by the players to keep their hands warm. This equipment is helpful in these areas where the climate is very cold. Players cannot play with cold and wet hands as this can lead the ball to slip away from their hands while catching.
Helmet
Helmet is considered as one of the most important pieces of equipment to be used in the game. The equipment is used for the protection of the head from any type of injury. Helmets are designed in such a way that they protect the head from any type of falling or damage caused by flying balls. The head is also protected from the pushes and force from other players.
Helmet Pump
Helmets consist of pads which can get deflated with time. Helmet pumps are used to inflate these pads to provide more comfort to the head. A deflated helmet is easy to store.
Helmet Radios
Modern helmets also consist of radios and at least one player in each team has to wear such a helmet. These helmet radios are specially designed to be used during college football. The radio is used as a mechanism of communication between the coaching staff and players.
Helmet Visors
Some players use helmet visors to improve their visibility. Visors help in protecting the eyes from the glaring sun and also prevent physical contact with the eyes.
Jerseys
Each member of both teams has to wear a jersey which consists of their name and number. The last names of the players can be found on jerseys. Teams offer jerseys to the players with names and numbers.
Jockstrap and Cup
Groin has to be protected during the game of American football and this can be done with the help of Jockstrap and cup. The cup will protect the groin all the time during the game. It also reduces the chance of injuries in the sensitive areas.
K-Balls
K-balls are the balls which are used for kickoffs and field goals. These balls are a replacement for the regular ball when kickoffs and field goals have to be done. These balls are hard in nature in comparison to the regular ball. The structure of these balls helps in making an accurate kick.
Mouth Guard
Mouth Guard is another essential piece of equipment that is used for the protection of teeth and mouth. A tooth can be broken due to a punch or force from another player. As there is always an encounter and chaos on the field so there are chances that the jaw can be broken. A mouth guard is the best protector of the mouth, teeth, and jaw.
Neck Collars or Neck Rolls
Neck Collars and Neck Rolls are useful for defensive linemen and linebackers. Both of them help these players to protect their necks, especially in awkward conditions. The neck guard is comfortable for the players.
Pants
Every player has to wear the pants before the game starts. These pants consist of inbuilt pads which are seven in number and are used to protect hips, thighs, knees, and tailbone. The common color of these pants is white but they are also available in other colors.
Shoulder Pads
Shoulders are very useful in any type of sport like cricket, football, American football, etc. Shoulders may not be able to bear the force caused due to tackles. Players should wear the shoulder pads to protect their shoulders from such injuries. These pads reduce the chances of tearing of ligaments, muscle strain, shoulder pain, and other injuries and problems related to shoulders.
Skull Caps
Skull caps are optional and are worn to prevent sweat from reaching the face. Skull caps can be worn in place of helmets to provide comfort to the players. Helmets are hard and may also damage hairs.
T-Shirts
T-shirts of players are very popular and can be used as a replacement for jerseys. The cost of T-shirts is less than jerseys and can be found in different sports goods stores.
Tees and Holders
Tees and holders are used to hold the ball before kicking and starting the game. The ball is kept on a holder if a kick-off has to be made. For extra points and field goals, these items are not used. Tees and holders are used especially during the training sessions.
Thigh, Hip, and Knee Pads
Arms and legs are always in use during the game. Players have to run continuously and they also have to hold the ball and prevent the members of other time to get the possession. Knees and elbows can easily get hurt during the chaos. In such a case, knee pads and elbow pads are needed for the protection of these organs.
Throwback Jerseys
These are the jerseys that are put on during a special match. The designs and brands of these jerseys have changed with time. These jerseys are worn by players to honor and pay tribute to the senior players.
Towels
Some players like quarterbacks wear the towels so that hands and the ball can be dried easily. Players may lose grip if their hands are wet Towels are available for all the players which they can use to dry their hands before catching or throwing the ball.
Whistles
Whistles are used by referees and coaches when they have to give a signal for starting or stopping the game. Coaches also have to use the whistles to maintain law and order amongst players.
Choosing the right equipment
Players have to choose the right type of equipment which will help them to protect their body parts during the game. A loose or worn-out piece can be uncomfortable and may even be dangerous. In the case of purchasing the equipment online, buyers need to check the reputation of the company. Here are the things that should be taken into account while purchasing American Football Equipment.
Size
All players have different heights, weights, foot sizes, etc. so the equipment has to be purchased accordingly. Players have to keep an account of the size of their various body parts so that American Football accessories can be easily purchased. The equipment that they purchase should properly align with their body parts.
Quality
The next thing that should be considered while purchasing American Football equipment is the quality of the product. If you are purchasing the equipment online, you have to verify whether the products that are being sold are new. Internal working conditions of the second-hand product would be checked if you are buying any.
Fitting
You have to check the fitting of the uniform, helmet, mouth guard, and other equipment. If the equipment is tight and uncomfortable, you will face difficulty during the game. Loose items may fall down and fitting them during the game can be a waste of time. It is better to choose the pieces that are perfectly fit.
Condition
The condition of the equipment should be checked before purchase. It is better to purchase a new one but if you are going for a second-hand product, check whether it is worn out or not and also the internal conditions like helmet, mouth guards, etc. Damaged and worn-out knee pads are not good for the knees. Purchase the knee pads that have excellent shock absorbers.
By position
Different equipment has different positions. In the case of shoulder pads, they should be cantilevered for linebackers as they are bigger in size. Linebackers have to deal with collisions from the front and these pads will keep their shoulders safe. Flat shoulder pads are suitable for quarterbacks and receivers.
In the case of gloves, linemen need full gloves which can be used to cover the hand while receivers need such gloves that can be helpful for them to move their hand freely.
American Football - Players and Positions
American Football is a popular game played between two teams each having 11 players. Each player has his own position and they have to play a special role in the game. All the members of a team have to perform their job all the time to prevent the opponent from reaching the goalpost or the end zone. Before knowing about how the game is played, you need to know the position of the players.
The game consists of 3 teams listed below −
Offensive Team
The offensive team consists of 11 players whose job is to take the ball to the end zone of the opponent. The offensive team has to go for a touchdown or settle for a field goal.
Defensive Team
The defensive team also consists of 11 players and their job is to tackle the offensive team and prevent their attack. They have to tackle the player of the offensive team who carries the ball. They can also catch the pass or knock it down.
Special Team
The offensive and the defensive teams are not allowed for kickoffs and extra points tries. They also cannot go for field goals and punts. All these actions have to be performed by the special team
Players and Positions in the offensive team
The positions of these players are discussed here in detail.
Quarterback (QB)
The player at this position has to control the ball coming from the center. This player has the option to pass the ball to a running back, wide receiver, tight end, or a passing play. QB also has the option of taking the ball and running. He needs to have knowledge about the position of each player so that he can throw the ball to a player of his team.
Offensive Lineman
There are five offensive linemen on the field in the offensive team. These linemen are −
Left Tackle
Left Guard
Center
Right Guard
Right Tackle
The center lineman is the most important as most of the time the ball is with the center. The Center has to snap the ball, hand, or toss it between his feet and pass it to the Quarterback or another player to start the game. Usually, the Center position is held by the captain of the team. He is responsible for communication with the team.
After the ball is in the hands of the Center, none of the players in the offensive team are allowed to touch the ball till the time the center passes the ball or the ball falls down from the hands of the center of the offensive team. This event is known as fumble and in such a case, the offensive team players try their best to push the defensive team so that they could not get the ball. Offensive linemen have the job of blocking the defensive team to get the ball.
Running Back
The job of the Running Back player is to get the ball thrown by the quarterback and run. Running Backs need to be powerful and fast so that they can be able to pass the ball to the other players of their team. They have to look for the best place where they can run and make a sudden stop to change the move. Usually, an offensive team has one running back but sometimes there can be two. If there are five receivers in the offensive team, then there will be no Running Backs.
Fullback
Fullbacks are considered as a mixture of lineman and running back. Their position is between Quarterback and Lineman. Their job is to block the running backs and then carry the ball. In the modern American Football game, Fullbacks are not required.
Tight End
The position of Tight Ends is bigger than the Wide Receivers but smaller than the Offensive Linemen. Their job is to block the linemen by catching the pass. They have to run in a similar way as that of Offensive Linemen. They have to catch the ball and run.
Wide Receiver
The position of Wide Receivers lies at or near the line of scrimmage. They are responsible for carrying the ball and they also have to block running plays. They are also tasked with catching passes. They have the option to jump in the air to catch the ball and run. They have to run on the known routes so that it is easy for the Quarterbacks to pass the ball.
Wide Receivers also have to hide their intentions from the defensive team. Wide Receivers are also allowed to wear face shields to hide the places where they are seeing and throwing the ball.
Players and Positions in Defensive Team
The positions of different players in the defensive team are discussed here.
Defensive Linemen
Defensive linemen have to start playing from the line of scrimmage. This is the line where the ball is kept before the game starts. A defensive team can have 3 to 4 Defensive Linemen who are allowed to keep one or both hands on the field. Defensive Linemen are positioned in the middle and are called defensive tackle. If the number of defensive tackles is only one, he is known as a nose tackle.
The Defensive Linemen are responsible for stopping the Running Back of the offensive team. They also have to pressurize the Quarterback to throw the ball as soon as possible. They also have to tackle the Quarterback and it is known as sack. Defensive Linemen also have to stop the receivers and block them from catching the pass. These players need to be more active in the game.
Linebacker
There are four Linebackers in the defensive team if there are three defensive linemen. In case there are four linemen, the number of linebackers is three. Linebackers have to work faster in comparison to the Defensive Linemen. They have to focus on passes and also have to keep an eye on the tight ends and wide receivers. The middle linebacker has to keep an eye on the quarterback before the play.
Cornerback
Cornerbacks are also known as Defensive Backfield or Defensive Backs. They are positioned outside of the defense and have the responsibility of dealing with the receivers of the offensive team. Cornerbacks try to prevent the receivers from catching the ball. The prevention can be done by batting down the ball or coming in its way while the receiver is going to receive it.
There can be five cornerbacks in a team and the fifth one is known as nickel back. The fifth defensive back is necessary if the offensive team has more number of receivers. If there are six cornerbacks in a defensive team, the sixth one is known as a dime back.
Safety
The last player of the defensive is known as Safety. Safety has the responsibility to play at the back of the defensive team. Safeties have to check that none of the players of the offensive team cross the defense. Safeties have to take care of the large area of the field.
A defensive team has two safeties. One of them is called strong safety and the other one is free safety. The strong safety is positioned at a place where the tight ends of the offensive team are lined up. The strong safety has to reach the line scrimmage while the free safety has to be available at the back of the defense.
Players and Positions in the special team
The members of the special team are discussed below.
Kicker
The kicker is responsible for kicking off the ball and also going for a field goal. He is also responsible for earning point after touchdown (PAT).
Punter
If the offensive players have gone for a fourth touchdown, they may or may not go for the first down. This is so because if they are unable to succeed the first down, they have to give the ball to the defensive team at the place where they have stopped their offense.
The punter has to kick the ball in such a way that the offensive team can be kept away from the end zone. Punters can also give the ball to the kicker to go for a field goal.
Kick Returner
A Kick Returner is a player who has to catch the ball kicked by the kicker and run to the end zone of the opposite team. These players have to run at a fast speed and they can also act as wide receivers or cornerbacks.
Punt Returner
The punt returner has to catch the ball punted by the Punter. The player does not have to return the ball as the special team of the other team has to tackle him. The Punt Returner may return the ball. He can also run towards the end zone of the other team.
Long Snapper
Long Snapper is a special center whose job is to snap the ball to the punter or kicker. The ball has to be kept in between the legs and passed to the punter.
American Football - How to Play?
Getting Ready
American Football starts with the toss of a coin, just 3 minutes before the game. The referee meets both team captains and calls for a toss. The winner of the toss has can choose from either receiving the kickoff or just kickoff to start the game. Apart from that the winning team chooses an end of the field and the loser of the toss other end of the field.
Players and Positioning
American Football has two teams and each of them has 11 players. The players have their own positions which depend on whether they belong to offensive, defensive, or special teams −
To know more about players and positions refer to the link below −
American Football - Players and Positions
Quick Glimpse of the Game
The offensive team with 11 players takes possession of the ovoid ball and tries to advance the ball by throwing and running to the opponent team’s goal post to score points. Both the teams try to gain points by crossing the goal line and getting into the end zone. The opponent team called the defense tries to stop the offensive team and takes the control over the ball. Out of both the teams, the team with the ball has to score more points or the team is forced to give up the possession of the ball. The offensive and defensive teams change roles (the offensive team goes on defense and the defensive team goes on offense). The same continues back and forth, until all four 15 minute quarters of the game have been played.
The game starts with the kickoff. The ovoid ball is placed on a tee (a cone shaped platform which holds the ball) at the defense’s 35-yard line, and a special kicker also known as a placekicker kicks the ball to the offense. Any player from offense team will try to catch the ball and advance to the defense. When a kickoff is caught in the offense's end zone, the kicker has two options to play. First option is to run the ball away from the end zone and second option is to kneel down in the end zone to gesture a touchback and to stop the play immediately. The ball is positioned on the 20-yard line and game is started again.
The offensive team tries to get as much space as it can to try and move closer to the defense’s end zone. Every time the offense gets hold of the ball and has four downs or chances to gain 10 yards. If the offensive team effectively passes and moves the ball 10 or more yards, they earn a first down and similarly other set of four downs. If the offense fails to gain 10 yards’ space, then they lose control of the ball. The defense tries to prevent the offense from scoring and gaining the 10 yards needed for first down. If the offense reaches fourth down, then they end up punting the ball (kicks it away). This makes the defense team to begin its game from further down the field.
One of the important game rules of American Football is the play from scrimmage. It is the movement of the game during which one team tries to advance the ball, get a first down, or a point, and the other team tries to stop them or take the ball away. These plays from scrimmage include–field goal attempts (from either a place kick or a drop kick), passing the ball, retaining the ball and running, punting the ball (dropping the ball from the hands and then before it reaches the ground, kicking the ball), or freekicks such as kick-offs and fair catch kicks. The game also consists of a series of downs, referred to as a time period in which the individual plays in a certain duration, outside of which the ball is dead or not in play.
Replacement of players can be made only between the downs, which allows for a great deal of choice for the team to send in the best suitable player for that particular situation.
Moving the Bal – The Run and The Pass
Usually the game begins with the snap of the ball at the line of scrimmage. The quarterback of the offense calls out a play in code and the center player passes or snaps the ball under his legs. The quarterback than continues from there and takes a quick decision on either to throw the ball or run with it.
The offense can advance the ball in two ways. First one is The Run and this happens when the quarterback player passes the ball off to a running back player, who attempts to gain as many yards as possible by escaping the defensive players. The quarterback is also one of the runners and is permitted to run with the ball.
Another alternative to taking the ball is to Pass it. The quarterback player generally passes the ball to trick the defense. Any other player from the offensive team can also pass the ball as long as the pass is thrown from behind the line of scrimmage. A pass is complete after another offensive player catches the ball, typically the wide receiver or tight end player of the catch the ball. If the ball smashes the ground before any other player catches it, then it’s an incomplete pass.
The defense players stop the offense from progressing with the ball by getting the ball to the ground. A player is said to be Tackled when the players’ knees touch the ground. This results in end of the play. A play also finishes in case if the player runs out of boundaries.
Scoring System
The game is played on a point based scoring system. The main objective of the players is to score points and team with scoring highest number of points is declared winner of the game. According to the scoring structure points can be scored in four methods that is Touchdown, Extra point (PAT), Field goal, and Safety points.
To know more about Scoring system, refer to the link below −
American Football - Scoring System
American Football - Scoring System
The scoring system in American football is different in comparison to other games. The game is played between an offensive and a defensive team. Both teams have the aim of reaching the goal post or end zone of the opponent team to gain points. The winner of the game is the team that has earned more points. The single play in the game is called down and the offensive team has four of them.
The team has to use the four downs till ten yards. If they are able to reach ten yards, they will get four downs again to reach the further 10 yards. If the offensive team is unable to reach the 10 yards in four downs, the ball is transferred to the other team.
Types of American Football Scores
A team can earn points in different ways to increase their score. The highest point that they can get is through touchdown. The other ways through which points can be scored can be found in the table below −
Touchdown
This is the most important way to earn points as each team gets six points for each touchdown. When the ball crosses the goal line of the opponent team, the offensive team earns six points. Another way to earn points through a touchdown is when a player catches the ball while he is in the end zone of the opponent team.
The rules of gaining points through touchdowns differ in college and pro football. In the case of pro football, both feet of the receiver should be on the ground or in the in-bounds when he catches the ball. In the case of college football, only one foot is enough to be in the in-bounds to get points through a touchdown.
Field Goal
The points which a team gets through the field goal is three. A team can score points through the field goal if a kicker kicks the ball that crosses the uprights of the goalpost. The center has to pass the ball to the punter or quarterback. The punter or the quarterback has to put the ball on the ground so that the kicker can kick it to the goalpost. The defense has to block the ball to stop the field goal.
Field goals can be scored from anywhere on the field but teams usually prefer a distance of 40 yards. Kickers have to position themselves along the offensive line to go for the field goal. Players can also use dropkick to get the field goal. The kicker in this case has to put the ball on the ground and kick it to the goalpost. This trick is very rarely used.
Two-Points Conversion
Two-point conversion can be attempted after getting a touchdown. In modern games, a team uses this option when they need two points to win the game or go for a tie. The team who wants to attempt a two-point conversion has to reach the end zone. In such a case, the game has to be started from a two-yard line. Many teams go for this type of scoring but analytics reveal that Per attempt a team receives 1.002 points while the average of the extra points is 0.938.
Extra Point
The extra point is a type of field goal in which the goal has to be kicked from a 15-yard line. On being successful, the team gets only one point. Until 2015, players were allowed to go for a field goal from a two-yard line for getting extra points. This helped the kickers to earn extra points easily but after the change of rule, it became a little difficult to earn extra points.
Safety
Safety is a way of scoring in which the defensive team has to tackle the offensive team. The defensive team receives 2 points. After earning the points, the defensive team gets the possession of the ball and also gets the chance of punting. As per the strategy, a team always tries for safeties to earn points when the game is about to end.
American Football Scoreboard
Now we will know about the American Football Scoreboard.
Team Names
The scoreboard has the names of the two teams participating in the current game. The name of the home team can be found on the top or left while the visiting team’s name can be found on the bottom or right. In some scoreboards, HOME and AWAY can also be found for the home and visiting team respectively.
Scores
The current score of each team can be found next to the name of the team. The score is updated continuously till the end of the game.
Quarter and Time Remaining
There are four quarters in each American Football game. The duration of each quarter is 15 minutes. The scoreboard shows the quarter in which the game is being played for example second or third quarter. The time remaining for the current quarter is also displayed.
Down and Distance
American Football is a game in which the offensive team has the option of four downs when the game starts. The downs are displayed on the scoreboard as 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th. The scoreboard also shows the distance which the offensive team has to cover to get four downs again. A TO GO number is also displayed which lets the offensive team know the distance to be covered for a 10-yard goal so that 1st down can be earned.
Ball On
Ball On is an indicator which shows the current location of the ball on the field. The number displayed also shows the distance of the ball from each end zone.
Possession Indicator
The possession indicator shows the name of the team which is currently possessing the ball. Usually, the ball is in the possession of the offensive team.
Timeouts Remaining
Three timeouts are allotted to each team per half. The number of timeouts is displayed on some of the scoreboards.
American Football - Rules
American Football has many rules and they are listed here.
The game is divided into four quarters and the duration of each quarter is 15 minutes.
A break of 2 minutes is provided between 1st and 2nd and 3rd and 4th quarter.
A break of 15 minutes is provided between the 2nd and 3rd rounds as it is half-time.
The offensive team has the option of four downs which it has to use to gain ten or more downs
If the offensive team successfully attains ten yards, it gets 4 downs again but if it fails, the possession of the ball is given to the defensive team and makes it the offensive team.
A lot of different types of plays are available and the teams make these plays which results in organized chaos.
The captain of the offensive team calls for the plays and the same thing is done by the captain of the defensive team.
A toss is done at the start of the game to decide which team will possess the ball.
When the offensive team reaches the fourth down it has to decide whether to cover the remaining yards or kick the ball. If the team goes for the kick option, it can go for a punt or field goal.
The game is played between two teams of 11 players each.
One of the teams is offensive and the other is defensive.
The offensive team comes with the objective of reaching the end zone of the other team while the defensive team has the objective of preventing the offensive team from reaching the end zone.
Points can be earned in different ways which can be found in the table below −
American Football - Variants
American Football is the descendant of Rugby Football and has many variants which are played with different rules. The teams in the NFL play American Football and the main aim of each team is to win the Super Bowl. Let us discuss some of the variants of American Football in detail.
Arena Football
Arena Football is an indoor variant of American Football. The speed of the game is much faster comparatively and both teams have the opportunity to score high. The sport was invented in 1981 and it got its patent in 1987. The field of the game is made in a similar way like basketball or ice hockey. The width of the field is 85 feet and the length is 200 feet. Each team consists of 8 players and the game is in the control of Arena Football League. It is one of the popular variants of American Football.
Canadian Football
Canadian Football is a variant of American Football but is also considered as a variant of Gridiron Football. There are two teams in the game and each has 12 players. The field of Canadian Football is 10 yards longer and 10 yards wider than the field of American Football. Its end zone is also 10 yards deeper.
The Canadian Football League is the only league for this game. The season for the game starts in June and ends in November. Teams have to compete for the Grey Cup. A women football league for the game has also been created in 2004 and the game is becoming popular.
Six-man Football
Six-man Football is a modified version of the American Football game. This is a game in which each team consists of six members. A teacher from Chester Nebraska is the inventor of the game for high school students. The rules of the game are similar to American football and some of them are listed below −
The dimensions of the field are 80 x 40 yards.
Four points are awarded for each field goal.
The first exchange is snapped at the center and the players cannot advance the ball till the second exchange
A forward pass can be caught by anybody.
First down should be done on 15 yards
Two points are rewarded for a kick after touchdown
One point is awarded for a run or pass
If a team has got 45 points more than the other team before or after half-time, it can end the game and win it.
The duration of each quarter is 10 minutes
Breaks between two quarters are 2 minutes and the half-time break is of 15 minutes
Eight-man Football
Eight-man Football is also a variant of American Football which has been developed for high school students. The schools that are having a small number of enrolments play this game. The game has become so popular that in 2015, the game was played in 1,561 schools in the United States. The rules of this game have much similarity with the original American Football game. The special team is not there in this game. There is no fourth down and two-point conversion.
The size of the field is either 40 yards x 80 yards or 40 x 100 yards. Each team has eight players and the team can earn points through.
Touchdowns
Extra point conversions
Field goals
Safeties
There are four quarters in the game and the duration of each of them is 15 minutes.
Nine-man Football
Nine-man Football is another variation of American Football in which each team consists of nine players. The game has been developed for high school and 116 schools adopted this variant in 2015. The rules of the game are similar to American Football. The game is played in a field whose dimensions can be either 40 x 80 yards or 40 x 100 yards. Teams can score points through −
Touchdowns
Field goals
Extra point conversions
Safeties
There are four quarters in the game and the duration of each of them is 15 minutes. This game is also popular in small schools in Canada, Australia, Italy, Norway, France, and Argentina.
Flag Football
Flag Football is another variant of American Football and the rules of both games are similar. Tackling is not a part of this game. The defensive team has to remove a flag or the flag belt from the player who is handling the ball. Players are not allowed to touch each other and this makes it an enjoyable game for people of every age.
The game is played between two teams and each of them can have 5, 7, or 8 players. The game is played on a field having the dimensions of 70 x 30 yards. Each end zone is allotted a space of 10 yards. Teams have to carry the ball through four downs. The defensive team has to pull out the flag to prevent the offensive team from advancing. Touchdowns provide six points and teams can also score points through two-point conversions and extra points.
Flag Football is popular in North America, Asia, and Europe and it will also become the part of Olympics in 2028.
Sprint Football
Sprint Football is a variant of American Football in which the weight of the players should be 172 pounds or less. The body fat should be only 5%. This game is played in the United States at the college level only. The weight restriction has been kept so that the game can be played at a fast pace.
The size of the field is similar to the American Football and the offensive team gets the possession of the ball. Points are scored through the following −
Touchdowns: 6 points
Field goals 3 points
One point conversion
Two point conversion
Safeties
The game comes under the control of the Collegiate Sprint Football League (CSFL). The members of CSFL belong to nine universities and the sport is held every year. There are nine teams in the competition and each of them has to play seven matches. The championship is awarded to the team that has won most of the matches. If more than one team has won the similar number of games, the championship is shared.
Touch Football
Touch Football consists of all the rules that are followed in the American Football game. The only rule that is not followed is the full-contact aspect. Players just have to touch the players of the other team to end a play. There is no need to wear any protective gear. The size of the field and the number of players vary. There are different variations of the game which are as follows −
One of the formats is one-touch or two-touch tackle where players have to touch other players with a single or both hands.
In the second format, all forms are kicking are not available in this game and points can be scored only through touchdowns.
There is a third format in which the time duration of the games is not fixed and the players have to score a fixed number of points
Ultimate Football
Ultimate Football is also known by the name of Ultimate Frisbee or Frisbee. The game is played with the help of a flying disc which is called Frisbee. The game was started in the 1960s and was played at Columbia High School in New Jersey.
The game is played between two teams each having seven members. The aim of the game is to throw the disc so that it can reach the end zone of the opposition team. If there is an interruption in the pass, the disc is handed over to the other team. Many leagues of this game are arranged and some of the popular ones include USA Ultimate and Ultimate Canada.
Kayak Football
Kayak Football is a game that has been developed by combining Kayaking, American Football, and Frisbee. A swimming pool is one of the best places where the game can be played. A kayak with a double paddle is used along with a small soft football. The aim of a team is to reach the end zone of the other team.
The game is played between two teams each having ten players. Players can throw the ball to their team members or in the water and a team member can paddle up to it. Holding the ball is not allowed in the game and paddle with it. A pass in the air can be prevented with the help of a paddle.
Players have to catch the ball to score points. Each catch leads to one point. Ramming the boats and hitting players with paddles is not allowed.
Lingerie Football
The American Football that is played by women who wear lingerie is known as Lingerie Football. The game was started as a half-time show for the Super Bowl but now it is played for full time. The game is played between two teams of seven players each. The equipment used in the game is −
Pads
Knee pads
Elbow pads
Helmets with visors
There are four periods of ten minutes each in which the game has to be completed. Only touchdowns can be used to score points. No field goals can be done for scoring. One-point conversion from one-yard and two-point conversion from the three-yard line can be performed for scoring points. The game is popular in the United States, Canada, and Australia.
Unicycle Football
Unicycle is a variant of American Football in which players have to use a unicycle to move around the field. Marcus Garland from Texas invented the game. This game can be played in parking lots, indoor arenas, or any place having a small or large space. Each team can have four to 11 players.
The number of players is decided on the basis of the size of the field where the game has to be played. Players have to use a helmet to play the game with a regular-size football.
A Unicycle Football League is also available which consists of 9 teams that have to play 56 games in a season each year.
American Football - How to Learn?
American Football is easy to learn and practice. There are many things that you can do to practice the game and learn it. Continuous practice of everything is needed to become a great American Football player. You will have to learn kicking, catching, holding, and many other things. Here we will discuss some processes which will help you to learn each aspect of the game easily.
Physical strength, speed, alertness, etc. are needed to play the game effectively. Besides this, you also need to learn technical skills so that you can become proficient in different types of moves.
Footwork Drills
One of the essential aspects to learn is the footwork and you can follow the footwork drills to become proficient. There are three types of drills that you can practice each for 30 minutes. Let us discuss these drills in detail.
Ladder Drills
This is a practice in which you have to set up a ladder and use different types of patterns to run. Some of these patterns are as follows −
Side shuffles
High knees
Quick feet
Each of these three steps should be performed for 30 seconds. After 30 seconds, take a break for a few seconds and start the next one. This will help you in improving your footwork pattern.
Dot Drills
This is a type of practice in which you have to draw dots. After drawing these dots, try to jump from one dot to another in different patterns. You can jump at the front and then go back. You can also go for in and out. You have to practice each of these steps for 30 seconds and repeat it to improve your jumping skills which is needed in this game.
Cone Drills
This is a type of practice in which you have to design or set up a zigzag pattern and practice in such a way that directions are changed quickly. Repeat this step five times daily and also take rest in between.
Ball Handling Skills
There are different things that you have to improve so that the ball can be handled safely and comfortably. You need to learn agility, control, and grip, and here are things that you can do to practice ball-handling skills.
One-Handed ball Control
This is a type of practice in which you have to handle the ball in a single hand flip it in different ways and then catch and hold it. You can throw it up and catch and you can also spin it. All these movements should be done for a few seconds and take rest in between. Also, you need to repeat the steps 5 to 6 times.
Ball Slams
This is a practice in which you have to handle the ball with both hands. Now you need to throw the ball forcefully on the ground and then catch it on every bounce. This step has to be repeated for half a minute or more and then take rest in between every half minute.
Agility
Create a zigzag pattern and start running while having the ball in one of your hands. You need to put the ball from one hand to another while running in different patterns. This instep has to be repeated and after finishing take rest and then start again.
Blocking Drills
Blocking is one of the important parts of the game as you have to block the players of the opposition team from reaching the end zone of your side. The blocking skills are required by offensive and defensive teams. You can perform different things that can help you in improving power, footwork, and technique of blocking. Let us discuss some of these drills.
Wall Drive
This is a practice in which you have to face a wall while holding the ball in both of your hands. The next step that you have to do is to push the ball against the wall as hard as possible. The step has to be repeated for 30 seconds and then take rest and repeat it.
Shadow Blocking
This is a practice where you have to stand in front of a mirror. Take into account footwork, stance, and hand placement. Perform this step for 30 seconds and repeat it as much as you can.
Footwork Blocking
This is a practice in which you have to set up cones in a straight line Now run through these cones while practicing different types of blocking techniques. Some of these blocking techniques include cut blocking, drive blocking, and many more. These steps should be practiced continuously for 30 minutes.
Route Running Skills
Route Running Skills have to be practiced by those people who want to become a receiver, tight end, or running backs. You need to focus on your speed, agility, and precision. Here are some of the drills that you can follow −
Cone Routes
This is a practice in which you have to set up and arrange cones in different patterns to make different types of routes. Some of these patterns are ins, outs, slants, and many more. You need to run on each route after creation accurately.
Reaction Route
This is a type of practice in which you need a partner. You need to tell the partner to run on different routes. You should then tell him the correct way of running on different routes. This will help you to be alert while reacting quickly to any situation.
Mirror Routes
This is a type of practice in which you have to stand in front of a mirror. You can practice repeat running while using different patterns. The practice has to be performed for 30 seconds or more.
Tackling Drills
Players in the defensive team must have tackling skills. The skill is necessary as they have to take the offensive player who is holding the ball. There are different types of tackling skills to practice that we will discuss here −
Tackle Dummies
This is a practice in which you have to set up dummies and try to tackle them. You have to use different techniques of tackling. You need to concentrate on the target while going for tackling.
Agility Tackles
This is a practice in which a zigzag pattern has to be made and tackle the dummy while running in this pattern. You need to concentrate on your balance along with speed while tackling the dummy.
Shadow Tackling
This is a practice in which you have to stand in front of the mirror. Try to focus on your stance, hand placement, and footwork while practicing the ways of tackling.
American Football - Tournaments
American Football also popular as Football in the United States is loved by the people of America. There are many tournaments held all over the year and we will discuss some of them here. All these tournaments are listed below −
Alamo Bowl
Army Navy Game
Cactus Bowl
College Football Playoff National Championship
Cotton Bowl Classic
East-West Shrine Game
Fiesta Bowl
Gator Bowl
Holiday Bowl
Music City Bowl
NFL Playoffs
NFL Pro Bowl
Orange Bowl
Peach Bowl
Rose Bowl
Sugar Bowl
Super Bowl
Alamo Bowl
The Alamo Bowl is played in San Antonio, Texas. The game was started in 1993 and is held annually between two college teams. It is a post-season game and the teams from Big 12 and Pac-12 conferences participate in the tournament. The game is popular as the finishing is exciting.
Army Navy Game
The Army-Navy game is a tournament that is played between two college teams. The game was started in 1890 and is held once in a year. The game is played between the United States Military Academy and the United States Naval Academy. This tournament is held for paying tribute to the armed forces in the United States.
Cactus Bowl
The Cactus Bowl is a game that is played between two college teams. The tournament was started in 1989 and is played once in a year. Another name of the Cactus Bowl tournament is Guaranteed Rate Bowl and it is a post-season game which is held in Phoenix, Arizona. The teams are selected from Big 10 and Big 12 conferences.
College Football Playoff National Championship
The competition is held in different parts of the United States. The game was started recently in 2014 and is organized once in a year. The game is played between two college teams. The tournament decides the winner of the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) championship. The College Football Playoff National Championship has been created as a replacement for the Bowl Championship Series. The game is played between the two top teams selected by the selection committee. The team of Alabama has won three titles since the time the tournament has started.
Cotton Bowl Classic
Cotton Ball Classic is a tournament which is held between two college teams and is held once in a year. The tournament was started in 1937 and is held once in a year in Arlington, Texas. The game is played between two college teams. It is a tournament in which two college teams of different conferences take part.
The College Bowl Classic Tournament is a part of the College Playoff Football rotation since 2014. The stadium where the game is played is known as the AT&T stadium which is located in Arlington, Texas.
East-West Shrine Game
East-West Shrine Game is a tournament which can be played in any part of the United States. The tournament was started in 1925 and is played between two college all-star teams. The game is held once in a year. The game is held for the seniors in the universities all over the USA. The game is played by seniors to make a great career. East-West Shrine Game is also held to support Shrine’s Hospital for Children.
Fiesta Bowl
The Fiesta Bowl is a game that is played between two college teams once in a year. The game was started in 1971 and is played in Glendale, Arizona. This tournament is a part of the College Football Playoff rotation. The game is popular among the fans. Besides game, colorful festivities are also arranged.
Gator Bowl
Gator Bowl is a tournament that is held in Jacksonville, Florida. The game was started in 1946 and is held once in a year. The game is played between two teams which are selected from SEC, ACC, and Big Ten Conferences. The game is very popular among the fans. Another name for the Gator Bowl is TaxSlayer Gator Bowl.
Holiday Bowl
The Holiday Bowl Game is held in Santiago California. The game was established in 1978 and is played between two college teams once in a year. The teams from Pac-12 and Big Ten conferences participate in the tournament.
Music City Bowl
Music City Bowl is a tournament that is held in Nashville, Tennessee. The game was started in 1998 and is held annually. The game is played between two college teams which are selected from the Southeastern Conference and Atlantic Coast Conference. The game is popular among fans and tourists. A musical heritage is also a part of the game which makes it memorable for the audience.
NFL Playoffs
NFL Playoffs is held annually in the United States. The tournament was established in 1933 and is played between 14 professional teams. The game is played to select a team that has to play the Super Bowl. The game consists of wildcard teams and division winners. From the two conferences of the leagues.
NFL Pro Bowl
The NFL Pro Bowl is a game that is played between two professional all-star teams The tournament was started in 1951 and is held once in a year in any part of the United States. The game consists of top players that are selected by coaches, fans, and players. Many changes have been made to the tournament which is held a week before the Super Bowl.
Orange Bowl
Orange Bowl is a tournament that is played in Miami Gardens, Florida. The tournament was started in 1925 and is played between two college teams. The game is held once in a year. It is a part of College Football Playoff Rotation and teams from Atlantic Coast Conference and other conferences can participate in this tournament.
Peach Bowl
Peach Bowl is a tournament which is a part of the College Football Playoff Rotation and was established in 1950. The game is held between two college all-star teams. The place where the game is played is Mobile, Alabama. The game is held for the football seniors so that they can enhance their NFL Draft stock. The game is played between North and South Squads and is played for the evaluation of players. A good number of stars were produced by this tournament.
Rose Bowl
Rose Bowl is a tournament that is held in Pasadena California. The game was started in 1902 and is played between two college teams. The game is held once in a year. The Rose Bowl Game is also known as Granddaddy of Them All. It is the oldest game which is played on the new year's day. The game is played between the winners of the Big Ten Conference and Pac-12 Conference.
Sugar Bowl
The Sugar Bowl is a tournament that is held once in a year and is played between two college teams. The game was started in 1935 and is played in New Orleans Louisiana. It is considered as one of the prestigious games and it is also a part of the College Football Playoff Rotation. The teams from the Southeastern Conference and the Big 12 Conference take part in this tournament.
Super Bowl
Super Bowl is a tournament that is held anywhere in the United States. The tournament was started in 1967 and is held once in a year. The game is played between two professional teams. It is the game of the National Football League (NFL) in which the game is played between two top teams who compete to win the Vince Lombardi Trophy.
The game is popular among people all over the world. Most of the victories have been done by two teams - New England Patriots and Pittsburgh Steelers. Each of them has won 6 trophies.
American Football - Participating Countries
Many other western sports like baseball, rugby, soccer and Formula 1 Racing are being successful in branching to other nations and have gained hype in the international markets. American football has struggled in this regard and was more of American than any other sport. Just recently the game is gaining action worldwide with different championship league matches, out of which the most popular being the National Football League (NFL). There are two important federations viz European Federation of American Football (EFAF) and International Federation of American Football (IFAF).
Countries Participating in American Football
Around 40 countries are currently participating in this sport listed below alphabetically −
United States of America (USA)
The teams included in the United States of America are as follows −
National Football League (NFL)
Super Bowl
United Football League (UFL)
Ohio League
Anthracite League
Regional Football League (RFL)
World Series of Football
American Football Women's League (AFWL)
American Indoor Football League
Arena Football League (AFL)
Champions Indoor Football (CIF)
Continental Indoor Football League (CIFL)
Champions Professional Indoor Football League (CPIFL)
Indoor Football League
Legends Football League (LFL)
Lone Star Football League (LSFL)
National Indoor Football League
Professional Indoor Football League (PIFL)
Southern Indoor Football League (SIFL)
Supreme Indoor Football
Ultimate Indoor Football League (UIFL)
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United Indoor Football
X-League Indoor Football (X-League)
All American Football League
Mid Continental Football League
Minor League Football Association
North American Soccer Football League
United National Gridiron League (UNGL)
World Football League
Stars Football League (SFL)
American Football - Champions
The roots of American Football hail from United States of America, being quite obvious the American teams and players are the best performing teams worldwide. As per the International Federation of American Football (IFAF) ranking of the participating countries is listed as follows −
American Football Scenario in India
American football has been more widespread as just an American sport. In India this sport has been known by very few of them, young Indians have never grown up playing this game. The league matches of this sport are hardly being broadcasted on Indian television channels hence nowhere is this sport more ardently prevalent than it is in the United States.
In the year 2012 the first season of Elite Football league of India (EFLI), the American football league, has kicked off. It was very new and the third game anyone on the field had ever played. Yet this was an experimental football league having players who have never played the game professionally and the viewers who have never indeed watched it.
The EFLI arranged five teams in Indian metropolitans, one in Pakistan and two in Sri Lanka to increase the awareness and viewership of the game.
American Football - Surprising Facts
American Football is much popular in the United States as many tournaments are held each year. The last of them is the Super Bowl to win the Vince Lombardi Trophy. There are many surprising, fun, and interesting facts about American football which are discussed here in detail.
Combination of Soccer and Rugby
American Football is a combination of two games called Soccer and Rugby. The USA wanted to develop a football game which should be different from other similar games. The first American Football game that was officially played was held in a college.
Size of the Field
The size of the field on which the game is played is 360 feet by 160 feet. The length of the end zones is 10 yards. Safety equipment like helmets, pads for shoulder and thighs, mouth guards, etc. should be worn.
Change of Safety Rules
The game was previously played without wearing helmets and this happened till 1943. But due to the safety of the players it became mandatory to wear helmets. Another security material that players have to wear is protective gear.
Duration of Game
The duration of the game is 60 minutes which is divided into four quarters of 15 minutes each. The game is stopped frequently so there are chances that the duration can reach from 2.5 hours to 3 hours. The duration of the game for high school for each quarter is 12 minutes. The time of the game is shorter for young students.
Getting Best Players
Initially, the games were arranged between amateur clubs and college athletic departments. The aim of both teams is to look for the best players. In order to achieve this aim, illegal payment and rewards were started by Athletic clubs.
Date of First Game
The first game was played on November 6, 1869. Very few rules were there that had to be followed by the teams. Later, Walter Camp changed the rules which are now being used.
APFA
APFA stands for American Professional Football Association which was formed in 1920This is the same organization which led to the formation of the NFL (National Football League. The number of games managed by the NFL is 256 which starts from Labor day to New Year day.
Number of Spectators
The game is viewed by more than 115 million people each year.
Cost of Advertisement
The cost of an advertisement having the duration of 30 seconds for Super Bowl 2023 was $7 million.
Two Divisions of NFL
NFL consists of two divisions and these divisions are NFC and AFC. NFL has to manage 32 teams. Playoffs are arranged to get the champion in AFC and NFC. Both of them should have one champion each.
Average Earnings
Average Earnings for a player is around $2.1 million per year. The payment is made to the player on the basis of contract, team, and performance. Some top players can also earn 20 million per year.
Popularity of the Amateur Football
Many colleges in the 1880s played a kind of game which similar to soccer or football. The main aim of these colleges in the United States is to improve and expand athletics. After the Civil War, amateur football became very popular.
Cheating
Amateur football clubs offered jobs to the top players so that they could play for them. Some clubs also provided expensive trophies to the best players. Best players also received double amount as remuneration.
Shortest Duration for Season
The shortest season for the game was of 17 weeks during which fans enjoyed, cheered their teams, watched the annual Super Bowl, and did a lot of things.
Most Super Bowl Wins
Pittsburg Steel has won 6 Super Bowl Trophies which is the highest number of trophies won by any team. The next name is of Dallas Cowboys who won 4 trophies and the England Patriots have won four.
Most Scored Points
George Tech College made a record by scoring 222 points which is the highest and the team that it defeated scored 0 points.
Longest College Football
A match was held between Kentucky and Arkansas which lasted a little less than four hours.
Longest Professional Game
The longest professional game was played between the Kansas City Chiefs and Miami Dolphins. The duration of the game was 82 minutes and 20 seconds. Each quarter was of 15 minutes followed by an overtime of 22 minutes and 20 seconds.
Winning Most Championships
Princeton has won 28 championships which is the highest number of winning collegiate national football championships.
First College Player to win awards
Vinny Testaverde was the first college player who win the following awards in his senior year −
Maxwell
O’Brien
Walter Camp
Heisman
Multiple records Holder
Steve McNair has made a large number of records. He has a record of 5,799 yards in a season, career passing yards of 14,496, and 400 yards in many games.
Winning and Losing
Prairie View College won two national championships – one in 1953 and the other in 1964. The same college also has a record of losing 80 games in a row.
Conference Championships
Conference Championship is played by all the teams since 1998 except Houston.
Highest Number of Fans
Green Bay Packers is one of the oldest teams of the NFL and has so many fans that more than 100,000 people are on the waiting list to get season tickets.
First Super Bowl Winner
The Green Bay Packers won the first Super Bowl in 1967.
Highest number of Yards
Emmitt Smith has more than 18,000 yards which is the highest number.
Most number of not getting defeated continuously
Canton Buildings has a record of not being defatted in the 25 straight games held between 1921 and 1923. There were 22 wins and 3 ties.
Most number of losing continuously
Tampa Bay Buccaneers has the record of losing 26 games continuously. The record was made between 1976 and 1977.
Richest NFL Player
Tom Brady had a long career from 2000 to 2022 in which he earned $332,962,392 and became the richest NFL player. The second richest NFL player is Aaron Rogers is the second richest NFL player who earned $305,608,010 since 2005. He played 18 games since he started his career.
American Football - FAQs
Many people have a dream of becoming a player and playing American Football. They also want to make a career because earning potential is more. Many have questions before making an attempt to become an American Football player. Here are some of the Frequently Asked Questions with detailed answers.
1. Why American Football is called football?
American Football has its origins in Rugby Football that originated from Football or Soccer. In Rugby Football, William Webb Ellis made the rule of picking up the ball and running rather than kicking. In the USA, Rugby was played in colleges with different rules, and that gave birth to American Football.
2. Why college players are not paid?
There is a difference between NFL and college football. Players who participate in NFL football are paid but this is not the case with college football as it is considered as an amateur game. NCAA has stated that students should focus more on their studies but the US Court of Appeals said that college football players can get money to pay their fees and also get an allowance to manage their travelling and living costs.
3. Who is the inventor of American Football?
American Football was invented by Walter Camp who made consistent rules that players have to follow during the game. The game had many variants during the 1870s This is the reason that Walter Camp is known as the father of American Football.
4. Is American Football a part of Olympics?
In spite of being a popular game American football is not a part of the Olympics. European Football League has also been created and the game is played in Europe also but still, it is dominated by the USA.
5. How many players does each team have?
Each team has 11 players. But the roster is very large as substitutes are also needed. NFL has 53 players who can be used as a substitute. A player in each team has to play at only a single position so each team will have a total of 22 players out of which 11 are on the field.
6. What is the duration of the game?
The game whether it is a college tournament or a professional game has a time period of 60 minutes. This 60 minutes is divided into four quarters. Each quarter has a duration of 15 minutes. In the case of high school, the duration of each quarter is 12 which ends the game in 48 minutes.
7. Who is the best American Football Player?
Tom Brady is the best American Football player. His position was quarterback for 20 seasons when he played for the New England Patriots. He helped his team to win 6 Super Bowls from 2001 to 2019.
8. What is the dimension of the field to play American Football?
The length of the field is 100 yards which also includes goal lines and end zones along with goal lines. The width of the field is 160 feet or 53.3 yards.
9. How players can get points in the game?
There are many ways which players can use to make points. The different types of points can be found in the table below −
Way to earn points
Points
Touchdown
6
Field Goal
3
Two-Point Conversion
2
Extra Point
1
Safety
2
10. What is a turnover and what are its types?
Turnover in American Football means that the possession of the ball is changed from one team to another. There are different types of turnovers and we will discuss them here.
Interception
An interception occurs when the ball thrown by the quarterback is caught by the player of the defensive team. The players of the defensive team have to show their talent by jumping and catching the ball. it can result in a touchdown for the defensive if the player who has caught the ball runs in the opposite direction.
Fumble
Fumble is a situation when the ball in the hands of an offensive player falls before he is tackled. If the player possessing the ball falls due to any obstacle and the ball falls down, it is not considered as fumble and the offensive team player will not lose possession of the ball. If the ball has fallen down, both teams struggle to get possession.
Turnover Downs
Turnover downs occur in the fourth down. Teams have the option of going got a fourth down if they have enough confidence that they will be able to get a new set of downs. If offensive players fail to complete the fourth down, the possession of the ball is given to the defensive to become an offensive team.
11. What is the meaning of a line of scrimmage?
The imaginary line which is used to separate the two teams is called the scrimmage line. None of the teams are allowed to cross this line till the time the football has been snapped.
12. What is meant by the neutral zone?
The area that separates the offensive and the defensive team is known as the neutral zone. The player in the center position is only allowed to snap the ball.
13. What is the role of the special team in American Football?
The special team consists of members like a punter or kicker. The job of the special team is to kickoff, punt, kickoff return, punt return, field goal block, and many more. A special team is present in the offensive and defensive teams and helps in earning points.
14. What is the meaning of down in the game?
Down is a term which is used for one play. Four downs are allotted to the offensive team. The aim of downs is to cover the ten yards and if the offensive team succeeds, it gets another four downs to cover the next ten yards. If the offensive team fails to use the four downs, the ball is transferred to the defensive team.
15. Which area on the field is called red zone?
The area between the 20-yard line and the goal line is known as the red zone. The offensive team has to face a lot of difficulty to take the ball forward. This is an area which the offensive team can use to earn points.
16. What equipment are used in American Football?
The equipment used in the American Football are −
Helmets
Mouth Guards
Jerseys
Shoulder Pads
Cleats
Football
For more information, visit the link below −
American Football - Equipment
17. Why American Football is popular?
American Football is a popular game because of its rules which are easy to follow. Essential safety equipment has to be worn so that chances of getting hurt are reduced.
18.Where is the NFL Hall of Fame located in the USA?
The NFL Hall of Fame is located in Ohio.
19. Who Founded the NFL?
The founder of the NFL was George Halas.
20. What is the total number of referees available in an NFL game?
The total number of referees available in the NFL game is 7.
21. Which NFL teams are the oldest ones?
The oldest NFL teams are Arizona Cardinals and Chicago Bears which were formed in 1920.
22. Which NFL team won most of the matches in the 1970s?
The name of the team was the Dallas Cowboys.
23. How a team can earn 3 points through a field goal
The offensive team has a player called a kicker who has the right to kick the ball from anywhere to the end zone. A chance of a field goal usually occurs after the fourth down.
24. What is an offside in American Football?
When a player from an offensive snaps the ball and a player from the defensive team is lined up in the neutral zone, this results in offside. There are many reasons due to which offside occurs.
25. What is holding?
Holding is a penalty which occurs when a defensive player holds an offensive player in such a way that the offensive player cannot move. A penalty of ten yards is imposed on the defensive team.
26. When is a team considered as a winner?
A team is considered as a winner if it has scored more points than the opposition. Teams have to win in the regular seasons so that they can become a part of the postseason. The main of each team is to win the postseason.
27. What is the full form of NFL?
NFL stands for National Football League.
28. How many teams are available in the NFL?
There are 32 teams in the NFL.
29. What is the size of the football?
The size of the ball is as follows −
Length: 11 inches
Short circumference: 6.7 inches
Long circumference: 22 inches
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How do you push yourself? By setting goals. For PUMA, it’s to be the Fastest Sports Brand in the world.
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PUMA SE
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https://about.puma.com/en/this-is-puma/our-sports/teamsport
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MANCHESTER CITY
Manchester City, are the reigning treble winners and are one of the best Football clubs in the world. Known for their beautiful football, the club’s identity is distinctly connected to the culture and heritage of the city of Manchester. City plays their home fixtures at the Etihad Stadium, a spectacular 55,000 seat arena. Founded in 1880 as St Mark’s West Gorton, the club has won numerous English League Titles, FA Cups, League Cups and the Champions League.
AC MILAN
AC MILAN is one of the most legendary and iconic football clubs in the world, with great support from some of the most devoted fans. Since its founding in 1899, AC MILAN has won numerous league titles and UEFA Champions LeagueTM titles. AC MILAN is the most successful Italian club at an international level and one of the best in Football history.
BORUSSIA DORTMUND
This German team is one of the world’s most iconic and striking clubs. Known and respected for their passionate fanbase, who are the creators of the awe-inspiring Yellow Wall, BVB has won eight league titles and one UEFA Champions League.
FUTURE
The FUTURE football boot stands for future of innovation and technology. The boot is all about pushing the boundaries of what can be done on the pitch, all whilst doing it with style. The FUTURE features an adaptive FUZIONFIT360 upper that combines a dual mesh, stretchy knit with the eye catching, PUMA exclusive PWRTAPE to lock down the foot for the ultimate fit. The FUTURE also integrates a dual-density Dynamic Motion System outsole to enhance stability, agility and traction.
KING
The PUMA KING has been worn by legendary players such as Johan Cruyff, Diego Maradona, Eusébio, Lothar Matthäus and Pelé, who dominated international football for decades. Our PUMA KING has recently found its new look, featuring PUMA exclusive K-BETTER; a completely new, non-animal based upper material for ultimate touch and control benefits. The new innovative upper also contains at least 20% recycled material as a step toward a better future. Built to be the King of Control, the KING allows maximum maneuverability through a lightweight outsole with external heel counter, integrated stability spine and conical studs.
ULTRA
The ULTRA brings speed to the next level – with the application of PUMA’s PWRTAPE technology that draws from the anatomy of the human foot to provide optimal lightweight support in key areas of the foot for added stability and a locked in fit to perform quick cuts and explosive movements. It also features an explosive dual-density SPEEDPLATE for next-level traction. The result is a more dynamic plate and a more reactive toe box that provides added propulsion and energy transfer when going from 0 to fast.
BRILLIANCE PACK (Women’s Specific)
A brilliant fit for brilliant ballers: PUMA’s Brilliance Pack features women specific fits for the FUTURE, ULTRA and KING football boots. Celebrating the brilliance of the women’s game, the boots provide female players with the right fit and technology to support their needs to perform at their best.
DENMARK
With numerous amounts of medals from the Olympics, the World Cup and the EHF Euro, DanskHåndbold claims its space as a top nation in the handball scene. Founded in 1935, DanskHåndbold has a proud tradition of talent work and development of the youth teams. In January 2023, the men’s team were able to lift the World Cup trophy for the 3rd time in a row.
Virat Kohli
Since 2017 he is part of our PUMA Family: Virat Kohli. He is hailed as one of the game’s greatest batsmen. He was at the no. 1 position in the ICC Men's ODI rankings for a remarkable 1258 straight days. Virat was an integral part of the Indian team that lifted the ICC Cricket World Cup trophy after 28 years in 2011 and the ICC Champions Trophy in 2013. After captaining the U-19 Team to World Cup glory in his early days, Virat also went on to lead the senior team for 8 years. Under his leadership, India rose to become the No. 1 Test team in the world for five consecutive years.
HARMANPREET KAUR
In 2023, we welcomed Indian women’s cricket team captain, Harmanpreet Kaur, to the PUMA family. The hard-hitting right-hand batter has led her country in over 100 games across ODI and T20I formats. She is India’s only centurion in women’s T20 internationals and also holds the record for the most number of caps in the shortest format. She captained India to a gold medal in the 2022 Asian Games in Hangzhou and also lead Mumbai Indians to victory in the inaugural Women’s Premier League in 2023.
ROYAL CHALLENGERS BANGALORE
In 2021, we signed a multi-year deal with Indian Premier League franchise Royal Challengers Bangalore (RCB), becoming the team’s official kit sponsors. RCB boasts an extensive global fan-following, consistently racking up some of the highest levels of social media engagement among sports clubs worldwide. Our ambassador Virat Kohli has been with the franchise since its inception in 2008 and has also captained the side for over 140 games. RCB have finished runners-up in the IPL on three occasions: 2009, 2011 and 2016.
International Floorball Federation
Floorball is a fast-growing sport, traditionally played indoors. PUMA is the long-term official sports apparel provider for the International Floorball Federation, which is based in Helsinki. The IFF is the head organisation of world floorball and was founded by Sweden, Finland & Switzerland in 1986. The IFF has 79 national federation members.
Sweden
The Swedish Floorball Federation is a powerhouse in the floorball community. The Swedish jersey with its blue and yellow colours symbolises pride, togetherness, and a willingness to always improve. Founded in 1981, the Swedish Floorball Federation’s continuing commitment to make floorball a sport for everyone – no matter who you are or where you are from – makes it a valued member association in Sweden and places floorball as one of the country’s most popular sports.
Czech Republic
Since 1992, the Czech Republic has been nurturing the development of Czech floorball, and it has become the second-largest team sport in the country. Alongside the growth of its membership base, there's a continuous rise in sporting success. The men’s team and U19 women’s team are current vice-world champions, while U19 men have clinched 2 world gold medals as representatives of the only country outside the Nordic nations.
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https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Football_(American)
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New World Encyclopedia
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https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Football_(American)
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American football, known in the United States simply as football, is a competitive team sport known for its physical roughness despite being a highly strategic game. The object of the game is to score points by advancing the ball into the opposing team's end zone, kicking a field goal, or scoring a safety by tackling an opposing team's ball-carrier in his own end zone. The ball can be advanced either by carrying it or by throwing it to a teammate. The winner is the team with the most points when the time expires and the last play ends.
American football descended from rugby football, played in the United Kingdom in the mid-nineteenth century. The first game of college football was played on November 6, 1869 between Rutgers University and Princeton University. The first modernized game was on June 4, 1875 between Harvard University and Tufts University.
Professional football developed in the mill towns of Pennsylvania and the American Midwest in the early twentieth century. The National Football League (NFL) was founded in 1920 in Canton, Ohio, and is now comprised of 32 teams. Today, football is the most popular American sport, with the day of the NFL championship—the Super Bowl—being one of the biggest occasions for social gatherings in the United States.
Outside the United States, the sport is referred to as American football to differentiate it from other football games. In Australia and New Zealand, the game is known as Gridiron, although in America the word "gridiron" refers only to the playing field. Variations of the game include Canadian football and Arena football.
History
American football dates from the early 1800s when teams in various colleges and secondary schools met. They usually played by kicking or batting at the ball, as in varieties of football played in the United Kingdom. In 1867, the convergence of various developments at Eastern colleges and schools led to the codification of American football. Rutgers University and Princeton University played the first recorded game of American college football on November 6, 1869 in New Brunswick, New Jersey, won by Rutgers 6-4. Today, Rutgers is popularly recognized as the "Birthplace of College Football." However, English Football Association rules were followed in this Princeton/Rutgers contest; participants were only allowed to kick the ball, not handle it; and each side had 25 men. Thus, some see the Princeton-Rutgers meeting of 1869 as the first intercollegiate game of "soccer" in America, but not American football (Smith 1988). In 1870, Rutgers invited Columbia for a game, and the popularity of intercollegiate competition in football would spread throughout the country.
Dartmouth College students played a football-like game now known as "Old Division Football," for which they published rules in 1871. In 1873, Columbia, Rutgers, Princeton, and Yale met to formulate the intercollegiate football rules for the games they played. This meeting is notable for two reasons. First, it is the first attempt at making a single set of rules for all schools to follow. Second, Harvard refused to join the meeting.
The first modern game
Harvard University and Tufts University played one of the "first" games that would be recognizable to modern fans as American football on June 4, 1875 at Jarvis Field in Cambridge, Mass., won by Tufts 1-0. A report of the outcome of this game appeared in the Boston Daily Globe on June 5, 1875. In the Tufts-Harvard game participants were allowed to pick up the ball and run with it, each side fielded 11 men, the ball carrier was stopped by knocking him down or "tackling" him, and the inflated ball was egg-shaped. A year prior to the Tufts-Harvard game, Harvard faced McGill University of Montreal, Canada on May 14, 1874 in a game under rules similar to the Tufts-Harvard game. To this day, Harvard, McGill, and Tufts continue to field football teams though they no longer play each other.
Encouraged by Yale University's Walter Camp, the schools began to adopt the rules that would differentiate American football from rugby in the 1880s. The scrimmage was introduced in 1880 and the system of downs in 1882.
However, by the turn of the twentieth century, football had become notoriously dangerous, and 18 college players died in 1905 alone. Colleges responded with a series of rule changes to open up the game, most importantly the forward pass, along with outlawing dangerous formations such as the "flying wedge," and introducing and requiring better equipment such as helmets. The game achieved its modern form by 1912, when the field was changed to its current size, the value of a touchdown increased to six points, and a fourth down added to each possession.
Originally dominated by the Ivy League, football soon captured the interest of colleges nationwide. By 1916, when the Rose Bowl game matching eastern and western teams became an annual event, football had developed a national following, second only to baseball among team sports.
Professional football developed in the mill towns of Pennsylvania and the American Midwest in the early years of the twentieth century. The future National Football League (NFL) was founded in 1920 in Canton, Ohio as the American Professional Football Association; it adopted its current name in 1922. Professional football remained a largely regional sport of secondary importance to college football until after World War II, when television broadcasts boosted NFL football's national appeal. The professional game had surpassed both college football and baseball in popularity by the early 1970s. The first Super Bowl—between the champions of the NFL and the rival American Football League—was played in 1967, and the leagues merged in 1970.
Befitting its status as a popular sport, football is played in leagues of different size, age, and quality, in all regions of the country. Organized football is played almost exclusively by men and boys, although a few amateur and semi-professional women's leagues have begun in recent years.
The 32-team National Football League (NFL) is currently the only major professional American football league. There are no developmental or minor leagues, but the similar sports Arena football and Canadian football are considered lower-level leagues.
College football is also popular throughout North America. Nearly every college and university has a football team, no matter its size, and plays in its own stadium. The largest, most popular collegiate teams routinely fill stadiums larger than 60,000. Several college stadiums seat more than 100,000 fans and usually fill them to capacity. The weekly autumn ritual of college football includes marching bands, cheerleaders, homecoming parties, and the tailgate party, and forms an important part of the culture in much of small town America. Football is generally the major source of revenue to the athletic programs of schools, public and private, in the United States.
Most American high schools also have football teams. In the Southern United States, many schools regularly fill stadiums holding over 10,000 fans and can afford artificial playing surfaces. Since high schools in the United States are tied to the town they are situated in, the football team is often a chief source of civic pride in small towns, and football heroes are very well-regarded in their communities.
Football is also played recreationally by amateur and youth teams (e.g., the Pop Warner little-league programs). There are also many "semi-pro" teams in leagues where the players are paid to play but at a small enough salary that they generally must also hold a full-time job.
Due to the violence and expense of the sport, many football games involve variations of the rules to minimize contact. These include touch football and flag football, both of which do not involve tackling and usually omit helmets and padding.
Football is an autumn sport. A season typically begins in mid-to-late August and runs through December, into January. The professional playoffs run through January.
It is a long-standing tradition in the United States, though not universally observed, that high school football games are played on Friday night, college games on Saturday, and professional games on Sunday. In the 1970s, the NFL began to schedule one game on Monday night on ABC. In recent years, nationally televised Thursday night college games have become a weekly fixture on ESPN.
Certain fall and winter holidays—most notably Thanksgiving and New Year's Day—have traditional football games associated with them.
Outside the United States
The professional Canadian Football League and collegiate Canadian Interuniversity Sport play under Canadian rules, which involve fewer downs, a wider field, more players, and thus emphasize the passing game more than the NFL. The NFL operated a developmental league, NFL Europa, with teams in five German cities and one in the Netherlands, but this league folded following the 2007 season. The sport is popular as an amateur activity in Mexico and American Samoa and to a lesser extent in Japan, Europe, Korea, The Bahamas, Chile, Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina, Australia (Gridiron Australia), Israel, and the United Kingdom (BAFL).
The International Federation of American Football is the governing body for American football with 45 member associations from North and South America, Europe, Asia, and Oceania. The IFAF also oversees the American Football World Cup, which is held every four years. Japan won the first two World Cups, held in 1999 and 2003. Team USA, which had not participated in the previous World Cups, won the title in 2007. Despite this, the game has been slow to catch on in most countries.
Rules
The object of American football is to score more points than the opposing team within the time limit of the game.
American football is played on a field 120 yards long by 160 feet wide. The longer boundary lines are sidelines, while the shorter boundary lines are end lines. Near each end of the field are two goal lines located 100 yards apart. A scoring area called an end zone extends 10 yards beyond each goal line to each end line.
Yard lines cross the field every five yards, and are numbered from each goal line to the 50-yard line, or midfield. Two rows of lines, known as hash marks, are interspersed between the yard lines, one yard apart from each other. All plays start with the ball on or between the hash marks.
At the back of each end zone are two goal posts (also called uprights) 18.5 feet apart and connected by a crossbar 10 feet from the ground.
Each team has 11 players on the field at a time. However, teams may substitute for any or all of their players, if time allows, during the break between plays during time-outs. As a result, players have very specialized roles, and the large majority of the 46 active players on an NFL team will play in any given game. Thus, teams are divided into three separate units: the offense, the defense, and the special teams, which are involved in kicking plays.
Game duration
A standard professional or college football game consists of four 15-minute quarters—typically lasting 12 minutes in high-school football—with a half-time intermission after the second quarter. The clock stops after certain plays; therefore, a game lasts considerably longer than the official game time, often more than three hours in real time. If an NFL game is tied after four quarters, the teams play an additional period lasting up to 15 minutes. In an NFL overtime game, the first team that scores wins; this is referred to as sudden death. In a regular-season NFL game, if neither team scores in overtime, the game is a tie. In an NFL playoff game, additional overtime periods are played, as needed, to determine a winner. College overtime rules are more complicated.
Advancing the ball
The team that takes possession of the ball (the offense) has four attempts, called downs, to advance the ball ten yards toward their opponent's (the defense's) end zone. When the offense gains ten yards, it gets a first down, which means the team has another set of four downs to gain yet another ten yards or score with. If the offense fails to gain a first down (ten yards) after four downs, the other team gets possession of the ball.
Before each down, each team chooses a play, or coordinated set of actions, that the players should follow on a down. Sometimes, downs themselves are referred to as "plays." The plays are usually communicated in a "huddle" in which the players group together so that the play will not be known by the opposing team; however, plays are often called out by the captain on the line of scrimmage. These plays are called "audibles" and often involve codes to prevent the opposing team's understanding.
Except at the beginning of halves and after scores, the ball is always put into play by a snap. Offensive players line up facing the defensive players at the line of scrimmage—the position on the field where the play begins. One offensive player, the center, then passes (or "snaps") the ball between his legs to a teammate, usually the quarterback.
Players can then advance the ball in two ways:
By running with the ball, also known as rushing. One ball-carrier can hand the ball to another player or pass the ball through the air backwards to another player. These are known as a handoff and a lateral respectively.
By throwing the ball forward to a teammate, known as a forward pass or as passing the football. The offense can throw the ball forward only once on a play, and only before crossing the line of scrimmage.
A down ends, and the ball becomes dead, after any of the following:
The player with the ball is forced to the ground (tackled) or has his forward progress halted by members of the other team.
A forward pass touches the ground before it is caught or is caught out of bounds. This is known as an incomplete pass. The ball is returned to the most recent line of scrimmage for the next down.
The ball or the player with the ball goes beyond the dimensions of the field (out of bounds).
A team scores.
Officials blow a whistle to notify players that the down is over.
Change of possession
The offense maintains possession of the ball unless one of the following things occur:
The team fails to get a first down (i.e., in four downs they fail to move ten yards ahead of where they got their last first down). The defensive team takes over the ball at the spot where the fourth down play ends.
The offense scores a touchdown or field goal. The team that scored then kicks the ball to the other team in a special play called a kickoff.
The offense punts the ball to the defense. A punt is a kick in which a player drops the ball and kicks it before it hits the ground. Punts are nearly always made on a fourth down, when the offensive team does not want to risk giving up the ball to the other team at its current spot on the field and feels it is too far from the other team's goal posts to attempt a field goal.
