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[] |
[] |
[
"George Bassman"
] | null |
[
"IMDb"
] | null |
George Bassman. Music Department: Das zauberhafte Land. Composer and songwriter ("I'm Getting Sentimental Over You", the Tommy Dorsey theme), conductor and arranger, he was educated at the Boston Conservatory and studied with Toch and Strelitzer. Between 1931-1934 he arranged for dance orchestras, and then for Andre Kostelanetz and CBS between 1934-1936. He arranged the Broadway musicals "Alive and Kicking" and "Guys and Dolls". Joining ASCAP in 1936, his other popular-song...
|
en
|
IMDb
|
https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0005956/
|
Composer and songwriter ("I'm Getting Sentimental Over You", the Tommy Dorsey theme), conductor and arranger, he was educated at the Boston Conservatory and studied with Toch and Strelitzer. Between 1931-1934 he arranged for dance orchestras, and then for Andre Kostelanetz and CBS between 1934-1936. He arranged the Broadway musicals "Alive and Kicking" and "Guys and Dolls". Joining ASCAP in 1936, his other popular-song compositions include "You've Got Something", "The Bicycle Song", "Dangerous", "Forgotten", "Again and Again", and "I Didn't Have the Heart to Tell You".
|
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8916
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dbpedia
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https://www.schott-music.com/en/blue-monday-135th-street-blues-no272540.html
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en
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Blue Monday (135th Street Blues)
|
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[
"Blue Monday (135th Street Blues)"
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George Gershwin, George Bassman, Buddy de Sylva: Blue Monday (135th Street Blues) | Buying sheet music and downloads from Schott Music
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https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ride-the-High-Country
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Ride the High Country | Western, Adventure, Classic
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"Ride the High Country",
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[
"Lee Pfeiffer"
] |
2013-03-20T00:00:00+00:00
|
Ride the High Country, American western film, released in 1962, that was a revisionist take on the genre. It was the second movie by director Sam Peckinpah, and its embittered characters and realistic gunplay began to establish the formulas for which he became famous. Ex-lawman Steve Judd (played
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/favicon.png
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Encyclopedia Britannica
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https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ride-the-High-Country
|
Ride the High Country, American western film, released in 1962, that was a revisionist take on the genre. It was the second movie by director Sam Peckinpah, and its embittered characters and realistic gunplay began to establish the formulas for which he became famous.
Ex-lawman Steve Judd (played by Joel McCrea) has fallen on hard times. He takes a job transporting gold deposits from a mining camp in the Sierra Nevadas across the mountains to a bank. He is pleased when his old friend Gil Westrum (Randolph Scott), another ex-lawman, agrees to assist him. Gil’s young friend and protégé Heck Longtree (Ron Starr) also accompanies them on the dangerous journey. Along the way they rescue a desperate young woman, Elsa Knudsen (Mariette Hartley), from a horrific life with her abusive father. The men escort Elsa to her fiancé, Billy Hammond (James Drury), and the young couple are quickly married. However, Steve, Gil, and Heck must soon rescue her again when she discovers that she will have to endure Billy’s brothers, who intend on “sharing” her for their sexual pleasure. The situation becomes even more complicated when Steve learns that Gil and Heck intend to rob the gold shipment. He thwarts their plans, and Gil runs off, leaving Steve and Heck to face Billy and his brothers, who have ambushed them in the hopes of taking back Elsa. In the midst of the seemingly hopeless battle, Gil has pangs of conscience and returns in time to help Steve and Heck defeat their assailants. However, Steve has been mortally wounded. Gil makes a solemn promise to fulfill his mission to get the gold shipment to the bank.
Britannica Quiz
Best Picture Movie Quote Quiz
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https://www.bluegrasshall.org/inductees/the-country-gentlemen/charlie-waller/
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Bluegrass Music Hall of Fame & Museum
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2018-11-13T11:18:13-06:00
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Bluegrass Music Hall of Fame & Museum -
|
https://www.bluegrasshall.org/inductees/the-country-gentlemen/charlie-waller/
|
Biography
Charlie Waller was born in a now-tiny east Texas town named for Columbus Joiner, who drilled the first oil well there in 1930. Waller’s family must have experienced the bust, leaving Joinerville shortly after Charlie’s birth during the Great Depression. The Wallers moved to a farm in northern Louisiana, where Charlie remembered picking cotton.
At the age of 10, he purchased his first guitar – a Stella – for $15 and decided to make his career in entertainment. His mother, who had taken a job with Potomac Electric Power Company and ran a rooming house in Washington, D.C., sent for Charlie to join her. He left school in the eighth grade and landed his first professional music job in 1948 at the age of 13, with Richard Decker and Jack Jackson. Also working by day in a gas station and body shop, Waller picked up musical and performance skills from the slightly older Scott Stoneman.
In the early ’50s, Charlie played with Earl Taylor & the Stoney Mountain Boys in the bars of Baltimore until switching to Buzz Busby & the Bayou Boys. Buzz had also migrated from northern Louisiana, and the band (which also included Don Stover on banjo) decided to try out for the Louisiana Hayride in Shreveport. There they appeared alongside Elvis Presley, Johnny Cash, George Jones, the Browns, Johnny Horton, and Jimmie Newman and recorded classics such as “Lost” and “Me and the Jukebox.”
The Bayou Boys had returned to Washington and Eddie Adcock had replaced Charlie on guitar by the time an auto wreck hospitalized Busby and Adcock. Banjo player Bill Emerson hastily called together Charlie Waller, John Duffey, and Larry Leahy to fill in at the Admiral Grill in Bailey’s Crossroads, Virginia on July 4, 1957. Waller and Duffey had never met, but were pleased by the blend of their voices and musical interests. The group adopted the name “The Country Gentlemen” and self-produced Carter Stanley’s “Going to the Races” and Duffey’s “Heavenward Bound” on the Dixie label before beginning to lease tracks to the Starday label later in 1957.
For almost 15 years, the Country Gentleman appeared for two nights a week at the Shamrock Club in Washington’s Georgetown district. It wasn’t a fancy place, but the informal atmosphere and audience of southern country music fans, college kids, and government workers created an environment in which a variety of musical tastes, experimentation, and onstage rehearsal could forge a distinctive and appealing act.
By 1964, the Country Gentlemen’s recordings were nationally distributed on the Folkways and Mercury labels. Ruggedly handsome, sincere, and baritone-voiced Charlie Waller contrasted with the wiry and volatile wiseacre John Duffey, the flashy and aggressive banjo star Eddie Adcock, and the quiet and collegiate bassman Tom Gray – the “classic” edition of the band. Some of Charlie’s most popular solos from the early days included “Two Little Boys,” “Copper Kettle,” and “Matterhorn.”
The group took a new lease on life with a quite different sounding ensemble in 1971: Bill Emerson in his second stint on banjo, Doyle Lawson on mandolin, and Bill Yates on bass. Waller was the constant and increasingly the “star” vocalist, a role he had previously shared with John Duffey. Songs such as “Fox on the Run,” “Teach Your Children,” and “Legend of the Rebel Soldier,” won awards and became perennial bluegrass standards. Opposite from the experience of other country and bluegrass acts of the time, the Country Gentlemen’s popularity grew from a northern base into the south, midwest, and southwest, as outdoor festivals proliferated. This edition of the Gentlemen toured Japan and recorded a live album in Tokyo.
More band changes followed, but the group’s Waller-centric sound remained stable over three more decades. During this era, recordings on Rebel, Vanguard, Sugar Hill, and Pinecastle were best sellers and frequent visitors to the bluegrass charts.
Charlie Waller faced health challenges as the millennium turned, but he kept coming back to touring and recording. The end came unexpectedly. At 6:30 p.m. on August 18, 2004, his wife found him dead of a heart attack in the Gordonsville, Virginia, garden where his mother had also died.
– Fred Bartenstein is a bluegrass music historian and journalist.
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https://sydneyblues.org/Artists
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Sydney Blues Society
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"https://sydneyblues.org/resources/Logo/SBS%20LOGO-11.png"
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If you are not on the list and think you should be then please, please complete the form below - basically we need your help.
This list is a work in progress and it clearly not complete. Do not read any prejudice at this point in time if you have been omitted, we are volunteers trying to get it done asap, so please bear with us.
Also we are not going to be arbiters of what is, or isn't a Blues Artist, if you identify as a Blues performer then we are OK, that being said, if Slipknot of Lil Dicky submit a bio we might have second thoughts!
Submit Your Bio
Jump to Bands Jump to Performers
BANDS
A
Ain't My Style
Ain't My Style are a Sydney based Australian Blues band. The band formed in mid 2022 having similar interests based on good times and solid bluesy grooves. Described as a throwback to the days of John Matayall and Cream like Terry Zakis (guitar & vocals), Greg Johns (drums), and Dave Harves (bass)
Facebook: facebook.com/aintmystyle
ALLAN WATTs BLUES BAND
Allan Watts Blues Band are a hard hitting, refined and imperfectly impressively professional Texas blues band. Hailing from Bega, the industry experienced trio are fronted by Lead guitarist and vocalist Allan Watts. Allan takes centre stage to showcase intricate, melodic, riff heavy electric guitar that marries seamlessly to his punchy and emotive vocals.
Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/alland
Instagram: http://www.instagram.com/allanwattsbluesband
B
BARREL DAWG
With all the rumble of an old Holden V8, Barrel Dawg are from Port Macquarie and Lithgow, travelling between the two areas; and are known for their unique music. They are storytellers, a bit rootsie, a tad swampy, somewhat mountain style gritty blues with a hint of dark country… what! We tread the line between Swampy Mountain Blues, Countrified Soul, Dark Folk and Juke Joint Rock! We play original music with our own unique foot stomping style and feature a variety of Cigar Box Guitars.
Website: www.barreldawg.com.au Facebook: facebook.com/BarrelDawgBand
BLUE CHEESE RATS
A Sydney based blues band featuring many original songs and a mix of favourite covers. Great feel and positive energy. A blend of funky, punchy full bodied riffs and licks with a good helping of attitude. We call it "Blues that's good for your soul". The band consists of Jason Douglas on drums, Milan Milanovic on harp, Dave Harves on bass, Max Harper on keys and Terry Zakis on guitar and vocals.
big mama & the hanged men
Members Choice Award Winner 2020. Category: Best Streaming Performance.
Big Mama & The Hanged Men are a high energy funky blues band from Sydney featuring International Blues Powerhouse Fran "Big Mama" Liddle on vocals, highly acclaimed musical director George "Medicine Man" Rigatos on guitar, internationally recognised drummer and arranger Ed Rodrigues and the king of all that is funky and blues Serg Coniglione on bass. Big Mama has been described as having the voice of an angel who has found the key to the liquor cabinet. There are people who can sing and people who have pipes and Big Mama has PIPES! Big Mama is a favourite for her comical quips as well as those pipes and combining them with the virtuoso performances of George, Ed and Serg this is a Sydney band you don't want to miss.
Bondi Cigars
Rarely has an Australian band received as much consistent and widespread acclaim from critics and music fans alike. With more than a half a dozen albums under their belts and years of constant touring, this award winning quartet have well and truly worked their way into Australia's musical heart. The Bondi's consistently deliver the goods: with Down In The Valley nominated in the 2003 ARIA awards for Best Blues & Roots Album, 1995’s After Closing Time awarded Best Blues Album at the 1996 Lithgow Blues Festival, and two of their songs, Lead Me Not Into Temptation and Intensive Care, chosen to feature on the popular ABC Seachange album. As with all great bands, the sum of the whole exceeds the sum of the parts and the Bondi Cigars are no exception. Members include: Frank Corby, Eben Hale, Shane Pacey, Alan Britton
Website: www.bondicigars.com
Blues Collective
Blues Collective has been performing Swamp and Chicago Blues since its inception in 2015. Fronted by Angela Mac on vocals and Chris Martin Murphy on vocals, guitar and harmonica, the other members are Martin Skipper on guitar, Ina Chisholm on bass, Marty Davison on saxophone and Bruce Stephens on drums. Blues Collective performs its own arrangements of Swap and Chicago Blues songs written by Tony Joe White, Dr. John, JJ Cale, Taj Mahal, Muddy Waters, Willie Dixon, BB King, Solomon Burke, Etta James, Jimmy Reed, Robert Johnson, Elmore James, Freddie King, Bonnie Raitt and Others.
BONNIE K & THE BONAFIDES
Bonnie Kay, a contemporary American signer/songwriter from Philly uses acoustic, finger-picking, slide-guitar techniques, plus a voice reminiscent of blues icon Bonnie Raitt's to deliver her own red-hot, sassy blues and roots. Her Bonafide companions? Wayne Rigby on saxophone and flute, Catherine Golden on double bass, Calvin Welch on drums, Claire Hollander on trumpet and Illya Szwec on electric guitar and you’ve got blues with the additional elements of jazz, soul and funk - sometimes smooth and jazzy, sometimes gritty and raw- taking the dance to a sobbing heap on the floor and then lifting it up into a foot-stomping, hollering hootenanny . It’s a Bonafide Band with a capital B. That, there, is the triple truth, Ruth! Sydney based band, Bonnie Kay and the Bonafides have played 17 music festivals around the country in the last 5 years including Blues at Bridgetown in WA, 2 years in a row at Echuca Winter Blues festival in Victoria and Agnes Blues, Roots and Rock Festival in Queensland.
Blue Rock
Blue Rock are a 2 piece band that plays their own brand of blues with a rock edge in Sydney, Australia. The band features Caelan aged 19 who sings, plays guitar and drums with his feet (via 6 foot pedals) at the same time. The use of complex beats on the foot drums in conjunction with blazing guitar, bass grooves and vocal harmonies give the band a rich sound despite being a 2 piece band.
Blue Rock are a new band, however they have already recorded and released an album which has received favourable reviews internationally. Caelan was selected by the Sydney Blues Society to play at the International Blues Challenge in Memphis Tennessee as part of the Youth Showcase.
C
cj raggart duo
Sydney Blues Challenge Winner 2016. Category: Solo/Duo.
Chris J Raggart and Kelvin Carlsson.
Continental Blues Party
Continental Rob's latest project is a soul/blues/down home funk combo "CONTINENTAL BLUES PARTY" who have been turning on audiences with their electrifying, soul charged, R'N'B workouts. Mixing "Continental" Robert's own blues & soul compositions (including "Soul Kind of Feeling") with show-stopping versions of tunes from the greats like - Ray Charles, Muddy Waters, James Brown, Joe Simon, Curtis Mayfield, BB King to name a few!!
CBP have released an album "On The Soul Side" on Vitamin Records. The Continental Blues Party features "Continental" Robert Susz - lead vocals & harmonica And hotshots like; "Hit Single" Adam Pringle - guitar & vocals, Illya "Cossak" Szwec - guitar, Clayton "Teenager" Doley - organ, Robert "The Hungry" Woolf - organ, electric piano & vocals, Rowan "Express" Lane - bass, Antero "Skinny Jr" Ceschin - drums & vocals. And in recognition the passed and dearly missed Vito "Mr Showbiz" Portolesi - bass & vocals.
Clayton Doley’s Bayou Billabong
Clayton Doley’s Bayou Billabong captures the essence of the New Orleans Blues piano tradition while fusing contemporary Australiana and Americana with all the might and power of a 10 piece band. Featuring a powerful 4-piece horn section, the ‘Hi-Fi-Doley-T Horns’, and the ferociously sweet vocals of the fabulous ‘Clay-tones’. Clayton's latest album was recorded in New Orleans and features The Monster Gentlemen as the band as well as the amazing marching band brass of The Treme Funktet with members of Galactic and Trombone Shorty's Orleans Avenue.
Christina Croft BAND
Christina is described as "Lucinda Williams meets Rory Gallagher down under' and to those familiar with her muscular blues/rock lead and slide guitar playing coupled with her bright and light country tinged vocal style it's a fitting description.
A familiar face on the Sydney blues scene for many years, Christina has also appeared on many Australian high profile festivals including Blues on Broadbeach, Thredbo Blues Festival and Echuca Winter Blue Festival to name a few.
Christina has developed a distinct style which has manifested in several well regarded studio albums, the most recent of which 'Just How Love Feels' debuted at #2 in the ABARAC and remained in the charts for over 14 months.
Website: www.christinacrofts.com
CRYSTAL BLUES BAND
Bringing the juke joint back with our unique style of Chicago, Delta, Jazz, Rhythm and Blues. Crystal Blues Band comprises of seasoned musicians from Sydney. Crystal Moore - Blues songwriter, Vocals and Rhythm guitar, Rob Lutzow - Lead Guitar and vocals, Nathan Mychno - Bass and Henry Sliwka on drums.
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DARREN JACK BAND
Sydney Blues Challenge Winner 2012: Category: Band - (Darren Jack Hammond Organ Trio)
Multiple award-winning blues artist Darren Jack has been electrifying audiences with his signature powerhouse Rock'n'Blues and original music for the last twenty years. Jack has taken out 5 Australian Blues Music Awards and has won the Sydney Blues Challenge an unprecedented two times in 2012 (Band Category) and in 2014 (Solo Category). He has represented Australia in the International Blues Challenge in Memphis, Tennessee in 2013, and also in 2015. His music will take you from blistering, gut wrenching blues to smooth melodies that will soothe your soul. Jack's honesty and commitment are the real deal.
Facebook: www.facebook.com/darrenjackmusic
DEFENDERS (WARDS XPRESS)
The Defenders ( formerly Wards Xpress ) were first formed in 2018 after band-leader Ross Ward ( Guitar/Vocals) had taken a well-earned break after 25 years of running Wards Xpress. Based on the Central Coast now the band last played the Girrakool festival . The Defenders released a cracking version of JJ Cale's 'Tijuana' in 2019. The band is a vehicle for Ross' original songs and are looking forward to returning to regular gigs post COVID.
DOMINIQUE MAURICE COMBO
A Blues, Soul band based in Sydney.
Dominique is a seasoned singer/songwriter/guitarist. She has performed at many large corporate gigs around Sydney and Asia and at blues festivals. She has recently recorded her third album.
Martin plays guitar and has played in many English, Scottish and Sydney bands.
Marcel plays bass and was in a well know 80s band featuring a female singer.
Dave is a drummer/vocalist and has played in many bands, blues festivals and at Byron Bluesfest.
The band members carry a wealth of experience in performing to large audiences and in intimate settings.
Drey Rollan Band
Energy, rhythm and sheer audacity paints the Blues rock landscape of the Drey Rollan Band, that is set to both move and engage the listener. With their rocking vocals, explosive guitar licks and funky rhythms that shape a driving musical force that is both dynamic and unique. Providing a healthy dose of Rhythm & Blues, & Rock to audience’s throughout Sydney. The Drey Rollan Band have played up and down the East coast, capital cities, festivals and everywhere in between.
The Drey Rollan Band has performed at Frankie's Pizza by the Slice (Wednesday night residency), Byron Bay Guitar Festival, Sydney Guitar Festival alongside the likes of Kaki King, Derek Gripper, Nathan Cavaleri, Daniel Champangne, Turner Brown, Marc Ribot & Z Star Trinity. He has also performed at Throttle Roll Street Party, Garter Belts & Gasoline Festival, Hot Rod & Customs Auto Expo and Sydney’s Rock N Roll Alternative Market’s.
Website: dreyrollan.com Email: dreyrollan@gmail.com
Django Blackheart
Django Blackheart are a Sydney guitar and harmonica band who play original songs and covers in a style infused with the bluesy, rootsy overtones reminiscent of the early seventies era. Their debut EP "Unlocked" offers five, lyrically-driven, original songs exploring love, loss, protest and addiction. They are currently working on an album as well as gigging regularly.
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Foreday Riders
Members Choice Award Winner 2019 & 2020. Category: Local Blues Band
A working band since 1967, the Foreday Riders have picked up the label ‘Sydney’s University Of The Blues’, owing to longevity and the parade of outstanding players who have ‘done time’ in the ranks over the years. The musical foundation of the Riders is the electric Chicago Blues of the 1950s and 60s, but the band draws on many other sources, including jump blues, soul jazz, Texas and West Coast styles, even a touch of New Orleans. Original members, brothers Ron King (harmonica/vocals) and Jeff King (guitar/dobro) are still with the band, as is the enduring rhythm section of Rosscoe Clark (drums since 1982) and sleepy Stan Mobbs (bass guitar since 1990). Popular front man Shane Pacey (guitar/vocals) has been with the band a mere 7 years. The band has always stuck with the outlook it started with: If the band is having a ball, so probably too are the punters….
Website: www.foredayriders.com Facebook: www.facebook.com/groups/377111099013682/
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George Washingmachine Blues Band
Girdlestone, KIM
Singer, Songwriter, Guitarist
With a voice rich, distinct and emotive, Kim Girdlestone hits the crossroads of Blues, Folk and Soul.
Website: www.kimgirdlestone.com Facebook: www.facebook.com/kimgirdlestone
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ILLYA SZWEC'S GROOVE DEPOT wITH pat powell
Illya Szwec's Groove Depot are over on the funky-blues side of town, playing their favourite tunes from Memphis, Muscle Shoals & New Orleans! Up there onstage, you're likely to see high profile musicians playing with the Groove Depot who have performed with Jimmy Barnes, The Melbourne Ska Orchestra, Kingtide, Katie Noonan and Guy Sebastian. The band has played all over Sydney as well as performed at festivals at Narooma, Bellingen and Thredbo. Lead vocals courtesy of Pat Powell, and groovy guitar courtesy of Illya Szwec!