A defensive player catches a forward pass. This is called an interception, and the player who makes the interception can run with the ball until he is tackled, forced out of bounds, or scores.
An offensive player loses the ball (a fumble) before being tackled and a defensive player picks it up. As with interceptions, a player "recovering" a fumble can run with the ball until tackled or forced out of bounds. Lateral passes that are not caught, or caught by a defensive player, are considered fumbles. Lost fumbles and interceptions are together known as turnovers. In college rules, a player who recovers the ball by falling on it, may not advance the ball even if he has not been tackled.
The offensive team misses a field goal attempt. In this case the defensive team gets the ball at the spot where the previous play began or—in the NFL—at the spot of the kick. If the unsuccessful kick was attempted from within 20 yards of the end zone, the other team gets the ball at its own 20-yard line (that is, 20 yards from the end zone).
The defense forces a "safety." If an offensive ball-carrier is tackled or forced out of bounds in his own end-zone—or loses the ball out of bounds there, or the offense commits certain penalties in the end-zone—the defense scores a "safety," worth two points. The offense must then kick the ball to the defense from its own 20 yard line.
An offensive ball-carrier fumbles the ball forward into the end zone and then the ball goes out of bounds. This rare occurrence leads to a touchback, with the ball going over to the opposing team at their 20 yard line. (However, touchbacks during non-offensive special teams plays, such as punts and kickoffs, are quite common.)
Scoring
A team scores points by the following plays:
A touchdown is worth six points. It is scored when a player runs the ball into or catches a pass in his opponent's end zone.
A conversion. After a touchdown, the ball is placed at the other team's three-yard line (the two-yard line in the NFL). The team can attempt to kick it over the crossbar and through the goal posts in the manner of a field goal for one point (an extra point or point after touchdown (PAT)), or it may run or pass the ball into the end zone in the manner of a touchdown for two points (a two-point conversion).
A field goal (FG) is worth three points. It is scored by kicking the ball over the crossbar and through the goal posts. Field goals may be placekicked (kicked when the ball is held vertically against the ground by a teammate) or drop-kicked (extremely uncommon in the modern game). A field goal is usually attempted on fourth down instead of a punt when the ball is close to the opponent's goal line, or when there is little or no time left to otherwise score.
A safety, worth two points, is scored by the defense when a ball-carrier is tackled in his own end zone, etc., as explained above.
Kickoffs and free kicks
Each half begins with a kickoff. Teams also kick off after scoring touchdowns and field goals. The ball is kicked using a kicking tee from the team's own 30-yard line in the NFL and college football (as of the 2007 season). The other team's kick returner tries to catch the ball and advance it as far as possible. Where he is stopped is the point where the offense will begin its drive, or series of offensive plays. If the kick returner catches the ball in his own end zone, he can either run with the ball, or elect for a touchback by kneeling in the end zone, in which case the receiving team then starts its offensive drive from its own 20-yard line. A touchback also occurs when the kick goes out-of-bounds in the end zone. A kickoff that goes out-of-bounds anywhere other than the end zone before being touched by the receiving team results in a penalty. Unlike with punts, once a kickoff goes 10 yards, it can be recovered by the kicking team. A team, especially one who is losing, can try to take advantage of this by attempting an Onside kick. Punts and turnovers in the end zone can also end in a touchback.
After safeties, the team that gave up the two points puts the ball into play with a punt or placekick from its own 20-yard line.
Penalties
Rule violations are punished with penalties against the offending team. Most penalties result in moving the football towards the offending team's end zone. If the penalty would move the ball more than half the distance to the defense's end zone, the penalty becomes half the distance to the goal instead of its normal value.
Most penalties result in replaying the down. Some defensive penalties give the offense an automatic first down. Conversely, some offensive penalties result in the automatic loss of a down. If a penalty gives the offensive team enough yardage to gain a first down, they get a first down, as usual.
If a penalty occurs during a play, an official throws a yellow flag near the spot of the foul. When the play ends, the team that did not commit the penalty has the option of accepting the penalty, or declining the penalty and accepting the result of the play.
A few of the most common penalties include:
False start: An offensive player illegally moves after lining up for the snap. The play is dead immediately.
Offside: A defensive player is on the wrong side of the ball at the start of a play. If play has started, the penalty is delayed pending the outcome of the play.
Holding: Illegally grasping or pulling an opponent other than the ball-carrier.
Pass interference: Illegally contacting an opponent to prevent him from catching a forward pass.
Delay of game: Failing to begin a new play after a certain time from the end of the last one.
Illegal block in the back: An offensive player pushing a defensive player in the back.
Face mask: Grasping or touching the face mask of another player while attempting to block or tackle him.
Clipping: A blocker hitting an opposing defender from below the waist from behind.
Variations
Variations on these basic rules exist, particularly in touch and flag football, which are designed as non-contact or limited-contact alternatives to the relative violence of regular American football. In touch and flag football, normal tackling is not permitted. Offensive players are "tackled" when a defender tags them or removes a flag from their body, respectively. Both of these varieties are played mainly in informal settings such as intramural or youth games. Professional, intercollegiate, and varsity-level high school football invariably use the standard tackling rules.
Another variation is with the number of players on the field. In sparsely populated areas, it is not uncommon to find high school football teams playing nine-man football, eight-man football or six-man football. Players often play on offense as well as defense. The Arena Football League is a league that plays eight-man football, and also plays indoors and on a much smaller playing surface.
Players
Most football players have highly specialized roles. At the college and NFL levels, most play only offense or only defense, but many will double as special teams players.
Offense
The offensive line (OL) consists of five players whose job is to protect the passer and clear the way for runners by blocking members of the defense. Except for the center, offensive linemen generally do not handle the ball.
The quarterback (QB) receives the snap from the center on most plays. He then hands or tosses it to a running back, throws it to a receiver or runs with it himself. The quarterback is the leader of the offense and calls the plays that are signaled to him from the sidelines.
Running backs (RB) line up behind or beside the QB and specialize in running with the ball. They also block, catch passes and, on rare occasions, pass the ball to others. If a team has two running backs in the game, usually one will be a halfback (HB) or tailback (TB), who is more likely to run with the ball, and the other will usually be a fullback (FB), who is more likely to block.
Wide receivers (WR) line up near the sidelines. They specialize in catching passes, though they also block for running plays or downfield after another receiver makes a catch.
Tight ends (TE) line up outside the offensive line. They can either play like wide receivers (catch passes) or like offensive linemen (protect the QB or create spaces for runners).
Defense
The defensive line consists of three to six players who line up immediately across from the offensive line. They try to tackle the running back if he has the ball before he can gain yardage or the quarterback before he can throw or pass the ball.
In most situations, at least three players act as defensive backs, which are either cornerbacks or safeties. They cover the receivers and try to stop pass completions, as well as tackling runners who enter their areas. They also occasionally rush the quarterback.
The other players on the defense are known as linebackers. They line up between the defensive line and defensive backs and may either rush the quarterback, tackle runners, or cover potential receivers.
Special teams
The units of players who handle kicking plays are known as "special teams." Two important special-teams players are the "punter," who handles punts, and the "placekicker" or "kicker," who kicks off and attempts field goals and extra points. Another key special teams player is the kick returner, who tries to run the ball back to place his offensive team in an advantageous position, or even score a touchtown himself.
Uniform numbers
In the NFL, ranges of uniform numbers are reserved for certain positions:
1-19: Quarterbacks, wide receivers, kickers, and punters
20-49: Running backs and defensive backs
50-59: Centers and linebackers
60-79: Offensive and defensive linemen
80-89: Wide receivers and tight ends
90-99: Defensive linemen and linebackers
NCAA rules specify only that offensive linemen must have numbers in the 50-79 range, but the association "strongly recommends" that quarterbacks and running backs have numbers below 50 and wide receivers numbers above 79. This helps officials as it means that numbers 50 to 79 are ineligible receivers, or players that normally may not touch the ball.
Physicality
To compensate for the dangers inherent in the game, players must wear special protective equipment, such as a padded plastic helmet, shoulder pads, hip pads and knee pads. These protective pads were introduced decades ago and have improved ever since to help minimize lasting injury to players. An unintended consequence of all the safety equipment has resulted in increasing levels of violence in the game. This has caused the various leagues, especially the NFL, to implement a complicated series of penalties for various types of contact.
Despite protective equipment and rule changes to emphasize safety, injuries remain common in football. It is increasingly rare, for example, for NFL quarterbacks or running backs to make it through an entire season without missing some time to injury. Additionally, 28 football players, mostly high-schoolers, died from injuries directly related to football from 2000-2005—although many of were related to dehydration or other examples of "non-physical" dangers. Concussions are common, with about 41,000 estimated every year among high school players.
Extra and optional equipment such as neck rolls, spider pads, rib protectors, and elbow pads help against injury as well, though they do not tend to be used by the majority of players because of their lack of requirement.
The danger of football and the equipment required make regulation style football impractical for casual play. Flag football and touch football are less violent variants of the game popular among recreational players.
References
ISBN links support NWE through referral fees
Fuehr, Donna Poole. Touchdown!: A Guide to Understanding and Enjoying Football. Franklin Press, 1992. ISBN 978-0963379702
Long, Howie, and John Czarnecki. Football for Dummies. For Dummies, 2007. ISBN 978-0470125366
McCorduck, Edward Scott. Understanding American Football. NTC/Comtemporary Publishing Company, 1998. ISBN 978-0844205724
Oriard, Michael. Reading Football: How the Popular Press Created an American Spectacle. The University of North Carolina Press, 1998. ISBN 978-0807847510
Smith, Ronald A. Sports and Freedom: The Rise of Big-Time College Athletics New York: Oxford University Press, 1988. ASIN B000OKFNIU
Watterson, John Sayle. College Football: History, Spectacle, Controversy. The John Hopkins University Press, 2002. ISBN 978-0801871146
All links retrieved April 1, 2024.
|
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https://www.viqtorysports.com/history-of-football/
|
en
|
History Of American Football & How It Started
|
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"https://www.youtube.com/embed/Y6iLOomUm0E?feature=oembed"
] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Chris Haddad",
"www.facebook.com"
] |
2018-07-30T15:19:54-04:00
|
American football is one of the most exciting and electric sports currently being played by athletes. It’s been a long road to get to where we are today with
|
en
|
vIQtory Sports
|
https://www.viqtorysports.com/history-of-football/
|
American football is one of the most exciting and electric sports currently being played by athletes. It’s been a long road to get to where we are today with its popularity soaring each season, and its roots can be traced back to the number one pioneer, Walter Camp.
American football has taken over the United States as one of the mainstream sports, tracing its humble beginnings to a game between Princeton and Yale on November 6, 1869, a game that looked more like a mix of rugby and soccer. It has since evolved and continues to grow, steering away from the half rugby-half soccer style to the thrilling spectacle we see in the National Football League today.
In this article, like a seasoned quarterback spotting a receiver in a busy field, we will break down the history of American Football and how it’s evolved over the years, shedding light on its transformation from a rudimentary rugby-like game to the much-loved spectacle akin to the baseball season in its excitement and allure.
The reputation and history of football have always been known as a ground and pound sport, a far cry from the dainty finesse of games like baseball.
However, over the decades, it’s slowly starting to become a finesse game on offense rather than the old-school physical gameplay style, with the most recent innovation on offense happening in the past 20 years.
How did we get to this point of spread offenses and quick/speed players rather than the big-on-big style of play? Let’s look at the oldest piece of footage that we could dig up.
This clip is from 1903. The most notable takeaway from this clip is how the offense and the defense are lined up tightly together. It looks more like a rugby scrum than it does an actual game of modern-day football. However, similar to watching a baseball game where strategies are constantly evolving, football too began to change, mirroring the dynamic nature of its players and audience.
The history of football shows us that a known ancestor of football is the game of rugby. The transformation of this game over the years is equally fascinating and illustrative of how sports adapt to the needs of its players and viewers.
American Football History Timeline
1906
It wasn’t until 1906 that the forward pass was legalized. Dan Riley caught the first completion (thrown by George Parratt). This opened the doors for the offense, forcing defenses to cover all 53.3 yards of the field. This allowed offenses to move from a traditional tight formation to have 1 or 2 receivers split wide to maximize space and big-play chances, thereby steering the game away from its rugby origins.
1912
Between 1909-1912, the rules committee altered a few scoring plays. Touchdowns were changed from 5 points to 6. Field goals were also changed from initially 4 points to 3.
1933
Flash forward to February 25, 1933 – The forward pass is legalized from anywhere behind the line of scrimmage. We’re now seeing lateral passes, swing passes, “now” routes, and plays designed to get athletes in space quickly.
1938
Roughing The Passer penalty was instilled into the rule book.
Quarterbacks are now protected after they throw the football. The rules committee realizes how valuable the position is and mutually agrees that the QB can’t be touched after he throws.
1943
Sammy Baugh led the league in passing, interceptions, and punting. Sammy helps to bring eyeballs to the sport as he becomes one of the best two-way players to ever play the game. Football games now have players that are marketable and bring attention to the American Professional Football Association.
1947
The referees decided to add an extra official, the Back Judge.
This may not seem like a major rule change, however, the field was now surrounded by referees who could accurately call each penalty. Each referee now had a specific area they would watch, allowing them to focus on and narrow their penalty view.
1950
Substitutions used to be only three men at a time. The rule committee got rid of that rule and now allowed unlimited substitutions.
Teams are now using personnel sets based on down and distance. The goal line and short-yardage ground and pound start to form as teams can now be more creative with how they script their game plan.
1950
A rule was put in place that no tackle, guard, or center is eligible to catch a pass. This rule seems a bit late as the ball has been sent through the air for almost 20 years since this rule was set in place. Five eligibles are only allowed to catch the ball, and players are now categorized by size, strength, and speed.
1952
The Pittsburgh Steelers are the last team to abandon the single-wing offense. Instead (like every other team in the league at the time), they adopt the “T” formation.
This new style of offense allowed teams to be more physical at the point of attack, as well as use misdirection as they did in the single wing.
1955
Implemented a rule change that marks a player down if touched by a defender and any part of his body (excluding hands are feet) hits the ground. This helped clarify when the ball was officially over.
1972
Hash marks were moved originally from 15 yards from the sideline to 23.1 yards from the sideline. Out of all the rule changes on the list, this is one of the more important changes.
For reference, high school hash marks are 17.8 yards from the sideline. When the ball is run out of bounds, the ball is placed on the hash. This gives the offense 35.6 yards of field to run plays to the field or open side (with only 17.8 yards to the boundary or the closed side of the field). The 35.6 yards allow the offense to have more space to run/pass to the open side of the field.
However, as mentioned, in 1972, the hash marks were moved to 23.1 yards. This meant the game is played more in the middle of the field (the middle point of the field from the sideline is 26.65 yards). It forces the defense to cover all 53.3 yards of the field.
Offenses like the West Coast Offense were born, which were able to expose teams horizontally. This changed the history of football (in the NFL) as we know it!
1974
Contact with Eligible Receivers restricted – Players were now restricted from colliding with eligible receivers as they ran routes downfield. This opened up the vertical pass game as receivers focused more on stretching the field rather than dodging defensive backs.
1978
5 yard contact rule for corners is implemented. Enter Mel Blount. 6’3, 205 pounds and one of the most physical corners the NFL has seen.
Mel was notorious for stuffing receivers at the line of scrimmage and making sure they ended up on the ground every play. Mel’s style of play was instrumental in helping change the NFL as we see it today.
The rule states that a defensive back/linebacker can not contact a receiver outside of 5 yards from the line of scrimmage (otherwise known as the Mel Blount rule). This rule puts a tremendous amount of stress on defensive backs, as they are at a disadvantage. As expected, the NFL exploded with passing yards as the Super Bowl racked up over 500 yards passing.
1980
Players are restricted from striking, clubbing, or hitting the head and neck area. This is to protect players and a personal foul could be called.
1984
Long standing passing and rushing records are broken, and would soon take years to break them again. Dan Marino passed for 5,084 yards and 48 touchdowns. Eric Dickerson rushed for 2,105 yards and Walter Payton rushed for a career mark of 13,309 yards.
1986
Owners adopted a policy that allowed for instant replay. This is the first step to making sure that every call was properly made.
2010
Targeting penalties are now called more than ever. The NFL implements a rule to protect players who catch the football and quarterbacks who throw the football. The second they receive or throw the ball they are protected for the short term.
Ejections and suspensions are now seen.
The NFL also adopts a sudden death penalty format. Each team gets an opportunity to score a touchdown. If neither team scores, the team who scores points will win the game.
Knowing about history of football is one thing, but there’s so much more to learn about football! Don’t worry, we’re here to help!
Increase Your Football IQ
Why spend hours on Google and YouTube trying to learn football yourself? We’ve created a simple guide to help make you the smartest person in the room.
How will we see offenses reach even greater heights shortly? What rule change do you not agree with and think should be changed back? What rule had the biggest impact on the history of football? Let us know in the comment section below!
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https://aeonledlighting.com/2023/07/top-world-sports/
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en
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Top 10 Sports In The World: Uniting Nations Through Sporting Passion
|
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[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Joe Restivo"
] |
2023-07-05T18:31:12+00:00
|
Enthusiasts gather to embrace the spirit of athleticism and competition, transcending borders and cultures. This article provides extensive details and ranks the top sports in the world.
|
en
|
Aeon LED
|
https://aeonledlighting.com/2023/07/top-world-sports/
|
Most Popular Global Sports
In the fast-paced world of sports, enthusiasts gather to embrace the spirit of athleticism and competition. From the thrill of fast kicks in soccer to the precise swings of golf, sports offer a universal language that transcends borders and cultures. This article* provides a comprehensive view, merging insights on the most participated sports globally and the fan-favorite sports that capture the hearts of millions.
1) Soccer / Association Football:
One of the most beloved spectator sports, soccer, or association football, has a staggering fan base of 3.5 billion people. It is played and followed passionately across Europe, Africa, Asia, and the Americas. The sport’s immense popularity is not limited to the professional level, as over 265 million individuals engage in soccer, and more than 5 million referees officiate matches, making it a truly global phenomenon.
Estimated Fans: 3.5 Billion
Regional Popularity: Europe, Africa, Asia, America.
Few things can rival football as a spectator sport and participation level.
In the last FIFA global census, 265 million people played the sport, with 5 million referees.
2) Cricket:
Hugely popular in countries like India, Pakistan, and Australia, cricket boasts an estimated fan base of 2.5 billion people. The sport has an extensive following in Asia, Australia, and the UK, with the International Cricket Council (ICC) recognizing 125 countries participating in cricket. Cricket’s unique blend of tradition and excitement has made it a cultural staple in many parts of the world.
Estimated Fans: 2.5 Billion
Regional Popularity: Asia, Australia, UK.
A popular sport with a massive following in India, Pakistan, and Australia.
The International Cricket Council (ICC) identifies 125 countries participating in cricket.
3) Field Hockey:
Though less recognized in some regions, field hockey enjoys a dedicated following with an estimated fan base of 2 billion people. Field hockey is widely played in Europe, Africa, Asia, and Australia, showcasing fast-paced action and technical prowess. It also holds a significant place in the Olympic Games, further solidifying its global impact.
Estimated Fans: 2 Billion
Regional Popularity: Europe, Africa, Asia, Australia.
A fast-paced sport played in over 100 countries, with a strong presence at the Olympics.
4) Tennis:
Widely regarded as the most popular individual sport globally, tennis has an estimated 1 billion fans. Its appeal spans continents, with Europe, Asia, and the Americas being its primary strongholds. Tennis captivates audiences with thrilling matches and showcases some of the world’s most talented athletes competing on the grandest stages.
Estimated Fans: 1 Billion
Regional Popularity: Europe, Asia, America.
Widely recognized as the most popular individual sport in the world.
5) Volleyball:
Originating from America, volleyball has an impressive estimated fan base of 900 million people. The sport is played indoors and outdoors, popular in Europe, Australia, Asia, and the Americas. With over 220 affiliated national federations registered to the Fédération Internationale de Volleyball (FIVB), volleyball continues to grow in popularity worldwide.
Estimated Fans: 900 Million
Regional Popularity: Europe, Australia, Asia, America.
Originating from America, volleyball boasts an impressive global participation figure.
6) Table Tennis:
An indoor sport gaining traction globally, table tennis has an estimated fan base of 850 million people. With its integration into schools, social clubs, and sports centers worldwide, table tennis attracts players from Europe, Africa, Asia, and the Americas. Its fast-paced and skillful nature appeals to people of all ages and backgrounds.
Estimated Fans: 850 Million
Regional Popularity: Europe, Africa, Asia, America.
An indoor sport gaining popularity in schools, clubs, and centers worldwide.
7) Baseball:
Although historically more popular in America, baseball has gained international recognition, particularly in Japan. The sport enjoys an estimated fan base of 500 million people and is beloved for its unique blend of strategy, skill, and tradition.
Estimated Fans: 500 Million
Regional Popularity: America, Japan.
A historic American favorite now rising in popularity in countries like Japan.
8) Golf:
A cherished pastime for millions, golf boasts an estimated fan base of 450 million people. The sport’s appeal is truly global, with Europe, Asia, America, and Canada embracing its tranquil and competitive aspects. Golf attracts enthusiasts of all skill levels, from casual players to dedicated professionals.
Estimated Fans: 450 Million
Regional Popularity: Europe, Asia, America, Canada.
A beloved pastime embraced by approximately 60 million participants annually.
9) Basketball:
Thriving with a minimum of 400 million fans, basketball holds a special place in the hearts of sports enthusiasts across America. It is played recreationally and through structured competitions, and legendary figures like Michael Jordan and Kobe Bryant have contributed to its global popularity.
Estimated Fans: 400 Million
Regional Popularity: America.
Thriving with at least 450 million players globally, both recreational and structured.
10) American Football:
American football is an iconic American sport with an estimated fan base of 400 million people; American football is gaining growing traction in various parts of the world. Its intense action and tactical gameplay have captivated audiences worldwide.
Estimated Fans: 400 Million
Regional Popularity: Europe, Africa, Asia, America, Australia.
An iconic American sport is gaining traction in various parts of the world.
While the list provides valuable insights into the global sports landscape, it’s important to remember that participation numbers and popularity rankings can be subject to debate. Sports hold a unique power to unite people and spark passionate discussions, making them an integral part of the human experience. Whether on the field, court, or pitch, sports enthusiasts worldwide continue to celebrate the joy and camaraderie that sports bring to their lives.
The Importance of Proper Lighting and the Superiority of LED Lights for Sports
Proper lighting is essential for an exceptional sports experience, enhancing visibility, accuracy, and safety on the field for players and spectators alike. LED lights have become the preferred choice for sports facilities worldwide, offering unparalleled performance, energy efficiency, and adaptability.
LED lights ensure vibrant and clear visibility, enhancing the sports experience for players and spectators.
The high color rendering index of LED luminaires provides unparalleled color accuracy for televised matches.
Improved lighting allows players to make accurate shots and swift movements on the field.
LED floodlights minimize glare, creating an ideal ambiance for players during the game.
The prolonged lifespan of LED lights ensures a sustainable and economically viable lighting solution for sports arenas and stadiums.
Upgrade your sports facility with AEON LED lights today! Request a catalog or speak to our lighting specialists to transform your sports arena with cutting-edge illumination. Experience the game like never before for players and fans alike!
* Data was gathered from highly-reputable sports blogs, topendsports.com, and realbuzz.com
|
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https://insight.kellogg.northwestern.edu/article/talent-versus-teamwork-for-successful-teams
|
en
|
For Teams, What Matters More: Raw Talent or a History of Success Together?
|
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[
""
] | null |
[] |
2019-06-03T14:55:00-05:00
|
A study of professional sports teams suggests that one factor is clearly more important, but the best teams combine them both.
|
en
|
Kellogg Insight
|
https://insight.kellogg.northwestern.edu/article/talent-versus-teamwork-for-successful-teams
|
It’s a phenomenon that has played out in sports over and over again: A coach assembles a roster of high-performing athletes that everyone predicts will dominate the competition. But matched up against a rival that lacks star power, the elite team loses.
Think of the “Miracle on Ice” at the 1980 Olympics, when a team of young American hockey players beat the four-time gold medalist Soviet Union. Or Germany’s 2014 soccer team (described as an “anonymous squad” with “no superstars” in one article) trouncing host country Brazil, which had been seeking a sixth World Cup victory.
“People are surprised that the dream team failed,” says Brian Uzzi, a professor of management and organizations at Kellogg. “You would expect, with that much horsepower in the talent, they’d be able to win anytime. And in fact, it doesn’t happen.”
These puzzling outcomes get at some long-standing questions, both in sports and other realms like business and scientific research: What does it take to create a successful team? How much depends on individual talent and how much on teammates’ ability to work together?
To explore this question, Uzzi and colleagues examined a specific aspect of teamwork: a track record of past shared wins. The researchers analyzed data from basketball, soccer, cricket, baseball, and an online computer game. They found that, as one might expect, the performance of individual players was important to the team’s success. But the teammates’ history of winning together also played a significant role.
“You have to have talent as a basis,” Uzzi says. “But talent doesn’t reach its full potential unless you get them to work as a team together.”
Talent vs. Teamwork
Identifying the factors that drive successful teamwork is critical in the modern world. “Almost everything that human beings do today, in terms of generation of value, is no longer done by individuals,” Uzzi says. “It’s done by teams. So understanding the secret sauce of teams is really important for all types of achievements.”
Many researchers believe that both individual talent and teamwork contribute to success. Still, the relative importance of each factor isn’t clear.
“The real question is: What is the magnitude of the two effects?” Uzzi asks. “We want to try to quantify that.”
Uzzi collaborated with Noshir Contractor, a professor of management and organizations at Kellogg; Satyam Mukherjee at the Indian Institute of Management Udaipur, who is a remote visiting scholar at Kellogg; Yun Huang at Northwestern University; and Julia Neidhardt at Technische Universität Wien.
Companies often run into problems because “they shoot for the best talent, but the best talent doesn’t get along.”
— Brian Uzzi
The researchers hypothesized that teams that had previously worked together would be more successful than those that hadn’t, because team members could apply lessons learned from that history. And they though that, in particular, teams that had experienced success in that past would be at an advantage.
After a negative experience, team members tend to blame each other, don’t recall details as well, and share less information, Uzzi says. When people share a positive experience, he says, they are more likely to discuss it and recall vivid details.
“That becomes the basis to learn,” Uzzi says. “The opposite happens when you lose.”
From Sports to Online Battles
The researchers turned to sports, “where an enormous amount of data is available on individual performance,” Uzzi says. They obtained individual and team statistics from the National Basketball Association, the English Premier League (soccer), Major League Baseball, and the Indian Premier League (cricket). The team also studied a week’s worth of data from Defense of the Ancients 2, an online computer game in which two teams of players battle each other.
For each sport and the computer game, the researchers could see which individual players had won games together before. The researchers then calculated a score that captured the team’s overall level of shared successes. They also analyzed statistics on individual performance, such as goals or points per game.
Next, they created a computer model that attempted to predict which team would win a match. If the model accounted for individual talent—but not past teamwork—it accurately predicted 54–73 percent of game results, depending on the type of competition. If the model was modified to include data on past shared success, the accuracy rose by 2 to 7 percentage points.
In another analysis, the researchers tried to figure out the relative importance of talent and past shared success. Their model estimated that individual talent explained about 6–28 percent of the variation in team performance, while past team success explained another 1–16 percent of the variation.
“Talent doesn’t reach its full potential unless you get them to work as a team together.”
— Brian Uzzi
Shared positive experiences appeared to be the most important in cricket and baseball. Mukherjee speculates that past shared wins might matter less in soccer and basketball, because many points are scored by offensive players, as opposed to cricket and baseball, where players throughout the team have a bigger opportunity to score.
How to Create a Successful Team
Overall, the numbers suggest that individual talent matters more than teamwork. But people shouldn’t interpret this result to mean that recruiting the best talent is enough to win. “Being able to work as a team is still a significant factor,” Uzzi says.
In professional sports, for example, talent often gets spread out among many teams. With those top performers widely distributed, “being able to play as a team becomes more important,” he says.
Uzzi believes the results can be generalized to the business world as well. Companies often run into problems because “they shoot for the best talent, but the best talent doesn’t get along,” he says.
So should firms always hire people who have worked successfully with existing team members in the past, and avoid changing up successful teams? Not necessarily. After a while, a team “can develop new types of blind spots,” Uzzi says. For example, they might keep using the same method over and over again instead of innovating. While managers should ensure that employees mesh well, they also should encourage some turnover to bring in new perspectives and skills.
“You don’t want to trade off diversity to get people who work well together,” Uzzi says. “You really need to have both.”
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A Case for Football as the Most Literary of American Sports
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2021-11-02T08:53:35+00:00
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An embarrassing thing to admit to, but it’s the truth—for the past five years, I have been haunted by a blurb. One night in the summer of 2016, I was scanning the fiction shelves at Unnameable Book…
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en
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https://s26162.pcdn.co/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/favicon.ico
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Literary Hub
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https://lithub.com/a-case-for-football-as-the-most-literary-of-american-sports/
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An embarrassing thing to admit to, but it’s the truth—for the past five years, I have been haunted by a blurb.
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One night in the summer of 2016, I was scanning the fiction shelves at Unnameable Books in Prospect Heights when I came across the hardcover of Chris Bachelder’s The Throwback Special, a comic, subtly experimental novel about 22 friends who convene every year to dress up in ratty football pads and reenact Lawrence Taylor’s infamous tackle of Joe Theismann. I would eventually read the book and learn just how brilliant it was; but that night I was spooked off buying it—off even holding the thing for one second longer—by the aforementioned blurb, by Tom Bissell:
“A hilarious literary novel about our least hilarious—and least literary—national pastime.”
The blurb unnerved me on a few fronts. Most immediately, I had been writing a novel that drew on my experiences as a scholarship linebacker at a Division One college program, and this sentiment from an established member of the literary world—so dismissive as to be parenthetical—didn’t bode well for how my book would be received. More generally, Bissell was repeating an orthodoxy that had apparently only become more engrained since I first heard it years earlier: that football doesn’t rise to the level of serious literary consideration, and thus what little literary fiction about the game that does exist is something of a freak.
To be fair, Bissell is right, football is not a mainstay of our literary culture, a fact that can be confirmed via any number of highly un-rigorous methodologies. Hie thee to your book search engine of choice and type in “football novel” and you’ll find yourself wandering down long digital hallways decorated chiefly by two types of images: 1) book cover thumbnails for volumes about that “other” football (i.e. soccer), or 2) cover thumbnails with steamy sans serif titles such as Blindsided (By His Game), which usually display a torso with its head cropped off, beefy shoulders sporting infinitesimal shoulder pads, and a full order of greased abs.
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If the baseball novel shows America as we’d like to see ourselves, the football novel can show us as we are.
A few noteworthy, non-Bachelder novels about football have been published in the last ten years: Billy Lynn’s Long Halftime Walk, Copperhead, Lost Empress. These are harder to search for because they’re typically catalogued under other, more serious (or at least more bankable) subjects for literature, whether that’s the hollow glorification of our troops (Billy Lynn), the tenacious legacy of white supremacy (Copperhead), or the entrenchment of the carceral economy (Empress).
The last century boasts a few more, somewhat prominent titles, such as North Dallas Forty and Semi-Tough. But the former is far better known as the film starring Nick Nolte, while the latter—notwithstanding Sports Illustrated listing it as one of the top 100 sports books of all time—is an artifact of an era when throwing around racial epithets was seen as an act of literary audacity (go ahead and read the novel’s opening page—I dare you).
And as far as long-standing classics of literary football fiction? There are, to my mind, one and a half. The whole number is Frederick Exley’s 1968 masterpiece A Fan’s Notes, a cult novel about an alcoholic loser whose seeks salvation in his rabid love for the New York Giants. The half classic is Don DeLillo’s End Zone, a riotous short novel about the intersection of football strategy and nuclear warfare that only ever gets mentioned after people have exhausted themselves talking about DeLillo’s major work.
Speaking of Underworld. One just has to conduct a second search for “baseball novel” to see that a sport can occupy a permanent place in our literary culture. In fact, there was a time when it seemed that to be a major writer pretty much obliged you to have a baseball fiction under your belt—Bernard Malamud’s The Natural (1952), Robert Coover’s The Universal Baseball Association, Inc., J. Henry Waugh, Prop. (1968), and Philip Roth’s The Great American Novel (1973) being just three examples.
The publication years of those books hint at how baseball novels took root. The decades following World War II were perhaps the final time literary culture will be even faintly synonymous with the mainstream, an era when Gore Vidal and Norman Mailer could eviscerate each other on late night couches, Roth’s latest could be a national scandal, and James Baldwin’s genius was exported to the Cambridge Union. Meanwhile, baseball was itself in a golden age, with gods like Mickey Mantle and Hank Aaron at the plate and events of where-were-you-when-it-happened significance like “The Shot Heard Round the World” (which serves as Underworld’s celebrated opening set piece). For a few precious decades, literature and baseball occupied the same exclusive pop culture club, and it was inevitable that the two would rub shoulders.
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Fast forward to the 21st century and the literary baseball novel is as hale as any other literary subject. At the dawn of the 2010s, Chad Harbach’s The Art of Fielding received not just a spit-take advance but inspired a second book that was simply about the writing of a baseball novel. In the last two years, there have been at least three novels—Emily Nemens’ The Cactus League, Gish Jen’s The Resisters, and Lincoln Michel’s The Body Scout—with baseball at their cores, plus Christopher Beha’s The Index of Self-Destructive Acts, in which the game provides a key organizing principle.
But—baseball? In a country maniacal for the newest, richest, gaudiest, and most-powerful, a sport that originated circa the Civil War and has steadily lost its cultural cachet is what continues to dominate our literature-sports nexus? Insofar as a country of 333 million people with countless ethnic, religious, and cultural combinations can be said to have a single national pastime, all signs point toward football, not baseball. A 2019 New York Times article found that 100 percent of counties in the United States aired at least one quarter of the games featuring the NFL’s most popular player, Tom Brady, while a daunting one percent of counties aired games featuring Mike Trout, baseball’s best player that season.
Football’s complexity and size should not be things to warn off fiction writers or editors, but untapped resources that should be leading them to rush to claim its riches.
In 2018, 40 of the 50 most watched sporting events were professional football. And let’s not even get into college football, whose teams often inspire a diehard fanaticism of which their professional baseball neighbors can only dream (football is a $4 billion industry at public universities in the major college conferences). It is admittedly gross to be citing revenue figures in an essay about literature—but this country is gross, obsessed with power exactly of the kind football is so glutted with and baseball is so reliably losing.
So why, again, is football called our least literary pastime and baseball our most literary? I’ll count a few of the ways.
By dint of its long, storied history, baseball has been depicted as metonymy for bedrock American ideals—teamwork, optimism, exceptionalism. The novels and short stories written about the game have made great use of these positive associations, if only as a means of measuring just how far our country is from actually deserving them. The light makes for an effective contrast with the dark, is what I’m getting at (see the Mark McGwire-Sammy Sosa doping scandal—the narrative doesn’t work if there wasn’t an idealism to be betrayed in the first place).
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Now think of early images associated with football; these aren’t sunny, carefree portraits, but Goya-worthy shots of mud-caked, dentally challenged galoots in violent extremis. Football started out in the American consciousness as dank, hypermasculine, brutal, and has only become more so as the game has grown in stature. It is not the go-to national symbol for many people.
Baseball’s simple rules, its in-built longueurs, and its focus on individual performance (c.f. “Casey at the Bat”) provide readymade plots, breathing room for writerly mediation, and clear character motives, all things that are highly amenable to fiction. Football, meanwhile, is governed by baroque, ever-shifting regulations, while its action alternates between 7-second spurts of 22-vector violence and long stretches of jargon-dense strategizing—much more difficult to dramatize.
By becoming popularized during literature’s talk-show apogee, the baseball novel was able to lodge itself in the cultural consciousness. But with the rise of film and television, literary borders started to not only close, they started shrinking, with literary culture receding ever farther from the center of public discourse. And just when literary culture was in retreat? Football was on the rise, its broadcasts reshaping how sports were experienced, its players becoming national celebrities whose fame could sustain them into their post-playing years, whether as movie stars, notorious criminals, or both. With readership declining, the book business grew more conservative about what stories it believed would fly in the marketplace, and football, unlike baseball, never gained the necessary lift.
Baseball is both an object and mirror of reactionary politics, but in the popular imagination this is a conservatism of the soft, dreamy variety, a longing for allegedly simpler times. Football’s conservatism, meanwhile, is the conservatism of the moment: proudly exclusionary, unquestioningly macho, confrontationally capitalist. Homophobia, corporatization, toxic masculinity, domestic violence scandals, concussion coverups, the stifling of political activism—most of the members of the left-leaning literary world who don’t openly disdain the game seem content to ignore it and its ideological baggage.
But what if you flipped each of these reasons on their heads? What if the supposed perceived literary vices of football are actually its greatest virtues—make the game in urgent need of the examinations of which fiction is uniquely capable?
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The mythos of America as the shining city on a hill was always that—a myth, a fantasy, at best a placebo used to treat the despair ever on offer in America. The idyllic vision of a bunch of kids taking their beat-up gloves and dented bat to the sandlot on some sunny summer morning was already iffy before COVID-19, and with almost 750,000 Americans dead from the virus, it’s now so far removed from lived experience as to have lost even the power of a false nostalgia. We live in the time of protests against police brutality, the 1619 Project, and Ta-Nehisi Coates, a time in which artists, journalists, and scholars are working to pound away the false veneer on our country’s foundations in order to uncover the dark materials beneath. Football’s violent, exploitative associations could not make for a more apposite national symbol.
Football’s complexity and size should not be things to warn off fiction writers or editors (or readers, for that matter), but untapped resources that should be leading them to rush to claim its riches. This goes for both the game itself—just imagine all the possibilities for characterization, plot, and experimentation afforded by such a huge gathering of people—but also for the sprawling apparatus that surrounds the sport. With Billy Lynn’s Long Halftime Walk, Ben Fountain spun a daring 320-page novel out of the logistics of a halftime celebration, and similar treatments could center on, say, the meat market of the NFL combine, the venal ecosystem of college football recruiters, proxy warfare between audio-visual gurus, or something as focused as a story of a girl who dreams of being a head coach or a sciatic father of four who humps Bud Lites up and down stories-high stadium steps every autumn Sunday.
If the baseball novel shows America as we’d like to see ourselves, the football novel can show us as we are. What other sport so accurately encapsulates America’s noxious racial divide, with young people of color dominating rosters while the head coaching ranks, donorati, and team owners are overwhelmingly elderly, rich, and white? What other sport better gets at capitalist exploitation at the national scale, with working class kids (of any race) lured into a physically devastating activity via the lie that it will provide them the tools for social mobility? What other sport so deeply draws from some of the country’s most marginalized regions—the Deep South, the Industrial Midwest—and by so doing exemplifies the regional inequalities that have made for our ongoing national political nightmare?
Nonfiction can chart the contours of these themes—but fiction allows readers to feel the stuff itself. And what they’ll feel isn’t pleasant. An old saw about fiction is that it comforts the disturbed and disturbs the comfortable. If that cliché persists, it’s because it locates literature’s signal worth in its ability to harness what is dark, dank, and uneasy. If football embodies those traits, if it is the lurking, gigantic shadow self of this country, it is the most literary sport we have.
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Why Every Young Man Should Play a Team Sport
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Some of my best memories from my childhood and teenage years involve my participation in team sports. I played baseball and basketball during elementary and middle school, and football all through high school. The funny thing is, the scenes that stick out to me the most from these experiences arenât specific plays or key moments […]
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The Art of Manliness
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https://www.artofmanliness.com/health-fitness/fitness/why-every-young-man-should-play-a-team-sport/
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Some of my best memories from my childhood and teenage years involve my participation in team sports. I played baseball and basketball during elementary and middle school, and football all through high school.
The funny thing is, the scenes that stick out to me the most from these experiences arenât specific plays or key moments in a game (though I do have a few special memories of this type). Rather, I mainly think about the camaraderie and sense of belonging that being on a team gave me as a kid. I remember yukking it up with my teammates in the dugout and on the sidelines. I remember the long drives home on a school bus where I talked with teammates about the game and life. I remember receiving encouragement when I fell short of my potential as well as providing encouragement to a teammate when he needed it. I remember compliments from coaches that still hearten me today. I remember what it was like to depend on others and to be depended on. I remember what it was like to lead and be led.
Participating in team sports taught me the importance of showing up, giving my all, and embracing interdependency — it taught me that working together with other guys towards a common goal is paradoxically the best way to become a fully formed individual. Though I didnât realize it at the time, it taught me a lot about what it means to be a man.
Unfortunately, fewer boys are experiencing the joys and lessons that come from team sports. Over just the last five years, the number of youth playing them has dropped almost 10% (and itâs not because of safety concerns over tackle football — baseball and basketball have seen even bigger declines).
This is a real shame.
Participating in team sports should be considered a true essential in a young manâs development.
Today weâll make an argument for why.
Why Every Young Man Should Play a Team Sport
Participating in sports of any kind is obviously beneficial from a health and weight standpoint; in a country that continues to struggle with obesity and youth are more inactive than ever, sports provide a vital dose of physical activity.
But participating in team sports also has a particular benefit to young men: itâs one of the few, likely only, chances for a young man in the modern world to be part of an all-male âgangâ in pursuit of a physical goal.
As laid out by authors like Lionel Tiger in Men in Groups and Jack Donovan in The Way of Men, the gang has been the fundamental unit of the male sex since primordial times. Bands of men would work together to hunt and to battle, and much of what underlies the core of masculinity grew out of this group dynamic.
The modern athletic team remains one of the last bastions of the male gang ethos, and if a boy doesnât participate in one, heâll likely never experience it, unless he later joins the military. School is coed, clubs are coed, the workplace is coed. All-male Bible studies or fraternities can capture some of the culture and spirit of menâs groups, but because they are not centered around a strenuous, physical activity — like the hunting and fighting squads of old — they do not and cannot impart the full scope of this social unitâs energies.
Thus, a young man who does not participate in a team sport will miss out on ever understanding a large component of the masculine experience. Full stop.
In particular, he will miss out on experiencing the following dynamics:
Us vs. Them. Males have a tendency to break themselves into in-groups and out-groups, and to feel proud of the group to which they belong. The male team bonds over being different — and better — than other teams. It feels it has a distinct culture — its own traditions, inside jokes, and values — which set it apart from other crews.
Itâs argued there is too much of this âus vs. themâ ethos in the present age, and there certainly can be in domains in which the superiority of each side is a subjective matter of philosophical debate, with no way to decide an ultimate âwinner,â and the disparate groups must not only compete, but cooperate.
But in team sports, where there is a concrete mechanism, in the form of contests, in which superiority can be objectively determined, and the different sides meet solely for the purpose of competition, the excesses of in-group/out-group rivalries are not only kept in check, they serve as healthy sources of identity and belonging.
Intra-/Inter-Competition. A member of a team experiences two sources of motivation: the desire to be the best on his own squad, and the desire to beat external opponents. He wants to be a starter, to make varsity; at the same time, he wants to beat his cross-town rivals when itâs time for a meet or game. These dynamics work in tandem to bring out the best in a young man — both in his athletic potential and in his respect for others.
While two players of the same team might compete fiercely for a starting position, they ultimately have to keep their conflict in check; they have to yearn to be on top with all their heart, and yet be able to step back when beat out by a teammate, accepting whatâs best for the team as a whole.
An athlete is also motivated by trying to outdo the players of another team. But here too he maintains a healthy respect for his competitor. The rules of the game and the code of sportsmanship demand such. A competing team provides something for boys to push back against together. If they win, they have a chance to learn how to be magnanimous in victory; if they lose, they learn how to be gracious in defeat.
Status Up/Status Down. This year my son Gus joined a flag football team. Before the first practice, he said confidently: âI bet Iâm one of the best players on the team.â When the practice got underway, the boys played a game where Gus kept getting his flag ripped off. He became so frustrated and dejected that he started to cry. It was one of those moments where as a dad youâre seriously worried about your kidâs resilience, and questioning how you raised him.
But in subsequent practices, there have been no more tears. Gus accepted where he is on the teamâs totem pole of ability. He learned he could have fun even if he wasnât the best player. Simply being part of the team made up for not being the top dog.
The paradoxical thing about participating in team sports is that it both checks a young manâs status and elevates it. The concrete, real-time feedback it provides brings self-assessed measures of worth — which can become inflated when gauged in the abstract — down to earth. But at the same time, belonging to the team raises your sense of status — gives you a sense of identity and belonging and value. Together, these forces provide young men with a healthy, balanced sense of self.
Cooperation. Thereâs an idea out there that women tend to be better at cooperation than men. But scientific research has found thatâs simply not true: in mixed-sex situations, men and women cooperate equally well, and in same-sex situations, men actually cooperate better with other men, than women do with other women, and men are more willing to cooperate with men of lower status than women are with females of lower rank.
These findings are really not so surprising when you realize men have been cooperating with each other in all-male hunting and fighting gangs for millennia.
The arena of team sports allows boys to activate and develop this primordial proclivity.
Being on a team requires a boy to learn that to win, heâs got to put the team ahead of himself. That means passing it to an open player on the court instead of trying to force a shot, or running a pass assignment perfectly even if the QB doesnât throw the ball to you.
Success in life depends on learning how to cooperate with others; team sports give boys a chance to hone that skill in every practice and every game.
Mentorship. It’s often said that it takes a village to raise a child, and a set of vital figures in that village are non-familial mentors. Grown-ups outside the home can reach boys in ways parents just can’t; young men listen to them in ways they don’t listen to their own folks.
Coaches often play the role of these invaluable mentors.
My high school football coaches had a huge influence on me as a young man. My offensive line coach would invite us into his home to watch film. Sure, we were prepping for the next game, but I got to see, firsthand, a positive example of a family man. Another coach would bring each player into his office at the end of each season and discuss life goals. Getting that sort of attention from a grown man thatâs not your dad is manna for a young manâs soul.
My sonâs coach has the boys take a knee at the end of practice before imparting lessons on things like discipline and hard work. He even went over how to properly shake hands. I do this kind of stuff already with Gus, but it was sure nice to have another man reinforce the importance of it.
Camaraderie. Male camaraderie is a special energy, a unique dynamic. It comes from men being able to take teasing without being insulted, and give and take criticism and feedback without being offended. It comes from learning to pull their weight and being committed to not letting the team down. From having a sense of honor.
Research has shown that males bond when working together to defeat a common foe or tackle a difficult challenge. A shared code, a shared purpose, builds bonds.
Being in the âtrenchesâ with other guys on a sports team thus fosters close friendships both on and off the field. Like I said before, some of my best memories of sports were just hanging out with my buddies on the team. The game was the glue that brought us together.
Shared physical hardship. Camaraderie is particularly developed when men not only share in a common purpose, but in physical effort. Studies have shown that strong ties are built when you exercise with others in a group, and the more intense the exercise, the greater the connection. Further, doing synchronous movements with others improves each individualâs performance. Thereâs just something about doing hard, physical things as a team that brings people together, and brings out their best.
This effect isnât just good for a boyâs performance and sense of belonging — it sets him up to have a healthy relationship to âvoluntary sufferingâ for the rest of his life. A young man growing up in the modern suburbs may have no other chance to experience physical âhardship,â and to learn that heâs not only able to push through the pain and strain, but that thereâs a certain satisfaction, even pleasure, in doing so. The brain connects physical effort not just with physiological pleasure, but the pleasures of moving as one with a team. Later in life, this association between exercise and enjoyment remains.
In contrast, men who do not participate in sports growing up, and try to get into fitness later in life, often experience the pain of exertion as foreign and unpleasurable. They seem to have a harder time getting into the groove of regular workouts compared to those who viscerally associate pushing themselves physically with some of the best times of their lives.
Getting Your Son Into Team Sports
For some parents, getting their sons involved in team sports is natural — they consider it an automatic, practically default part of childhood.
Other parents have concerns about doing so, especially as their boys become adolescents, which are mainly centered on 3 issues:
First, they donât want their sons to become one-sided jocks. They want their boys to be exposed and interested in more cultural or intellectual stuff. But it neednât be an either/or thing; many great men in history developed both their mind and their body. Gus does flag football and takes piano lessons, and Kate and I will expect both our children to do one artistic/musical activity and one athletic activity throughout their school years. We value the formation of âthe whole man.â
But this brings up another common concern: a resistance to âforcingâ oneâs children to do a sport. Interestingly, this concern only seems to apply to athletics. Parents make their kids go to school and do their homework, even if they donât enjoy it, and they make their children do piano lessons, even if they complain. But, making kids do a sport somehow seems to be a more onerous and inappropriate expectation. I donât think it is though. You âforceâ kids to do all kinds of things that you think are for their ultimate future betterment — from going to church to going to the doctor. Once theyâre 18, after having been exposed to a variety of interests, theyâll have the next 60+ years to decide entirely for themselves how theyâll spend their time.
This second concern is heightened, however, by a third one, where parents feel especially bad about expecting a child to do a sport if the child doesnât seem athletically disposed. Theyâre bookish, or sensitive, or uncoordinated.
There are a couple things to keep in mind with this perceived issue, though.
Parents can interpret a childâs seeming disposition as permanent — as his unalterable destiny. He seems sensitive, so they treat him with kid gloves, and keep him out of sports, and this simply turns into a self-fulfilling prophecy. A boy is not exposed to sports, so unsurprisingly, he has no interest in sports. The effect is often compounded by the fact that a less physically oriented and/or intellectual child often comes from less physically oriented and/or intellectual parents; Dad never played a sport, so he doesnât play catch with his son, and his son thus doesnât show much inclination to playing with balls. Dad is also more comfortable raising a son who has the same interests and disposition as he does, so he steers his son to the same path.
The reality is that just because a boy is cerebral and/or less physically inclined early on, doesnât mean he was âmeant to beâ that way. Gus was very timid and sensitive when he was little, but exposure to sports gave him a lot of confidence and brought out a whole different side of him that otherwise would have remained unrealized and undeveloped. Looking at his personality as a two-year-old, you never would have known how much he loves flag football as a seven-year-old. If Theodore Rooseveltâs father had decided Teddy was just a bookish, sickly boy, and hadn’t challenged him to âbuild his body,â he never would have grown into the physical-activity-loving, energetic dynamo that he became. Donât decide early on âthatâs just the way he is.â
Also, a wide variety of team sports exist; from lacrosse to cross-country, thereâs something that can fit nearly every boyâs personality. When kids are young, they donât know what they like yet, so expose them to different activities and see what theyâre drawn to.
No one would say that if a grown man is nerdy, or bookish, or sensitive, then exercise is optional in his life and isnât absolutely crucial for his physical and mental health. All men, of every kind, need physical activity. Likewise, no one should think athletics are optional for young men, either. When it comes to the team-oriented variety, theyâre not only essential for their health, but for their masculine spirit as well.
Tags: Sports
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20 Amazing American Football Quotes To Inspire and Motivate Your Team
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"Troy Akin"
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2023-07-19T13:08:34
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Football Quotes For The Ages American football is a sport that requires enormous amounts of strength, skill, and mental toughness. It's an intense game where one has to be physically fit and mentally aware to be successful. The players, coaches, and fans have a deep passion for the sport, which is why it continues to b
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Eco Sports
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https://ecosports.com/blogs/vegan-athletes/20-amazing-american-football-quotes-to-inspire-and-motivate-your-team
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Football Quotes For The Ages
American football is a sport that requires enormous amounts of strength, skill, and mental toughness. It's an intense game where one has to be physically fit and mentally aware to be successful. The players, coaches, and fans have a deep passion for the sport, which is why it continues to be one of the most popular sports in America. Today, we'll dive into some of the best American football quotes that will inspire and motivate you to keep going, no matter what.
1. "Winning isn't everything, but wanting to win is." - Vince Lombardi
This famous quote by Lombardi emphasizes the importance of having a strong desire to win. It's not just about winning a game, but rather the entire process of getting there that's important.
2. "Success is not final, failure is not fatal: it is the courage to continue that counts." - Winston Churchill
Churchill's famous quote applies to many aspects of life, but in the context of American football, it highlights the need for resilience and perseverance despite setbacks.
3. "Football is like life - it requires perseverance, self-denial, hard work, sacrifice, dedication, and respect for authority." - Vince Lombardi
Another powerful quote by Lombardi that sums up the essence of this amazing sport.
4. "You're never a loser until you quit trying." - Mike Ditka
Ditka's quote is a reminder that quitting is not an option in football, or in life. Keep pushing, keep trying, and eventually, you'll break through.
5. "Football is an honest game. It's true to life. It's a game about sharing. Football is a team game, and everyone has to work together." - Joe Namath
Namath's quote underscores the importance of teamwork in American football. No matter how exceptional an individual player may be, it is the entire team that wins the game.
6. "The difference between the impossible and the possible lies in a person's determination." - Tommy Lasorda
This quote by Lasorda sums up the importance of goal-setting, hard work, and never giving up on one's dreams.
7. "The harder you work, the harder it is to surrender." - Marv Levy
Levy's quote emphasizes the importance of putting in the work and not giving up when things get tough. The harder you work, the more resilient you become.
8. "It's not whether you get knocked down; it's whether you get up." - Vince Lombardi
Yet another quote by Lombardi that focuses on the importance of perseverance and resilience in football, and in life.
9. "Set your goals high, and don't stop till you get there." - Bo Jackson
Jackson's quote is about having a relentless pursuit of achieving one's goals, and not stopping until you get there.
10. "The greatest glory in living lies not in never falling, but in rising every time we fall." - Nelson Mandela
Mandela's inspiring quote highlights the importance of getting up every time you fall, and rising above it all.
10. "Don't let yesterday take up too much of today." - Coach K
This quote by Coach K is about moving past previous losses or failures and focusing on the present moment.
11. "All I know is that I've never lost a game I've played in." - Colin Kaepernick
Kaepernick's quote is about focusing on giving your best in every game, and not worrying about the outcome.
12. "If you're not going to go all the way, why go at all?" - Joe Namath
Namath's quote is about committing yourself entirely to the challenge, and not settling for mediocrity.
13. "Only the paranoid survive." - Bill Belichick
Belichick's quote emphasizes the need to be alert, focused, and always looking out for potential threats.
14. "The price of success is hard work, dedication to the job at hand, and the determination that whether we win or lose, we have applied the best of ourselves to the task at hand." - Vince Lombardi
Another great quote by Lombardi, this emphasizes the importance of dedication and working hard, especially when it matters most.
15. “It's not the will to win that matters—everyone has that. It's the will to prepare to win that matters.” – Paul “Bear” Bryant
16. "When you've got something to prove, there's nothing greater than a challenge." - Terry Bradshaw
Bradshaw's quote highlights the importance of taking on challenges, and rising above them.
17. "It's not the will to win that matters—everyone has that. It's the will to prepare to win that matters." - Paul 'Bear' Bryant
Bryant's quote emphasizes the importance of preparation before the game and how that can translate to success.
18. "Leadership is a matter of having people look at you and gain confidence, seeing how you react. If you're in control, they're in control." - Tom Landry
Landry's quote is about being a leader, both on and off the field.
19. "Never let the fear of striking out keep you from playing the game." - Babe Ruth
Finally, Ruth's quote is a reminder that taking risks is important, and that sometimes, to succeed, you need to step out of your comfort zone.
20. 9. “The greatest game you can win is won within.” – Lou Holtz
Best Football Quotes
These 20 American football quotes are a reminder that football is not just a sport but an embodiment of perseverance, dedication, and resilience. Whether you're a parent hoping to inspire your child or an athlete looking for motivation, these quotes will keep you motivated and striving for greatness. American football is not just a game, it's a way of life, and these quotes illuminate that perfectly.
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https://breakingthelines.com/opinion/the-importance-of-teamwork-in-football/
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The Importance of Teamwork in Football
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Teamwork is a crucial element in football and is often the difference between success and failure on the pitch. Football is a sport that requires individuals to work together as a team, with each player bringing their unique skills and abilities to the game. In this article, we will explore the importance of teamwork in…
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en
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Breaking The Lines
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https://breakingthelines.com/opinion/the-importance-of-teamwork-in-football/
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Teamwork is a crucial element in football and is often the difference between success and failure on the pitch. Football is a sport that requires individuals to work together as a team, with each player bringing their unique skills and abilities to the game. In this article, we will explore the importance of teamwork in football and how it can impact a team’s performance.
Communication
Communication is a key aspect of teamwork in football. Players need to communicate effectively on the pitch, both verbally and non-verbally, to coordinate their movements and actions. This can include calling for the ball, signalling for a pass, or making eye contact with a teammate to indicate a run. Effective communication can help to prevent mistakes and ensure that players are in the right positions on the pitch. Communication is important in everywhere even at best Australian online casinos and other industry.
Trust
Trust is another critical aspect of teamwork in football. Players need to trust each other’s abilities and decisions and be willing to rely on their teammates in high-pressure situations. Trust also extends to the coaching staff, with players needing to have faith in the tactics and strategies being employed by the team.
Leadership
Leadership is an important aspect of building a cohesive and effective team. In football, leaders can come in many forms, from experienced veterans to rising US online gambling stars. A strong leader can inspire teammates, lead by example, and help to establish a positive team culture. This can be particularly important in high-pressure situations, where a strong leader can help to keep the team focused and motivated.
Shared Goals
Football teams need to have a shared goal or purpose to work effectively together. This can be as simple as winning a game or as complex as achieving a specific tactical objective. Whatever the goal, it should be communicated to all members of the team, and everyone should be working towards it.
Accountability
Accountability is another important aspect of teamwork in football. Players need to take responsibility for their actions and decisions and be willing to hold themselves and their teammates accountable. This can help to prevent mistakes and ensure that everyone is working towards the same goal. Accountability can also help to build trust and respect within the team.
Conclusion
In conclusion, teamwork is essential in football and is often the difference between success and failure on the pitch. Effective communication, trust, leadership, shared goals, and accountability are all critical components of a cohesive and effective team. By working together as a team, football players can achieve great things and create memorable moments on the pitch. They can also help strengthen their bond by playing casino games after their football matches.
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The health benefits of playing football
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Could you be inspired by this year's FIFA World Cup? Exercise physiologist Ben explores the health benefits of playing a game of football.
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Football fever has got me thinking about the health benefits of playing the beautiful game. What are the hundreds of competing players putting their bodies, and minds, through over the next four weeks? And what effect could this have on their long-term health?
You don't need to be the next Ronaldo to reap the rewards, either. In fact, a study by the University of Copenhagen showed that playing a regular five-a-side football game against your mates could have significant, beneficial effects on your health.
Read on to find out how taking up the sport could help you score a health hat-trick - making you stronger, healthier and happier.
The health benefits of football include:
Improving heart health and blood pressure
Increasing muscle mass and bone strength in inactive individuals
Reducing body fat
Building strength, stamina and speed
Training your brain, improving concentration and coordination
Promoting teamwork, being social and boosting your confidence
Here's how playing the world's most popular sport could make you this year's real winner - whatever your skill level:
Football and strength training
Football, body composition and fat
It's all about team work the social aspect of football
But first, to understand some of the health benefits of playing football, we need to understand how the game gets our body working.
What energy systems are used when playing football?
The complexity of training undertaken by a footballer means that they not only utilise their aerobic system, but their anaerobic system during a game too.
Aerobic exercise is when the oxygen you breathe is carried to your muscles via your lungs, and heart - to give them the energy they need to perform the activity. Aerobic exercise is therefore associated with lower intensity activity.
However, when the activity is performed at high intensities, the anaerobic system becomes the predominant energy system. This is because your anaerobic system can produce energy much more rapidly.
You cannot perform exercise anaerobically for long periods of time with energy resources becoming depleted quickly. So, your body works aerobically to replenish the oxygen debt built up during the intense periods.
Football players tend to perform a mix of high intensity - like sprinting - and low intensity - like jogging - exercises during a match:
25% of time is spent walking
37% of time is spent jogging
20% of time is spent performing high intensity running
11% of time is spent sprinting
7% of time is spent running backwards
Football and strength training
Footballers follow specific strength and power training programmes in order to enhance their performance on the pitch.
The actions performed in football are a result of multi-joint, multi-muscle movements, with muscles coordinating with each other to produce efficient movement, multi-directional forces and a stable structure to produce them movements. Therefore, football strength programmes will be designed around these movements.
This is because a footballer's entire body needs to be engaged during a match strength is required to defend, tackle, sprint, jump up and, of course, strike the ball, while also reducing the risk of injury. The muscles used during a game include:
Upper body - From throw-ins to running and jumping, strong upper body muscles and joints will give you a competitive edge.
Core stability - Your core stability is needed to maintain good postures when performing movements like making quick turns and protecting the ball by holding your opponent off.
Lower body - An obvious one, but footballers build up strength throughout different muscles in the lower body - from the ankle to the glutes - allowing them to kick, sprint, balance and much more.
What does all of this mean for you and me? Well, when playing football, it means that our whole body is getting a workout. But, to see the same results as pro-footballers on and off the pitch - it's important not to neglect the gym either.
One study by The Journal of Strength and Conditioning showed that strength training in youth footballers induced not only performance improvement, but a reduced risk of injury, too.
The study introduced two to three 90-minute strength training sessions (i.e. weights) a week, leading to this reduced injury risk. This means, by avoiding strength training, you're at greater risk of hurting yourself during a game of football.
So, whilst football is great at working our muscles, don't cancel your gym membership just yet.
Football, body composition and fat
When we play football we burn calories, therefore, it can be a good way to improve our body composition i.e. lose body fat if we need to.
As mentioned before, when playing football, we utilise energy aerobically, using fat as our main energy substrate, and anaerobically, using carbohydrates stored in the muscle as glycogen as our main energy substrate.
How many calories does playing 30 minutes of football burn?
According to Harvard Health, someone who weighs 155 lbs can burn up to 260 calories during a half an hour recreational game of football.
However, it is important to note that if you want to lose body fat, getting your nutrition right is essential, because even if you are burning a lot of calories through playing football, if you are still eating more calories than you are burning, your body fat will increase.
In addition, to repair and build more muscle your diet must contain enough protein.
Through the combination of training and nutrition, footballers are able to maintain an 'athlete' standard body fat percentage of around 10%.
What's a footballer's typical body composition?
Whilst a professional footballer's average weight is the same as the average UK male (approximately 83.6kg), their body fat percentage is significantly lower. A Premier League footballer typically has a body fat percentage of approximately 10% - by contrast, the 'acceptable' range for an average male is 18 - 24%, and a 'fit' male should have a body fat percentage of 14 -17%.
It's all about team work the social aspect of football
Teamwork is a vital skill when it comes to playing football. It creates harmony between players and a stronger force against the opposing team - leading to some great football scores.
How do you benefit from teamwork off the pitch?
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https://www.armyandnavyacademy.org/blog/beyond-physical-fitness-the-benefits-of-playing-team-sports/
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Beyond Physical Fitness: Benefits Of Playing Team Sports
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2015-12-02T16:53:50-08:00
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Regular physical fitness is essential to a healthy lifestyle, but research also shows that exercise and sports may help enhance the mind alongside the body.
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en
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Army and Navy Academy
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https://www.armyandnavyacademy.org/blog/beyond-physical-fitness-the-benefits-of-playing-team-sports/
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Team sports have many benefits and have a positive impact on the body, mind, and spirit. When you consider the benefits of team sports, the chances are your first thoughts will have to do with the physical fitness benefits.
While it’s true that regular physical activity is essential in maintaining a healthy lifestyle, research has also shown that participating in exercise and team sports may positively affect your mental, social, and spiritual health, alongside the body.
As cited by Edutopia, “team sports are said to bolster the five C’s: competence, confidence, connections, character, and caring. At the heart of this is self-esteem – an increased sense of self as a result of better social interactions, stronger relationships, and higher academic performance.”
Benefits of Team Sports
The following list includes team sport benefits, as well as advantages of incorporating regular physical activity and fitness into your daily schedule. Whether you are in elementary school, middle school, high school or college, these benefits will help you live more fully.
Spiritual Health – Create a spiritual path and sense of purpose
Establish Values – Put your core values and principles into practice
Personal Growth – Keep learning, developing, and growing as a person
Lower Stress – Create more calm in your life and lower your stress
Academic Performance – Improve your focus and grades
Achieve More in Life – Set goals, aim high, and feel more confident
Leadership Skills – Learn how to lead as well as work within a team
Social development – Expand your circle of friends and build bonds
Mentorship – Receive mentorship from coaches and teammates
Health Benefits – Improve your overall long-term health and fitness
If you’re interested in how this all plays out in team sports in high school, you may be interested in checking out this all-boys school for grades 7-12 in Carlsbad (San Diego County), California. This is a private college prep school located on a historic beachfront campus, where athletics is integral to academic excellence, leadership, and character development.
Team Sports Build Spiritual Health
Curious about how team sports tie in with spiritual health? For a burst of relaxation and happiness, few things are more effective than exercise.
Team sports help you lower your stress level and stimulate a positive outlook and improve your overall spiritual health and feeling of well-being.
In an article by The Sport Journal, they speak to the spiritual aspects of connecting to self, others, and a higher purpose that can stem from participation in team sports.
On a scientific note, physical activity actually stimulates chemicals in the brain that help you feel happier and more relaxed. Regular fitness activities, exercise and playing team sports reduces the levels of cortisol and adrenaline in your body. This in turn, stimulates the production of endorphins and leads you to feel more “centered” as a person.
Incorporate spirituality and purpose into your life
Connect with nature by being outdoors
Learn how to “get outside yourself” and work within a team
Practice respect, integrity, compassion, and gratitude
Gain self-acceptance and push your full potential
Team Sports and Academic Performance
Want to improve your grades? Studies frequently demonstrate the positive impact that playing a team sport can have on academic achievement.
Research conducted by various fitness institutes indicates that physical exercise leads to enhanced creativity, better memory, and concentration, and even maximized problem-solving skills. This set of cognitive benefits contributes significantly to strong academic performance, all real advantages of playing team sports.
Students who play team sports often experience these benefits:
Learn how to focus and be self-disciplined
Know how to seek support and mentorship
More likely to graduate high school with higher grades
More likely to go to college and graduate school
Develop a passion for learning and improving
Team Sports Build Strong Individuals
Interested in becoming a stronger person? Almost every study reveals benefits in competence, character, confidence, and other critical components of positive personal growth and development.
Because of this, it’s clear that the various facets of playing team sports, from the discipline of training to the balance provided by teamwork, provides a foundation for character development and core competencies.
Develop confidence and motivation
Develop resilience and discipline
Practice accountability and personal responsibility
Increase tenacity, perseverance and resilience
Set goals and achieve them
Team Sports Create Social Connections
Interested in making new friends or expanding your social circle? Team sport advantages include: increased opportunities for social interactions and the development of strong friendships centered around common goals.
Playing a sport as part of a team requires persistence, patience, and practice with yourself and others. Working within a team can help you improve your communication skills and much more.
Expand your circle of friends
Learn valuable leadership skills
Play a vital role on a team
Enjoy fun, laughter, and camaraderie
Create a context for social interactions
Team Sports Impact Health
Perhaps it goes without saying that you will improve your overall physical health. As a result of team sports and fitness participation, you will probably also begin to monitor your sleep and nutrition to optimize athletic performance. Here are some direct outcomes of staying physically active in team sports or other types of fitness programs.
Improve cardiovascular health
Strengthen muscles
Increase strength and flexibility
Lower illness and disease
Live longer and more productively
Team Sports and their Impact on Society
Want to make an impact on society? Research into careers and the people who achieve greater success in their chosen occupation have found that 95% of individuals at the level of executive vice president in 75 Fortune 500 companies played sports during their school years. This really underscores the importance of team sports in high school and college.
What’s more, research cited by the University of Oregon from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth found that 32-year-old men who played sports in school were paid wages 31% higher than those who hadn’t played sports.
Though it’s impossible to guarantee that playing team sports will help you generate a higher income, it is possible to suggest that the development of hard work, discipline, determination, and leadership skills can help you achieve more in life and have a greater impact on society.
Find your passion and achieve your life goals
Develop life skills in leadership and management
Develop a work ethic and see outcomes directly
Achieve high-level career positions and top wages
Give back to society through skills learned in playing team sports
Athletic and Sports Programs at Private High Schools
Are you checking out team sports at private schools near you? If you are currently looking for a private school, consider all the athletic options.
There is a whole world of private schools out there with different approaches to athletics. While some public and private schools offer a traditional array of team sports, some boarding schools in the U.S., for instance, have a long list of athletic choices for each season.
There is even an all-boys boarding school on the beachfront with a surf team! Private school team sports often include: baseball, basketball, football, lacrosse, soccer, water polo, and hockey.
Tips to Find the Best Private School for Team Sports
Check out team sport offerings on private school websites
Look for a history of high school athletic championships
Check out the college planning services (e.g. athletic scholarships)
Speak to school coaches when you go on private school tours
Attend live games and athletic events on their campus
Now that we have reviewed the many benefits and advantages of team sports, hopefully, you will be more informed in making sports and fitness choices. Get involved early by playing team sports from elementary school through high school. It will pay off when you go off to college and need to navigate mental, physical, social, and spiritual pursuits. Guaranteed, you will feel better, do better, and live a happier life!
Related Articles:
Find the Right Prep School for Basketball
Why Lacrosse is the Sport of Choice of Today’s Youth
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http://www.gssiweb.org/sports-science-exchange/article/sse-144-in-season-recovery-nutrition-for-american-football
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In-Season Recovery Nutrition for American Football
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In-Season Recovery Nutrition for American Football
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Gatorade Sports Science Institute
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http://www.gssiweb.org/sports-science-exchange/article/sse-144-in-season-recovery-nutrition-for-american-football
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KEY POINTS
American football is a high-intensity intermittent sport that results in muscle, cartilage and bone damage that must be minimized so that players are healthy at the end of the year.
The key to optimal muscle function is to maximize protein turnover while maintaining positive protein balance.
The regeneration of damaged muscle is dependent on a protein kinase complex called the mechanistic/mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1).
mTORC1 can be activated by a diet rich in proteins that are rapidly absorbable and rich in the amino acid leucine. mTORC1 can also be inactivated by the consumption of alcohol.
The intake of Omega-3 fatty acids can improve muscle protein synthesis, decrease inflammation and improve cognitive function.
Over 50% of athletes in a recent meta-analysis had insufficient levels of circulating vitamin D (<32 ng/mL) regardless of ethnicity. This is important because adequate vitamin D status improves muscle, bone and immune function.
Athletes with darker skin tones are at greater risk of vitamin D insufficiency/deficiency because they do not synthesize vitamin D from the sun as efficiently.
A simple nutritional strategy is presented that can be used to maximize recovery during an American football season.
FUNCTIONAL DEMANDS OF AMERICAN FOOTBALL
In addition to the metabolic demands of American football, detailed in SSE 143, the physical toll can be extreme. One measure of the physical toll is creatine kinase (CK) release into the blood as a result of muscle damage (Zimmerman & Shen, 2013). Blood levels of CK following football games rise progressively during the season (Kraemer et al., 2013), indicating a cumulative toll of the football season on muscle health. This must be minimized so that players can perform their best in the games that matter most at the end of the season. On top of the muscular damage, the impact of the game on cartilage (Gray et al., 2013) and bone (Mall et al., 2012) health also needs to be addressed during recovery.
As with all elite sport, the primary approaches to protect an athlete from injury and maximize performance are to optimize training and recovery. This SSE will focus on dietary principles to optimize recovery with a primary focus on foods that can help an athlete recover and prepare for games during a taxing football season.
METABOLIC RECOVERY USING DIET
American football will preferentially deplete glycogen and this can drive dehydration. Therefore, in the hours and days after a game, and in the days before the next game, the focus is first and foremost on the replenishment and recovery of glycogen and fluids. The recovery of glycogen, and adequate kilocaloric intake, macronutrient breakdown, nutrient timing and general dietary needs of football players in season as well as how to fuel maximal athletic performance is detailed in SSE #146; while optimizing fluid balance will be discussed in SSE #141. This SSE will therefore focus on nutrients that are specifically needed to maintain muscle, bone, cartilage, immune and brain health during a football season.
MUSCLE RECOVERY — PROTEIN TO MAXIMIZE TURNOVER
The key to long-term muscle health is the ability to rapidly increase protein turnover in response to trauma and maintain protein balance. Increasing protein turnover means increasing the rate of both protein synthesis and breakdown within muscle. When this happens, the result is better muscle function (Hwee et al., 2014). Increasing protein turnover is essential during the football season in order to repair muscle fibers damaged during training or games (Kraemer et al., 2013). Proteins are broken down in order to replace damaged fibers and provide a stimulus for muscle repair. As a result, protein breakdown is proportional to protein synthesis (Phillips et al., 1997), and trained athletes can recycle the amino acids that are released from the breakdown of damaged muscle (Phillips et al., 1999), resulting in larger and stronger muscles when turnover is high (Hwee et al., 2014).
Protein balance on the other hand is the arithmetic sum of the rate of protein synthesis minus protein degradation. In order for a muscle to stay the same size, protein balance must be zero, for it to grow balance must be positive, and for it to get smaller muscle protein balance must be negative. To maintain strength, speed and agility throughout a physically demanding football season, every football player wants to maintain protein balance as close to zero as possible in season.
Football can be thought of as a series of high load lengthening contractions with an eccentric bias. What this means is that playing football is like a very heavy resistance exercise bout that uses a lot of eccentric or plyometric movements. In other words, this is an injury stimulus that can lead to larger, stronger muscles if given optimal recovery time. We know that after resistance exercise both muscle protein synthesis and degradation increase (Phillips et al., 1997). If the exercise is performed in the fasted state, the increase in protein degradation is greater than the increase in synthesis resulting in net muscle breakdown (Tipton et al., 1999). In order for muscle protein balance to return to zero or become positive, the athlete has to consume protein, especially proteins rich in essential amino acids (Tipton et al., 1999).
Central to both the regeneration of muscle following injury and the increase in protein synthesis after exercise is a protein complex called the molecular/mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). Following resistance exercise, the rate of muscle growth is directly proportional to the activity of mTORC1 (Baar & Esser, 1999) and mTORC1 activity is necessary for either resistance exercise (Drummond et al., 2009) or amino acids (Dickinson et al., 2011) to increase protein synthesis. Further, mTORC1 is also required for muscle to regenerate after injury (Ge et al., 2009). Therefore, in order for muscle to regenerate and grow stronger after it has been damaged during a football game, mTORC1 needs to be activated.
In the roughest sense, mTORC1 can be activated by three things: 1) exercise; 2) hormones or growth factors; and 3) amino acids (Figure 1). When heavy exercise is performed, it blocks the ability of growth factors to activate mTORC1, but activates mTORC1 directly (Hamilton et al., 2014). Amino acids (from the diet) and heavy exercise (games, practices, or strength and conditioning) activate mTORC1 in different ways and therefore the effects are additive. This means for a football player in season there are functionally two ways to activate mTORC1. More specifically, mTORC1 is activated by high loads to failure (Baar & Esser, 1999) and the amino acid leucine (Moberg et al., 2014). Even though all of the other amino acids are needed to increase protein synthesis (Churchward-Venne et al., 2012), leucine is the trigger that turns on mTORC1 and drives a positive protein balance (Breen & Churchward-Venne, 2012). Therefore, to turn on mTORC1 and maximize muscle regeneration and protein balance, athletes should consume a diet founded on leucine-rich proteins.
On the other side of the equation, two things are known to turn mTORC1 off: 1) alcohol; and 2) metabolic stress. A blood alcohol level of 0.06 g/100 mL is enough to decrease muscle protein synthesis after exercise, likely the result of lower mTORC1 activity (Parr et al., 2014). Because mTORC1 activation is needed for proper muscle repair, if alcohol is consumed after a game or a hard training session, it is likely that the athlete will not recover properly or recovery will be significantly delayed. Much like alcohol, metabolic stress due either to high-intensity interval training (Coffey et al., 2009) or an energy deficit (Pasiakos et al., 2014) can decrease mTORC1 activity and muscle protein synthesis. Therefore, during the season, athletes should strive to maintain energy balance, and strength training should never be performed either immediately before or after practice.
Beyond the basic ideas as to how leucine-rich foods and mTORC1 are good for optimizing protein balance and recovery during a football season, the precise quantity and timing of protein intake is known as well. In order to maximize protein synthesis, an athlete should consume 0.25 g/kg body mass of leucine-rich protein immediately after training (Moore et al., 2009) and every ~4 h throughout the day. This amount is selected because taking in more protein does not result in any further increase in muscle protein synthesis. This also means taking more protein less often cannot compensate for regularly spaced meals each containing the optimal amount of protein (Areta et al., 2013); (Figure 2).
OMEGA 3 FATTY ACIDS AND RECOVERY
An Omega-3 fatty acid is a polyunsaturated fatty acid, meaning it contains two or more double bonds with one of the double bonds at the third carbon from the methyl end. These polyunsaturated fatty acids are considered essential because the human body cannot manufacture them in appreciable amounts.
Two long chain Omega-3 fatty acids will be discussed in detail: eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Other Omega-3 fatty acids, like α/γ-linolenic acid (ALA), can be converted to EPA and DHA within the body. However, the conversion rate of ALA to EPA and DHA in young men is approximately 8% and 0-4%, respectively (Burdge et al., 2002).
The Omega-3 fats are the focus of a great deal of performance research since they are known to incorporate into the membranes of cells, improve muscle protein synthesis, decrease inflammation and improve cognitive function. All of these have performance and health implications for athletes.
Muscle Protein Synthesis
The majority of studies examining the impact of Omega-3 fatty acids on muscle protein synthesis have been conducted in older populations (>60 yr) or animals. In one study, Omega-3 fatty acid intake resulted in greater activation of mTORC1 during periods of high insulin and amino acid infusions in older adults (Smith et al., 2011a). In a follow-up study, the authors found that the anabolic response to insulin and amino acid infusion was greater after supplementation with 4 g of long chain Omega-3s (including 1.86 g EPA, 1.50 g DHA) daily for 8 wk (Smith et al., 2011b). These data support the hypothesis that when insulin and amino acid levels are high, such as following a large meal, adequate amounts of Omega-3 fatty acids may improve muscle protein synthesis through the activation of mTORC1. While these data are exciting, more research is necessary to establish whether these findings extend to elite athletes.
Inflammation and Muscle Soreness
American football results in significant amounts of damage to muscle and this damage accumulates as the season progresses. One of the natural responses to damage is an inflammatory response within the muscle that is necessary for training adaptations to occur (Koh & Pizza, 2009). Too much inflammation, however, can impair the ability of the muscle to recover post-exercise. Omega-3 fatty acids have natural anti-inflammatory properties. DHA and EPA decrease the expression of inflammatory cytokines and also give rise to a family of anti-inflammatory mediators, termed resolvins (Calder, 2006). DHA also specifically influences the activity of inflammatory cells, altering neutrophil proliferation and monocyte phagocytosis (Gogus, 2010).
One result of the anti-inflammatory effects of EPA and DHA is to decrease muscle soreness. Two studies have shown a direct impact of Omega-3 intake on delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) 48 h post-exercise. Tartibian et al. (2009) had untrained subjects consume 1.8 g/d of an Omega-3 supplement (including 0.324 g EPA, 0.216 g DHA) for 30 d before completing an eccentric exercise session. Subjects who took the Omega-3 supplement reported reductions in perceived pain and displayed improved knee range of motion 48 h post-exercise, even at this low dose. Jouris and colleagues (2011) similarly showed a decrease in DOMS, as a result of Omega-3 supplementation (including 2 g EPA, 1 g DHA/d) 48 h after an eccentric exercise protocol. These exciting results suggest that even low amounts of Omega-3 fatty acids can decrease DOMS. Additional research in highly trained individuals is needed, but there appears to be potential for Omega-3 intake to improve muscle recovery.
Cognitive Function
DHA plays a very specific and essential role in the functioning of neural tissue (Dyall & Michael-Titus, 2008). When examining the structure of the phospholipid bilayer of neurons, DHA is the most prevalent Omega-3 fatty acid and is also involved in the synthesis of neuroprotectins (antioxidant, antiapoptotic and anti-inflammatory molecules). The prevalence of DHA within neural tissues impacts cognitive performance, memory and learning ability. These factors all have implications for team-based sports such as American football. For example, when Fontani and colleagues (2005) supplemented young adult subjects with 4 g/d of Omega-3 (including 1.6 g EPA, 0.8 g DHA) for 35 d they found that subjects performed better on cognitive tests, had faster reaction times, as well as a prolonged attention span. This is one reason why Omega-3 (particularly DHA) supplementation now plays a significant role in traumatic brain injury (concussion) rehabilitation protocols.
Sources and Recommendations for Omega-3 Supplementation
ALA is an Omega-3 derived from plant base sources, such as flax seeds, flaxseed oil, nuts, nut butters, algae, seeds, soybean oil and rapeseed oil. EPA and DHA are Omega-3 fatty acids found within animal sources such as cold water fatty fish (e.g., tuna, salmon), fish oils and krill oil. Many varieties of Omega-3 supplements also exist. It is important for an athlete to note that there is a difference between “grams of fish oil” and “grams of EPA/DHA” on a supplement label.
The United States Institute of Medicine recommends that men consume 1.6 g per day of ALA. There are no established recom-mendations for EPA and DHA intake, although the American Heart Association has provided guidelines for EPA and DHA intake (Kris-Etherton et al., 2002) (Table 1).
Given the importance of Omega-3 fatty acids in recovery, immunity and brain function, athletes without bleeding issues should consume 3 g/d of Omega-3 fatty acids with ~0.75 g EPA and 1 g DHA and the remainder from plant sources.
VITAMIN D
Serum Vitamin D Levels
In a recent systematic-review and meta-analysis of studies looking at vitamin D status in athletes, over half (56%) of athletes had inadequate levels, defined as <32 ng/mL (Farrokhyar et al., 2015). Specifically in the National Football League, of the 80 players tested in one study, 55 had either insufficient (12-20 ng/mL) or deficient (<12 ng/mL) levels of serum vitamin D (Maroon et al., 2015). The implications of insufficient or deficiency of serum vitamin D on bone health, immunity (Schwalfenberg, 2011), neuromuscular function, cell growth and inflammation are significant (Ross et al., 2011). Therefore, using blood tests throughout the season to identify potential problems before they develop is essential.
Musculoskeletal Health and Recovery
The role of vitamin D in musculoskeletal health is well established and is the basis for the current Recommended Dietary Allowance. Vitamin D promotes calcium absorption in the small intestine and plays a significant role in calcium homeostasis and is important for mineralization of bone (Ross et al., 2011). Calcium also plays an important role in muscle, where the release of calcium triggers muscle contraction. Therefore, it is not surprising that vitamin D deficiency is associated with decreased muscle strength in older populations (Campbell & Allain, 2006). Vitamin D may also play an important role during muscle regeneration after injury. Srikuea and colleagues (2012) have shown that even though levels of the vitamin D receptor are low in normal adult muscle, during recovery from injury this receptor becomes highly expressed in the nuclei of regenerating fibers. This finding suggests that vitamin D plays an important role in muscle repair and it is not surprising that higher vitamin D levels tended to increase muscle hypertrophy following resistance exercise.
The results from older populations support the potential role of vitamin D in promoting musculoskeletal performance. However, in club-level athletes no significant improvements in bench press, leg press or vertical jump height were reported following 12 wk of vitamin D supplementation (20,000 or 40,000 IU/wk) (Close et al., 2013). The absence of a performance benefit occurred even though serum vitamin D (25(OH)D) levels increased significantly over the 12 wk study. Therefore, it is uncertain whether vitamin D use will improve performance in elite athletes.
Immune System
Vitamin D receptors are expressed on various immune cells (White, 2008). Vitamin D plays a role in both the innate immune response and the adaptive immune response and adequate levels of vitamin D are necessary for barrier integrity, production of antimicrobials, chemotaxis and regulation of the inflammatory response. The football season extends into the winter months, when vitamin D concentrations typically fall (Khare et al., 2013), and this may have a negative impact on the ability to fight a virus (Schwalfenberg, 2011). While our understanding of how vitamin D affects immune health is fairly new, the potential impact of keeping a player in the game vs. out with an illness is an important consideration when deciding on whether to supplement.
Sources of Vitamin D
Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin, meaning that it requires dietary fat in order to be absorbed via the gut. There are a limited number of natural dietary sources of vitamin D, including fatty fish (tuna, salmon, mackerel, etc.), fish liver oil, cheese, egg yolks, and beef liver (Ross et al., 2011). Foods fortified with vitamin D, including milk, orange juice, yogurts, margarine and some cereals are also widely available (Ross et al., 2011).
Vitamin D can also be produced endogenously when the skin is exposed to ultraviolet B (UVB) rays. However, there are significant considerations as to whether sun-derived vitamin D will be sufficient for an athlete. In fall, winter and early spring at latitudes above 40o, the strength of the UVB rays is not enough for the skin to synthesize vitamin D. Further, with the colder temperatures, athletes typically wear additional layers of clothing thus blocking skin exposure. Athletes who spend significant time training and attending meetings indoors will have fewer opportunities to synthesize vitamin D regardless of time of year. The use of sunscreens also blocks the absorption of the UVB rays and inhibits the production of vitamin D. Skin color also plays a significant role as darker skin tones do not synthesize as much vitamin D as lighter skin tones. As a result of these limitations, most football players will not generate enough vitamin D on their own and need to consume sources via diet.
PRACTICAL NUTRITIONAL GUIDELINES BASED ON THE SCIENCE OF RECOVERY
Immediately following games and training, consume a rapidly absorbable protein source rich in the amino acid leucine. Examples of these types of food are found in Table 2 and include dairy products (specifically the whey component) and eggs.
Throughout the season, eat meals containing 0.25 g/kg body mass of leucine-rich protein first thing in the morning and then every 4 h throughout the day (Moore et al., 2009). Eating fewer meals with more protein is not as good as eating this optimal amount (Areta et al., 2013).
Consume 0.5 g/kg body mass of leucine-rich protein right before bed. This improves protein synthesis while sleeping and maintains a positive protein balance overnight (Res et al., 2012).
Athletes should consume ~3 g of Omega-3 fatty acids/d with ~0.75 g of EPA and 1g DHA. Ideally, this amount of Omega-3 fatty acids would be consumed in whole foods such as tuna and salmon, flax seeds, nuts and nut butters. This amount of Omega-3 fats may assist the athlete by increasing muscle protein synthesis, decreasing inflammation and improving cognitive function.
Athletes who have documented vitamin D insufficiency by blood test should consume ~5,000 IU of vitamin D/day. Further, for African American players or those who practice and live further north and may not produce as much vitamin D in the skin, a similar supplementation program may decrease infections and improve muscle recovery.
REFERENCES
Areta, J. L., L. M. Burke, M. L. Ross, D. M. Camera, D. W. West, E. M. Broad, N. A. Jeacocke, D. R. Moore, T. Stellingwerff, S. M. Phillips, J. A. Hawley, and V. G. Coffey (2013). Timing and distribution of protein ingestion during prolonged recovery from resistance exercise alters myofibrillar protein synthesis. J Physiol. 591: 2319-2331.
Baar, K., and K. Esser (1999). Phosphorylation of p70(S6k) correlates with increased skeletal muscle mass following resistance exercise. Am. J. Physiol. 276: C120-C127.
Breen, L., and T. A. Churchward-Venne (2012). Leucine: a nutrient 'trigger' for muscle anabolism, but what more? J. Physiol. 590: 2065-2066.
Burdge, G. C., A. E. Jones, and S. A. Wootton (2002). Eicosapentaenoic and docosapentaenoic acids are the principal products of alpha-linolenic acid metabolism in young men. Br. J. Nutr. 88: 355-363.
Calder, P. C. (2006). N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, inflammation, and inflammatory diseases. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 83: 1505S-1519S.
Campbell, P. M., and T. J. Allain (2006). Muscle strength and vitamin D in older people. Gerontology 52: 335-338.
Churchward-Venne, T. A., N. A. Burd, C. J. Mitchell, D. W. West, A. Philp, G. R. Marcotte, S. K. Baker, K. Baar, and S. M. Phillips (2012). Supplementation of a suboptimal protein dose with leucine or essential amino acids: effects on myofibrillar protein synthesis at rest and following resistance exercise in men. J.Physiol 590: 2751-2765.
Close, G. L., J. Leckey, M. Patterson, W. Bradley, D. J. Owens, W. D. Fraser, and J. P. Morton (2013). The effects of vitamin D(3) supplementation on serum total 25[OH] D concentration and physical performance: a randomised dose-response study. Br J. Sports Med. 47: 692-696.
Coffey, V. G., B. Jemiolo, J. Edge, A. P. Garnham, S. W. Trappe, and J. A. Hawley (2009). Effect of consecutive repeated sprint and resistance exercise bouts on acute adaptive responses in human skeletal muscle. Am. J. Physiol. 297: R1441-R1451.
Dickinson, J. M., C. S. Fry, M. J. Drummond, D. M. Gundermann, D. K. Walker, E. L. Glynn, K. L. Timmerman, S. Dhanani, E. Volpi, and B. B. Rasmussen (2011). Mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 activation is required for the stimulation of human skeletal muscle protein synthesis by essential amino acids. J. Nutr. 141: 856-862.
Drummond, M. J., C. S. Fry, E. L. Glynn, H. C. Dreyer, S. Dhanani, K. L. Timmerman, E. Volpi, and B. B. Rasmussen (2009). Rapamycin administration in humans blocks the contraction-induced increase in skeletal muscle protein synthesis. J. Physiol. 587: 1535-1546.
Dyall, S. C., and A. T. Michael-Titus (2008). Neurological benefits of Omega-3 fatty acids. Neuromol. Med .10: 219-235.
Farrokhyar, F., R. Tabasinejad, D. Dao, D. Peterson, O. R. Ayeni, R. Hadioonzadeh, and M. Bhandari (2015). Prevalence of Vitamin D Inadequacy in Athletes: A Systematic- Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med. 45:365-378.
Fontani, G., F. Corradeschi, A. Felici, F. Alfatti, S. Migliorini, and L. Lodi (2005). Cognitive and physiological effects of Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in healthy subjects. Eur J Clin Invest 35: 691-699.
Ge, Y., A. L. Wu, C. Warnes, J. Liu, C. Zhang, H. Kawasome, N. Terada, M. D. Boppart, C. J. Schoenherr, and J. Chen (2009). mTOR regulates skeletal muscle regeneration in vivo through kinase-dependent and kinase-independent mechanisms. Am. J. Physiol. 297: C1434-C1444.
Gogus, U. S. (2010). n-3 Omega fatty acids: a review of current knowledge. Int. J. Food Sci. Tech. 45: 417-436.
Gray, B. L., J. M. Buchowski, D. B. Bumpass, R. A. Lehman, Jr., N. A. Mall, and M. J. Matava (2013). Disc herniations in the National Football League. Spine 38: 1934- 1938.
Hamilton, D. L., A. Philp, M. G. MacKenzie, A. Patton, M. C. Towler, I. J. Gallagher, S. C. Bodine, and K. Baar (2014). Molecular brakes regulating mTORC1 activation in skeletal muscle following synergist ablation. Am. J. Physiol. 307: E365-E373.
Hwee, D. T., L. M. Baehr, A. Philp, K. Baar, and S. C. Bodine (2014). Maintenance of muscle mass and load-induced growth in Muscle RING Finger 1 null mice with age. Aging Cell 13: 92-101.
Jouris, K. B., J. L. McDaniel, and E. P. Weiss (2011). The effect of Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on the inflammatory response to eccentric strength exercise. J. Sports Sci. Med. 10: 432-438.
Khare, D., N. M. Godbole, S. D. Pawar, V. Mohan, G. Pandey, S. Gupta, D. Kumar, T. N. Dhole, and M. M. Godbole (2013). Calcitriol [1, 25[OH]2 D3] pre- and post-treatment suppresses inflammatory response to influenza A (H1N1) infection in human lung A549 epithelial cells. Eur. J. Nutr. 52:1405-1415.
Koh, T. J. and F. X. Pizza (2009). Do inflammatory cells influence skeletal muscle hypertrophy? Front. Biosci. 1: 60-71.
Kraemer, W. J., D. P. Looney, G. J. Martin, N. A. Ratamess, J. L. Vingren, D. N. French, D. L. Hatfield, M. S. Fragala, B. A. Spiering, R. L. Howard, C. Cortis, T. K. Szivak, B. A. Comstock, C. Dunn-Lewis, D. R. Hooper, S. D. Flanagan, J. S. Volek, J. M. Anderson, C. M. Maresh, and S. J. Fleck (2013). Changes in creatine kinase and cortisol in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I American football players during a season. J. Strength Cond. Res. 27: 434-441.
Kris-Etherton, P. M., W. S. Harris, and L. J. Appel (2002). Fish consumption, fish oil, Omega-3 fatty acids, and cardiovascular disease. Circulation 106: 2747-2757.
Mall, N. A., J. Buchowski, L. Zebala, R. H. Brophy, R. W. Wright and, M. J. Matava (2012). Spine and axial skeleton injuries in the National Football League. Am. J. Sports Med. 40: 1755-1761.
Maroon, J. C., C. M. Mathyssek, J. W. Bost, A. Amos, R. Winkelman, A. P. Yates, M. A. Duca, and J. A. Norwig (2015). "Vitamin D profile in National Football League players. Am J Sports Med. E-pub ahead of print. PMID # 25649084.
Moberg, M., W. Apro, I. Ohlsson, M. Ponten, A. Villanueva, B. Ekblom, and E. Blomstrand (2014). Absence of leucine in an essential amino acid supplement reduces activation of mTORC1 signalling following resistance exercise in young females. Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab. 39: 183-194.
Moore, D. R., M. J. Robinson, J. L. Fry, J. E. Tang, E. I. Glover, S. B. Wilkinson, T. Prior, M. A. Tarnopolsky, and S. M. Phillips (2009). Ingested protein dose response of muscle and albumin protein synthesis after resistance exercise in young men. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 89: 161-168.
Parr, E. B., D. M. Camera, J. L. Areta, L. M. Burke, S. M. Phillips, J. A. Hawley, and V. G. Coffey (2014). Alcohol ingestion impairs maximal post-exercise rates of myofibrillar protein synthesis following a single bout of concurrent training. PLoS One 9: e88384.
Pasiakos, S. M., L. M. Margolis, and J. S. Orr (2014). Optimized dietary strategies to protect skeletal muscle mass during periods of unavoidable energy deficit. Faseb J. E-pub ahead of print. PMID # 25550460.
Phillips, S. M., K. D. Tipton, A. Aarsland, S. E. Wolf, and R. R. Wolfe (1997). Mixed muscle protein synthesis and breakdown after resistance exercise in humans. Am. J. Physiol. 273: E99-E107.
Phillips, S. M., K. D. Tipton, A. A. Ferrando, and R. R. Wolfe (1999). Resistance training reduces the acute exercise-induced increase in muscle protein turnover. Am. J. Physiol. 276: E118-E124.
Res, P. T., B. Groen, B. Pennings, M. Beelen, G. A. Wallis, A. P. Gijsen, J. M. Senden, and L. van Loon (2012). Protein ingestion before sleep improves postexercise overnight recovery. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc 44: 1560-1569.
Ross, A. C., J. E. Manson, S. A. Abrams, J. F. Aloia, P. M. Brannon, S. K. Clinton, R. A. Durazo-Arvizu, J. C. Gallagher, R. L. Gallo, G. Jones, C. S. Kovacs, S. T. Mayne, C. J. Rosen, and S. A. Shapses (2011). The 2011 report on dietary reference intakes for calcium and vitamin D from the Institute of Medicine: what clinicians need to know. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 96: 53-58.
Schwalfenberg, G. K. (2011). A review of the critical role of vitamin D in the functioning of the immune system and the clinical implications of vitamin D deficiency. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 55: 96-108.
Smith, G. I., P. Atherton, D. N. Reeds, B. S. Mohammed, D. Rankin, M. J. Rennie, and B. Mittendorfer (2011a). Dietary Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation increases the rate of muscle protein synthesis in older adults: a randomized controlled trial. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 93: 402-412.
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Srikuea, R., X. Zhang, O. K. Park-Sarge, and K. A. Esser (2012). VDR and CYP27B1 are expressed in C2C12 cells and regenerating skeletal muscle: potential role in suppression of myoblast proliferation. Am. J. Physiol. 303: C396-C405.
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Zimmerman, J. L., and M. C. Shen (2013). Rhabdomyolysis. Chest 144: 1058-1065.
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https://www.encyclopedia.com/sports/sports-fitness-recreation-and-leisure-magazines/football-american
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en
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Football (American)
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"Football (American)American football is a remarkable combination of planned and highly organized team play",
"conducted through the physical",
"often brutally violent",
"encounters between offensive and defensive players. Football is the preeminent spectator sport in the United States. Football is played at the highest professional level in the 30—team National Football League (NFL). Hundreds of U.S."
] | null |
[] | null |
Football (American)American football is a remarkable combination of planned and highly organized team play, conducted through the physical, often brutally violent, encounters between offensive and defensive players. Football is the preeminent spectator sport in the United States. Football is played at the highest professional level in the 30—team National Football League (NFL). Hundreds of U.S. Source for information on Football (American): World of Sports Science dictionary.
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/sites/default/files/favicon.ico
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https://www.encyclopedia.com/sports/sports-fitness-recreation-and-leisure-magazines/football-american
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American football is a remarkable combination of planned and highly organized team play, conducted through the physical, often brutally violent, encounters between offensive and defensive players. Football is the preeminent spectator sport in the United States. Football is played at the highest professional level in the 30—team National Football League (NFL). Hundreds of U.S. colleges and universities at various levels of competition as sanctioned by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) also participate. There are also thousands of very active high school and community football programs.
American football is derived from the English game of rugby, itself a reworking of the much older sport of soccer. There is considerable historical debate as to when the first version of an American football game was actually played; in 1869, the universities of Rutgers and Princeton of the eastern United States played a game that had a number of the elements later identified as those of football, including the tackling of an opponent. The more direct connection between rugby, a 15-man contact sport whose rules were first codified in England in 1845, and American football occurred by way of Montreal, Canada. The British garrison stationed there in the 1860s had taken up rugby and that game had achieved some local popularity, with the first formal match taking place in 1865. In 1874, McGill University of Montreal played Harvard in a rugby game that included some modifications of the rules concerning the number of players and the tactics that could be employed. The potential for both speedy play and rough, emphatic tackling made this variation of rugby an almost instant success. The initial McGill v. Harvard contest spawned further competitions between a number of American university teams in the years that followed.
Various attempts to standardize the rules of what was the new American football first occurred in the late 1870s, continuing through the early 1900s. In an initiative spearheaded by the coach of Yale University, Walter Camp (1859–1925), widely recognized as "the father of American Football," the rules of the game became consistent across the United States. It was during this period that American football became less of a rugby variant and far more of a distinct sport.
The foundation rules that led to this distinction included:
There are 11 players a side, as opposed to the 15 of rugby. In Canada, a further variant developed, with 12 players per side, but otherwise using similar game rules.
The elimination of the rugby scrum, which was replaced in football with a line of scrimmage.
The offensive team was required to have seven players along the line of scrimmage.
As of 1906, the forward pass became a legal offensive tactic; in the earlier rugby derivation, only the backwards pass, the lateral, was permitted.
The size of the football field was established at 100 yd (30 m) in length, plus two 10—yd (3 m) end zones. The field was made approximately 50 yd (15 m) wide.
American football is a battle for territorial supremacy, where control of the field, through the control of the ball, is ultimately rewarded by a greater opportunity to score. The basic offensive object of the game remained similar to that of rugby: to advance the ball across the opposing team's goal for a touchdown (similar to the rugby "try," or alternatively, to kick the ball through the opponent's goal posts for a field goal (similar to the rugby "drop goal"). The value given to these different scoring options has been varied by rule as the game has evolved; the modern football scoring standards are six points for a touchdown, three points for a field goal, one point for a kicked convert after a touchdown was made, two points for a convert scored by the ball being taken across the goal line (as an alternative to the kicked convert), and a two-point safety, awarded to a defensive team that tackles an offensive ball carrier in the offensive team end zone.
The primary defensive object of the game has remained constant through the history of American football: to prevent the progress of the offensive team, primarily through the tackling to the ground of the ball carrier. Where the offensive team is required to come to a set position prior to any attempt to move the ball forward against the defensive team, the defensive players are permitted freedom of movement behind the line of scrimmage.
The growth of football in the universities of the eastern United States in the late nineteenth century was mirrored by the growth of local clubs and leagues that were the forerunners to modern professional football. Loose associations of clubs in the states of Ohio and Pennsylvania spurred the creation of intense local rivalries, which became an environment for the first professional players. In 1892, former Yale star William (Pudge) Heffelfinger (1867–1954) became the first known footballer to be paid for his athletic services when he took to the field for the Allegheny Athletic Association against their rivals from Pittsburgh. Professional players became a common but not universal feature of these club contests. The most famous of the early professional players was the noted 1912 Olympic decathlon gold medalist Jim Thorpe, who was a star performer for a number of Midwestern U.S. teams in the period prior to 1929.
In the early days of American football, the college and university competitions were by far the most glamorous and the most popular with the sporting public; the phrase "college football" includes both four year-degree granting colleges as well as universities, and the terms college and university are used interchangeably. The college game structure was formalized through the creation of the Intercollegiate Athletic Association (IAAUS) in 1906, in part to limit the rising injury rate in this violent, hard-hitting sport for which protective equipment was both primitive and optional. The IAAUS was a forerunner of the modern National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), the governing body for most aspects of American intercollegiate athletics since 1939. Walter Camp was one of the developers of the first All American collegiate team selections, which made household names of himself, coach Knute Rockne of Notre Dame, and his quarterback George Gipp, and the various rivals of the Ivy League schools such as Princeton, Yale, and Harvard. The Rose Bowl, first contested between two selected top university teams in 1902 in California, was followed by the creation of the Sugar, Cotton, and Orange Bowl games, each involving elite college teams and played on New Year's Day. College football became cemented into the sport hierarchy of America: the bowl games remain a prominent fixture today, as a part of the American college football championship process known as the Bowl Champion Series, whereby a national champion is selected.
From the formation of the IAAUS in 1906, there followed the formation of regional collegiate conferences, which themselves engendered often intense inter-school rivalry. The football team became a symbol of the identity of a university, which fostered alumni interest in the games.
The concept of the athletic scholarship was also a significant factor in the growth of the extent and the quality of the play in intercollegiate football. Athletic scholarships were ostensibly a device by which universities could now recruit players to their teams who otherwise may never have been in a financial position to attend a university. With the scholarship came the inevitable abuses of college admission; as scholarship practices became refined, a clear division arose in American intercollegiate athletics between those schools that would not alter their academic admissions practices to improve their football or other sports teams, and those institutions that would.
In the period between the formation of the NFL in 1920 and the end of World War II, the professional game grew while remaining in a subordinate position to the college game. Unlike modern football, in which the best college players inevitably move to a lucrative professional contract, in the 1920s not every college star moved on to compete at a professional level. The first great college player to move into the professional ranks in this era was the legendary Harold (Red) Grange (1903–1991), who upon graduation from the University of Illinois signed a contract with the Chicago Bears of the NFL. Grange played for Chicago for nine seasons, and his presence in the league went a considerable distance to legitimizing an organization seen as distinctly second rate when compared to the college game.
Professional football burst into a preeminent position on the American sports landscape at the end of World War II. The return of service personnel, many who had played for talented American armed services teams, presented a great availability of football talent. One such example was multidimensional star Otto Graham, who quarterbacked a Navy service team coached by the man who, in 1946, would secure the professional football services of Graham and a number of other former service personnel, Paul Brown, founder of the Cleveland Browns professional team.
The greatest stimulus to the advancement of professional football was the advent of television. The pro game was now available to a very wide audience, and teams such as the New York Giants, the Baltimore Colts, the Green Bay Packers, and the Cleveland Browns, and their star players, became household names. Television had another remarkable benefit for the NFL franchises, as television rights were sold by the league at ever-increasing rates. The NFL and its member clubs divided all television revenues equally. This device permitted the so-called "small market teams," based in smaller population centers such as Green Bay, Wisconsin, to compete on a more equal footing with those teams headquartered in a metropolis such as New York or Chicago.
The NFL also shrewdly positioned itself regarding competition from rival leagues. With respect to both the All America Football Conference (1946–1950) and the American Football League (1960–1967), the NFL ultimately absorbed the strongest of the rival league franchises, making itself stronger in the process. By the late 1970s, football at all of its levels combined had become the most popular spectator sport in the United States. The interest in football is based in part on the nature of the game and on the wide attraction that football holds, given its status as a high school and college sport. Football also generates huge revenues for the gaming industry; the "Las Vegas line," representing the wagering odds determined for a particular game, is a part of the American football lexicon.
As with the National Basketball Association (NBA) and the training of its future players, the NFL enjoys what is in effect a no-cost development program provided by the NCAA. In contrast to American baseball and North American ice hockey, each of which maintains expensive developmental leagues known as the "farm system," prospective NFL players are groomed in the intense NCAA systems at no cost to the NFL; NCAA football is itself a significant source of revenue to its member schools. NCAA institutions in turn obtain their players from the thousands of high school programs operating in the United States.
Football excellence is defined by the modern Super Bowl, the championship awarded at the conclusion of each NFL season. The Super Bowl is an event marketed worldwide, attracting in excess of one billion television viewers. The Super Bowl has become a spectacle that transcends the athletic competition. In recognition of the international interest generated by the Super Bowl, the NFL has established a developmental league known as NFL Europe, with teams in a number of European cities, manned almost exclusively by American players. In recent years the NFL also entered into a development agreement with the Canadian Football League to secure easier access to trained players from that organization.
American football has an extremely high injury rate among its players. In the NFL, most teams experience an effective rate approaching 100%; the average career of an NFL player is less than four years, due primarily to the effect of injury. Many collisions in American football are extremely violent and unpredictable, given the nature of the game. In the period since 1980, the size of a typical offensive lineman has increased to more than 300 lb (135 kg). Knee injuries, particularly cartilage and ligament tears, are relatively common among all players.
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https://moveunitedsport.org/usa-wheelchair-football-league/
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en
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USA Wheelchair Football League
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2021-04-28T14:09:14+00:00
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en
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Move United
|
https://moveunitedsport.org/usa-wheelchair-football-league/
|
Competition Builds Character
The USA Wheelchair Football League is the first of its kind football league for adults with disabilities to reach their highest potential through a competitive, fast-paced, team sport. The USA Wheelchair Football League brings together highly trained coaches with passionate athletes, building skills and inspiring athletes to excel both on and off the field through teamwork, dedication, and resilience.
Since 2020, Move United has helped more than 850 athletes and coaches, including 315 veterans, get off the sidelines and get in the game through learn-to-play clinics, practice and development opportunities, camps, scrimmages and tournaments that bring together the best adaptive athletes from across the country.
Join the movement and get involved as a coach, player, official or volunteer.
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https://sportsmatik.com/sports/american-football
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American Rules Football: History, Types, Objective, & Equipment
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2024-08-19T09:05:10+05:30
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A brief description of American Rules Football to let you know the History, Types, Objective, & Equipment of American Rules Football and all significant facts related to American Rules Football
|
en
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Sportsmatik
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https://sportsmatik.com/sports/american-football
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Introduction
American rules football is a team sport played in the United States which is commonly referred to as football in the US and Canada and is famously known as “gridiron football” or simply “gridiron”. The sport is played on a rectangular field with goal-posts at the end by two teams of eleven players each with an oval-shaped ball. The sport was originated in the United States and is the combination of association football and rugby. It is also the most popular game in the country whereas, professional and college football are the two most popular forms of the sport. The objective is to score more points by the way of more number of goals than the opponent team in order to win the game.
History
The historical backdrop of American football can be followed to early forms of rugby football and association football. The two diversions have their source in assortments of football played in Britain in the mid-nineteenth century, in which a football is kicked at an objective or kicked over a line, which this way depended on the assortments of English public school football match-ups.
American football came about because of a few noteworthy divergences from association football and rugby football, most outstandingly the rules changes founded by Walter Camp, a Yale University and Hopkins School graduate who is viewed as the "Father of American Football". Among these critical changes were the presentation of the line of scrimmage, of down-and-remove rules and of the sanctioning of blocking.
In the late nineteenth and mid-twentieth centuries, ongoing interaction advancements by school mentors, for example, Eddie Cochems, Amos Alonzo Stagg, Parke H. Davis, Glenn "Pop" Warner, and Knute Rockne helped exploit the recently presented forward pass.
The school football became famous as it turned into the simplified variant of the game in the United States for the central portion of the twentieth century. Bowl games, a school/college football traditions, pulled in a national group of onlookers for school groups. Helped by furious contentions and beautiful conventions, school football still holds broad intrigue in the United States.
The root of professional football can be followed back to the year 1892 when William "Pudge" Heffelfinger agreed to play in a game for the Allegheny Athletic Association against the Pittsburgh Athletic Club for a $500 contract. In 1920 the American Professional Football Association (APFA) was shaped. This group changed its name to the National Football League (NFL) after two years, and in the long run, turned into the significant alliance of American football. Fundamentally a game of Modern Midwestern towns in the United States, proficient football, in the end, turned into a national marvel.
The cutting edge time of American football can be considered to have started after the 1932 NFL Playoff game, which was the main indoor diversion since 1902 and the primary American football match-up to highlight hash mark - forward passes anyplace behind the line of scrimmage - and the movement of the goal posts back towards the goal line. Different developments to happen following 1932 were the presentation of the AP Poll in 1934, the decreasing of the closures of the football in 1934, the granting of the first Heisman Trophy in 1935, the first NFL draft in 1936, and the first broadcasted game in 1939.
Another momentous occasion was the American football match-up at the 1932 Summer Olympics, which joined with a comparable showing game at 1933 World's Fair, prompted the first College All-Star Game in 1934, which this way was a vital factor in the development of professional football in the United States.
American football's blast in fame amid the second 50% of the twentieth century can be followed to the 1958 NFL Championship Game, a challenge that has been named the "Best Game Ever Played". An adversary association to the NFL, the American Football League (AFL), started playing in 1960; the weight it put on the senior alliance prompted a merger between the two groups and the making of the Super Bowl, which has turned into the most sat in front of the TV occasion in the United States on a yearly premise.
Variants
1. Field Football - An Indoor form of the sport played on a smaller field
2. Canadian Football - A rendition with little contrasts to American football, played in Canada
3. Six-man Football - Change with only six players for every group rather than the standard 11
4. Eight-man Football - A variety of American Football, played principally at secondary school level in the US, by schools that have little understudy enlistments
5. Nine-Man Football - An adjusted form of American Football with nine players in each group, played predominantly in the US secondary schools that have short enlistments
6. Flag Football - Rather than handling players to the ground; the defensive team needs to expel the flag or a flag belt from the ball bearer
7. Sprint Football (some time ago lightweight football) - A USA varsity sport by lightweight players which underlines speed and spryness
8. Touch Football - A form of American Football, whereas opposed to handling players to the ground, the individual conveying the ball should be touched
9. Lingerie Football - American Football played by ladies wearing underwear as uniforms
10. Unicycle Football - A variety of American football in which players move around the field utilising a unicycle
11. Ultimate Football - Played with a plate (frisbee), with focuses scored by passing the disc to a partner in the opposing end zone
Participants
The game is played between two teams of eleven players each with any number of substitutions that can be availed between downs. The players are positioned in offensive, defensive and special team squads and are designated with a uniform number anywhere between 1 and 99.
Offensive Unit- The objective of the offensive unit is to put the football down the opponent’s field with the ultimate motive of scoring a touchdown.
Defensive Unit- Their role is to prevent the offensive unit from scoring the goal by tackling the carrier of the ball or by the forcing overturns.
Equipment
American Rules Football - Helmet
The football helmet serves as the best armour to protect the players from head and face injuries.The helmet features an outer shell made from hard plastic with thick padding on the inside.
American Rules Football - Ball
The American football ball also referred to as the pigskin or a gridiron football has a rough similarity to a prolate spheroid. The balls are constructed with cowhide leather ideal for professional and collegiate matches whereas, for the recreational and youth leagues, the balls are made from rubber or plastic.
American Rules Football - Shoulder Pads
One such crucial and necessary equipment is the shoulder pads that give a broad-shoulder look to the players. The pads effectively absorb the physical blows during the matches. They shield every player’s shoulders along with sternum area from injuries. These pads sometimes also guard the arm’s top and the rotator cuff.
American Rules Football - Shoes
Players wear hard plastic cleated shoes on the grassy surface and artificial surfaces; they wear shoes with molded soles.
American Rules Football - Jersey
Players wear a comfortable jersey made of spandex or nylon fabric that allows the uniform to stretch over the bulky leg and shoulder paddings.
Playing Area
The game is played on a rectangular field measuring 360 feet in length and 120 feet in width with goal posts at each end which are 10 feet long and 18 feet 6 inches wide. The end zones are 10 yards deep with a 6 feet end line border that indicates the back of the end zone. The team benches are placed along the restraining line between the 30 yards markers.
Techniques
Kicking
There are two ways of executing a kick in American Football-
Scrimmage Kicks- The offensive team members can execute this kind of kick either from behind the line of scrimmage or on the line of scrimmage. There are three types of scrimmage kick: place kicks, drop kicks, and punts. Amongst them, the place kick and the drop kicks are used to score points.
Free Kicks- Free kicks are the general kickoffs that are used to start the first and third quarters of the game. While executing this kind of kick, the ball is placed at the 35-yard line in professional and college football whereas it is placed at the 40-yard line in the high school plays.
Officials
Referee - Also known as the head referee or the chief crew, the referee is responsible for conducting the game within the laws of the sport. He is the final authority on all the rulings and also has the authority on the score and the down number in case of any dispute or disagreement.
Umpire - An Umpire stands behind the defensive line and linebackers and observes the blocks by the defensive line and defenders who are trying to break off the blocks. The umpire is situated at a place where most of the actions occur and is considered to hold the most physically dangerous officiating position.
Head Linesman - Stands at one line of scrimmage and is responsible for watching the receivers near his sideline.
Line Judge - He assists the head linesman for the other end of the line of scrimmage while looking for possible offside, encroachment, and other fouls before the snap.
Back Judge - Stand behind the defensive secondary in the middle of the field and judges the action of nearby running backs, defenders, and receivers.
Side Judge - Works downfield behind the defensive secondary on the exact sideline as the head linesman.
Back Judge - Judges the action of nearby receivers, running backs, and nearby defenders by standing deep behind the defensive secondary in the middle of the field.
Field Judge - Works downfield behind the defensive secondary on the same sideline of that of the line judge.
Scoring
There are various methods of scoring in American football by which a team can win the game. The different kinds of scoring are explained as under:-
Touchdown- It is worth 6-points and is definitely the most valuable scoring method in the game of American Football.
Field Goal- It is of 3-points and is said to be scored when the ball is dropkicked or placekicked through the uprights and over the crossbars of the defense’s goalpost.
Duration & Gameplay
The football matches are of 60-minutes which are divided into two halves of 30-minutes each at the professional level, whereas the college level football matches are divided into quarters of 15 minutes each. The two halves are separated by halftime whereas the first and the third quarters are followed by a short break.
Start Of The Game
The game is conducted by a coin toss by both the captains of the teams in the presence of the referee and the winner of the toss is allowed to choose between receiving or kickoff the ball and is also given the choice of the side of the field his team wants to defend.
Advancing The Ball
The two main ways through which the offense can advance the ball: passing and running.
Fouls
The officials of the game are responsible for enforcing the rules and laws of the game and keeping up with the time. All the officials carry a whistle and a weighted yellow flag which is thrown on the ground to signal that a foul has occurred. The official who has observed multiple fouls will signal by throwing his hat on the ground as a secondary signal.
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https://news.gallup.com/poll/610046/football-retains-dominant-position-favorite-sport.aspx
|
en
|
Football Retains Dominant Position as Favorite U.S. Sport
|
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[
""
] | null |
[
"Jeffrey M. Jones"
] |
2024-02-07T00:00:00
|
Football remains Americans' favorite sport to watch, with baseball and basketball a distant second.
|
en
|
Gallup.com
|
https://news.gallup.com/poll/610046/football-retains-dominant-position-favorite-sport.aspx
|
WASHINGTON, D.C. -- With the nation prepared to watch the 58th Super Bowl this weekend, Americans continue to name football as their favorite sport by a wide margin. Forty-one percent of U.S. adults say football is their favorite sport to watch. Baseball and basketball essentially tie for second at 10% and 9%, respectively. Football has been the top sport in Gallup polling since 1972, when it eclipsed baseball.
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The latest results are based on a Dec. 1-20 Gallup poll. When Gallup first asked Americans to name their favorite spectator sport in 1937, 34% named baseball and 23% football. Baseball continued to rank first in subsequent surveys conducted in 1948 and 1960, before football gained the top spot in 1972.
Since then, no less than 28% of U.S. adults have ranked football as their favorite sport, with the percentages closer to 40% in polls taken over the past two decades.
Baseball and basketball have generally vied for second place since 1995. No other sport is currently named by more than 5% of U.S. adults, with soccer at 5%, ice hockey at 4%, auto racing at 3% and figure skating at 2%. Twelve percent of U.S. adults do not name any sport.
###Embeddable###
Soccer had been named by no more than 2% of Americans between 1937 and 2004, but it has consistently registered above that level since 2008, including a high of 7% in 2017.
Football Reigns in All Key Subgroups
Given the large margin by which U.S. adults favor football, it is no surprise that it ranks as the top sport among all key subgroups. Men (46%) and older Americans (46% of those aged 50 and older) are the major subgroups most likely to name football. Young adults, at 28%, are least likely to do so. Young adults were also least likely to say football was their favorite sport in 2017, but that was not the case in prior surveys.
Young adults’ choice of favorite sport is more varied, with 13% naming basketball, 8% soccer, 5% baseball and 5% ice hockey, with 26% naming some other specific sport. Fifteen percent of young adults do not list any sport as their favorite.
In addition to the age differences in naming football as their favorite sport, younger and older adults also differ with respect to where they rank baseball and basketball.
Younger adults are roughly twice as likely as older adults to name basketball as their favorite sport, with the divide evident among those older versus younger than 50.
Older adults -- in this case, those aged 65 and older -- are three times as likely as the youngest adults to say baseball is their favorite sport, 16% to 5%.
###Embeddable###
Likely reflecting the more racially diverse makeup of younger versus older U.S. adults, racial subgroups differ in their preferences for baseball and basketball. Twelve percent of White adults and 6% of people of color name baseball as their top sport, while 15% of people of color and 6% of White adults say basketball.
White adults and people of color are equally likely to choose football (42% and 41%, respectively) and soccer (4% and 6%, respectively).
Age and racial differences may also explain Republicans’ greater likelihood to name baseball as their favorite sport (18%) compared with Democrats (9%) or independents (5%). In contrast, Democrats (15%) are more likely than Republicans (5%) or independents (8%) to list basketball as their favorite sport. The three party groups are about equally likely to name football as their favorite sport, including 42% of Republicans, 43% of independents and 37% of Democrats.
Bottom Line
It is understandable why the Super Bowl is usually the most-watched television event each year, and why tickets to the game sell for such high prices. Football is far and away Americans’ favorite sport and has been for over five decades. Its place at the top of the favorites list seems secure for the foreseeable future, as all age groups rank it first.
That said, in the distant future, football may become somewhat less dominant, as young adults today are less likely to choose it as their favorite. However, young adults’ favorites are spread over a wide number of sports, and no other single sport seems likely to threaten football for the top spot among Americans in the future if current trends continue.
To stay up to date with the latest Gallup News insights and updates, follow us on X.
Learn more about how the Gallup Poll Social Series works.
View complete question responses and trends (PDF download).
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https://www.bartleby.com/essay/Teamwork-Outweigh-The-Risk-Of-Injuries-In-DE93D4DCB465C830
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Teamwork Outweigh The Risk Of Injuries In Football
|
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[
""
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Free Essay: Skills like teamwork outweigh the risk of injuries in football. “You win as a team and you lose as a team” (11 Things You Learn From Football To...
|
https://www.bartleby.com/essay/Teamwork-Outweigh-The-Risk-Of-Injuries-In-DE93D4DCB465C830
|
But the learning of these skills takes commitment. The commitment of your time and your willingness to do your best. “Another disadvantage to playing football is that the sport requires a significant commitment of time. Often, during the season a player's schedule revolves entirely around the team -- practices, gym workouts, games, film breakdown -- and it makes life considerably more hectic”(Goldsmith). The hectic schedule can cause the players to lack behind in their classes and can also stress the student out because they have to be able to perform their best both in the sport and their
By participating in football people can learn sportsmanship, hard work, discipline, and teamwork. Considering the many lessons it teaches, teamwork and discipline play the main role. With teamwork, players/children are learning how to trust their teammates the more experience they have with each other. As for discipline, it teaches kids to work hard and set good goals which can be helpful for them in the future as opposed to not playing, and being a step behind. NFL expert Jobe Lewis says that “football requires a pretty unique brand of teamwork and requires the player to discipline himself and to work hard” (Lewis 1).
These skills include preparation, management, dedication, and motivation. For example, preparation is used when waiting for the play to start or to catch the ball. Dedication when they put their time and effort to improve or committing to the team. Football also has many health benefits including increased bone density and mass. This reduces the players chance of bone and joint related diseases as they get older. Another major life skill being teamwork and work ethic. This is a life skill because it teaches the players how to collaborate with one another as they would need in another job with colleagues. Let’s not forget about all the jobs that would be lost due to football being taken away such as the players, coaches, and referees for
Involving a group will have a great impact on our lives. My involvement in college’s football team is an example. The purpose of our group is to prepare for the Med Cup and University Football Association games. Our most important value is to win as much as possible. Furthermore, there are several norms we all keep in mind. One is to play every game with all our hearts. That is, even when we are just playing a friendly game, we should pay our attention to the ball and play as well as we can. Another is to realize the spirit of teamwork. In other words, we must always trust our teammates at any time. By the way, when a new person joins the team, he or she needs to learn how to play correctly and spend much time practicing the
Sport’s are an aspect of life that affect societies across the globe. Athletics affect everyone's life, whether that be playing the sport, watching games, or hearing about a sporting event. There is a big difference between playing an individual sport and players relying on their own athletic abilities versus a team sport when members of the team rely on their teammates to complete each individual's specific responsibility to reach the team's goal. Team sports bring people together in countless ways, and they teach many life skills for the athletes that participate in them. Some of these skills include communication, teamwork, discipline, work ethic, dedication, leadership, and numerous more that will help them in their personal and work
Teamwork is a key skill that everyone should have installed in them at a young age.The brain of a child is like a sponge, they absorb everything and use it in the future. Playing football is not an individual sport unlike competitive swim or boxing, when playing a sport heavy contact or not as a team a child learns to work with others to achieve a common goal of winning or advancing. Children become cooperative and have the ability to collaborate with others making them more resourceful and beneficial in any real life situation. According to live strong representative and author of article “Benefits of Teamworks in Sports” Wade Harle, stated “ Teamwork in sports can help give participants stronger communication skills and teach them to work better with others. Additional advantages to teamwork in sports are learning to deal with conflict and varieties of different ideas within a team.” As the young child grows and prospers into a young adult having the teamwork ability and characteristic will only gain them the upper hand when applying for jobs, working on projects and in life commitments and relationships.
When people work together they can make more progress than when they work solo. In the novel Hiroshima, Hersey shows that when people work together, they are stronger. On page 58, the Jesuits banded together to assist the injured people and get them to the church. The Jesuits helped about fifty people and took them to the chapel of the Novitiate. “The Rector gave them what medical care he could--- mostly cleaning away of the pus.” This shows the Jesuits assisting the refugees to the church. Then the Rector cleaning their wounds. On a football field, it takes the whole team to make progress during the game. To run or pass the ball, the offensive line has to participate most of all. The offensive line needs to block the defensive line to move
Communication is the key to success. A team without communication could never be successful. Communication is important because the group needs a clear goal and also they need to have shared objectives. For example, in football a defense needs to be on the same page; if two players on the defense are on different pages then the defense will not be successful. You need everyone to share the same objective in order to succeed, not just a few people but all as one. To ensure a team’s success, everyone on the team has to be accountable. Everyone has a job on the team to contribute to becoming successful as a whole. Also you need trust in order to become successful; you have to be able to trust in your team that they will give their all for the team.
In every sport there are a lot of factor that will affect the way the athletes will perform. It is important to take into consideration all of them, but there are a few that are crucial to the overall success of the team or even just the athlete itself. There a need for cohesion with in the team and with the staff enables the players to succeed in the sport. Football is a sport among others that requires strong team cohesion to function as a whole. The Denver Broncos are one example of how team cohesion plays a vital importance in the success of the team and the performance of each of the players that are on the field. Overall, each person is needed, but it vital that the quarterback, running back, and the wide receiver are able to play perfectly.
As far as athletes on the field a great many lessons are often learned there and one of the biggest lessons is sportsmanship. For any sports played teamwork is often times essential for winning. It also allows for a person to become more confident in their own abilities allowing them to become more proud and not ashamed of what they can or cannot do. It allows players to build bonds among their teammates and while this maybe be one of the main creators of the “jocks hang out with jocks” stereotype it is only because athletes feel a connection to someone that is going through the same time of training and emotions that sports tend to create. Sportsmanship teaches a person the value of working together in groups and allows the player to learn how to adjust to situations that he or she may not agree with. The work ethic sportsmanship creates is also carried off the field as well into the school and more importantly the working environment, because we all know that in our lifetimes we are going to have to work with someone that we do not like or agree with. And having the ability to be able to work through a problem which sportsmanship can do allows for an easier job experience.
This directly translates into their studies and their lives. In these team sports, success or failure in competition depends on many variables. When these variables align through effective teamwork a successful play emerges as the teammates work together through coordination, communication and cohesion in training to achieve this result. Everyone has a role in the team and is expected to execute their task effectively. Any sort of individualism proves detrimental to the team as we all know, there is no “I” in
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https://iowacapitaldispatch.com/2023/12/31/the-rituals-of-american-football-reflect-our-society/
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The rituals of American football reflect our society • Iowa Capital Dispatch
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[
""
] | null |
[
"Robert Leonard",
"Ed Tibbetts",
"Dennis Goldford",
"Angie Carter"
] |
2023-12-31T00:00:00
|
"American football has a complex set of rules and rituals that reflect the structure of our society."
|
en
|
Iowa Capital Dispatch
|
https://iowacapitaldispatch.com/2023/12/31/the-rituals-of-american-football-reflect-our-society/
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https://www.boardvitals.com/blog/nfl-team-physicians-sports-medicine/
|
en
|
What Does an NFL Team Physician Do?
|
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[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Aine Greaney"
] |
2023-07-01T12:02:00+00:00
|
Learn more about the role of NFL team physicians, then try your hand at a sample question from the BoardVitals Sports Medicine question bank.
|
en
|
BoardVitals Blog
|
https://www.boardvitals.com/blog/nfl-team-physicians-sports-medicine/
|
Before we know it, fall will be here, and with it, the return of the NFL season. In addition to the players on the field, there are teams of NFL team doctors and sports medicine specialists who keep the offenses, defenses, and special teams in top shape.
According to the NFL Physicians Society (NFLPS), 192 team physicians (as of 2023) provide care to the 32 NFL teams and their players – on and off the field, and long before and after game time.
Usually, orthopedic surgeons and medical physicians accompany their team to practice, including summertime training campus and to evaluate players at the NFL Combine.
Dr. David Grier, an orthopedic surgeon and sports medicine specialist who also serves as communications council chair for the American Orthopedic Society for Sports Medicine, posits that being a sports medicine surgeon is not all about rubbing elbows with “the best athletes in the world.” Instead, Grier, who serves as team physician for the Charleston Battery (soccer club), reports that “while certainly being a sports medicine surgeon is a great career … being a team doctor, especially in the NFL, is not exactly what I could consider fun or easy.”
Sports Medicine Board Review Question
Before we go into the details about NFL team physicians, test yourself by answering the following Sports Medicine board exam question from BoardVitals on the role of the team physician. The answer and explanation can be found at the end of this article:
According to the rules of football, the person primarily responsible for players’ safety on the field is the referee. Therefore, the referee is the one who must give the team physician permission to enter the playing field. Given these rules, you are a team physician for an NFL football team when, during a game, you see a player drop to the ground and not moving. The referee has not yet noticed this player being down and precious time may be passing during which you could be assessing him. What do you do?
A. Try to signal the referee. Enter the field without permission if you are not able to get their attention very quickly
B. Enter the field immediately
C. Wait for the referee to grant you permission to enter the field
D. Have the coach call a time out
How Do You Become an NFL Team Physician?
After medical school graduation, most team physicians specialize in Orthopaedic Surgery, Internal Medicine, Family Medicine, or Emergency Medicine. After residency, next comes a fellowship (1-2 years) in a hospital, rehabilitation facility, or with a university’s athletic department. Previous experience as a team physician for high school or college sports team is common in NFL team physicians.
Board Certification in Sports Medicine is required of all medicine physicians joining as a Team Physician after 2011 as required by the 2011 Collective Bargaining Agreement (CBA) between the NFL and the NFL Players Association (NFLPA) according to the NFLPS.
Sports Medicine Board Certification is jointly developed by four boards of medicine. The certification exam is administered by both the American Board of Family Medicine (ABFM) as a subspecialty called a Certification of Added Qualification (CAQ) in Sports Medicine and the American Board of Internal Medicine (ABIM) as the Sports Medicine Certification Exam. The standard for passing is identical for all Boards.
To support your Sports Medicine Board Certification preparation, BoardVitals provides a specialized Sports Medicine CAQ board review exam question bank with 450+ Sports Medicine CAQ board questions and earn up to 30 AMA PRA Category 1™ Credit(s) and 30 ABIM MOC points while you study.
What do Sports Medicine Doctors Do?
In and beyond the high-stakes and -visibility world of pro sports, sports medicine doctors treat and prevent illness in all active people. This includes the child who plays on the local little league baseball team, to the daily or weekend jogger, to those of us who perform physically demanding or repetitive-action jobs, such as construction workers.
The primary goal? To restore patients’ functioning and ability to resume their normal sport, activity or lifestyle via surgical, restorative and preventive interventions.
Most sports medicine specialty practices include a clinical team, including physicians; licensed physical and occupational therapists; certified athletic trainers; and, in some cases, nutritionists and other professionals.
In the case of NFL physicians, in addition to providing injury treatment, they may also provide direction and support for other team physicians, athletic trainers, x-ray technicians, and paramedics who are also attending the NFL games.
Many sports injuries can be treated via non-surgical procedures, such as physical therapy, aquatic therapy or medication. However, when surgery is required, sports medicine physicians may perform surgeries such as knee arthroscopy, meniscectomy (for torn meniscus), medial epicondylectomy (for golfer’s elbow) and lateral epicondylitis debridement (tennis elbow).
Also, similar to NFL sports medicine doctors, sports medicine practices often contract with other local or regional organizations, such as schools, universities, sports clubs and teams, ski resorts and dance academies.
Some sports medicine physicians are fellowship-trained to specialize in treating or reconstructing particular body parts and their injuries, such as shoulders, hips, ankles, hands or knees. Or physicians can singularly focus on certain patient populations, such as those who treat sports-related injuries in children or youth.
Finally, through research, interviews, peer-reviewed publications and professional conferences such as those hosted by the American Medical Society for Sports Medicine, sports medicine doctors share their best-practice treatments for our sports-related injuries. Equally, NFL doctors provide education and contribute to the literature that advances and improves how professional football is played.
How much do NFL Team Physicians make?
The average salary for an NFL team doctor varies, but it can range from $200,000 to $512,000 per year. Factors that play into salaries include experience, location, and role. For example, Orthopedic Surgeons make earn an average of $489,370, while Sports Psychiatrists earn an average annual salary of $157,797.
Sports Medicine Board Review Question Answer & Explanation
Here’s the answer and explanation to the BoardVitals Sports Medicine board review question above:
Correct Answer:
A. Try to signal the referee. Enter the field without permission if you are not able to get their attention very quickly
This is a common dilemma in sports medicine, to follow game rules versus your medical knowledge. It is best to try to stay within game rules but not if it means a potentially worse outcome for a patient.