Website: www.illyaszwec.com/groove-depo
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Jack Derwin & The Ragged Gents
Album: Money in my Jar by Jack Derwin & The Ragged Gents
Jack Derwin, along with ragged gents Michael Huxley on drums, and Warren Ambrose on bass guitar, derive their unique sound of blues and roots from jack’s originals and unique delivery, bordering on blues, jazz and country blues, the sound is earthy with twists of electric, acoustic, resonator guitars and blues harp. include tight rhythmic grooves from the gents, over urban and outback themes; somewhere near the crossroads.. This is the debut album by Jack Derwin & The Ragged Gents. Check out Oh my Darling”, full of resonator guitar and blues harp, this is a song about the recent struggles of the Darling River. Other tracks like “Money in my jar” gives hope amongst the images of coastal and rural Australia. While “Lockdown haze”, also looks for the positivity in a restricted time. Some dirty blues here with “I feel a wave”, yet with a more sense of positivity too. Jacks’ deep vocal tones are hugged by rhythm and grooves, jangling, resonating and acoustic guitars and haunting blues harp. These songs don’t fit into a typical category of blues or other genres, yet have an accessible nature that may just get you “Stuck in the blues”
Website: www.jackderwin.com Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100083190917219&mibextid=LQQJ4d
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Kate Lush BAND
Most recently winning U.S Blues Blast honorary mention, 2020 unsigned only best blues, 2020 Canada's Blues & Roots Best Blues Band and 2020 Chain Award Nominated for Best Blues Artist & Best Album & Best Single. Kate Lush ha charted alongside the likes of Norah Jones, Tedeschi Trucks, Samantha Fish, Taj Mahal and Robert Cray. Kate is one of Australia's most outstanding Blues & Soul vocalists. Gritty, soulful & straight from the heart. Think Tedeschi with a touch of Aretha's soul and Bonnie Raitt's harder rock edge! Blues, old school Funk, Rhythm & Soul... with a New Orleans twist.
Website: www.katelush.com YouTube: www.youtube.com/user/10ve4y0u
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Lightning Ground
LIGHTNING GROUND are a Sydney based Original Blues band. This creative team of musicians blend a variety of ideas to put forward some unique and imaginative music and lyrics. Lightning Ground perform some TUFF blues and release all this as raw energy through their live performances.
Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FRuggoTTU5Y&t=175s Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/LightningGround
Lisa Ohlback and the Mercy Train
Liza's powerful earthy voice is inspired by the great southern Gospel and Soul singers. Her unique blending of Soulful Blues/Gospel with a taste of New Orleans Infused Jazz grooves, along with her witty tales, have seen her win Triple Chain Awards and achieve no. #1 albums in Aus and #2 in The US. Liza has also toured nationally as the lead of the theatre documentary, Pearl - The Janis Joplin Story.
Youtube: www.lizaohlback.com/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hU6epBderoI
Lachy Doley Group
Sydney Blues Challenge Winner 2014. Category: Band.
In 2010 Lachy began recording and playing under his own name and has now become one the World’s most recognised Hammond Organ players and Blues artists. With the release of the first album, people would assume Lachy was just a solo singer/songwriter thus he added GROUP to the his title which then created The Lachy Doley Group. Over the years The Lachy Doley Group has had over 100 musicians play for and contribute live including Australian’s Jan Bangma, Adam Church, Byron Goodwin, Jackie Barnes, Joel Burton and also many great players picked up locally when touring Europe and North America. Lachy and his group have graced the stages of Bospop Festival NL, Montreal Jazz Festival CA, Swiecie Blues Festival PL, Blues on Broadbeach AU, Culemborg Blues Festival NL, Bejar Blues Festival ES, Donnacona Blues Festival CA, Woodford Folk Festival AU, Caloundra Music Festival AU, Atri Blues Festival IT, Great British Rhythm and Blues Festival GB, Augustibluus EE, Wine and Blues Festival PT, Kitchener Blues Festival CA, Embassy Festival NL and so many more. Collectively Lachy and the Lachy Doley Group have now released 6 Studio albums, 2 Live albums and a Live DVD plus countless other singles and viral Facebook and YouTube videos.
Leanne Parish Band
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Mal Eastick project
Sydney Blues Challenge Winner 2013. Category: Band.
Mal Eastick, one of Australia's finest blues rock guitarists, has a passionate, explosive and soulful style that has been featured with some of Australia's biggest recording and performing acts for over 30 years.
With a career that is now into its 5th decade, Mal Eastick has played alongside renowned musicians such as Johnnie Johnson – Chuck Berry’s keyboard player, Joe Walsh, Tommy Emmanuel, Phil Emmanuel, Phil Manning, Ian Moss, Junior Wells, Little Charlie and & the Night Cats and Lonnie Mack. He was the guitar player in The Animal’s Eric Burdon’s 1989 Australian tour, recorded an album and toured with Broderick Smiths Big Combo, as well as touring with Cold Chisel, The Party Boys and Chain.
With his own band, Mal has supported many others including Buddy Guy, Johnny Winter, Robert Cray, George Thorogood & the Destroyers, Joe Louis Walker and Charlie Musselwhite
Website: mal-eastick.com
Mark 'N the Blues
Let Mark’s passion for the blues take you on a journey to the deep south where the Delta blues was born, through the ages and styles from past to present. In his show Mark incorporates instruments such as the Resonator guitar with slide, Cigar Box guitar and a stomp box to keep the beat.
Mark Bishop has always had a deep seated passion and love for the acoustic blues. This passion was cultivated when he met John Morris (Brother John) from the Blues Preachers, who developed in him a love for songs from Robert Johnson, Muddy Waters, Mississippi John Hurt and many others from the era along with originals in the same genre. Mark has now put together his new solo act, ‘Mark ‘N the Blues’, where he uses the acoustic guitar and resonator to punch out classic delta and country blues in a unique picking style he learnt from Brother John.
In duo or trio format Mark is joined by local harmonica players and drummer David Rowlands on washboard. The Mark ‘N The Blues show has appeared at venues around Sydney and Central Coast as with various folk and blues festivals including the Sydney Blues Festival in Goulburn.
Website: www.markntheblues.com Facebook: www.facebook.com/markntheblues
MATT ROBERTS TRIO
Sydney Blues Challenge Winner 2015. Category: Band.
MICHELLE VAN DER MEER'S MIDNIGHT RAMBLERS
Sydney Blues Challenge Winner 2010. Category: Band
MILENNA BARRETT BAND
Sydney Blues Challenge Winner 2018. Category: Band.
Members Choice Award Winner 2019 & 2020. Category: Female Vocal
Members Choice Award Winner 2020. Category: Band
For lovers of authentic blues and soul, the sonic shockwave that is Milena Barrett is like a rip in the space-time continuum. Considered by many as the wild child of Etta James and Steve Marriot, her voice is a time machine transporting us back to a jumping back-woods BBQ shack somewhere deep in the Delta but with a sensitive touch of Parisian nights.
Whether she performs in London, Memphis, or Sydney, the Aussie-born, British singer resonates all the way through the blues, soul and roots rock era. Milena delivers a mystic blend reminiscent of the late, great Janis Joplin, but don't be fooled, it's also a voice of today, a knowingly street smart power that evokes the spirit of Amy Winehouse touched with the sensitivity of Adele.
So while Blues Time Magazine compares her with Aretha Franklin, Glen A Baker describes her as 'One of Australia’s most talented Blues & Soul female vocalists, an outstanding Talent like no others' and Steve Arthur of the LA Weekly writes 'Milena’s voice will transport you to this cherish place where only true lovers go, her voice is loaded with pure, genuine and spontaneous passion”
Muddy Legs
Muddy Legs is a Sydney based Australian Blues, Soul, Country and Gospel band founded by guitarist/songwriter Ben Chakravorty along with soulful singer songwriter Ariel Abetted. Currently working in the studio on their debut album for this project , their repertoire of songs spans a wide spectrum with influences from American roots , delta swamp blues , southern gospel , soul to country rock music. Its an absolute treat to watch them playing live, the energy of the band will get you grooving and stomping away!
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NEW SOUTH TRIO
Members Choice Award Winner 2020 & 2021. Category: Young Band/Performer
Fronted by Harry Tompsett and Aidan Glover and powered by the force that is Ed Rodrigues, The New South Trio have built a unique sound reminiscent of Corby, Mayer, Gary Clark Jr, Clapton and John Butler.
Incredible musicians with seven years of performing live together, The New South Trio have showcased their original music with two singles.
Website: https://sites.google.com/view/thenewsouthtrio/home
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/TheNewSouthBand
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P J O'Brien Band
Sydney Blues Challenge Winner 2005 & 2016. Category: Band
Members Choice Award Winner 2019. Category: Best Monthly House Band.
Driven by PJ’s fat and funky guitar and accompanied by his smooth, soul-filled vocals, PJ’S music is receiving widespread acclaim. His Blues exude both a retro and modern feel, delivering award-winning songwriting and spine-tingling dynamics. Tom Hyslop of Blues Revue USA has labelled PJ ‘a talent to watch’ and Al Hensley of Rhythms Magazine Australia recently named him ‘one of the brightest talents to emerge on the Aussie Blues scene in a long while….an international blues star on the rise’. PJ's album, Jefferson Blues debuted at No. 1 on the Australian Blues and Roots Airplay Chart. The CD has received fantastic reviews in Australia, the UK and the US and is currently receiving airplay in Australia, Europe and the United States. PJ's music has featured in Blues Revue (USA), Blues Blast (USA), Blues Matters (UK), Classic Rock's 'Blues' (UK), Rhythms (AUS) FHM (AUS) and Australian Guitar Magazine.
PJ has won numerous music awards over the years and in 2006 received an Australia Council grant to represent the Sydney Blues Society at the International Blues Challenge in Memphis TN. In February 2017 the PJ O'Brien Band again represented the SBS at the 2017 International Blues Challenge reaching the semi-finals from a field of over one hundred and twenty American and International acts. He has played multiple times at Australia's premier Blues festivals such as Blues at Bridgetown (WA), Great Southern Blues Festival (NSW), Thredbo Blues Festival (NSW) Gympie Muster (QLD), Darling Harbour Jazz and Blues Festival (NSW), Blues on Broadbeach (QLD) Echuca Winter Blues Festival (VIC) and the Australian Blues Music Festival (NSW), as well as top Sydney music venues including the Basement, The Vanguard and the Factory Theatre.
PACEY, KING & DOLEY
When three of our best local Australian musicians come together, Shane Pacey, Sally King and Clayton Doley, one needs to stand back and just savor the moment in time, this is going to be worth every moment. Featuring David Green on Bass Guitar & Vocals (Lana Cantrell, Hot City Bump Band, Seals and Croft, Sally King Band) and Davo Fester (Shane Pacey Trio, Glenn Cardier, Bondi Cigars, Foreday Riders ) on Drums.
SHANE PACEY has had over the last four decades, an outstanding career in music and with recent accolades from the Sydney Blues Society as 2019 Best Male Vocalist and Song Writer any more justification on his extraordinary talent and love by audiences all over this land. Shane Pacey is the lead vocalist / guitarist and songwriter for the Bondi Cigars, Shane Pacey Trio, and the legendary Foreday Riders.
SALLY KING is considered blues royalty and a pioneer of women in blues in the Sydney blues scene. She has worked with the likes of Bo Diddley, Jimmy McGriff, Hightide Harris, Jacky Orzarsky. Sally is truly blessed with an irresistibly authentic voice that settles into the groove from the first note. Whether singing her own beautifully crafted songs or putting a unique stamp on classic - audiences warm instantly to Sally’s vibrant stage presence. The fabulous Sally King is the real deal.
CLAYTON DOLEY is one of Australia’s most in-demand singer, keyboard player and songwriters, brandishing all things Hammond and beyond. Clayton won the 2019 Sydney Blues Society Keyboard Player of The Year. His skills’ have brought him international recognition having shared the stage with some of the world’s biggest names in music including Steve Cropper, Donald Duck Dunn, Joe Bonamassa, Dan Aykroyd, Jimmy Barnes, The Divinyls, Richard Clapton and Harry Manx, to name just a few. PACEY KING & DOLEY together, are to be backed by a stellar rhythm section.
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/pkandd
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Ray Beadle Trio
Sydney Blues Challenge Winner 2007
Ray Beadle was born in Fairfield Hospital on May 5 1978 in the western suburbs of Sydney. Ray's first memory of guitar was hearing his father Ray Snr play at home. Listening to his father strumming on his acoustic sparked something inside which would cause an obsession with the six stringed instrument for the rest of the young Ray Jnrs life!
Coming from a family of music lovers, it seemed inevitable that Ray would play music.
Blues and Jazz were styles introduced to Ray by his uncles who taught him to learn guitar solos and chords by listening to records and finding the notes by ear.
Website: www.raybeadleband.com
Red SLIM
Red Slim Power Trio brings to the stage a mind blowing performance that includes a range of music from original pieces to a special selection of Blues Classics, going from Freddie King, T-Bone Walker, Howlin’ Wolf, BB King, Albert King, Albert Collins, Buddy Guy all the way to Red’s main influence Jimi Hendrix.
Red is known for playing slide blues wirelessly mid show using whatever he can grab (lighters, glasses, beer bottles, mobiles, shoes, spoons, chairs, etc…) The performance features the classic guitar tones & sounds from the late 60s. Vintage Stratocasters, Fuzz Faces, Univibes, etc… and the band is already one of the most exciting blues acts in Australia having done two US Tours. Definitely not to be missed!
WebSite: https://linktr.ee/Redslim
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/red.slim.II
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SHANE PACEY TRIO
Members Choice Award Winner 2020. Category: Local Blues Band & Best Monthly House Band
The Voice and Guitar of the Bondi Cigars, One of the country’s finest Blues Triple-threats’ (Singer/Guitarist/Songwriter)
Shane Pacey - Guitar and Vocals with Paul Blasi - Bass and Dave Fester – Drums.Although Shane’s other band, The Bondi Cigars is still very much a going concern, Shane recently felt the strong urge to revisit the music that turned him on when he first started playing. In a time when the Blues is in great danger of being swallowed by the all-encompassing term “roots music,” the very concept of a Blues band seems to be almost a quaint idea. The SHANE PACEY Trio…are that rare (and becoming rarer!) thing… A dedicated Blues band, rather than a solo star with supporting musicians. Shane states “The main aim is to create something totally different to The Cigars”, a no-nonsense trip through the Blues back pages, all played with Shane’s customary attack and passion.
(CBS review November 2017) “The role of the SPT is for Pacey to indulge his instinct to revisit his roots, by way of the music that first inspired him to pick up a guitar and play, as well as sing, the blues. For him, it means Peter Green and the sounds of Chicago’s legendary Chess label, in particular. Happily, we get to go along for the ride. Of course, it takes more than company to make a trio: it takes a crowd and the pistol-like rhythm section of bassist Paul Blasi and drummer Dave Fester which ensures the tunes land right in the solar plexus……”
“No one throws down the blues gauntlet more robustly than this trio, which, next to its own, make songs decades old live all over again….”
Website: http://www.shanepaceytrio.com.au/ Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100063561131312
Simon Kinny-Lewis Band
Australian blues artist SIMON KINNY-LEWIS has performed and recorded with the cream of the Blues crop including Robben Ford, Chris Cain, Josh Smith, Kirk Fletcher and many others. His Australian band, Tony Boyd on drums and Rob Ewan on bass, have both also have toured with Eric Steckel, Josh Smith and others). “An incendiary guitarist who simmers and burns!”– Bucky O’Hare, Blues Blast Magazine (USA).
Website: www.sklblues.com Facebook: www.facebook.com/SKLBLUES.OFFICIAL
SqueezeBox Boogaloo
Upbeat Zydeco/Cajun – blues, roots and folk from the bars of Bourbon Street to the bayous of South West Louisiana. Featuring Geoff Tofler (piano accordion and button accordions), who spent 13 years in the USA with numerous trips to Louisiana (his Boston band opened for Buckwheat Zydeco at the Harpers Ferry Blues Festival), Eric Richard (guitar), French native from Bordeaux, David Hoffman (fiddle and rubboard) familiar with the genre from his native USA, and Raoul Hawkins (saxophone, rubboard and triangle), Michéle Bruet (bass) and Rob Coady (drums) all steeped in blues, folk and world music traditions.
Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=00SCQlaY5Hg Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/SqueezeboxBoogaloo/
STEVE EDMONDS BLUES QUARTET
STORMCELLAR
Members Choice Award Winner 2019 & 2020. Category: Local Blues Band
Sydney Blues Challenge Winner 2019. Category: Band
An iconic Sydney mix of Roots, Blues, Rock & Folk, Stormcellar have achieved local and international recognition for 13 years worth performance & production, with three #1 albums on the local Australian Blues & Roots Charts and chart positions in the US & France. Stormcellar have produced 11 albums, been reviewed in Living Blues & No Depression, gained a spot for their self produced viral videos on the Today Show & ABC's RAGE and continued recording with some of the top talent in AUS & the US, touring with DC Bellamy (Aretha Franklin), recording, writing for and backing Millage Gilbert (Elmore James Band), Danny Cox (Brewer & Shipley), writing with Rick Lyons (Awarded US Midwest Poet), Larry Crane (Cougar Mellencamp Band), Mike 'Fettler' Kerin (Slim Dusty Band), Harry Brus (Renee Geyer), Bukhuchulun Ganburged (Mongolian Khyrgraa Master), Dr Geoffrey Gartner (Sydney Ballet Orchestra), Marina de Tomayo (Flamenco Australia) and the Enmore Solidarity Choir. While they were at it, Stormcellar wrote & recorded the theme song 'Return of the King' for Five Dock’s own wrestling sensations AWE (Australian Wrestling Entertainment). Stormcellar has played US & Australian Festivals & Community events, bars, clubs and street fairs from Tamworth to Nashville, Chicago, Indianapolis, Wollongong & can be found anywhere from late night bars in Newtown to market mornings in Bowral, or lost on a highway in the US Midwest.
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THE ARC RIDERS
It all began in 2016 when, after 50 years, on and off, as a professional musician, singer Tony Cini finally decided it was time to cut an album of original blues-based songs. Heading into the studio with the three-piece Chase The Sun, led by singer and guitarist Jan Rynsaardt, with some additional organ work courtesy Lachy Doley, the result was a powerful ten-song rock-blues album. Since it was as much a band as a solo record, rather than put it out under his own name, Cini decided to release it as The Arc Riders on his own Bad Penny Records. The Arc Riders CD topped the Australian Blues n Roots Charts and stayed in that charts for six weeks.
Tony Cini Vocals
Ewen Lund Guitar
Mikki Dunne Keys
Jed Wesley - Smith Bass
Mick O’Shea Drums
Website: https://thearcriders.com/home Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/tonycinisarcriders/
THE DURHAM PROJECT
The Durham Project are a breath of fresh air in the Sydney live music scene. Great original songs played by seasoned musicians mixed in with classic covers. The band plays throughout Sydney.
Website: www.thedurhamproject.webs.com Youtube: https://youtu.be/tlKPf-JAXKO
Facebook: www.facebook.com/TheDurhamProject/
12 BAR DUDES
12 Bar Dudes is the newest musical venture for four veterans of the Sydney music scene. Great players with years of experience, 12 Bar Dudes have put together a repertoire of finely-crafted original acoustic blues tunes along with a fine selection of contemporary blues tunes from Keb Mo, Jonny Lang, Ray Beadle, Eric Bibb, and Eric Clapton.
Regular gigs at Sydney’s blues focused venues both large and small have endeared 12 Bar Dudes to regular followers keen to hear quality music in fun contemporary settings. The band’s members have previously been successfully received at many festival events around Australia (Thredbo Blues, Goulburn Blues, Narooma Blues, Broadbeach). Band Members are: Phil Laxton (sax, acoustic, vocals), Graeme Duce (acoustic, vocals), Ross Johnston (double bass, vocals), Greg Ohlback (drums, vocals).
TROUBLE PEOPLE (THE MIGHTY REAPERS)
The Trouble People (previously known as The Mighty Reapers). The band changed its name out of respect for the former (passed) member, the one and only 'Mr Showbiz' Vito Portolesi (bass player genius) . The original band have been around since 1987 and still occasionally perform when all the remaining members are in the same city. A funky blues & soul band who put out a series of award winning albums in Australia & the USA. The Reapers also had a big live following around Australia. They have opened the show for greats like BB King, Buddy Guy, Albert King & were the band of choice to back touring USA Blues & Soul artists like Lucky Peterson (organ/guitar/vocal prodigy), Louisiana Red (down home Blues guitar & vocal master), Hubert Sumlin (Howlin' Wolf's longtime genius guitarist).. as well as Big Jay McNeely (honkin' saxophone legend) & Margie Evans (powerhouse Soul, Blues, Gospel singer) both of whom the Reapers have recorded albums with.
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WALKING CANE
Walking Cane play a mixture of Southern Rock, Blues and Soul. They always get a place jumping, presenting a professional and very entertaining show that is always well received.
Email: john-macdonald@bigpond.com
weirdassembly
David Weir (Saxophone/Vocals) leads the self named band 'Weirdassembly'. They play the blues from the funky side of town. Albert King, Albert Collins, Bill Withers , Lou Rawls, Aretha Franklin, Ray Charles to name a few of the inspirations for the Blues they play. They have had residency at the Macquarie Hotel, the Civic Hotel, perform regularly at Sydney venues and have performed at festivals in Darling Harbour and the Hunter Valley.
Band members include: David Weir - Vocals/ Sax, Carmel Mesiti - Vocals, Juanita Tippins -Vocals, Alex Hewetson - Bass/ Vocals, Lachlan Doley - Keys/ Vocals, Ivan Jordan - Drums, David Longo -Guitar, Ray Cassar -Trumpet, Dan Barnett -Trombone.
Whiskey Empire
Whiskey Empire is a six piece blues/soul powerhouse fronted by not one but two mighty mean blues women - Leslea Clements and Shannon Carswell. The band has been performing since 2018 and has wowed crowds in all of Sydney's top blues venues including the legendary Basement.
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Indiviudal PERFORMERS
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Al Britton
Members Choice Award Winner 2019 & 2020. Category: Bass Player.
bass guitar, vocals
Al has played with some of the country's foremost roots outfits including the Mangrove Boogie Kings, the legendary Dynamic Hypnotics, The Foreday Riders, The Bondi Cigars and PJ O'Brien. His instinctive feel for a grove and his ability to ride the rhythm lay the base for any band.
Angela McCloy
vocals
Angela (better known as AMac) hails from North East Scotland, went to the same school as Annie Lennox, started performing in cover bands across Scotland at age 16 and then won Best Vocalist in a Regional Battle of the Bands Competition. Now calling Sydney home, AMac has fronted Project Red, guested with the Chris Turner Band and is a member of Picture Book. She now adds her versatile, emotive, and sultry vocal style to Swamp & Chicago Blues with Chris, Martin, Marty, Ian and Bruce in Blues Collective.
Antero CESCHIN
drums, vocals
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Bridie King
piano
Surrounded by her parents love of New Orleans jazz and blues and their involvement in the Sydney Jazz Club, Bridie King was destined for a musical career from a very early age. Whilst she studied classical piano for some sixteen years, it was the Afro-American rhythm’n’blues and soul traditions which really captured her imagination. By her early twenties she had formed the band Mona & The Wail and was quickly making a name for herself around the pubs of Balmain and inner city Sydney. Yet It was Bridie’s recording of ‘Piano Frenzy’ on The Hippos' album ‘Hippocracy’ in 1988 that really alerted nationwide music fans to her budding talent. Together with The Hippos she toured nationally including a support for Robert Cray at the Sydney Entertainment Centre. Bridie then went on to form her own band, The Boogie Kings and play a record nine year residency at Rozelle’s Bridge Hotel. By 1999 Bridie had recorded her first CD under her own name titled ‘My Blues’, receiving widespread radio airplay on the ABC and community radio. Numerous club and festival appearances followed and by the early 2000s Bridie had embarked on a whole new range of music and recording projects including the critically acclaimed ‘Blue Ivories’ released in 2012. These days, whilst maintaining a solid teaching schedule, Bridie has a renewed enthusiasm for both recording and live performances, with a number of exciting new projects, including her new album on vinyl and cd by her new retro boogie band "Bridie King's Old Skool R'n'b".
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Chris O'Connor
Sydney Blues Challenge Winner 2013 & 2019. Category: Solo/Duo.
acoustic guitar
CHRIS OKUNBOR
Sydney Blues Challenge Winner 2015. Category: Solo/Duo.
Clayton Doley
Members Choice Award Winner 2019 & 2020. Category: Keyboard Player.
piano, Hammond organ and vocals
A master musician, a killer boogie woogie piano player, a super funky Hammond player, and a remarkable singer/songwriter with a passion for creating new works that could have been recorded by the R&B greats from the 50’s and 60’s. Clayton has been invited to play some of the biggest festivals in the world such as Montreal International Jazz Festival, Byron Bay Blues Festival, Toronto Jazz Festival and Tremblant International Blues Festival to name a few. “Clayton Doley understands the groove to a T - Booker T., that is”. Steve Leggett - All Music (USA) “Doley matches his rock-solid chops with sophisticated songwriting and wraps a class-act production around it”. Duane Verth - Roots Music Report (USA) Clayton Doley digs into blues, jazz and groove and he does it with a great charm and good taste. A marvelous singer and an especially fine organ player, gifted with a huge talent”. Vincent P. Zumel - La Hora Del Blues (Spain) “Clayton’s material is everything from amazing in a traditional sense to outright mind-blowing”. Bill Wilson - Reflections in Blue (USA) “Songs that will brighten your mood and leave you wishing it were a double CD”. Greg Victor - Parcbench (USA) “ If you’re a fan of the Hammond Organ, then you need to become a fan of Clayton Doley. He’s totally mastered the instrument”. Peter Lauro - Mary4Music (USA)
CRYSTAL MOORE
Vox, Songwriter, Rhythm guitar
A talented Singer and Songwriter of Blues, Crystals voice has been described as sweet and sexy, that hits you right in the Soul. Crystal has a passion for Chicago, Swamp, Delta, Jazz and Rhythm and Blues that she brings to her audiences with her band The Crystal Blues Band.
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Darren Jack
Sydney Blues Challenge Winner 2014. Category: Solo/Duo.
guitar, vocals
Multiple award-winning Blues artist Darren Jack has been electrifying audiences with his signature powerhouse Rock'n'Blues and original music for the last twenty years. Jack has taken out 5 Australian Blues Music Awards and has won the Sydney Blues Challenge an unprecedented two times, in 2012 (Band category) and 2014 (Solo category). He has represented Australia in the International Blues Challenge in Memphis Tennessee in 2013, and also in 2015. His music will take you from blistering, gut wrenching blues to smooth melodies that will soothe your soul.
Dave Fester
drums / percussion
Blessed to enjoy a professional career in Drumming, Percussion and Event Management both in Australia and the U.S. since his teens, "Davo" is also the Australian Ambassador for “Playing For Change”. His efforts bringing the world Class band and the global movement to Australia.
Davo tours and gigs most of the year with some of Australia’s finest musicians, having played every major Music Festival in Australia – including 7 years in a row at Bluesfest Byron Bay. Yelling to the stars -"I love what I do...and so fortunate to do what I love!". He has played drums full-time (in no order) with Pacey, King & Doley - Shane Pacey Trio - Glenn Cardier and The Sideshow - Genevieve Chadwick Band - Leanne Paris Band and PJ O'Brien Band. He has also appeared part-time with Bondi Cigars - Foreday Riders and went on tour with international guitarist Kirk Fletcher. Other bands he has worked with include John Field Band, Craig Calhoun & the Brothers of OZ and Clarence Bekker Band (Spain).
A major force in Event Management: The last 20 years saw a creative mind move into running community and sustainability focused Festivals and Events around the country enjoying great success. Director of The Bondi Music Festival (2002 – 2013), Peats Ridge Festival, Earth Festival. The Love Jam – and Sydney’s regular “All Blues Monthly” at The Iconic, Basement – Basement Blues Society.“Please Life” … just keep poodling along like this!
Website: http://www.davofester.com.au/ Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/davof
david weir
Members Choice Award Winner 2020. Category: Other Instrument (Saxophone).
saxophone, vocals
David Weir has been a part of the Sydney blues scene for over 20 years. Playing with the most well known and loved players and exponents of blues in Australia . He has recorded , performed and contributed to writing horn lines for performers such as Wayne Jury’s Dry bones, Liza Ohlback's Mercy Train. Jackie Orszaczky, Ray Beadle, Steve Edmonds, Lachlan Doley, Adam Pringle's Red Beans, Fran Liddle’s Hanged Men, Robert Susz, Pat Powell, Kara Grainger and the Foreday Riders. He leads the self named Weirdassembly who play regular gigs many blues venues in Sydney.
DON HOPKINS
Sydney Blues Challenge Winner 2011. Category: Solo/duo (Don's Double Dose with Rob Grosser. They were place second at the International Blues Challenge at Memphis in 2012).
piano, vocals
DOM TURNER
guitar, vocals
Drey Rollan
guitar, vocals
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Eben Hale
guitar, vocals
A driving force behind the successful Blue Mountain Blues Club, playing in the house band at the Club’s meetings as well as taking a behind-the-scenes role booking acts and ensuring their events ran smoothly. Eben’s burgeoning songwriting talents and effusive guitar lines add an extra dimension to the already vibrant sound of the Bondi Cigars.
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Fran Liddle
vocals
Fran Liddle better known as "Big Mama" has been described as having the voice of an angel who has found the key to the liquor cabinet. There are people who can sing and people who have pipes and Big Mama has PIPES! Big Mama is a favourite for her comical quips as well as those pipes and combining hem with the virtuoso performances. She performs with numerous musicians throughout Sydney and heads the funky blues band "Big Mama and the Hanged Men".
Frank Corby
drums
From Boston, Massachusetts, USA, now a resident in Australia who cut his teeth in various Drum Corp, Swing and Funk bands before playing in various original rock, R&B and funk bands touring all over the USA. Since arriving in Australia he has lent his awesome skills to acts such as Gangajang, Floyd Vincent and the Childbrides, Guy LeClaire and Latin big band Babalu. He was the resident drummer with the Blue Mountains blues jam band where he played regularly with soon-to-be Bondi Cigar, Eben Hale.
FRANK SULTANA
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George 'Medicine' Rigatos
guitar, vocals, bass
George “Medicine” Rigatos plays blues and funk guitar with the swagger of someone who absorbs all that is music. Medicine Man Rigatos currently performs with numerous bands including powerhouse 'Big Mama & The Hanged Men' and 'Midnight Ramblers' as well as solo on a number of projects in Sydney. He has toured Australia the US, the Netherlands, France and the UK, & is highly respected among his peers as an up-&-coming Music Director. George also plays with The Marvelous Hearts (original Folk/Roots), has played bass for Matt Ross & The Gospel Storms as well as with Finn.
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Isaiah B Brunt
vocals, guitar
Sydney Blues Challenge Winner 2012. Category: Solo/Duo.
Illya Szwec
guitar
Illya Szwec is one fortunate individual! He’s played with his and maybe even your favourite blues and roots artists over the past 20 years, onstage and on records! These include Don Hopkins, Declan Kelly, Clayton Doley, ‘Continental Robert Susz, Wendy Saddington and The Wolverines, as well as a few international musos that used to be in Rainbow, Black Sabbath, Ozzy Osbourne and Gary Moore bands.
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JACK DERWIN
Vox/guitars/blues harp
On slide, resonator, unique vocals and rack harp; add some progressions over amplified finger style and stomp-box, you have Jack Derwin performing an eclectic blend of blues covers and originals. He gives an audience the best in Nu Kool Blues & Roots with a dynamic edge.
Three of Jack’s albums have reached the no 2 position on 3 consecutive occasions on the Australian Blues and Roots charts and continues to receive support from regional radio all around Australia and overseas.
With a slew of festivals right around Australia, NZ and Asia scattered behind him, 3 Chain Award nominations for best album, song and male vocalist, songs on global collections and QANTAS playlists, Jack’s song list, pitches somewhere between non-purist old school blues, outback sunsets and urban & coastal themes.
Jack grew up in North west NSW, where much of his song writing developed, drawing on inspiration from the harsh yet beautiful surrounds of Kamilaroi country, the birthplace of his Mother.
Jack moved to the Central Coast from Sydney in 2016 and resides at Umina Beach. His latest album titled Umina Blue was a collaboration involving local musicians, receiving good reviews and airplay and entered into the Australian blues and roots charts.
Website: http://www.jackderwin.com/ Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/JackDerwinmusic/
Jeff King
guitar , dobro
Founding member of The Foreday Riders
Website: www.foredayriders.com Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/groups/377111099013682/
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Kate Lush
vocals
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Lachy Doley
keys, vocals
World renowned blues musician, keyboard player and singer Lachy Doley was born in Adelaide in 1978. Moving to Sydney at the age of 18 to follow in the footsteps of his older brother Clayton who had already moved to Sydney a few years prior. Specialising in the Hammond Organ and Rock’n’Roll Piano, Lachy took over Clayton’s role in ‘The Mighty Reapers’ and the ‘Jimmy Barnes’ band for a couple of years while Clayton was in the US and has continued to play with Jimmy on and off ever since. In 2003 Lachy was asked to play on Powderfinger’s Vulture Street album and consequently began touring with them until they called it quits in 2010. From there, Lachy began recording and playing under his own name and has now become one the World’s most recognised Hammond Organ players and Blues artists. Annually touring North America, Europe and the UK as well as Australia. Lachy has now released 6 Studio albums, 2 Live albums and Live DVD plus countless other singles and viral Facebook and YouTube videos.
Lisa Ohlback
vocals
Liza's powerful earthy voice is inspired by the great southern Gospel and Soul singers.
Her unique blending of Soulful Blues/Gospel with a taste of New Orleans Infused Jazz grooves, along with her witty tales, have seen her win Triple Chain Awards and achieve no. #1 albums in Aus and #2 in The US. Liza has also toured nationally as the lead of the theatre documentary, Pearl - The Janis Joplin Story.
Website: www.lizaohlback.com/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hU6epBderoI
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MAL EASTICK
guitar
Mal Eastick, one of Australia's finest blues rock guitarists, has a passionate, explosive and soulful style that has been featured with some of Australia's biggest recording and performing acts for over 30 years.
With a career that is now into its 5th decade, Mal Eastick has played alongside renowned musicians such as Johnnie Johnson – Chuck Berry’s keyboard player, Joe Walsh, Tommy Emmanuel, Phil Emmanuel, Phil Manning, Ian Moss, Junior Wells, Little Charlie and & the Night Cats and Lonnie Mack. He was the guitar player in The Animal’s Eric Burdon’s 1989 Australian tour, recorded an album and toured with Broderick Smiths Big Combo, as well as touring with Cold Chisel, The Party Boys and Chain.
With his own band, Mal has supported many others including Buddy Guy, Johnny Winter, Robert Cray, George Thorogood & the Destroyers, Joe Louis Walker and Charlie Musselwhite
Website: mal-eastick.com
MARK BISHOP
Guitar, Resonator, Cigar Box, Banjo
Let Mark’s passion for the blues take you on a journey to the deep south where the Delta blues was born, through the ages and styles from past to present. In his show Mark incorporates instruments such as the Resonator guitar with slide, Cigar Box guitar and a stomp box to keep the beat.
Mark Bishop has always had a deep seated passion and love for the acoustic blues. This passion was cultivated when he met John Morris (Brother John) from the Blues Preachers, who developed in him a love for songs from Robert Johnson, Muddy Waters, Mississippi John Hurt and many others from the era along with originals in the same genre.
Mark has now put together his new solo act, ‘Mark ‘N the Blues’, where he uses the acoustic guitar and resonator to punch out classic delta and country blues in a unique picking style he learnt from Brother John. In duo or trio format Mark is joined by local harmonica players and drummer David Rowlands on washboard.
The Mark ‘N The Blues show has appeared at venues around Sydney and Central Coast as with various folk and blues festivals including the Sydney Blues Festival in Goulburn.
www.markntheblues.com www.facebook.com/markntheblues
MARTIN BASSMAN
lead guitar
Currently playing lead guitar with Blues Collective. Martin has performed as a bass player in many UK bands including most recently the Mick Clarke Band which included ex-Rory Gallagher sidemen Wilgar Campbell, Rod de'Ath and Lou Martin as well as Mark Feltham (9 Below Zero). Martin had also performed on Feltham's second LP.
martin davison
saxophone and vocals
Martin's studies and dedication allows him to play across all popular styles of music and he found himself playing in a wide range of bands… from his self-led trio to backing major Australian artists, live, TV appearances and even working with the Sydney Symphony Orchestra! Central to his success is his ability to read an audience. As a front man or the Sax Man, Martin “owns” his role on the stage and delivers high octane entertainment.
Currently playing with Blues Collective & The Oz Blues Brothers, Martin’s talent has been featured in many successful bands & tribute shows over the years including Bringin' Home the Bacon, the Vince Martin Band, Horn Starts, Cocker Down Under, The Dusty Springfield Show and The Buddy Holly Show. His most recent success has been his self-written and directed theatre show – The Ten Saxes. This critically acclaimed production received standing ovations at each performance and was featured on Ch7’s The Morning Show. Off stage, his knowledge of music and his personal demands for excellence make him the perfect Music Director and Arranger/Composer for any project. Martin is the founder & director of School Bands Australia. He is passionate music educator & works tirelessly to ensure that children have access to the joy & benefits of learning music.
MATT ARTHUR
Lead Vocalist/Guitarist.
Matt’s life as a musician started at age 8, playing many years from his late teens onwards within the rock cover scene of Sydney. Since Matt’s move to Orange NSW in 2014, he has become an integral part of the music scene in the Central West of NSW, performing regularly at venues across the region. 2023 will see the release of Matt’s first original album “Then And Now”. An album of engrossing and intriguing songs reflecting on Matt’s past and present. Matt will be planning on performing gigs in Sydney again, as well as touring the rest of the State.
Website: www.mattarthurmusic.com Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/mattarthurmusic1
milena Barrett
Members Choice Award Winner 2019 & 2020. Category: Female Vocalist.
vocals
For lovers of authentic blues and soul, the sonic shockwave that is Milena Barrett is like a rip in the space-time continuum. Considered by many as the wild child of Etta James and Steve Marriot, her voice is a time machine transporting us back to a jumping back-woods BBQ shack somewhere deep in the Delta but with a sensitive touch of Parisian nights.
Whether she performs in London, Memphis, or Sydney, the Aussie-born, British singer resonates all the way through the blues, soul and roots rock era. Milena delivers a mystic blend reminiscent of the late great Janis Joplin, but don't be fooled, it's also a voice of today, a knowingly street smart power that evokes the spirit of Amy Winehouse touched with the sensitivity of Adele.
So while Blues Time Magazine compares her with Aretha Franklin, Glen A Baker describes her as 'One of Australia’s most talented Blues & Soul female vocalists, an outstanding Talent like no others' and Steve Arthur of the LA Weekly writes 'Milena’s voice will transport you to this cherish place where only true lovers go, her voice is loaded with pure, genuine and spontaneous passion”
Michael Barry
harmonica, vocals
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P J O'Brien
guitar, vocals
Driven by PJ’s fat and funky guitar and accompanied by his smooth, soul-filled vocals, PJ’S music is receiving widespread acclaim. His Blues exude both a retro and modern feel, delivering award-winning songwriting and spine-tingling dynamics. Tom Hyslop of Blues Revue USA has labelled PJ ‘a talent to watch’ and Al Hensley of Rhythms Magazine Australia recently named him ‘one of the brightest talents to emerge on the Aussie Blues scene in a long while….an international blues star on the rise’. PJ's album, Jefferson Blues debuted at No. 1 on the Australian Blues and Roots Airplay Chart. The CD has received fantastic reviews in Australia, the UK and the US and is currently receiving airplay in Australia, Europe and the United States. PJ's music has featured in Blues Revue (USA), Blues Blast (USA), Blues Matters (UK), Classic Rock's 'Blues' (UK), Rhythms (AUS) FHM (AUS) and Australian Guitar Magazine.
PJ has won numerous music awards over the years and in 2006 received an Australia Council grant to represent the Sydney Blues Society at the International Blues Challenge in Memphis TN. In February 2017 the PJ O'Brien Band again represented the SBS at the 2017 International Blues Challenge reaching the semi-finals from a field of over one hundred and twenty American and International acts. He has played multiple times at Australia's premier Blues festivals such as Blues at Bridgetown (WA), Great Southern Blues Festival (NSW), Thredbo Blues Festival (NSW) Gympie Muster (QLD), Darling Harbour Jazz and Blues Festival (NSW), Blues on Broadbeach (QLD) Echuca Winter Blues Festival (VIC) and the Australian Blues Music Festival (NSW), as well as top Sydney music venues including the Basement, The Vanguard and the Factory Theatre.
Paul Blasi
bass guitar
One of Sydney's most respected players…with an expanse of knowledge and talent to add to our Blues world. Paul has played with many great artists. (Including Bullfrog - Slewfoot – B’Dussy – The Leanne Paris Band - The Bluetongues and Red Slim).
Pat Powell
Members Choice Award Winner 2020. Category: Male Vocal.
vocals
Pat swings with kings and untouchables alike. With a career that spans over four decades and right across the globe, Pat Powell is one of Australia’s most accomplished vocal talents. He is the artist that everyone wants to work with, to name a few there’s Margaret Erlich, Jenny Morris, Paul Mac, James Freud & Michael Hutchence’s Max Q. Pat has supported James Brown, Queen, The Eurhythmics, Boy George, Crowded House, Spit Enz, Horace Andy and Luciano, Tina Arena, George Benson and more. In the late eighties & nineties he toured Australia, Asia & Europe as Kylie Minogue’s primary backing vocalist and since then in more recent years he’s toured extensively throughout Australia, Canada, America, Turkey and the UK. Pat has recorded over 18 singles, featured on over seven albums, and as an actor been in a myriad of classic Australian films. Pat’s current projects include: The Melbourne Ska Orchestra The Pat Powell Band The Protesters Illya Szwec’s Groove Depot Jazrie Sound System Bill Withers Tribute Chocolate Jazz: From the blues to bebop DJ: Jazz/Funk/Reggae/Soul & Blues Pat Powell singing for The Melbourne Ska Orchestra has been nominated for 5 Aria’s and taken 2 of them home, plus 4 nominations for The Victorian Age Music Awards and won 3.
Paul Read
guitar, slide guitar and vocals
Lead guitarist with Stormcellar.
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ray beadle
Sydney Blues Challenge Winner 2019. Category : Solo/Duo
Members Choice Award Winner 2019 & 2020. Category: Guitarist.
guitar, vocals
Ray Beadle was born in Fairfield Hospital on May 5 1978 in the western suburbs of Sydney. Ray's first memory of guitar was hearing his father Ray Snr play at home. Listening to his father strumming on his acoustic sparked something inside which would cause an obsession with the six stringed instrument for the rest of the young Ray Jnrs life! Coming from a family of music lovers, it seemed inevitable that Ray would play music.
Ray's guitar and vocal styles evoke numerous blues legends, whilst concocting a breathtaking style all of his own. It is not by chance that Ray has become a favorite amongst Australian blues and music fans.