References:
Miller, M. D., & Thompson, S. R. (2018). DeLee & Drez’s orthopaedic sports medicine E-book. Elsevier Health Sciences.
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https://bleacherreport.com/articles/849964-top-10-reasons-why-american-football-is-the-best-sport-in-the-world
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en
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10 Reasons Why American Football Is the Best Sport in the World
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"David Webber"
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2011-09-14T20:25:57-04:00
|
It's been 92 glorious years since the NFL 's inception in 1920. The league started as a fledgling endeavor and has gone through many trials and tribulations but is now firmly entrenched as the No...
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en
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https://static-assets.bleacherreport.net/favicon.ico
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Bleacher Report
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https://bleacherreport.com/articles/849964-top-10-reasons-why-american-football-is-the-best-sport-in-the-world
|
David Webber@ @davidpwebber21Analyst I
10 Reasons Why American Football Is the Best Sport in the World
0 of 10
It's been 92 glorious years since the NFL's inception in 1920. The league started as a fledgling endeavor and has gone through many trials and tribulations but is now firmly entrenched as the No. 1 sport in North America.
While football has yet to make its name on the world stage (imagine a U.S. vs Britain football game. Blowout, anyone?), it is the opinion of many Americans that it is not only the best sport in the country but also in the world.
Need proof? Read on to learn the 10 best reasons why football is the most exciting sport in the world.
10. Tailgating
1 of 10
Rain or shine, day or night, hail or sleet. Does it matter what the weather is? Of course not, because tailgating is all about having fun no matter what Mother Nature throws your way.
A great stadium tailgate is a sight to behold—any unhealthy, fatty and grilled food you could ever want in all of its amateur goodness, tents with multiple flat screen televisions, recreational vehicles holding dozens of drunk people who have only partying and football on their minds.
You can even play football with strangers and have your own Tailgating Bowl.
What's not to like?
9. Cinderella Stories
2 of 10
Cinderella stories are seen throughout all sports but football has some really good ones that the fans can truly identify with.
Take quarterback Kurt Warner, for example. He was an Arena League flameout bagging groceries at a local store before the St. Louis Rams called him up. The rest is history: Warner led one of the greatest offenses in NFL history, won the Super Bowl in 2000 and led the laughingstock Arizona Cardinals to a stunning Super Bowl appearance in 2009.
How about Vince Papale, the Philadelphia Eagles walk-on forever immortalized by the movie "Invincible"?
Or even Patriots future Hall of Fame quarterback Tom Brady, who was a sixth-round pick and only got a chance to play when incumbent starter Drew Bledsoe was injured?
The NFL is chock full of Cinderella stories that we all know and love.
8. The "Chess Match"
3 of 10
Nearly every football fan thinks he or she can coach a team. But part of the reason that this is illogical (besides the fact that only 32 people in the entire world are qualified) is that coaching requires so much thinking and strategizing, only the truly gifted can do it.
And honestly, what fan doesn't like seeing the wrinkles that a defense installs after halftime to stop the opposing offense? Or when an offense executes a play that was drawn up so well, you can only marvel at it?
Coaching is a game of chess; this metaphor is used because chess is considered THE game of strategy. It's fun to see how coaches strategize to get the upper hand each and every week. No other sport requires so much thinking.
7. Rivalries
4 of 10
Yes, every sport has rivalries. Baseball has the Yankees and the Red Sox. There's the Cubs and the Cardinals. Blackhawks and Red Wings. Celtics and Lakers.
But don't tell me that these rivalries are more intense than those in football—rivalries like Packers/Bears, Raiders/Steelers and Redskins/Cowboys (to name only a few).
Admittedly, other sports may have the more historically appealing rivalries. But in football, they are at their most intense because, well, the point of the game is to hit the other team in the mouth as hard as you can. In football, rivalries bring out the best in both teams to the extent that it feels like a playoff atmosphere.
Put it this way: if the Yankees and Red Sox cleared their benches and fought amongst one another after a batter was intentionally hit by a pitch, it would be an event.
In football, every play involves someone getting in a dogfight—and that's more exciting than any other sport can offer up.
6. Defensive Excitement
5 of 10
In no sport is defense more intriguing than football. In basketball there are blocks and in baseball there are diving catches, but no sport can match football for its overall defensive excitement.
While offense is and always will be king, defense in football can generate just as much of a reaction as a touchdown or long pass can. Defensive touchdowns are among the most exciting plays in football and there is nothing that jacks up a team's collective adrenaline like a monster hit.
The fact that defense in football can impact a game in such a strong way is the reason why it makes football so exciting.
Also, consider this: in other sports, defense can lead to scoring opportunities. In football, the defense can simply take the ball and score itself.
5. Weekly Intrigue
6 of 10
Basketball and hockey can keep their 82 games. Baseball can definitely keep its 162.
Football? For better or worse, we get only 16 and that means that every game is important. You can take days off in other sports. Losing a game in basketball often leads to the saying "it's only one out of 82." In football, if you said "it's only one out of 16," you'd be cut on the spot.
No sport can match the week-to-week urgency that is present in football stadiums across the nation on Sunday (and yes, Saturday, as college football ratchets up the weekly intensity as well). It means that every fan is on the edge of their seat for every minute of the game, and that every play is meaningful to the outcome of the season.
Football is the only sport that can grab your attention for every waking moment no matter what.
4. Fantasy Football
7 of 10
The fact that every other sports' attempt at creating a successful fantasy game is a direct result of the success of fantasy football should be the only reason you need to know why fantasy football is important. Football gave birth to an industry of armchair quarterbacks just dying to one-up their friends while following their favorite players at the same time.
Fantasy football is no longer just a hobby. It is a multi-million dollar industry that is given life simply because football exists.
C'mon. Are there really any other reasons why football is the world's greatest sport?
3. Thanksgiving Traditions
8 of 10
There are many great American traditions, but none as exciting as Thanksgiving football. Let's be honest: there are no single days of the year where we get our families together to play baseball or basketball simply because its a holiday.
But on Thanksgiving, families across the nation go out, rain or shine, to play America's favorite sport and it has become a tradition that everyone looks forward to every year.
Have you played enough football? Then run into the house, grab some turkey and plop down in front of the TV to watch football for the rest of the day.
Best day of the year? I think so.
2. Parity
9 of 10
Parity is a beautiful thing. It's the process in which certain factors combine to ensure that every team will be at least reasonably competitive for random periods of time.
But in football, parity is alive and present every year. Football is the ultimate game of inches, meaning that the smallest bounce could be the difference between a win and a loss. Consider these snippets:
The last repeat Super Bowl winner was the New England Patriots in 2004.
The NFC has sent a different team to the Super Bowl in each of the last nine years.
Nearly every single year, four or five teams that failed to make the playoffs the prior year made it the year after.
Parity may not be the most incredible thing to most fans, especially ones who like dynasties, but to most fans, parity is a sign that nothing will ever be the same in any year.
To most fans, that's an enticing prospect. Football is a sport that is never boring—nothing is ever as it seems.
1. The Super Bowl
10 of 10
Families across the nation watch the Super Bowl. It needs two weeks of media coverage prior to kickoff in order to get all of the information needed to inform the public. The commercials are classic. The halftime show is epic. More food is consumed on Super Sunday across the nation than on Thanksgiving.
Oh yeah. Super Bowl XLV between the Packers and Steelers drew in 111 million viewers nationwide.
It was the most-watched television program in United States history.
Seriously, can any sport compete with that?
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https://www.rockchalktalk.com/2014/8/18/6030521/why-basketball-is-more-appealing-than-football
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en
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Why Basketball Is More Appealing Than Football
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2014-08-18T00:00:00
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After talking slightly on the subject in one of our latest News & Notes sections, I thought I would expand on it by listing some of the ideas that occurred to me over the weekend. I honestly think...
|
en
|
Rock Chalk Talk
|
https://www.rockchalktalk.com/2014/8/18/6030521/why-basketball-is-more-appealing-than-football
|
After talking slightly on the subject in one of our latest News & Notes sections, I thought I would expand on it by listing some of the ideas that occurred to me over the weekend. I honestly think basketball is a much more appealing sport to watch in person and on television, and these are some of the reasons why. Feel free to agree, disagree, discuss in the comments section, etc.
1. Basketball is more wide-spread than football, both nationally and internationally
I know in the Midwest -- especially in Texas -- it seems like football is in every corner of the globe, especially at this time of year. But, in fact, football is very specific to the United States. In fact, in other countries, it is called "American football" (so as not to be confused with say "real football" AKA soccer.) While basketball is played in various professional and semi-professional leagues around to world (by both men and women) -- and is also an Olympic Sport -- American football is played in like four countries outside of the United States.
As far as nationally goes, think of all the powerhouse college football programs in the United States... Texas probably comes to mind. Oklahoma. Nebraska and other Big 10 schools like Michigan and OSU. Maybe some Californian schools. Definitely some schools in the South. But how about teams in the Northeast? Anywhere North and/or East of Penn State coming to mind?? No? Because not all colleges have football teams. (See Wichita State University.)
It can be a very expensive thing to run a football program by itself, not to mention all the women's programs that would have to be added to equal the number of male athletes on a football team. Whereas with basketball, it is much less expensive to run. There's fewer players, less equipment involved, probably less maintenance are needed for the sports facilities. KU is probably one of the few exceptions to this rule, as we spend a great deal on our basketball program. But if you're Central State Community College or whatever, and you have to decide between having a football program or having a basketball program, you're likely going to pick basketball.
2. Basketball is more gender-neutral, because both men and women play it
It's a sad thing that I have to explain this point at all. Let's just side step the whole "both sexes can play it" thing. I know guys who hate having women around when a football game is on because, and I quote, "they don't understand it -- they always have to ask stupid questions about what's going on, who's doing what, and it's a distraction. Women can never understand football like a man does!"
Yes, I realize this is a very misogynistic thing to say, but I wonder if any guy -- deep down -- kinda sorta holds it as truth. Maybe not out loud, but still believes it all the same. If you were hosting a football trivia game-night, would you invite your female friends? Would you if you were hosting a basketball trivia game-night? Think about your experiences with your female friends/coworkers/SO's etc. during football season vs. during basketball season. Do you, as a guy, think that there's a stigma when a woman knows a lot about football? Do you think there's a stigma when she knows a lot about basketball? (This is something to discuss in the comment section.)
But, returning to the main point, yes, basketball is played by both men and women -- at elementary school level, in HS, in college, in semi- and professional leagues. Yes, the men's games tend to be more athletic, faster paced, etc. But it's always encouraging to see women competing not necessarily alongside them, but on an even scale as them. And they don't need to break all sorts of sex/gender norms to play it (like in football) or wear skimpy uniforms to make it more "interesting" (like lingerie football or volleyball).
3. At their simplest levels, basketball is easier to explain and pick up on than football is
Basketball is relatively simple: five players guard their basket and try to get the ball in the other team's basket. Football's more like: try to get the ball down the field by either running it or throwing it, while also defending your goal from your opponent's passes and runs. Even if you want to get a bit deeper (man to man vs. zone defense, the details of guard vs. forward, etc.) on the basketball side, the football's "deep ends" are much deeper. (Nickel vs. dime defense, run-heavy offense vs. pass-heavy offense). The fact that there are 22 players on the field vs. 10 players on the court also helps.
Also, football has some weird-ass penalties. If you're watching football for the first time, it will take you a while to figure out what offsides, false starts, chop block, horse collar, etc. are. Penalties/fouls in basketball are pretty simple: make too much contact, and you'll get penalized for it. The limit is five fouls per player. Any weird fouls in basketball (like technicals, etc.) are usually explained by the announcers/commentators. I feel like football people take for granted that their audiences are knowledgeable enough in football to know what a chop block looks like.
If nothing else, imagine that you have never seen either sport in your life. Don't you think it's easier for you to understand basketball as opposed to football?
4. Basketball's season has more advantages than football season
Football season is very predictable. HS games on Friday, college games on Saturday, pro games on Sunday. The only exceptions are bowl games and holiday games around Thanksgiving. Football season, I would argue, has a disadvantage of starting in late summer, going through fall, and ending in early winter. If you go to outdoor games, the weather can range from stifling F-ing hot, to freezing-ass cold. There are likely some games in that "sweet spot" where the weather is beautiful and gorgeous and that "perfect fall day," and that's likely why football is so popular in states like Texas and Alabama -- where weather is more mild through the fall and into the winter.
In places like Kansas, Ohio, Michigan, Nebraska, Iowa, etc., you can have a beautiful outdoor game one Saturday, and be freezing your ass off the next. Going to HS games on Friday nights can also be very tortuous, because it's even colder at night than during the day.
But, if you're not going to the games in person, why should you care?... you might ask. You can sit at home on a lovely (or even a not so lovely) day and watch football on your television in perfect comfort, despite whatever the weather might be like outside. Again, because, football season is predictable. Need to go a wedding on Saturday? You'll miss the KU game. Family goes to church on Sunday? You could miss the first half of the Chiefs' noon game. Think about those Saturdays and Sundays when it IS nice out... do you really want to spend four hours indoors during the late morning/afternoon/early evening watching football when there's yard work to be done, houses to be painted, kids to be played with, family events to attend, etc.??
Another disadvantage to football season: the number of games. You miss one game because you were at a family reunion? You miss out on 1/12th of your team's season (in college, not counting post-season). With basketball, usually the weather is nastier, so there's more reason to stay inside and watch the games. And if you go in person, you can enjoy watching your sporting event INDOORS. Plus, if you miss a game, no worries, there will be at least 30 games in a season (for college). Not to mention the fact that basketball games are shorter, and even if you miss the first half, (and your team is competitive), you'll still get to see the parts of the game that really matter.
Also, postseason: football's postseason falls around the Christmas/New Years holidays. Do people really care to watch the Jet Blue Airlines Coastal Bowl on Dec. 25? Unless their teams are playing, no. But, when March Madness comes around, it's practically a holiday of its own. What else is going on in late March/early April? Not much. Maybe Easter, but that's about it. During March Madness, you can watch four games at any given time, usually; and I'd say about 7/10, they're probably pretty competitive/interesting games/match-ups. And, the pro's postseasons... football definitely has an edge with the Superbowl. But, let's be honest, that's usually because of the commericals/cultural interest, not necessarily the football. NBA Finals are a bit different, because they're that last tide that organized fast-paced sports before the summer kicks in with golf and tennis (and I don't know about you, but I'm not about watching golf and tennis during the summer. I'd rather pluck out my own leg hairs with tweezers than watch either of those sports).
5. Basketball is a more photogenic sport than football
As someone who has photographed both sports (granted, at the HS level), it's nicer to see the raw emotion and athleticism in basketball photography. Football photography is weighed down with helmets and protective gear. That's not to say that you can't get good football pictures, but compared to basketball pictures, c'mon. Think of all those great photos of KU players faking out their opponents, putting up shots, or just letting out a caveman cry while doing a Superman move across their chest. Now... think of all those great football photos. Got any in mind? Me neither. If you do, props to you, then. Lighting for football (esp. at a night game) is hit-or-miss; and the distance between the photographers and the players doesn't help either. With basketball, the lighting is consistent throughout the game, the photographers are closer to both the fans, players, and the coaches, and thus, are able to get more better quality photos.
While still photos are one thing, television is what I'm really getting at. Whatever holds true for still photography, holds true for videography. Need good lighting? Basketball arenas lighting is better and consistent, especially vs. night football games. Need to be close to the players, coaches, and fans for all those moments when you need to catch that raw emotion? You can do it with fewer cameras at a basketball game. I know it doesn't sound like much, but as a former sports photographer, I think it makes a great difference for how you view the game at home through your television.
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https://huffsports.com/sports-similar-to-football/
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en
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Sports Similar to Football: Discover 5 Exciting Alternatives
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2024-01-29T23:34:20-08:00
|
Discover alternative sports to football in our guide, featuring the excitement of Australian Rules, soccer, Canadian, and the unique blend of Gaelic football—a game of agility and camaraderie.
|
en
|
Huff Sports
|
https://huffsports.com/sports-similar-to-football/
|
Ever wondered what your Sundays would look like without the thrill of football? Luckily, the world of sports is vast, and there are plenty of games that share football’s essence. You’re in for a treat as we dive into sports that can keep your competitive spirit high even off the gridiron.
Imagine the adrenaline rush of football, but with a twist. From the strategic plays of rugby to the heart-pumping pace of Australian rules football, there’s a whole roster of sports that mirror the excitement you love. Get ready to discover your next obsession!
Rugby: The Physical and Strategic Cousin of Football
If you’re itching for a sport that matches football’s intensity and requires a strategic mind, rugby is right up your alley. Like football, rugby’s a contact sport that showcases the athletes’ strength and agility. What sets them apart is the continuous play and lack of downs in rugby which means the action doesn’t stop till the whistle blows.
As a former athlete, you know the importance of teamwork. In rugby, teamwork’s taken to another level. With fifteen players on each side, everyone’s role is crucial, whether they’re pushing in a scrum or going for a line-out. Trust me, as you watch or play, you’ll appreciate the synergy required.
Key Differences Between Football and Rugby:
Scoring: Rugby points come from tries, conversions, penalty kicks, and drop goals.
Ball in Play: The ball’s constantly in motion, which means players must always be alert.
Tackles: Players must release the ball after being tackled; there’s no waiting for the next play.
The physical demands of rugby are immense. Players run an average of 7 kilometers per game, and tackles are full-bodied and frequent. Yet, there’s an elegance to this brutish game. The tactical depth will intrigue you – decisions made in split seconds can change the entire outcome.
Forwards: The brawny players focused on possession and territory.
Backs: The speedy and strategic, handling ball distribution and scoring.
In rugby, the blend of sheer physical power and swift, cunning playmaking is akin to a chess match with the intensity of a boxing round. Remember those days corralling your teammates for a key play in football? Rugby’s about capitalizing on those same opportunities while staying relentlessly dynamic.
Watching a rugby match, you might find yourself on the edge of your seat as teams battle for possession and territory. Like a coach analyzing plays, you’ll see how the strategic use of space and player movement can be as thrilling as any football game. And who knows? After understanding the nuances, rugby could become your new weekend staple.
Australian Rules Football: A High-Flying Alternative to American Football
Have you ever found yourself yearning for a sport that combines the aerial acrobatics of basketball with the tactical complexity of football? If so, you might want to turn your attention to Australian Rules Football, affectionately known as “Aussie Rules” or simply “footy”. Imagine a game that eschews the stop-and-start rhythm of American football for a flowing, almost continuous motion that’s sure to captivate any sports enthusiast.
First things first, let’s talk about the field, or “pitch,” as it’s known. Vastly larger than a football field, Aussie Rules is played on an oval pitch that can be up to 200 yards long. This allows for a high level of endurance and sprinting that may rival soccer.
The scoring in Aussie Rules might seem familiar to you; just like in football, teams score by getting the ball through the opponent’s goal. However, the posts operate a bit differently. Four posts stand at each end – two middle “goal” posts and two outer “behind” posts. Kicking the ball between the middle posts scores six points, hitting the outer ones nets you a single point.
Here’s where it gets exciting – players can use any part of their body to move the ball. They can run with it, but must bounce it every 15 meters, they can punch it to a teammate, or they can even unleash a spectacular leap to catch the ball, in what’s known as a “mark.” After marking the ball, the player can take an unimpeded kick, often leading to strategic plays and clutch goals.
With such a large playing area and the need to be on your toes at all times, teamwork is paramount. Much like in American football and rugby, you’ll see strategic positioning, players working in unison to move the ball down the field, and the occasional solo run that breaks lines and creates scoring opportunities.
Aussie Rules also enjoys a rabid fan base, with games often drawing crowds that stack up to the most-attended sporting events worldwide. There’s a sense of camaraderie and intense regional pride that you’ll appreciate if you’re into the passionate displays common in sports fandom.
Soccer: The World’s Most Popular Game with its Own Unique Charm
When you turn your attention to soccer, you’re exploring a sport that dominates the global stage like no other. Fans call it football in every corner of the world except the United States. But don’t let the name confusion fool you – soccer offers a rhythm and strategy that’s wholly distinct from American football.
At its core, soccer is beautifully simple: one ball, two goals, and 22 players whose feet become the artists of the pitch. It’s in this simplicity that the nuance of the game shines. Dribbling, passing, and shooting form the holy trinity of skills every player must master. Yet, these are just the beginning. Soccer’s charm lies in its deep tactics and the way teams move as a cohesive unit. As a coach, you’ll appreciate how a solid formation and clever play-making can outshine the capabilities of individual star players.
The big moments in soccer aren’t just about scoring a goal—they’re about building up to it. Watching a player execute a perfect through-ball that slices through the defense, only for a striker to finish with a deft touch, is truly thrilling. It’s a culmination of effort and coordination that resonates with anyone with a passion for team sports.
What’s remarkable is the international diversity on display during global competitions like the FIFA World Cup. You get to see different styles, from the precision and discipline of European teams to the flair and rhythm of South American squads. It’s a cultural exchange as much as a sport, uniting fans across the world in their love for the game.
While the passions for soccer vary around the world, the fundamentals remain constant. Even as a sports enthusiast who has engaged with numerous sports, you’ll notice players invest immense dedication towards physical conditioning and technical refinement. As with any sport, soccer demands both mental and physical sharpness, and every match is a testament to the players’ enduring commitment to excellence.
Canadian Football: An Exciting Variation Played North of the Border
Diving into another exhilarating sport, you’ll find Canadian Football, a captivating variation of American football with its own unique flair. Played on larger fields with twelve players on each team, the game cranks up the excitement with more space to make big plays.
You’d be intrigued by Canadian Football’s three downs instead of four to advance the ball ten yards. This rule demands a more aggressive offensive strategy and ensures that the action keeps coming at a relentless pace. The wide-open game encourages creativity and often leads to high-scoring encounters.
Consider the end zones, which are a whopping 20 yards deep—double the size of those in the NFL. You can just imagine the kind of aerial showdowns and dramatic catches that unfold in that additional space. It’s a theater for some of the most jaw-dropping moments in sports.
The kicking game also throws in its share of surprises. Fans are kept on the edge of their seats with the unique ‘rouge’ scoring, where a team gets a point for missed field goals or punts that are not returned out of the end zone, adding a twist to the usual scoring methods you’re used to.
Watching Canadian football, you’ll notice the emphasis on speed and finesse, echoing your own experiences with the importance of agility and quick thinking on the field. You’ll appreciate the synergy between players as they execute complex plays, an element of teamwork you’ve instilled in the youth teams you coach.
For sports fanatics seeking diversity, Canadian Football offers another layer of strategy and excitement. It’s not just about the rules and the size of the playing field; it’s the culture and passion that make the Canadian game stand out. With a fervent fan base that rivals any sport, you’ll find a kindred spirit in their enthusiasm and love for the game.
Gaelic Football: The Irish Sport that Blends Soccer, Rugby, and Basketball
Diving into the world of Gaelic football, you’re in for a rich blend of agility, tactics, and athleticism. This Irish sport captures elements from soccer, rugby, and even basketball, creating a thrilling spectacle. Played by two teams of fifteen on a rectangular grass pitch, it resembles the setup you know from soccer but with a faster pace that keeps spectators on the edge of their seats.
Handling the ball is a unique feature of this game. You’ll notice players bouncing and soloing – that’s bouncing the ball off their foot while running – akin to dribbling in basketball. But they can only take four steps with the ball in hand before they have to bounce or “solo” it, injecting a rhythmic tempo into gameplay that demands finesse and coordination.
The objective in Gaelic football is to score by either kicking or punching the ball into the opponent’s goal, consisting of two upright posts extending above a crossbar, much like the goalposts you’d see in rugby. Points are awarded for both goals and balls kicked over the crossbar, which brings a familiarity yet an exciting scoring complexity to the table:
Method of Scoring Points Awarded Goal (under crossbar) 3 Point (over crossbar) 1
As a former athlete, you’d appreciate the physicality and strategy involved. Players need an arsenal of skills including jumping, hand-eye coordination, and speed. It’s a game that requires robust physicality akin to rugby, with the hand-passing precision reminiscent of basketball strategies.
Imagine the heart-pumping action as teams move the ball quickly up the field, strategizing like you would in a football drive yet with the continuous flow and quick changes of possession similar to basketball. The thrill of seeing a player leap high to catch a ball, the suspense as they fend off an opponent, and the split-second decisions mirror the excitement you’ve experienced in your sports endeavors.
Gaelic football isn’t just a game in Ireland—it’s an integral part of the community, often bringing together towns and counties in rivalry that is fierce yet friendly. It’s another eye-opening reminder of the power sports have to unite and excite, a sentiment you know well from coaching youth and witnessing firsthand how sports can ignite passion and camaraderie in players and fans alike.
Conclusion: Discovering the Excitement of Sports Similar to Football
You’ve explored a world beyond traditional football and uncovered some thrilling alternatives. Whether it’s the high-flying kicks of Aussie Rules, the strategic plays of Canadian Football, or the unique blend of skills in Gaelic football, there’s a rich tapestry of games waiting for you. Each sport offers its own brand of excitement and community spirit. So why not grab a ball, gather some friends, and try out these football cousins? You might just find your new favorite way to stay active and connect with others.
Frequently Asked Questions
What are some alternative sports to football?
Alternative sports to football include Australian Rules Football, soccer, Canadian Football, and Gaelic football, each with their own set of rules and gameplay styles.
What is Gaelic football?
Gaelic football is an Irish sport that combines elements from soccer, rugby, and basketball, played by two teams of fifteen on a rectangular grass pitch, emphasizing agility, tactics, athleticism, and physicality.
How is Gaelic football played?
Gaelic football is played by kicking or punching the ball into the opponent’s goal or over a crossbar to score. Players can also dribble the ball by bouncing and ‘soloing’ (kicking the ball into one’s own hands).
What are the unique features of Gaelic football?
Unique features of Gaelic football include the ability to bounce and solo the ball, similar to dribbling in basketball, and combining physical contact as in rugby with strategic kicking and movements akin to soccer.
Why is Gaelic football significant in Ireland?
Gaelic football holds cultural significance in Ireland; it fosters community spirit, passion, and camaraderie among players and fans, reflecting the country’s athletic traditions and values.
|
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|
dbpedia
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3
| 90
|
https://howell-ayfc.org/tag/teamwork/
|
en
|
Howell Rebels American Youth Football & Cheerleading AYFC
|
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2022-12-28T00:00:00
|
en
|
Howell Rebels American Youth Football & Cheerleading AYFC
|
https://howell-ayfc.org/tag/teamwork/
|
No sports team is successful without working together to reach a common goal. Teamwork is essential to a good performance from any sports team, professional or not, and is a great way to teach children certain life lessons, such as cooperating well with others and taking responsibility for actions. Such lessons are applicable to life…
Read More
|
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7350
|
dbpedia
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1
| 66
|
https://news.gallup.com/poll/610046/football-retains-dominant-position-favorite-sport.aspx
|
en
|
Football Retains Dominant Position as Favorite U.S. Sport
|
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[
""
] | null |
[
"Jeffrey M. Jones"
] |
2024-02-07T00:00:00
|
Football remains Americans' favorite sport to watch, with baseball and basketball a distant second.
|
en
|
Gallup.com
|
https://news.gallup.com/poll/610046/football-retains-dominant-position-favorite-sport.aspx
|
WASHINGTON, D.C. -- With the nation prepared to watch the 58th Super Bowl this weekend, Americans continue to name football as their favorite sport by a wide margin. Forty-one percent of U.S. adults say football is their favorite sport to watch. Baseball and basketball essentially tie for second at 10% and 9%, respectively. Football has been the top sport in Gallup polling since 1972, when it eclipsed baseball.
###Embeddable###
The latest results are based on a Dec. 1-20 Gallup poll. When Gallup first asked Americans to name their favorite spectator sport in 1937, 34% named baseball and 23% football. Baseball continued to rank first in subsequent surveys conducted in 1948 and 1960, before football gained the top spot in 1972.
Since then, no less than 28% of U.S. adults have ranked football as their favorite sport, with the percentages closer to 40% in polls taken over the past two decades.
Baseball and basketball have generally vied for second place since 1995. No other sport is currently named by more than 5% of U.S. adults, with soccer at 5%, ice hockey at 4%, auto racing at 3% and figure skating at 2%. Twelve percent of U.S. adults do not name any sport.
###Embeddable###
Soccer had been named by no more than 2% of Americans between 1937 and 2004, but it has consistently registered above that level since 2008, including a high of 7% in 2017.
Football Reigns in All Key Subgroups
Given the large margin by which U.S. adults favor football, it is no surprise that it ranks as the top sport among all key subgroups. Men (46%) and older Americans (46% of those aged 50 and older) are the major subgroups most likely to name football. Young adults, at 28%, are least likely to do so. Young adults were also least likely to say football was their favorite sport in 2017, but that was not the case in prior surveys.
Young adults’ choice of favorite sport is more varied, with 13% naming basketball, 8% soccer, 5% baseball and 5% ice hockey, with 26% naming some other specific sport. Fifteen percent of young adults do not list any sport as their favorite.
In addition to the age differences in naming football as their favorite sport, younger and older adults also differ with respect to where they rank baseball and basketball.
Younger adults are roughly twice as likely as older adults to name basketball as their favorite sport, with the divide evident among those older versus younger than 50.
Older adults -- in this case, those aged 65 and older -- are three times as likely as the youngest adults to say baseball is their favorite sport, 16% to 5%.
###Embeddable###
Likely reflecting the more racially diverse makeup of younger versus older U.S. adults, racial subgroups differ in their preferences for baseball and basketball. Twelve percent of White adults and 6% of people of color name baseball as their top sport, while 15% of people of color and 6% of White adults say basketball.
White adults and people of color are equally likely to choose football (42% and 41%, respectively) and soccer (4% and 6%, respectively).
Age and racial differences may also explain Republicans’ greater likelihood to name baseball as their favorite sport (18%) compared with Democrats (9%) or independents (5%). In contrast, Democrats (15%) are more likely than Republicans (5%) or independents (8%) to list basketball as their favorite sport. The three party groups are about equally likely to name football as their favorite sport, including 42% of Republicans, 43% of independents and 37% of Democrats.
Bottom Line
It is understandable why the Super Bowl is usually the most-watched television event each year, and why tickets to the game sell for such high prices. Football is far and away Americans’ favorite sport and has been for over five decades. Its place at the top of the favorites list seems secure for the foreseeable future, as all age groups rank it first.
That said, in the distant future, football may become somewhat less dominant, as young adults today are less likely to choose it as their favorite. However, young adults’ favorites are spread over a wide number of sports, and no other single sport seems likely to threaten football for the top spot among Americans in the future if current trends continue.
To stay up to date with the latest Gallup News insights and updates, follow us on X.
Learn more about how the Gallup Poll Social Series works.
View complete question responses and trends (PDF download).
###Embeddable###
|
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0
| 1
|
https://www.britannica.com/sports/American-football
|
en
|
American football | Definition, History, Leagues, Rules, & Facts
|
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[] |
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[
"American football",
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[
"Michael Oriard"
] |
1999-07-26T00:00:00+00:00
|
American football is the version of the sport of football that evolved from English rugby and soccer (association football). American football, played with 11 on each side, originated in North America, primarily in the United States, where it eventually became the country’s leading spectator sport.
|
en
|
/favicon.png
|
Encyclopedia Britannica
|
https://www.britannica.com/sports/American-football
|
Roots in soccer and rugby
Gridiron football was the creation of elite American universities, a fact that has shaped its distinctive role in American culture and life. After several decades of informal, student-organized games that were tolerated by faculty as an alternative to more destructive rowdiness, the first intercollegiate football game was played on November 6, 1869, in New Brunswick, New Jersey, between in-state rivals Princeton and Rutgers according to rules adapted from those of the London Football Association. This soccer-style game became the dominant form as Columbia, Cornell, Yale, and a few other colleges in the Northeast took up the sport in the early 1870s, and in 1873 representatives from Princeton, Yale, and Rutgers met in New York City to found the Intercollegiate Football Association and to adopt a common code. Conspicuously missing was Harvard, the country’s premier university, whose team insisted on playing the so-called “Boston Game,” a cross between soccer and rugby. In May 1874, in the second of two matches with McGill University of Montreal (the first was played by the rules of the Boston Game), Harvard’s players were introduced to the rugby game and immediately preferred it to their own. The following year, for Harvard’s first football contest with Yale, representatives of the two schools agreed on “concessionary rules” that were chiefly Harvard’s. When spectators (including Princeton students) as well as Yale players saw the advantages of the rugby style, the stage was set for a meeting in 1876 of representatives from Harvard, Yale, Princeton, and Columbia to form a new Intercollegiate Football Association based on rugby rules.
Walter Camp and the creation of American football
(Read Walter Camp’s 1903 Britannica essay on football.)
Harvard made the first breach in rugby rules. Rejecting the traditional manner of putting the ball in play—players from both teams massed about the ball in a “scrummage,” or “scrum,” trying to kick it forward through the mass of players—Harvard opted for “heeling it out,” or kicking the ball backward to a teammate. The further transformation of English rugby into American football came chiefly through the efforts of Walter Camp, who even during his lifetime was known as the “Father of American Football.” As an undergraduate and then a medical student at Yale, Camp played football from 1876 through 1881, but—more important—beginning in 1878, he dominated the rules committee for nearly three crucial decades. Two of Camp’s revisions in particular effectively created the gridiron game. The first, in 1880, further refined Harvard’s initial innovation, abolishing the scrummage altogether in favor of a scrimmage, which awarded possession of the ball to one of the two teams. It was then put in play by heeling it out. (Snapping the ball with the hand became legal in 1890, though snapping with the foot continued as an option until 1913.)
Britannica Quiz
Great Moments in Sports Quiz
The second crucial rule change was necessitated by the first. Camp’s more orderly manner of initiating play did not require the team in possession of the ball to give it up. After Princeton simply held the ball for an entire half in its 1880 and 1881 contests with Yale, both games ending in scoreless ties that bored spectators as much as they frustrated Yale’s players, Camp proposed a rule that a team must advance the ball 5 yards or lose 10 in three downs (plays), or it would be obliged to surrender the ball to the other side. Camp was also responsible for having 11 players on a side, for devising a new scoring system in 1883 with two points for a touchdown, four points for the goal after a touchdown, and five points for a field goal (a field goal became worth three points in 1909, a touchdown six points in 1912), for creating the quarterback position, for marking the field with stripes, and for proposing several other innovations, but it was those two simple rules adopted in 1880 and 1882 that most fundamentally created American football.
After the crucial rule changes, the play of the game was relatively open, featuring long runs and numerous lateral passes, as in rugby. In 1888 Camp proposed that tackling below the waist be legalized, in order to offset the advantage of speedy backs streaking around the ends. The new rule resulted in the rise of mass plays, an offensive strategy that massed players on a single point of the defense, most famously in Harvard’s “flying wedge” in 1892. This style of play proved so brutal that the game was nearly abolished in the 1890s and early 1900s.
|
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dbpedia
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0
| 92
|
https://www.dummies.com/article/home-auto-hobbies/sports-recreation/fantasy-sports/fantasy-football/football-trivia-answers-to-questions-you-may-be-too-afraid-to-ask-263342/
|
en
|
Football Trivia: Answers to Questions You May Be Too Afraid to Ask
|
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[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"The Experts at Dummies"
] |
2019-08-20T11:29:52+00:00
|
If you're just starting to educate yourself on the popular sport of football, use this guide from Dummies.com to learn the answers to some basic questions.
|
en
|
/favicon.ico
|
dummies
|
https://www.dummies.com/article/home-auto-hobbies/sports-recreation/fantasy-sports/fantasy-football/football-trivia-answers-to-questions-you-may-be-too-afraid-to-ask-263342/
|
Football has wedged itself into the American culture, but it can be an intimidating sport to follow if you donât know much about it. The widespread popularity of the sport has made many afraid to ask questions about football basics. Not to worry; here are the answers to a few questions you may be too afraid to ask your friends or family about football.
© Shutterstock/Brocreative
How big is a football field?
Football fields are 100 yards long and 53 1/3 yards wide. Each end zone is 10 yards deep. Consequently, all football games are played on a rectangular field thatâs 360 feet long and 160 feet wide.
How many players are on the field in football?
Each football team has 11 players per side: 11 on offense and 11 on defense. Football teams are allowed to play with fewer than 11 players (why would they want to do that?), but theyâre penalized for having more than 11 players on the field during play.
How do you score points in football?
There are five ways to score points in football:
A touchdown is awarded six points.
An extra point, also known as a point after touchdown (PAT), is awarded one point.
A two-point conversion, attempted after a touchdown, is awarded two points.
A field goal is awarded three points.
A safety scores two points (for the defensive team).
What is a safety in football?
A safety, worth two points, is scored by the defense when they tackle an offensive player in possession of the football in their own end zone.
What is targeting in football?
Targeting is when a football player lowers his head and uses the crown of his helmet when tackling a defenseless receiver, running back, or quarterback in the head or neck area. College football has strict rules on this 15-yard penalty. The game officials use replay officials in order to consider intent, and if replay shows the defender struck the offensive player in the head or neck area, it results in an automatic ejection of the football player who commits the foul.
What is a blitz in football?
A blitz is a defensive strategy in football where a linebacker or defensive back vacates his customary position or responsibility in order to tackle the quarterback behind the line of scrimmage (also known as a sack) or force the quarterback to hurry his pass. (Prior to World War II, this defensive strategy was called a red-dog, but the name was changed to blitz after the German Armyâs blitzkrieg tactics.)
What is a âhail Maryâ in football?
A hail Mary is when the quarterback, usually in desperation at the end of a football game, throws a long pass without targeting a receiver with the hope that a receiver will catch the ball and score a touchdown.
Why is Super Bowl Sunday such a big deal?
The main reason Super Bowl Sunday is so popular is that pro football is the only major professional team sport with a single-elimination playoff system. Other major sports declare their champions after a team wins four games in a best-of-seven series.
And it isnât just the game itself that attracts viewers. Watching the big game to see the commercials has become a part of what makes Super Bowl Sunday so special.
Is a football really made of pigskin?
It may be referred to as a pigskin, but, donât worry, footballs today are actually made from cowhide.
Why are footballs called a pigskin?
Footballs resemble a toughened pigâs skin, and in the gameâs early days, they were swollen like a chubby little piggy.
Where are the best seats in a football stadium?
The really good seats in every football stadium are near the 50-yard line, 25 rows up, where you can scan the entire field. The end zone can also be a good place to watch a game.
Which NFL stadium is the best?
Thereâs no better setting in pro football than Lambeau Field in Green Bay, Wisconsin. With its circular seating and lack of an upper deck, Lambeau is a fan-friendly stadium. Every seat offers a good view of the action. Lambeau is also a player-friendly stadium. To improve their field in freezing conditions, the Packers installed SportGrass in 1997. The old field, by the way, was packed into âFrozen Tundraâ boxes and sold to fans to help pay for the new field.
Which is a better field in football; natural grass or artificial turf?
Thereâs no question that natural grass is the best surface for football on any level from Pop Warner to the NFL.
Natural grass is green, soft, and beautiful, but it needs to be mowed, watered, and replaced (after all, football cleats can rip up turf).
Artificial surfaces are made from synthetic nylon fibers that resemble very short blades of grass or tightly woven fibers that give the feel of a cushioned carpet. They are cheaper to maintain, but you may notice that many football players wear elastic sleeves to protect them from turf burns.
How do football coaches decide whether to kick or attempt a two-point conversion after a touchdown?
Coaches have a universal chart that tells them when to kick and when to attempt a two-point conversion. They like the chart because they dislike being second-guessed by football players and the media for making the wrong choice. Hereâs what the chart says:
If youâre behind by 2, 5, 9, 12, or 16 points, attempt a two-point conversion.
If youâre ahead by 1, 4, 5, 12, 15, or 19 points, attempt a two-point conversion.
If youâre behind by 1, 4, or 11 points, you have to make the dreaded judgment callâit can go either way.
Why does the NFL have a salary cap?
The salary cap was designed to put all the NFL teams on equal footing when competing for free agents and signing their number-one draft choices. The cap is based on football players receiving a certain percentage of the defined gross revenues of the NFL teams, which include revenue from network television contracts, ticket sales, and product sales.
The salary cap for the 2019 season is $188.2 million, a 40-percent increase from the 2014 salary cap.
Why do professional football players make so much money?
Salaries in the NFL have risen dramatically since the late 1980s. In 1988, the average salary of an NFL player was $250,000. It jumped to almost $800,000 in 1997, to $1.5 million in 2005, and to $1.9 million in 2014. These increases came about because of the financial impact of the leagueâs television contract, which in the years 2006 to 2011 amounted to $3.1 billion per year (the largest portion of a teamâs revenue).
Can they use just any football for game day?
Of course not! In the NFL, the football must be a Wilson brand, bearing the signature of league commissioner Roger Goodell. It must weigh between 14 and 15 ounces, inflated to between 12-1â2 and 13-1â2 pounds of air pressure.
How big are football players?
Well, it depends on the position. On average, football players range in weight from 150 to 360 pounds and in height from 5â5â to 6â9â tall.
The ideal quarterback is six feet five inches tall and weighs 225 pounds.
The ideal linebacker is at least six feet three inches tall and weighs 240 pounds (the bigger and taller, the better).
The ideal cornerback is at least six feet tall and weighs between 180 and 190 pounds (and can run the 40-yard dash in 4.4 seconds).
Why do I see so many coaches on the sidelines in a football game?
Almost every football team has more than one coach. Some football teams have two coaches monitoring special teams: One coach handles the punter and placekicker, and the other coach handles coverages and kick protection. The typical NFL team averages 20 assistant coaches.
What is the most common penalty in football?
Holding is the most common football penalty called against the offense when itâs attempting to pass.
What are the harshest penalties in football?
Some penalties cost 15 yardsâthe stiffest penalty there is (other than ejection or pass interference). Here are just a few of the actions that will earn this penalty and, sometimes, an automatic first down:
A tackler using his helmet to butt, spear, or ram an opponent.
When a tackler twists, turns, or pulls an opponent by the face mask.
A punter, placekicker, or holder simulates being roughed by a defensive player.
When the captains for either team fail to show up (or fail to show up in uniform) in the center of the field for the coin toss three minutes prior to the start of the football game.
What does âunnecessary roughnessâ mean in football?
Itâs a 15-yard penalty that has several variations. Examples include tackling the ball carrier when heâs clearly out of bounds or throwing the ball carrier to the ground after an official has blown the whistle.
Why do some football players wear towels?
Quarterbacks and wide receivers often wear towels to wipe their hands clean of mud and moisture between plays. Towels can be only eight inches long and six inches wide and must be tucked into the front waist of the pants.
Who is the Heisman Trophy named for?
John W. Heisman, a Brown University (and later University of Pennsylvania) player. Heisman was also a member of New Yorkâs Downtown Athletic Club, where the award was presented every December until the building was damaged in the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks.
Why do some football teams wear throwback jerseys?
In 1994, to mark the 75th anniversary of the NFL, the league started permitting teams to wear throwback jerseys. A few teams (the Indianapolis Colts, New Orleans Saints, and Cleveland Browns) have worn the same uniforms (check out the NFL uniform codes for more information), more or less, from the beginning.
Why donât we see drop kicks much anymore in football?
Current rules still allow drop-kicking, but the footballâs tapered design stops most players from trying it. The last successful drop kick in the NFL occurred on January 1, 2006, when Doug Flutie drop-kicked an extra point in the final game of his career. Prior to that, no one in the NFL had succeeded in making a drop-kick since the 1941 championship game.
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https://www.peoplesdefender.com/2021/07/01/health-benefits-of-playing-football/
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en
|
Health benefits of playing football
|
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[
"People's Defender"
] |
2021-07-01T00:00:00
|
By Health Fitness Revolution…
|
en
|
People's Defender
|
https://www.peoplesdefender.com/2021/07/01/health-benefits-of-playing-football/
|
By Health Fitness Revolution
As one of the most popular sports among young boys in America, football has surpassed baseball as the nation’s leading sport. Football teaches discipline, teamwork and dedication, all of which are beneficial beyond the gridiron. But American football is also a great sport for health and fitness.
• Better work ethic: Even though teams play only one game weekly, they practice five days a week. That means that as long as you make a commitment to put in the hard work during the week, the success and results will show on game day. Instilling this kind of work ethic helps players improve their skill level and learn the plays.
• Stress relief: Adrenaline rushes from playing football help with stress release, so players are more calm and less prone to depression and aggressive behavior in life outside the field.
• Overall workout: The intensity and range of movements involved in the game, including kicks, twists,turns and throws, provide better overall exercise, according to a series of studies. The sustained, stop-start nature of the game helps to build long-term fitness and burn fat, as it mimics interval training•
• Mental health: Football is great at helping to maintain a healthy level of endorphins and can make moods more stable. People suffering from symptoms of depression and anxiety can often use exercise to help alleviate symptoms and naturally lift dark moods. Football also promotes social integration, which also adds its own feel-good factor.
• Teamwork: Selflessness, cooperation and teamwork are what most youth football coaches emphasize to bring their teams together, so they can function and play together efficiently and effectively as a group. These lessons carry over into daily life at school, work or with friends.
• Cardio: Football at any level requires a great deal of running, jumping and quick changes of direction. The game is an excellent form of aerobic and anaerobic exercise.
• Interval training: Football combines periods of slow and fast movement with added bouts of sprinting. This makes the heart work at different paces and not just at a constant elevated level. This mimics interval training, which is a more effective way of controlling body fat and increasing overall fitness.
• It’s an enjoyable activity: With the excitement of the game itself, people sometimes don’t even notice that they are also getting a good workout. This will stop them from getting bored and giving up, which is what most sedentary people give as their main excuse for not exercising.
• Cardiovascular health: Since football always keeps you active and moving, this adds great benefits to engage your cardiovascular system, increased longevity, as well as reduced susceptibility to heart disease, osteoporosis, diabetes and other chronic disease.
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| 31
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https://www.amos-business-school.eu/en/article/the-differences-between-rugby-and-american-football/
|
en
|
The differences between rugby and American football
|
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""
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[] |
2023-10-04T09:59:52+00:00
|
en
|
https://www.amos-business-school.eu/en/article/the-differences-between-rugby-and-american-football/
|
As the Super Bowl approaches, let’s review the basics…
Generally known to the general public thanks to the “Super Bowl Halftime Show”, American football is still an underrated sport in Europe. Indeed, despite the presence of many clubs on the old continent, the rules of this sport are still unknown to most of us. In addition, many take malicious delight in comparing it to rugby, two sports that are similar in certain aspects but very different in substance!
As the Super Bowl approaches, the uninitiated always ask the same questions about rugby and American football. If you are one of them, this article is for you!
What is the origin of these sports?
Officially recognized in 1823, rugby was born in England at the initiative of William Webb Ellis, a student at Rugby College. According to a popular anecdote, this discipline was created when William decided to pick up a ball and use it to cross the entire field in order to slam it into the goal of the opposing team during a soccer match. It is for this reason that the trophy of the biggest world competition (Rugby World Cup) bears his name.
Regarding American football, as its name suggests, this discipline was created in the United States several decades after rugby. It is estimated that it can be traced back to 1860, with the arrival of British settlers on American soil. At that time, rugby and soccer being the most popular disciplines in the country, Gerrat Smith Miller had the idea to combine them. As early as 1870, matches were played in some North American universities. A few years later, in 1920, the American Professional Football Association was born.
The object of the game…
In both disciplines, the objective is to gain ground in order to get closer to the end zone of the opposing team.
Several actions enable teams to earn points, and even if the rules differ, there are some similarities between the two disciplines:
The play that awards the most points entails passing into the opponent’s end zone with the ball. In rugby, it is a question of grounding the ball in the area to score a try (5 points). In American football, a touchdown (6 points) is achieved by penetrating the area with the ball, or by receiving a pass in it. These actions can be enhanced by a transformation, when the ball must be kicked between the two poles (in rugby +2 points, in American football +1 point). In American Football, you can also try for an “extra point”, which is a single attempt to get back into the in-goal zone and thus win 2 points.
As they try to gain ground, the teams are faced with a few rules. Speaking very simply, it should be noted that in rugby, all hand passes must be made backwards, so progression is either ball in hand or with a foot pass. In American football the attacking team has 4 attempts to progress by 10 yards. If they succeed, they have the right to a cycle of 4 attempts and so on until they attempt a touchdown. If they do not reach the 10-yard line after four attempts, the ball is given to the opposing team. To
make progress, the offensive team has the right to one pass per attempt, each play ending when the ball carrier is brought to the ground, or if the pass is incomplete.
There are other ways of winning points, notably by kicking. In rugby, 3 points are awarded when the ball goes between the goal posts, either after a foul by the opposing team (called a penalty), or during a phase of play by kicking the ball after bouncing it on the ground (called a drop kick). In American football, during the 4th attempt by a team, they can try to kick the ball between the goal posts to win 3 points.
Points are calculated as follows:
In rugby : a try (5 points), a conversion (2 points), a drop goal (3 points), a penalty kick (3 points)
In American football: a touchdown (6 points), extra points (1 or 2 points), a field goal (3 points), a safety (2 points for the opposing team)
The playing field…
Apart from the shape of the ball, another similarity that causes confusion between American football and rugby is the playing field. Even though they both have an end zone, the fields are different. The differences between the two are found in the size of the field and the goal posts. The goal posts in a rugby stadium are H-shaped, those of American football are Y-shaped.
As for the size of the rugby field, the dimensions are around 100 meters long by 70 meters wide. The unit of measure for American football is different. It is measured in yards, one yard being equal to 0.91 meters. The size of an American football stadium is 120 yards long, i.e. 109.2 meters, and 53.33 yards wide, i.e. 48.53 meters.
Equipment…
The main item of equipment is the oval ball. Even though they have the same shape, the size of a rugby ball is around 27 cm compared with 28 cm for American football. Players also wear equipment to protect themselves during the game.
In rugby, players can wear flexible and non-obligatory thigh pads, helmets and gum shields. In American football, given the power of the impacts, players wear obligatory gum shields, more protective and rigid helmets, shoulder pads, and knee and elbow protection during the games.
Game technology
Despite all these differences, the two sports are quite similar in their relationship to technology. Numerous innovations have appeared on American football and rugby fields, and other sports have taken inspiration from this progress to make the game more fluid or to improve the spectator experience. Instant replay appeared from 1978 in the NFL and has developed considerably in order to increase the number of situations in which they can be used. In Rugby, beyond VAR, used since
the 2000s, it is the equipping of referees with microphones that has appealed to television viewers and other sports. In League 1, new broadcaster Amazon Prime equipped the referee team for St-Etienne – Monaco in April 2022. This action revived debate among the institutions, who wished to make refereeing more transparent with respect to the various stakeholders of the sport.
Beyond refereeing, we can note other fine technological progress made by our American friends. Communication between the players and their coaches is now performed via a microphone built into the quarterback’s helmet. This adds to the tablets that the League has provided on the sideline to analyze play in real-time. Lastly, we can mention several innovations to protect the physical health of players: A competition was organized by the NFL to redesign players’ helmets to limit concussions. The medical teams also have real-time access to players’ health data.
Business is business…
At the business level, the figures favor American football. Even if the sport finds it difficult to expand beyond the borders of the US, the NFL, and the Super Bowl (league championship game) in particular, enjoy colossal audiences and revenue compared with those of rugby. The next NFL broadcasting contract will cover 11 seasons (2023-2033) and will bring the League between 105 and 110 billion dollars, or nearly 10 billion per season.
Another figure that demonstrates American super power is the cost of an advertising spot during the Super Bowl halftime: advertisers pay 7 million euros for a 30-second commercial. At that price, advertisers necessarily demonstrate all their creativity in order to stand out…
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https://blogs.usafootball.com/blog/2672/teamwork-learned-on-the-field-leads-to-success-in-life
|
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|
Teamwork learned on the field leads to success in life
|
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[] |
[
"Parent",
"Youth football",
"Tackle football",
"Teamwork",
"Cooperation",
"Life lessons",
"Football lessons"
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[
"Janis Meredith"
] | null |
https://blogs.usafootball.com/teamwork-learned-on-the-field-leads-to-success-in-life
|
Teamwork is a must in youth sports. If your child is not learning teamwork while playing a sport, ask yourself why and do something to change it. The characteristic of teamwork will have a huge impact because it will affect how your child relates and works with others for the rest of their life.
A less sporty word for teamwork is cooperation. I use those words interchangeably throughout this post.
Cooperation is people working together to share the burden. When you cooperate, you join with others to do things that cannot be done alone. You are willing to follow rules because together, you can accomplish great things.
People who are cooperative can work well with others at home, at the office, and in the community. They make good decisions and choices, which leads to positive relationships with family, teachers, and friends.
Success in sports cannot happen without cooperation. Lance Armstrong competed in a sport that awards individual cyclists. Yet, he is quick to point out that his success was built on a cooperative mentality.
“Anyone who imagines they can work alone winds up surrounded by nothing but rivals, without companions. The fact is, no one ascends alone.”
Is cooperation genetic?
Most children are not born cooperative, it’s something that must be taught. Youth sports is one of the places where cooperation can be learned in a fun atmosphere. Learning cooperation is a process, which usually doesn’t happen in one season. As your child experiences the benefits of cooperation through competition, it will reinforce and build a positive habit they can carry into the future.
The truth about teamwork.
Athletes who cooperate in youth sports understand these truths:
•I can do more with my teammates than I can do alone.
•Every player on my team is making a unique contribution to the game.
•We will succeed when we work together.
•Playing sports is more fun when I cooperate and get along with my teammates.
Team players are easy to spot – examples of a good cooperator.
•They listen to other people’s opinions and ideas, not belittling teammates when they offer suggestions during practice.
•They support other people’s ideas, even if they don’t agree. They follow the coach’s directions, even when they don’t agree with the strategy.
•They work amiably with any partner they are assigned to, even if they don’t care for the person. They never complain about who they’re paired up with in practice during an individual drill.
•They stay out of cliques and make the new kid feel welcome or befriend the player with no friends.
•They are willing to change roles to suit the needs of the team and recognize the skills and strengths of their teammates.
•They take responsibility and do not blame others for mistakes during the game.
•They work toward the success of the team, rather than chasing their own individual success. They will do what helps the team win and not what looks good on the stat sheet.
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https://rethinkreport.com/2023/09/14/thoughts-on-leadership-leadership-lessons-from-the-nfl/
|
en
|
Thoughts on Leadership: Leadership Lessons from the NFL
|
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2023-09-14T00:00:00
|
By Gino Blefari This week my travels find me on the Big Island of Hawai’i, attending the 2023 Berkshire Hathaway HomeServices Summit Conference. It’s been an incredible few days of learning and growth, and the perfect place to kick off the official start of the football season. Over the years, I’ve spent a lot of…
|
en
|
Thoughts on Leadership
|
https://rethinkreport.com/2023/09/14/thoughts-on-leadership-leadership-lessons-from-the-nfl/
|
By Gino Blefari
This week my travels find me on the Big Island of Hawai’i, attending the 2023 Berkshire Hathaway HomeServices Summit Conference. It’s been an incredible few days of learning and growth, and the perfect place to kick off the official start of the football season.
Over the years, I’ve spent a lot of time studying the connection between sports and leadership, and specifically football and leadership, drawing inspiration from sports icons like my buddies Dwight “The Catch” Clark, Ronnie Lott, Steve Mariucci, Brent Jones, and Johnnie Johnson, Allan Dalton and Jimmy Burgess, along with Eddie DeBartolo, Bill Walsh, Joe Montana and Tom Brady.
Read more: Thoughts on Leadership: Leadership Lessons from the NFL
During Summit, I met Jimmy Burgess, CEO of Berkshire Hathaway HomeServices Beach Properties of Florida, (who I mistakenly referred to as Jimmy Buffett during my Tuesday morning Summit talk) every morning at 5 a.m. at the hotel pool, where we’d spend an hour treading water and talking about leadership. During one of these workouts, Jimmy told me: “Gino, leaders are just like coaches, because the best leaders bring out the best in their teams.”
That got me thinking about leadership lessons we could learn from football. The NFL is more than just a powerhouse athletic competition. It’s a complex institution that showcases teamwork, strategy, and leadership both on and off the field. Whether you’re a die-hard football fan or interested in the dynamics of effective leadership, the NFL offers a multitude of lessons for us all. Let’s dive into these insights.
The Importance of Teamwork: Football is a team sport where individual brilliance can shine, but victories are achieved collectively. Leadership isn’t a solo endeavor; it requires collaboration and relies on the strengths of each team member to win a game and a championship.
Adaptability and Change: In the NFL, game plans can change on the fly, and coaches must adapt to the opposing team’s strategies as they adjust. Similarly, leaders must be prepared to adjust their strategies when circumstances change. Think of the halftime adjustments the best coaches make to change the outcome of the game.
Preparation and Planning: From hours of film review to grueling practice sessions and NFL training camp, success on game day is a result of the exhaustive preparations that happen behind the scenes. Miami Dolphins Head Coach Mike McDaniel famously leaves his house at 2:24 a.m. for work every day, getting to the office a little before 3 a.m. It’s a habit acquired after working under former Houston Texans Head Coach Gary Kubiak, who called McDaniel twice at 6 a.m. without an answer. (McDaniel was later fired from the job specifically for being late twice). The experience taught McDaniel a harsh lesson about priorities, preparation, and planning. “You’re chasing the best version of yourself,” he told ESPN when describing his early-morning commute. “This part of the day is so unique because everything is in front of you.” Being prepared can make the difference between success and failure.
Resilience in the Face of Adversity: Setbacks, like injuries or game losses, are part of the NFL. Just look at the awful, season-ending injury of New York Jets Quarterback Aaron Rodgers after just four snaps into his first game with the team. However, teams regroup and adjust and return with renewed vigor. Leaders, too, will face setbacks but must demonstrate resilience and perseverance.
Continuous Learning: The best NFL coaches and players are always studying, learning, and refining their techniques. Tom Brady’s former teammate, Tight End Rob Gronkowski, estimated that Brady watched 40 hours of film each week. Bill Walsh talked about his return to coaching college football when he’d get five hours of sleep on a couch in his office. Leadership requires a commitment to perpetual improvement. It’s about lifelong learning and a willingness to adapt based on new knowledge you acquire every day.
Effective Communication: Clear communication between coaches, players, and staff is vital for successful plays and overall team dynamics. Similarly, effective leadership requires transparent and open communication.
Accountability: Players and coaches must take responsibility for their actions on and off the field. Great leaders hold themselves and their teams accountable, recognizing that fosters trust and integrity.
Diversity and Inclusion: The NFL comprises players from diverse backgrounds, and the synergy of this diversity can be a driving force behind a team’s success. In leadership, promoting diversity and inclusion can lead to innovative solutions and a broader perspective.
An Example for Others to Follow: Captains and veteran players often set the tone for the team’s work ethic and values. As a leader, embodying the values and work ethic you wish to see in your team is crucial.
Work-Life Balance: While the NFL demands rigorous training, players also understand the importance of recovery and personal time. Leaders should recognize the importance of balance for sustained performance and mental well-being.
Long-Term Vision: The best teams in the NFL don’t just plan for the current season but also have a vision for the future. Similarly, effective leaders set short-term goals with a long-term vision in mind.
So, what’s the message? The thrills of the NFL aren’t limited to spectacular touchdowns or nail-biting finishes. They extend into the realm of leadership, strategy, and team dynamics. The league, with its diverse set of challenges and successes, offers a playbook of leadership lessons that can be applied far beyond the football field. Whether you’re leading a corporate team, a community initiative, or any other endeavor, tapping into these insights can pave the way for both individual and collective success.
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https://inkinaction.com/5-reasons-why-american-football-is-the-best-sport/
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en
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5 Reasons Why American Football is the Best Sport in the World
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2023-02-03T10:00:03-07:00
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Millions of fans all over the world enjoy American football, a sport that is rich in tradition. From the bone-crunching tackles and high-flying aerial
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en
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Print your thoughts. Tell your stories.
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https://inkinaction.com/5-reasons-why-american-football-is-the-best-sport/
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Millions of fans all over the world enjoy American football, a sport that is rich in tradition. From the bone-crunching tackles and high-flying aerial assaults to the strategic decision-making and clutch performances, American football is a sport that offers something for everyone. In this article, we will explore five reasons why American football is the best sport in the world. Whether you’re a seasoned fan or just discovering the sport for the first time, there’s no denying that American football is an extraordinary and unique athletic endeavor.
Rich History
American football has a rich and storied history, dating back to the late 1800s. From the earliest versions of the sport to the modern-day NFL, American football has evolved and grown over the years but has always maintained its unique blend of physicality, strategy, and excitement.
The history of American football is dotted with iconic moments and legendary players who have left their mark on the sport. From the legendary coaches who have built winning programs to the game-changing players who have defined their eras, American football is full of stories and traditions that give the sport its character and soul.
Another aspect of American football’s rich history is the rivalries that have formed between teams over the years. These rivalries, many of which date back decades or even centuries, add an extra layer of excitement to the sport and create a sense of tradition and legacy that is unmatched by any other sport.
With a legacy of iconic moments, legendary players, and timeless rivalries, the sport has a depth and complexity that adds to its excitement and makes it a truly unique experience for fans. Whether you’re a lifelong fan or just discovering the sport for the first time, American football’s rich history is an essential part of what makes it the best sport in the world.
Strategic Complexity
One of the defining features of American football is its strategic complexity. The game requires a high level of planning and preparation from both the coaches and players, as they must make decisions on both offense and defense in order to gain an advantage. This level of strategic depth sets American football apart from other sports, as it requires a unique combination of physical and mental skills.
Coaches must develop game plans that take into account the strengths and weaknesses of their opponents, as well as the skills of their own players. They must make decisions on when to run or pass the ball, what formations to use, and when to take risks and go for it on fourth down. On defense, they must develop schemes to stop the opposing team’s offense and create turnovers.
Players, too, must be strategic in their approach to the game. Quarterbacks must make quick decisions under pressure, reading the defense and adjusting their plans accordingly. Linemen must anticipate the movements of their opponents and work together to protect the quarterback and open up running lanes. Defenders must react quickly to what they see on the field and make split-second decisions to stop the offense.
All of these strategic elements combine to make American football a sport that is both physically and mentally demanding, and one that requires a unique blend of athletic ability and strategic insight.
Exciting Gameplay
Another reason why American football is considered the best sport in the world is its exciting gameplay. From high-scoring offenses to big plays to clutch performances from star players, the game is full of moments that leave fans on the edge of their seats.
Offenses in American football can be explosive, with talented quarterbacks and skilled receivers combining to create big plays down the field. Running backs, too, can make game-changing runs that can swing the momentum in their team’s favor. And on defense, hard-hitting tackles and interceptions can change the course of a game in an instant.
But what makes American football truly exciting is the unpredictable nature of the sport. A team can score a quick touchdown on one drive, only to turn around and give up a big play on the next. This constant back-and-forth action keeps fans on their feet and creates an excitement that is unique to American football.
The fast-paced nature of the sport also adds to its excitement. With a mix of physicality and finesse, American football keeps fans engaged from start to finish. Whether it’s a bruising run up the middle or a graceful leap over a defender, the game is full of dynamic, awe-inspiring plays that captivate fans.
Dynamic Athlete Types
American football is unique in that it allows for a wide range of body types and skill sets to excel on the field. This diversity in player types makes the sport more exciting to watch and allows for a greater variety of play styles.
For example, bulky offensive and defensive linemen use their size and strength to control the line of scrimmage and create running lanes. Nimble running backs use their quickness and agility to dodge defenders and make game-breaking runs. Agile receivers use their speed and jumping ability to make acrobatic catches and stretch the field. And versatile athletes, such as tight ends and hybrid defensive players, bring a mix of skills to the table and can play multiple positions.
This diversity in player types allows for a greater variety of play styles, as teams can tailor their game plans to take advantage of their unique strengths. This, in turn, creates a more exciting and dynamic game, as fans are treated to a wide array of offensive and defensive strategies, each designed to exploit different player types and skill sets.
Strong Community
American football has a strong community of fans, players, and coaches that contributes to the overall enjoyment of the sport. From youth leagues to college programs to the professional ranks, American football is a sport that brings people together and fosters a sense of camaraderie and shared passion.
One of the most unique aspects of American football is its ability to bring people together on game day. Whether it’s tailgating with friends before the game or bonding with fellow fans during the game, American football creates a sense of community that is unlike anything else. With millions of fans tuning in to watch games every week, the sport has a widespread and dedicated following that only adds to its excitement.
The strong sense of community in American football extends to the players and coaches, too. Teams spend countless hours together, both on and off the field, and form close bonds as they work towards a common goal. This camaraderie is evident on game day, as players and coaches work together to execute their game plans and strive for victory.
Whether you’re a fan, a player, or a coach, the sport brings people together and creates memories that last a lifetime. Be a part of this community by wearing our football-themed shirt.
Summary
In conclusion, American football is considered the best sport in the world for several reasons. Its strategic complexity, exciting gameplay, dynamic athlete types, strong community, and rich history all contribute to the sport’s unmatched appeal. Whether you’re a fan of physical play or intricate strategy, American football has something for everyone.
From the roar of the crowd on game day to the camaraderie of tailgating with friends, American football creates memories and experiences that last a lifetime. And with its ever-evolving rules and innovative technologies, the sport continues to push the boundaries of what’s possible and capture the imagination of fans around the world.
So, whether you’re a lifelong fan or just discovering the sport for the first time, it’s easy to see why American football is considered the best sport in the world. Whether you’re watching from the stands, tuning in on TV, or playing on the field, the sport offers an unforgettable experience that is unmatched by any other sport.
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https://worldpopulationreview.com/state-rankings/most-popular-sport-by-state
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Most Popular Sport by State 2024
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Research by MyProtein analyzed sales from popular ticket-selling website Vivid Seats along with Wikipedia search volume to analyze the most popular sport in each state.
Football
Football is America’s favorite sport. In thirty-one states, football was revealed to be the most popular sport. The NCAA and SEC Country have emboldened viewers and their allegiance is to college teams during televised hours on Saturday during the fall season. In recent years, states with big SEC schools are fervently devout to watching the college gridiron. The National Championship runs through the SEC - and the popularity spike between Georgia and Alabama in 2021 was no surprise to several viewers.