Richard Ashby
Guitar
Originally from NZ, Richard Ashby has lived in Sydney for the past 12 years. He has performed around the country with a variety of groups ranging from Blues, to Jazz to Gypsy Jazz. His latest project the Tonewheels is a 4-piece Blues Rock group with influences ranging from 1960's guitar greats Jeff Beck, Jimi Hendrix and Jimmy Page through to modern performers such as Oz Noy, Greg Koch and Matt Schofield. The Tonewheels perform mostly original music with some arrangements of classic rock and blues songs.
http://www.instagram.com/richardashbymusic http://www.facebook.com/richard.ashby.376
Robert Susz (cONTINENTAL ROB)
Members Choice Award Winners 2019 & 2020. Category: Harmonica.
vocals, harmonica
As a teenager, in the late 1960s, Rob started collecting Soul & Blues records from artists like Ray Charles, Aretha Franklin, James Brown, Otis Redding (on the Soul side) & Muddy Waters, Buddy Guy & Jr Wells, Little Walter, BB King (on the Blues side) and was lucky enough to have seen some of these greats perform live in the 1970s . Deciding he wanted to play similar music after years of practicing & jamming he became the lead singer, harmonica player & songwriter of The Dynamic Hypnotics, who dominated the national charts in the In the mid 80s with Robert's composition the SMASH HIT "Soul Kind Of Feeling" . They toured extensively, playing to packed houses all around the country! In 2021 Robert can be found playing many Sydney venues in a number of different band configurations such as ''Juke Joint Three' and 'The Continental Blues and Boogaloo Party' and continues to have a strong following of supporters.
RON KING
harmonica , vocals
Founding member of The Foreday Riders
Website: www.foredayriders.com Facebook: www.facebook.com/groups/377111099013682/
ROSS WARD
Guitar, vocals, songwriter
Ross is a full-time musician/performer/singer-songwriter with an extensive history dating back to 1969. He has worked with some of the biggest names in the country. As band-leader for ‘Wards Xpress’ and as a solo performer he has appeared at every major festival in the country. He’s produced two consecutive no 1 CD’s ( Aust. Blues & Roots charts), and the ‘Man Of the Road’ video made it to no 15 on the CMC ‘most requested’ chart in 2016.
ROSSCOE CLARK
Members Choice Award Winner 2019 & 2020. Category: Drummer.
Drummer (Stinger)
Genres: Blues Jazz Rock Funk.
Current Bands: The Foreday Riders, The Cyril B. Bunter Band, Midnight Ramblers, Ali Penny and the Money Makers, Dom Turner and Supro and The Darren Jack Band.
Email: r_bclark@optusnet.com.au
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SAMUEL BUCKLEY
electric, acoustic guitar, resonator guitar, vocals
Originally from Barraganyatti, on the Mid North Coast of NSW, Sam Buckley has lived in Sydney and Melbourne for the last 16 years performing in high-level bands. He toured nationally, internationally and performed at many music festivals in Australia. In recent years, he performed in Dreamboogie, who were a highly polished and dynamic live Blues band, led by charismatic singer Rebecca Davey. The band’s innovative sound incorporating electronic loops resulted in wins at the Melbourne Blues Appreciation Society’s Blues Performer of the Year Challenge in 2016 and Band of the Year at the 2018 Victorian-Tasmanian Blues Awards.
Sam is currently embarking on his solo career and recording his debut album, Blue Ocean, with Lester Snell and Royal Studios in Memphis. This is a very exciting time and a privilege to be working with industry luminary Lester and the Stax players behind the success of artists such as Albert King and Al Green. Sam is sometimes called 'Jimi Hendrix' and 'Stevie Ray-Vaughn' - he is infamous for his electric guitar bends, warm vibrant tone and roaring groove. Blue Ocean is set to be released around August this year.
Website: sambuckleymusic.com
Shane Pacey
Members Choice Award Winner 2019. Category: Male Vocal.
Members Choice Award Winner 2019 & 2020. Category: Songwriter.
guitar , vocals
SHANE PACEY has had over the last four decades, an outstanding career in music and with recent accolades from the Sydney Blues Society as 2019 Best Male Vocalist and Song Writer any more justification on his extraordinary talent and love by audiences all over this land. Shane Pacey is the lead vocalist / guitarist and songwriter for the Bondi Cigars, Shane Pacey Trio, PACEY KING & DOLEY and the legendary Foreday Riders.
Website: www.shanepaceytrio.com.au/ Facebook: www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100063561131312
Stan Mobbs
bass guitar
Simon Kinny-Lewis
guitar, vocals
Australian blues artist SIMON KINNY-LEWIS has performed/recorded with the cream of the blues crop including Robben Ford, Chris Cain, Josh Smith, Kirk Fletcher and many more. His Australian band is Tony Boyd - Drums and Rob Ewan - Bass, both who have toured with Eric Steckel, Josh Smith and more “An incendiary guitarist who simmers and burns!”– Bucky O’Hare, Blues Blast Magazine (USA).
Website: www.sklblues.com/ Facebook: www.facebook.com/SKLBLUES.OFFICIAL
Steve Edmonds
vocals, guitar
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TAJ FARRANT
Guitarist, Singer, Songwriter
Taj Farrant is a young Australian guitarist and singer who rose to fame after his impressive cover of "Tennessee Whiskey" went viral on social media. Born in 2009 in New South Wales, Taj has been playing guitar ever since he saw AC/DC live at the age of 7 and has already played at several music festivals and events. He has appeared on many Australian TV shows including Australia's Got Talent and The Today Show, he has also already toured the US headlining his own Blues Shows showcasing his incredible talent. Taj is known for his love of Blues and draws a-lot of inspiration from Gary Moore and Stevie Ray Vaughan.
Website: www.tajfarrant.com Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/tajfarrant
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Michelle Van Deer Meer
Vocals
W
George Washingmachine
X
Y
Z
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Discover your family history. Explore the world’s largest collection of free family trees, genealogy records and resources.
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Cassandra Durgy - 2020 (Track & Field) Competed in three meets this past season … Indoor: Capped her season with an appearance in the 800m at the UW Invitati...
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https://uclabruins.com/sports/cross-country/roster/cassandra-durgy/9140
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2020 (Track & Field)
Competed in three meets this past season … Indoor: Capped her season with an appearance in the 800m at the UW Invitational, clocking 2:14.04 for 39th place overall … Helped the women’s DMR to a sixth-place finish at the Dr. Sander Columbia Challenge (11:53.03) … Opened her season at the UW Preview, going 10:14.84 in the 3000m.
2019 (Cross Country)
Competed in four meets in her final cross country season for UCLA ... Capped her career at the NCAA West Regional Championships, finishing in 97th place with a 6k time of 21:32.6 ... Placed 65th in the 6k at the Pac-12 Championships, crossing the line in 65th place ... Opened the season at the Dellinger Invite in Eugene, Ore., going 21:03.9 in the 6k for 64th place.
2019 (Track & Field)
Competed in five meets … Indoor: Recorded a career-best time of 1:37.09 in the 600m at the Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Invitational to place 12th … Helped UCLA place fifth in the DMR (11:45.07) at the Columbia Challenge … Logged a season-best one-mile (4:51.11) at the Husky Classic … Finished 21st in the one-mile (4:57.09) run at the MPSF Championships, as well as 11th in the DMR (11:34.59) … Outdoor: Competed in the 1500m prelims (4:33.52) at the Pac-12 Championships, placing 22nd.
2018 (Cross Country)
Competed in four meets ... Recorded a season-best time of 21:10.8 at the Pac-12 Championships, finishing fourth on UCLA and 43rd overall ... Finished 112th at the Wisconsin Pre-Nationals with a time of 21:49.9 ... Claimed 41st at the Stanford Invite, crossing the finish line at the 22:12.4 mark ... Capped her junior season with a 76th-place finish at the NCAA West Regionals (21:20.0).
2018 (Track & Field)
Competed in five outdoor meets (800m and 1500m) and three indoor meets (800m, mile, and DMR) ... Best 800 time came at the USC dual meet, where she finished in 2:12.35 for a third-place result ... Was 24th in the 800m at the Pac-12 Championships, finishing in 2:14.19. At the MPSF Championships, was 22nd in the mile (season-best 4:55.50) and 10th in the DMR (11:49.50).
2017 (Cross Country)
Crossed the line as UCLA’s top runner at the NCAA West Regional Championships (6k), finishing in 51st place with a time of 20:52.1 …Was the Bruins’ second runner in the 6k at the Pac-12 Championships, finishing 43rd overall with a time of 20:07.9 … Raced in the Wisconsin Invite (6k) and finished in 99th place with a time of 21:17.4 … Took 37th place at the Roy Griak Invite in Minnesota, finishing with a time of 22:46.1 on the 6k course … Opened her sophomore campaign at the George Kyte Classic (2.6mi) and finished 15th overall, recording a time of 16:20.4.
2017 (Track & Field)
Competed in seven outdoor meets, making appearances in the 4x400m relay and middle distance races … NCAA West Regional qualifier in the 800m, clocking a time of 2:09.79 to finish 26th … Finished 16th in the 800m (2:10.73) and was a part of the 4x400m relay squad that finished ninth at the Pac-12 Championships with a time of 3:47.10 … Set a personal best in the 800m at the USC Dual with a time of 2:08.00, scoring for the Bruins in third place … Took second place at the Johnson/JJK Invite in the 1,500m with a lifetime-best time of 4:28.37 … Appeared in three indoor meets … Ran a lifetime-best time of 4:45.15 in the mile at the MPSF Indoor Championships to finish 15th overall … Also ran legs in the 4x400m and DMR, helping both teams to eighth-place finishes … Opened her indoor campaign at the Charlie Thomas Invite, where she took second place and ran 4:47.76 in the mile and helped the DMR squad to a sixth-place finish and a time of 11:57.92.
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https://nordstrandaudio.com/blogs/nordstrand-artists/roland-guerin
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Roland Guerin
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2017-05-09T07:31:36-07:00
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With a new band and a new project entitled Grass Roots, New Orleans based singer-songwriter-bassist Roland Guerin is starting a new musical chapter. Drawing from a wide spectrum of genres, including American folk, blues, zydeco, rock and jazz, Guerin creates a singular style at the heart of which are stories told throu
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Nordstrand Audio
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https://nordstrandaudio.com/blogs/nordstrand-artists/roland-guerin
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With a new band and a new project entitled Grass Roots, New Orleans based singer-songwriter-bassist Roland Guerin is starting a new musical chapter. Drawing from a wide spectrum of genres, including American folk, blues, zydeco, rock and jazz, Guerin creates a singular style at the heart of which are stories told through multi-layered melodies, rhythms and expressive lyrics in the range of Steely Dan, John Mayer, Sting and Peter Gabriel.
Raised in a musical family – his father was a great lover of jazz and classical music, his mother, a blues and zydeco bass player – Guerin began playing bass at the age of 11. Throughout his formative years, Guerin was strongly influenced by pop, rock and R&B music of the 70’s and 80’s. Bands and artists such as Lakeside, Dazz Band, Rush, the Brothers Johnson, Gerry Rafferty, America, and Booker T & The MG’s seeded his love for great songs and inspired him to write music of his own.
While studying Marketing at Southern University in Baton Rouge, Roland Guerin joined legendary jazz educator Alvin Batiste’s Band, The Jazztronauts. Having inherited much of Batiste’s musical innovations and concepts, Guerin developed ways to bring his own musical voice to life. The jazz genre became his avenue toward success. Over the course of his career, Guerin toured and performed with numerous legendary musicians, such as George Benson, Jimmy Scott, Frank Morgan, Vernel Fournier, Gerry Mulligan, Allen Toussaint, John Scofield, Mark Whitfield, Ellis Marsalis, and Marcus Roberts. He also participated in the recording of numerous albums, including the Blind Boys of Alabama’s Grammy Award winning album Down in New Orleans, Marcus Roberts’s Grammy Award nominated recording of George Gershwin’s classic Rhapsody in Blue, and Allen Toussaint’s album Connected.
As a member of the Marcus Roberts Trio from 1994 to 2009, Guerin performed at the head of symphony orchestras across the world, among which the Berlin Philharmonic, the Boston Symphony, the Chicago Symphony, and Seiji Osawa’s New Japan Philharmonic. From his collaboration with Osawa and Roberts, Guerin developed a deeper understanding and appreciation of orchestration and arrangement, both of which carry great importance in his own musical composition.
In 1998, Guerin released his first album, The Winds of the New Land, featuring Peter Martin on piano, Nicholas Payton on trumpet, Donald Edwards on drums, and Mark Whitfield on guitar. The record was acclaimed for its innovative style of composition and arrangement. JazzReview called it “a literal piece of art”, while the New Orleans Magazine named Guerin a Contemporary Jazz All-Star. He followed up with an album from the Roland Guerin Sextet, Live at the Blue Note, released by Half Note Records, and released 4 more successful albums in the following decade.
Roland Guerin joined the Allen Toussaint Band in 2009, touring and performing with Toussaint until his passing in 2015. During the time with Toussaint, Guerin found his way back to his musical roots. Integrating American folk melodies, blues, zydeco, African rhythms, and rock with jazz soloing and orchestral arrangements, Guerin creates an entirely new and singular musical experience.
In August 2016, Guerin released a single entitled Black Coffee, featuring one of ten songs off of his new album, Grass Roots, which is scheduled to be released in 2017.
On that track he is using Nordy NP4 and BigMan in his old Ibanez Roadstar 2
Describe your rig: My rig consists of a Fender Bassman 100T and Bassman 4×10 can, Fender Bassman 800 and 2×10 cab, Fender Rumble 500 and Cali76 TX. My bass of choice is my Custom Ibanez BTB6 with Nordstrand Big Blades, BigMan and 3b preamp.
How did you discover Nordstrand? I met Carey years ago at NAMM through two dear friends of ours. When Ibanez agreed to build my 1st custom bass my heart was set on Nordstrand Pickups!
What are you currently working on? I am currently working with Dr John and my band. I was Allen Toussaint’s bassist for years. Marcus Roberts, John Scofield,
Sadao Watanabe
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginger_Rogers
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Ginger Rogers
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American actress, dancer and singer (1911–1995)
Ginger Rogers (born Virginia Katherine McMath; July 16, 1911 – April 25, 1995) was an American actress, dancer and singer during the Golden Age of Hollywood. She won an Academy Award for Best Actress for her starring role in Kitty Foyle (1940), and performed during the 1930s in RKO's musical films with Fred Astaire. Her career continued on stage, radio and television throughout much of the 20th century.
Rogers was born in Independence, Missouri, and raised in Kansas City. She and her family moved to Fort Worth, Texas, when she was nine years old. In 1925, she won a Charleston dance contest[1] that helped her launch a successful vaudeville career. After that, she gained recognition as a Broadway actress for her stage debut in Girl Crazy. This led to a contract with Paramount Pictures, which ended after five films. Rogers had her first successful film roles as a supporting actress in 42nd Street (1933) and Gold Diggers of 1933 (1933).
In the 1930s, Rogers's nine films with Fred Astaire are credited with revolutionizing the genre and gave RKO Pictures some of its biggest successes: The Gay Divorcee (1934), Top Hat (1935) and Swing Time (1936). But after two commercial failures with Astaire, she turned her focus to dramatic and comedy films. Her acting was well received by critics and audiences in films such as Stage Door (1937), Vivacious Lady (1938), Bachelor Mother (1939), Primrose Path (1940), The Major and the Minor (1942) and I'll Be Seeing You (1944). After winning the Oscar, Rogers became one of the biggest box-office draws and highest-paid actresses of the 1940s.[1]
Rogers's popularity was peaking by the end of the decade. She reunited with Astaire in 1949 in the commercially successful The Barkleys of Broadway. She starred in the successful comedy Monkey Business (1952) and was critically lauded for her performance in Tight Spot (1955) before entering an unsuccessful period of filmmaking in the mid-1950s, and returned to Broadway in 1965, playing the lead role in Hello, Dolly! More Broadway roles followed, along with her stage directorial debut in 1985 of an off-Broadway production of Babes in Arms. She continued to act, making television appearances until 1987, and wrote an autobiography Ginger: My Story which was published in 1991. In 1992, Rogers was recognized at the Kennedy Center Honors. She died of natural causes in 1995, at age 83.
During her long career, Rogers made 73 films. She ranks number 14 on the AFI's 100 Years...100 Stars list of female stars of classic American cinema.
Early life
[edit]
Virginia Katherine McMath was born on July 16, 1911, in Independence, Missouri, the only child of Lela Emogene Owens, a newspaper reporter, scriptwriter, and movie producer, and William Eddins McMath, an electrical engineer.[2]: 9, 10 [2]: 16 [3] Her maternal grandparents were Wilma Saphrona (née Ball) and Walter Winfield Owens.[4]: 3 She was of Scottish, Welsh, and English ancestry.[5] Her mother gave birth to Ginger at home, having lost a previous child in a hospital.[2]: 11 Her parents separated shortly after she was born.[2]: 1, 2, 11 After unsuccessfully trying to reunite with his family, McMath kidnapped his daughter twice, and her mother divorced him soon thereafter.[2]: 7, 15 [6] Rogers said that she never saw her natural father again.[2]: 15
In 1915, she was left with her grandparents, who lived in nearby Kansas City, while her mother made a trip to Hollywood in an effort to get an essay she had written made into a film.[2]: 19 Lela succeeded and continued to write scripts for Fox Studios.[2]: 26–29
One of Rogers's young cousins had a hard time pronouncing "Virginia", giving her the nickname "Ginger".[7]
When Rogers was nine years old, her mother married John Logan Rogers. Ginger took the surname Rogers, although she was never legally adopted. They lived in Fort Worth. Her mother became a theater critic for a local newspaper, the Fort Worth Record. She attended, but did not graduate from, Fort Worth's Central High School (later renamed R. L. Paschal High School.)
As a teenager, Rogers thought of becoming a school teacher, but with her mother's interest in Hollywood and the theater, her early exposure to the theater increased. Waiting for her mother in the wings of the Majestic Theatre, she began to sing and dance along with the performers on stage.[8]
Career
[edit]
1925–1929: Vaudeville and Broadway
[edit]
Rogers's entertainment career began when the traveling vaudeville act of Eddie Foy came to Fort Worth and needed a quick stand-in. In 1925 the 14-year-old entered and won a Charleston dance contest, the prize allowed her to tour as Ginger Rogers and the Redheads for six months on the Orpheum Circuit.[9][10] In 1926, the group performed at an 18-month-old theater called The Craterian in Medford, Oregon. This theater honored her years later by changing its name to the Craterian Ginger Rogers Theater.[11] When the M.G.M film The Barrier premiered in San Bernardino, California, in February 1926, Rogers's vaudeville act was featured. The local newspaper commented, "Clever little Ginger Rogers showed why she won the Texas state championship as a Charleston dancer."[12]
At 17, Rogers married Jack Culpepper, a singer/dancer/comedian/recording artist of the day who worked under the name Jack Pepper (according to Ginger's autobiography and Life magazine, she knew Culpepper when she was a child, as her cousin's boyfriend).[10] They formed a short-lived vaudeville double act known as "Ginger and Pepper". The marriage was over within a year, and she went back to touring with her mother.[10] When the tour got to New York City, she stayed, getting radio singing jobs. She made her Broadway debut in the musical Top Speed, which opened at Chanin's 46th Street Theatre on Christmas Day, 1929[13] following the musical's premiere in Philadelphia at the Chestnut Street Opera House on November 13, 1929.[14]
Within two weeks of the New York opening of Top Speed, Rogers was chosen to star on Broadway in Girl Crazy by George Gershwin and Ira Gershwin. Fred Astaire was hired to help the dancers with their choreography. Her appearance in Girl Crazy made her an overnight star at the age of 19.[citation needed]
1929–1933: Early film roles
[edit]
Rogers's first movie roles were in a trio of short films made in 1929: Night in the Dormitory, A Day of a Man of Affairs, and Campus Sweethearts. In 1930, Paramount Pictures signed her to a seven-year contract.[citation needed]
Rogers soon got herself out of the Paramount contract—under which she had made five feature films at Astoria Studios in Astoria, Queens—and moved with her mother to Hollywood. When she got to California, she signed a three-picture deal with Pathé Exchange. Two of her pictures at Pathé were Suicide Fleet (1931) and Carnival Boat (1932) in which she played opposite future Hopalong Cassidy star William Boyd. Rogers also made feature films for Warner Bros., Monogram, and Fox in 1932, and was named one of 15 WAMPAS Baby Stars. She then made a significant breakthrough as Anytime Annie in the Warner Bros. film 42nd Street (1933). She went on to make a series of films at Warner Bros., most notably in Gold Diggers of 1933, in which her solo, "We're In The Money", included a verse in Pig Latin. She then moved to RKO Studios, was put under contract and with Astaire started work on Flying Down to Rio, a picture starring Dolores del Río and Gene Raymond. Rogers and Astaire "stole the show",[15][16][17] an industry term for outshining the billed stars.