States that love NCAA Football include Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Idaho, Louisiana, Michigan, Mississippi, Nebraska, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, and West Virginia. Even though several of these states have professional football teams, the fans prefer the excitement of college football.
Still, professional football is still the most popular sport. In nineteen states, it is the most popular choice. The NFL season in the United States is as much part of American culture as fireworks on the Fourth of July. Some of the states on this list do not have an NFL team.
The list of these states love American Football, and everyone is cheering for their team to win the Superbowl. Rivalries at the dinner table are extremely common as to who will win or lose for the current year. The list of the states who consider professional football their number one sports addiction includes: Alaska, Arizona, Delaware, Florida, Hawaii, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Maine, Minnesota, Montana, New Mexico, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Dakota, and Washington.
Baseball
You didn't think MLB wouldn't make the list, did you? Although football is listed as one of the state's favorite pastimes, baseball is the national sport of choice and is part of the American identity. The Cardinals, Cubs, Yankees, and Red Sox have gone down in history as some of the most influential teams in the sport. Unsurprisingly, most of the New England region is still extremely heavily interested in the MLB season over other sports games. This can come down to tradition, but it is most likely that their division also connects it to Canadian teams. The Blue Jays are the only official Canadian team that plays in the MLB and hosts many minor professional American teams.
With the love of the sport being so widespread, it is unfortunate to see that the love is only for the big leagues. The minor leagues do not receive nearly enough support. Nine states have MLB as their favorite sport to watch: California, Connecticut, Illinois, Maryland, New Jersey, New York, Texas, Virginia, and Wyoming. MLB also tops the list of popular sports for residents of the District of Columbia.
Other Sports
Basketball is another sport that many people enjoy watching. While it does not seem to get the same hype as baseball or football, there are still plenty of viewers who won’t miss a game. In Kentucky, NCAA Basketball is the most popular. It holds the position of the only state that enjoys college basketball above any other sport. NBA Basketball is the favorite in an additional four states and in Puerto Rico. In Colorado, Oregon, Utah, and Wisconsin, people are making sure to keep an eye on the score during the NBA season.
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https://www.ducksters.com/sports/football.php
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en
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Football: Learn all about the sport Football
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All about football including a glossary of terms, players, rules, and strategy of American style football.
|
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|
/favico2.png
| null |
Football (American)
Football Rules Player Positions Football Strategy Football Glossary
Back to Sports
American Football is one of the world's most popular competitive sports. It is mostly popular in the United States where football is the number one spectator sport. Each year the NFL championship, the Super Bowl, is one of the most watched events on American TV. College football is also very popular with numerous 100,000 plus stadiums selling out every week.
Football is often called a high-impact sport of violence. The football is advanced down the field by runners or by passing until the opposing team tackles or brings the player with the ball to the ground. Points in football are scored by advancing the football beyond the goal line (called a touch down) or kicking the ball through a field goal. The rules of the sport are quite complex and differ depending on the levels of play.
Football is a true team sport. Most players specialize in a particular position and skill. With eleven players on defense and offense, substitutions, as well as special teams, most teams will play at least 30 or 40 players on a regular basis. This makes teamwork and overall team talent more important than the abilities of any single player.
History of American Football
Football is an American sport that was formed in the late 1800's at college campuses. The sport has it's roots in the English game of Rugby. The first college game was played between Rutgers and Princeton.
This early form of football was extremely violent with many players actually dying every year. New rules were established over time and, although football is still a physical sport with many injuries, it is much safer today.
The NFL was formed in 1921 and became the major professional league by the 50's. It has continued to grow in popularity becoming the most watched professional league of any sport in the United States.
Scoring in Football
Football scoring can seem complex at first, but really there are only five ways to score points in football:
Touchdown (TD): A TD is scored when a player catches a pass in the opponent's end zone or runs with the football into the end zone. A TD is worth 6 points.
Extra Point or Two-Point Conversion: Upon scoring a touchdown the scoring team can either attempt to kick the ball through the goal posts for 1 extra point or can run/pass the football into the end zone for two extra points.
Field Goal: A team may kick the football through the goal posts for 3 points.
Safety: When the defense tackles an offensive player with the football in the offensive team's end zone. A safety is worth 2 points. More Football Links:
Rules
Football Rules
Football Scoring
Timing and the Clock
The Football Down
The Field
Equipment
Referee Signals
Football Officials
Violations that Occur Pre-Snap
Violations During Play
Rules for Player Safety
Positions
Player Positions
Quarterback
Running Back
Receivers
Offensive Line
Defensive Line
Linebackers
The Secondary
Kickers
Strategy
Football Strategy
Offense Basics
Offensive Formations
Passing Routes
Defense Basics
Defensive Formations
Special Teams
How to...
Catching a Football
Throwing a Football
Blocking
Tackling
How to Punt a Football
How to Kick a Field Goal
Biographies
Peyton Manning
Tom Brady
Jerry Rice
Adrian Peterson
Drew Brees
Brian Urlacher
Other
Football Glossary
National Football League NFL
List of NFL Teams
College Football
Back to Sports
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https://www.chatsports.com/tampa-bay-buccaneers/a/source/the-importance-of-teamwork-in-american-football-17751420
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en
|
The Importance of Teamwork in American Football
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[
"Bucs Central"
] |
2023-12-17T22:19:14
|
American football is a sport that epitomizes the essence of teamwork. The complexity of the game, with its intricate plays and strategies, undersco...
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en
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//image.chatsports.com/favicon/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png
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http://www.chatsports.com/tampa-bay-buccaneers/a/source/the-importance-of-teamwork-in-american-football-17751420
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American football is a sport that epitomizes the essence of teamwork. The complexity of the game, with its intricate plays and strategies, underscores the critical importance of collaboration among team members. In this essay, we will delve into the various facets that highlight the significance of teamwork in American football, exploring how it influences the outcome of games and shapes the success of teams.
Strategic Collaboration: American football is a game of strategy, where coaches meticulously design plays to outsmart the opposing team. The successful execution of these plays relies heavily on the seamless coordination among players.
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https://www.peoplesdefender.com/2021/07/01/health-benefits-of-playing-football/
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Health benefits of playing football
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2021-07-01T00:00:00
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By Health Fitness Revolution…
|
en
|
People's Defender
|
https://www.peoplesdefender.com/2021/07/01/health-benefits-of-playing-football/
|
By Health Fitness Revolution
As one of the most popular sports among young boys in America, football has surpassed baseball as the nation’s leading sport. Football teaches discipline, teamwork and dedication, all of which are beneficial beyond the gridiron. But American football is also a great sport for health and fitness.
• Better work ethic: Even though teams play only one game weekly, they practice five days a week. That means that as long as you make a commitment to put in the hard work during the week, the success and results will show on game day. Instilling this kind of work ethic helps players improve their skill level and learn the plays.
• Stress relief: Adrenaline rushes from playing football help with stress release, so players are more calm and less prone to depression and aggressive behavior in life outside the field.
• Overall workout: The intensity and range of movements involved in the game, including kicks, twists,turns and throws, provide better overall exercise, according to a series of studies. The sustained, stop-start nature of the game helps to build long-term fitness and burn fat, as it mimics interval training•
• Mental health: Football is great at helping to maintain a healthy level of endorphins and can make moods more stable. People suffering from symptoms of depression and anxiety can often use exercise to help alleviate symptoms and naturally lift dark moods. Football also promotes social integration, which also adds its own feel-good factor.
• Teamwork: Selflessness, cooperation and teamwork are what most youth football coaches emphasize to bring their teams together, so they can function and play together efficiently and effectively as a group. These lessons carry over into daily life at school, work or with friends.
• Cardio: Football at any level requires a great deal of running, jumping and quick changes of direction. The game is an excellent form of aerobic and anaerobic exercise.
• Interval training: Football combines periods of slow and fast movement with added bouts of sprinting. This makes the heart work at different paces and not just at a constant elevated level. This mimics interval training, which is a more effective way of controlling body fat and increasing overall fitness.
• It’s an enjoyable activity: With the excitement of the game itself, people sometimes don’t even notice that they are also getting a good workout. This will stop them from getting bored and giving up, which is what most sedentary people give as their main excuse for not exercising.
• Cardiovascular health: Since football always keeps you active and moving, this adds great benefits to engage your cardiovascular system, increased longevity, as well as reduced susceptibility to heart disease, osteoporosis, diabetes and other chronic disease.
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https://usa.usembassy.de/sports-football.htm
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About the USA>Sports>Football
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Background· American Football Association
· College Football Hall of Fame
· Facts for Features: Super Bowl XLIII
· Football
· National Football League (NFL)
· NFL Scoreboard from ESPN
· Pro Football Hall of Fame
· Stadiums of the NFL
· Super Bowl
· Official Site of Superbowl
· The Sporting News: Football Archives
Original Documents
· Football Glossary
· NFL Rulebook For High School Students· American Football History
· Fact Monster: Football · How Stuff Works > Game of Football Channel
· Learn2 Understand American Football· The World Almanc for Kids > Sports > Football > Basics l College Football History l Pro Football History
High school football team. U.S. Census Bureau.
American football is a distinct type of football that developed in the United States in the 19th century from soccer and rugby. It requires teams to run, throw and kick an oval ball across a 100-yard field (91.4 meters), is unrelated to the game most of the world knows by that name, and which Americans call soccer. And even the American game has variants, as there are slightly different rules for the versions played by college teams, professional teams and Canadian Football League teams.
Football is played by school, college and professional teams and is one of the most popular American sports, attracting thousands of participants and millions of spectators annually. American football was made popular by teams representing colleges and universities.
For some of its history, professional American football was played within a single National Football League (NFL), although rival leagues did spring up as the game grew in popularity and the lure of television dollars emboldened competitors. In 1960, one such rival league, the American Football League (AFL) competed for premier talent. As the leagues contemplated a merger, they agreed to a single game each year between their respective champions. Because many collegiate football championships were known as "bowls" for the bowl-shaped stadiums that hosted them, one AFL owner referred to the new game as a "super" bowl. The name proved popular with the public.
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https://medium.com/%40mrgyang2001/the-parallel-paths-of-teams-in-sports-and-armies-in-war-751de6ae6f98
|
en
|
The Parallel Paths of Teams in Sports and Armies in War.
|
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[
"Terungwa Gyanggyang",
"medium.com"
] |
2024-03-02T21:58:46.560000+00:00
|
I was watching a movie a while ago … pardon me, I don’t remember the name… but it was about American football. The setting was in a small town in the American country where the two most important…
|
en
|
https://miro.medium.com/v2/5d8de952517e8160e40ef9841c781cdc14a5db313057fa3c3de41c6f5b494b19
|
Medium
|
https://medium.com/@mrgyang2001/the-parallel-paths-of-teams-in-sports-and-armies-in-war-751de6ae6f98
|
Terungwa Gyanggyang
·
Follow
5 min read
·
Mar 2, 2024
--
I was watching a movie a while ago … pardon me, I don’t remember the name… but it was about American football. The setting was in a small town in the American country where the two most important activities was farming and football. They had a high school with a football program that had made a name for themselves nationwide. The scene that caught my attention was at the beginning, where the school program was running preseason tryouts to select players for the coming season. Nervous parents were sitting in the stands encouraging their boys to do their best. In that community, it was a thing of pride and brag-worthiness to have your son play on the high school team plus he had a chance at a college scholarship, so the stakes were high… maybe too high.
One player, who was pretty good, got hurt during a scrimmage game and the coach, who was a no-nonsense guy and well respected in the society, cut him from the final team. The boy’s father after the practice went to the coach to make a case for his son pointing out that his son would have surely made the team if not for the minor injury, basically trying to convince him that his boy, if given a chance would be up and running in no time… but the coach bluntly refused. As everyone was leaving, the father while assisting his limping son towards his car passed in front of the coach. The coach, in a sinister attempt to console the disappointed father said… “it’s a war out there!” … Let’s stop right there! …We’ll come back to this story.
In the arenas of sports and the theaters of war, there exists a fascinating parallel between the dynamics of a team on the field and an army on the battlefield. Though the objectives differ greatly, the processes of recruitment, training, teamwork, leadership, strategic planning, physical exertion and camaraderie demonstrate uncanny similarities. Let’s explore a little.
Recruitment: In both sports and the military, recruitment serves as the foundational step towards forming a formidable unit. Athletes and soldiers are selected based on their individual skills, capabilities, and potential contribution to the collective success of the team or army. The recruitment process ensures that each member possesses the necessary attributes to complement the overall objectives.
Now back to my story at the beginning of this article. The coach, in a sinister attempt to console the disappointed father said… “it’s a war out there!” The father turned to the coach and replied “no it’s not! I’ve been to war; football is a sport!” With all these similarities between sports and war … THEY ARE NOT THE SAME! … it’s important to highlight how they are different. So, what’s the difference between the two? Well for starters, sports is fun and war is not! One brings people together, the other drives them apart. One builds societies and the other destroys. One is very life threatening; the other is not! … very life threatening. There seems to be a very thin and delicate line between sports and warfare and sometimes the line can become blurred … especially when the stakes are high. It’s in situations like this where you see fanatics approaching sports like war and psychopaths approaching war like sport.
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7350
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dbpedia
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| 9
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https://crookedtimber.org/2024/01/24/why-you-should-watch-american-football/
|
en
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Why you should watch American Football
|
[] |
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[
""
] | null |
[
"Doug Muir",
"www.facebook.com"
] |
2024-01-24T00:00:00
|
No, I’m not kidding. The US football season is wrapping up with its usual bang: two playoff games this weekend, then the Super Bowl two weeks later. So if you’ve never checked it out,…
|
Crooked Timber
|
https://crookedtimber.org/2024/01/24/why-you-should-watch-american-football/
|
No, I’m not kidding. The US football season is wrapping up with its usual bang: two playoff games this weekend, then the Super Bowl two weeks later. So if you’ve never checked it out, this might be a time.
So, in the spirit of philosophical discussion, let’s start with some reasons you might not want to watch American football.
— “I don’t consume media about team sports. The exploitation and commodification of the players, the hysteria of the fans, the endless advertisements, the disgusting late-capitalist excess generally, all appall me.”
Okay so 1) this is a perfectly defensible and legitimate philosophical position, and 2) you can stop reading now. I’m trying to explain to a bunch of white meat fans why beef is actually pretty great, and you’re a vegetarian. Nothing wrong with being a vegetarian, it’s great, but this post isn’t for you.
— “It’s complicated.”
It really isn’t. The basic concept is dirt simple. You’re trying to move the ball up the field. You get four tries to move the ball ten yards from where you started. Fail and you lose the ball. Bam. Yes, the details get fractally complex, but that’s true of almost all sports.
If you can understand the offsides rule in soccer, you can understand American football. If you can understand cricket… come on.
— “It’s stop and go! As soon as the action starts, it stops!”
Feature, not bug. Sports like basketball, soccer or hockey are constant-action. Baseball, cricket and football are interrupted-action. But football is better, because football is deeply iterative in a way that baseball or cricket really aren’t. Every play depends on every previous play. Every play changes every future play. The time between plays gives you, the watcher, time to curse, applaud, and then analyze or second guess what’s going to happen next.
— “It’s an American thing!”
This is not really football’s fault. It’s kind of stuck in a bad equilibrium: it’s perceived as so very American that it’s quite difficult for it to break out of being American. That said, there are a couple of German football leagues, and it looks like the sport is starting to catch on in Europe generally.
(I’ve said for years that if it weren’t so “American”, football would be a perfect fit for Russians: it combines strength and toughness with cool-headed chess-playing strategy. Certainly the few Russians I’ve met who follow it, follow it hard.) (Oddly, they’re mostly Eagles fans. No idea.)
— “It’s a brutal sport that does lasting damage to bodies and brains!”
Okay, so this is a palpable hit. Football /is/ very hard on the body, and it /does/ lead to an increased probability of long-term health problems and — most horribly — cognitive issues. That’s no small thing.
Philosophically, this gets into some deep waters fast. It’s statistical, most players are fine! Yeah, so it’s okay to brain-damage players if it’s just a few? The players are informed and accept the risks! Oh? Most players start between ages 12 and 16; you’re going to tell me a middle schooler can thoughtfully evaluate long-term risk? Etc., etc., etcetera. The arguments are fractal, and I won’t rehash them here. I acknowledge their strength, and I respect people who decide they can’t watch football because of the health / injury issue.
That said, two points. One, there’s lots of stuff that’s objectively as bad or worse than football. Jai alai, boxing, calcio storico, MMA, BMX cycling and motocross are all significantly more dangerous. Ice hockey and lacrosse are statistically just about as bad. Dear old rugby is less bad, but not by much.
Two, pretty much all sports run a risk, and a lot of them are riskier than you’d think — i.e., skiing and (especially) snowboarding are much more dangerous than most people care to know. And there’s increasing evidence that even the beautiful game of soccer can cause long-term cognitive damage, because — quelle surprise! — heading thousands of high-velocity soccer balls over a decade or two isn’t actually good for your brain. If you only want to watch stuff where there’s little or no danger of injury to the athletes, well, you’re basically talking table tennis and golf.
Okay, then… why should you watch American football?
1) It’s an extremely intelligent game.
I am not remotely kidding. Football is probably the most strategically deep game of any major sport. The rules are designed to encourage it! Meanwhile, teams are unusually equal in terms of quality of players — see below — so they must rely on cleverness to win.
Football is regularly compared to chess, and that’s fair. But really it’s more of a high-speed physical game of rock-paper-scissors. The core of it is correctly guessing the other side’s play. If you can do that consistently, you’ll win. If not — and if they guess your plays consistently — you will lose. And like all guessing games, it immediately becomes recursive (if he knows I know he’ll call a blitz, he won’t call a blitz, except he’ll also know that I know he knows, which means he will) and involves bluffing and deceit.
And not only is it a very smart game, it’s smart on a sliding scale. That is, once you have a basic familiarity you can grasp the big strategies and understand what’s happening. But as you learn more, you’ll understand more, and you’ll see the little fractal side-strategies — the operational and tactical levels, if you like. It rewards attention no matter how much or little you know.
A big part of the fun of watching it is trying to outguess the guys on the field. “Armchair quarterback” and “Monday morning quarterback” are American idioms for a reason. It’s also why football fans are perhaps the most likely to yell at a screen. “He knew you were going to call a blitz! Why did you call a blitz?”
2) It’s an unusually balanced game.
It’s not possible for a Saudi billionaire or Russian oligarch to buy victory by throwing money at it. That’s because the NFL has a complex set of systems — everything from salary caps to the draft — to ensure that teams have roughly equal access to quality players. So when teams win or lose, they do it because of draft choices, coaching, strategy, and intangibles like locker room culture and team spirit.
Dynasties are relatively rare in football, and it’s been 20 years since anyone repeated a Super Bowl victory. There are teams that stay bad for years on end — ask a long-suffering Cleveland Browns fan — but they’re relatively rare. And upset wins and Cinderella stories are more common than in most sports. As the saying goes, on any given day, any NFL team can beat any other NFL team. It’s almost true.
3) There’s not a lot of garbage time.
Garbage time starts when one team is so far ahead that there’s not much point in watching the rest of the game. This can happen in any sport, but it’s rarer in football, because surprise swings and fourth-quarter comebacks are more common. A team down by 10 points still has about a 20% chance of winning. A team down by 17 points (three scores, roughly comparable to being down 0-3 in soccer) still has about a 6% chance of winning. It’s the rock-paper-scissors thing: by the second half, a competent team has had a chance to spot the patterns, crack the code, and come up with a counter.
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https://feature.com/blogs/feature-sneaker-boutique/how-nfl-became-americas-sport
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en
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How Football Became America's Sport
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2024-04-03T09:57:54-07:00
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American football, or simply football, has established itself as more than just a sport in the United States. It has become deeply ingrained in the nation's culture, capturing the hearts and minds of millions of fans across the country. From its humble beginnings to its present-day dominance, the National Football Leag
|
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Feature
|
https://feature.com/blogs/feature-sneaker-boutique/how-nfl-became-americas-sport
|
American football, or simply football, has established itself as more than just a sport in the United States. It has become deeply ingrained in the nation's culture, capturing the hearts and minds of millions of fans across the country. From its humble beginnings to its present-day dominance, the National Football League (NFL) has played a pivotal role in shaping this phenomenon.
The Early Days of American Football
Before the NFL emerged, American football underwent a series of changes and developments. The roots of the game can be traced back to the mid-19th century, where it started as a variation of English rugby. As the years went by, the sport gained popularity and began to evolve into what we now recognize as American football.
During this time, football was primarily played by college teams and was considered a rough and brutal sport. The rules were still in their infancy, and there was no standardized way of playing the game. Each team had its own set of rules, leading to confusion and inconsistency on the field.
However, as the sport grew in popularity, the need for a more organized and professional approach became apparent. It was during this time that the concept of a professional football league began to take shape. In 1920, the American Professional Football Association (APFA), later known as the NFL, was established. This marked a significant turning point in the history of American football and set the stage for the league's future success.
The Birth of NFL
The formation of the NFL brought together various teams from different parts of the country, providing them with a platform to compete at the highest level. The league's inaugural season featured just ten teams, but it quickly grew in size and stature over the following decades.
One of the key figures in the early days of the NFL was Pete Rozelle, who became the league's commissioner in the 1960s. Under Rozelle's leadership, the NFL underwent a transformative period that paved the way for its rise to prominence. The introduction of television broadcasts and league-wide marketing strategies played a crucial role in increasing the NFL's fanbase and overall popularity.
As the NFL gained more attention, it also faced challenges and controversies. The league had to navigate through labor disputes, player safety concerns, and issues related to diversity and inclusion. However, these challenges only served to make the NFL stronger and more resilient.
The Evolution of the Game
As the NFL continued to expand, the game itself underwent significant changes. Rules were modified to improve player safety and enhance the overall flow of the game. The introduction of innovations such as the forward pass and the adoption of instant replay technology added excitement and strategic depth to football matches.
Additionally, the NFL embraced advancements in sports science and technology, leading to improved training methods, equipment, and player performance. The evolution of the game not only captivated fans but also attracted top athletes from other sports, further solidifying football's status as America's favorite pastime.
Off the field, the NFL became a cultural phenomenon. Super Bowl Sunday became an unofficial national holiday, with millions of people tuning in to watch the game and the highly anticipated halftime show. The league's impact extended beyond sports, with football becoming a significant part of American culture and identity.
Furthermore, the NFL's commitment to social causes and community outreach programs has made it a force for positive change. The league has used its platform to raise awareness about important issues, support charitable initiatives, and promote inclusivity and equality.
In conclusion, the early days of American football laid the foundation for the NFL's success. From its humble beginnings as a variation of rugby to becoming a multi-billion dollar industry, football has come a long way. The NFL's continuous evolution and ability to adapt to changing times have ensured its enduring popularity and secured its place as one of the most beloved sports in America.
The Rise of NFL Popularity
While the NFL's success can be attributed to a variety of factors, two key elements have played a significant role: the media and the Super Bowl.
The Role of Media and Broadcasting
Television broadcasts revolutionized the way football reached audiences. With live games broadcasted across the country, fans could watch their favorite teams and players from the comfort of their homes. This accessibility helped the NFL carve a permanent place in American households.
But it wasn't just the live broadcasts that propelled the NFL to new heights. The league also recognized the power of storytelling and created compelling narratives around teams and players. By highlighting the personal stories, triumphs, and struggles of athletes, the NFL engaged fans on a deeper level. This approach not only captivated existing fans but also attracted new ones, as they became emotionally invested in the lives of their favorite players.
As technology advanced, so did the NFL's reach. The rise of cable and satellite television further expanded the league's audience, making it a staple in sports programming. Fans could now access a multitude of channels dedicated to football, providing in-depth analysis, behind-the-scenes footage, and exclusive interviews. This comprehensive coverage allowed fans to immerse themselves in the world of football, fostering a sense of belonging and community.
The Impact of Super Bowl
No discussion of the NFL's popularity would be complete without mentioning the Super Bowl. The championship game has evolved into a cultural phenomenon, transcending the realm of sports. Annually, millions of viewers gather around their screens, not only to watch the game but also to enjoy the halftime show and the commercials.
The Super Bowl has become an event that brings people together, regardless of their level of interest in football. It has become a tradition, a shared experience that extends beyond the game itself. Friends and families gather for Super Bowl parties, where they indulge in delicious snacks, engage in friendly banter, and eagerly anticipate the iconic halftime show.
Furthermore, the Super Bowl has become a platform for advertisers and sponsors to capture the attention of a massive audience. Companies invest millions of dollars in creating memorable commercials that will be talked about for years to come. These ads have become an integral part of the Super Bowl experience, with viewers eagerly awaiting the breaks to see what creative and entertaining advertisements will grace their screens.
Additionally, the halftime show has become a spectacle of its own. Renowned musicians and performers take the stage, delivering electrifying performances that captivate audiences worldwide. From iconic moments like Michael Jackson's unforgettable performance in 1993 to Beyoncé's show-stopping act in 2013, the halftime show has become a cultural event in its own right.
Overall, the Super Bowl has transformed into more than just a football game. It has become a celebration of American culture, a showcase of talent, and a platform for unity. Its immense popularity has undoubtedly contributed to the NFL's rise and enduring success.
NFL's Cultural Influence
The impact of the NFL extends far beyond the field and television screens. It has become intertwined with American identity and has left an indelible mark on pop culture. The National Football League (NFL) has become a cultural phenomenon, capturing the hearts and minds of millions of Americans.
NFL and American Identity
Football has become more than just a game; it has become a symbol of strength, toughness, and teamwork - attributes many Americans cherish. The values upheld by the sport align with the nation's ideals and have helped forge a unique sense of identity. The NFL has become a unifying force, bringing people from all walks of life together to support their favorite teams and players.
Throughout history, football has provided a platform for social and cultural unity. From the stirring national anthem performances before games to the heartfelt tributes given during halftime shows, the NFL has found ways to connect with fans on a profound emotional level. The sport has become a source of pride and patriotism, with fans proudly displaying their team colors and chanting in unison at stadiums across the country.
Not only does the NFL foster a sense of community among fans, but it also serves as a source of inspiration for aspiring athletes. Many young boys and girls dream of one day stepping onto the gridiron, emulating their favorite NFL stars and striving for greatness. The sport has become a beacon of hope and ambition, encouraging individuals to push their limits and pursue their dreams.
The NFL's Influence on Pop Culture
The NFL has infiltrated various aspects of popular culture, leaving an indelible mark on movies, music, fashion, and advertising. Athletes have become household names, and their impact extends far beyond the realm of sports. From iconic figures like Joe Montana and Jerry Rice to modern-day superstars like Tom Brady and Patrick Mahomes, NFL players have become cultural icons, admired for their skills and revered for their achievements.
Football-themed movies and TV shows have entertained audiences worldwide, capturing the intensity and drama of the sport. Films like "Remember the Titans" and "Friday Night Lights" have not only showcased the game itself but also explored the deeper themes of friendship, perseverance, and overcoming adversity. These stories have resonated with audiences, further cementing the NFL's place in popular culture.
Furthermore, the NFL's influence extends beyond entertainment and into the realm of fashion. Team merchandise has become fashionable attire, with fans proudly donning jerseys, hats, and accessories to show their support. The iconic team logos and colors have become synonymous with style and have transcended the boundaries of sports fandom.
In addition to its impact on entertainment and fashion, the NFL has also made significant contributions to philanthropy and community involvement. Many players and teams actively engage in charitable efforts, using their platform to make a positive impact in society. From organizing youth football camps to supporting various causes and foundations, the NFL has shown a commitment to giving back and making a difference.
In conclusion, the NFL's cultural influence cannot be overstated. It has become more than just a game; it is a symbol of American identity and a pillar of popular culture. From its ability to unite people from all walks of life to its impact on movies, fashion, and philanthropy, the NFL has left an indelible mark on society. As the league continues to evolve and grow, its cultural significance will undoubtedly continue to shape and inspire generations to come.
The Business Side of NFL
Behind the spectacle and excitement of football lies a robust business infrastructure that fuels the success of the NFL.
The Economic Impact of the NFL
The NFL generates billions of dollars annually, creating jobs and stimulating local economies. The league's revenue streams include ticket sales, merchandise, licensing agreements, and broadcasting rights. The Super Bowl alone generates tremendous economic activity, attracting visitors and showcasing host cities on a global stage.
The NFL's Marketing Strategies
The NFL's marketing strategies have played a pivotal role in its popularity. The league consistently seeks innovative ways to engage fans, both during games and between seasons. Marketing campaigns, social media presence, and interactive experiences have created a sense of connection and loyalty among fans.
The Future of NFL
Looking ahead, the NFL faces various challenges and opportunities as it continues to evolve and adapt to the ever-changing landscape of entertainment and technology.
Challenges and Opportunities
The NFL must navigate issues such as player safety, maintaining fan interest, and expanding its global reach. Addressing these challenges while seizing opportunities like emerging digital platforms and international markets will be crucial for the league's sustained success.
The NFL in the Digital Age
In an increasingly digital world, the NFL must embrace technology to enhance the fan experience. From virtual reality to fantasy sports, the league has already started exploring new avenues to engage with fans and bring the game to life beyond traditional broadcasts.
As technology continues to advance, the NFL will undoubtedly find innovative ways to grow and maintain its position as America's sport.
In conclusion, the NFL's journey from its early days to becoming America's sport has been a remarkable one. Through its cultural influence, business strategies, and ability to adapt, the NFL has cemented its status as a beloved institution. As the league looks to the future, it will continue to capture the imagination of fans and shape American sports culture for generations to come.
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https://www.ncsasports.org/articles-1/high-school-sports
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en
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High School Sports: Everything You Need to Know
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High school sports are great preparation for playing sports in college. Learn more and create a free recruiting profile to be seen by college coaches.
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en
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NCSA College Recruiting
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https://www.ncsasports.org/articles-1/high-school-sports
|
High school sports provide competitive experiences for nearly 8 million student-athletes every year. That total has steadily increased since the early 1970s although it did dip slightly, by less than 1%, in the 2018-19 school year. High school athletes compete for boys high school sports teams and girls high school sports teams through nearly all areas of the country with the vast majority of student-athletes living within a short drive of teams.
In boys high school sports, the most popular ones by participation are:
Football – 1,037,234
Outdoor Track and Field – 605,354
Basketball – 540,769
Baseball – 482,740
Soccer – 459,077
Meanwhile, the most popular girls high school sports by participation are:
Outdoor Track and Field – 488,267
Volleyball – 452,808
Basketball – 399,067
Soccer – 394,105
Softball – 368,640
The probability of players making the move up from sports teams in high school to those at the collegiate level varies. The percentages of those who make the move from boys high school sports teams to men’s college squads for the most popular sports are:
Football – 7%
Outdoor Track and Field – 5%
Basketball – 3%
Baseball – 7%
Soccer – 5%
These are the corresponding percentages for athletes competing in girls high school sports who do the same in college:
Outdoor Track and Field – 6%
Volleyball – 4%
Basketball – 4%
Soccer – 7%
Softball – 6%
It should be pointed out that the percentages of moving from high school to NCAA Division 1 are more than half of the above percentages. For example, although 7% of high school athletes who play baseball do the same thing for an NCAA institution, just 2% move to D1 rosters. Meanwhile, 1% of high school women’s volleyball players move on to D1 ball, well below the 4% that ultimately find themselves on NCAA rosters overall.
High School Sports Eligibility Requirements
Since multiple bodies oversee sports at the high school level and not all sports teams are members of the National Federation of State High School Associations (NFHS), there is not one set of eligibility requirements. In general, age, enrollment, attendance and academic rules must be followed in order to be eligible to play in high school. Also, players must generally pass a medical examination at least once a year. Here are a couple of examples of specific high school sports eligibility requirements:
Louisiana High School Athletic Association
Ohio High School Athletic Association
High School Sports News
The number of high school sports news resources is extensive. Most of the more detailed information will be available courtesy of local media outlets, both print and television. Those working at these media outlets are the people who are going to know the most about high school athletes and sports in their areas. These sources are also often the best places to go for news on high school state and regional tournaments.
However, several outlets with a national focus on high school sports are great resources too. Here are a few of them:
USA Today High School Sports
MaxPreps
CBSSports
ScoreStream
USA Today High School Sports and CBSSports focus more on news while ScoreStream is a great option for viewing real-time scoring and watching highlights. MaxPreps does a great job of balancing those two aspects.
High School Sports Seasons
High school sports seasons, which sports are played when, vary depending on the state although the exceptions are few. For example, with few or no exceptions, football is one of the fall sports high school, basketball is one of the winter sports high school, and baseball is one of the spring sports high school. However, soccer is played in all three seasons. It will be one of the fall sports high school in many places while others will have it be one of the spring sports high school or even split up with one gender participating in one season and the other in the other. Meanwhile, soccer in California is one of the winter sports high school.
Number of Sports for High School Athletes
High school athletes can generally play on up to three sports teams, one per season. Although there usually aren’t any statewide rules against playing in more than one sport in the same season, it’s extremely rare that this occurs. In most cases, coaches will not allow it while the time commitment necessary tends to be unreasonable. However, one possible example of this occurring could be if a baseball player also participants in one of the events for a track and field team.
In most cases, fall sports high school seasons will be completed before winter sports high school seasons start, and winter sports high school seasons will be done by the time spring sports high school seasons commence. High school sports seasons are generally kept separate. But there may be some overlap if the season that’s ending is extended due to, for example, a team advancing deep in that sport’s state tournament.
High School Sports Championships and Playoffs
The format for high school sports championships and playoffs varies from state to state and, in some cases, even within a state. Generally, sports teams who have posted the best series of high school sports scores will advance to postseason play. The same is true for individual athletes competing in sports such as golf and swimming. There will usually be district or regional championships or both followed by a state tournament or state championship competition. Rarely do sports teams play again once those events are completed.
Those looking to top the national high school sports rankings will often have never played the sports teams that they’re competing with for those elite honors. For example, five of the top 10 schools in the premier sports rankings for softball, the USA Today Super 25 for that sport, finished their 2019 campaigns with undefeated records, indicating that they never faced each other. As a result, the quality of their high school sports scores and their strength of schedules are considered.
What Does the NFHS Do?
The NFHS writes playing rules that are followed by most but not all statewide organizations and provides guidance on related issues that are of national importance. Education is also provided to those involved with boys high school sports and girls high school sports, including students, parents and coaches. Additionally, the NFHS promotes participating in sports at the high school level to the communities that it serves.
However, the corresponding state organizations play much more intimate roles with boys high school sports and girls high school sports within their borders. However, there are exceptions to the general rule of one of those organizations per state. For example, Texas is home to the University Interscholastic League (UIL) and the Texas Association of Private and Parochial Schools (TAPPS), both of which oversee sports at the high school level.
List of High School Sports
Here’s an extensive list of high school sports that are especially popular.
High school baseball is competitive as it relates to college scholarships. That’s because 40,000 college baseball players are awarded 5,000 scholarships. High school baseball players looking to earn one should keep that in mind.
High school basketball players who do make the jump to college ball don’t have quite that amount of competition for scholarships as NCAA D1 schools offer up to 13 scholarships per men’s team and up to 15 for each women’s squad. Note that high school basketball is often accompanied by club ball for players.
High school field hockey is mostly played in the Northeast although its popularity is spreading. High school field hockey teams may also be found in California, Colorado, Kentucky, Missouri, North Carolina, Texas and Wisconsin.
High school football is the sport that receives the highest per-game average attendances. It’s also the sport that offers the most scholarships due to the sizes of the teams.
High school golf provides opportunities for players to compete on many of the nation’s best golf courses as they look to improve their games enough to impress college coaches.
High school hockey is another sport that is geographically focused on specific parts of the country. Most teams are located in the Northeast, Midwest, Colorado and Alaska.
High school lacrosse has always been one of the most prominent sports on the East Coast, but it’s starting to increase in popularity elsewhere, especially in the Midwest and on the West Coast.
High school rowing provides one of the best overall workouts in high school sports, and plenty of opportunities to move on from high school rowing to the college level exist too.
High school soccer is a stepping stone towards college soccer for many players. Most top players will take part on a club team in addition to or instead of a high school soccer side.
High school softball provides a path towards playing at college teams such as Oklahoma and UCLA for some. A spot on another college roster is the ultimate destination for many others who are passionate about this diamond sport.
High school swimming is a competitive sport, and that competitive atmosphere provides fertile ground for top swimmers to rise to the top and secure spots on college rosters. Many of the best head to the Bay Area for college; California and Stanford claimed the 2019 men’s and women’s national titles.
High school tennis players are often looking to earn a tennis scholarship at a top college. Some of the best tennis players end up playing for teams such as Stanford, Texas, Florida, Wake Forest and Virginia.
High school track and field squads provide a variety of opportunities to make the move to college track and field. That’s the result of high school track and field being a sport that offers events as varied as the 10,000-meter run and the shot put.
High school volleyball is the same as college volleyball in that there are significantly more female high school volleyball players than male. A total of 452,808 girls play it, but just 65,563 boys do the same.
High school water polo is most popular in states such as California, Florida and Illinois while every NCAA Division 1 water polo champion hails from California.
High school wrestling receives considerable interest in the Northeast and Midwest although high school wrestling is sponsored in every state except for Mississippi.
Do note that this list is not comprehensive. For example, some student-athletes in Illinois play high school badminton.
High School Sports Recruiting
Although it is challenging to squeeze onto a college roster, many high school athletes do just that every year. A number of them use the services of NCSA College Recruiting to help them navigate the high school sports recruiting process. NCSA has provided guidance to those looking to take this step since it was founded in 2000. At that time, founder Chris Krause saw his vision be realized. He’d moved on from high school football to Vanderbilt football in the 1980s but was dissatisfied by the recruiting experience. He wanted to ensure that others can receive the assistance that he didn’t.
Over the decades that have passed since, NCSA has helped student-athletes communicate with coaches, send them highlight videos and narrow their lists of schools to a manageable number. Most importantly, those at NCSA have helped many find the right fit for them. The 50,000 coaches in the system are also pleased that they’re being helped in finding the right fits for them as well.
Related reading 📚
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_sport
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en
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Team sport
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_sport
|
Sport with players in opposing teams
A team sport is a type of sport where the fundamental nature of the game or sport requires the participation of multiple individuals working together as a team, and it is inherently impossible or highly impractical to execute the sport as a single-player endeavour. In team sports, the cooperative effort of team members is essential for the sport to function and achieve its objectives. The objective often involves teammates facilitating the movement of a ball or similar object in accordance with a set of rules in order to score points. Examples are basketball, volleyball, rugby, water polo, handball, lacrosse, cricket, baseball, and the various forms of football and hockey. These sports emphasize teamwork, strategy, and coordination among team members while competing against opposing teams to achieve a common goal.[2] Team sports do not include individual or individual-to-team events within a sport.[citation needed]
Distinctions
[edit]
The meaning of a "team sport" has been disputed in recent years. Some types of sports have different objectives or rules than "traditional" team sports. These types of team sports do not involve teammates facilitating the movement of a ball or similar object in accordance with a set of rules in order to score points. Overall, the division into team sports and individual sports is not always unproblematic since there are different combinations in the individual sports.
Team sports and individual-to-team events
[edit]
Pure team sports
[edit]
This includes sports that can only be practiced as a team sport. The number of team members is fixed for the team. In order to compete successfully in championships and tournaments, teams need a roster that is significantly larger than the number of players starting the game. Players may be substituted from a squad in competition matches to replace exhausted or injured players or to make tactical changes. Examples are basketball, volleyball, rugby, water polo, handball, lacrosse, cricket, baseball, and the various forms of football and hockey.
Teams of two people are common in certain sports, such as dancesport or beach volleyball. No substitute players are used here. The two partners are absolutely dependent on each other. The absence of a person here means a loss of competitiveness.[3][4][5]
Formations
[edit]
In addition, there are sports, while mostly played in singles, that are also played in different formations together cooperatively, such as badminton, table tennis, or tennis in doubles. However, this formation is significantly lower in terms of prestige, spectators, and prize money.[6] In these formations, common tactics, teamwork, and agreements are crucial for success. There are also different rowing formations, such as one, two, four, and eight, or sailing with their different boat classes.[7][8] The most important thing here is smooth movements and common tactics. This also applies approximately to the team time trial in cycling,[9][10] which is the case with cycling tours and one-day races, which are different tasks for the team members of a cycling team.[11][12]
Relays
[edit]
In some sports, relay races are held, which can be distinguished from pure team evaluations by a common racing tactic and the observance of change regulations. Relay races are common in running, swimming, cross-country skiing, biathlon, or short-track speed skating and are also an integral part of the Olympic Games program[13] with high popularity. [14][15]
Team ratings
[edit]
There are team ratings in many sports, and the results of individual athletes or formations are added up. In cycling, team members, whilst still in competition with each other, will also work towards assisting one member of the team, usually a specialist, to the highest possible finishing position.[12][11][16] In some sports where participants are entered by a team, they do not only compete against members of other teams, but also against each other for points towards championship standings, for example, in motorsport, particularly Formula One.[17] Team orders can occur in such teams and although previously accepted were banned in Formula One[18] between 2002 and 2010. After a controversy involving team orders at the 2010 German Grand Prix however, the regulation was removed as of the 2011 season.[19]
Overview comparison
[edit]
Overview comparison Team Sports Formations in Sports Relay Races Sports with Team Ratings (e.g., Soccer, Basketball) (e.g., Synchronized Swimming, Doubles Tennis) (e.g., Track and Field relay, Swimming relay) (e.g., Gymnastics, Figure skating)
In team sports, the entire game or match revolves around team dynamics.
The outcome depends on collective performance throughout the entire duration of the match.
The teamwork, strategy, and coordination among team members are crucial for success.
Do not include individual or individual-to-team events within a sport.
These sports can be performed individually, but they also have team variations.
In synchronized swimming, swimmers perform coordinated routines together.
In doubles tennis, two players collaborate as a team to compete against another pair.
Team formations enhance the strategic and cooperative elements of these sports.
Relay races involve teams, but they are often a series of individual efforts within a team context.
Each team member runs a segment of the race independently.
Success depends on both individual speed and the smooth transition between the athletes.
These sports include individual performances, but the team rating considers the cumulative scores of all team members.
Team members' performances contribute to the team's overall score, but they may perform their routines individually.
Team strategy involves selecting the right competitors for specific events to maximize the team's chances.
In summary, team sports are characterized by the impossibility or impracticality of executing the sport as a single-player endeavor, and the entire game or match relies on team dynamics. In contrast, sports with team ratings and formations involve both individual and team aspects, where individual performances contribute to a team's overall success but may not be entirely reliant on team dynamics. Relay races combine individual efforts within a team context, where smooth transitions are essential.
History
[edit]
Main article: History of sport
Areas around the Mediterranean had a long tradition of athletic events. Ancient Egyptians and Mesopotamians depicted athletic scenes in the tombs of kings and their nobles. They did not, however, hold regular competitions, and those events that occurred were probably the preserve of kings and upper classes. Minoans culture held gymnastics in high esteem, with bull-leaping, tumbling, running, wrestling and boxing shown on their frescoes. The Mycenaeans adopted Minoan games and also raced chariots in religious or funerary ceremonies.[20][21] Homer's heroes participate in athletic competitions to honor the dead. In the Iliad there are chariot races, boxing, wrestling, a foot race, as well as fencing, archery, and spear throwing. The Odyssey adds to these a long jump and discus throw.[22]
It was in Greece that sports were first instituted formally, with the first Olympic Games recorded in 776 BCE in Olympia, where they were celebrated until 393 CE.[23] These ancient Olympic Games consisted of running, long jump, boxing, wrestling, Pankration (combat sport), discus throw, and javelin throw.[24] In the Bayankhongor Province of Mongolia, Neolithic-era cave paintings dating to 7000 BC depict a wrestling match surrounded by crowds.[25] Prehistoric cave-paintings in Japan show a sport similar to sumo wrestling.[26] In Wadi Sura, near Gilf Kebir in Libya, a Neolithic rock painting in the cave of swimmers shows evidence of swimming and archery being practiced around 6000 BC.[27]
Team sports have a rich and ancient history dating back thousands of years. These activities served as important facets of society, not only for physical fitness but also for social, cultural, and even political purposes. In ancient civilizations, team sports were prevalent and often intertwined with religious and cultural practices. In Mesoamerica, the Aztec ball game, ollamaliztli, was not just a sport but also a ritual with symbolic significance.[28]
The Greeks, who laid the foundations for many contemporary sports, held various team sports as central to their culture. The Olympic Games, first recorded in 776 BCE, featured events like chariot racing and team foot races, fostering unity and friendly competition among city-states.[29] The Spartans, known for their military prowess, engaged in team sports like the episkyros, a type of football.[30]
Rome adopted and adapted many Greek sports, introducing harpastum, a ball game similar to soccer, and ludi circenses, which included team chariot racing. These sports provided a sense of entertainment and unity, while also serving as a means of social control.[31]
In ancient China, cuju was a popular team sport akin to modern soccer, played as early as the Han dynasty (206 BCE – 220 CE). The sport was not only a form of entertainment but also a means of fostering camaraderie among communities.[32]
Throughout history, team sports have reflected the values and priorities of their respective cultures. Whether it was the competitive spirit of the Greeks, the discipline of the Romans, or the communal bonding in China, ancient team sports played an integral role in the social fabric of civilizations. They transcended mere physical activity, serving as a testament to the enduring significance of sports in human history. Today, these ancient traditions continue to influence modern team sports, reminding us of the timeless appeal and cultural importance of collective athletic endeavors.
Olympic team sports
[edit]
status after the 2022 Winter Olympics
Current Olympic team sports (16)
[edit]
Summer Olympics (14)
Source:[33]
Sport Men Women First edition Editions First edition Editions Cricket at the Summer Olympics [Note OG_2028] Paris 1900 1 Los Angeles 2028 not yet held Football at the Summer Olympics Paris 1900 27 Atlanta 1996 7 Water polo at the Summer Olympics Paris 1900 28 Sydney 2000 6 Lacrosse at the Summer Olympics [Note OG_2028] St. Louis 1904 2 Los Angeles 2028 not yet held Field hockey at the Summer Olympics London 1908 24 Moscow 1980 11 Basketball at the Summer Olympics Berlin 1936 20 Montreal 1976 12 Basketball (3x3) at the Summer Olympics Tokyo 2020 1 Tokyo 2020 1 Handball at the Summer Olympics Berlin 1936 14 Montreal 1976 12 Volleyball at the Summer Olympics Tokyo 1964 15 Tokyo 1964 15 Baseball at the Summer Olympics [Note OG_2028] Barcelona 1992 6 — — Softball at the Summer Olympics [Note OG_2028] — — Atlanta 1996 5 Beach volleyball at the Summer Olympics Atlanta 1996 7 Atlanta 1996 7 Rugby sevens at the Summer Olympics Rio de Janeiro 2016 2 Rio de Janeiro 2016 2 Flag football at the Summer Olympics [Note OG_2028] Los Angeles 2028 not yet held Los Angeles 2028 not yet held
Notes
Winter Olympics (2)
Ice hockey and curling are team sports at the Winter Olympics, with particularity that the men's tournament in Ice hockey was introduced at the 1920 Summer Olympics and was transferred permanently to the Winter Olympic Games program in 1924, in France. Before the monobob event has been introduced as an additional women's class by the IBSF for the 2020–21 world cup season and the 2022 Olympic games, bobsleigh was considered as a pure team sport, that can only be practiced as a team with at least two drivers. At the present time the men's events consist of the two-man and four-man class and the women's events are restricted only to the two-woman and women's monobob class.[35]
Sport Men Women First edition Editions First edition Editions Ice hockey at the Winter Olympics Antwerp 1920 25 Nagano 1998 7 Curling at the Winter Olympics Chamonix 1924 8 Nagano 1998 7
Discontinued Olympic team sports (3)
[edit]
Polo at the Summer Olympics (on 5 editions: 1900 Paris, 1908 London, 1920 Antwerp, 1924 Paris, 1936 Berlin)
Rugby Union at the Summer Olympics (on 4 editions: 1900 Paris, 1908 London, 1920 Antwerp, 1924 Paris)
Tug of War at the Summer Olympics (on 5 editions: 1900 Paris to 1920 Antwerp)
Demonstration team sports at the Olympic Games (9)
[edit]
Gaelic football (on 1 edition as a demonstration sport: 1904 St. Louis)
American football (on 2 editions as a demonstration sport: 1904 St. Louis and Los Angeles 1932)
Hurling (on 1 edition as a demonstration sport: 1904 St. Louis)
Cycle polo (on 1 edition as a demonstration sport: London 1908)
Korfball (on 2 editions as a demonstration sport: 1920 Antwerp and Amsterdam 1928)
Kaatsen (on 1 edition as a demonstration sport: Amsterdam 1928)
Pesäpallo (on 1 edition as a demonstration sport: Helsinki 1952)
Australian football (on 1 edition as a demonstration sport: Melbourne 1956)
Roller hockey (on 1 edition as a demonstration sport: 1992 Barcelona)
See also
[edit]
Sports portal
List of sports
Olympic Sports
Individual sport
Major professional sports teams of the United States and Canada
Most valuable player
Professional sports leagues in the United States
Relay race
Sports strategy
References
[edit]
Bibliography
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8 Oldest Sports in the US
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Discover the 8 Oldest Sports in the US here. Prepare to be transported into a rich & fascinating history on the Oldest Sports in the US that exist.
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Oldest.org
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https://www.oldest.org/sports/oldest-sports-in-the-us/
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Sports are the most popular form of entertainment for many people around the world. It’s one of the few occasions where people can experience a sense of community with other humans who share a common bond. The vibe is completely different at a sporting event than it is during ordinary everyday life; everyone is there to do something they love, be it watching a professional athlete perform or taking part in their own favorite sport.
The US is home to the most popular and successful sports franchises. As the world’s largest country, with more than 350 million people, the US has produced some of the biggest names in professional sports like soccer, basketball, golf, and more. This is why many consider that the US is one of the few sports powerhouses in the world.
If you are wondering what the oldest sport in the US is, then you are in the right place. This article will show you the list of not just the popular sports you are watching, but also the eight oldest sports in America.
8. Snowboarding
photo source: Tahoe Quarterly
Snowboarding was created in the US in the 1960s, when Americans started seeking new winter activities. The following ten years saw a significant volume of boards being produced by various businesses, and interest in the game began to grow internationally.
Snowboarding eventually attracted skateboarders and surfers, and by 1980 it had become a national trend. The logical next step was to host new competitions. In the United States, the first national championships took place in 1982, and the first global championships were held there in 1983.
Did You Know?
Snowboarding is a good cardiovascular activity that builds cardiac muscle. They strengthen your bones and tone your muscles at the same time because they are weight-bearing workouts.
7. Skateboarding
photo source: pinimg.com
In California, skateboarding started to take off in the 1950s. While the exact origins of the skateboard are unknown, it is possible that surfers who were searching for something to do when the waves were small invented the sport. It peaked in US popularity in about 1963, just before the market collapsed in 1965.
The introduction of urethane skateboard wheels in the early 1970s altered this from the flimsy old metal or wooden wheels on the first boards. The contoured wheels suddenly made skating on less than perfect ground much simpler. After a while, skateboarding began to acquire popularity in the UK.
Skateboarding is an activity that is open to people of all ages, so you should evaluate your level of stability and fitness. With adult supervision and the proper skateboard safety equipment, such as helmets, knee and elbow guards, and skateboards, skateboarding is typically safe for kids ages 6 and up.
Skateboarding is not just for kids; it is also very popular among adults, many of whom make their own boards rather than purchasing fully assembled ones.
Did You know?
Considering how many people skate, skateboarding has earned this rating. California in the USA is one of the most well-liked places in the world to be a skater, as it is home to more than half of all American skaters.
6. Baseball
photo source: collinsdictionary.com
Baseball is a unique game played by two teams, each consisting of nine players on the field at all times. In baseball, there are two types of strikes: called foul balls and foul tips. This can be very confusing to beginners because it takes a little bit for them to learn about the game.
The goal is to score runs by hitting a ball with a bat, while preventing the opponent from doing so. The players take turns batting and fielding, with the exception that no one may touch the ball with their hands or arms. At the end of every half-inning and play, individuals get credit for team hits, and teams get credit for individual hits; all of this is stored in the score book.
Did You Know?
The most recorded World Series games were played in Game 3 (1956), when Carl Yastrzemski hit a grand slam and Ted Williams had four hits.
5. Volleyball
photo source: betteratvolleyball.com
Since William G. Morgan’s innovative creation of volleyball in 1895 in the drab YMCA gymnasium in Holyoke, Massachusetts, in the United States, the sport has advanced significantly.
With 220 associated national federations, the FIVB is the largest international athletic organization in the world. Volleyball is currently one of the top five global sports. Due to volleyball’s participation in the schedule of the inaugural Far-Eastern Games, which were held in Manila that year, the sport had spread over the whole Asian continent by 1913.
Throughout the past, the “Brown rules,” which called for the use of 16 players, were used to play volleyball in Asia (to enable greater participation in matches).
Did You Know?
The primary reason volleyball is so distinct from other sports is that players must rebound the ball. The player is permitted to hold or pause with the ball during game play in all other major American sports.
4. Basketball
photo source: thoughtco.com
The sport of basketball was invented in the United States. The first known basketball court was built in 1891 by James Naismith, an instructor at Springfield College in Massachusetts. In the early 1900s, basketball became popular at American colleges and high schools across the country. Since then, it has become one of America’s most popular sports and has been played by millions of people worldwide.
The University of California and Miss Head’s School met in the first-ever women’s collegiate football game in 1891. Senda Berenson, professor of physical education at Smith College, was the first ever to play basketball in 1892.
Berenson modified the guidelines before to accommodate women. She visited Naismith when she initially started working at Smith to learn more about the sport. The new sport and the ethical lessons it might teach piqued her interest. On March 21, 1893, she arranged a game between her Smith freshmen, which became the first instance of women playing collegiate basketball.
Did You Know?
It might surprise you to learn that dribbling wasn’t used in the first basketball games. To keep the game going, you had to pass the ball to another player when you caught it.
3. Softball
photo source: sportsmatik.com
George Hancock, a Chicago Board of Trade reporter who also developed softball, introduced “indoor baseball” in 1887. The game had moved outside by the spring of 1888. Originally known as mushball, kitten ball, or indoor baseball, softball was given that name in the 1920s. The Amateur Softball Association of America was established in 1933, marking the beginning of the sport’s organization in the country (ASA).
Softball is a bat-and-ball game in which two teams of ten players each compete. The pitches are thrown underhand rather than overhand, and softballs are larger than baseballs. Despite these fundamental distinctions, it is a direct descendent of baseball. Compared to baseball, softball is played on a smaller diamond.
Did You Know?
A World Cup for girls under 16 years old started in 2001, while the first international competition for junior men and women was staged in 1981.
2. American Football
photo source: Wikimedia
The history of American football dates back to the late 19th century, when the sport was first played in universities. By the early 20th century, football was being played at the professional level by teams like the Green Bay Packers and Pittsburgh Steelers.
The most notable player in American football history is Walter Camp, who played for Yale University for three years as an All-American end known for his speed and agility on offense. He also invented many rules that are still used today, including the forward pass rule; tackle rule; delayed scrimmage kick rule; fair catch kick rule; and center jump snap.
Did You Know?
Given the vertical yard lines that delineate the field, the game we Americans know and love as football is actually better referred to as “gridiron football.”
1. Lacrosse
photo source: Wikimedia
Among all the sports started in the US, lacrosse is considered the oldest organized sport in the country. Lacrosse is a sport that combines the speed and agility of football with the five-man attack and defense of ice hockey.
This sport is a contact sport, played with a small rubber ball by two teams of nine players with sticks, which are used to defend and attack the goal. Later, deerskin balls replaced the original wooden balls.
The netting was made from deer sinew at the same time that the sticks developed into more sophisticated instruments. In preparation for a game, players painted and drew on their bodies and faces. Canada, Mexico, Japan, Trinidad and Tobago, and other countries all play lacrosse.
Did You Know?
According to Finn, the first Europeans to see Native Americans playing the game were French missionaries in Quebec in the 1600s. Because the missionaries believed the sticks resembled the bishop’s cross carried during religious rites, lacrosse was given its name.
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A physiological review of American football
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American football has been one of the most popular sports in North America within the past century and has recently received support and increased participation from European nations. Two of the biggest concerns regarding participation in American football are the high incidence of injury and the ph …
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PubMed
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https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9160481/
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7350
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dbpedia
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3
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https://www.onfocus.news/usa-football-dedicated-and-passionate-about-supporting-the-game-athletes-and-football-community/
|
en
|
USA Football: Dedicated and Passionate About Supporting the Game, Athletes and Football Community
|
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2024-07-03T15:52:32+00:00
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USA Football: Dedicated and Passionate About Supporting the Game, Athletes and Football Community DEDICATED TO FOOTBALL USA Football is passionate abo
|
en
|
OnFocus
|
https://www.onfocus.news/usa-football-dedicated-and-passionate-about-supporting-the-game-athletes-and-football-community/
|
DEDICATED TO FOOTBALL
USA Football is passionate about supporting the game, the athletes and the football community.
WHO WE ARE
USA Football believes in the passion, intensity, joy, confidence and sense of community football brings to those who play, coach and love it. From practice to playoffs, we work to make the game better and safer, ensuring that nothing stands in the way of a player’s excitement for the sport.
We evolve and grow the sport through innovative standards and best practices to advance coach and player development, participation and safety within the fun of the game and its inherent values.
As football’s governing body, USA Football is the sole US member of the International Federation of American Football (IFAF). We create and deliver best-in-class resources, standards and experiences for every football family member to pursue and enjoy America’s favorite sport, from youth to elite U.S. National Teams. We are recognized by the United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee, and we are proud of the inclusion of flag football in the 2028 Olympic Games.
Our dedication to football pushes us to provide the best certifications, resources and programs, keeping the spirit and integrity of the game alive for the millions of athletes who enjoy the fun and benefit of playing.
WHY WE EXIST
From the field to the stands, USA Football believes in the power of the game. As new players grow their love of football, we’ll grow the sport alongside them. Through the advancement of coaches, we develop valuable leadership, mentoring and practical skills, positioning them as forces of change both on and off the field.
We establish unmatched standards of safety, education and support for coaches and players in order to provide an environment where bonds are formed, skills are perfected and leaders are born.
WHAT WE STAND FOR
Development. Participation. Safety. Values.
These pillars, all of equal importance to us, serve as an expression of what we do and a constant reminder of why we do it. Through these standards, our goal is to grow a love and understanding of the game within the players, coaches and parents in the football community.
OUR IMPACT
USA Football is committed to making a big impact on the game, for everyone who participates and for every way to play!
We welcome you to look at our Annual Reports, which detail accomplishments during that year. It provides insights into who works alongside us, from our board to committees to partners. You can also check out the video on the right which highlights a variety of ways we support you and the game.
WHAT WE STAND FOR
DEVELOPMENT
Evolving and Enhancing the game
It is our mission to continually advance the sport. Through certification and training opportunities, we provide a wide variety of resources that allow coaches and players to grow as individuals and as part of a team.
SAFETY
Putting safety first with everything we do
The health and safety of every player is our No. 1 priority. From in-person clinics to online resources, we aid coaches in the understanding and execution of age-appropriate methods for improved safety in practices, drills and games. All of our efforts have a central focus on building the safest possible environment so that players can build their skills while fueling their passion and joy of football.
VALUES
The value of our efforts lies in the lessons we teach
By providing players with valuable lessons in character building, perseverance, teamwork and dedication, playing football provides them with skills that will follow them throughout every aspect of their lives.
We evolve coaches into strong, qualified leaders who serve as sources of inspiration to players and advocates in the football community, helping to shape our leaders of the future.
PARTICIPATION
Providing opportunities for everyone
We believe football instills great lessons and changes lives. It is a game that provides an opportunity of playing for athletes of all ages, sizes, shapes and skill levels. Whether through the tackle, flag or modified version of the sport, everyone should have the opportunity to experience football and develop a love of the game.
OUR MISSION AND VISION
USA Football leads the wide-ranging community within our sport and champions the athletes, parents, coaches, officials and administrators who bring youth and scholastic football to life.
MISSION
To lead, strengthen, and grow Football For All®. We create and deliver best-in-class resources, standards and experiences for every football family member to pursue and enjoy America’s favorite sport, from youth to elite U.S. National Teams.
VISION
Inspire and support the passion for football participation through world-class innovation and pathways for all to play.
STAY UPDATED
Want us to keep you in the loop? Create an account and never miss an update!
Know some top athletic performances? Seeing some great teams in action?
We can use your help, and it’s simple. Witness some great performances? Hear about top athletes and top teams in our area?
Athlete of the Week and Team of the Week:
Nominate an athlete or team: HERE
**********************************************
Pancakes or Waffles! We feature top area athletes with our world-renowned feature. Send us your nominations for who you’d like us to interview HERE
College Athlete Roundup! We want to recognize student-athletes from the area who are competing at the college level. Send us information on college athletes from the area with our simple form HERE
Where are they Now? We feature athletes and difference makers from the past, standouts in sports who excelled over the years and have moved on. Know of a former athlete, coach, or difference maker who we should feature? Know of a former standout competitor whose journey beyond central Wisconsin sports is one we should share? Send us information on athletes and difference makers of the past with our simple form HERE
Baked or Fried! We also feature difference makers throughout central Wisconsin: coaches, booster club leaders, administration, volunteers, you name it. Send us your nominations for who you’d like us to interview HERE
David Keech is a retired teacher and works as a sportswriter, sports official and as an educational consultant. He has reported on amateur sports since 2011, known as 'KeechDaVoice.' David can be reached at [email protected]
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https://globalsportmatters.com/culture/2021/06/11/american-sports-nfl-perpetuate-manhood-toxic-masculinity/
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en
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Why Masculinity Persists in American Sports
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2021-06-11T00:00:00
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From Bobby Knight to Skip Bayless, the mainstream of American sports perpetuates a brutal, exclusionary form of masculinity.
|
en
|
Global Sport Matters
|
https://live-global-sport-matter.ws.asu.edu/culture/2021/06/11/american-sports-nfl-perpetuate-manhood-toxic-masculinity/
|
Monthly Issue Beyond the Binary in Sport
When former University of Indiana men’s basketball player Neil Reed told a national news network in March 2000 that coach Bobby Knight had choked him during a 1997 practice – a claim subsequently supported by video evidence that led to Knight being placed on zero-tolerance notice by the school’s president and ultimately fired after a student said the coach had grabbed his arm – Hoosiers player A.J. Guyton publicly defended Knight.
Referring to a coach with a long history of volatile and violent behavior, Guyton credited Knight with helping him become an All-American, saying, “Without this system, without Coach Knight challenging me, that would not have been possible. I say that because at Indiana you know you're going to be challenged. I don’t think Neil Reed understood that.”
At Indiana, Guyton said, “you’re going to be challenged by a coach that pushes you to the limit. It’s all a process of a boy becoming a man.”
Explicitly linking Knight’s actions with the process of young men growing up, Guyton reflected a common belief that conflict, aggression, and toughness are core to both manhood and success on the court. That Guyton, who was subject to Knight’s tactics, would support them anyway provides a clear example of how masculinity has permeated American sport over time – from coach to player, on down the line. It also helps define what American masculinity is – dominating, aggressive, and emotionally guarded – and how sport reaffirms it.
In nearly every big-time American sporting institution, standard-bearers like Guyton proudly extol the brutality that is baked into the country’s vision of manhood. And, as with many American institutions, the privileged within sport also keep out those who do not fit that traditional masculine mold, whether because they come from somewhere else or identify as something other than a man who is straight.
“The nation needs to embrace men and heterosexuality and Christianness in the clearest version of (America), which is through sport,” says sport sociologist Stan Thangaraj, an assistant professor at The City College of New York.
While sport’s masculine ideals borrow from society’s, what happens in athletics also informs how we define manhood more broadly as a country. Increasingly, however, that conception of masculinity is being scrutinized and challenged — as is the role of sport in perpetuating it.
The Status Quo of the Gridiron
College basketball isn’t the only place we can see a system by which sport serves as a gatekeeping force in the United States, with masculinity as the secret code for entry. Indeed, athletes in this country learn the code from a young age, with boys the constant targets and the National Football League most often the teacher.
Sixty percent of respondents described themselves as either an “avid” or “casual” fan of the NFL last fall in a Morning Consult poll, and nearly 2 million American kids reported playing either tackle or flag football as of 2019. Even as polarizing talk of racial equity trickles into the league and ratings fluctuate, the NFL’s popularity is still massive. This gives it a unique foothold in the way American masculinity is built up and maintained.
“Football gave you almost the perfect place to say, ‘Women can’t survive here, rah, rah, rah.’” - Wade Davis, retired NFL player
Through game presentation, marketing campaigns, and a sweeping media ecosystem, the NFL works hard to ingrain itself into the identity of American men. It is through these forces that professional football largely sets the status quo of how manhood manifests at both physical and psychological levels across American society.
“Constructing a certain type of manhood has been a central driver within sport, within football, and football becomes a means through which a particular kind of masculine identity can be constructed,” says Jeffrey Montez de Oca, an author and sports sociologist at the University of Colorado. “It’s aggressive, it’s tough, it’s territorial, and it’s basically militarized as the nation is largely militarized.”
This is not just done in-stadium or on televised NFL broadcasts. It starts from the bottom, through youth football and fandom. If the league can make a diehard fan or aspiring football star out of a child, they have a commodity to which they can sell this brutal masculinity for as long as they can keep him hooked.
“Football entrepreneurs, those who work within the industry, have always tapped into this idea of what it means to be a man, and in particular, an American man,” says Montez de Oca. “The most effective way to manage people is by managing their emotions. And that way, they will freely choose.
“In the United States, the idea that we are making choices is very important. So tapping into the idea of what it means to be not only a man, but a real man and a good man, is really important and really powerful.”
‘Women Can’t Survive Here’
Not only does participation in youth football begin the development of a value system that centers on traditional manhood, but it provides a venue where boys can perform masculinity. The league that has produced stars like O.J. Simpson and Ray Rice who acted violently toward women is also, logically, a place where young men believe they can perform anti-femininity.
“If now the NFL is built through this historical archetype of what it means to be a man, being vulnerable, being authentic, showing different parts of letting people in is pretty antithetical to that,” says Wade Davis, a gay former NFL player and now a VP at Netflix. “Those are considered values or ideas or norms that have been associated with the feminine, which is to be like a woman. And most boys are socialized to believe that to grow up to become a man, you’ve got to distance yourself as far as possible from the feminine.”
Related: Gendered Violence Cases Challenge Sports Journalists To Consider And Reconsider Each Word They Write
But the NFL is not the only institution to blame for evoking America’s terse, confrontational masculinity in young boys. The often-troubled relationship that young boys have with femininity was more explicitly backed up in a recent study of boys who play sports in the Twin Cities area of Minnesota. In it, San Jose State sports sociologist Amy August found that widely held beliefs about women in society trickled down to how boys and their coaches thought about potentially competing with and against girls in co-ed sports. The athletes thought they had to moderate their speed and intensity out of fear of hurting the girls or jeopardizing their ability to have children, says August, while the coaches encouraged their players to take it easy on the girls because of concerns that parents or viewers might judge them for being aggressive toward the opposite gender.
This is the two-way street between sport and society. Where co-ed sports could be an opportunity to develop a better understanding of women athletes, young boys who compete instead have trouble getting away from these ideas. The data shows many instead turn to the football field, where rather than demanding sensitivity or emotional intelligence, boys can fully embrace the more base ingredients of masculinity that have been instilled in them from a young age.
“Most boys are socialized to believe that to grow up to become a man, you’ve got to distance yourself as far as possible from the feminine,” says Davis. “Football gave you almost the perfect place to say, ‘Women can’t survive here, rah, rah, rah.’”
As a result, the most popular youth sport in the country not only drives people down the pipeline of NFL fandom and sensationalizes the sport, but also it perpetuates an insidious type of manhood.
Policing Gender (And Race) Through Emasculation
A very public case of this persistent toxic masculinity came last fall in the response to a Dak Prescott interview with Graham Bensinger about his brother’s suicide. Prescott, the quarterback for the Dallas Cowboys, opened up to Bensinger about how the pandemic and his mother’s death took a toll on the family and how his brother ultimately took his own life as a result. While many received the comments as helpful openness about mental health, some high-profile commentators criticized Prescott for what they effectively said was Prescott emasculating himself.
“He’s the quarterback of America’s team, and you know and I know, it is dog eat dog,” said FS1 host Skip Bayless. “It is no compassion, no quarter given on the football field. If you reveal publicly any little weakness, it can affect your team’s ability to believe in you.”
Rather than the NFL reinforcing its own masculinity tropes, it found policing from Bayless to get the job done. By calling Prescott’s admission of depression and grief a “weakness,” Bayless linked lapses in traditional tough-guy masculinity to an inability to lead and perform as a football player. Remarkably, former NFL stars like Michael Strahan came out on the other side of the debate, opening up NFL manhood to include what Prescott said.
“Part of being a leader is having guys respect you,” Strahan said on Good Morning America. “And they respect you by being honest about what’s going on in your life.”
Mental health has gotten an increasingly bright spotlight in sport in recent years, largely due to athletes who are willing to beat back against the stoicism that is often expected of high-profile men. But Bayless’ regressive perspective is still the dominant one, and the loudness of voices like his is a major reason toughness as a masculine ideal persists in sport.
That ideal also permeates the culture of NFL locker rooms, one that Davis says is reinforced by a competitive form of masculinity where players attempt to one-up each other by bringing the most expensive cars, beautiful women, and shiny jewelry through the team facility. To make it in the league, you also have to act tough. Some of these tendencies are developed off the field at a young age as well.
“If you grow up in the inner city, you have to walk a certain way, and you have to talk a certain way,” DeMar DeRozan, one of the first advocates in this space, told ESPN’s Jackie MacMullan in 2018. “If a guy walks past you, you gotta make sure you don’t show any type of weakness, so they won’t mess with you.”
In the reaction to Prescott and DeRozan, we see a trend through which Black athletes are subject to more strict and overt policing. “Race has always needed the concepts of gender and sexuality to construct both the normative and the non-normative subject,” says Thangaraj, the sport sociologist from The City College of New York.
If manhood and Whiteness can be enforced as one, all the better for those who want to keep athletes in line. In fact, Thangaraj has found that this process can be circular, whereby minorities who break into sports like pro basketball that are already largely non-White (and with several high-profile Muslim stars) subsequently move the goal posts for other immigrants or those with different gender identities or sexual orientations. Just as quickly as one group is accepted into a masculinized environment, they can begin to actively keep others out.
“As men challenge their racialization in sport, in order to be recognized as ballers,” says Thangaraj, “it means you’ve got to do stuff that excludes other people.”
Women’s Sports vs. ‘Hegemonic’ Masculinity
While this attitude persists and excludes forms of masculinity that are counter to White, Christian, heternormative manhood, a more broadly defined masculinity threatens tradition. Meanwhile, some wish to see a system of sport that does not center on gender at all. The growth of women’s sports and alternative men’s sports show not only the changes that could be coming but also the lengths to which many are willing to fight to keep change at bay.
Over the past 40 years, we have seen an uptick in participation of young women in school sports, and the WNBA – a league where prominent star players like Candace Parker and Sue Bird have built a mainstream brand while being dominant as competitors and public about their beliefs – imagines what a new system could look like. But the response to the league, which in its 25th season still is often underrepresented in the media and fan discourse, shows how hard it is to break through. This is because the mere fact of a women’s league already serves to make it something other within the hyper-masculine American sports landscape, says Thangaraj.
“Female masculinity all of a sudden delegitimizes the links between masculinity and maleness,” he says. “And the presence of queer masculinities puts young men in another place where they are seen as non-normative.”
This dynamic plays out as well in sports like men’s gymnastics and figure skating, which have seen their popularity dwindle and budgets get slashed in recent years (especially during the pandemic). August, the San Jose State sports sociologist, has found that gymnasts who are women are typically expected to perform femininity when they compete through makeup and gaudy outfits. Using the same template as other sports, one might think gymnasts who are men would benefit at their expense, but something wholly different plays out instead: The men are just called gay.
“There is a hegemonic form of masculinity in sport that probably applies among male gymnasts,” August says, “but in terms of public perception, that gets missed because the sport is likened to ice skating and there’s that association because there’s an artistic component to it, it gets marked as a gay sport.”
As a result, just as through football, young boys are made to believe that non-mainstream sports are out of bounds – not straight or manly enough. Optimists believe there is an opportunity to detoxify men’s relationship to these sports, but, in the meantime, famous men’s sports athletes likely have the biggest opportunity to change sport’s relationship to manhood.
‘People Will Listen To This Person’
Already, some celebrity athletes have begun to challenge men’s dominance in sport. In the aftermath of NBA star Kobe Bryant’s death in January 2020, researchers observed how his support of his daughter’s success in basketball and the subsequent #GirlDad movement started by ESPN host Elle Duncan last winter might serve to make coaching young women a more accepted form of fatherhood and manhood. Such a change would force fathers toward smaller women’s sports like volleyball and soccer in addition to basketball, as there is not a clear path for women in pro football or baseball.
At Vox, Tony Porter, the CEO of A Call to Men, an organization that promotes “healthy, respectful manhood,” explained the potential effects of the #GirlDad phenomenon:
There’s a perception that “you’re missing something if you don’t have a son,” he explained, which “fits into the constructs that we have around male domination and masculinity and manhood.”
Coaching and working with girls can be illuminating for men, Porter said, showing them “how to be open to the experiences of sharing emotions and fears and pains,” something that’s more accepted for women than for men. “When we’re working with boys or just with other men, we deny those human experiences.”
A similar example – one also developed through parenthood and family – is seen in retired NBA champion Dwyane Wade. Over the years, Wade has discussed his self-consciousness over his appearance and difficult relationship with his parents, and over the past year, Wade has been very public about his humility toward his wife as well as his love and support for his daughter, Zaya, who is trans.
“How do you have more Dwyane Wades who people assume were all the things they aspire to be and have that person be eloquent enough to speak to the complication of something like manhood and masculinity?” says Davis. “Because, now, people will listen to this person.”
Watch: 'GSM Live' Panel On Detoxifying Masculinity in Sport
Having a man at the center helps. While previous generations of athletes mostly stuck to typical masculinity and didn’t actively challenge it, Wade, by way of his platform as a part owner of the Utah Jazz, a TNT analyst and an activist alongside Zaya (as well as a trusted friend of some of the biggest NBA stars), is the type of famous man who can create broad social change. At the same time, queer and gender non-conforming athletes in sports continue to push for greater equity, reshaping the conversation in a way that removes gendered fault lines from sport more resolutely.
Major American sports institutions have created a masculinity that perpetuates violence, stoicism, and exclusion, but advocates across the gender spectrum have a more focused aim on the changes needed and how to push back.
|
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7350
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dbpedia
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https://friendfit.com/activities/cat/team
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Team Sports
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Baseball
Baseball is a bat-and-ball sport played between two teams of nine players each. The goal is to score runs by hitting a thrown ball with a bat and touching a series of four bases arranged at the corners of a ninety-foot square, or diamond. Players on one team (the batting team) take turns hitting against the pitcher of the other team (the fielding team), which tries to stop them from scoring runs by getting hitters out in any of several ways.
Basketball
Basketball is a team sport in which two teams of 5 players try to score points against one another by placing a ball through a 10 foot (3.048 m) high hoop under organized rules. It is one of the most popular and widely viewed sports in the world. Points are scored by throwing (shooting) the ball through the basket from above. The team with more points at the end of the game wins, but additional time (overtime) may be issued when the scores of both teams are the same.
Cricket
Cricket is a bat-and-ball team sport that is first documented as being played in southern England in the 16th century. By the end of the 18th century, cricket had developed to the point where it had become the national sport of England. The rules of the game are known as the Laws of Cricket. A cricket match is played on a cricket field at the centre of which is a pitch. The match is contested between two teams of eleven players each.
Football
American football, known in the United States simply as football, is a competitive team sport known for combining strategy with physical play. The objective of the game is to score points by advancing the ball into the opposing team's end zone. The ball can be advanced by carrying it (a running play) or by throwing it to a teammate (a passing play). In the United States, the major forms are high school football, college football and professional football, which are essentially similar but feature slightly different rules.
Ice Hockey
Ice hockey is a fast-pcaed physical team sport played on ice. During normal play, there are six players, including one goaltender, per side on the ice at any time, each of whom is on ice skates. The objective of the game is to score goals by shooting the puck into the opponent's goal net, which is placed at the opposite end of the rink. The players may control the puck using a long stick with a blade that is commonly curved at one end.
Field Hockey
Soccer
Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a team sport played between two teams of eleven players using a spherical ball. It is widely considered to be the most popular sport in the world. The game is played on a rectangular grass or artificial turf field, with a goal in the centre of each of the short ends. The object of the game is to score by driving the ball into the opposing goal.
Volleyball
Volleyball is an Olympic team sport in which two teams of 6 players are separated by a net. Each team tries to score points by grounding a ball on the other team's court under organized rules. The ball is usually played with the hands or arms, but players can legally strike or push (short contact) the ball with any part of the body. A number of consistent techniques have evolved in volleyball, including spiking and blocking as well as passing, setting, and specialized player positions and offensive and defensive structures.
Frisbee
Rugby
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3
| 87
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https://www.ncsasports.org/recruiting/how-to-get-recruited/club-sports
|
en
|
High School vs Club Sports: Understanding the benefits
|
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2021-05-01T07:23:47-05:00
|
In the debate on whether or not you have to play club sports to get recruited, NCSA has the answer.
|
en
|
NCSA College Recruiting
|
https://www.ncsasports.org/recruiting/how-to-get-recruited/club-sports
|
Over the years, parents and athletes have come to think of club sports as essential to getting recruited. Club sports offer an elevated level of play, and the schedule tends to line up with when college coaches recruit. Plus, many families believe that competing for a club team will increase their athlete’s likelihood of securing an athletic scholarship. With club sports being so important, families wonder what value remains in competing for a high school sports team?
High school sports still have a role to play in the college recruiting process. They offer athletes an opportunity to learn the value of competing on a team to represent their school, while balancing academics to remain eligible to play, which is very similar to the college athletic experience.
Of course, there are many factors that go into the club vs. high school sports debate. This page dives into the debate to help student-athletes and their families decide what’s best for them.
Do you have to play club sports to get recruited?
The short answer is, yes, because playing club sports is known to give athletes an advantage in the recruiting process. Club sports are offered year round, making it great for athletes to consistently focus on skill development, while also giving college coaches more opportunities to evaluate athletes during competitions. Data from a recent NCAA survey of current college athletes suggests that club sports are important to the college recruiting process, depending on what sport the athlete plays.
The NCAA recently surveyed current college athletes asking if they played club sports, high school sports or both. Athletes in several sports overwhelmingly reported that they played on both teams:
Soccer: 88% of women and 77% of men competed on a club team.
Basketball: 92% of women and 91% of men competed on a club team.
Women’s volleyball: 91% of women’s volleyball players competed on a club team.
Women’s field hockey: 79% of women’s field hockey players competed on a club team.
Swimming: 79% of both women and men competed on a club team.
Baseball/Softball: 94% of softball players and 85% of baseball players competed on club teams.
Lacrosse: 81% of women and 82% of men competed on club teams.
At the opposite end of the spectrum, a mere 25% of football players competed on a club team. And only 28% of men’s track and 34% of women’s track athletes competed on a club track team.
Where do college coaches recruit?
When it comes to recruiting, most college coaches, with the exception of football coaches, focus most of their time attending club tournaments because these events allow them to evaluate significantly more athletes in one day. Not to mention, the talent level is generally higher than what they would see at a high school game.
The benefits of playing club sports
From year-round competition to cross country travel for events, club sports offer athletes experiences they can’t get at the high school level. Below are just a few of the benefits of competing for a club sports team.
Stay in competition shape
Most club teams compete all year, only taking a small amount of time off during holidays and after major competitions. This allows athletes to stay in competition shape and focus on their skill development and growth continuously.
Further your athletic career
Almost 90% of student-athletes who compete at the college level previously competed for a club team during the recruiting process. This shows that there is a strong connection between club sports and reaching the next level of competition.
Increase exposure
For many high school sports, their season starts at around the same time as the college sports season, which makes it very difficult for coaches to attend competitions. Because club sports compete throughout the year, college coaches have more opportunities to watch athletes compete during their off season.
Learn from the best coaches
Club coaches are licensed professionals who are qualified to do the job and passionate enough to dedicate much of their time to the sport. So, while club sports are more expensive, athletes know they are paying for a qualified coach who has the proper tools and resources to aid in their development.
Face a higher level of competition
High school sports teams are restricted to competing with local teams, which might not have the highest level of competition. At the club level, athletes compete with and against top-ranked players locally and across the country on a regular basis. This higher level of competition is key to helping athletes’ development, both in practice and during events.
Get the opportunity to travel
College sports teams spent a lot of time traveling on a bus or plane to competitions, and some athletes struggle to adjust to this schedule during their first year. Athletes who compete for a club team prior to college will have already experienced what it’s like to travel across the country to compete, which may better prepare them for the college travel schedule.
The benefits of playing high school sports
Playing high school sports can be a great learning experience for student-athletes, especially those looking to compete at the college level. High school sports can teach athletes valuable leadership skills, how to motivate players around them and how to develop skills at a different position, among other things. By taking the right approach, athletes can leverage their high school experience to help their college recruiting. Below are just a few of the benefits of competing for a high school sports team.
Less expensive
While there may be a few small costs associated with high school sports,In stark contrast, club sports require fees, equipment and can pile up the expenses for travel and meals. For families with a smaller budget, high school sports offer their athlete an opportunity to compete in their sport while keeping costs low.
More free time
Club sports require a much larger time commitment than high school sports. Not only do most club teams practice all year round, but they require athletes to travel for the big tournaments and events, some of which are out of state. High school sports generally have practice before or after school and a few local competitions per week. .s.
While the time commitment at the college level is similar to that of club sports, athletes may choose to only compete for their high school team in order to have more time to focus on other extra-curricular activities they are involved in or maintain an part-time job outside of school.
Opportunity for leadership and growth
While most club teams are generally stacked with talented players, high school teams don’t always see the same level of talent. This lets standout athletes step up and take a leadership role on the team. In some cases, this also offers athletes the opportunity to train and play more than one position. This makes high school sports an excellent opportunity for athletes to round out their skills and gain valuable experience.
Sense of school pride
One of the best things about competing for a high school team is the chance to represent one’s school and community through sports. As a team, athletes and their teammates work together to qualify for the playoffs, win a district title or even play for a state championship. This experience can be very rewarding and promotes teamwork to achieve a greater goal.
Less pressure to perform
Standout athletes will always want to perform to their best abilities, but high school sports tend to offer a more relaxed competition environment, especially without college coaches constantly evaluating athletes at big club games and tournaments. It’s easier for athletes to stay loose and have fun while playing at the high school level.
Academic eligibility
Much like at the college level, high school sports require athletes to keep their grades up in order to maintain eligibility. Academics play a very large role in the college recruiting process, as athletes are expected to meet certain requirements to be eligible to compete at the college level. Plus, once the athlete is in college, they will have certain standards that they must maintain to keep their spot on the team.
Choosing between club and high school sports
For families deciding whether or not to play club sports, it’s important to do your research and talk to other families in your sport. If your family is wondering what your best move is—club or high school—the decision will depend on your answers to a few different questions:
What are your goals as an athlete? Athletes who want to specialize in one sport should join a club team to hone in on sport-specific development and coaching. Multisport athletes competing in different sports year-round, might find their best fit playing high school sports where each one has a distinct season.
What sport do you play? Based on this NCAA survey data, to stay competitive in the recruiting landscape, soccer, basketball, baseball/softball and hockey players, as well as swimmers and gymnasts should look into joining a club team. For football players and track athletes, it’s not as essential to compete on a club team at this point.
Can you play both club and high school sports? Most current college athletes reported that they played both high school and club sports. For sports like baseball, this can be very realistic, as the baseball season (spring) doesn’t usually overlap with the travel season (summer). However, other sports—like soccer—are making it increasingly more difficult to do both. Do your research to learn what the season is like for club teams and your high school team. You don’t want to have a huge overlap and get injured from playing too much.
Recruiting resource: club and high school coaches
Like many sports, college athletic recruiting is a team effort. In recruiting, your team includes your high school/club coach. Your current coach can offer invaluable support during your recruiting journey, as they are often very invested in helping their athletes continue competing at the next level. High school and club coaches generally have strong relationships with college coaches and use recruiting tools like NCSA’s Club & HS Coach services to help their athletes get recruited.
Here are four key ways your high school/club coach can help:
Determine the division that’s right for you
Your high school/club coach knows your style of play, how you compete against tough competition, and your personality and character—all of which are important to college coaches. They can take all of these factors into consideration when projecting which division level would be the best fit for you.
Make introductions to college coaches they know Many high school and club coaches know a few college coaches, and if they think you would be a good fit for those schools, they may facilitate an introduction. However, remember that just because your coach has a relationship with a specific college, it doesn’t mean that you should try to force that school to be a good fit for you.
Arrange a call between you and a college coach
For most athletes, recruiting starts before the NCAA recruiting rules allow college coaches to contact athletes. High school/club coaches can help arrange a time for the recruit to call the college coach, letting the college coach know when to expect the call.
|
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https://www.brianmac.co.uk/articles/scni13a2.htm
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en
|
Understanding the Importance of Teamwork
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Karlene Sugarman explains how you can assess and develop a cohesive team.
The concept of teamwork is essential to the success of any team. All coaches talk about working as one unit, as a unified team. Teamwork and unselfishness create the backbone of a great team. Without them, a team cannot realistically compete. You can have a group of superstars, but if they do not work well as one unit, chances are they are not going to be as successful as you would think. The team working as one cohesive unit is going to be the key to their success.
What to look for
Here are some things to take into consideration when you are looking at your team:
Does your team have agreed-upon goals they created as a team?
Do the players openly encourage and support one another?
Do they have open communication with one another, as well as the coaching staff?
Does each player know what their role on the team is?
Is there mutual respect among the players and coaching staff?
Do players use statements such as "we" when referring to the team, or is it more of an "every man for himself" mentality?
Have they created a positive team image for themselves?
Are the individual contributions of each player recognised (regardless of whether he/she is a starter or not a starter)?
Is the team as a whole committed to improving performance?
Does each member consider themselves as a "team player?"
A productive team has players that share common goals, a shared vision, and some level of interdependence that requires both verbal and physical interaction. Teams come into existence through shared attitudes about a particular sport. They may come together for several different reasons, but their goals are the same - to achieve peak performance and experience success. The ends may differ, but how one gets there is the same - teamwork. Every member of the team is accountable when it comes to teamwork.
Teamwork
To succeed at the task at hand, everyone involved needs to combine their efforts. If everyone does their job well, then it increases what the team can accomplish. This teamwork has to be recognised by everyone and knows that great things can happen if individuals master the fundamentals and work together as one unit. Everyone has a unique role, but each person's position must be recognised and appreciated.
Teamwork is something that must be a high priority and given constant attention. Every player needs to understand how important it is for them to work smoothly together if they want to be successful. Each player must be dedicated to the whole team and be willing to act unselfishly. When challenges arise (as they always do), the team needs to have the resources, accountability, and commitment to deal with them constructively and positively. A sense of teamwork will play an integral part in this.
Just remember T.E.A.M. - Together Everyone Achieves More!
About the Author
Karlene is a Mental Training Consultant in California and works with athletes and teams teaching mental training techniques and team-building strategies. She works with athletes in various sports and has worked with the University of San Diego baseball team since 2000. She is a Professor in the Sport Psychology program at John F. Kennedy University.
Karlene is the author of the book, Winning the Mental Way: A practical guide to team building and mental training. She is a member of the Association of Applied Sport Psychology (AASP) and a member of the IDEA Health & Fitness Association. She is also on the Board of Directors for the First Base Foundation.
Article Reference
This article first appeared in:
SUGARMAN, K. (2004) Understanding the Importance of Teamwork. Brian Mackenzie's Successful Coaching, (ISSN 1745-7513/ 13 / June), p. 4
Page Reference
If you quote information from this page in your work, then the reference for this page is:
SUGARMAN, K. (2004) Understanding the Importance of Teamwork [WWW] Available from: https://www.brianmac.co.uk/articles/scni13a2.htm [Accessed
About the Author
Karlene Sugarman Karlene is a sports psychology consultant in the UK and the author of the book Winning the Mental Way, a book on team building and mental training.
|
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| 26
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https://epjdatascience.springeropen.com/articles/10.1140/epjds29
|
en
|
Scoring dynamics across professional team sports: tempo, balance and predictability
|
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2014-02-28T00:00:00
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Despite growing interest in quantifying and modeling the scoring dynamics within professional sports games, relative little is known about what patterns or principles, if any, cut across different sports. Using a comprehensive data set of scoring events in nearly a dozen consecutive seasons of college and professional (American) football, professional hockey, and professional basketball, we identify several common patterns in scoring dynamics. Across these sports, scoring tempo - when scoring events occur - closely follows a common Poisson process, with a sport-specific rate. Similarly, scoring balance - how often a team wins an event - follows a common Bernoulli process, with a parameter that effectively varies with the size of the lead. Combining these processes within a generative model of gameplay, we find they both reproduce the observed dynamics in all four sports and accurately predict game outcomes. These results demonstrate common dynamical patterns underlying within-game scoring dynamics across professional team sports, and suggest specific mechanisms for driving them. We close with a brief discussion of the implications of our results for several popular hypotheses about sports dynamics. (See supplementary material 1)
|
en
|
/static/img/favicons/darwin/apple-touch-icon.png
|
SpringerOpen
|
https://epjdatascience.springeropen.com/articles/10.1140/epjds29
|
Professional team sports like American football, soccer, hockey, basketball, etc. provide a rich and relatively well-controlled domain by which to study fundamental questions about the dynamics of competition. In these sports, most environmental irregularities are eliminated, players are highly trained, and rules are enforced consistently. These features produce a level playing field on which competition outcomes are determined largely by a combination of skill and luck (ideally more the former than the latter).
Modern sports in particular produce large quantities of detailed data describing not only competition outcomes and team characteristics, but also the individual events within a competition, e.g., scoring events, referee calls, timeouts, ball possessions, court positions, etc. The availability of such data has enabled many quantitative analyses of individual sports [1–12]. Relatively little work, however, has asked what patterns or principles, if any, cut across different sports, or whether there are fundamental processes governing some dynamical aspects of all such competitions. These questions are the focus of this study, and our results shed light on several other phenomena, including the roles of skill and luck in determining outcomes, and the extent to which events early in the game influence events later in the game.
Game theory provides an attractive quantitative framework for understanding the principles and dynamics of competition [13]. Given a set of payoffs for different actions, formal game theory can identify the optimal strategy or probability distribution over actions against an intelligent adversary. In simple decision spaces, like penalty shots in soccer [14] or serve-and-return play in tennis [15], professional athletes appear to behave as game theory predicts (although some do not [16]). However, most professional team sports exhibit large and complex decision spaces, with many possible actions of uncertain payoffs, and execution is carried out by an imperfectly coordinated team. Game theory provides less guidance within such complex games, and the resulting dynamics are often better described using tools from dynamical systems [17, 18].
Using such an approach, we investigate the within-game scoring dynamics of four team sports, college and professional (American) football, professional hockey, and professional basketball. Our primary goals are (i) to quantify and identify the common empirical patterns in scoring dynamics of these sports, and (ii) to understand the competitive processes that produce these patterns. We do not consider non-stationary effects across games, e.g., evolving team rosters or skill sets, playing field variables, etc. Instead, we focus explicitly on the sequence of scoring events within games. For each sport, we study three measurable quantities: scoring event tempo, balance, and predictability. We take an inferential approach to investigating their cross-sport patterns and present a generative model of competition dynamics that can be fitted directly to scoring event data within games. We apply this model to a comprehensive data set of 1,279,901 scoring events across 9 or 10 years of consecutive seasons in our four team sports.
There are many claims in both the academic literature and the popular press about scoring dynamics within sports, and sports are often used as exemplars of decision making and dynamics in complex competitive environments [16, 19–21]. Our results on common patterns in scoring dynamics and the processes that generate them serve to clarify, and in several cases directly contradict, many of these claims, and provide a systematic perspective on the general phenomenon.
1.1 Summary of results
Across all sports, scoring tempo - when scoring events occur - is remarkably well-described by a Poisson process, in which scoring events occur independently with a sport-specific rate at each second on the game clock. This rate is fairly stable across the course of gameplay, except in the first and last few seconds of a scoring period, where it is much lower or much higher, respectively, than normal. This common pattern implies that scoring events are largely memoryless, i.e., the timing of events earlier in the game have little or no impact on the timing of future events. Memorylessness contrasts with the dynamics of strategic games like chess or Go, in which events early in a game constrain and drive later events. Instead, professional sports appear to exhibit little strategic entailment, and events are driven instead by short-term optimization for scoring as quickly as possible.
The scoring balance between teams - how often a team wins a scoring event - is well-described by a common Bernoulli process, with a bias parameter that varies effectively over gameplay and across sports. Football and hockey exhibit a common pattern in which the probability of scoring again while in the lead effectively increases with lead size. In basketball, however, this probability decreases with lead size (a phenomenon first identified by [10]). The former pattern is consistent with the outcome of each scoring event being determined by a memoryless coin flip whose bias depends on the difference in the teams’ inherent skill levels. The pattern in basketball is also consistent with such a process, but where on-court team skill varies inversely with lead size as a result of teams deploying their weaker players when they are in the lead and their stronger players when they are not. This player management strategy produces substantially more unpredictable games than in other sports, with winning teams losing their lead and losing teams regaining it much more often than we would normally expect.
Overall, these results reinforce the conclusions from scoring tempo, indicating that event outcomes early in a game have little or no impact on event outcomes later in the game, which reinforces statistical claims that teams do not become ‘hot,’ [10, 19, 22] with successes running in streaks. Instead, gameplay is largely a sequence of roughly independent, short-term optimizations aimed at maximizing near-term scoring rates, with little multi-play strategic efforts and few downstream consequences for mistakes or miscalculations. This memorylessness may be caused by a persistently level playing field, which lacks strategically exploitable environmental features [23] and forbids actions that might produce sustained competitive advantages [24] as a result of within-game choices, e.g., eliminating an opposing team’s best players. Table 1 summarizes these results as they relate to a series of specific questions about scoring dynamics.
We combine these insights within a generative model of gameplay and demonstrate that it accurately reproduces the observed evolution of lead-sizes over the course of games in all four sports, and also makes highly accurate predictions of game outcomes, when only the first few scoring events have occurred. Cursory comparisons suggest that this model achieves accuracy comparable to or better than several commercial odds-makers, despite this model knowing nothing about teams, players, or strategies, and instead relying exclusively on the observed tempo and balance patterns in scoring events.
A game’s ‘tempo’ is the speed at which scoring events occur over the course of play. Past work on the timing of scoring events has largely focused on hockey, soccer and basketball [4, 6, 10], with little work examining football or in contrasting patterns across sports. However, these studies show strong evidence that game tempo is well approximated by a homogenous Poisson process, in which scoring events occur at each moment in time independently with some small and roughly constant probability.
Analyzing the timing of scoring events across all four of our sports, we find that the Poisson process is a remarkably good model of game tempo, yielding predictions that are in good or excellent agreement with a variety of statistical measures of gameplay. Furthermore, these results confirm and extend previous work [10, 19], while contrasting with others [12, 25], showing little or no evidence for the popular belief in ‘momentum’ or ‘hot hands,’ in which scoring once increases the probability of scoring again very soon. However, we do find some evidence for modest non-Poissonian patterns in tempo, some of which are common to all four sports.
4.1 The Poisson model of tempo
A Poisson process is fully characterized by a single parameter λ, representing the probability that an event occurs, or the expected number of events, per unit time. In each sport, game time is divided into seconds and there are T seconds per a game (see Table 3). For each sport, we test this model in several ways: we compare the empirical and predicted distributions for the number of events per game and for the time between consecutive scoring events, and we examine the two-point correlation function for these inter-event times.
Under a Poisson model [26], the number of scoring events per game follows a Poisson distribution with parameter λT, and the maximum likelihood estimate of λ is the average number of events observed in a game divided by the number of intervals (which varies per sport). Furthermore, the time between consecutive events follows a simple geometric (discrete exponential) distribution, with mean 1/λ, and the two-point correlation between these delays is zero at all time scales.
For the number of events per game, we find generally excellent agreement between the Poisson model and the data for every sport (Figure 1). However, there are some small deviations, which suggests some second-order, non-Poissonian processes, which we investigate below. Deviations are greatest in NHL games, whose distribution is slightly broader than predicted, underproducing games with 3 events, and overproducing games with 0 or with 8 or more events. Similarly, CFB games have a slight excess of games with 9 events, and NBA games exhibit slightly more variation in NBA games with scores close to the average (92.0 events) than expected. In contrast, NFL games exhibit slightly less variance than expected, with more games close to the average (7.3 events) than expected.
For the time between consecutive scoring events within a game, or the inter-arrival time distribution, we again find excellent agreement between the Poisson model and the data in all sports (Figure 2). That being said, in CFB, NFL and NBA games, there are slightly fewer gaps of the minimum size than predicted by the model. This indicates a slight dispersive effect in the timing of events, perhaps caused by the time required to transport the ball some distance before a new event may be generated. In contrast, NHL games produce as many short gaps, more intermediate gaps, and fewer very long gaps than expected were events purely Poissonian.
Finally, we calculate the two-point correlation function on the times between scoring events [27],
C(n)= ( ∑ k ( t k − 〈 t 〉 ) ( t k + n − 〈 t 〉 ) ) / ∑ k ( t k − 〈 t 〉 ) 2 ,
(2)
where t k is the k th inter-arrival time, n indicates the gap between it and a subsequent event, and 〈t〉 is the mean time between events. If C(n) is positive, short intervals tend to be followed by other short intervals (or, large intervals by large intervals), while a negative value implies alternation, with short intervals followed by long, or vice versa. Across all four sports, the correlation function is close or very close to zero for all values of n (Figure 2 insets), in excellent agreement with the Poisson process, which predicts C(n)=0 for all n>0, representing no correlation in the timing of events (a result also found by [10] in basketball). However, in CFB, NFL and NHL games, we find a slight negative correlation for very small values of n, suggesting a slight tendency for short intervals to be closely followed by longer ones, and vice versa.
4.2 Common patterns in game tempo
Our results above provide strong support for a common Poisson-like process for modeling game tempo across all four sports. We also find some evidence for mild non-Poissonian processes, which we now investigate by directly examining the scoring rate as a function of clock time. Within each sport, we tabulate the fraction of games in which a scoring event (associated with any number of points) occurred in the t th second of gameplay.
Across all sports, we find that the tempo of events follows a common three-phase pattern within each distinct period of play (Figure 3). This pattern, which resembles an inverse sigmoid, is characterized by (i) an early phase of non-linearly increasing tempo, (ii) a middle phase of stable (Poissonian) or slightly increasing tempo, and (iii) an end phase of sharply increasing tempo. This pattern is also observed in certain online games [23], which have substantially different rules and are played in highly heterogeneous environments, suggesting a possibly fundamental generating mechanism for team-competitive systems.
4.2.1 Early phase: non-linear increase in tempo
When a period begins, players are in specific and fixed locations on the field, and the ball or puck is far from any team’s goal. Thus, without regard to other aspects of the game, it must take some time for players to move out of these initial positions and to establish scoring opportunities. This would reduce the probability of scoring relative to the game average by limiting access to certain player-ball configurations that require time to set up. Furthermore, and potentially most strongly in the first of these phases (beginning at t=0), players and teams may still be ‘warming up,’ in the sense of learning [28] the capabilities and tendencies of the opposing team and players, and which tactics to deploy against the opposing team’s choices. These behaviors would also reduce the probability of scoring by encouraging risk averse behavior in establishing and taking scoring opportunities.
We find evidence for both mechanisms in our data. Both CFB and NFL games exhibit short and modest-sized dips in scoring rates in periods 2 and 4, reflecting the fact that player and ball positions are not reset when the preceding quarters end, but rather gameplay in the new quarter resumes from its previous configuration. In contrast, CFB and NFL periods 1 and 3 show significant drops in scoring rates, and both of these quarters begin with a kickoff from fixed positions on the field. Similarly, NBA and NHL games exhibit strong but short-duration dips in scoring rate at the beginning of each of their periods, reflecting the fact that each quarter begins with a tossup or face-off, in which players are located in fixed positions on the court or rink. NBA and football games also exhibit some evidence of the ‘warming up’ process, with the overall scoring rate being slightly lower in period 1 than in other equivalent periods. In contrast, NHL games exhibit a prolonged warmup period, lasting well past the end of the first period. This pattern may indicate more gradual within-game learning in hockey, perhaps are a result of the large diversity of on-ice player combinations caused by teams rotating their four ‘lines’ of players every few minutes.
4.2.2 Middle phase: constant tempo
Once players have moved away from their initial locations and/or warmed up, gameplay proceeds fluidly, with scoring events occurring without any systematic dependence on the game clock. This produces a flat, stable or stationary pattern in the probability of scoring events. A slight but steady increase in tempo over the course of this phase is consistent with learning, perhaps as continued play sheds more light on the opposing team’s capabilities and weaknesses, causing a progressive increase in scoring rate as that knowledge is accumulated and put into practice.
A stable scoring rate pattern appears in every period in NFL, CFB and NBA games, with slight increases observed in periods 1 and 2 in football, and in periods 2-4 in basketball. NHL games exhibit stable scoring rates in the second half of period 2 and throughout period 3. Within a given game, but across scoring periods, scoring rates are remarkably similar, suggesting little or no variation in overall strategies across the periods of gameplay.
4.2.3 End phase: sharply increased tempo
The end of a scoring period often requires players to reset their positions, and any effort spent establishing an advantageous player configuration is lost unless that play produces a scoring event. This impending loss-of-position will tend to encourage more risky actions, which serve to dramatically increase the scoring rate just before the period ends. The increase in scoring rate should be largest in the final period, when no additional scoring opportunities lay in the future. In some sports, teams may effectively slow the rate by which time progresses through game clock management (e.g., using timeouts) or through continuing play (at the end of quarters in football). This effectively compresses more actions than normal into a short period of time, which may also increase the rate, without necessarily adding more risk.
We find evidence mainly for the loss-of-position mechanism, but the rules of these games suggest that clock management likely also plays a role. Relative to the mean tempo, we find a sharply increased rate at the end of each sport’s games, in agreement with a strong incentive to score before a period ends. (This increase indicates that a ‘lolly-gag strategy,’ in which a leading team in possession intentionally runs down the clock to prevent the trailing team from gaining possession, is a relatively rare occurrence.) Intermediate periods in NFL, CFB and NBA games also exhibit increased scoring rates in their final seconds. In football, this increase is greatest at the end of period 2, rather than period 4. The increased rate at the ends of periods 1 and 3 in football is also interesting, as here the period’s end does not reset the player configuration on the field, but rather teams switch goals. This likely creates a mild incentive to initiate some play before the period ends (which is allowed to finish, even if the game clock runs out). NHL games exhibit no discernible end-phase pattern in their intermediate periods (1 and 2), but show an enormous end-game effect, with the scoring rate growing to more than three times its game mean. This strong pattern may be related to the strategy in hockey of the losing team ‘pulling the goalie,’ in which the goalie leaves their defensive position in order to increase the chances of scoring. Regardless of the particular mechanism, the end-phase pattern is ubiquitous.
In general, we find a common set of modest non-Poissonian deviations in game tempo across all four sports, although the vast majority of tempo dynamics continue to agree with a simple Poisson model.
A game’s ‘balance’ is the relative distribution of scoring events (not points) among the teams. Perfectly balanced games, however, do not always result in a tie. In our model of competition, each scoring event is awarded to one team or the other by a Bernoulli process, and in the case of perfect balance, the probability is equal, at c=1/2. The expected fraction of scoring events won by a team is also c=1/2, and its distribution depends on the number of scoring events in the game. We estimate this null distribution by simulating perfectly balanced games for each sport, given the empirical distribution of scoring events per game (see Figure 1). Comparing the simulated distribution against the empirical distribution of c provides a measure of the true imbalance among teams, while controlling for the stochastic effects of events within games.
Across all four sports, we find significant deviations in this fraction relative to perfect balance. NFL and CFB games exhibited more variance than expected, while NHL and NBA games exhibited the least. Within a game, scoring balance exhibits unexpected patterns. In particular NBA games exhibit an unusual ‘restoring force’ pattern, in which the probability of winning the next scoring event decreases with the size of a team’s lead (a pattern first observed by [10]). In contrast, NFL, CFB and NHL games exhibit the opposite effect, in which the probability of winning the next scoring event appears to increase with the size of the lead - a pattern consistent with a heterogeneous distribution of team skill.
5.1 Quantifying balance
The fraction of all events in the game that were won by a randomly selected team provides a simple measure of the overall balance of a particular game in a sport. Let r and b index the two teams and let E r ( E b ) denote the total number of events won by team r in its game with b. The maximum likelihood estimator for a game’s bias is simply the fraction c ˆ = E r /( E r + E b ) of all scoring events in the game won by r.
Tabulating the empirical distributions of c ˆ within each sport, we find that the most common outcome, in all sports, is c=1/2, in agreement with the Bernoulli model. However, the distributions around this value deviate substantially from the form expected for perfect balance (Figure 4), but not always in the same direction.
In CFB and NFL, the distributions of scoring balances are similar, but the shape for CFB is broader than for NFL, suggesting that CFB competitions are less balanced than NFL competitions. This is likely a result of the broader range of skill differences among teams at the college level, as compared to the professionals. Like CFB and NFL, NHL games also exhibit substantially more blowouts and fewer ties than expected, which is consistent with a heterogeneous distribution of team skills. Surprisingly, however, NBA games exhibit less variance in the final relative lead size than we expect for perfectly balanced games, a pattern we will revisit in the following section.
5.2 Scoring while in the lead
Although many non-Bernoulli processes may occur within professional team sports, here we examine only one: whether the size of a lead L, the difference in team scores or point totals, provides information about the probability of a team winning the next event. [10] previously considered this question for scoring events and lead sizes within NBA games, but not other sports. Across all four of our sports, we tabulated the fraction of times the leading team won the next scoring event, given it held a lead of size L. This function is symmetric about L=0, where it passes through probability p=1/2 where the identity of the leading team may change.
Examining the empirical scoring functions (Figure 5), we find that the probability of scoring next varies systematically with lead size L. In particular, for CFB, NFL and NHL games, the probability appears to increase with lead size, while it decreases in NBA games. The effect of the negative relationship in NBA games is a kind of ‘restoring force,’ such that leads of any size tend to shrink back toward a tied score. This produces a narrower distribution of final lead sizes than we would expect under Bernoulli-style competition, precisely as shown in Figure 4 for NBA games.
Although the positive function for CFB, NFL and NHL games may superficially support a kind of ‘hot hands’ or cumulative advantage-type mechanism, in which lead size tends to grow superlinearly over time, we do not believe this explains the observed pattern. A more plausible mechanism is a simple heterogeneous skill model, in which each team has a latent skill value π r , and the probability that team r wins a scoring event against b is determined by a Bernoulli process with c= π r /( π r + π b ). (This model is identical to the popular Bradley-Terry model of win-loss records of teams [29], except here we apply it to each scoring event within a game.)
For a broad class of team-skill distributions, this model produces a scoring function with the same sigmoidal shape seen here, and the linear pattern at L=0 is the result of averaging over the distribution of biases c induced by the team skill distribution. The function flattens out at large |L| assuming the value representing the largest skill difference possible among the league teams. This explanation is supported by the stronger correlation in CFB games (+0.005 probability per point in the lead) versus NFL games (+0.002 probability per point), as CFB teams are known to exhibit much broader skill differences than NFL teams, in agreement with our results above in Figure 4.
NBA games, however, present a puzzle, because no distribution of skill differences can produce a negative correlation under this latent-skill model. [10] suggested this negative pattern could be produced by possession of the ball changing after each scoring event, or by the leading team ‘coasting’ and thereby playing below their true skill level. However, the change-of-possession rule also exists in CFB and NFL games (play resumes with a faceoff in NHL games), but only NBA games exhibit the negative correlation. Coasting could occur for psychological reasons, in which losing teams play harder, and leading teams less hard, as suggested by [21]. Again, however, the absence of this pattern in other sports suggest that the mechanism is not psychological.
A plausible alternative explanation is that NBA teams employ various strategies that serve to change the ratio c= π r /( π r + π b ) as a function of lead size. For instance, when a team is in the lead, they often substitute out their stronger and more offensive players, e.g., to allow them to rest or avoid injury, or to manage floor spacing or skill combinations. When a team is down by an amount that likely varies across teams, these players are put back on the court. If both teams pursue such strategies, the effective ratio c will vary inversely with lead size such that the leading team becomes effectively weaker compared to the non-leading team. In contrast to NBA teams, teams in CFB, NFL and NHL seem less able to pursue such a strategy. In football, substitutions are relatively uncommon, implying that π r should not vary much over the course of a game. In hockey, each team rotates through most of its players every few minutes, which limits the ability for high- or low-skilled players to effectively change π r over the course of a game.
The previous insights identify several basic patterns in scoring tempo and balance across sports. However, we still lack a clear understanding of the degree to which any of these patterns is necessary to produce realistic scoring dynamics. Here, we investigate this question by combining the identified patterns within a generative model of scoring over time, and test which combinations produce realistic dynamics in lead sizes. In particular, we consider two models of tempo and two models of balance. For each of the four pairs of tempo and balance models for each sport, we generate via Monte Carlo a large number of games and measure the resulting variation in lead size as a function of the game clock, which we then compare to the empirical pattern.
Our two scoring tempo models are as follows. In the first (Bernoulli) model, each second of time produces an event with the empirical probability observed for that second across all games (shown in Figure 3). In the second (Markov), we draw an inter-arrival time from the empirical distribution of such gaps (shown in Figure 2), advance the game clock by that amount, and generate a scoring event at that clock time.
Our two balance models are as follows. In the first (Bernoulli) model, for each match we draw a uniformly random value c from the empirical distribution of scoring balances (shown in Figure 4) and for each scoring event, the points are won by team r with that probability and by team b otherwise. In the second (Markov), a scoring event is awarded to the leading team with the empirically estimated probability for the current lead size L (shown in Figure 5). Once a scoring event is generated and assigned, that team’s score is incremented by a point value drawn iid from the empirical distribution of point values per scoring event for the sport (see Additional file 1, Appendix B).
The four combinations of tempo and balance models thus cover our empirical findings for patterns in the scoring dynamics of these sports. The simpler models (called Bernoulli) represent dynamics with no memory, in which each event is an iid random variable, albeit drawn from a data-driven distribution. The more complicated models (called Markov) represent dynamics with some memory, allowing past events to influence the ongoing gameplay dynamics. In particular, these are first-order Markov models, in which only the events of the most recent past state influence the outcome of the random variable at the current state.
Generating 100,000 competitions under each combination of models for each sport, we find a consistent pattern across sports (Figure 6): the Markov model of game tempo provides little improvement over the Bernoulli model in capturing the empirical pattern of lead-size variation, while the Markov model for balance provides a significant improvement over the Bernoulli model. In particular, the Markov model generates gameplay dynamics in very good agreement with the empirical patterns.
That being said, some small deviations remain. For instance, the Markov model slightly overestimates the lead-size variation in the first half, and slightly underestimates it in the second half of CFB games. In NFL games, it provides a slight overestimate in first half, but then converges on the empirical pattern in the second half. NHL games exhibit the largest and most systematic deviation, with the Markov model producing more variation than observed, particularly in the game’s second half. However, it should be noted that the low-scoring nature of NHL means that what appears to be a visually large overestimate here (Figure 6) is small when compared to the deviations seen in the other sports. NBA games exhibit a similar pattern to CFB games, but the crossover point occurs at the end of period 3, rather than at period 2. These modest deviations suggest the presence of still other non-ideal processes governing the scoring dynamics, particularly in NHL games.
We emphasize that the Markov model’s accuracy for CFB, NFL and NHL games does not imply that individual matches follow this pattern of favoring the leader. Instead, the pattern provides a compact and efficient summary of scoring dynamics conditioned on unobserved characteristics like team skill. Our model generates competition between two featureless teams, and the Markov model provides a data-driven mechanism by which some pairs of teams may behave as if they have small or large differences in latent skill. It remains an interesting direction for future work to investigate precisely how player and team characteristics determine team skill, and how team skill impacts scoring dynamics.
The accuracy of our generative model in the previous section suggest that it may also produce accurate predictions of the game’s overall outcome, after observing only the events in the first t seconds of the game. In this section, we study the predictability of game outcome using the Markov model for scoring balance, and compare its accuracy to the simple heuristic of guessing the winner to be the team currently in the lead at time t. Thus, we convert our Markov model into an explicit Markov chain on the lead size L, which allows us to simulate the remaining T−t seconds conditioned on the lead size at time t. For concreteness, we define the lead size L relative to team r, such that L<0 implies that b is in the lead.
The Markov chain’s state space is the set of all possible lead sizes (score differences between teams r and b), and its transition matrix P gives the probability that a scoring event changes a lead of size L to one of size L ′ . If r wins the event, then L ′ =L+k, where k is the event’s point value, while if b wins the event, then L ′ =L−k. Assuming the value and winner of the event are independent, the transition probabilities are given by
P L , L + k = Pr ( r scores ∣ L ) Pr ( point value = k ) , P L , L − k = ( 1 − Pr ( r scores ∣ L ) ) Pr ( point value = k ) ,
where, for the particular sport, we use the empirical probability function for scoring as a function of lead size (Figure 5), from r’s perspective, and the empirical distribution (Additional file 1, Appendix B) for the point value.
The probability that team r is the predicted winner depends on the probability distribution over lead sizes at time T. Because scoring events are conditionally independent, this distribution is given by P n , where n is the expected number of scoring events in the remaining clock time T−t, multiplied by a vector S 0 representing the initial state L=0. Given a choice of time t, we estimate n= ∑ w = t T Pr(event ∣w), which is the expected number of events given the empirical tempo function (Figure 3, also the Bernoulli tempo model in Section 6) and the remaining clock time. We then convert this distribution, which we calculate numerically, into a prediction by summing probabilities for each of three outcomes: r wins (states L>0), r ties b (state L=0), and b wins (states L>0). In this way, we capture the information contained in the magnitude of the current lead, which is lost when we simply predict that the current leader will win, regardless of lead size.
We test the accuracy of the Markov chain using an out-of-sample prediction scheme, in which we repeatedly divide each sports’ game data into a training set of a randomly selected 3/4 of all games and a test set of the remaining 1/4. From each training set, we estimate the empirical functions used in the model and compute the Markov chain’s transition matrix. Then, across the games in each test set, we measure the mean fraction of times the Markov chain’s prediction is correct. This fraction is equivalent to the popular AUC statistic [30], where AUC =0.5 denotes an accuracy no better than guessing.
Instead of evaluating the model at some arbitrarily selected time, we investigate how outcome predictability evolves over time. Specifically, we compute the AUC as a function of the cumulative number of scoring events in the game, using the empirically observed times and lead sizes in each test-set game to parameterize the model’s predictions. When the number of cumulative events is small, game outcomes should be relatively unpredictable, and as the clock runs down, predictability should increase. To provide a reference point for the quality of these results, we also measure the AUC over time for a simple heuristic of predicting the winner as the team in the lead after the event.
Across all sports, we find that game outcome is highly predictable, even after only a small number of scoring events (Figure 7). For instance, the winner of CFB and NFL games can be accurately chosen more than 60% of the time after only a single scoring event, and this rate increases to more than 80% by three events. NHL games are even more predictable, in part because they are very low-scoring games, and the winner may be accurately chosen roughly 80% of the time after the first event. The fast rise of the AUC curve as a function of continued scoring in these sports likely reflects the role played by differences in latent team skill in producing large leads, which make outcomes more predictable (Figure 5). In contrast, NBA games are the least predictable, requiring more than 40 events before the AUC exceeds 80%. This likely reflects the role of the ‘restoring force’ (Figure 5), which tends to make NBA games more unpredictable than we would expect from a simple model of scoring, and significantly more unpredictable than CFB, NFL or NHL games.
In all cases, the Markov chain substantially outperforms the ‘leader wins’ heuristic, even in the low-scoring NHL games. This occurs in part because small leads are less informative than large leads for guessing the winner, and the heuristic does not distinguish between these.
Although there is increasing interest in quantitative analysis and modeling in sports [31–35], many questions remain about what patterns or principles, if any, cut across different sports, what basic dynamical processes provide good models of within-game events, and the degree to which the outcomes of games may be predicted from within-game events alone. The comprehensive database of scoring events we use here to investigate such questions is unusual for both its scope (every league game over 9-10 seasons), its breadth (covering four sports), and its depth (timing and attribution information on every point in every game). As such, it offers a number of new opportunities to study competition in general, and sports in particular.
Across college (American) football (CFB), professional (American) football (NFL), professional hockey (NHL) and professional basketball (NBA) games, we find a number of common patterns in both the tempo and balance of scoring events. First, the timing of events in all four sports is remarkably well-approximated by a simple Poisson process (Figures 1 and 2), in which each second of gameplay produces a scoring event independently, with a probability that varies only modestly over the course of a game (Figure 3). These variations, however, follow a common three-phase pattern, in which a relatively constant rate is depressed at the beginning of a scoring period, and increases dramatically in the final few seconds of the period. The excellent agreement with a Poisson process implies that teams employ very few strategically-chosen chains of events or time-sensitive strategies in these games, except in a period’s end-phase, when the incentive to score is elevated. These results provide further support to some past analyses [10, 19], while contrasting with others [12, 25], showing no evidence for the popular notion of ‘hot hands,’ in which scoring once increases the chance of scoring again soon.
Second, we find a common pattern of imbalanced scoring between teams in CFB, NFL and NHL games, relative to an ideal model in which teams are equally likely to win each scoring event (Figure 4). CFB games are much less balanced than NFL games, suggesting that the transition from college to professional tends to reduce the team skill differences that generate lopsided scoring. This reduction in variance is likely related both to only the stronger college-level players successfully moving up into the professional teams, and in the way the NFL Draft tends to distribute the stronger of these new players to the weaker teams.
Furthermore, we find that all three of these sports exhibit a pattern in which lead sizes tend to increase over time. That is, the probability of scoring while in the lead tends to be larger the greater the lead size (Figure 5), in contrast to the ideal model in which lead sizes increase or decrease with equal probability. As with overall scoring balance, the size of this effect in CFB games is much larger (about 2.5 times larger) than in NFL games, which is consistent with a reduction in the variance of the distribution of skill across teams. That is, NFL teams are generally closer in team skill than CFB teams, and this produces gameplay that is much less predictable. Both of these patterns are consistent with a kind of Bradley-Terry-type model in which each scoring event is a contest between the teams.
NBA games, however, present the opposite pattern: team scores are much closer than we would expect from the ideal model, and the probability of scoring while in the lead effectively decreases as the lead size grows (Figure 5; a pattern originally identified by [10]). This pattern produces a kind of ‘restoring force’ such that leads tend to shrink until they turn into ties, producing games that are substantially more unpredictable. Unlike the pattern in CFB, NFL and NHL, no distribution of latent team skills, under a Bradley-Terry-type model, can produce this kind of negative correlation between the probability of scoring and lead size.
Recently, [21] analyzed similar NBA game data and argued that increased psychological motivation drives teams that are slightly behind (e.g., by one point at halftime) to win the game more often than not. That is, losing slightly is good for winning. Our analysis places this claim in a broader, more nuanced context. The effective restoring force is superficially consistent with the belief that losing in NBA games is ‘good’ for the team, as losing does indeed empirically increase the probability of scoring. However, we find no such effect in CFB, NFL or NHL games (Figure 5), suggesting either that NBA players are more poorly motivated than players in other team sports or that some other mechanism explains the pattern.
One such mechanism is for NBA teams to employ strategies associated with substituting weaker players for stronger ones when they hold various leads, e.g., to allow their best players to rest or avoid injury, manage floor spacing and offensive/defensive combinations, etc., and then reverse the process when the other team leads. In this way, a team will play more weakly when it leads, and more strongly when it is losing, because of personnel changes alone rather than changes in morale or effort. If teams have different thresholds for making such substitutions, and differently skilled best players, the averaging across these differences would produce the smooth pattern observed in the data. Such substitutions are indeed common in basketball games, while football and hockey teams are inherently less able to alter their effective team skill through such player management, which may explain the restoring force’s presence in NBA games and its absence in CFB, NFL or NHL games. It would be interesting to determine whether college basketball games exhibit the same restoring force, and the personnel management hypothesis could be tested by estimating the on-court team’s skill as a function of lead size.
The observed patterns we find in the probability of scoring while in the lead are surprisingly accurate at reproducing the observed variation in lead-size dynamics in these sports (Figure 6), and suggest that this one pattern provides a compact and mostly accurate summary of the within-game scoring dynamics of a sport. However, we do not believe these patterns indicate the presence of any feedbacks, e.g., ‘momentum’ or cumulative advantage [36]. Instead, for CFB, NFL and NHL games, this pattern represents the distribution of latent team skills, while for NBA games, it represents strategic decisions about which players are on the court as a function of lead size.
This pattern also makes remarkably good predictions about the overall outcome of games, even when given information about only the first ℓ scoring events. Under a controlled out-of-sample test, we found that CFB, NFL and NHL game outcomes are highly predictable, even after only a few events. In contrast, NBA games were significantly less predictable, although reasonable predictions here can still be made, despite the impact of the restoring force.
Given the popularity of betting on sports, it is an interesting question as to whether our model produces better or worse predictions than those of established odds-makers. To explore this question, we compared our model against two such systems, the online live-betting website Bovadab and the odds-maker website Sports Book Review (SBR).c Neither site provided comprehensive coverage or systematic access, and so our comparison was necessarily limited to a small sample of games. Among these, however, our predictions were very close to those of Bovada, and, after 20% of each game’s events had occurred, were roughly 10% more accurate than SBR’s money lines across all sports. Although the precise details are unknown for how these commercial odds were set, it seems likely that they rely on many details omitted by our model, such as player statistics, team histories, team strategies and strengths, etc. In contrast, our model uses only information relating to the basic scoring dynamics within a sport, and knows nothing about individual teams or game strategies. In that light, its accuracy is impressive.
These results suggest several interesting directions for future work. For instance, further elucidating the connection between team skill and the observed scoring patterns would provide an important connection between within-game dynamics and team-specific characteristics. These, in turn, could be estimated from player-level characteristics to provide a coherent understanding of how individuals cooperate to produce a team and how teams compete to produce dynamics. Another missing piece of the dynamics puzzle is the role played by the environment and the control of space for creating scoring opportunities. Recent work on online games with heterogeneous environments suggests that these spatial factors can have large impact on scoring tempo and balance [23], but time series data on player positions on the field would further improve our understanding. Finally, our data omit many aspects of gameplay, including referee calls, timeouts, fouls, etc., which may provide for interesting strategic choices by teams, e.g., near the end of the game, as with clock management in football games. Progress on these and other questions would shed more light on the fundamental question of how much of gameplay may be attributed to skill versus luck.
Finally, our results demonstrate that common patterns and processes do indeed cut across seemingly distinct sports, and these patterns provide remarkably accurate descriptions of the events within these games and predictions of their outcomes. However, many questions remain unanswered, particularly as to what specific mechanisms generate the modest deviations from the basic patterns that we observe in each sport, and how exactly teams exerting such great efforts against each other can conspire to produce gameplay so reminiscent of simple stochastic processes. We look forward to future work that further investigates these questions, which we hope will continue to leverage the powerful tools and models of dynamical systems, statistical physics, and machine learning with increasingly detailed data on competition.
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Why Is American Football Called Football When They Carry the Ball?
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Why Is American Football Called Football When They Carry the Ball? Aspen Photo / Shutterstock.com To find the answer to why American Football is called football requires us to delve into the history of the sport and look at where it originated and wh...
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https://www.rulesofsport.com/faq/why-is-american-football-called-football-when-they-carry-the-ball.html
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To find the answer to why American Football is called football requires us to delve into the history of the sport and look at where it originated and what from.
The Origins of Rugby Football
Back in the 19th century, British public schools played a variety of ball games similar to modern day soccer and rugby. Whilst all of these featured two teams and a ball, there were wide variations in things, such as the use of the hands and how one could tackle an opponent. Because of this, there was no one uniform set of rules that one school could play another by.
Several of the major public schools in Britain met up in 1863 to put this right. The majority of the schools in attendance agreed a set standard of rules and regulations and these formed the basis of what is now known as Association Football, also known as soccer.
However, a minority of the schools present didn’t like the rules that had been agreed, mainly in that there was a lack of tough tackling in the new game. So, led by Rugby School, they came up with their own set of rules allowing tougher tackling, more handling of the ball and the use of an oblong ball that was easier to throw rather than a round one like in soccer. This, of course, became the sport we now know as Rugby, officially known as Rugby Football.
The Spread of the Game Called Rugby Football to America
Just like soccer, rugby grew in popularity, particularly in public schools in the UK and was exported all over the world. However, unlike soccer, which was able to maintain a standard set of rules across the world, rugby was subject to a number of differing interpretations of the game.
Firstly, within the UK there was a split between those that wanted to maintain the amateur status of the game and those that wanted to play professionally, resulting in the split between the Rugby Football Union and the Rugby Football League. The other major interpretations of the game were played in the USA.
In 1869, Rutgers University played Princeton in a game that featured two teams of 25 players and a round ball that could not be picked up or carried but could be hit with the hands and feet with the intention of scoring points by kicking or running the ball into the goal area.
Various games between American colleges continued like this with the game being played by the home team’s own rules until officials from Yale, Princeton, Rutgers and Columbia met and came up with a standard set of rules that amongst other things forbade carrying the ball.
The Foundation of the Modern Game of American Football
However, it was after a game between Harvard and Yale was played in 1875 and watched by Princeton officials that the modern sport of American Football began to evolve. The rules of this game were much more akin to the original game of Rugby Football and it was under these rules that the main US colleges eventually decided to subscribe to and from which the modern sport of American Football evolved from, initially driven by Yale player Walter Camp, known as the ‘father of American Football’.
The Name 'American Football'
You can see that the game of American Football’s name does not refer to the fact that it is a ballgame that is played mainly with the feet. Yes, there is kicking in the game of American football but its name is one that stems from its origins as a form of Rugby Football, albeit one that has evolved into considerably different, American form.
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https://bleacherreport.com/articles/849964-top-10-reasons-why-american-football-is-the-best-sport-in-the-world
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en
|
10 Reasons Why American Football Is the Best Sport in the World
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[
"David Webber"
] |
2011-09-14T20:25:57-04:00
|
It's been 92 glorious years since the NFL 's inception in 1920. The league started as a fledgling endeavor and has gone through many trials and tribulations but is now firmly entrenched as the No...
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en
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https://static-assets.bleacherreport.net/favicon.ico
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Bleacher Report
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https://bleacherreport.com/articles/849964-top-10-reasons-why-american-football-is-the-best-sport-in-the-world
|
David Webber@ @davidpwebber21Analyst I
10 Reasons Why American Football Is the Best Sport in the World
0 of 10
It's been 92 glorious years since the NFL's inception in 1920. The league started as a fledgling endeavor and has gone through many trials and tribulations but is now firmly entrenched as the No. 1 sport in North America.
While football has yet to make its name on the world stage (imagine a U.S. vs Britain football game. Blowout, anyone?), it is the opinion of many Americans that it is not only the best sport in the country but also in the world.
Need proof? Read on to learn the 10 best reasons why football is the most exciting sport in the world.
10. Tailgating
1 of 10
Rain or shine, day or night, hail or sleet. Does it matter what the weather is? Of course not, because tailgating is all about having fun no matter what Mother Nature throws your way.
A great stadium tailgate is a sight to behold—any unhealthy, fatty and grilled food you could ever want in all of its amateur goodness, tents with multiple flat screen televisions, recreational vehicles holding dozens of drunk people who have only partying and football on their minds.
You can even play football with strangers and have your own Tailgating Bowl.
What's not to like?
9. Cinderella Stories
2 of 10
Cinderella stories are seen throughout all sports but football has some really good ones that the fans can truly identify with.
Take quarterback Kurt Warner, for example. He was an Arena League flameout bagging groceries at a local store before the St. Louis Rams called him up. The rest is history: Warner led one of the greatest offenses in NFL history, won the Super Bowl in 2000 and led the laughingstock Arizona Cardinals to a stunning Super Bowl appearance in 2009.
How about Vince Papale, the Philadelphia Eagles walk-on forever immortalized by the movie "Invincible"?
Or even Patriots future Hall of Fame quarterback Tom Brady, who was a sixth-round pick and only got a chance to play when incumbent starter Drew Bledsoe was injured?
The NFL is chock full of Cinderella stories that we all know and love.
8. The "Chess Match"
3 of 10
Nearly every football fan thinks he or she can coach a team. But part of the reason that this is illogical (besides the fact that only 32 people in the entire world are qualified) is that coaching requires so much thinking and strategizing, only the truly gifted can do it.
And honestly, what fan doesn't like seeing the wrinkles that a defense installs after halftime to stop the opposing offense? Or when an offense executes a play that was drawn up so well, you can only marvel at it?
Coaching is a game of chess; this metaphor is used because chess is considered THE game of strategy. It's fun to see how coaches strategize to get the upper hand each and every week. No other sport requires so much thinking.
7. Rivalries
4 of 10
Yes, every sport has rivalries. Baseball has the Yankees and the Red Sox. There's the Cubs and the Cardinals. Blackhawks and Red Wings. Celtics and Lakers.
But don't tell me that these rivalries are more intense than those in football—rivalries like Packers/Bears, Raiders/Steelers and Redskins/Cowboys (to name only a few).
Admittedly, other sports may have the more historically appealing rivalries. But in football, they are at their most intense because, well, the point of the game is to hit the other team in the mouth as hard as you can. In football, rivalries bring out the best in both teams to the extent that it feels like a playoff atmosphere.
Put it this way: if the Yankees and Red Sox cleared their benches and fought amongst one another after a batter was intentionally hit by a pitch, it would be an event.
In football, every play involves someone getting in a dogfight—and that's more exciting than any other sport can offer up.
6. Defensive Excitement
5 of 10
In no sport is defense more intriguing than football. In basketball there are blocks and in baseball there are diving catches, but no sport can match football for its overall defensive excitement.
While offense is and always will be king, defense in football can generate just as much of a reaction as a touchdown or long pass can. Defensive touchdowns are among the most exciting plays in football and there is nothing that jacks up a team's collective adrenaline like a monster hit.
The fact that defense in football can impact a game in such a strong way is the reason why it makes football so exciting.
Also, consider this: in other sports, defense can lead to scoring opportunities. In football, the defense can simply take the ball and score itself.
5. Weekly Intrigue
6 of 10
Basketball and hockey can keep their 82 games. Baseball can definitely keep its 162.
Football? For better or worse, we get only 16 and that means that every game is important. You can take days off in other sports. Losing a game in basketball often leads to the saying "it's only one out of 82." In football, if you said "it's only one out of 16," you'd be cut on the spot.
No sport can match the week-to-week urgency that is present in football stadiums across the nation on Sunday (and yes, Saturday, as college football ratchets up the weekly intensity as well). It means that every fan is on the edge of their seat for every minute of the game, and that every play is meaningful to the outcome of the season.
Football is the only sport that can grab your attention for every waking moment no matter what.
4. Fantasy Football
7 of 10
The fact that every other sports' attempt at creating a successful fantasy game is a direct result of the success of fantasy football should be the only reason you need to know why fantasy football is important. Football gave birth to an industry of armchair quarterbacks just dying to one-up their friends while following their favorite players at the same time.
Fantasy football is no longer just a hobby. It is a multi-million dollar industry that is given life simply because football exists.
C'mon. Are there really any other reasons why football is the world's greatest sport?
3. Thanksgiving Traditions
8 of 10
There are many great American traditions, but none as exciting as Thanksgiving football. Let's be honest: there are no single days of the year where we get our families together to play baseball or basketball simply because its a holiday.
But on Thanksgiving, families across the nation go out, rain or shine, to play America's favorite sport and it has become a tradition that everyone looks forward to every year.