1933–1939: Partnership with Astaire
[edit]
Rogers was known for her partnership with Fred Astaire. Together, from 1933 to 1939, they made nine musical films at RKO: Flying Down to Rio (1933), The Gay Divorcee (1934), Roberta (1935), Top Hat (1935), Follow the Fleet (1936), Swing Time (1936), Shall We Dance (1937), Carefree (1938), and The Story of Vernon and Irene Castle (1939). The Barkleys of Broadway (1949) was produced later at MGM. They revolutionized the Hollywood musical by introducing dance routines of unprecedented elegance and virtuosity with sweeping long shots set to songs specially composed for them by the greatest popular song composers of the day. One such composer was Cole Porter with "Night and Day", a song Astaire sang to Rogers with the line "... you are the one" in two of their movies, being particularly poignant in their last pairing of The Barkleys of Broadway.[citation needed]
Arlene Croce, Hermes Pan, Hannah Hyam, and John Mueller all consider Rogers to have been Astaire's finest dance partner, principally because of her ability to combine dancing skills, natural beauty, and exceptional abilities as a dramatic actress and comedian, thus truly complementing Astaire, a peerless dancer. The resulting song and dance partnership enjoyed a unique credibility in the eyes of audiences.[citation needed]
Of the 33 partnered dances Rogers performed with Astaire, Croce and Mueller have highlighted the infectious spontaneity of her performances in the comic numbers "I'll Be Hard to Handle" from Roberta, "I'm Putting All My Eggs in One Basket" from Follow the Fleet, and "Pick Yourself Up" from Swing Time. They also point to the use Astaire made of her remarkably flexible back in classic romantic dances such as "Smoke Gets in Your Eyes" from Roberta, "Cheek to Cheek" from Top Hat, and "Let's Face the Music and Dance" from Follow the Fleet.[citation needed]
Although the dance routines were choreographed by Astaire and his collaborator Hermes Pan, both have testified to her consummate professionalism, even during periods of intense strain, as she tried to juggle her many other contractual film commitments with the punishing rehearsal schedules of Astaire, who made at most two films in any one year. In 1986, shortly before his death, Astaire remarked, "All the girls I ever danced with thought they couldn't do it, but of course they could. So they always cried. All except Ginger. No, no, Ginger never cried".[18]
John Mueller summed up Rogers's abilities as: "Rogers was outstanding among Astaire's partners, not because she was superior to others as a dancer, but, because, as a skilled, intuitive actress, she was cagey enough to realize that acting did not stop when dancing began ... the reason so many women have fantasized about dancing with Fred Astaire is that Ginger Rogers conveyed the impression that dancing with him is the most thrilling experience imaginable".[19]
Author Dick Richards, on p. 162 of his book Ginger: Salute to a Star, quoted Astaire saying to Raymond Rohauer, curator at the New York Gallery of Modern Art, "Ginger was brilliantly effective. She made everything work for her. Actually she made things very fine for both of us and she deserves most of the credit for our success."[citation needed]
In a 1976 episode of the popular British talk-show Parkinson (Season 5, Episode 24), host Michael Parkinson asked Astaire who his favorite dancing partner was. Astaire answered, "Excuse me, I must say Ginger was certainly [uh, uh,] the one. You know, the most effective partner I ever had. Everyone knows."[citation needed]
After 15 months apart and with RKO facing bankruptcy, the studio paired Fred and Ginger for another movie titled Carefree, but it lost money. Next came The Story of Vernon and Irene Castle, based on a true story, but the serious plot and tragic ending resulted in the worst box-office receipts of any of their films. This was driven not by diminished popularity, but by the hard 1930s economic reality. The production costs of musicals, always significantly more costly than regular features, continued to increase at a much faster rate than admissions.[citation needed]
1933–1939: Success in nonmusicals
[edit]
Both before and immediately after her dancing and acting partnership with Fred Astaire ended, Rogers starred in a number of successful nonmusical films. Stage Door (1937) demonstrated her dramatic capacity, as the loquacious yet vulnerable girl next door and tough-minded theatrical hopeful, opposite Katharine Hepburn. Successful comedies included Vivacious Lady (1938) with James Stewart, Fifth Avenue Girl (1939), where she played an out-of-work girl sucked into the lives of a wealthy family, and Bachelor Mother (1939), with David Niven, in which she played a shop girl who is falsely thought to have abandoned her baby.[citation needed]
In 1934, Rogers sued Sylvia of Hollywood for $100K for defamation. The fitness guru and radio personality had claimed that Rogers was on her radio show when, in fact, she was not.[20]
On March 5, 1939, Rogers starred in "Single Party Going East", an episode of Silver Theater on CBS radio.[21]
1940–1949: Career peak and reuniting with Astaire
[edit]
In 1941 Rogers won the Academy Award for Best Actress for her role in 1940's Kitty Foyle. She enjoyed considerable success during the early 1940s, and was RKO's hottest property during this period. In Roxie Hart (1942), based on the same play which later served as the template for the musical Chicago, Rogers played a wisecracking flapper in a love triangle on trial for the murder of her lover; set in the era of prohibition. Most of the film takes place in a women's jail.
In the neorealist Primrose Path (1940), directed by Gregory La Cava, she played a prostitute's daughter trying to avoid family pressure into following the fate of her mother. Further highlights of this period included Tom, Dick, and Harry, a 1941 comedy in which she dreams of marrying three different men; I'll Be Seeing You (1944), with Joseph Cotten; and Billy Wilder's first Hollywood feature film: The Major and the Minor (1942), in which she played a woman who masquerades as a 12-year-old to get a cheap train ticket and finds herself obliged to continue the ruse for an extended period. This film featured a performance by Rogers's real mother, Lela, playing her film mother.
After becoming a free agent, Rogers made hugely successful films with other studios in the mid-'40s, including Tender Comrade (1943), Lady in the Dark (1944), and Week-End at the Waldorf (1945), and became the highest-paid performer in Hollywood. However, by the end of the decade, her film career had peaked. Arthur Freed reunited her with Fred Astaire in The Barkleys of Broadway in 1949, when Judy Garland was unable to appear in the role that was to have reunited her with her Easter Parade co-star.
1950–1987: Later career
[edit]
Rogers's film career entered a period of gradual decline in the 1950s, as parts for older actresses became more difficult to obtain, but she still scored with some solid movies. She starred in Storm Warning (1950) with Ronald Reagan and Doris Day, a noir, anti-Ku Klux Klan film by Warner Bros. In 1952 Rogers starred in two comedies featuring Marilyn Monroe, Monkey Business with Cary Grant, directed by Howard Hawks, and We're Not Married!. She followed those with a role in Dreamboat alongside Clifton Webb, as his former onscreen partner in silent films who wanted to renew their association on television. She played the female lead in Tight Spot (1955), a mystery thriller, with Edward G. Robinson. After a series of unremarkable films, she scored a great popular success on Broadway in 1965, playing Dolly Levi in the long-running Hello, Dolly![22]
In later life, Rogers remained on good terms with Astaire; she presented him with a special Academy Award in 1950, and they were copresenters of individual Academy Awards in 1967, during which they elicited a standing ovation when they came on stage in an impromptu dance. In 1969, she had the lead role in another long-running popular production, Mame, from the book by Jerome Lawrence and Robert Edwin Lee, with music and lyrics by Jerry Herman, at the Theatre Royal Drury Lane in the West End of London, arriving for the role on the liner Queen Elizabeth 2 from New York City. Her docking there occasioned the maximum of pomp and ceremony at Southampton. She became the highest-paid performer in the history of the West End up to that time. The production ran for 14 months and featured a royal command performance for Queen Elizabeth II.[citation needed]
From the 1950s onward, Rogers made occasional appearances on television, even substituting for a vacationing Hal March on The $64,000 Question. In the later years of her career, she made guest appearances in three different series by Aaron Spelling: The Love Boat (1979), Glitter (1984), and Hotel (1987), which was her final screen appearance as an actress. In 1985, Rogers fulfilled a long-standing wish to direct when she directed the musical Babes in Arms off-Broadway in Tarrytown, New York, at 74 years old. It was produced by Michael Lipton and Robert Kennedy of Kennedy Lipton Productions. The production starred Broadway talents Donna Theodore, Carleton Carpenter, James Brennan, Randy Skinner, Karen Ziemba, Dwight Edwards, and Kim Morgan. It is also noted in her autobiography Ginger, My Story.[citation needed]
Honors
[edit]
The Kennedy Center honored Ginger Rogers in December 1992. This event, which was shown on television, was somewhat marred when Astaire's widow, Robyn Smith, who permitted clips of Astaire dancing with Rogers to be shown for free at the function itself, was unable to come to terms with CBS Television for broadcast rights to the clips (all previous rights-holders having donated broadcast rights gratis).[23]
For her contributions to the motion picture industry, Rogers has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6772 Hollywood Boulevard.[24]
Personal life
[edit]
Rogers, an only child, maintained a close relationship with her mother, Lela Rogers, throughout her life. Lela, a newspaper reporter, scriptwriter, and movie producer, was one of the first women to enlist in the Marine Corps, was a founder of the successful "Hollywood Playhouse" for aspiring actors and actresses on the RKO set, and a founder of the Motion Picture Alliance for the Preservation of American Ideals.[25] Rogers was a lifelong member of the Republican Party and campaigned for Thomas Dewey in the 1944 presidential election, Barry Goldwater in the 1964 presidential election and Ronald Reagan in the 1966 California gubernatorial election.[26][27][28] She was a strong opponent of Franklin Delano Roosevelt, speaking out against both him and his New Deal proposals. She was a member of the Daughters of the American Revolution.[29]
Rogers and her mother had a very close professional relationship. Lela Rogers was credited with pivotal contributions to her daughter's early successes in New York City and in Hollywood, and gave her much assistance in contract negotiations with RKO. She also wrote a children's mystery book with her daughter as the central character.[30]
Marriages
[edit]
Rogers married and divorced five times. She did not have children.
On March 29, 1929, Rogers married for the first time at age 17 to her dancing partner Jack Pepper (real name Edward Jackson Culpepper). They divorced in 1932, having separated soon after the wedding. Rogers dated Mervyn LeRoy in 1932, but they ended the relationship and remained friends until his death in 1987. In 1934, she married actor Lew Ayres (1908–96). They divorced six years later in 1940. In 1943, Rogers married her third husband, Jack Briggs, who was a U.S. Marine, before divorcing in 1950. In 1953, she married Jacques Bergerac, a French actor 16 years her junior, whom she met on a trip to Paris. A lawyer in France, he came to Hollywood with her and became an actor. They divorced in 1957. Her fifth and final husband was director and producer William Marshall. They married in 1961 and divorced in 1970, after his bouts with alcohol and the financial collapse of their joint film production company in Jamaica.[31]
Friendships
[edit]
Rogers was lifelong friends with actresses Lucille Ball and Bette Davis. She appeared with Ball in an episode of Here's Lucy on November 22, 1971, in which Rogers danced the Charleston for the first time in many years. Rogers starred in one of the earliest films co-directed and co-scripted by a woman, Wanda Tuchock's Finishing School (1934). Rogers maintained a close friendship with her cousin, writer/socialite Phyllis Fraser, the wife of Random House publisher Bennett Cerf. Rita Hayworth's maternal uncle, Vinton Hayworth, was married to Rogers's maternal aunt, Jean Owens.
Religion
[edit]
Rogers was raised a Christian Scientist and remained a lifelong adherent, Christian Science was a topic she discussed at length in her autobiography.[32] Rogers's mother died in 1977. She remained at the 4-Rs (Rogers' Rogue River Ranch) until 1990. When the property was sold, Rogers moved to nearby Medford, Oregon.
Interests
[edit]
Rogers was a talented tennis player, and entered the 1950 US Open. However, she and Frank Shields were knocked out of the mixed doubles competition in the first round.[33]
Legacy
[edit]
The city of Independence, Missouri designated the birthplace of Ginger Rogers a Historic Landmark Property in 1994. On July 16, 1994, Ginger and her secretary, Roberta Olden, visited Independence, Missouri, to appear at the Ginger Rogers' Day celebration presented by the city. Rogers was present when Mayor Ron Stewart affixed a Historic Landmark Property plaque to the front of the house where she was born on July 16, 1911. She signed over 2,000 autographs at this event, which was one of her last public appearances.
The home was purchased in 2016 by Three Trails Cottages and restored, then transformed into a museum dedicated to Lela Owens-Rogers and Ginger Rogers. It contains memorabilia, magazines, movie posters, and many items from the ranch that Lela and Ginger owned. Several gowns that Ginger Rogers wore are on display. The museum was open seasonally from April to September, and several special events were held at the site each year. It closed in August 2019.[34]
Rogers made her last public appearance on March 18, 1995, when she received the Women's International Center (WIC) Living Legacy Award. For many years, Rogers regularly supported, and held in-person presentations, at the Craterian Theater, in Medford, where she had performed in 1926 as a vaudevillian. The theater was comprehensively restored in 1997 and posthumously renamed in her honor as the Craterian Ginger Rogers Theater.[citation needed]
Death
[edit]
Rogers spent winters in Rancho Mirage and summers in Medford, Oregon. She died at her Rancho Mirage home on April 25, 1995, from a heart attack at the age of 83.[35] She was cremated and her ashes interred with her mother Lela Emogene in Oakwood Memorial Park Cemetery in Chatsworth, California.[36]
Legacy
[edit]
Likenesses of Astaire and Rogers, apparently painted over from the "Cheek to Cheek" dance in Top Hat, are in the "Lucy in the Sky With Diamonds" section of The Beatles film Yellow Submarine (1968).
Rogers's image is one of many famous women's images of the 1930s and 1940s featured on the bedroom wall in the Anne Frank House in Amsterdam, a gallery of magazine cuttings pasted on the wall created by Anne and her sister Margot while hiding from the Nazis. When the house became a museum, the gallery the Frank sisters created is preserved under glass.
Ginger The Musical by Robert Kennedy and Paul Becker which Ginger Rogers approved and was to direct on Broadway the year of her death was in negotiations as late as the 2016–17 Broadway season. Marshall Mason directed its first production in 2001 starring Donna McKechnie and Nili Bassman and was choreographed by Randy Skinner.
Rogers was the heroine of a novel, Ginger Rogers and the Riddle of the Scarlet Cloak (1942, by Lela E. Rogers), in which "the heroine has the same name and appearance as the famous actress, but has no connection ... it is as though the famous actress has stepped into an alternate reality in which she is an ordinary person." It is part of a series known as "Whitman Authorized Editions", 16 books published between 1941 and 1947 that featured a film actress as heroine.[37]
The Dancing House in Prague, sometimes known as Ginger and Fred, designed by the Croatian-Czech architect Vlado Milunić in cooperation with Canadian-American architect Frank Gehry and inspired by the dancing of Astaire and Rogers.
In the 1981 film Pennies From Heaven, Bernadette Peters's character dances with Steve Martin's as they watch Fred and Ginger's "Let's Face the Music and Dance" sequence from 1936's Follow the Fleet, using it as their inspiration.
Federico Fellini's film Ginger and Fred centers on two aging Italian impersonators of Ginger Rogers and Fred Astaire. Rogers sued the production and the distributor when the film was released in the U.S. for misappropriation and infringement of her public personality. Her claims were dismissed. According to the judgment, the film only obliquely related to Astaire and her.[38]
Rogers was among the sixteen Golden Age Hollywood stars referenced in the bridge of Madonna's 1990 single "Vogue".[39]
Rogers is the namesake of the Ginger Rogers, a cocktail containing gin, ginger, and mint.[40][41][42]
Rogers was the subject of a quotation summarizing women's capacity to achieve that is popular among feminists: "Rogers did everything [Astaire] did, backwards . . . and in high heels." The quote comes from a 1982 Frank and Ernest comic strip by Bob Thaves.[43]
A musical about the life of Rogers, entitled Backwards in High Heels, premiered in Florida in early 2007.[44][45]
Filmography
[edit]
Main article: Ginger Rogers filmography
See also
[edit]
List of actors with Academy Award nominations
List of dancers
References
[edit]
Bibliography
[edit]
Astaire, Fred (August 5, 2008). Steps in Time (reprint ed.). Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0061567568.
Croce, Arlene (1977). The Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers Book (reprint ed.). Vintage Books. ISBN 978-0394724768.
Faris, Jocelyn (1994). Ginger Rogers – a Bio-Bibliography. Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0313291777.
Hyam, Hannah (2007). Fred and Ginger – The Astaire-Rogers Partnership 1934–1938. Brighton: Pen Press Publications. ISBN 978-1-905621-96-5.
Mueller, John (1986). Astaire Dancing – The Musical Films of Fred Astaire. Hamish Hamilton. ISBN 978-0241117491.
Rogers, Ginger (1991). Ginger: My Story. Toronto: Harper Collins, Canada. ISBN 978-0060183080.
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The postman always rings twice
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Steamy tale of a drifter offered a job at a roadside diner by the owner, an easy-going older man. When the drifter and the owner's voluptuous wife fall in love, they plot to kill her husband and run away together.
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APA Citation, 7th Edition (style guide)
Garnett, T., Wilson, C., Ruskin, H., Busch, N., Turner, L., Garfield, J., Kellaway, C., Cronyn, H., Ames, L., Totter, A., Reed, A., & Cain, J. M. 1. (2004). The postman always rings twice (Standard version.). Turner Home Entertainment.
Chicago / Turabian - Author Date Citation, 17th Edition (style guide)
Tay. Garnett et al.. 2004. The Postman Always Rings Twice. Turner Home Entertainment.
Chicago / Turabian - Humanities (Notes and Bibliography) Citation, 17th Edition (style guide)
Tay. Garnett et al.. The Postman Always Rings Twice Turner Home Entertainment, 2004.
MLA Citation, 9th Edition (style guide)
Garnett, Tay., et al. The Postman Always Rings Twice Standard version., Turner Home Entertainment, 2004.
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https://www.schott-music.com/static/version1720085136/frontend/Creativestyle/theme-schottmusic/en_GB/Magento_Theme/favicon.ico
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https://www.schott-music.com/en/person/george-bassman
|
JavaScript seems to be disabled in your browser. For the best experience on our site, be sure to turn on Javascript in your browser.
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8916
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dbpedia
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1
| 82
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https://www.nodepression.com/bill-kreutzmann-papa-mali-george-porter-jr-7-walkers-2010/
|
en
|
Bill Kreutzmann, Papa Mali, George Porter Jr.
|
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[
"music online magazine",
"american music guide",
"music review magazine",
"country root music festivals schedule"
] | null |
[
"Something Else! Reviews"
] |
2011-01-24T21:50:55+00:00
|
by Nick DeRiso Grateful Dead co-founder Bill Kreutzmann, great groovy Meters bassman George Porter Jr. and hoodoo guitarist Papa Mali have joined together to form 7 Walkers, a rousing fusion of Bay area jam-rock with greasy New Orleans rhythm and […]
|
en
|
No Depression
|
https://www.nodepression.com/bill-kreutzmann-papa-mali-george-porter-jr-7-walkers-2010/
|
by Nick DeRiso
Grateful Dead co-founder Bill Kreutzmann, great groovy Meters bassman George Porter Jr. and hoodoo guitarist Papa Mali have joined together to form 7 Walkers, a rousing fusion of Bay area jam-rock with greasy New Orleans rhythm and blues.
Their self-titled debut, issued last November on Response Records, bills itself in the liner notes as a love letter to New Orleans — where many of the band members have connections: Kreutzmann’s mother was born there, and Louisiana native Mali has family from the Big Easy on his mother’s side, as well. Porter? He’s only the grandfather of the city’s head-bobbing signature R&B sound.
But “7 Walkers” ends up as much more than that.
Mali, a co-founder of the defunct reggae band the Killer Bees now living in Austin, collaborated throughout “7 Walkers” with longtime Grateful Deadlyricist Robert Hunter. The talented Reed Mathis plays on all but one track here, “Chingo!,” where Porter — who has since taken over the role as full-time bassist — debuts.
Together, they often stir up powerful memories of Kreutzmann’s old band — from the mystical “7 Walkers,” which gave the band its name; to “Evangeline,” where Kreutzmann does such a sensitive turn at the drums.
But 7 Walkers never settle, and never settle in. Before, you know it, they’ve risen for a Dr. John-ish Dixieland march on “New Orleans Crawl,” then lathered up some Crescent City funk with “(For the Love of) Mr. Okra.”
They keep going, weaving in early American roots influences, as well, notably on “Hey Bo Diddle.” “Sue From Bogalusa,” which sounds like Chuck Berry doing zydeco, comes alive with concise, sizzling solo by Mali, on a Stratocaster that used to belong to blues legend Hubert Sumlin.
Mali (real name: Malcolm Welbourne; the nickname was given to him by Burning Spear) produced “7 Walkers” in his hometown. So, Austin’s unique aesthetic finds a home here, as well, with a terrific guest appearance by Willie Nelson (“King Cotton Blues” also boasts a timeless Hunter lyric in the style of the Dead’s “Loser”) and Nelson’s multi-instrumentalist sideman Matt Hubbard — who sings and plays keyboards, harp, horn, even an antique wooden recorder on “Chingo!”
This artful blending, in fact, becomes so symbiotic that “Someday You’ll See,” a finished number that Mali brought to the project, sounds of a piece with the rest of “7 Walkers.”
Really, the album finds its fullest depth and power on instrumentals like that one — including all-too brief blasts of genius in “Cane River Waltz” and “Airline Highway.” That’s no knock on Hunter, so much as a shouted testimony to the 7 Walkers’ broad musical gifts.
Densely soulful, unquantifiably unique and very fun, sometimes words simply aren’t needed.
|
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8916
|
dbpedia
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1
| 94
|
https://forums.digitalspy.com/discussion/1119720/this-was-written-about
|
en
|
'This was written about....'
|
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[
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[
"[Deleted User]",
"Urban Bassman"
] |
2009-09-02T09:40:06+00:00
|
I was thinking about songs and the inspitration behind them. A few examples: 'Wonderwall' is said to be about Noel Gallgher's ex, Meg Matthews.
|
en
|
//s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/ame-prod-digitalspyuk-assets/forums/favicon.ico
|
Digital Spy
|
https://forums.digitalspy.com/discussion/1119720/this-was-written-about
|
I love knowing the stories of ones
Aint no other man is about Christina's husband
Fighter is about her relationship with her father which wasn't a great relationship at all
Hometown glory is about when Adele was gonna go to college and wrote a song about how much she would miss her hometown while she was gone.
Waking up in vegas is when Katy perry married her best friend in vegas but it was never a legal marriage. Or she was close to marrying him.