Have you played enough football? Then run into the house, grab some turkey and plop down in front of the TV to watch football for the rest of the day.
Best day of the year? I think so.
2. Parity
9 of 10
Parity is a beautiful thing. It's the process in which certain factors combine to ensure that every team will be at least reasonably competitive for random periods of time.
But in football, parity is alive and present every year. Football is the ultimate game of inches, meaning that the smallest bounce could be the difference between a win and a loss. Consider these snippets:
The last repeat Super Bowl winner was the New England Patriots in 2004.
The NFC has sent a different team to the Super Bowl in each of the last nine years.
Nearly every single year, four or five teams that failed to make the playoffs the prior year made it the year after.
Parity may not be the most incredible thing to most fans, especially ones who like dynasties, but to most fans, parity is a sign that nothing will ever be the same in any year.
To most fans, that's an enticing prospect. Football is a sport that is never boring—nothing is ever as it seems.
1. The Super Bowl
10 of 10
Families across the nation watch the Super Bowl. It needs two weeks of media coverage prior to kickoff in order to get all of the information needed to inform the public. The commercials are classic. The halftime show is epic. More food is consumed on Super Sunday across the nation than on Thanksgiving.
Oh yeah. Super Bowl XLV between the Packers and Steelers drew in 111 million viewers nationwide.
It was the most-watched television program in United States history.
Seriously, can any sport compete with that?
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https://www.sbu.edu/news/news-items/2023/02/03/st.-bonaventure-siena-research-survey-reveals-70-of-americans-are-sports-fans-21-avid-football-clearly-king
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https://www.uchscommander.com/opinions/2023/10/27/does-america-really-have-the-best-sports-teams-globally/
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Does America Really Have the Best Sports Teams Globally?
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[
"Jisang Yoo"
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2023-10-27T00:00:00
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The United States actively promotes the world of competitive sports, showing participation in a field of athletics ranging from team sports such as American football and basketball to combat sports and more. While U.S. sports flourish in popularity and prevalence in terms of a domestic standpoint, there is a misconception regarding its level of...
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en
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The Commander
|
https://www.uchscommander.com/opinions/2023/10/27/does-america-really-have-the-best-sports-teams-globally/
|
The United States actively promotes the world of competitive sports, showing participation in a field of athletics ranging from team sports such as American football and basketball to combat sports and more. While U.S. sports flourish in popularity and prevalence in terms of a domestic standpoint, there is a misconception regarding its level of competition compared to the rest of the world.
Popular professional sports sanctioned in the U.S. fail to translate effectively into monetary (and therefore cultural) value compared to other countries internationally, particularly in Europe. In regard to soccer, for example, MLS (Major League Soccer), which is the dominant men’s professional soccer league in the U.S., is overshadowed by the Premier League, the highest level of the English football league system. According to World Sports Network, from the 2017-2018 season, the Premier League — predominantly through sponsorships, prize funds, ticket sales, broadcast deals, and player sales — generated revenues of 6.04 billion dollars, compared to MLS’s 1.02 billion dollars (wsn.com). There are several factors contributing to MLS’s inability to compete alongside top soccer leagues around the world, but the overarching causation resides in the fact that the overall skill level of the players in the league is inferior, making it unappealing to much of the audience, so that they do not tune in to watch the games.
Similarities can be seen in baseball, which is considered to be the national sport of the U.S. The country is comprised of a long list of hall-of-fame players and a league that is at the forefront of all baseball organizations around the world. Nevertheless, the U.S. national baseball team consisting of the best American players in the MLB lost to Japan in the 2023 Baseball World Classic Finals, according to World Baseball Classic (mlb.com). Furthermore, according to CBS Sports, out of all the World Baseball Classic that were held — five events held between 2006 and 2023 — the U.S. was only able to take home one title in 2017 (cbssports.com). While the popularity of professional baseball is immense in the U.S., the talent of the players doesn’t reflect correspondingly when competing against foreign nations for the world champion title.
On the other hand, the U.S. exhibits superiority in the Olympics. According to World Population Review, the U.S. has the most Olympic medals, claiming a total of 2980. Additionally, there are no countries other than the U.S. — 1180 gold medals — to have won at least 300 gold medals thus far (worldpopulationreview.com). While this might seem impressive, people have to take into account that there’s a large contingent of Americans who have the opportunity to partake in sports at an early age, unlike many poorer countries. Also, its previous rivals, the Soviet Union, had to discontinue competing due to political issues. According to the National Post, “…the USSR has won more gold medals and more Olympic Medals total than any other country except the United States” and 13 out of the 18 games in which they competed before their collapse in 1991, they were the number one medal contender. Furthermore, “The U.S. has been sending athletes to the Olympics 86 years’ longer than the Soviets” (nationalpost.com).
The NBA (National Basketball Association) is acknowledged as the most competitive basketball league in the world. It encompasses the best players — the majority being U.S. players — who dominate the league and demonstrate to their fans why they are the superstars of the game of basketball. Having said that, the U.S. recently failed to compete at their best level against international countries. In the 2023 FIBA Basketball World Club, the United States lost 113 to 111 against Germany in the semi-finals and 127 to 118 against Canada in the third place, according to the official website of FIBA Basketball (fiba.basketball). Senior Jack Stodolski said, “I don’t think they had [U.S.] the best players out of America. I know they had players like Jaren Jackson, Jr. and Austin Reeves, but they didn’t have LeBron James, Stephen Curry, or Kevin Durant, so that could’ve been a disadvantage for the U.S. team.”
In spite of the fact that the U.S. may not be superior in many professional sports, people should appreciate the vastness of the sports industry offered by the U.S. that enables them to indulge in televised or in-person competitive sports. The United States has plenty of notable sports achievements to pride itself on, yet must not fall into the trap of assuming that athletic fame equates to champion status worldwide.
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https://www.britannica.com/sports/American-football
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American football | Definition, History, Leagues, Rules, & Facts
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[
"Michael Oriard"
] |
1999-07-26T00:00:00+00:00
|
American football is the version of the sport of football that evolved from English rugby and soccer (association football). American football, played with 11 on each side, originated in North America, primarily in the United States, where it eventually became the country’s leading spectator sport.
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en
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/favicon.png
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Encyclopedia Britannica
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https://www.britannica.com/sports/American-football
|
Roots in soccer and rugby
Gridiron football was the creation of elite American universities, a fact that has shaped its distinctive role in American culture and life. After several decades of informal, student-organized games that were tolerated by faculty as an alternative to more destructive rowdiness, the first intercollegiate football game was played on November 6, 1869, in New Brunswick, New Jersey, between in-state rivals Princeton and Rutgers according to rules adapted from those of the London Football Association. This soccer-style game became the dominant form as Columbia, Cornell, Yale, and a few other colleges in the Northeast took up the sport in the early 1870s, and in 1873 representatives from Princeton, Yale, and Rutgers met in New York City to found the Intercollegiate Football Association and to adopt a common code. Conspicuously missing was Harvard, the country’s premier university, whose team insisted on playing the so-called “Boston Game,” a cross between soccer and rugby. In May 1874, in the second of two matches with McGill University of Montreal (the first was played by the rules of the Boston Game), Harvard’s players were introduced to the rugby game and immediately preferred it to their own. The following year, for Harvard’s first football contest with Yale, representatives of the two schools agreed on “concessionary rules” that were chiefly Harvard’s. When spectators (including Princeton students) as well as Yale players saw the advantages of the rugby style, the stage was set for a meeting in 1876 of representatives from Harvard, Yale, Princeton, and Columbia to form a new Intercollegiate Football Association based on rugby rules.
Walter Camp and the creation of American football
(Read Walter Camp’s 1903 Britannica essay on football.)
Harvard made the first breach in rugby rules. Rejecting the traditional manner of putting the ball in play—players from both teams massed about the ball in a “scrummage,” or “scrum,” trying to kick it forward through the mass of players—Harvard opted for “heeling it out,” or kicking the ball backward to a teammate. The further transformation of English rugby into American football came chiefly through the efforts of Walter Camp, who even during his lifetime was known as the “Father of American Football.” As an undergraduate and then a medical student at Yale, Camp played football from 1876 through 1881, but—more important—beginning in 1878, he dominated the rules committee for nearly three crucial decades. Two of Camp’s revisions in particular effectively created the gridiron game. The first, in 1880, further refined Harvard’s initial innovation, abolishing the scrummage altogether in favor of a scrimmage, which awarded possession of the ball to one of the two teams. It was then put in play by heeling it out. (Snapping the ball with the hand became legal in 1890, though snapping with the foot continued as an option until 1913.)
Britannica Quiz
Great Moments in Sports Quiz
The second crucial rule change was necessitated by the first. Camp’s more orderly manner of initiating play did not require the team in possession of the ball to give it up. After Princeton simply held the ball for an entire half in its 1880 and 1881 contests with Yale, both games ending in scoreless ties that bored spectators as much as they frustrated Yale’s players, Camp proposed a rule that a team must advance the ball 5 yards or lose 10 in three downs (plays), or it would be obliged to surrender the ball to the other side. Camp was also responsible for having 11 players on a side, for devising a new scoring system in 1883 with two points for a touchdown, four points for the goal after a touchdown, and five points for a field goal (a field goal became worth three points in 1909, a touchdown six points in 1912), for creating the quarterback position, for marking the field with stripes, and for proposing several other innovations, but it was those two simple rules adopted in 1880 and 1882 that most fundamentally created American football.
After the crucial rule changes, the play of the game was relatively open, featuring long runs and numerous lateral passes, as in rugby. In 1888 Camp proposed that tackling below the waist be legalized, in order to offset the advantage of speedy backs streaking around the ends. The new rule resulted in the rise of mass plays, an offensive strategy that massed players on a single point of the defense, most famously in Harvard’s “flying wedge” in 1892. This style of play proved so brutal that the game was nearly abolished in the 1890s and early 1900s.
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https://www.ef.com/wwen/blog/language/soccer-american-football-differences/
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en
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Soccer vs. American football: 10 major differences â¹ EF GO Blog
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Confused about the difference between soccer and American football? Hereâs our beginnerâs guide to the ten main differences between the two sports.
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en
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/assetscdn/go706j5dozw8p0p3r573/assets/images/icons/favicon-48.ico
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EF GO Blog | EF Global Site (English)
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https://www.ef.com/wwen/blog/language/soccer-american-football-differences/
|
Football? American football? Soccer? These sports may share a name in many countries, but thatâs as far as the similarities go. While most people around the world know it simply as âfootballâ, in the United States (and Ireland) the sport is referred to as âsoccerâ. However, the US also has its very own version of football: âAmerican footballâ.
Confused? Weâre here to give you some answers.
Hereâs our beginnerâs guide to the main differences between soccer and American football. Itâll arm you with enough info to improvise your way through conversations about either sport as you embrace new cultures abroad.
1. The foot
Okay, letâs start at the beginning.
âFootballâ (or as weâll call it from here on out: soccer) got its name because you have to use your feet. So far, so good.
American football, on the other hand, is not very foot-based at all, mostly involving throwing and carrying the ball upfield.
Why is it called American football and not âthrowballâ? Nobody knows for certain, but one answer is that the name isnât actually referring to oneâs foot, but rather to the American measurement system of feet and inches â since the ball is roughly one foot (around 30cm) long, they went with that. Makes sense⦠right?
2. The ball
Soccer balls are simple, round and ideal for kicking.
American footballs are more of a pointy egg shape (or âprolate spheroidâ if you prefer the more sophisticated term), with large stitches along one of the sides for a stronger grip when throwing. Theyâre also sometimes referred to as âpigskinsâ, apparently because thatâs what they were first made from (weâre glad that changed).
3. The field
American football fields are pretty much exactly as youâve seen them in all those American high school movies. They're marked in ten-yard (nine-meter) intervals, with an âend zoneâ line and two upright posts at each end.
A soccer field is even simpler, with two center semicircles and a âboxâ 18 yards in front of the goal. This marks where the goalkeeper â the only player allowed to use their hands â is permitted to handle the ball.
Both fields are around 100 meters long, though soccer fields are much wider than their American football counterparts.
4. The aim
Soccer typically keeps it simple. Kick the ball into the net and you score a goal. Get more goals than your opponent and you win the game.
American football is all about âtouchdownsâ â avoiding tackles and carrying the ball into your opponentâs end zone. These are worth an initial 6 points, plus an additional point for successfully kicking through the posts after scoring.
A big difference here is that soccer games often end in draws, sometimes without any goals scored at all. By contrast, American football games are usually high-scoring and very rarely tied at full-time. When there is a tie, the match goes to âovertimeâ â where whichever team scores first, wins.
5. The pace
American football may be higher scoring, but itâs also slower moving.
Whereas soccer is played across two free-flowing halves of 45 minutes, American football is split into four 15-minute quarters. These quarters can take a while to play out because the clock is often stopped at the end of a âplayâ, once the ball-carrier is tackled to the ground.
For this reason, American football is constantly stopping and restarting. Along with the complexity of the gameplay, this can be a barrier for first-time fans, but it's a barrier worth breaking!
6. The players
Both sports have 11 players per team on the field at any given time.
In soccer, the same 11 players play through an entire game, give or take a few substitutes. Meanwhile, American football teams are constantly changing their players around depending on whether the team is attacking or defending.
For example, the quarterback position in American football is a key part of the âoffenseâ. The quarterback will play when their team has possession, but sit out on the sideline while the opponent has the ball. This means up to around 45 players can take part per team over the course of just a single game.
7. The nicknames
Detroit Lions, Seattle Seahawks, Chicago Bears â American football teams all have fun official nicknames.
Soccer teams have nicknames too, but theyâre unofficial. Rather than predatory animals or fearsome foes, nicknames in soccer often refer simply and rather unoriginally to the shirt color worn by that particular team. Real Madrid are âLos Blancosâ (the whites), Chelsea âThe Bluesâ, Liverpool âThe Redsâ etc.
There are also some pretty random monikers in soccer that seem to come from nowhere but are usually related to the teamâs history. A few examples include names like âThe Toffeesâ, âThe Terriersâ and âThe Cherriesâ.
Facing off against âThe Terriersâ might not sound like the most intimidating prospect, but maybe thatâs part of the strategy.
8. The league(s)
The same 32 teams compete with each other in American footballâs NFL league year after year. Whether your team wins the coveted Super Bowl trophy or loses every game 50-0, youâll be playing the same teams for the same prize again next season.
There are many more teams in soccer, and leagues are split into divisions. Finish at the top of your division and you are promoted to the one above you, where better teams lie in wait. Find yourself at the bottom end and youâll go down the âtrapdoorâ to the league below.
You could even (theoretically) start your own team with friends and, eventually, be playing the likes of Barcelona or Bayern Munich â itâs worth a shot, right?
9. The moving house
American football teams are also referred to as âfranchisesâ. As such, they are entitled to relocate and move to another city from time to time.
The Las Vegas Raiders were once the Oakland Raiders, the Los Angeles Chargers were formerly the San Diego Chargers, and the LA Rams became the St Louis Rams, before changing their minds and heading back to LA.
This is totally unheard of in soccer, where teams stay in the same place, for better or worse.
10. The following
It goes without saying that both soccer and American football are extremely popular. However, considering soccer's significant global presence in comparison to American football's more national focus, it makes sense that viewing figures between the two vary substantially.
For example, the 2022 FIFA World Cup Final between Argentina and France was watched by a whopping 1.5 billion people â almost one-fifth of the worldâs population.
American football also boasts a vast fanbase but, with a peak of around 115 million viewers during the most recent Super Bowl, attracted almost 13 times fewer than soccerâs equivalent.
Despite their differences, both soccer and American football have their own lively culture and traditions that are well worth exploring. Hopefully this guide will help you with the basics as you embrace a new sport abroad.
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| 10
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https://www.profootballhof.com/football-history/nov-12-birth-of-pro-football/
|
en
|
Pro Football Hall of Fame
|
[
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November 12, 1892 is a day etched in sports history, as professional football was born. To learn about how professional football came to be, visit the Pro Football Hall of Fame.
|
en
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/assets/favIcons/apple-touch-icon.png
|
pfhof
|
https://www.profootballhof.com/football-history/nov-12-birth-of-pro-football/
|
The date was November 12, 1892, a day that would forever be etched in sports history, although no one involved that day could possibly have recognized the importance of the occasion. It was the day that the Allegheny Athletic Association football team defeated the Pittsburgh Athletic Club. The game in itself was not a momentous event. But one of the circumstances of the game did make it a never-to-be-forgotten moment in sports history – one of the AAA players, William (Pudge) Heffelfinger, was openly paid $500 to play the game. Thus pro football made its debut more than 100 years ago in comparatively obscure surroundings that could not possibly have provided the slightest clue to the world-wide popularity the sport would be destined to enjoy, particularly in the waning decades of pro football's first century.
While the PAC had suspected something illegal was afoot, there was no immediate evidence to back up its belief that the AAA had abandoned the standard practices of the day by actually paying someone to play football. Absolute verification, in fact, did not become public for almost 80 years until the Pro Football Hall of Fame received and displayed a document – an expense accounting sheet of the Allegheny Athletic Association that clearly shows a "game performance bonus to W. Heffelfinger for playing (cash) $500. While it is possible that others were paid to play before 1892, the AAA expense sheet provides the first irrefutable evidence of an out-and-out cash payment. It is appropriately referred to today as "pro football's birth certificate."
The sport of American football itself was relatively new in 1892. Its roots stemmed from two sports, soccer and rugby, which had enjoyed long-time popularity in many nations of the world. On November 6, 1869, Rutgers and Princeton played what was billed as the first college football game. However, it wasn't until the 1880s that a great rugby player from Yale, Walter Camp, pioneered rules changes that slowly transformed rugby into the new game of American Football.
Meanwhile, athletic clubs that sponsored a great variety of sports teams became a popular phenomenon in the United States in the years immediately after the Civil War. One of the sports the athletic club embraced was football.
By the 1880s, most athletic clubs had a football team. Competition was heated and each club vowed to stock its teams with the best players available. Toward this end, some clubs obtained jobs for star players. Others "awarded" expensive trophies or watches to their players, who would in turn pawn their awards, only to receive them again and again after each game they played. A popular practice was to offer double expense money to players for their services. Since football players were supposed to be amateurs, these practices were questioned by the Amateur Athletic Union but for every tactic declared illegal, a new one was developed.
Thus the scene was set for the AAA-PAC showdown. The actions before, during and after the game are as intriguing as the fact that someone was openly paid to play football for the first time. The Allegheny football team, founded in 1890, and the Pittsburgh team, founded a year later, already were heated rivals when they met in the first of two games in the 1892 season and wound up in a 6-6 tie. Adding fuel to the fire was the AAA claim that the PAC's top player and coach, William Kirschner, was a professional because, as a paid instructor for the PAC, his salary went up and his work load down during the football season. With controversy raging, both sides began to explore methods of beefing up their squads.
For years, Brallier was considered to be first pro
Early-day pro football historians agreed that a 16-year-old quarterback from Indiana College in Pennsylvania, John Brallier, had become the first pro football player when he accepted $10 and "cakes" (expenses) to play for the Latrobe, PA, town team against neighboring Jeannette on September 3, 1895.
After the Pro Football Hall of Fame was opened in 1963 in Canton, further research uncovered the Pudge Heffelfinger payment by the Allegheny Athletic Association in 1892 and thus negated the Latrobe claim as the birthplace of pro football.
Today, Brallier is ranked no higher than seventh in line among the early-day players accepting pay to play.
Listed below are the first seven players known to have been openly paid to play football:
William "Pudge" Heffelfinger – Allegheny Athletic Association, Pittsburgh, – $500 for one game on November 12, 1892.
Ben "Sport" Donnelly – Allegheny Athletic Assocation, Pittsburgh – $250 for one game on November 19, 1892.
Peter Wright – Allegheny Athletic Association, Pittsburgh – $50 per game (under contract) for the entire 1893 season.
James Van Cleve – Allegheny Athletic Association, Pittsburgh – $50 per game (under contract) for the entire 1893 season.
Oliver W. Rafferty – Allegheny Athletic Association, Pittsburgh – $50 per game (under contract) for the entire 1893 season.
Lawson Fiscus – Greenburg, PA – $20 per game (under contract) for the entire 1894 season.
John Brallier – Latrobe, PA, – $10 and expenses for one game on September 3, 1895.
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dbpedia
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2
| 12
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https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2024/02/05/by-a-wide-margin-americans-say-football-not-baseball-is-americas-sport/
|
en
|
By a wide margin, Americans say football – not baseball – is ‘America’s sport’
|
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[] |
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[
""
] | null |
[
"Beshay",
"John Gramlich",
"Anna Jackson",
"Michael Rotolo"
] |
2024-02-05T00:00:00
|
More than half of Americans (53%) say America’s sport is football – about twice the share who say it’s baseball (27%).
|
en
|
Pew Research Center
|
https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2024/02/05/by-a-wide-margin-americans-say-football-not-baseball-is-americas-sport/
|
Baseball is known as “America’s favorite pastime.” But for the largest share of the U.S. public, football is “America’s sport,” according to a recent Pew Research Center survey.
In August 2023, we asked nearly 12,000 U.S. adults the following question: “If you had to choose one sport as being ‘America’s sport,’ even if you don’t personally follow it, which sport would it be?” The question was part of a broader survey about sports fandom in the United States.
More than half of Americans (53%) say America’s sport is football – about twice the share who say it’s baseball (27%). Much smaller shares choose one of the other four sports we asked about: basketball (8%), soccer (3%), auto racing (3%) or hockey (1%).
We also included the option for Americans to write in another sport. The most common answers volunteered were golf, boxing, rodeo and ice skating. Other respondents used the opportunity to have some fun: Among the more creative answers we received were “competitive eating,” “grievance politics,” “reality TV” and “cow tipping.”
In every major demographic group, football is the most common choice when the public is asked to identify America’s sport. It tops the list for men and women, for older and younger adults, and for White, Black, Hispanic and Asian Americans alike.
Still, some demographic differences emerge for certain sports. For instance, White Americans are more likely than other racial or ethnic groups to say the national sport is baseball, while Hispanic Americans are more likely than other groups to say it’s soccer. Black and Asian Americans, in turn, are more likely than White and Hispanic Americans to say America’s sport is basketball. In each of these racial and ethnic groups, however, by far the largest share of people say the national sport is football.
Most Americans don’t closely follow sports
Just because Americans see football as the national sport doesn’t mean they’ve been closely following the NFL season leading up to this weekend’s Super Bowl LVIII.
Most U.S. adults (62%) say they follow professional or college sports not too or not at all closely, and a similar share (63%) say they talk about sports with other people just a few times a month or less often, according to the Center’s August survey. In fact, only 7% of adults are what might be called sports “superfans” – people who follow sports extremely or very closely and talk about sports with other people at least every day.
|
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7350
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dbpedia
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2
| 69
|
https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/31082306
|
en
|
Super Bowl 58: A beginner's guide to American football
|
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[
""
] | null |
[
"BBC Newsround",
"www.facebook.com"
] |
2015-02-01T12:02:17+00:00
|
Don't know much about American football? Here are some handy phrases and tips to help you understand the game.
|
en
|
BBC Newsround
|
https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/31082306
|
Super Bowl 58 - American football's biggest game and the country's most popular sporting occasion is coming in February.
Described by some as the greatest sporting event on Earth, millions will watch all over the world, and many will turn on just to watch the famous half-time entertainment.
So, if you don't know much about American football or the Super Bowl, and want to know more, then Newsround has got you covered.
Keep reading for some handy information so you can sound like an expert...
The 58th Super Bowl will be played on Sunday 11 February at Allegiant Stadium, Las Vegas, USA. In the UK, you will need to stay up late as it kicks off off at 11.30pm UK time. Or you could always record it and watch it the next day.
It's sometimes written as Super Bowl LVIII - which are Roman numerals - symbols for numbers - for 58.
We're down to the final two teams now - the Kansas City Chiefs, who won the title last season, and the San Francisco 49ers.
The Chiefs will be aiming to win back-to-back titles for the first time in the last 20 years. It will be their sixth Super Bowl appearance overall and fifth in the last six years. Now that's Super impressive.
The 49ers have been one of the best teams in the NFL this season, and they have only lost five games, so they will be confident of lifting that famous trophy.
In American football, one of the main positions is the quarterback. They lead the team and aim to put as many points on the scoreboard as possible.
The Chiefs are led by Patrick Mahomes, one of the best quarterbacks in recent years. He has already won the Super Bowl twice and has been named MVP (Most Valuable Player) in the NFL twice. That's an award given to the best player in the league.
Brock Purdy is San Francisco's quarterback, and he'll be out for his first Super Bowl title. He's been one of the best performers in the NFL this season.
If you really want to impress your friends, you can drop Christian McCaffrey's name - the best running back in the league.
And you've probably heard of Chiefs' tight end Travis Kelce - he's currently dating Taylor Swift.
Okay, so it's not strictly part of the sport but the Super Bowl entertainment is a show in itself.
The famous half-time show has seen many greats - from Beyoncé to Prince, and Lady Gaga to Bruno Mars - perform in the past.
Last year, Rihanna headlined the spectacular 12-minute show.
The performance was watched by well over 100 million people in the United States and many millions more around the world.
This year, singer-songwriter and Grammy award winner Usher has been announced as the headliner of the half-time show.
It all sounds exciting - but do you need to know a bit more about the game itself?
Okay here's how the tactics work.
Each team is split into two groups; an attacking one and a defensive one.
The team which has control of the ball will have their offence (attacking players) on the pitch.
The attacking players will attempt to move the ball forward and score touchdowns.
The team without the ball it will have their defence (defensive players) on. The role of the defence is to stop the other team from scoring by tackling the ball-carrier, intercepting passes or causing fumbles.
This is true for most of the game except when one team has chosen to kick the ball. The 'special teams' come on for that.
Top tip: Make sure you pronounce defence like this: "Dee-fence". That's how Americans say it.
Examples you could use: "The Chiefs' offence relies a lot on quarterback Patrick Mahomes to be successful don't you think?" or " Nick Bosa is so important for The 49ers' dee-fence if they're going to win the Super Bowl".
These 'downs' are key to the game and pop up all the time, so nail these and you'll sound like a pro!
Basically you get four attempts (aka downs) to move the ball 10 yards (by either running with it or passing it). If you make 10 yards then you get another set of four downs.
If you watched the Super Bowl you might have seen the words '1st and 10' written in the corner of your TV screen. That means it's the 1st down with 10 yards to make.
If a team makes three yards, for example, then next it's 2nd and Seven, 3rd and Four etc. If they fail to make 10 yards in the four downs then the other team gets the ball.
Top tip: If teams fail to make 10 yards on their first three attempts then they'll probably kick it away on their 4th down. This means the other team will have further to go to score.
Examples of use: "I'd throw the ball deep on 2nd down" or "The Chiefs sometimes run the ball on 1st down"
Similar to rugby, both teams are attempting to run the ball to opposite sides of the pitch before touching it down or score a goal by kicking the ball through the upright posts.
Touchdown (six points) - A touchdown is scored when a team crosses the opposition's goal line with the ball, or catches or collects the ball in the end zone.
Field goal (three points) - These are usually attempted on fourth down if the kicker is close enough to the end zone to kick the ball through the posts, or uprights.
Extra point (one or two points) - A point is earned by kicking the ball through the uprights after a touchdown (similar to a rugby conversion). Two points are earned by taking the ball into the end zone again.
Safety (two points) - Awarded to the defensive team when a member of the offensive team is tackled with the ball in his own end zone.
|
|||||
7350
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dbpedia
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3
| 25
|
https://leademup.com/communication/communication-in-sports-build-winning-teams/
|
en
|
Communication in Sports: Build Winning Teams
|
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[
""
] | null |
[
"Jef"
] |
2023-03-08T21:25:45+00:00
|
Communication is one of your team's most important skills. But what is communication in sports? Why is it important? How can coaches teach it?
|
en
|
Lead 'Em Up
|
https://leademup.com/communication/communication-in-sports-build-winning-teams/
|
We’ll come right out and say it: Communication is one of your team’s most important skills. This is true whether you’re a coach or an athlete. Effective Communication promotes team cohesion, leadership, problem-solving, and decision-making. All things teams need to achieve their goals …WINNING! But what exactly is communication in sports, why is it important, and how can you teach it effectively?
What is Communication in Sports?
To be technical communication in sports is:
The exchange of information between athletes, athletes and coaches, and between teams
Communication can be: verbal, or nonverbal
Communication encompasses everything from instructions to feedback to emotional support
Or simply: It is the way players and coaches tell others what they are thinking, feeling, and what they are going to do.
Why is Effective Communication in Sports Important?
Effective communication in sports is essential for a variety of reasons. Good communication helps athletes develop trust and respect for their teammates and coaches. When coaches communicate effectively, athletes feel heard and supported. That support will boost their morale and motivation.
Effective communication also promotes teamwork and problem-solving. When athletes can communicate effectively, they work together to solve problems and make decisions. This leads to more efficient and successful practices, games, and competitions.
Another added bonus to effective communication is helping athletes develop important life skills. Communication skills learned on the court or field will translate to the rest of an athlete’s life.
How Can You Teach Effective Communication in Sports?
There are several strategies coaches can use to teach effective communication in sports. Here are some ideas you can use:
Set Clear Expectations
Clearly explain your expectations for communication with your athletes. Let them know what kind of communication is expected of them. Mastering the art of communication through our dynamic exercise Sugar and Salt is a great way to establish how your team should communicate.
Be an Example
As a coach, you are the person that your athletes will look to and model their behavior after. Be aware of how you communicate with others, especially in front of your athletes.
You can model good communication skills by:
Intentionally listening
Providing constructive feedback
Being clear and concise in your instructions
Encouraging open Communication
As the coach, you are able to create an environment that is safe and supportive. Build an environment where athletes feel comfortable expressing their thoughts, feelings, and ideas. Creating a culture of celebration where everyone on the team feels accepted, acknowledged, and appreciated creates open lines of communication.
Be Intentional
Leadership is a skill and like any skill, it can be taught. Great leaders are great communicators. Anything you wish to see exist in your program has to be intentionally taught.
Provide Feedback
Provide regular feedback to your athletes on their communication skills. Let them know what they are doing well and where they can improve.
Practice
Like anything in sports, practice is necessary to improve. Athletes need to get their reps. This is no different. If they don’t practice, when they encounter a tough situation their skill level will not be enough. The same as when facing a better opponent. Your Athletes need to prepare for tough conversations that require good communication skills. Even the strongest communicators can falter when situations get tough. Role-playing tough situations with your athletes is a good tactic for practicing their communication skills before they need to use them.
Conclusion
Effective communication in sports is critical for success, athlete development, and team unity. As a coach, it is your responsibility to teach your athletes how to communicate. Set clear expectations with your athletes. Consistently model effective communication. Encouraging open communication between themselves and you. Use team-building activities to regularly build this skill. Provide feedback that will help your athletes build their communication skills.
Teaching your players effective communication in sports will help you build a winning team. It will also help prepare your athletes to be successful in other areas of their life.
Looking for resources to help teach effective communication to your athletes? Look no further. Our exercise Sugar & Salt will show your athletes how to communicate in challenging conversations. It will teach athletes how to effectively communicate and hold teammates accountable.
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7350
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dbpedia
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| 7
|
https://www.bartleby.com/essay/Football-Teamwork-PJRYF6TMZB
|
en
|
Football Teamwork - 968 Words
|
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[
""
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[] | null |
Free Essay: The sport of football is highly unique in terms of the teamwork required to be successful. Football requires that every person on the team do...
|
https://www.bartleby.com/essay/Football-Teamwork-PJRYF6TMZB
|
In this documentary there was a mental skill that stood out the most, in particular, group dynamics/ cohesion. Throughout the team’s football season coach Courtney helps the boys feel closer with their fellow teammates, thus, resulting in each individual to look out for one another. With that said, in the movie the team worked together to achieve a common goal which was to win a playoff game while also working on individual interpersonal relationships with other teammates. With that in mind, different elements of task and social cohesion are emphasized in this documentary.
This structural-stress gives all of them time to develop their time-management skills as well as many other advantages. The training is designed to produce well-conditioned young athletes that will be ready to out-perform the next team they face. This also leads towards the athletes living a healthy lifestyle and develop problem-solving skills. (Runya, Robin) One good habit can lead to many good habits to form. Some more advantages would be a rise in self-esteem, higher social competence, and students striving for higher levels of academic achievement. (Robin) Collegiate sports also can reduce the rate of arrests, unplanned pregnancies, and lowers the dropout rate. (Robin) In addition to these social and emotional benefits, sports can also bring about intangible benefits to the school and community as a whole. “Sports also create important opportunities for students to contribute to the school community, which may cultivate an increased commitment to, or identification with, school and school values.” (Taliaferro 397) The teamwork skills these men learn from playing football with affect them every day of their lives. They learn to trust each other on the field, as well as develop skills that can and will help them in their future careers. This leads to a greater social benefit we experience as they enter the
By participating in football people can learn sportsmanship, hard work, discipline, and teamwork. Considering the many lessons it teaches, teamwork and discipline play the main role. With teamwork, players/children are learning how to trust their teammates the more experience they have with each other. As for discipline, it teaches kids to work hard and set good goals which can be helpful for them in the future as opposed to not playing, and being a step behind. NFL expert Jobe Lewis says that “football requires a pretty unique brand of teamwork and requires the player to discipline himself and to work hard” (Lewis 1).
Despite such an increased concern for this topic many people are aware of the possible implications of placing their children in football or playing the game themselves yet they still continue to do so. Many players are told from a young age to simply be tough and suck it up, “[…] youth profess that the game and the team are more important than their individual health and they may play through a concussion to avoid letting down their teammates, coaches, schools and parents” (Breslow,
For decades, American Football has captivated this nation as one of the prime sources of entertainment. With the culmination point, the Super Bowl, attracting more viewership than any other televised event in the country, the sport has seen a tremendous growth since its origination in 1920. In an era of economic struggle, job shortage, and high-cost of living, those with above average physical abilities can find the lure of professional football to be extremely attractive. With the wealth and fame attached to a professional career, many of our youths share the common dream of achieving football star status. In order to attempt this lofty goal, many kids enroll in this contact sport at an early age, often times with the support of their parents.
Despite the fanfare that comes with the game of football, I consider myself to be very lucky to have been exposed to the game at such a young age. Football is all about teamwork, where as some sports are more individual based. It is not like baseball where a player can hit a homerun and save your chances. In order for a football team to work, not only do all 11 players on the field have to work together, but the team must prepare to be successful well before the ball is first snapped. You always hear how football teaches young men to have a work ethic or to be better teammates, and while this true, for me football was about becoming a better person.
Jeff Scurran is the head football coach at Carolina Foothills High School in Tucson, Arizona and he wrote an article on why football is a necessity that society can’t get rid of. “We are teaching kids traits desired by many professions, including the military. I took my team on a trip to West Point a few years ago. I wasn’t surprised to find out that every freshman cadet was required to play on an intramural football team. Because in football, we are teaching kids hustle, determination, teamwork, effort, discipline, intelligence, and that hard work pays off.” High school football is one of the only sports that teaches so many traits that are proven to improve your academics, and could eventually assist you in life in general. “Look at the ones who stay, learn, put in the work to develop their technique- and put in the classroom to remain academically eligible. Other sports promote this but the combination of teamwork and toughness in football is second to none,” Scurran says in his article, “These are essential qualities to being successful in life; the intangibles are
Sports are a significant part of society and spectators enjoy particular events regardless of the type. However, there are many players who develop special working and social relationships with whom they are participating regardless of the type of sport. The relationship and how people interact with one another can be the determination of how successful a team can be. The particular film based on a true story that I chose is titled When the Game Stands Tall. This film consists of a high performing football team of De La Salle High School in the state of California. Jim Caviezel portrays the head coach (Bob Ladouceur) as a man with such vision and passion that goes beyond the fundamental principles of coaching the game of football. The football team had won 151 games without being defeated which is the highest winning record a team has had in the game of football. The film shows the internal struggles of the players in their lives as people, and how they perform on the field. It also shows the external tragic difficulties that they face while they attend and play for De Le Salle High School. In the movie, the head coach helps the students/players by not only coaching them but also showing them how to live a flourishing life by committing to endure difficult life situations and the way to overcome them. He helps teach the principles of brotherhood and companionship with the team that they build. In the movie, the head coach and the staff had taught the players
To begin looking at a football team it would first be beneficial to examine the normative behaviors associated with the adolescent period in a child’s life. The adolescent period of one’s life is often marked by moodiness, being short-tempered, and easily angered (citation). The above characteristics are often due to the hormonal and physical changes that accompany this time period. Not only are there changes occurring to the individual, changes are also occurring within peer
In addition to teamwork, football also teaches discipline. Discipline is the result of commitment, a love for the task, and passion for the game. These characteristics are usually enforced by infusing commitment, passion, and love for the task while growing up at a young age. Discipline in football controls your goals and accomplishments, which starts on the football field. When team players are disciplined it means that they know what they want (to win games) and they do it the best they know how by perfecting the basic skills, such as, tackling, running and blocking. Some examples of discipline are showing up to practice on time and knowing what job is expected of you on the football team. If you do not know, it can cause your team to lose games. Exercising throughout the year is another example because the player’s body has to be in shape year round.
Football remains the most popular sport in America and the ninth most popular sport in the world for a reason. Since its creation in 1869, football has played a fundamental part of American society. Every Sunday, my family along with millions of other Americans turn the television to CBS, NBC or FOX to watch their favorite football team go to battle. My family and I bleed burgundy and gold and root for the home team the Washington Redskins. Americans including myself display great intensity and passion for the game of football and the result of the game often changes my attitude for the better or worse. Watching the game on television may come as exhilarating and entertaining, but playing the game creates the best times. Overall football has made a severe impact on many people’s lives. Football teaches unique lessons in a hands on manner which helps athletes like myself sustain a much more adventurous life. Football has made an immeasurably positive influence upon my life, but the sport has its dangers. Football changes lives.
For a lot of kids, it’s not until it’s all said and done, and they look back on it several years later, that they realize the difference the sport made in their lives. They are proud of playing the game. Have you ever met anybody who accomplished playing four years of high school football, and at the end of that run said, ‘Man, I wish I wouldn’t have played’? It doesn’t get said. Football players aren’t perfect. Nobody is. But millions of former players, one by one, can recount the life-altering principles they learned from football. They know the value of football is the values in football.That’s why high school football – and particularly high school coaches – play such a vital role in our society. Our football coaches are on the front lines of the battle for the hearts and minds of the boys in our society.
Football is considered one of the most highly played sports and by some the most popular sport in America. Football is an intense game of great strength and triumph and most can agree that it is a great way for their children to make friends, build character, and for a select few make a career out of it. It can be agreed that these are all true and that football is a highly engaging event to watch. This is not an essay to say that football is an outrageously dangerous sport that should be banned at all levels of playing. Although, it is an outrageously dangerous sport, there needs to be a new way to coach these football players so they can play in a way that does not endanger one’s life. However, with any sport comes the risks of possible injury.
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https://leadercast.com/teamwork-over-talent/
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Teamwork Over Talent
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2019-05-07T15:53:00+00:00
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Patrick Lencioni explains why leaders should spend more of their time and effort creating a culture of teamwork than looking for outside talent.
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Leadercast
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https://leadercast.com/teamwork-over-talent/
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These days, virtually no one will tell you that teamwork isn’t important when it comes to an organization achieving its goals. Even cynics understand that groups of people who are willing to put their individual interests aside for the good of the team will outperform groups of people who do not.
Having said that, there is something that often happens after a team succeeds that suggests many of us might be discounting the real power of teamwork. A great example of this happens in the world of professional sports.
Perhaps a hypothetical example from the NFL would be a good case study. Imagine that a team wins the Super Bowl with less talent than many of the teams it defeated along the way. This is not all that uncommon in sports. When this happens, television announcers, journalists, coaches and sports executives often rave about the amazing culture of teamwork that existed, and how it was what allowed the team to overachieve and beat the odds.
Those people seem sincere when they make that claim, but then something strange happens during the off-season which doesn’t really make sense. As soon as the free-agent market opens up and executives try to sign new players or make trades with other organizations, a premium is placed on athletes who played for the championship team. General managers are suddenly willing to bid higher and pay more to pry a linebacker or wide-receiver away from the Super Bowl team, as though they are now more valuable. All too often, those same general managers find themselves disappointed the following season when the new recruit doesn’t do for his new team what he apparently did for his old one.
Of course, the explanation for this is obvious: The culture of teamwork that the Super Bowl champ created made its players much more effective than they would have been on other teams. As a result, the collective achievement of the team exceeded what anyone would have been able to predict based on an individual analysis of talent.
Now, if we really believed in the power of that team culture, then we would know that taking someone off that team and putting them in a new organization is going to have a profound impact on their performance. And so, the question is, do those executives really believe what they said about teamwork and somehow forget it in their desire to find new players, or do they just give lip service to teamwork and deep down inside believe it all comes down to talent?
This same phenomenon also happens in business. Companies spend a lot of time and energy trying to acquire talent from successful organizations, believing that by doing so, they’ll be able to improve the performance of their own organizations. In most situations, people from great companies aren’t easy to lure away from healthy, successful organizations, and so they command higher salaries. Unfortunately, like in the NFL, the return on investment is rarely what the acquiring company was striving for.
What’s the practical lesson for companies trying to improve? They should start by spending more of their time and effort creating a culture of teamwork than looking for outside talent because the rewards for doing so are enormous. For starters, they’ll get more from the employees they already have, and even find stars who are already in their midst. Remember, great football teams birth superstars from the ranks of ordinary players who happen to have extraordinary attitudes. Beyond that, companies that create true team environments become places where other team-oriented players want to work. Great football teams attract players who are tired of playing for selfish, dysfunctional teams, and, in some cases, they even play for less money to have that opportunity.
Perhaps the first thing that a company needs to do in order to improve is to ask itself if it truly believes that teamwork is a strategic advantage and that it, more than sheer talent, brings about lasting success.
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https://www.tiktok.com/%40raficomedian/video/7296900116433177899
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Make Your Day
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https://www.dynastynerds.com/sports/why-is-football-important-to-american-culture/
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Why is Football Important to American Culture?
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Football is one of the most popular physical activities for humans. It is a game of high school and college reunions, homecoming, and creating childhood memories and friends. In addition, football is among the most intense sports that develop a culture of competition, unity, and loyalty to one’s team. Footballers are the country’s heroes, guests
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Dynasty Nerds - Dynasty Fantasy Football | Rankings + Strategy + Mock Drafts + Rookies + Podcast
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https://www.dynastynerds.com/sports/why-is-football-important-to-american-culture/
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Football is one of the most popular physical activities for humans. It is a game of high school and college reunions, homecoming, and creating childhood memories and friends. In addition, football is among the most intense sports that develop a culture of competition, unity, and loyalty to one’s team. Footballers are the country’s heroes, guests at thanksgiving events, and role models to the upcoming generations. Cultural representation is everywhere in school competitions, the National football league, the Independent Women’s Football League (IWFL), and other local and national tournaments. Most people wonder why football is important to American culture. There are numerous reasons for the sport’s popularity. So, read this article to find out more.
Importance of Football in America: Top 6 Benefits
Let’s analyze the importance of American football.
Health benefits
Football has numerous health benefits. Firstly, it enhances bone strength. As people age, their bone density decreases gradually. However, repeated weight-bearing load while playing football helps to increase their skeletal frame’s strength. Secondly, the sport lowers body fat by building muscles and burning calories over time. Thirdly, it promotes cognitive brain function by enhancing persistence, self-discipline, and concentration. In addition, football is one of the most demanding games that improve players’ agility, cardiovascular endurance, speed, and hand-eye coordination. As the American health ministry strives to ensure citizens can assess quality medical care to improve life expectancy, they can play their part by participating in football tournaments to maintain fitness.
Football enhances critical thinking and decision-making skills
Football teaches you to think critically and make decisions within a short time. As a player, you must learn to execute plans and make critical decisions. Since it takes 90 minutes on average to determine the winning team, every participant should think faster and make a conscious choice whenever they possess the ball. These skills are vital in adulthood since they enable individuals to make informed decisions in every task they attempt to accomplish, thus promoting success in life.
Football enhances mental and physical toughness
Football is among the most physical sports after hockey and rugby. As a football player, it’s nearly inevitable to have bumps and minor or major injuries that may require urgent medical intervention. Although bruises and scars heal over time, you learn to manage the pain and give your most outstanding efforts to ensure your team achieves the best outcomes during competitions. In addition, playing football requires a strong mind. Players develop mental toughness by overcoming adversity after a mistake and learning to perfect their skills.
Football promotes national unity
Any successful American football player will attest that playing this game requires teamwork. With 11 participants on each side, everyone has to play a specific role. Due to high accountability, this sport teaches individuals to become accustomed to collaborating with others regardless of their background or ethnicity. The skill is crucial in almost every aspect of life.
Football players share a more personal relationship because of several teammates. As the participants work to accomplish a common goal, they develop a strong bond with each other. That’s a lifelong benefit for American students since they learn to appreciate the value of team spirit and close associations with their peers. Consequently, it builds a concept of trust and national integration.
Discipline
Football requires a high level of discipline and the ability to maintain a strong work ethic. As a player, you should attend practice on time, observe your team’s rules, and follow the coaches’ guidelines. These activities require perseverance, a key to successful training and games.
When Americans join a football team at a young age, they can apply what they have learned about the sport in adulthood. Successful adults are strict on time and take the initiative to improve their skills. In addition, they understand the importance of following a company’s rules and the laws governing their community. Therefore, participating in football nurtures a disciplined and responsible generation.
Football is a reliable cross-training activity for American children
Children who identify their favorite sport at a young age require motivation and resources to pursue their interests at a higher level as they grow. Playing football during the off-season is an excellent cross-training activity. Besides developing hand and eye coordination, youngsters learn the importance of teamwork and improve motor development.
Young people should embrace football to improve their physical and mental health, given the sport’s numerous contributions to an individual’s life. As a student, you can make it a regular activity to improve cognitive health, motor, and emotional function. Due to limited time and rigorous academic demands, you can seek proficient academic writing help from Custom Writings, a professional essay service providing affordable online homework assistance to learners. Students with challenging essays, research proposals, theses, dissertations, and other school projects can contact the company anytime. The organization is dedicated to helping scholars achieve their dreams. So, you should always expect quality materials.
Significance of football in American culture
Football became widespread in the United States in the 1800s. It has since been used as a sporting activity to express national identity, passion, and the country’s values. Professional football players earn a lump sum of money from mainstream entertainment because of their talents. In addition, although university football players are not paid to participate in tournaments and other competitions, they are privileged to attend the learning institutions of their dreams through scholarships. As a result of these rewards, most people wonder, “How does football represent American culture?”
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https://www.factmonster.com/sports/sports-section/official-numbers-players-team
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Official Numbers of Players on a Team
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https://us.brightsport.com/products/american-football
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BRIGHT™ American Football
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[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
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BRIGHT Sport's American football is an amusing means of entertainment, made of high-quality, photo-reflective leather. A creative way to share your skills with glowing balls. Purchase now.
|
en
|
//us.brightsport.com/cdn/shop/files/Artboard_21transparent_256x256_6bc787f2-8646-4212-a775-e8bd4b3428f9_32x32.png?v=1719068776
|
BRIGHT™ United States
|
https://us.brightsport.com/products/american-football
|
This is completely new in the market, no one has ever seen this before, so be the first and surprise all your friends, family and followers with the coolest ball they have ever seen!
The ball lights up on your phone screen If you take a photo/video with your mobile phone with the 'flash' enabled, you can create the coolest content without any editing. Showing off your football skills on social media has never been more eye-catching!
The BRIGHT football can be used both indoors and outdoors and is certainly also suitable for a game of football on the field!
The ball is an official NFL size (Size 9) football. Do you play American football or do you just like American football? This ball will be right for you!
How does it work?
The BRIGHT football is made of high-quality reflective leather with a holographic effect and has the feel and grip of a normal American football. The ball appears black when it is completely dark and no light is shone on it, but when you take a photo/video with a flash it will light up on your phone screen.
The ball is also luminous and you can see it with your naked eye when, for example, you are playing a game of football outside during the day!
We know what a difference a good football makes to the game, so we spent months perfecting the BRIGHT™ football.
We promise you that it plays as well as it looks, get yours today!
👉Our Guarantee
BRIGHT is doing its utmost to bring the most innovative ball to the market and we want to make sure you can be part of it without any risk. Here's how:
We offer 24/7 ticket and e-mail support, please feel free to contact support@brightsport.com. We are ready to help you :)
|
||
7350
|
dbpedia
|
1
| 21
|
https://amberstudent.com/blog/post/most-popular-sports-in-usa
|
en
|
Discover 13 Most Popular Sports In The USA
|
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[
"most popular sports in usa",
"most watched sports in the us",
"biggest sports in america",
"most popular sports in america",
"popular sports in usa",
"popular sports in america",
"most viewed sports in america"
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[
"amberstudent"
] |
2024-07-11T00:00:00
|
Explore 13 most popular sports in the USA, from football and basketball to golf! Stay ahead of the game! Discover the biggest sports in America and see which ones are winning fans.
|
en
|
https://amberstudent.com/blog/post/most-popular-sports-in-usa
|
It’s no shocker that slam dunks and touchdowns score big points in American hearts. Sports take up a big spot in American culture – with stadiums overflowing with fans every sports season and children who dream of being the next MVP (Most Valuable Player). Whether you’re a die-hard fan or wondering about the best American sports, we’ve got you covered with the most popular sports in the US. We will take you through popularity ratings, celebrity players, and viewership numbers to help you understand what makes the particular activities top sports in USA. So, grab your foam finger, wear your lucky socks and check out the biggest sports in America below!
Top 13 Most Popular Sports in America
Did you know around 160 million people in the USA watch live sports at least once a month? While people have moved from traditional TVs to online streaming services, the craze remains the same in the USA. So, if you want to look at the other side of this mania, let’s have a good look at the biggest sports in America. We have ranked based on viewership and popularity to compile a list of the most played and most popular sports in America. So, let the game get started!
1. American Football
Popularity: 74.5%
Governing Body: National Football League (NFL) & National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA)
Notable Athletes: Jim Brown, Jerry Rice, Tom Brady, Deion Sanders, Walter Payton, Joe Montana
Also known as gridiron and the most watched sport in the US, American football is a team sport played by two teams of eleven players. Evolving from rugby and soccer, it's the most popular US sport in terms of viewership. The annual championship, the Super Bowl, draws over 112 million viewers and features iconic halftime shows. It is not only one of the traditional American sports, but around 40 million Americans participate in fantasy football. It is undoubtedly one of the top 3 sports in USA. Around this time, there is a high possibility that you might get really good student discounts on clothes allowing you to get your favorite team jersey and make your experience even more memorable.
According to Statista, “ Viewers watched a combined 974.7 billion minutes of football action across the 284 televised games between November 2022 and November 2023.”
2. Basketball
Popularity: 56.6%
Governing Body: National Basketball Association (NBA)
Notable Athletes: Michael Jordan, LeBron James, Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, Kobe Bryant, Shaquille O'Neal
Invented in the 19th century, basketball is the most popular sport in USA. Teams of five battle to shoot hoops and dominate, with an average NBA Finals viewership of 15-20 million. Popular in schools (over 17,000 high school teams!), basketball boomed after WWII with the rise of cable TV and soon became the most loved sport in USA. The NBA, watched by 1.59 million viewers, has inspired movies like Hoosiers and Space Jam, showcasing its global influence as one of the biggest sports in USA.
3. Baseball
Popularity: 50.5%
Governing Body: MLB
Notable Athletes: Babe Ruth, Hank Aaron, Mickey Mantle, Bo Jackson, Ted Williams
Have you wondered about “What is the number 1 sport in America?” America's Pastime and one of the top favorite sports in USA, Baseball, is a bat-and-ball game enjoyed by two teams. Though not topping football or basketball in viewership, the World Series still draws around 11.8 million viewers. A cornerstone of American childhood and identity, it's played from little leagues to massive stadiums & is one of the most fun outdoor activities to try as a college student! Even though there is no national sport of USA, baseball will win the race unanimously any day.
4. Boxing
Popularity: 23.4%
Governing Body: National Boxing Association (NBA)
Notable Athletes: Muhammad Ali, Mike Tyson, Rocky Marciano, Marvelous Marvin Hagler
With roots dating back to the 19th century, boxing has cemented itself as a cornerstone of American sporting culture and earned the title of one of the most popular sports in USA. Its appeal lies in its raw simplicity: two athletes testing their strength, strategy, and endurance in a tightly confined space. Being one of the most famous sports in USA, 6.7 million in the United States participated in it. The drama of the knockout, the tension building with each dodged punch, and the triumphant roar of the victor all contribute to it becoming one of the top watched sports in America.
5. Ice Hockey
Popularity: 22.1%
Governing Body: National Hockey League (NHL)
Notable Athletes: Patrick Kane, Mike Mandano, Chris Chelios, Brian Leetch, Auston Matthews
Fast-paced and thrilling, ice hockey is the 5th most popular sport in USA! Teams battle on ice skates, using sticks to shoot a puck into the opponent's net (think hockey on ice!). The Stanley Cup Finals garner around 12.41 million viewers yearly, showcasing the best players from the NHL, a league spanning 32 teams in the US and Canada. Once you witness players swing their sticks with one hand and whip forward at 100 miles per hour, you will know why ice hockey is one of the top sports in USA. You can also catch movies like Slap Shot and Miracle and live through the excitement of the top 10 sports in America.
6. Soccer
Popularity: 21.6%
Governing Body: MLS
Notable Athletes: Landon Donovan, Clint Dempsey, Tim Howard, Christian Pulisic, Michael Bradley
Known elsewhere as football, soccer is not only becoming one of the most popular sports in USA but also ranking among the top 5 most watched sports in the US. Despite its global dominance, soccer's viewership peaked in 2017 as the 3rd most-watched sport with 24 million US viewers (after basketball and football). One of the reasons that soccer has become one of the most popular sports in USA, it’s because the 1994 World Cup was hosted at Sanford Stadium, which is one of the biggest stadiums in the USA. Another reason for its popularity is the US Women's National Team winning the first-ever Women's World Cup! Now, Major League Soccer (MLS), founded in 1996, showcases the best American men's professional players.
7. Golf
Popularity: 19.7%
Governing Body: The Majors
Notable Athletes: Ben Hogan, Sam Snead, Tom Watson, Byron Nelson, Walter Hagen
While often seen as elitist, golf boasts millions of American players, both competitive and recreational. One of the most popular sports in USA, its roots run deep, with the first course built in 1888. Though older people seem to show more interest in golf, the younger generations often take up the club. Renowned courses, like Pebble Beach and Augusta National draw in fans for major tournaments. Moreover, it will blow your mind that H. Chandler Egan was one of the Harvard University notable alumni! Of course, over 25 million people watch golf, making it one of the top sports in America.
8. Wrestling
Popularity: 16.5%
Governing Body: World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE)
Notable Athletes: Lee Kemp, Kyle Dake, Kyle Snyder, Hulk Hogan, John Cena
Dating back to ancient civilizations, wrestling has become the most popular sport in USA that blends athleticism with theatrical performance. Collegiate wrestling boasts a strong presence in the US, while professional wrestling companies like WWE captivate audiences with larger-than-life characters and storylines. WrestleMania, WWE's biggest event, draws over 1 million pay-per-view buys, showcasing the sport's entertainment value and becoming the most popular USA sport. With 2.6 million viewers, USA Wrestling selects athletes for international competitions like the Olympics, keeping the tradition of competitive wrestling alive in the US. If you want to unearth why wrestling is one of the most popular American sports, you should look up “Montreal Screwjob” or Ric Flair’s retirement.
9. Tennis
Popularity: 15.5%
Governing Body: Major League Table Tennis (MLTT)
Notable Athletes: Pete Sampras, John McEnroe, Andre Agassi, Serena and Venus Williams, Billie Jean King
Since we are listing famous sports in USA, tennis deserves to be in it. With the first US court built in 1874, tennis is a long-standing and popular US sport. Played competitively and recreationally, it boasts prestigious tournaments like the US Open, one of the Grand Slams. Matches feature two teams (singles or doubles) battling to score points with rackets. Moreover, tennis is one of the top American sports (over a million viewers) as the US players won over 80 Grand Slam singles titles! The United States Tennis Association plays a major role in promoting tennis at the grassroots level by organizing junior tournaments.
10. Auto Racing
Popularity: 14.6%
Governing Body: National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing (NASCAR)
Notable Athletes: A.J. Foyt, Mario Andretti, Richard Petty, Jimmie Johnson, Jeff Gordon
Fueled by adrenaline, Auto Racing is a popular US sport with millions of fans. The first race roared to life in 1895, and iconic events like the Daytona 500 (over 5 million viewers) drew in huge crowds. Speed demons race on legendary tracks like Daytona International Speedway and Indianapolis Motor Speedway, showcasing peak performance and daring maneuvers. It does not matter whether you have got into the best universities in USA or not; make it a wish to witness Formula One cars speeding 200 miles per hour before your eyes. Only then will you understand why it’s one of the top American sports and gets more than 1.1 views!
11. Ice Skating
Popularity: 2%
Governing Body: USFSA (United States Figure Skating Association)
Notable Athletes: Dorothy Hamill, Peggy Fleming, Katrina Witt, Michelle Kwan
From iconic figures like Sonja Henie to the popularity of winter rinks, ice skating has found its way into the cultural fabric. Though there has been a decline in viewership for figure skating in recent years, it has successfully held on to its position as one of the traditional and popular sports in the US (90,000 viewers). While organizations like U.S. Figure Skating (a national governing body) offer programs for all ages, ice skating's place in American culture might be more about leisure and tradition than topping the charts of popular sports. If you want to know why it’s one of the most popular sports in America, you should read about Edward Bushnell!
12. Mixed Martial Arts
Popularity: 1%
Governing Body: Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC)
Notable Athletes: Anderson Silva, Randy Couture, Anthony Pettis, Mark Coleman
Mixed martial arts (MMA), a combat sport combining boxing, wrestling, Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu, and other areas, has become not only the fastest-growing but also one of the most popular sports in USA (3.9 million viewers). The rise of the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) organization has been a major driver of this growth. High-profile events featuring skilled athletes and dramatic fights have captivated audiences’ attention. This surge has translated into more participation over the years, and it has become one of the most popular sports in America.
13. Rugby
Popularity: 10%
Governing Body: The United States Rugby Football Foundation (USRFF)
Notable Athletes: Chris Wyles, Samu Manoa, Blaine Scully
Rugby is one of the biggest sports in America, with Major League Rugby (MLR) attracting over 2 million viewers for its championship. Key players include Bryce Campbell and AJ MacGinty. The Collegiate Rugby Championship and USA Rugby National Championships are significant events, boosting the sport’s popularity and participation; as one of the top sports in America, it garners more than 2.5 million viewership every year.
What is the most popular sport in America? In this grand arena, we've taken quite the journey through the ten most popular sports in USA. From touchdowns to home runs, from fast-paced courts to ice-cold rinks, these most popular sports in USA have kept America entertained, engaged, and sometimes even enraged! So, whether you're pitching for baseball, scoring for soccer, or swinging for the fences in your own life, remember that it's the love for the game that truly matters!
|
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7350
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dbpedia
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3
| 38
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https://blog.pitchero.com/how-to-be-a-great-team-player-in-sport
|
en
|
How to be a great team player in sport
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Improve your team's performance by becoming the ultimate team player
|
en
|
https://blog.pitchero.com/how-to-be-a-great-team-player-in-sport
|
In any team sport, the fortunes of the team will be sure to improve if players think about the team’s success over personal glory.
As the age-old saying goes, there is no ‘I’ in ‘team’ - a grammatical play on words that is still relevant in all levels of sport, from professional to grassroots and junior teams.
What makes you a great team player?
A great team player is someone who always goes above and beyond for the good of the team, and lifts the entire team when it is most needed.
They might be a natural team leader, motivating others from the front, or they might prefer a backseat role, inspiring colleagues with their unrelenting hard work.
Crucially, a good team player is someone who can energise the team to be better than the sum of its parts. We’ve come up with 7 characteristics that are key to being a great team player.
What are the 7 characteristics of a great team player?
Becoming an outstanding team player is easy to achieve if you always think about the following 7 steps.
They will help your personal development as a player and the team as a whole. If everyone in the team is thinking about being a better team player, the effect will multiply.
1) Communicate and cooperate
A team that doesn't talk to one another isn't a team at all. Keep team members informed about developments, and you will work together far more efficiently.
As a team player, it's your responsibility to communicate effectively with others. Team players who communicate well are open with others, willing to express themselves and happy to share ideas.
Good communication also means offering constructive criticism on how others can operate better within the team. A good team member is never afraid to speak when they feel necessary.
The balance is achieved if players remain respectful and positive when sharing their thoughts (something we'll touch on later).
The benefits of good communication? On-and-off the pitch, teams are going to face challenges. Tackling these challenges requires good communication as a starting point. Finding solutions helps the team operate better on the pitch, and brings them together away from it.
As a team player, working together as a unit will become the norm. Once you appreciate the benefits it can bring, you'll never look back.
On the pitch, cooperation is integral to success, particularly when things aren't going to plan.
You might get lucky if individual brilliance occasionally lifts your team when struggling during a match, but most of the team’s success will involve some contribution from every team member.
Show your cooperative side by involving other team players, working together to come through a crisis, and encouraging those who are showing a commitment to the cause.
2) Listen to others
Communication is a two-way street. Offering your thoughts on how a team should progress and giving out pointers to other individuals is important, but you have to be able to take advice yourself.
Teams should be an open forum, where every player has as much right to put their thoughts across as the next.
As a player who advocates a team-ethos at all times, active listening is essential – other people’s ideas are equally valid.
This will add to the positivity running through your squad. Although having a team leader is important, shouting over others and failing to take on feedback will shroud your team with negativity and makes playing sport much less enjoyable for everyone.
A great team player is a good listener first, and a good speaker second.
3) Be an active part of the team
A great team player takes an active role in problem-solving both on the training ground during the week and on matchdays.
As we pointed out above, communication is vital – but being an active part of the team goes beyond playing and training.
As a team that spends a significant amount of time together, it's always better if you get along. If you're a group of players who like to spend social time together, say during a team building day or a Friday night out on the town, a good team player will always ensure others are onboard.
While it's inevitable some people won't get along, a team that is a group of friends off the pitch will be more likely to fight for one another during games.
As a member of that team, make a special effort to take part in any team activities that happen away from the pitch.
Plus, when new players come into your team, ensure they are integrated immediately. Internal cliques can strike a divide among team members that can prove detrimental to harmony and performance.
4) Respect others around you
Good communication and an inclusive environment require one thing that should be central to everything you do – respect.
Being respectful to other team players is a crucial part of being a good team player. Fellow team members turn up and train for the good of the team just like you, so they deserve your respect when spoken to.
If you're offering advice to a teammate, talk to them in an informative and dignified manner. They'll respond to your words much more effectively, and offer you the same level of respect in return.
Don't turn your team into a school playground by bullying other members or making them the butt of jokes. And be consistent.
Don't just be respectful and listen to responses and offer feedback some of the time, do it all of the time.
5) Be flexible
As a team, you will grow, develop and adapt as you go. A new coach might be installed, the team direction could change on the field, or some new personnel may come into the side.
As the model team player, you take this in your stride, and it's your job to make the best of it.
Being flexible in your squad role means committing to change whatever the circumstances. If a team decides on a new direction, you can sulk about the things that have changed, or you can fully embrace it and ensure you do your bit to keep the team on track.
A good team player adopts a flexible stance at all times.
6) Be reliable
Whatever your role and whatever the circumstances, deliver on your objectives and you'll position yourself as a good team player.
Only a team player who consistently delivers can motivate others to do the same. A player or coach that fails to agree and deliver on objectives can be a great cause of frustration for the rest of the squad.
You may have experienced this disappointment as a result of others in the past, so make it your mission to avoid the pitfalls of being unreliable, and deliver what you set out to do.
The first step is knowing what your role is. This is where communication is important. Team players who talk to one another are much more likely to be aware of their individual roles, and they can get help when they aren't quite achieving their own objectives.
Many essential teamwork skills are intertwined with each other, and this is just one example.
Outline your own and the team’s objectives by using your communication skills, and then deliver on these objectives reliably.
7) Be committed to the cause and want to win
As a team player, you want to contribute to collective success as best you can. Showing dedication and motivation out on the pitch can have a significant impact on your teammates, and help mould you into a player that puts their team first.
Whether you're out on the pitch during a match or working on different technical skills during training, be at the forefront of the game – always involved, rousing other team members and giving your all.
As an outsider looking in, that level of commitment rubs off on other players, making them more likely to take a similarly positive attitude.
Spreading your positive attitude through the team leads to a more dedicated squad on the whole, and success will follow.
Ultimately, a team is there to compete and hopefully, to win. As a team player, you need to show a desire to beat your opponents, and a high level of commitment and passion.
Top drawer coaching content from Pitchero
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Soccer vs. American football: 10 major differences â¹ GO Blog
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Confused about the difference between soccer and American football? Hereâs our beginnerâs guide to the ten main differences between the two sports.
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GO Blog | EF United States
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https://www.ef.edu/blog/language/soccer-american-football-differences/
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Football? American football? Soccer? These sports may share a name in many countries, but thatâs as far as the similarities go. While most people around the world know it simply as âfootballâ, in the United States (and Ireland) the sport is referred to as âsoccerâ. However, the US also has its very own version of football: âAmerican footballâ.
Confused? Weâre here to give you some answers.
Hereâs our beginnerâs guide to the main differences between soccer and American football. Itâll arm you with enough info to improvise your way through conversations about either sport as you embrace new cultures abroad.
1. The foot
Okay, letâs start at the beginning.
âFootballâ (or as weâll call it from here on out: soccer) got its name because you have to use your feet. So far, so good.
American football, on the other hand, is not very foot-based at all, mostly involving throwing and carrying the ball upfield.
Why is it called American football and not âthrowballâ? Nobody knows for certain, but one answer is that the name isnât actually referring to oneâs foot, but rather to the American measurement system of feet and inches â since the ball is roughly one foot (around 30cm) long, they went with that. Makes sense⦠right?
2. The ball
Soccer balls are simple, round and ideal for kicking.