I have heard that Toxic by Britney is about Justin Timberlake.
Overprotected is easily about Britney coming out of her shell and being a woman. Not having anyone look after her. This song was apart of her third album which saw her change genre's and become more sexier then the original girl next door image she had.
Piece of me is of course about her relationship with the paps.
Dead and Gone is about a friend of TI's who died in a car accident or something related to a car.
I was thinking about songs and the inspitration behind them.
A few examples:
'Wonderwall' is said to be about Noel Gallgher's ex, Meg Matthews.
'You've Got a Friend' was written by James Taylor about Carole King (or so I believe)
'Beetlebum' is said to be about Damon Albarn's ex, Justine Frischmann, but was sometimes wrongly rumoured to be a stab at Liam Gallagher.
Anyone know of any other interesting ones?
|
||||
8916
|
dbpedia
|
0
| 60
|
https://www.tiktok.com/discover/does-the-car-wash-mess-up-the-paper-license-plate
|
en
|
Make Your Day
|
[] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
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8916
|
dbpedia
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2
| 79
|
http://www.supertopo.com/climbers-forum/2752218/Willie-Nelson-Mr-Record-Man
|
en
|
Mr Record Man :: SuperTopo Rock Climbing Discussion Topic
|
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Willie Nelson - Mr Record Man - SuperTopo's climbing discussion forum is the world's most popular community discussion forum for people who actively climb outdoors.
|
http://www.supertopo.com/climbers-forum/2752218/Willie-Nelson-Mr-Record-Man
|
mouse from merced
Trad climber
The finger of fate, my friends, is fickle.
Topic Author's Original Post - Jan 15, 2016 - 11:23pm PT
Dateline: October 21, 2015
Willie Nelson will be the first country music artist to receive the prestigious Library of Congress Gershwin Prize for Popular Song. The iconic songwriter and performer will be celebrated at an invitation-only gala on November 18th in Washington, D.C.
Among those paying tribute to the 82-year-old musician are Rosanne Cash, Jamey Johnson, Alison Krauss, Raul Malo of the Mavericks, Neil Young and Promise of the Real, the band featuring Nelson's son, Lukas. Also appearing will be Edie Brickell, Leon Bridges, Ana Gabriel, Paul Simon and Buckwheat Zydeco.
Taking place at DAR Constitution Hall in the nation's capital, the tribute concert will air on PBS stations January 15th, 2016, at 9:00 p.m. ET and will be broadcast at a later date via the American Forces Network to U.S. Department of Defense locations around the world.
The Gershwin Prize was created in 2007, and named after brothers George and Ira Gershwin, whose contributions to popular American music include numerous standards such as "Someone to Watch Over Me," which Nelson recorded on his landmark 1978 LP, Stardust. The album was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame earlier this year.
This year marks the 60th anniversary of Nelson's first-ever recordings, as a 12-year-old in his hometown of Abbott, Texas.
According to the official description on the Library of Congress website, the Gershwin Prize "celebrates the work of an artist whose career reflects lifetime achievement in promoting song as a vehicle of musical expression and cultural understanding."
Songwriter Paul Simon was the first recipient in 2007. Others who have been honored are Paul McCartney, Carole King, Stevie Wonder, Billy Joel, Burt Bacharach and Hal David. The selection of the annual Gershwin Prize recipient is made by the Librarian of Congress in consultation with board members selected for their expertise in various fields related to music.
http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/willie-nelson-honored-with-gershwin-prize-20151021
Fifty years ago: no braids or earrings and wearing a suit.
Willie Nelson at the Opry - Mr. Record Man
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QJ7dSKxKZlY
Tonight I lucked into being able to see this PBS Event. Mr. Nelson was attired in a tasteful black suit, long braids, earing, and a ratty ole smelly-ass guitar.
He was surrounded by his boy Micah and his other boy Lukas, who, if you close your eyes, sings just like his pa. And Lukas loves bangin' his nylon-string Spanish-style guitar, too, which he plays like his pa.
Great show and all the great music was Willie's.
Props to the house band at this show.
|
|||||||
8916
|
dbpedia
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2
| 4
|
https://ancestors.familysearch.org/en/L119-5NP/vincent-stanilaus-bassman-1894-1894
|
en
|
FamilySearch.org
|
[] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
Discover your family history. Explore the world’s largest collection of free family trees, genealogy records and resources.
|
en
| null | |||||||
8916
|
dbpedia
|
3
| 15
|
https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Bassman-7
|
en
|
John George Bassman (1850-1872)
|
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[] |
[
"John George Bassman genealogy"
] | null |
[] |
1850-05-12T00:00:00
|
Is this your ancestor? Explore genealogy for John George Bassman born 1850 St Louis, MO died 1872 Jefferson City, MO including parents + more in the free family tree community.
|
en
|
/favicon.ico
|
https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Bassman-7
|
WIKITREE HOME | ABOUT | G2G FORUM | HELP | SEARCH
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© 2008 - 2023 INTERESTING.COM, INC. CONTENT MAY BE COPYRIGHTED BY WIKITREE COMMUNITY MEMBERS.
|
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8916
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dbpedia
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2
| 59
|
https://open.spotify.com/playlist/37i9dQZF1E4qUMo7sVwIus
|
en
|
Little Joe Bassman Radio
|
https://seeded-session-images.scdn.co/v2/img/540/r/artist/4oDnHjg9l7N3ZvZhYkIP4e/en
|
https://seeded-session-images.scdn.co/v2/img/540/r/artist/4oDnHjg9l7N3ZvZhYkIP4e/en
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Playlist · Little Joe Bassman Radio · 50 songs
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Spotify
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https://open.spotify.com/playlist/37i9dQZF1E4qUMo7sVwIus
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https://www.naxos.com/Bio/Person/George_Bassman/18271
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Now available to stream and purchase at Naxos
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Learn more about the albums and works by George Bassman available at Naxos. Buy now or listen for free.
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https://www.artspace.com/art
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Buy Contemporary Art
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https://www.artspace.com/favicon.ico
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https://www.artspace.com/favicon.ico
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Buy modern and contemporary art, prints, & photographs from the world's best artists, galleries, & museums. Artspace is the leading online art marketplace.
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Artspace
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https://www.artspace.com/art
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Bidding increments increase at the following intervals:
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Between $700 and $1,499: $200
Between $1,500 and $2,499: $300
Between $2,500 and $4,999: $500
Between $5,000 and $9,999: $1,000
Between $10,000 and $19,999: $2,000
Between $20,000 and $29,999: $3,000
Between $30,000 and $49,999: $4,000
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Above $100,000: $10,000
You will receive an email confirmation of your bid and when you are outbid.
If you are the winning bidder, you will be contacted 48 hours after of the close of the auction.
Every bid submitted is treated as a maximum bid. You should always bid the maximum you are willing to spend for a work, though this does not necessarily mean you will pay that price. As the auction unfolds, we will increase your bid by increments to ensure you remain the highest bidder. If the winning amount is less than your maximum bid, you will pay the current increment. If your maximum bid no longer exceeds the current bid, you will receive an outbid notification email, and have the option to bid again.
In the case of multiple bidders placing the same maximum bid, the first person to place the maximum amount takes precedence as the highest bid until another bidder exceeds the maximum amount.
Buyer's Premium & Additional Charges
For Artspace Auctions winning bidders are charged a 15% Buyer's Premium on top of the hammer price. For Artspace Benefit Auctions, Buyer's Premiums are not applied. If they are, this will be clearly noted. Purchases made from all auctions, including benefit auctions, are subject to sales tax.
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https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna7357321
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Slacker Friday
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2005-04-01T16:46:08+00:00
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Slacker Friday
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en
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https://nodeassets.nbcnews.com/cdnassets/projects/ramen/favicon/nbcnews/all-other-sizes-PNG.ico/favicon.ico
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NBC News
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https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna7357321
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New Nation column on what’s missing from last week’s intel report.
What he said: EJ on the Pope, .
Him too: Michael Walzer on values and the left, .
was in my high school class. He was not the kind of guy we would have predicted to be able to buy and sell the rest of us, but that’s the way it is with the Net, no?
Long Dylan essay in The Nation, . I’m very excited about Greil Marcus’s biography of “Like a Rolling Stone,” as, to quote the great Debbie Boone, “Nobody Does it Better.” More about that .
Get Trio? Saturday, beginning at 5, you get some of the greatest hits of my buddy Sam Seder, (featuring Sarah Silverman) with “Who’s the Caboose?” and a whole bunch of “Pilot Seasons.” I think you’ll like it. Also, another guy I went to high school with made a really first rate film about a young woman drawn into prostitution called ‘What Alice Found,” and it runs sometimes on Sundance, including Sunday at 9:00.
“Citizen journalists" aren't so interested in documenting facts, are they? Boehlert calls them “ ” masquerading as media critics who want the press to stay away from stories (and images) that they deem unacceptable. And the sooner the mainstream press understands that, and stops anxiously amplifying bloggers' conspiracy of the week, the better off it will be.
Alter-Employment Announcement reposting.
I’m looking for a senior researcher to who work somewhere between half and full time for me, doing mostly historical research for my books, but also a bit of clerical work and helps me a bit with planning my teaching, writing and speaking schedules. If you are interested, please apply ASAP to Whatliberalmedia_at_AOL.com, but do not send me your resume as an attachment. I won’t open it. Sorry I can only reply to those e-mails I want to pursue. If you don’t hear from me, it’s a “no.” Please apply only if:
You have at least a master’s degree in American history or a closely related field like American studies, or, you have at least two years experience as historical researcher or editor or as a particularly impressive intellectually-oriented journalist on say, a Matt Yglesias or Sarah Wildman level (which means I should already be acquainted with your work).
You already live, or will be living, in or around New York City two weeks from today.
You can make a commitment to work 20-40 hours a week at least until Labor Day.
You are independent, efficient, grown-up, well-organized and discreet.
Onto Slacker Friday:
Name: Stupid
Hometown: Chicago
Hey Eric, it's Stupid to play Monday Morning Quarterback. What if a year ago, by magic, you were told that the Democrats were going to lose the 2004 Presidential election as well as some seats in Congress regardless of who they nominated or how they campaigned? If you knew that, what kind of campaign would you have run against Dubya? I'm reminded of a history professor who swore that the seminal figure of the Democratic party was Al Smith, because his 1928 campaign set-up the New Deal coalition of the future. I remember thinking that there was that little matter of the Great Depression, but comparing Smith's campaign to Kerry's is revealing. 1928 had its own polarizing hot-button issue: Prohibition. Hoover called it "noble," Smith favored repealing it. Some things never change: Protestant conservatives raged a slime campaign against "Al-choholic Smith," the New York City sinner (and Roman Catholic). Like 2004, Democrats were conflicted and most shied away from the issue and focused on Smith's proactive (for then) government plans to boost the economy and education. (At least Kerry didn't wear his Northeast roots like Smith, whose campaign song was "The Streets of New York.")
Smith got trounced, or so it appeared. Hoover won 58% of the vote, and won the electoral vote 444 to 87. However turnout was huge: Smith got as many votes as the victorious Calvin Coolidge four years earlier, and reversed the GOP's hold on all the major cities. Catholics and Jews saw that they had a home in the Democratic Party. Moreover -- and here's my point -- Prohibition was a bad policy and over time it became more and more unpopular. Voters identified Democrats with the alternative policy, just as they did with FDR's New Deal (Hoover in the 1932 campaign also proposed government programs to help the Great Depression -- voters went for the real thing. I don't blame Kerry for trying to position and craft a message to win - the stakes were high enough. But the Dems are paying a price: the public doesn't remember Cheney dissing energy conservation, it doesn't know we spend $4 billion per month in Iraq. They aren't the alternative, they're the mumbling dissenters. Arguably the elections aren't the time to "heighten the differences" but what's the excuse now?
Name: Mark Viste
Hometown: Brooklyn Center, MN
I find a simpler, practical problem with Libertarianism in that the basic rights government is supposed to be limited to -- property, defense, and so forth -- are in fact quite expensive to deliver and inherently inconsistent with a small government. "The Cost of Rights" by Stephen Holmes and Cass R. Sunstein makes this point better than I can and at some length.
Name: Jeff Weed
Hometown: Denton, TX
Dr A,
One of the many reasons for the limited appeal of economic libertarianism may be the lack of a credible spokesperson. Think of who is generally identified with libertarian thought -talk-show buffoons like Neil Boortz and Larry Elder, pseudo-academic hacks like Charles Murray, and the late, batty Ayn Rand with her cult of pocket-protector geeks guffawing over every word in their dog-eared copies of "Atlas Shrugged" (former Rand crony Alan Greenspan has apparently been excommunicated). By comparison, this almost makes Team Bush look like Mensa (almost).
Another reason for its lack of appeal is that it is sheer foolishness -both philosophically and practically. This brand of libertarianism is to the Constitution what fundamentalism is to the Bible, the Torah, the Koran, et al -claiming to be adhering to the true literal meaning of the text, but usually missing the point entirely. It is self-centered Social Darwinism wrapping itself in the phony garb of principled adherence. In fact, the advocates of an unregulated "free" market will never admit -to themselves or to those who listen to them- that a capitalist system devoid of sensible regulation and government oversight would result in the disappearance of the middle class. For more, see this excellent article by Thom Hartmann .
Name: Andrew Gachanja
Hometown: Brunswick, ME
Mr. Alterman, I'm a fan of Michel Houellbecq and I've read "Elementary Particles", "Platform" and "Lanzarote". But to be fair, I think the differentiation between misogyny in his work and gangster rap is dishonest. Why should misogyny be sanitized just because it's a white French writer with philosophical pretensions and condemned if a black man pens the same sentiments but in rap?
Name: Dave Elley
Hometown: Seattle
Eric,
I thought there might be a few more candidates for the 'buried news' list these last two weeks:
Apparently you can't eat . Better off without Saddam? It depends who you talk to.
The U.S. in Asia by letting military dictator Musharraf (and nuclear proliferator Pakistan) have his F-16s.
And by doing so, .
Name: Adam Upper West Side
Hometown: New York, New York
Eric,
You posited, "Still, Bruce must know some Jews. He is, after all, in the music business..." You mean, like Max Weinberg, his drummer?
• | 12:12 PM ET |
The art, not the artist
I’ve got a new Think Again column . It’s about all the missing stories that have been buried beneath the wall-to-wall coverage of Terri S and Pope JP II.
And my friends at Center for American Progress and the Century Foundation have started a new foreign policy blog, . It’s quite good and features, among other people, Lorelei Kelly who was a much more responsible tenant at 1801 T Street apartment 604 than a certain right-wing blogger currently fulminating at National Review and on CNN.
I only met Saul Bellow once. In my youth, I paid what felt like a fortune--$50 I think, to go to a PEN/Faulkner reading and reception for him at the Folger Library (or the Library of Congress, I forget which). I watched an amazing moment at the reception when one those people who carry around autograph books everywhere and appear to live for such things approached him with a pen and the book open. Bellow refused, saying if he signed that one, he’d be signing all night. The guy was crushed and humiliated. A friend with whom I went said to me, “You know, Saul Bellow could write a great story about that moment.”
As with “The Plot Against America,” I am in a minority of people who think “Ravelstein” to be by far Bellow’s weakest work. (When I went to see him read a couple of years or so ago at the 92nd Street Y, I had to leave right away when I saw that was what he intended to read, because I didn’t want that to be my last memory of him.) But I disagree with those who don’t like his “cranky” period. I loved The Dean’s December, and I liked the late novellas a great deal too.
An issue: I do think Bellow, the author, had what Norman Podhoretz might call a real "Negro Problem." It shows up in his work and it’s almost impossible to miss. And that’s one more reason I think it silly to worry about the politics of an artist. So what if Bellow, personally, might have been a little racist? (Or if Updike and Roth display a misogynist streak or Balzac and Trollope don’t cotton much to the Tribe…) Talk to me about the art, not the artist. Perhaps Bellow’s discomfort with black people weakens his work; perhaps it strengthens it. Let’s treat the issue independent of the individual. (I do think Updike, for instance, derives power from his hatred/fear/contempt of women, because he reflects it so unconsciously and we, the reader, benefit from seeing it illustrated in so pristine a fashion.) One can see this process in its most unexpurgated form in the work of but I hesitate to take the argument to gangsta rap, which I abhor. Anyway, is Robert Penn Warren on Augie March.
Reading , in TAP, it’s hard not to conclude Novak has turned state’s evidence—or possibly taken the Fifth- and won’t admit it. Otherwise, this Mr. Fitzgerald is simply crazy.
Quote of the Day: Geneva Overholser, professor at the University of Missouri School of Journalism, and former chair of the Pulitzer board, and a former editor of the Des Moines Register: "Bob Novak has acted so dishonorably throughout all of this.” His fellow journalists “should be calling on him to say what happened. He should say if he has been subpoenaed, if he has testified, or whether or not he has taken the Fifth. If he wants to say he is a journalist, he should tell the truth.”
After playing patsy for nutty right-wing bloggers, Howie Kurtz might want to issue an apology for misleading readers about . I see he left the story to .
I’ll miss work too. There was no more thoughtful or fair-minded media critic writing anywhere, I think. If the Post were paying attention, they’d have given him Mr. Conflict of Interest’s job, long ago. (Still, since that’s not going to happen, it really ought to go to Richard Leiby, who’s paid his dues. And Hacktacular Howie is really a gossip columnist at heart.)
Why does Bush hate the mothers of dead soldiers?
:
Pentagon bans casket photosThe Bush administration's decision to enforce the ban on media photographs of flag-draped caskets returning from Iraq was widely reported last year -- but even mothers of dead soldiers are being shut out by Pentagon. When Karen Meredith lost her son to a sniper in Iraq, she wanted a photo of his casket at Dover Air Force Base for personal use, but was not permitted to take one, reported Cox News Service. "It's bad enough that they won't let the country see the pictures of the caskets, but a grieving mother?" asked Meredith. "It's unforgivable after what I lost." Ironically, the Defense Department introduced the policy (back in 1991, when Dick Cheney was Secretary of Defense), in the name of protecting the privacy of families who don't want their loved ones' caskets photographed by the press. But Meredith said she wasn't buying it: "They say it's for privacy, but it's really because they don't want the country to see how many people are coming back in caskets."That may also explain why the Pentagon has them all coming back only under cover of darkness.-- Julia Scott
Laugh, cry or get blown up: Fred Kaplan on the Penatagon and foreign languages, , would be funny, 'ceptin' it's going to get lots of people killed. (In the meantime, let's fire all the gays.)
Abe Rosenthal award for quoting myself: - "Last night on Hardball, I said what I think needs to be said." The funny part about it is what he says is essentially correct. Might I suggest a little shrink time, buddy, devoted to the question of what compels one to make a jackass out of oneself with the twisted-arm pat on the back (as if appearing on “Hardball” is something worthy of braggadocio, in the first place)?
Correspondents’ Corner
Name: Jane Elizabeth Dougherty
Hometown: Boulder, CO
Dr. E:
The discussion on libertarianism has been interesting. In response, I give you , a better writer than I.
Name: Matt Orel
Hometown: West Bloomfield, MI
Bruce's HBO special in 2001 also premiered on the evening of Passover first Seder. God willing, he's got a few more holiday premiers in store for us.
Eric adds: And didn't the Joad tickets go on sale on Rosh Hashanna? And doesn't every tour go on sale on Shabbat? And my parents are still mad at me for blowing off Kol Nidre for No Nukes, but for that tell 'em to blame my buddy Danny Goldberg, who's more than made up for it with free office space for Tikkun and all those books by Israeli peace guys. Still, Bruce must know some Jews. He is, after all, in the music business...
Name: Steve Paradis
Hometown: Davison Michigan
There was this old jape about libertarians: that they imagined themselves as the tall laconic cowboy who rides into town and enforces his will--and who in reality were more like the whiney dude forced to dance to the tune of gunshots by drunken louts.
The image of an armed Grover Norquist attempting to enforce his will on anyone mentally cues the SCTV bit of Woody Allen starring in "Taxi Driver."
• April 6, 2005 | 10:01 AM ET |
Saul Bellow, 1915-2005
Our guest blogger today is my late friend, Alfred Kazin, who wrote what follows forty-one years ago, publishing it in The Atlantic Monthly in January, 1965, but would have wanted to have it published here, I feel certain.
.....
One day in 1942 I was walking near the Brooklyn Borough Hall with a young writer just in from Chicago who was looking New York over with great detachment. In the course of some startlingly apt observations on the life in the local streets, the course of the war, the pain of Nazism, and the neurotic effects of apartment-house living on his friends in New York, observations punctuated by some very funny jokes and double entendres at which he was the first to laugh with hearty pleasure for things so well said, he talked about D. H. Lawrence and James Joyce, Theodore Dreiser and Ernest Hemingway and Scott Fitzgerald, not as great names but as fellow artists. He said, as casually as if he were in a ball park faulting a pitcher, that Fitzgerald was "weak," but Dreiser strong in the right places. He examined Hemingway's style like a surgeon pondering another surgeon's stitches. And citing D. H. Lawrence with the intimacy of a brother-in-arms, he pointed to the bilious and smoke-dirty sky and said that like Lawrence he wanted no "umbrella" between him and the essential mystery.
The impression this conversation made on me was very curious. Bellow had not yet published a novel, and he was known for his stories and evident brilliance only to a small intellectual group drawn from the Partisan Review and the University of Chicago. Yet walking the unfamiliar Brooklyn streets, he seemed to be measuring the hidden strength of all things in the universe, from the grime of Brooklyn to the leading stars of the American novel, from the horror of Hitler to the mass tensions of New York. He was measuring the world's power of resistance, measuring himself as a contender. Although he was friendly, unpretentious, and funny, he was serious in a style that I had never before seen in an urban Jewish intellectual: he was going to succeed as an imaginative writer; he was pledged to grapple with unseen powers. He was going to take on more than the rest of us were.
As Bellow talked, I had an image of him as a wrestler in the old Greek style, an agonist contending in the games for the prize. Life was dramatically as well as emotionally a contest to him, and nothing of the agony or contest would be spared him. God would try him in his pride and trip him up, and he knew it; no one was spared; he had been brought up an orthodox Jew, and he had a proper respect for God as the ultimate power assumed by the creation. A poor immigrant's gifted son, he had an instinct that an overwhelming number of chances would come his way, that the old poverty and cultural bareness would soon be exchanged for a multitude of temptations. So he was wary--eager, sardonic, and wary; and unlike everybody else I knew, remarkably patient in expressing himself.
For a man with such a range of interests, capacities, and appetites, Bellow talked with great austerity. He addressed himself to the strength of life hidden in people, in political issues, in other writers, in mass behavior; an anthropologist by training, he liked to estimate other people's physical capacity, the thickness of their skins, the strength in their hands, the force in their chests. Describing people, he talked like a Darwinian, calculating the power of survival hidden in the species. But there was nothing idle or showy about his observations, and he did not talk for effect. His conceptions, definitions, epigrams, apercus were of a formal plainness that went right to the point and stopped. That was the victory he wanted. There was not the slightest verbal inflation in anything he said. Yet his observations were so direct and penetrating that they took on the elegance of achieved thought. When he considered something, his eyes slightly set as if studying its power to deceive him, one realized how formidable he was on topics generally exhausted by ideology or neglected by intellectuals too fine to consider them. Suddenly everything tiresomely grievous came alive in the focus of this man's unfamiliar imagination.
Listening to Bellow, I became intellectually happy--an effect he was soon to have on a great many other writers of our generation. We were coming through. He was holding out for the highest place as a writer, and he would reach it. Even in 1942, two years before he published his first novel, Dangling Man, his sense of his destiny was dramatic because he was thinking in form, in the orbit of the natural storyteller, in the dimensions of natural existence. The exhilarating thing about him was that a man so penetrating and informed should be so sure of his talent for imaginative literature, for the novel, for the great modern form. We all knew brilliant intellectuals, academic conquistadores, geniuses at ideology, who demanded one's intellectual surrender. Every day I saw intellectuals clever enough to make the world over, who indeed had made the world over many times. Yet Bellow who had been brought up in the same utopianism and was himself a scholar in the formidable University of Chicago style, full of the Great Books and jokes from the Greek plays, would obviously be first and last a novelist, a storyteller, creating new myths out of himself and everyone he had ever known, fought, loved, and hated. This loosened the bonds of ideology for the rest of us. It was refreshing to be with a man who so clearly believed himself headed for power in the novel: it disposed of many pedantic distinctions.
......
Quote of the Day: “I am an American, Chicago born - Chicago, that somber city - and go at things as I have taught myself, free-style, and will make the record in my own way: first to knock, first admitted; sometimes an innocent knock, sometimes a not so innocent." Augie March, 1953
One more thing: Gallup: Bush Approval Rating Lowest Ever for 2nd-Term Prez at this Point .
One more, one more thing: Happy birthday, kid.
UPDATE: This just in
For Immediate Release April 6, 2005
Bruce Springsteen Spring 2005 U.S. and European Tour
April 25 Detroit, MI Fox Theatre
April 26 'Devils & Dust' Release Date
April 28 Dallas, TX Nokia Theatre at Grand Prairie
April 30 Phoenix, AR Glendale Arena
May 2 Los Angeles, CA Pantages Theatre
May 3 Los Angeles, CA Pantages Theatre
May 5 Oakland, CA Oakland Theatre
May 7 Denver, CO Convention Theatre
May 10 St Paul, MN Xcel Energy Center
May 11 Chicago, IL Rosemont Theatre
May 14 Fairfax, VA Patriot Center
May 15 Cleveland, OH CSU Convocation Center
May 17 Philadelphia, PA Tower Theatre
May 19 East Rutherford, NJ The Theater at Continental Airlines Arena
May 20 Boston, MA Orpheum Theatre
May 24 Dublin, Ireland The Point
May 27 London, UK Royal Albert Hall
May 28 London, UK Royal Albert Hall
May 30 Brussels, Belgium Forest National
June 1 Barcelona, Spain Pavello Olimpic Badalona
June 2 Madrid, Spain Palacio De Deportes de la Comunidad
June 4 Bologna, Italy Palamalaguti Arena
June 6 Rome, Italy Palalottomatica Arena
June 7 Milan, Italy Milan Forum
June 11 Hamburg, German Color Line Arena
June 12 Berlin, Germany ICC
June 13 Munich, Germany Olympia Hall
June 15 Frankfurt, Germany Festhalle
June 16 Dusseldorf, Germany Phillipshalle
June 19 Rotterdam, Netherlands Ahoy
June 20 Paris, France Bercy
June 22 Copenhagen, Denmark Forum
June 23 Gothenberg, Sweden Scandinavium
June 25 Stockholm, Sweden Hovet
Expect an announcement of additional U.S. tour dates later this year.
Correspondents’ Corner:
Name: David Rice
Hometown: Los Angeles, CA
Dr. Alterman:
I appreciate your posting Mr. Stafford's rumination on Libertarianism. I think supporters of the two main parties would learn a lot about what government should and should not do by giving libertarianism a serious look.
That being said, I think Mr. Stafford's reservations about libertarianism are misplaced. Libertarianism does not operate under the assumption that people are always good or will always make good choices. If people are good and can be trusted, then they shouldn't have to suffer the interference of government. If people are not good, and cannot be trusted, then we shouldn't trust them with the power to impose their will on us (which is what the government does). Since people are rarely all good or bad, then each person should be able to live their life as free from the decisions, and mistakes, of others. No one that I am aware of has ever claimed that libertarianism promises nirvana, but then again, no one is claiming that we have nirvana now.
Mr. Stafford's observation that some of libertarianism's supporters have self serving agendas that are unseemly is not unique to libertarianism. Wouldn't it be safe to say that many politicians, and their constituents, of both liberal and conservative persuasions, have betrayed their ideas in the furtherance of greed, intolerance, and oppression?
I believe that our political culture is horribly corrupt and debased. I think it is going to take at least one generation of Americans, learning a different relationship to government than the one we have now, before we can reduce the oppressive presence the government has, not just in our lives, but in the lives of foreign citizens. I believe that libertarianism would be a healthy beginning to a conversation that could move us in that direction.
Name: Thomas Heiden
Hometown: Stratford, CT
Rob Stafford's letter on Libertarianism interested me greatly. Although I am totally sympathetic to the notion of minimal government intrusion into our private lives, it has struck me that many of Libertarianism's more outspoken advocates also believe that corporations should be left equally free of control.
I know there have been some horrific Supreme Court decisions to the effect that corporations have "rights", but the notion that entities created solely to generate profit can or should be on equal footing with those "endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights" is treacherous and absurd.
Grover Norquist was quoted in Mother Jones as saying, roughly, "My ideal citizen is self-schooled, owns a gun and an IRA, because he doesn't need the government for a @#$%@#$@# thing...". Perhaps we should offer those of Mr. Norquist's ilk a deal: they can pay almost no taxes, but companies can sell them any products they wish and such citizens will have no recourse when their faultily-made gun blows up in their face, their IRA investments go belly-up due to uninvestigated corporate corruption, and they succumb to mad cow disease after eating uninspected beef.
Many on the Right try to claim that the Founders never intended that the government could "interfere" with "commerce". Why does no one seem to emphasize the fact that in 1776, you knew if the blacksmith shoed your horse poorly, or if the grain you were buying was bad, and so did everyone else - bad merchants did not stay in business for too long.
Does anyone know if their car or computer will work out of the box? Do they know if their medication will affect them adversely?
I will stop, but how much of a record of defrauding investors, exploiting employees, and abusing consumers does modern corporate capitalism have to have before the benighted Right acknowledges that MORE rather than less regulation is needed.
Sigh.
• April 5, 2005 | 12:41 PM ET |
'The crown jewel of American liberties'
Name:
Hometown: Davis, CA
Among the dirty tricks the U.S. Constitution played in its wild younger days, the three-fifths compromise ranks high on the cynicism scale because it used black people to increase the voting power of white people who denied those black people the right to vote. Nor have the days of three-fifthsism passed. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, in a rare procedure involving all of its sitting judges, is about to decide whether the modern version of three-fifthsism should survive. The U.S. Attorney General thinks it should, and argues that a federal statute cannot constitutionally apply in this case. And the federal statute the Attorney General is trying to have declared unconstitutional in this application is the Voting Rights Act.
The origins of this mess lie in the mind of Jalil Abdul Muntaqim, né Anthony Bottom, lately of Shawangunk Correctional Facility in Wallkill, NY. Muntaqim is a convicted cop-killer who decided to challenge New York State's law that bars felons like him from voting. Muntaqim v. Coombe went to a three-judge panel of the Second Circuit Court, where Muntaqim lost. On appeal, the U.S. Supreme Court declined to hear the case. You might have heard nothing further about Muntaqim had not the Second Circuit, in an unusual move, his request that they hear the case in banc, which means that all thirteen active judges on the circuit will hear the case on June 22, 2005.
{Pedantic note, 1: Everyone, including me, spells it "en banc." Except the Second Circuit, which uses "in banc."}
{Pedantic note, 2: Argument on June 22 will consolidate Muntaqim v. Coombe with another case, Hayden v. Pataki, to combine questions the two cases pose (about vote denial and vote dilution) with respect to the Voting Rights Act.}
Muntaqim, as a cop-killer, does not strike me as the ideal poster-child for thwarted civic ambition. (By contrast note that the Brown in Brown v. Board was the Reverend Mr. Oliver Brown.) But Muntaqim's case suggests that when he loses his vote -- which may be, in itself, a just thing -- bad practical consequences ensue for everyone else owing to neo-three-fifthsism.
Here's how it works. Most prisoners in New York State come from the five boroughs of New York City. But in the last thirty years or so, the state has built all its prisons upstate. So all those downstate criminals get convicted and then moved upstate. And then, for the purposes of apportioning representation, this prison population counts in the upstate district -- even though the felons can't vote. The effect is the same as the three-fifths compromise -- only now, five-fifths of disenfranchised people can count toward the representation of their enfranchised neighbors. In consequence New York Senate Districts would, without their prisoners, not have enough residents to qualify for representation.
{Pedantic note, 3: Historians use "disfranchisement," an economical form. But everyone else likes "disenfranchisement."}
{Pedantic note, 4: To put the apportionment problem more precisely, without the prisoners these seven districts would fall below the average district population by more than the allowable deviation, thus invalidating the scheme of representation under White v. Regester. The whole by Peter Wagner is worth reading.}
As a result of this policy of disenfranchisement and relocation, New York City loses population and thus representation to upstate, rural areas. It is a very traditional, American outcome, as if New York State had its own miniature Senate or Electoral College. But insofar as race matters in voting -- and U.S. law assumes it does -- this policy causes worse problems. The prison population in New York State is about 80% black and Latino. So the state's disenfranchisement and export of felons means that the otherwise fairly white counties upstate get a bloc of nonvoting minorities whose presence augments their right to representation in the state legislature, while the downstate counties get whiter by the number of prisoners exported.
Here the Voting Rights Act comes in. Passed in 1965 to provide federal oversight for elections in the Jim Crow South, its Section 2 stated that "No ... standard, practice, or procedure shall be imposed or applied by any State or political subdivision to deny or abridge the right of any citizen of the United States to vote on account of race or color." As later amended and passed in 1982, Section 2 , "No ... procedure shall be imposed or applied by any State ... in a manner which results in a denial or abridgment of the right of any citizen of the United States to vote on account of race or color...." (Emphasis added.) Briefs offered in the Muntaqim case argue that the state's felon disenfranchisement law as implemented counts as just such a procedure under the Voting Rights Act because it results in denial and abridgment of voting rights of a class defined by race.
At this stage the lines of legal conflict get truly tangled. Courts have by statute to notify the Attorney General if the constitutionality of a federal statute is questioned in a case to which the U.S. government is not a party. (The of this law is 28 U.S.C. 2403.) Congress enacted this requirement in 1937. As Rep. Hatton Sumners (D-TX), the bill's author and sponsor, explained, it give the AG the power "to defend, solely, the question of constitutionality" and this power was "limited to the one thing, and that is the defense of the constitutionality of the act." (81 Cong. Rec. 3254 and 3259) Muntaqim's case draws into question the constitutionality of the Voting Rights Act. And the Attorney General is responding -- only, he's responding not to defend but to oppose the constitutionality of the Voting Rights Act in this application. The United States' brief expresses disapproval of "the vast overinclusiveness of Section 2" of the Voting Rights Act. If Section 2 were enforced this way, the U.S. amicus brief argues, it "raises serious questions" about the constitutionality of at least this part of the Voting Rights Act. (Brief for the United States as amicus curiae in Muntaqim v. Coombe, 21)
Does the Attorney General's unusual intervention reflect a partisan skew to the clash? Yes and no. The Senators from New York's upstate districts that depend on prisoner populations to justify their representation are Republicans, and of course the Attorney General's office is now staffed by Republicans. But this is not just about Republicans vs. Democrats. It's about Republicans (2005 edition) vs. Republicans (1982 edition). Because the Voting Rights Act as it now stands, with that "overinclusive" Section 2 that tries to prevent procedures anywhere in the country from producing a racially discriminatory result, irrespective of intent, was passed by a majority-Republican Senate -- even voted for it -- and by Ronald Reagan. But you know Reagan and Thurmond. They were weedy liberals, with wild ideas about how "the right to vote is the of American liberties, and we will not see its luster diminished."
Disclaimer: The Second Circuit Court appointed counsel for Muntaqim in June 2002. This learned and charming counsel's name is Jon Rauchway. These opinions are mine, not his. All information presented here is public record, and legal commenters generally agree on the importance of this case. See the NAACP LDF's Muntaqim ; see Appellate Law &
Practice's ; and also Chris Bowers at MyDD on " ."
As of 3/31/05, former United States Attorneys Zachary Carter, Veronica Coleman-Davis, and Scott Lassar, together with the National Black Police Association, the National Latino Officers Association of America, and other current and former law enforcement officials have weighed in on the side opposite the Justice Department, arguing in their own amicus brief that concerns about federalism or law enforcement should not prevent the application of Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act in this case.
About Last Night: I’ll admit, I think I’m a pretty good writer. Sometimes I wish I weren’t because then I would have ended up spending more than the single day I did at Columbia Law School and now I’d be obscenely rich. Still, most of the time I’m grateful for whatever talent I have as a writer because it makes it easier to articulate what I think and feel and I find that therapeutic. Plus—and this is no small thing--I get to make a good living doing pretty much what I’d do if I didn’t have to do it for money. Still, while I think I’m pretty good, I’m know I’m not that good. I’m not good enough, for instance, to describe for you how if felt to sit five feet from Bruce Springsteen last night in a tiny theater in Red Bank, New Jersey, while he sat at the piano, and played “Thunder Road,” twice, and then spent fifteen or twenty minutes, describing his ambitions for the song when he wrote it and how it grew into what it is now, and singing each line over and over again—and sounding, unbelievably it seemed at the moment, exactly like Bruce Springsteen--to illustrate what he meant. [And I thought I was sick of that song.] I’m not even good enough to describe how it felt when he did the same for “Devils and Dust,” “Brilliant Disguise,” “Raining on a Sunny Day,” (and again as Smokey Robinson), “Nebraska,” “The Rising,” and another new song from Devils and Dust about Jesus and Mary, and maybe something I’m forgetting. I am good enough, however, to have gotten my first-ever writing assignment from , and that was why they let me in in the first place. So I’ll be trying harder in the next few weeks to write about it for them. (Immediacy is both the best and worst thing about blog-writing.) In the meantime, I can say this. Never in my life have been so glad I was not a lawyer.
(VH-1 will broadcast the “Storytellers” show in April 23, which I see is the night of the first Seder. I have noticed in the past that Bruce often has a problem avoiding major Jewish holidays. I’m pretty sure this is always a coincidence, but an annoying one, nevertheless.)
Alter-Employment Announcement
Seconds ago, I received two weeks’ notice from my senior research assistant who works somewhere between half and full time for me, doing mostly historical research for my books, but also a bit of clerical work and helps me a bit with planning my teaching, writing and speaking schedules. I’d really like to have someone in place by the time he’s gone. If you are interested, please apply ASAP to Whatliberalmedia_at_AOL.com, but do not send me your resume as an attachment. I won’t open it. Sorry I can only reply to those e-mails I want to pursue. If you don’t hear from me, it’s a “no.” Please apply only if:
You have at least a master’s degree in American history or a closely related field like American studies, or, you have at least two years experience as historical researcher or editor or as a particularly impressive intellectually-oriented journalist on say, a or level (which means I should already be acquainted with your work).
You already live, or will be living, in or around New York City two weeks from today.
You can make a commitment to work 20-40 hours a week at least until Labor Day
You are independent, efficient, grown-up, well-organized and discreet.
Nice ‘Culture of Life’ you have there, buddy: Incitement to Terrorist Murder of the Day, “I don't know if there is a cause-and-effect connection, but we have seen some recent episodes of courthouse violence in this country. And I wonder whether there may be some connection between the perception in some quarters, on some occasions, where judges are making political decisions yet are unaccountable to the public, that it builds up and builds up and builds up to the point where some people engage in, engage in violence." Sen. John Cornyn, .
Alter-correction: I had the wrong link for Mediatransparency.org yesterday. Check them out please. It’s a great site.
Correspondents’ Corner:
Name: Dave Elley
Hometown: Seattle
Eric,
?
Name: Rob Stafford
Hometown: Spring Valley
Are you a closet Libertarian?
Can’t say, but don’t think so.
I was registered Libertarian for several years, contributed to the party, read the literature, walked around with a little libertarian talking points card in my wallet. Even went to an occasional meeting. Though I stopped that pretty quickly.
I’ll tell you why:
Libertarianism is a fine idea, with many good and useful points to make about American politics. They can, and do contribute usefully to the discourse. I’m glad they’re here, and I’m glad they speak up.
But there are at least two things the literature doesn’t discuss in much detail, if any.
One, at least one of the fundamental tenants of libertarianism is seriously flawed. Libertarianism relies on an assumption (if you come to it from the left, as I do), that left to their own devices, humans will be good stewards of their own planet, their own communities, their own (and their neighbors') resources. They must be, because the philosophy of minimal government means no one will be taking care of these things for us. It turns out humans aren’t real good at this kind of collective responsibility. Want proof? Google "Tragedy of the Commons."
Two, Libertarians in person are different from Libertarians on paper. There are several sub-categories of Libertarians, and many of them are fun characters to drink with. But those involved in the politics, those contributing the money, those writing many of the articles, are not what you might think. My (personal, limited, subjective) take on these people is that most of them are business men who feel constrained from following their natural money seeking instincts, even by today’s incredibly pro-business government regulation & oversight. Think for a moment about your boss, or your landlord, or the people who manufacture cyanide gas on the Indian sub-continent, and how those particular individuals would act completely unrestrained by any kind of law or propriety.
I do not want to paint all libertarians with the same broad brush. I have good friends in the movement. I admire greatly some past and present advocates of the politics, but I did think it was important to note, that on the ground, many of them are like the rest of humanity. They’re in it for themselves, and their politics are a convenient reflection of that fact.
Name: Rebbe Herschel Bassman
Hometown: Los Angeles, CA
Young man, you need to smile a little more. God willing, I will teach you how to get all of the hate out of your body. It is eating you up. … I can help you, boychik!
• April 4, 2005 | 11:50 AM ET |
Defeating the cultural ghosts
Our Man in Baghdad
Name:
Dateline: Baghdad, Iraq
Police Story
A few weeks ago an American officer I know received an education of sorts in the long-term effects of Hussein upon this culture.
He was visiting an Iraqi police station in the general area of Baghdad. On his way into the station, being the curious sort, he stopped at the front gate and through his interpreter talked to the Policeman guarding the entrance. After asking about the fellows’ general health, his pay, and his duties, the American looked to his equipment. It appeared clean, and generally in good working order. This last, perhaps more than many other things, is a good indicator of the quality of a unit. Clean weapons matter. More importantly, they work. Usually those who clean their weapons also have the discipline to stand and fight as well.
Then he asked about the policeman’s ammunition. Did he have enough? It turns out that the fellow had none.
One might assume that the officer would then fly into a paroxysm at this revelation. But this American, like more and more of us, was now aware enough of the environment not to press the issue with the humble patrolman. If he did not have ammo, given the other indicators, it was probably not his fault. The officer nodded and proceeded inside the station. There he found the local chief of that station. The conversation that followed is instructive.
“Did you know that the guard out front doesn’t have any ammunition for his weapon?”
“Yes,” replied the police chief, “We haven’t enough to go around.”
“How is that?” said the American advisor, who knew that there was ammunition in the logistics system, millions upon millions of rounds in fact.
“They have not given us any ammunition,” replied the somewhat embarrassed Iraqi police leader.
“What do you mean? Have you asked them for ammunition?” said the American, knowing that hoarding can be an accidental byproduct of a people acculturated to keep an exact accounting of all that a centralized government such as that of Hussein provided them.
“No, no,” responded the Police Chief.
“Well, why not?”
“Oh, that cannot be done, it would dishonor my superior.”
“Do you mean you would, you are, leaving your station to be guarded by men without ammunition for their weapons rather than dishonor your superior by asking for it?”
“Yes.”
Of course, after some discussion, that station got ammunition. Pretty much immediately in fact. But that is not the relevant point.