American footballs are more of a pointy egg shape (or âprolate spheroidâ if you prefer the more sophisticated term), with large stitches along one of the sides for a stronger grip when throwing. Theyâre also sometimes referred to as âpigskinsâ, apparently because thatâs what they were first made from (weâre glad that changed).
3. The field
American football fields are pretty much exactly as youâve seen them in all those American high school movies. They're marked in ten-yard (nine-meter) intervals, with an âend zoneâ line and two upright posts at each end.
A soccer field is even simpler, with two center semicircles and a âboxâ 18 yards in front of the goal. This marks where the goalkeeper â the only player allowed to use their hands â is permitted to handle the ball.
Both fields are around 100 meters long, though soccer fields are much wider than their American football counterparts.
4. The aim
Soccer typically keeps it simple. Kick the ball into the net and you score a goal. Get more goals than your opponent and you win the game.
American football is all about âtouchdownsâ â avoiding tackles and carrying the ball into your opponentâs end zone. These are worth an initial 6 points, plus an additional point for successfully kicking through the posts after scoring.
A big difference here is that soccer games often end in draws, sometimes without any goals scored at all. By contrast, American football games are usually high-scoring and very rarely tied at full-time. When there is a tie, the match goes to âovertimeâ â where whichever team scores first, wins.
5. The pace
American football may be higher scoring, but itâs also slower moving.
Whereas soccer is played across two free-flowing halves of 45 minutes, American football is split into four 15-minute quarters. These quarters can take a while to play out because the clock is often stopped at the end of a âplayâ, once the ball-carrier is tackled to the ground.
For this reason, American football is constantly stopping and restarting. Along with the complexity of the gameplay, this can be a barrier for first-time fans, but it's a barrier worth breaking!
6. The players
Both sports have 11 players per team on the field at any given time.
In soccer, the same 11 players play through an entire game, give or take a few substitutes. Meanwhile, American football teams are constantly changing their players around depending on whether the team is attacking or defending.
For example, the quarterback position in American football is a key part of the âoffenseâ. The quarterback will play when their team has possession, but sit out on the sideline while the opponent has the ball. This means up to around 45 players can take part per team over the course of just a single game.
7. The nicknames
Detroit Lions, Seattle Seahawks, Chicago Bears â American football teams all have fun official nicknames.
Soccer teams have nicknames too, but theyâre unofficial. Rather than predatory animals or fearsome foes, nicknames in soccer often refer simply and rather unoriginally to the shirt color worn by that particular team. Real Madrid are âLos Blancosâ (the whites), Chelsea âThe Bluesâ, Liverpool âThe Redsâ etc.
There are also some pretty random monikers in soccer that seem to come from nowhere but are usually related to the teamâs history. A few examples include names like âThe Toffeesâ, âThe Terriersâ and âThe Cherriesâ.
Facing off against âThe Terriersâ might not sound like the most intimidating prospect, but maybe thatâs part of the strategy.
8. The league(s)
The same 32 teams compete with each other in American footballâs NFL league year after year. Whether your team wins the coveted Super Bowl trophy or loses every game 50-0, youâll be playing the same teams for the same prize again next season.
There are many more teams in soccer, and leagues are split into divisions. Finish at the top of your division and you are promoted to the one above you, where better teams lie in wait. Find yourself at the bottom end and youâll go down the âtrapdoorâ to the league below.
You could even (theoretically) start your own team with friends and, eventually, be playing the likes of Barcelona or Bayern Munich â itâs worth a shot, right?
9. The moving house
American football teams are also referred to as âfranchisesâ. As such, they are entitled to relocate and move to another city from time to time.
The Las Vegas Raiders were once the Oakland Raiders, the Los Angeles Chargers were formerly the San Diego Chargers, and the LA Rams became the St Louis Rams, before changing their minds and heading back to LA.
This is totally unheard of in soccer, where teams stay in the same place, for better or worse.
10. The following
It goes without saying that both soccer and American football are extremely popular. However, considering soccer's significant global presence in comparison to American football's more national focus, it makes sense that viewing figures between the two vary substantially.
For example, the 2022 FIFA World Cup Final between Argentina and France was watched by a whopping 1.5 billion people â almost one-fifth of the worldâs population.
American football also boasts a vast fanbase but, with a peak of around 115 million viewers during the most recent Super Bowl, attracted almost 13 times fewer than soccerâs equivalent.
Despite their differences, both soccer and American football have their own lively culture and traditions that are well worth exploring. Hopefully this guide will help you with the basics as you embrace a new sport abroad.
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What is Flag Football? – British American Football
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https://www.britishamericanfootball.org/what-is-flag-football/
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Flag is the fastest growing format of the game not only in Great Britain, but across the world, where professional leagues such as the American Flag Football League (AFFL) and the newly established NFL Flag are starting to spring up. It is a high-octane, non-contact version of American football, where tackles are made by pulling off flags which all players wear on their hips.
The game retains the same inclusivity which makes American Football great, welcoming athletes of all abilities, genders and levels of experience. Play is based on the same principles as the contact game with offensive teams having four attempts (downs) to reach a certain point on the field with the defensive team seeking to halt their progress.
There is more information about the different Flag Football leagues under the ‘Flag Football’ sub-heading. Find your local team here or contact us if you have any queries.
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https://www.britannica.com/topic/National-Football-League
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National Football League (NFL) | History, Teams, & Facts
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1998-07-20T00:00:00+00:00
|
The National Football League (NFL) is the major American professional football organization. It was founded in 1920 in Canton, Ohio, as the American Professional Football Association. The NFL season culminates with an annual playoff tournament that leads to the Super Bowl championship game.
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/favicon.png
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Encyclopedia Britannica
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https://www.britannica.com/topic/National-Football-League
|
National Football League
American sports organization
National Football League (NFL), major American professional football organization, founded in 1920 in Canton, Ohio, as the American Professional Football Association. Its first president was Jim Thorpe, an outstanding American athlete who was also a player in the league. The NFL’s present name was adopted in 1922.
History
The league began play in 1920 and comprised five teams from Ohio (Akron Pros, Canton Bulldogs, Cleveland Tigers, Columbus Panhandlers, and Dayton Triangles), four teams from Illinois (Chicago Tigers, Decatur Staleys, Racine Cardinals [the Cardinals were based in Chicago but took the name of a local street], and Rock Island Independents), two from Indiana (Hammond Pros and Muncie Flyers), two from New York (Buffalo All-Americans and Rochester Jeffersons), and the Detroit Heralds from Michigan. Of these original franchises, only two remain: the Cardinals left Chicago for St. Louis after the 1959 season and relocated to Arizona in 1988; the Decatur Staleys moved to Chicago in 1921 and a year later changed their name to the Bears.
Britannica Quiz
Great Moments in Sports Quiz
The NFL survived many years of instability and competition from rival organizations to became the strongest American professional football league. The most serious challenge to its leading role came from the American Football League (AFL) in the 1960s. The NFL and AFL completed a merger in 1970, creating a 26-team circuit under the name of the older NFL. Since then the league has expanded four times, adding six new franchises.
For a more complete history of football and the NFL, see American football.
The league’s 32 teams are aligned as follows:
National Football Conference (NFC) American Football Conference (AFC)
The league season culminates with an annual 14-team playoff tournament leading to the Super Bowl championship game. Some NFL teams also play regular-season games outside of the United States; these games have been held in England, Mexico, and Germany.
Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Subscribe Now
The NFL has headquarters in New York City and since 1963 has maintained the Pro Football Hall of Fame in Canton, Ohio.
The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
Super Bowl results
Super Bowl results are provided in the table.
Super Bowl* season result
*NFL-AFL championship 1966–70. NFL championship from 1970–71 season onward. **The game was won in overtime.
I 1966–67 Green Bay Packers (NFL) 35 Kansas City Chiefs (AFL) 10 II 1967–68 Green Bay Packers (NFL) 33 Oakland Raiders (AFL) 14 III 1968–69 New York Jets (AFL) 16 Baltimore Colts (NFL) 7 IV 1969–70 Kansas City Chiefs (AFL) 23 Minnesota Vikings (NFL) 7 V 1970–71 Baltimore Colts (AFC) 16 Dallas Cowboys (NFC) 13 VI 1971–72 Dallas Cowboys (NFC) 24 Miami Dolphins (AFC) 3 VII 1972–73 Miami Dolphins (AFC) 14 Washington Redskins (NFC) 7 VIII 1973–74 Miami Dolphins (AFC) 24 Minnesota Vikings (NFC) 7 IX 1974–75 Pittsburgh Steelers (AFC) 16 Minnesota Vikings (NFC) 6 X 1975–76 Pittsburgh Steelers (AFC) 21 Dallas Cowboys (NFC) 17 XI 1976–77 Oakland Raiders (AFC) 32 Minnesota Vikings (NFC) 14 XII 1977–78 Dallas Cowboys (NFC) 27 Denver Broncos (AFC) 10 XIII 1978–79 Pittsburgh Steelers (AFC) 35 Dallas Cowboys (NFC) 31 XIV 1979–80 Pittsburgh Steelers (AFC) 31 Los Angeles Rams (NFC) 19 XV 1980–81 Oakland Raiders (AFC) 27 Philadelphia Eagles (NFC) 10 XVI 1981–82 San Francisco 49ers (NFC) 26 Cincinnati Bengals (AFC) 21 XVII 1982–83 Washington Redskins (NFC) 27 Miami Dolphins (AFC) 17 XVIII 1983–84 Los Angeles Raiders (AFC) 38 Washington Redskins (NFC) 9 XIX 1984–85 San Francisco 49ers (NFC) 38 Miami Dolphins (AFC) 16 XX 1985–86 Chicago Bears (NFC) 46 New England Patriots (AFC) 10 XXI 1986–87 New York Giants (NFC) 39 Denver Broncos (AFC) 20 XXII 1987–88 Washington Redskins (NFC) 42 Denver Broncos (AFC) 10 XXIII 1988–89 San Francisco 49ers (NFC) 20 Cincinnati Bengals (AFC) 16 XXIV 1989–90 San Francisco 49ers (NFC) 55 Denver Broncos (AFC) 10 XXV 1990–91 New York Giants (NFC) 20 Buffalo Bills (AFC) 19 XXVI 1991–92 Washington Redskins (NFC) 37 Buffalo Bills (AFC) 24 XXVII 1992–93 Dallas Cowboys (NFC) 52 Buffalo Bills (AFC) 17 XXVIII 1993–94 Dallas Cowboys (NFC) 30 Buffalo Bills (AFC) 13 XXIX 1994–95 San Francisco 49ers (NFC) 49 San Diego Chargers (AFC) 26 XXX 1995–96 Dallas Cowboys (NFC) 27 Pittsburgh Steelers (AFC) 17 XXXI 1996–97 Green Bay Packers (NFC) 35 New England Patriots (AFC) 21 XXXII 1997–98 Denver Broncos (AFC) 31 Green Bay Packers (NFC) 24 XXXIII 1998–99 Denver Broncos (AFC) 34 Atlanta Falcons (NFC) 19 XXXIV 1999–2000 St. Louis Rams (NFC) 23 Tennessee Titans (AFC) 16 XXXV 2000–01 Baltimore Ravens (AFC) 34 New York Giants (NFC) 7 XXXVI 2001–02 New England Patriots (AFC) 20 St. Louis Rams (NFC) 17 XXXVII 2002–03 Tampa Bay Buccaneers (NFC) 48 Oakland Raiders (AFC) 21 XXXVIII 2003–04 New England Patriots (AFC) 32 Carolina Panthers (NFC) 29 XXXIX 2004–05 New England Patriots (AFC) 24 Philadelphia Eagles (NFC) 21 XL 2005–06 Pittsburgh Steelers (AFC) 21 Seattle Seahawks (NFC) 10 XLI 2006–07 Indianapolis Colts (AFC) 29 Chicago Bears (NFC) 17 XLII 2007–08 New York Giants (NFC) 17 New England Patriots (AFC) 14 XLIII 2008–09 Pittsburgh Steelers (AFC) 27 Arizona Cardinals (NFC) 23 XLIV 2009–10 New Orleans Saints (NFC) 31 Indianapolis Colts (AFC) 17 XLV 2010–11 Green Bay Packers (NFC) 31 Pittsburgh Steelers (AFC) 25 XLVI 2011–12 New York Giants (NFC) 21 New England Patriots (AFC) 17 XLVII 2012–13 Baltimore Ravens (AFC) 34 San Francisco 49ers (NFC) 31 XLVIII 2013–14 Seattle Seahawks (NFC) 43 Denver Broncos (AFC) 8 XLIX 2014–15 New England Patriots (AFC) 28 Seattle Seahawks (NFC) 24 50 2015–16 Denver Broncos (AFC) 24 Carolina Panthers (NFC) 10 LI 2016–17 New England Patriots (AFC) 34** Atlanta Falcons (NFC) 28 LII 2017–18 Philadelphia Eagles (NFC) 41 New England Patriots (AFC) 33 LIII 2018–19 New England Patriots (AFC) 13 Los Angeles Rams (NFC) 3 LIV 2019–20 Kansas City Chiefs (AFC) 31 San Francisco 49ers (NFC) 20 LV 2020–21 Tampa Bay Buccaneers (NFC) 31 Kansas City Chiefs (AFC) 9 LVI 2021–22 Los Angeles Rams (NFC) 23 Cincinnati Bengals (AFC) 20 LVII 2022–23 Kansas City Chiefs (AFC) 38 Philadelphia Eagles (NFC) 35 LVIII 2023–24 Kansas City Chiefs (AFC) 25** San Francisco 49ers (NFC) 22
This article was most recently revised and updated by J.E. Luebering.
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https://www.ducksters.com/sports/football.php
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Football: Learn all about the sport Football
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All about football including a glossary of terms, players, rules, and strategy of American style football.
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| null |
Football (American)
Football Rules Player Positions Football Strategy Football Glossary
Back to Sports
American Football is one of the world's most popular competitive sports. It is mostly popular in the United States where football is the number one spectator sport. Each year the NFL championship, the Super Bowl, is one of the most watched events on American TV. College football is also very popular with numerous 100,000 plus stadiums selling out every week.
Football is often called a high-impact sport of violence. The football is advanced down the field by runners or by passing until the opposing team tackles or brings the player with the ball to the ground. Points in football are scored by advancing the football beyond the goal line (called a touch down) or kicking the ball through a field goal. The rules of the sport are quite complex and differ depending on the levels of play.
Football is a true team sport. Most players specialize in a particular position and skill. With eleven players on defense and offense, substitutions, as well as special teams, most teams will play at least 30 or 40 players on a regular basis. This makes teamwork and overall team talent more important than the abilities of any single player.
History of American Football
Football is an American sport that was formed in the late 1800's at college campuses. The sport has it's roots in the English game of Rugby. The first college game was played between Rutgers and Princeton.
This early form of football was extremely violent with many players actually dying every year. New rules were established over time and, although football is still a physical sport with many injuries, it is much safer today.
The NFL was formed in 1921 and became the major professional league by the 50's. It has continued to grow in popularity becoming the most watched professional league of any sport in the United States.
Scoring in Football
Football scoring can seem complex at first, but really there are only five ways to score points in football:
Touchdown (TD): A TD is scored when a player catches a pass in the opponent's end zone or runs with the football into the end zone. A TD is worth 6 points.
Extra Point or Two-Point Conversion: Upon scoring a touchdown the scoring team can either attempt to kick the ball through the goal posts for 1 extra point or can run/pass the football into the end zone for two extra points.
Field Goal: A team may kick the football through the goal posts for 3 points.
Safety: When the defense tackles an offensive player with the football in the offensive team's end zone. A safety is worth 2 points. More Football Links:
Rules
Football Rules
Football Scoring
Timing and the Clock
The Football Down
The Field
Equipment
Referee Signals
Football Officials
Violations that Occur Pre-Snap
Violations During Play
Rules for Player Safety
Positions
Player Positions
Quarterback
Running Back
Receivers
Offensive Line
Defensive Line
Linebackers
The Secondary
Kickers
Strategy
Football Strategy
Offense Basics
Offensive Formations
Passing Routes
Defense Basics
Defensive Formations
Special Teams
How to...
Catching a Football
Throwing a Football
Blocking
Tackling
How to Punt a Football
How to Kick a Field Goal
Biographies
Peyton Manning
Tom Brady
Jerry Rice
Adrian Peterson
Drew Brees
Brian Urlacher
Other
Football Glossary
National Football League NFL
List of NFL Teams
College Football
Back to Sports
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https://www.playwhereyoustay.org/2023/01/27/the-importance-of-increasing-soccer-access-to-children-in-the-united-states/
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The importance of increasing soccer access to children in the United States
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2023-01-27T00:00:00
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Soccer, also known as football, is the world’s most popular sport and has a long history of fostering teamwork, discipline, and physical fitness. Despite its global popularity, soccer has yet to gain the same level of popularity in the United States. However, there are many reasons why it is important to increase the participation of children in soccer in the United States.
|
en
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Play Where You Stay
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https://www.playwhereyoustay.org/2023/01/27/the-importance-of-increasing-soccer-access-to-children-in-the-united-states/
|
Soccer, also known as football, is the world’s most popular sport and has a long history of fostering teamwork, discipline, and physical fitness. Despite its global popularity, soccer has yet to gain the same level of popularity in the United States. However, there are many reasons why it is important to increase the participation of children in soccer in the United States.
Soccer is an excellent form of exercise and can help children develop physical fitness and coordination.
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), children should engage in at least 60 minutes of physical activity every day. Soccer provides an enjoyable way for children to meet this recommendation and promote a healthy lifestyle. Soccer is an excellent form of exercise for children as it involves a wide range of physical movements, including running, sprinting, jumping, and changing direction, which can help to improve cardiovascular fitness, coordination, and overall physical fitness. Additionally, soccer is a team sport, which can help to promote teamwork, social interaction, and a sense of community. Furthermore, it is widely played and enjoyed all over the world, making it easy for children to find opportunities to play and enjoy the game.
Soccer can help children develop important life skills such as teamwork, communication, and problem-solving.
Playing on a team requires children to work together to achieve a common goal, and it also teaches them to communicate effectively and make quick decisions. These skills are not only valuable on the soccer field but also in everyday life.
Teamwork is an essential aspect of soccer, as players need to work together to move the ball down the field and score goals. Children learn to trust and rely on their teammates, as well as to share responsibilities and make decisions together.
Communication is also crucial in soccer, as players need to communicate with each other on the field in order to coordinate their movements and plan strategies. Children learn to communicate effectively through verbal and nonverbal cues, such as calling for the ball or making hand signals.
Problem-solving skills are also developed through playing soccer, as children learn to make quick decisions under pressure and adapt to changing game situations. They learn to read the game and anticipate the movements of their opponents, and to think critically about how to outsmart them.
Overall, soccer provides children with a fun and engaging way to develop important life skills such as teamwork, communication, and problem-solving, which can serve them well in other areas of their lives as well.
Soccer can serve as a positive outlet for children, providing an opportunity for them to engage in healthy competition and build self-confidence.
Soccer can serve as a positive outlet for children by providing an opportunity for them to engage in healthy competition and build self-confidence. It can also be a way for children to meet new friends and form social connections, which can be especially beneficial for children who may struggle to make friends in other settings.
Participating in organized sports such as soccer can give children a sense of belonging and purpose, as well as the opportunity to learn new skills and set goals for themselves. The competitive nature of soccer can also help children to develop a healthy sense of competition, which can be beneficial in other areas of their lives as well.
Playing soccer can also help children to build self-confidence, as they learn to overcome challenges and achieve success through hard work and perseverance. Through practicing and competing in soccer, children learn to believe in their abilities, and to take pride in their accomplishments. When a child makes a good play, scores a goal, or helps the team win, it will boost the child’s self-esteem and confidence.
Additionally, soccer can also provide children with an outlet for stress and emotions, as it allows them to channel their energy and focus into something positive and productive. The physical activity involved in playing soccer can also release endorphins, which can help to improve mood and reduce stress.
Soccer can serve as a positive outlet for children by providing an opportunity for healthy competition, physical activity, and building self-confidence, which can help to promote mental and emotional well-being.
Soccer is a relatively low-cost sport and is accessible to children from all backgrounds.
The equipment required to play soccer is minimal, and it can be played on a variety of surfaces, including grass, concrete, and artificial turf, which makes it accessible to a wide range of communities.
The basic equipment needed to play soccer includes a ball, shoes, and comfortable clothing. The cost of a ball and shoes are relatively affordable and can be purchased at a variety of price points, making it accessible to children from different socioeconomic backgrounds.
Additionally, soccer is a sport that is widely played and enjoyed all over the world, making it easy for children to find opportunities to play and enjoy the game. Community centers, schools, and local soccer clubs often offer programs for children at little or no cost.
Furthermore, soccer can be played on a variety of surfaces, including grass, concrete, and artificial turf, which makes it accessible to a wide range of communities. This allows children from all backgrounds to participate regardless of the availability of sports facilities or equipment.
Finally….soccer is a sport that can be enjoyed for a lifetime and provide children with a wide range of physical, mental, and emotional benefits. It can help to improve cardiovascular fitness, coordination, and overall physical fitness, as well as promote teamwork, social interaction, and a sense of community. Furthermore, it can provide children with an outlet for stress and emotions, as it allows them to channel their energy and focus into something positive and productive.
Increasing participation in soccer can have a positive impact on children’s overall well-being and development. Studies have shown that children who participate in organized sports are more likely to have better academic performance, improved mental and emotional well-being, and a reduced risk of developing unhealthy habits such as smoking or drug use.
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Answers to: Write an essay about American football
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American football is a popular sport in the United States that has captured the attention and passio...
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/favicon.ico
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Class Ace
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American football is a popular sport in the United States that has captured the attention and passion of millions of fans. With its combination of physicality, strategy, and teamwork, it has become a beloved pastime that unites people from all walks of life. One of the most distinctive aspects of American football is its physicality. Unlike other sports, such as soccer or basketball, American football is a contact sport where players use their bodies to tackle opponents, block defenders, and protect the ball. This physical aspect adds an element of excitement and suspense to the game, creating high-impact clashes and thrilling plays that keep viewers on the edge of their seats. The strategy involved in American football is another key element that sets it apart. Coaches meticulously design plays, formations, and sequences of movements to outsmart their opponents and gain an advantage on the field. From the quarterback's decision-making to the intricate route running of receivers, football is a game that requires intelligence, foresight, and quick thinking. The complexity of the game makes it a true chess match between two teams, where each move and countermove has the potential to change the outcome of the game. Furthermore, American football is a team sport that emphasizes the importance of collaboration and teamwork. In order to succeed, teams need to work together, communicate effectively, and trust their teammates. Each player has a specific role and responsibility, and it is only through their collective effort that they can achieve success. This emphasis on teamwork teaches valuable life skills, such as leadership, discipline, and cooperation, that extend beyond the football field and into other aspects of life. American football has also become deeply ingrained in American culture. From the highly anticipated Super Bowl to the fervent support of local teams, football has become a significant part of the American identity. It brings people together, fostering a sense of community and camaraderie as fans gather to cheer for their favorite teams, share in victories and defeats, and create lasting memories. However, it is important to acknowledge that American football has not been without controversy. In recent years, there has been growing concern over the long-term effects of concussions and other injuries sustained by players. Efforts have been made to improve player safety and reduce the risks associated with the sport. Additionally, debates have emerged surrounding the sport's cultural and social impact, particularly in relation to issues of race, gender, and representation. In conclusion, American football is a sport that embodies the values of physicality, strategy, and teamwork. It has a unique ability to captivate and unite people, becoming a symbol of American culture and identity. While it may face ongoing challenges, the love and passion for the game are sure to endure, as fans continue to cheer on their teams and celebrate the excitement that American football brings.
American football is a beloved and revered sport in the United States, captivating the hearts of millions of fans and athletes alike. It is a high-energy and physically demanding game that requires both mental and physical strength, making it an exhilarating and engaging sport to watch and play. American football was born out of a combination of soccer and rugby, and has evolved into a unique and exciting sport that has become an integral part of American culture. The game is typically played between two teams, each consisting of eleven players, on a rectangular field with goalposts at either end. The objective of the game is to score points by carrying the ball into the opponent's end zone or kicking it through the goalposts. The game is divided into four quarters, each lasting 15 minutes, with a halftime break in between. One of the most compelling aspects of American football is the physicality and intensity of the game. Players must possess exceptional speed, strength, agility, and endurance to excel in this sport. The game is characterized by hard hits, powerful tackles, and strategic plays, making it a thrilling and intense experience for both players and spectators. The physicality of American football not only demands a high level of athleticism, but also requires players to possess a strong mental fortitude and resilience in the face of adversity. In addition to the physical demands, American football is a game of strategy and skill. Coaches and players must analyze their opponents' strengths and weaknesses to develop effective game plans and play-calling. The game requires collaboration and communication among teammates, as well as quick thinking and decision-making under pressure. The complexity and depth of the game make it an intellectually stimulating and challenging sport that rewards both physical prowess and tactical acumen. American football has also become a symbol of community and camaraderie. It fosters a sense of unity and pride among fans, who come together to support their favorite teams and players. The game has become a cherished tradition in many American households, with families and friends gathering to watch and celebrate the sport. The sense of community that surrounds American football extends beyond the field, as it brings people from diverse backgrounds together in a shared passion for the game. In conclusion, American football is a thrilling and captivating sport that embodies the essence of athleticism, strategy, and camaraderie. It has become an integral part of American culture, captivating the hearts and minds of millions of fans across the country. The physicality, intensity, and complexity of the game make it a truly unique and exhilarating sport that will continue to inspire and unite people for generations to come.
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How Many Players On a Football Team? Learn The Players
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2020-09-09T16:02:23-04:00
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When watching American football, either college football or the National Football League, it can be overwhelming with how many players are on the field. Each
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en
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vIQtory Sports
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https://www.viqtorysports.com/in-american-football-how-many-players-are-on-the-field/
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When watching American football, either college football or the National Football League, it can be overwhelming with how many players are on the field. Each player on the field has a specific job they must accomplish each play. So, how many players are on a football team?
There are 53 players on a football team that stand on the sideline. During the game, only 11 players on offense and 11 players on defense can be on the field at one time. There can be no more than 22 players on the field at once.
In this article, we will show you what each position in American football is responsible for and how they contribute to the overall success of the offense & defense.
NFL Team roster only allows 53 players to be on an active roster. Any NFL team that has more than 53 players must cut them or trade them.
In football, 11 players on the offense and 11 on the defense make up the 22 players on the field during play.
The offense uses its 11 players to score points against the 11 defensive players. All 11 players are treated differently, as each player on both the offense and the defense has a particular role and task they must do each play. If you’re interested in learning more about football, we have multiple football resources here.
For youth football, teams are often capped at 30-40 players.
High school football teams typically don’t have cuts. If they have cuts, teams will carry about 100 players on their entire roster.
College football teams will often carry 100-120 players on their roster. It may vary based on coaches and programs.
Below is a table of all the offensive players on the football field and the names often referred to by announcers and fans.
Quarterback (QB)
One of the most critical players on the field, the quarterback, starts the play. They are responsible for either handing the ball off, running, or throwing it to another player.
The quarterback is crucial to an offense because of the calm and poise to deliver the football to the appropriate player.
While most of us take for granted the passes that Tom Brady or Aaron Rodgers make, this position is highly skilled. It requires the brain to process information fast but with fast reflexes and proper decision-making.
Quarterbacks who often make poor decisions will more likely than not lead their team to a losing record.
Learn More About Quarterbacks Here
Running Back (RB)
Teams will often feature one or two running backs in their offense. It depends on what kind of system they run and how they want to attack the opposing defense.
The running back position is often next to or behind the quarterback. This player is responsible for running the football and receiving the quarterback’s hand-off.
This player is often one of the fastest and toughest players on the field, as when they run the football, they are almost certain to get tackled by the defense. These players must absorb physical contact and continue to run the ball.
They are also responsible for taking fakes from the quarterback, such as play-action fakes.
Examples of running backs in the NFL are Ezekiel Elliot and Christian McCaffrey.
Learn More About Running Backs Here
Wide Receivers (WR)
The wide receiver position is becoming increasingly popular as more teams throw the football. The benefit of throwing the football down the field is it forces defenses to cover the entire field.
Wide receivers are often taller (or smaller) players with both speed and catching ability. These players must catch the football without the fear of getting hit by a defensive player.
A wide receiver and a slot receiver are also responsible for catching the football but line up closer to the offensive line.
Learn the difference between running backs and wide receivers here.
Learn More About Wide Receivers Here
Tight End (TE)
The next offensive position is a tight end. A tight end is a hybrid between an offensive lineman and an offensive tackle.
They need to be big enough to block defensive linemen and athletic enough to catch the football and run away from linebackers.
While this is a rare body type, players like Rob Gronkowski have flourished in the position and consistently give defenses trouble.
Learn more about the tight-end position here.
Offensive Line (OL)
The offensive line will have five players in the same spot pretty much every time. These players are responsible for protecting the quarterback.
Offensive line positions are broken down by offensive tackle, offensive guard, and center. The center is the position that puts his hand on the ball to snap it to the quarterback. The center is responsible for starting the play and protecting the quarterback.
The offensive guards are located on both sides of the center. The tackles are located outside of the guards. The guard and tackle positions are instrumental for an offense to be effective.
They must protect the quarterback and move defensive tackles and defensive ends off the football to make room for the running back.
Learn More About Offensive Linemen Here
Below is a table of all the offensive players on the football field and the names often referred to by announcers and fans.
Defensive Tackles (DT)
Defensive tackles are defensive players who play either against the guards or the center. These players are responsible for getting after the quarterback and disrupting the running back.
Defensive tackles are often more prominent in stature, as they can clog up gaps and force the offense to run the ball to the outside.
Defensive tackles differ based on the defensive scheme that the defensive coordinator plays. Often, teams running a four-defensive lineman set will have two defensive ends, a nose guard, and a defensive tackle.
Learn More About Defensive Line Here
Defensive Ends (DE)
Defensive ends are also part of the defensive line (along with the defensive tackles). These players often line up head up or outside of the offensive tackles. They are responsible for attacking the quarterback from outside of the offensive line.
Defensive ends are essential because they force offenses to stretch the ball farther to the sideline. In the passing game, defensive tackles ensure the quarterback stays in the pocket and doesn’t scramble.
Popular defensive ends in the NFL are Von Miller & Chase Henry, who significantly impact the game.
Learn More About Defensive Line Here
Linebackers (LB)
Linebackers are often known as the captain of the defense. These players get their names for where they line up, in the back of the defensive line.
Linebackers are responsible for playing both the run and the pass. These players need to be well versed in tackling and covering wide receivers.
Ray Lewis exemplified what it means to be a linebacker. Tough, hard-hitting, and leadership are the few words that come to mind when thinking of ideal traits for a linebacker.
The linebackers are often broken into the Mike Linebacker, Sam Linebacker, and Will Linebacker.
Learn More About Linebackers Here
Cornerbacks (CB)
The following two positions are often grouped as “defensive backs.” The first defensive back is the cornerback. The cornerback is the player that lines up closest to the sideline.
This player is often the fastest on the defense and is responsible for covering speedy wide receivers.
Cornerbacks are often tasked with playing man-to-man coverage or even zone coverage.
Although the cornerback position is one of the easiest positions to learn, it’s one of the most challenging to play football.
Learn More About Defensive Back Here
Strong Safety (SS)
The next defensive back position is safety. The two safety positions are often broken into two types: strong safety and free safety. Learn more about what a DB in football is here.
Strong safety is a mix between a linebacker and free safety. This player must be agile enough to play defensive back, hard-hitting, and tough enough to play linebacker.
Teams will use a strong safety position if they feel like they have a player who fits the mold.
Learn More About Safeties In Football
Free Safety (FS)
The next position is the free safety. This player is responsible for making sure no big plays happen. They are essentially the safety valve of the defense. If the running back on the offense makes a few players missing by chance, it’s up to the safety to tackle him.
Safeties play a vital role, as the defense’s safety insurance ensures the offense doesn’t score a touchdown.
Knowing about gameplay is one thing, but there’s so much more to learn about football! Don’t worry, we’re here to help!
NFL Teams are constantly rotating rosters to stay under the 53 player limit. Injuries happen frequently which cause teams to keep more or less position players.
The more versatile players are (like offensive linemen), who can play multiple positions, the more valuable they are to the team.
If you like learning about football, we recommend you check out our Beginners Guide To Football below. It has everything you need to grow your Football IQ!
Learn more about football rules in the articles below.
The Complete Beginners Guide To American Football
How Long Is a Football Field? Field Dimensions Explained
How Many Points Is A Touchdown Worth In Football?
There are 11 offensive players and 11 defensive players on the field at one time in football.
These 22 players are the maximum number of players on the football field.
Each of the 11 players has a specific role and responsibility to succeed in their defense or offense.
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] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
USA Football's here to lead, strengthen and grow the game alongside you as the sport's governing body through education, events and the U.S. National Team pathway.
|
en
|
/favicon.ico
| null |
We're here to lead, strengthen and grow the game alongside you as the America's football governing body through education, events and the U.S. National Team pathway. As a non-profit, USA Football delivers premier developmental and competitive programs for tackle and flag football.
USA Football is the only organization that selects and leads the U.S. National Teams as the sole U.S. member of the International Federation of American Football (IFAF), and a recognized sports organization of the US Olympic & Paralympic Committee (USOPC).
Athletes and families deserve the best and expectations couldn't be any higher. With than 1.1 million coach certifications delivered since 2012, coaches are raising the game. Step up to the standard and get certified today!
Are you and your squad the ones to beat? The Road to The One Flag Championship is set with Sanctioned and Qualifier Tournaments, giving your team a chance to earn an invite to the championship and giving you a chance to be scouted for the red, white and blue.
|
|||
7350
|
dbpedia
|
3
| 14
|
https://coachad.com/news/study-team-sports-participation-improves-workplace-attitudes-performance/
|
en
|
Study: Team sports participation improves workplace attitudes, performance
|
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[
""
] | null |
[] |
2019-06-17T16:13:04+00:00
|
A new study shows that team sports athletes often have better workplace attitudes and a higher level of performance than those who don't play sports.
|
en
|
Coach and Athletic Director
|
https://coachad.com/news/study-team-sports-participation-improves-workplace-attitudes-performance/
|
New research found that employees who participated in team sports at some point in their life are more likely to believe their work team exceeds its goals, trust their co-workers, and tap into their individual strengths every day on the job.
“This research makes it clear that businesses can learn from the high performance and teamwork culture that often is cultivated in sports,” says Melissa Jezior, Eagle Hill’s president and chief executive officer. “Across the board, we found that team sports athletes say their workplace teams are high performance, embrace continuous growth and change, have a common purpose, and capitalize on their strengths.”
More and more, businesses are moving toward team-based initiatives. Harvard Business Review reports that employees spend 50% more of their time on collaborative work than they did 20 years ago. And, research from Eagle Hill Consulting finds that nearly half of the workforce says their work is becoming more team-oriented, while half of the workforce predicts that team-oriented projects will become increasingly prevalent at work.
» ALSO SEE: Why playing multiple sports matters
“Business isn’t a game, but it is a team sport,” Jezior said. “Gone are the days of working alone in closed door offices. Businesses that can figure out how to create a mission-driven culture that fosters teamwork broadly across the organization will have a competitive advantage. Building this type of culture is increasingly important as companies focus more on group initiatives, collaboration and trust to achieve the business goals.”
In a new national poll of U.S. workers that examines teamwork and change in the workplace, Eagle Hill found that:
83% of team sports athletes say they use their strengths every day at work, as compared to 63% of employees who didn’t play team sports.
76% of team sports athletes say they trust their teammates, as compared to 55% of employees who didn’t play team sports.
73% of team sports athletes said their work team is committed to success, as compared to 49% of employees who didn’t play team sports.
73% of team sports athletes say their team constantly learns and strives to get better, as compared to 50% of employees who didn’t play team sports.
56% of team sports athletes said their team enthusiastically responds to change, as compared to 35% of employees who didn’t play team sports.
69% of team sports athletes say their team capitalizes on individual strengths, as compared to 48% of employees who didn’t play team sports.
66% of team sports athletes say their consistently exceeds goals, as compared to 45% of employees who didn’t play team sports.
The findings are contained in new Eagle Hill research, What makes workplace teams to go all the way?
|
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7350
|
dbpedia
|
3
| 34
|
https://www.collegefootballpoll.com/news/why-should-you-play-american-football-in-college/
|
en
|
Why Should You Play American Football in College?
|
[
"https://www.collegefootballpoll.com/img/cfp.png",
"https://www.collegefootballpoll.com/img/x-logo-white.png",
"http://b.scorecardresearch.com/p?c1=2&c2=6035210&cv=2.0&cj=1"
] |
[] |
[] |
[
"college football playoff",
"college football polls",
"college football poll",
"college football rankings",
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"college football predictions",
"college football computer rankings",
"cfp rankings",
"bcs standings",
"bcs rankings",
"college football bowl predictions",
"college football scores",
"college football history",
"ncaa football",
"ncaa college football",
"college football top 25"
] | null |
[] | null |
Discover the unique benefits of playing college American football! Gain teamwork skills, stay fit, and access scholarships. Read on to see why you should play!
|
en
|
https://www.collegefootballpoll.com/
|
March 29, 2024 by Staff
American football is a cultural tradition, not just a game. Many college football players embrace an experience that changes their lives in various ways. This article discusses why college football is so essential for personal and professional growth outside of sports.
The Athletic Benefits of College Football
Physical Fitness and Health
College football players train hard, play hard, and strive for top fitness. College football improves cardiovascular health, muscle strength, agility, and coordination. The sport's rigorous physical demands instill a lifetime commitment to good health and athletic achievement. This habit of regular exercise and controlled living choices continues after college, preventing many health conditions and increasing physical well-being.
Skill Development and Teamwork
Learning skills and collaboration in college football is like attending a seminar. Regular practice and games help players master both physical and strategic skills. This atmosphere fosters decision-making, intricate game strategy, and rapid reflexes. Perhaps the most important lesson is the emphasis on teamwork. Team sports like football educate participants to work together, share wins and losses, and take responsibility. Football-honed talents can be used in personal and professional life.
Academic and Career Advantages
Scholarships and Financial Assistance
Scholarships and financial aid are college football incentives. Many colleges give top football players significant scholarships for tuition and living expenses. Students who can't afford college receive financial aid. Athletic scholarships help athletes focus on school and athletics without student loans. Scholarships help graduates join the workforce without school debt. Maintaining your scholarship requires concentrating on academics. Good grades are essential; consider additional resources. Beware—only use legitimate services. For instance, unemployed professors reviews might show the dangers of academic fraud. Always use trusted grade-boosting services."
Networking and Career Opportunities
The world of collegiate football goes beyond the field and locker room. It opens doors to networking and job prospects. College football players have access to a diverse network of alumni, coaches, sports professionals, and business executives. This network can help you find internships, jobs, and mentorships. College athletes also gain prominence and recognition, which can lead to careers in sports, business, journalism, and more. College football players are appealing employment candidates because they learn discipline, collaboration, and leadership abilities on the field.
Personal Growth and Life Skills
Leadership and Discipline
College football promotes leadership and discipline beyond fitness. College football players must prioritize, manage time, and work hard to balance academics and sports. Players learn academic and personal discipline in addition to physical fitness. Players can captain teams or mentor younger players. Responsibility, confidence, leadership, and inspiration come from experiences. College football leadership and discipline lead to successful careers and pleasant personal lives. Football players who focus more on playing than studying may need academic help. In such instances, writing services can aid, but you must evaluate their reliability first.
Resilience and Mental Toughness
College football is mentally and physically demanding. Players acquire resilience and mental fortitude by handling high-pressure circumstances on and off the field. Competitive sports help athletes stay focused, overcome obstacles, and recover from losses. Through these experiences, players learn to manage stress, stay motivated, and stay positive in challenging situations. Football players are able to handle personal and professional problems because these traits are essential for success in all fields. College football builds perseverance and mental toughness, changing how people handle life's ups and downs.
Also, to reduce stress and manage academic workload, many football players delegate their assignments to writing services. Some writing services produce poor work. Thus, before utilizing such services, check their reliability. Searching "Is Unemployedprofessors reliable?" might help you weigh the advantages and cons of this service.
Cultural and Social Impact
College Spirit and Community Involvement
American football is a defining aspect of collegiate culture and community identity. College football players boost school enthusiasm and community involvement. They attend neighborhood events, charity functions, and school activities, showing school spirit. This involvement builds college and community spirit. Football games also unite students, staff, alumni, and residents through socializing. For players, this means being at the core of campus and feeling pride beyond their years there.
Lifelong Friendships and Connections
Most meaningful friendships are formed on college football teams. These friendships offer emotional support, career ties, and a sense of family during those problematic college years and beyond. For students facing academic challenges alongside their athletic commitments, resources like the studybay promo code on reddit can provide necessary help in seeking academic assistance, ensuring they keep up with their studies. Teammates are often personal pals, confidants, and business contacts for athletes. This unique and beloved fraternity and community gives college football players a network of friends and colleagues that enriches their lives after football.
Health and Safety Measures in College Football
Advanced Training and Medical Support
College and university football players' health and safety have improved. Sports medicine and training have improved, allowing institutions to avoid injuries and provide complete medical care. Teams have access to top-notch training facilities, strength and conditioning trainers, and sports medicine specialists. Athletes need these tools to train correctly and recover swiftly from injuries. Health and safety education includes diet, hydration, and lifestyle choices that improve players' health. Due to this focus on health and safety, college football players are protected and perform better and longer.
Conclusion
Participating in collegiate football has several benefits outside the sport. It promotes physical fitness, academic success, job promotion, personal improvement, and cultural enrichment. College football can provide a life-changing experience for kids. It equips them for success on the field and a happy life off it.
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7350
|
dbpedia
|
2
| 97
|
https://www.espn.com/nfl/story/_/id/15273529/how-american-football-becoming-worldwide-sport-europe-china-beyond
|
en
|
How American football is becoming a worldwide sport, from Europe to China and beyond
|
https://a2.espncdn.com/combiner/i?img=%2Fphoto%2F2016%2F0504%2Fnfl_0504_worldfootball_1296x729.jpg
|
https://a2.espncdn.com/combiner/i?img=%2Fphoto%2F2016%2F0504%2Fnfl_0504_worldfootball_1296x729.jpg
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[
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[
"Kevin Seifert",
"NFL Nation",
"John Keim",
"Tim McManus",
"Paul Gutierrez",
"D.J. Bien-Aime",
"Josh Weinfuss",
"Fantasy Staff",
"Liz Loza",
"Daniel Dopp"
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2016-05-05T11:22:00+00:00
|
American football has gone global, and the sport is growing one big dude at a time in some markets. Kevin Seifert explores the game's worldwide reach and what it could mean for the NFL.
|
en
|
ESPN.com
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https://www.espn.com/nfl/story/_/id/15273529/how-american-football-becoming-worldwide-sport-europe-china-beyond
|
In the early days, before he spoke Chinese and with little clue where it would lead, Zach Brown printed up a business card. Translated from Chinese, it read:
"I play American football. You look like a dude who could play. Contact us here."
Brown, now 29, was a former Division I player working in the international business world. He loved football and wanted to keep playing while based in Shanghai, but he also understood the potential for growth in the world's most populated nation. Brown and another former college player, Chris McLaurin, formed the American Football League of China and began recruiting players -- handing out Chinese business cards to one big dude at a time.
Today, the AFLC includes about 1,000 players on 16 teams throughout China, the most significant football league in a country that now counts about 5,000 men and women playing some level of tackle football. While it is a small number relative to China's population of 1.35 billion, it has grown mostly in the past five years and is part of a larger movement -- supported in some cases by the NFL, but unknown to most Americans -- to spread what is perceived to be a uniquely American game around the globe.
The emergence of German wide receiver Moritz Boehringer, the first player to be drafted into the NFL directly from a European league (sixth round, Minnesota Vikings), brings a new level of attention. But for the moment, at least, international football is a world of football-industrial diplomacy where long-term health concerns and NFL-related cynicism have not yet descended.
According to the International Federation of American Football, there are 80 countries with organized federations governing the game, from China to Germany to South Africa. Overall, IFAF's best estimate is that there are thousands of leagues and hundreds of thousands of boys, girls, men and women playing at levels ranging from high school to soccer-like club leagues powered by player dues and local sponsors. China's leagues received a boost recently when the NFL acknowledged plans to stage a game there in 2018. The country also will host the under-19 world championship this summer at Harbin University of Commerce, in the Heilongjiang province of northeast China.
Boehringer's entry into the draft mix, meanwhile, was a reminder of the steadily increasing level of play in Europe. It's still nowhere close to the NFL, and it will be a while -- if ever -- before international prospects feed the NFL talent pool on a regular basis. But the skill level is growing at a rate worth watching from afar.
"I don't think people back home understand how tied America and football are," Brown said. "Football is so inherent in our culture. But the more the game spreads outside of it, the better. Everywhere I go in China, people just love football, and a big part of it is that it's American.
"It's good for American business, too, and not just the NFL. The more popular football is, the more sales you have for their companies like Nike and Under Armor. It's good for American business and for portraying a positive impact of the country outside the U.S., and that's because these guys love playing so much. It's very rewarding to introduce it to them."
China
While Brown was handing out Chinese-language business cards on the streets of Shanghai, Ken Li was putting 33 years of western living into action.
A Chinese national, Li lived and worked throughout the U.S. and Canada before returning to China in 2011. In the process, he grew into an NFL fan while also noticing the regional success of the Canadian Football League across the border. Back in China, he formed the American Football Union and began working to bring football to the high school and college levels. As Brown did with the AFLC, Li used American coaching consultants to teach rules and schemes to what proved an eager audience.
"I just thought it was a great game," Li said from Beijing. "The sportsmanship, teamwork and discipline of it all appeal here, I think."
And so does, of course, the potential for business. In America, the NFL's annual revenues have reached $13 billion. The league is attempting to grow that number to $25 billion by 2027, and China's vast resources and population offer an obvious market. The league has staffed a marketing office in China for a decade, and Li is hopeful of drawing 10,000 people for this summer's under-19 championships.
It's another small number for a country so large, and most games in China draw no more than 5,000 fans. But the sport's five-year growth from almost nothing is notable, and a new television-friendly arena league is scheduled to debut in the fall.
A glance at YouTube videos of Chinese games reveals familiar plays and rhythm but a decidedly smaller set of players. Brown said the average lineman in the AFLC weighs 250 pounds.
"It's a smaller game," Brown said, "but there are some big dudes here. We just need time to find them."
Ultimately, the endgame of staging Chinese football leagues could be to enhance curiosity about the NFL. Consider that two countries with long histories of American football, the United Kingdom and Mexico, are expected to draw more than 350,000 to four NFL regular-season games they host in 2016.
"People in China have so much interest in the NFL," Li said. "And it has become very accessible, either watching games on the web or sometimes on TV. And there's been a lot more interest of late in playing, but that will take a long time to develop. There is no comparison to the NFL at all. I always say that if we put the best players in China on an all-star team, the level might be similar to a Division III in the NCAA. That gives you the best-case scenario of what we're seeing here."
Spanning the globe
As operators of American Football International, Roger Kelly and John McKeon might be the world's top authorities on American football abroad. Their website exists at the intersection of promoting the game, covering results for interested fans, and serving as a first contact for scouts -- including some from NFL teams -- seeking leads or information. Kelly, a former CFL executive, works from Sweden and McKeon from New York City.
The highest-level international football outside of America or Canada is played in Germany and Austria, Kelly said. McKeon, who has played club-level football in France, compared the collective European squad to "lower-level Division I or Division II" in the United States.
"That's the type of competition it is at the moment," McKeon said. "These teams practice every day and have some standout skill players, but the overall size and speed of these teams is less than a top-level Division I program."
Mexico, whose long history with American football dates to 1896, fields competitive national teams and is one of two countries besides the U.S. -- along with Canada -- with a true professional league that pays players enough to make it a full-time job during the season. Japan, meanwhile, has a competitive corporate entity known as the X League, made up of teams of players from the companies where they work. Japan's national team has advanced to the finals of the quadrennial IFAF World Championship in four of the past five tournaments. (The 2015 title went to the U.S., which has won each of the three times it has competed.)
The under-19 world championship in China will include teams from Canada, Mexico, Australia, Austria, Japan and China, according to Li.
From a participation standpoint, the United Kingdom has surpassed all other countries/regions along a time frame roughly parallel to the NFL's increased regular-season presence there. NFL teams will play three games in London in 2016, two at Wembley Stadium and one at Twickenham Stadium. Internal NFL numbers count 13 million NFL/American football fans in the U.K., and 4 million U.K. residents tuned in to watch Super Bowl 50, according to the NFL's U.K. office. According to Kelly, registered players in the U.K. doubled to 50,000 between 2011 and 2014. There are roughly 35,000 registered players in Germany and about 23,000 in France.
Local U.K. games average between 500 and 1,000 fans in attendance. Teams in Brazil, another country the NFL has targeted for a possible game, record wild fan interest. In some cases, according to Kelly, they're challenging established club soccer teams with 15,000 fans per game. The Corinthian Steamrollers, founded in 2004 and based in Sao Paulo, boast more than 1.4 million likes on their Facebook page.
The politics of the IFAF -- it doesn't recognize all national federations, and not all federations recognize it -- makes an accurate worldwide count of participation difficult. So does the churn of progress. In South Africa, organizers held an April training camp to gauge interest and skill level for a proposed new league. In recent weeks, Kelly and McKeon have received calls from interested parties in Zimbabwe, Uganda and Nairobi -- all asking for advice on how to start a tackle football league.
NCAA/NFL talent pipeline
Participation aside, the more relevant question for stateside fans might be whether international players can ever supplement the NFL talent pool. Sports fans of a certain age remember the NBA's European infusion in the 1980s -- Drazen Petrovic, Vlade Divac, Arvydas Sabonis and others -- and wonder if it could happen in football. International athletes now represent 20 percent of NBA players and 25 percent of Major League Baseball players, according to roster analysis performed within the past year by both leagues.
"The biggest difference right now is the size and speed of players in Europe and elsewhere," McKeon said. "You're just starting to see the level of coaching and physical training rising with some of these top-end teams. That will slowly close the gap for the biggest obstacle that is holding back some of these players. The floodgate isn't going to open, but you'll slowly see guys like Boehringer getting noticed and getting a chance."
"In terms of the NFL, players are one thing, but in terms of fan base, as more football happens here, and more fans become educated, you'll see it grow more from an entertainment standpoint than maybe as a player pool." Zach Brown, American Football League of China co-founder
At the moment, the number of international players in the NFL is so miniscule that the league doesn't officially track the numbers. Before last week's draft, Pro Football Reference's database counted 23 players who attended high school outside of the United States, about 0.9 percent of the total players on offseason rosters. More than half (12) were from Canada. At least one such player has been drafted in nine of the past 10 years.
According to the most recently available NCAA statistics, meanwhile, there were 260 players across all divisions -- 0.4 percent -- from international high schools during the 2014-15 season. Again, Canada was by far the most common. The conclusion? The NFL isn't close to receiving an NBA-like international talent infusion.
"The big thing is we need time to mine out the guys," the AFLC's Brown said from China. "Football is getting bigger, but it has a long way to grow to become something the NFL can get players from.
"I could see not far from now that there will be some [more] Division I players. In terms of the NFL, players are one thing, but in terms of fan base, as more football happens here and more fans become educated, you'll see it grow more from an entertainment standpoint than maybe as a player pool."
Ethical questions
For now, the international football movement is growing despite stateside concerns about the long-term health of players' brains and bodies. Put bluntly: How much do international players know about the risks associated with tackle football?
The IFAF has a formal partnership with USA Football, the NFL's amateur outreach arm. That makes the Heads Up Football training program available to any national federation that joins, and many leagues import American coaches and consultants to help establish modern techniques.
But implementation is a local and often individual choice. In China, Brown said his league uses USA Football guidelines and also teaches the Seattle Seahawks' Hawk Tackle approach, which allows players to practice safe tackling even in shorts and T-shirts.
"We get to set the standards and norms for our league," Brown said. "But some of the obscure cities out there, they might not have that kind of coaching. But they have players who want to play, and that's what they're going to do. It can be a little dangerous. All you can do is try to impart as much knowledge as possible. A lot of people want to play this game."
After all, there are plenty of big dudes out there, in every corner of the globe, whether you realize it or not.
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https://www.atmoreadvance.com/2022/10/18/a-brief-history-of-american-football-from-its-origins-to-the-present-day/
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en
|
A Brief History of American Football: From its Origins to the Present Day - The Atmore Advance
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[
"Ben Hillyer"
] |
2022-10-18T00:00:00
|
Nowadays, everyone enjoys American football all over the world. People are keen on checking out NFL picks before major games, and they are excited to watch the matches either from the comfort of their home or live at the stadium. But people outside of the U.S. wonder why on earth this sport is called football […]
|
en
|
The Atmore Advance
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https://www.atmoreadvance.com/2022/10/18/a-brief-history-of-american-football-from-its-origins-to-the-present-day/
|
A Brief History of American Football: From its Origins to the Present Day
Published 4:37 pm Tuesday, October 18, 2022
Getting your Trinity Audio player ready...
Nowadays, everyone enjoys American football all over the world. People are keen on checking out NFL picks before major games, and they are excited to watch the matches either from the comfort of their home or live at the stadium.
But people outside of the U.S. wonder why on earth this sport is called football when it more resembles rugby. In order to answer that question, we have to go back to the origin of American football and take a look at how it all started. With that in mind, here’s a brief history of American football.
Early American football history
The history of American football can be traced back to early versions of rugby and soccer. The first official game of American football was played back in 1869, between two college teams, and the game resembled football (soccer) more than rugby. After a while, the game shifted to more rugby-style rules established during the 1876 college football season, but the name wasn’t changed to rugby. To English-speaking countries outside America, terms like ‘American football’ and ‘gridiron’ were used instead of just football.
How American football has evolved over time
As mentioned before, American football shifted from soccer to rugby-style rules where the ball could be picked up and carried across the field. During the early years, football was a vicious and violent sport that often resulted in many injuries and even deaths. President Theodore Roosevelt threatened to abolish the sport if changes weren’t made after a record of 19 deaths nationwide. In 1905, 62 colleges met in New York to discuss changes to the game and its rules, and the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) was born.
Why American football is such a popular sport
American football is not just about carrying the ball into the opponent’s part of the field. It’s actually quite a strategic sport that relies heavily on tactics. Athletic performance is necessary but that alone doesn’t win the game. People love watching this sport all over the world because in most cases, the teams are doing their best to outwit each other and score as many points as possible. That’s why American football is so popular and events like the Super Bowl are a worldwide phenomenon when it comes to viewings and marketing.
Although American football has little to do with football (soccer), the name remained and the sport’s iconic fame is known to all across the globe.
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https://www.goodsportstore.com/new-blog/2023/7/27/football-the-top-10-benefits-for-players
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en
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Football: The Top 10 Benefits for Players — welcome to the Good Sport!
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[] |
[
""
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[
"EYMER BRAND Laboratories + Think Tank"
] |
2023-07-27T00:00:00
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So now that you are ready to start the 2023 Football Season, where do you find the gear you need? The answer is quite simple. Head to The Good Sport! In fact, for the next two weekends, we will offer special pricing on practice pants and jerseys, rib compression shirts, cleats, and all of the foo
|
en
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welcome to the Good Sport!
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https://www.goodsportstore.com/new-blog/2023/7/27/football-the-top-10-benefits-for-players
|
So now that you are ready to start the 2023 Football Season, where do you find the gear you need? The answer is quite simple. Head to The Good Sport!
In fact, for the next two weekends, we will offer special pricing on practice pants and jerseys, rib compression shirts, cleats, and all of the football equipment required for a super season!
If you are new to the game, please stop by the store for free advice and guidance.
We look forward to seeing you soon!
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7350
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dbpedia
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3
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https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/importance-teamwork-what-football-can-teach-us-finding-grant-wistrom
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en
|
The Importance of Teamwork: What football can teach us about finding success as a team
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[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Grant Wistrom"
] |
2018-02-14T15:24:00+00:00
|
Football teaches valuable lessons in teamwork that apply both on and off the field. Each player contributes to the success of the team, so understanding and trusting your teammates is crucial.
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en
|
https://static.licdn.com/aero-v1/sc/h/al2o9zrvru7aqj8e1x2rzsrca
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https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/importance-teamwork-what-football-can-teach-us-finding-grant-wistrom
|
Football teaches valuable lessons in teamwork that apply both on and off the field. Each player contributes to the success of the team, so understanding and trusting your teammates is crucial. With so many players on a team, the level of coordination and collaboration has to be strong. If even one teammate isn’t invested, it can affect the entire team. Just like being a part of a football team, being a part of an office team requires the same kind of collaboration. You’ve got to know who you’re working with, invest in the overall success of the business, and work at performing your role to the best of your ability. As with football, you’ll likely experience high points and low points and need to lean on your team for support and motivation along the way. Football has taught me many of these valuable skills, and they easily translate to team collaboration off the field:
Leadership
A football coach has a great responsibility to the team. Not only are coaches invested in the success of the team as a whole, but they also aim to motivate each individual player. The coach has the duty of taking their many different players and creating a cohesive team that accomplishes what’s needed. Managers in any work environment need this same skill set. They need to be role models who inspire the success of their team so that the whole business can flourish. They need to manage many components, just as coaches do. Managers who observe a football coach’s ability to create a thriving team can learn to do the same for their employees. In addition to the coach being a strong leader, there is also a great deal of respect that the team has for their coach. This mutual relationship is important both on the field and in the office.
Learn from Failure
Football teaches us to grow from mistakes and to bounce back from failure as a team. Even great football teams know the feeling of occasional failure. It’s never fun to lose, but a good team doesn’t let a loss keep them down. With any defeat, a team can observe what went wrong and try to change their strategies for the next game. Professionals can learn to find lessons in failure in the same way. Football players will inevitably get knocked down, but they continue to get back on their feet. The state of failure is only temporary — it’s what you decide to do with it that determines your ultimate success.
Importance of bonding
Observing any great team, it’s obvious how connected the players are. Great teams only get to that point through the hard work they accomplish together. No one player can carry the team on their own. Training will be exhausting, and the physical demands can test a player’s resolve; but these shared experiences help the team grow together and build trust and loyalty. This proves true for other team environments as well. In a business, forming strong connections to your colleagues is a great way to build a foundation for success. Managers and employees need to join together in their dedication to succeed. Without these bonds, a weak group dynamic can be detrimental to the team as a whole.
Positivity drives the team
Every coach and player shares the same goal — to win. All the grueling work required is in effort to accomplish this goal; though, of course, in every game, one team will achieve victory while the other will endure defeat. Take a look at some of the greatest teams and you’ll see that they remain positive, even in the face of defeat. A positive attitude has a much greater power than a negative one when it comes to a team sport. A positive coach can motivate their team better than one who dwells on a loss. An office team environment works in a similar way. Creating a positive environment where managers ensure their team feels supported and where one failure doesn’t destroy moral will yield more success in the long run.
Importance of accountability
When you’re part of a team, your work isn’t just for you. You train hard and show up for your teammates, even on the days when you might not feel as inspired. Your success is shared with your team, and you feel a responsibility to the group as a whole to do your part. A strong sales team will run in a similar way. The sense of accountability to the team will fuel everyone to perform at their best.
Whether on a football field or in an office, teamwork is a skill that can make or break your success. Only by working together and understanding each other can you perform your best as a team. Football is much more than a game. It’s a great teacher, especially when it comes to teamwork. The life lessons gained from this collaborative sport can help professionals work better in their teams and achieve the success they are striving for.
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https://www.babbelforbusiness.com/us/blog/sport-team-communication/
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en
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Language Learning for Successful Sports Team Communication
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[
"Anika Wegner"
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2023-08-11T10:10:01+00:00
|
Find out how learning a language can transform your team communication to boost morale and improve unity and cohesion.
|
en
|
Babbel for Business
|
https://www.babbelforbusiness.com/us/blog/sport-team-communication/
|
It’s not unusual in sports for teams to have an international makeup. In Europe, players are often traded between teams in different countries with different languages. In Italy’s Serie A, for example, 61% of the players are international. In the UK’s Premier League, international players make up 63% of the league. And in the US, it’s common to see many international players in the domestic leagues, especially from Latin America.
When people come from multiple linguistic backgrounds and try to work as a cohesive unit in the world of sports, being able to communicate is critical. Just as a single miscommunication can throw off a team’s winning trajectory, having quality team communication can lead to victory.
Table of Contents
Why Is Team Communication Important for Sports Teams?
The Benefits of Language Learning for Sports Teams
On the Field
Beyond the Field
How Can Babbel Help Your Team Communication?
The Takeaway
What are the benefits of blended learning for your company?
Why Is Team Communication Important for Sports Teams?
Coordination and Strategy: Effective communication allows team members to coordinate their actions, execute game strategies, and make split-second decisions. Clear communication ensures that players are on the same page, minimizing confusion and maximizing team efficiency.
Tactics and Play Calling: In sports, strategies and tactics often need to be communicated quickly and seamlessly during gameplay. Language skills enable players to understand play calls, signals, and instructions from coaches and teammates.
Unity and Cohesion: Strong team communication fosters a sense of unity and cohesion. Players who can communicate well with each other are more likely to trust and support one another, leading to improved team dynamics and morale.
Adaptability: Effective communication enables teams to adapt to changing game situations and opponents’ strategies. Players can convey observations and adjustments, allowing the team to respond effectively to challenges.
Motivation and Leadership: Language skills are important for leaders and captains to inspire and motivate their teammates. Effective communication helps leaders convey their vision, boost morale, and encourage peak team performance.
Feedback and Improvement: Team communication is essential for providing constructive feedback and helping players improve their skills. Coaches and teammates can offer guidance and corrections to enhance individual and team performance.
Conflict Resolution: Sports can be intense and emotions can run high. Good communication skills help resolve conflicts, misunderstandings, and disagreements among teammates, preventing disruptions to team harmony.
In-Game Adjustments: Language skills allow coaches and players to make real-time adjustments during a match or game. Quick and clear communication about changing strategies or player rotations can impact the outcome of the game.
Player Development: Effective communication supports the development of younger or less experienced players. Veteran players and coaches can convey their expertise, share insights, and mentor newer members of the team.
Team Building: Language skills facilitate team bonding activities, discussions, and social interactions. A team that can communicate well off the field is likely to build stronger relationships and camaraderie on the field.
Media and Public Relations: In professional sports, effective communication with the media and fans is crucial. Players and coaches need language skills to convey their thoughts, represent the team positively, and engage with the public.
International Competitions: In international sports competitions, teams may consist of players from different linguistic backgrounds. Strong language skills help bridge communication gaps and create a unified team environment.
Safety and Well-being: Clear team communication ensures that players are aware of safety protocols and emergency instructions. Injuries and medical conditions can be communicated promptly to medical staff for timely intervention.
The Benefits of Language Learning for Sports Teams
Language learning isn’t just for teams in the workplace — it’s important for teams on the field, too. Whether it’s a professional sports team made up of mostly international players or an after-work football league, being able to communicate clearly and easily with teammates can make or break the course of a game.
On the Field
In sports, it’s not enough to convey the general strategy for the game — you also have to react to the other team’s plays and perhaps change the course of action in a split second. In the heat of the moment, it’s essential to be understood right away when you’re yelling instructions to a teammate — there’s no time to think twice about what exact words to use.
The best reason to get everyone on the same linguistic page? There’s nothing like speaking the same language to solidify bonds between teammates. Communication and comprehension have a lot to do with trust and trust ties directly into team performance and cohesion.
Having everyone speak the same language also helps keep minds clear and keep stress down during a game’s high-intensity moments. Having to ask teammates to repeat themselves, or having them speak in a language that doesn’t come naturally to them, adds another level of stress and pressure to what can already be a tense situation. Being able to speak and be understood the first time — or hear and understand when others speak — helps keep everyone’s minds on the game.
Beyond the Field
Language learning is important when the timer has run out on the game, too. When your team speaks more than one language, it opens up more opportunities for players to be interviewed by foreign media, whether at a post-game press conference or in a more formal interview for a profile. Speaking with journalists can be intimidating on its own — it’s a different mental space than playing on the field, and language learning can give players the confidence they need.
If journalists know players can speak their language, it makes covering the team easier — and if it’s easier to cover, it’s more likely to be written about. Learning a foreign language isn’t just helpful for individual players in these situations, but the end result can boost that player’s profile — along with that of the larger team — on a global scale.
Language courses like Babbel can also help to overcome cultural barriers and make teams more efficient and bonded. It can go a long way toward bringing multicultural teams together by creating an area of common ground — and by helping teammates and staff understand each other and their cultural backgrounds.
In the US, many teams face the challenge of supporting Spanish and English-speaking players, coaches, fans, and media. In the MLB, the San Francisco Giants use Babbel to upskill their coaches in both languages to improve team communication as well as international media and fans. The Milwaukee Brewers have adopted Babbel to help their Spanish-speaking players integrate more easily into the primarily English-speaking team, and their scouts use it to improve their Spanish to better engage with players.
How Can Babbel Help Your Team Communication?
Babbel’s language-learning platform is perfectly suited for sports teams and clubs to use. Every learner can choose the language they want to learn and the level they want to start at individually. And best of all, Babbel is a game changer when it comes to flexibility: Video classes can be booked by players at the times that suit them best, whether they’re working around off-season workouts or games during the season.
Babbel Live (Babbel for Business’s online group lessons format) provides a flexible space for teammates to practice in a no-pressure setting. Babbel Intensive, on the other hand, provides 1:1 language learning classes with a professional teacher. This is specially designed for players, coaches, or other employees who want to work toward their individual goals and make fast progress. You can learn more about the benefits of this blended learning solution here.
And the best part: Our Babbel for Business team can provide you with specific learning paths for the sports industry that feature tailored content, learning tips, and course recommendations to help team members and staff learn what matters most first.
The Takeaway
Strengthening team communication can lead directly to improved performance on the field: When communication is clear, reliable, and natural-feeling for both speakers and listeners, trust and clarity foster team building and bonding. By getting everyone on the same page with Babbel and ensuring that team communication is smooth from the start, you can take your game to the next level.
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