I relate this story to make a point which was difficult to for me to truly comprehend before arriving here. It’s one of those “you have to see it to believe it” sort of things. What the Americans (and the Brits, and the rest of the Coalition, as well as the UN, all the NGOs in the world, and NATO) face in this country is not just the task of defeating an insurgency. That, in some ways, is the simple part.
What looms larger is the effort needed to defeat the cultural ghosts of Saddam Hussein. As it was told to me one thing was clear: the Police Captain was one of the good guys. The American relating the tale was illustrating a point by telling this story about one of the good guys. The point was that it was not fraud, it was not waste, it was not the near-ubiquitous bakshish which inhibited his Iraqi counterpart. That Iraqi Police leader was good, honest and dedicated, but he was operating in his own context of honor and a fear of causing dishonor. That was what kept him from requesting the needed ammunition, even in a combat zone. This is a point which Americans find alien. I cannot speak for other cultures, but Honor, to us, is different. Even for me. This observation demands more thought.
BAGHDAD WITHIN EARSHOT:
Nothing of note within earshot this week. I have decided that, like many of my peers, I generally dislike the “PSD”s (Personal Security Detachments). One almost ran me over (along with about ten others) the other night, speeding like they’d just been hit by an IED on Haifa Street. They went from a dead stop just behind us, whipped past while accelerating to about 20-30 mph over a distance of 200 yards, before they had to hit the brakes hard to stop. Why? Because all of this was INSIDE the Embassy area, which is inside the Green Zone, and there just isn’t that much road. I was annoyed.
No mail these past five days for any of us, nor will there be for a little while, so I dread the potential deluge of French Vanilla coffee creamer that is storing up in a powdery bow-wave preparing to crash. My love, Kate, ruminates on grad school decisions, my daughters remain healthy, the home front is peaceful. Like most of you, I am wondering where Pierce hides.
Readings:
I’ve always been grateful for the Web site which does such a helpful work tracking the money tree on the right through foundations to their donors and products. It helped me a great deal writing And so I was pleased to be able to contribute this short essay on .
Am I a ?
On Kennan and Nitze, . You can find NSC-68 and Kennan’s “The Sources of Soviet Conduct” .
would be a better country, huh?
Winning when it doesn’t matter; choking when it does. "Let the have it.”
May God bless and . May her wishes all come true…
And don’t miss Kevin Mattson’s terrific article on the misunderstood lessons for liberals of the sixties.
Judy Miller: “I’m still and .
April Alter-Appearances
4/13 ASNE Panel, "The Bias Question: The News of Affirmation vs. Verification," with Gerald Boyd, Kathryn Lopez, and David a Zeek, Washington D.C.
4/20 Williams College, lecture on “The Future of Liberalism”
4/22 University Synagogue, Irvine CA, Shabbat service, discussion of media, public discourse and Israel and the Palestinians
4/23 LA Times Festival of Books, 11:30 am, panel, “Deceit & Cover-ups” with John W. Dean, Maureen Dowd, Dr. Michael Shermer, Jon Wiener. (Um, what’s this “Dr.” stuff?)
4/27 Ohio State University, Dean’s Forum on "Keeping It Civil--Or Not: Public Discourse and the Humanities,” with Pauline Yu and Mary Louise Pratt.
And come say hello if you happen to be in today. Looks like we’ll have some time to kill… (My entry: “Just what in the world is a hemi-powered drone?”)
Correspondents’ Corner:
Name: Barry L. Ritholtz
Hometown: Hey Doc,
The discussion of the private accounts side of Social Security Reform (as opposed to strengthening its finances) relies on a single premise: That Human Beings are rational economic participants. That's the theory underlying a range of behaviors, from retirement planning to privatization schemes.
Problem is, it has been very well documented as false.
Humans are terrible at making the risk/reward analysis. As a species, we are emotional, tend to have a very weak comprehension of time beyond hours or days, are given to herd behavior, and have an awfully good ability to self-rationalize.
These reasons (and others) are why most people do such a lousy job at handling their own investment monies. It's not just mom and pop, though -- most pros stink too. 80% of all professional money managers underperform the S&P 500. Making it even more complex, it's a different 80% that underperform each year!
I suspect most people have known this intuitively. It's a large reason why a majority of the public prefers a guaranteed insurance plan (the current Social Security structure) versus private accounts (the President's plan for privatizing risk).
If you want more details as to why Humans are not hardwired for the capital markets, see these comments:
USA Today had an interesting article this past week (it happens). The discussion was on the fact that most Americans are .
A more accurate title would have been "Humans not good at investing." There's a very specific reason for this; it is something I am in the middle of writing up, and will address very soon in print.
Meanwhile, here's an excerpt:
"A study by Hewitt Associates that analyzed the 2003 investment behavior and account activity of 2.5 million employees eligible for 401(k) plans exposes a trove of investment mistakes by average investors:
Three out of 10 employees eligible for 401(k) plans don't participate, Hewitt says. That means investors are passing up free money in the form of matching contributions from their employers.
Despite horror stories about employees at scandal-scarred companies such as WorldCom and Enron having their 401(k) accounts wiped out because they had all their money riding on their own company's stock, 27% of 401(k) investors still have more than half of their money in their employer's shares.
And proving that investors are hardly hands-on, only 17% made 401(k) transfers in 2003.
Another Hewitt study, done in fall 2004 with Harvard University and the Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania, found that a "non-saving mentality" persists. The study focused largely on "low savers," those who do not stash enough in their 401(k)s to earn the company match. When "low savers" learned they were passing up $1,200 a year in matching contributions, one-third said they intended to raise their savings rate. Only 15% actually did."
This factor, more than any other reason, explains why the President's Social Security Privatization idea has generated so little positive response amongst most Americans.
Put aside the Social Security issue for a moment. I find the argument that people are not hard wired to be investors is quite fascinating. Wall Street uses a variation of this to suggest "professional management;" indexers use it to argue against active management; discount brokers say if you can do as well as the mediocre pros, then why pay big commissions?
All of these positions miss the bigger picture: Why are Humans Beings so ill suited to investing?
I first came across one of my favorite explanations as to why we simply aren’t hardwired to undertake risk reward analysis in capital markets many years ago. It was from Michael Mauboussin, now Legg Mason Funds chief investment strategist, formerly chief U.S. investment strategist at Credit Suisse First Boston. In a cogent and persuasive manner, the reason why: "The mind is better suited for 'hunting and gathering' than it is for understanding Bayesian analysis."
Simply put, you just ain't built for it. Mauboussin breaks down the emotional and psychological impediments into 7 subtopics:
Desire to be part of the crowd.
Overconfidence.
Inability to assess probabilities rationally.
We love a story, especially when it links cause to effect.
Use of heuristics, or rules of thumb.
Chance.
Fitness landscapes and the role of the inductive process.
Each of these is explained in more detail, but the bottom line remains: Most people simply do not posses the counter-intuitive skill set, or the emotional detachment, or the discipline required for long term outperformance in the markets...
Source:
Adam Shell
USA TODAY, Posted 3/23/2005 12:12 AM
Updated 3/23/2005 1:14 PM
Michael Mauboussin
March 12, 1997
• April 1, 2005 | 11:44 AM ET |
Slacker Almost Opening Day Friday
I’ve got a new “Think Again” column regarding the reporting of the Social Security Trustees’ report.
As went CNN yesterday, we note that the Schiavo , written, produced and directed by the right wing.
In IPF Friday today, MJ Rosenberg advises the Senate that if it follows the House lead and guts Palestinian aid, its bill will earn the title of Hamas Relief Act because it will buck up the terrorists while seriously damaging Abu Mazen. AIPAC should understand that it will not succeed in eviscerating Bush's $200 million aid request in the Senate in the dead of night -- as it did in the House. MJ, and others, are watching, .
On to Slacker Friday:
From: Siva Vaidhyanathan
Hometown: The Evil Empire
Don't Call This a Comeback
Eric:
Sorry I have not contributed to Altercation in a while. I have been consumed with my day job and the recent Supreme Court arguments about peer-to-peer file sharing. Oh, the paperback of my second book, , is about to come out. Altercation readers really should buy it.
But I wanted to weigh in on the dawn of spring and the return of baseball. As much as it broke my heart to learn that during the inauguration Republicans donned Nationals hats for their distinctive "W," I sure am glad that our nation's capital has Major League baseball again. I have been bitter about the Expos ever since 1968 when they stole the expansion opportunity from its rightful owner, the greatest sports town in America, Buffalo. OK. I was two years old and more concerned with my pacifier than baseball. But I have been angry ever since I learned about it.
Here are my predictions for the 2005 season:
1. The season of comebacks: Pedro Martinez will make the Red Sox sorry by winning the Cy Young and about 21 games for a struggling young Mets team. Both Sammy Sosa and Jason Giambi will have respectable seasons at the plate, thus saving their careers and reputations. Juan Gonzalez will not.
2. A-Rod, MVP for life: The top home-run hitter in baseball will be Alex Rodriguez, with 50.
3. Back to the Gold Standard: Remember when George Foster hit 50 home runs for the Reds? He was the man. We will return to a 50-home run standard of excellence for a few years. This will happen less because hitters will quit steroids (it's not as big a malady as some in Congress pretend). But hitters and managers will be more interested in on-base percentages, moving runners, and playing for one run (these are Giambi's real strengths). Fans will make it clear that they suspect big HR numbers and the players will respond.
4. Rebuilding for 2092: The Red Sox boyish brain trust will start planning out their lineup for the next time they win the World Series. Oddly, drunken Yankee fans will sense no irony in chanting "2004" at puzzled Red Sox fans.
6. Empire, evil or not: The Yankees will begin their domination of the 21st century. They will beat the Angels in the ALCS. They will beat someone in the World Series. The As will fade late in the season. The Twins will fade late as well, despite having a great manager who gets it. No one in the National League interests me so I will make no predictions beyond this: many pitchers will strike out many times. Yawn.
Ok. Bring on the flames and Pierce's predictable response!
Name: Stupid
Hometown: Chicago
Hey Eric, it's Stupid to get excited. After witnessing all the gushing concern for Terry Schiavo I suddenly have hope that the nation won't turn its back on the Darfur genocide after all. Surely if people care sooooo much about one woman's life, to the point that they pass legislation with lightening speed to try to save her, the same people won't ignore the deaths of 300,000 and will move with similar alacrity to help the million who are at risk. Amos 9:7, world's greatest human rights disaster and all that. Here I thought Sudanese government had successfully ridden out a toothless media storm. Now they'll see what a moral majority can do!
Seriously, to all Altercators, there really is something you can do, and it might be the last best hope for Black Africans in Darfur. Support the divestment movement . There's no burning passion for divestment, but there are pending bills in California, Illinois, New Jersey and Maryland which have been steadily moving forward. Even a small bit of public pressure might make a difference, and there's power here: in Illinois alone state and local governments have over one ***TRILLION*** dollars invested in companies actively doing business with Sudan. Is it a coincidence that Apartheid South Africa collapsed around the same time the divestment movement was picking-up steam? Possibly, but what else is there? In the height of surrealness, the United Nations says it's more important to set up a Sudan/Darfur war crimes tribunal than to try to stop the war crimes. The United States, rather than confront China and Russia and present a muscular resolution for a vote, is bogged down protesting the --nature-- of the tribunal! Pox. Both. Houses.
PS: OK, my Wake Forest pick for the NCAA tourney was, er, a little off, but last year with major league baseball I got 6 of 8 playoff picks right. 2005: National League: St. Louis, Atlanta (who look weak on paper but I'm picking them until someone dethrones them), Los Angeles, San Diego (wildcard). American League: White Sox, Yankees, Angels, Red Sox (wildcard, but I think they've awoken a Yankee monster and will not repeat. Sorry...)
Name: Daniel
Hometown: Tahlequah, OK
Snowjob indeed. Unless I'm mistaken, this is not the second half of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence report which was delayed until after the election, because it was to examine the extent to which intel was distorted and manipulated to achieve the administration's desired result. The last I saw on the subject, Sen. Pat Roberts (KS) was trying to discourage the release and questioning the need for the public to view its conclusions. This released report was nothing more than a misdirection maneuver and simply scapegoated the intel community, which the first part of the Senate report had already accomplished.
Name: Christopher Barnes
Hometown: Studio City, CA
Dr. Alterman, how dare you impugn the integrity of the Whitewash...I mean White House panel looking into the Iraq intelligence disaster? I'm shocked, shocked to think that anyone would interpret Dick Cheney's visits to the CIA, W's immediate assignment of blame to Iraq after 9/11 and Don Rumsfeld's, Colin Powell's and Condi Rice's flagrant disregard for facts, evidence and integrity in the run up to war as somehow proving much of the blame lies with senior cabinet members. Next you'll be asserting that the man who preaches personal responsibility and honesty should take a "buck stops here" approach and accept accountability for a war that never should have been fought. Oh and I'm sure you'll want to dredge up the ever changing "101 best reasons we went to war" aided by the MSM and how facts were interpreted at the White House in the worst possible light in order to justify an unjustifiable attack. Well if you're going to be a spoilsport, we'll just have to empanel another commission--this one to prove there never was a second Iraq war and that this has all been misinformation fed to us by that liberal media. That'll show you.
Name: Jason Reagle
Hometown: Pittsburgh
Dear Dr. Alterman,
In response to Tim the Fighting Irishman, and his assertion that U2 sells its floor seats for a good price, it must be said that those seats, at a given concert, represent at most 20% of the available tickets. It is laudable that U2 doesn't sell ALL but the most nosebleed-inducing seats for the $100 to $160 range. However, the $100 to $160 prices are, in and of themselves, cringeworthy. The going rate for better bands these days that aren't on yet another "Our Investments Aren't Doing as Well as we Planned Tour," (see the Stones/Eagles/Babs for god's sake a few years back) is in the $45 to $60 per ticket range before the monolithic and monopolistic Ticketmaster extorts its fee. For U2 to charge much beyond $60 is prima facie of evidence of greed. As big a U2 fan as I am let's call it what it is. To even get U2 floor seats at most venues, one must pay $40 to take part in an elaborate "pre-sale." $40 per person who wants a shot at 2 floor seats is robbery as well. Any administrative costs that U2 may incur in running a "fan-site" cannot, in any way, equal the huge amount of revenue they receive by charging what is, in effect, a $40 pre-sale fee. If they want to receive what the market will bare that's their right, but please don't give me this "taking care of the little guy" crap because it is exactly that.
Name: Sal
Hometown:
The great STEVE WYNN performing LIVE on the NYCD STAGE!!
Saturday, April 2nd- 3PM!!
It's free!! It's fun!! And let's face it- STEVE WYNN IS DAMN GOOD!!
Come on down!
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https://eminence.com/blogs/blog/interview-with-george-alessandro
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Q&A with amp guru George Alessandro
|
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[
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"Cobi Stein"
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2012-10-30T00:00:00+00:00
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Eminence and Alessandro collaborated with Eric Johnson on the Eric Johnson Signature EJ1250 guitar speaker. We recently sat down with George to learn more.
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en
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//eminence.com/cdn/shop/files/CrownFavicon1800_32x32.jpg?v=1613790473
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Eminence Speaker, LLC
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https://eminence.com/blogs/blog/interview-with-george-alessandro
|
Eminence has had the pleasure of working with George Alessandro for many years, building custom guitar speakers to his specifications for many of his high-end amplifiers. Together we collaborated with legendary guitarist Eric Johnson on what we think is the finest alnico guitar speaker on the market, the Eric Johnson Signature EJ1250. We recently sat down with George to learn more about the man behind the tone of many of today's premier artists. Eminence: First, tell us a bit about Alessandro High-End Products, Working Dog, and Hound Dog Corp. What do you do, and what sets you apart? George: Hound Dog Corporation is the parent company that does business as Alessandro and Working Dog. The Alessandro trademark was put into place to define a new concept of true high-end products. The Working Dog mark was about quality, and cost effective products for the working musicians out there. Eminence: How did you first get started in the industry? How did you learn your trade? George: I earned an associates electronics degree out of high school, worked servicing 2-way radios for a couple years, then went back to college for my BS in Biology and Chemistry (pre-med at the time). During this time I was working as a sound-man/roadie and tech. It was a hobby at the time. At 15 years old, my first guitar and amp was an Ibanez Roadstar and Peavey Bandit. By 16 I had a vintage strat and Super Reverb, and by 18 acquired two more vintage strats, more Super Reverbs and a '59 tweed Bassman. I grew up in the early 80's, so hair bands were the trend. By my mid teens SRV made it big. He opened my eyes to a whole new type of music and gear and I've never looked back. By the time I purchased the '59 Tweed Bassman, I was working on electronics and tinkering with vacuum tube amps. I thought there was something wrong with the sound of the amp and took it to a bunch of the local techs. I still never thought it was right. Months passed, many repair bills later and still unsatisfied, I decided to do some research and see if I could fix it. Low and behold, it had a shorted cap that no one had found, and sounded like I thought it should, heavenly and mean. I kept reading and learning about vintage guitar amps from that time and started servicing all my own gear. This was also the time when I learned to seek out the "old timers" and pick their brains about vacuum tube gear. I worked for a "Fred Sanford" type guy, named Fred Chassie, who had more vintage studio gear and vacuum tube stuff than you could imagine (10,000 sq. ft. minimum, floor to chest with just isles to get around). My job was to unbury mountains, pack them onto pallets and move them to a smaller warehouse. My pay was to make piles of gear that I found in those mountains, and if I wasn't greedy I got it. I pulled so much vintage studio gear, vacuum tubes, mics, and parts out of that place that I still have piles left here today. Cool gear aside, the true gift of Fred was his knowledge. As we uncovered gear, Fred would tell the story of what the gear was, where it came from and how it worked. I'm talking about the earliest generation tape machines, microphones, compressor/limiters and preamps. He knew everything about all that gear because he was there when they came out, used and serviced them, bought and sold them till the day he passed. There are no books on this stuff and his generation is now no longer with us. His knowledge was a gift I will never under appreciate. That knowledge was something that I applied to my trade everyday. Since then I've been compiling a similar knowledge base of Vintage Guitar amps of the 50's and 60's. I've been lucky to have played, owned and serviced just about every pinnacle amp out there. I've refined my trade to a specialty of vintage amps only, that is where my decades of experience lies. I'm good at it, and it is still just fun. Eminence: What made you decide to go into business for yourself? George: In the mid/early 90's I was at the crossroads of my life; school or work. I was finishing my BS degree and looking into med school. By this time, I was servicing vintage amps as a side job for fun money. I had made friends with a brain doc at University of Penn in Philly. I serviced his guitar amps and he showed me around at Penn's dept. of Neurology. We got to be good friends and had a mutual friend in Ken Fischer, another person who had an influence on me at the time. I had to make a choice of 10 more years of school/residency to get my PHD/MD or let my hobby of amp repair become a career. I had designed my own circuit that I was installing in Black Face Bassman heads to give them more gain and built a crude amp from spare parts with it. It sounded really good and a couple prototypes later, looked less crude. As Ken Fischer was the only local guy I could talk shop about intelligently, I brought him the prototype to hear. He liked it and gave me a really nice plug in Vintage Guitar Magazine. The orders flooded in and my hobby became a business. At the same time my brain doc friend was telling me about the downfalls of the medical field, (with HMOs, malpractice insurance and the internal politics in the hospitals), it was not necessarily a good fit for me. I really wanted to get into medicine for the right reasons, but if I was going to be miserable, was it worth it? Well, we know what I'm doing now and when I look back at all the people and places this path has taken me, I would have never believed it then. As the years passed and I added more amps to the product line, I started getting into high-end audio (avoid it unless you have some disposable income available because it is addictive and can get costly). I was amazed at how Hi-Fi evolved from Macintosh in the 60's to the gear of today. Hi-Fi today is better then yesterday, the last decade and the decade before, they never stopped evolving their products. It seems like in the Guitar business, the 50's and 60's was the heyday of gear. The raw materials in current high-end hi-fi are modern technology designed for enhanced audio, while guitar amps are still dinosaurs. In the late '90's I started tinkering with these high-end parts and it was truly a revelation. I found that if used properly, very modern and state-of-the-art hi-fi parts could be used to enhance vintage style guitar amps. This revelation led to revamping the amp line and designing from scratch new designs that utilize all the positive effects of the new parts. I found all the weak links in my rig, like the cables, guitar internal parts and speakers because the amp had so much more to offer, but was not coming through. I had to develop all the other parts of the rig to equal or exceed what the amp was capable of creating. Now the tones, oh what beautiful tones! The product line now expanded from just amps to everything except the wooden guitar itself. The concept was to offer everything from cost-effective high-end, to the very best money can buy (I can still remember being laughed at when we introduced a $2000 guitar cable in the late 90's. Within 5 years everybody jumped into the market and there were too many cables that were very expensive but did not sound better, hence the market collapsed). Eminence: You"ve worked with some really great artists over the years. Who have you gotten to know and in what capacity did you work together? George: Because I was in this upscale market (started as boutique, I evolved into high-end) and I was offering really good products, many of the A-List guitar players sought me out. I had the opportunity to build gear and do service work for all the guitar heroes I grew up listening to. Out of respect to all the musicians, I'd love to list them all, but the short list of most memorable/most respected are guys like David Gilmour, Eric Clapton, Eric Johnson, John Mayer, Joe Perry, Derek Trucks and Keith Urban. I still have to pinch myself to see if I dreamed all the things I've done, one of the most memorable being backstage at an Aerosmith concert with my wife and 6 month old daughter. Steven comes out of his dressing room and we are standing there, he stops, runs over and starts playing with my daughter. He is there making ducky noises and playing with her feet, 10 minutes later he is standing in front of 20,000 screaming fans and Joe is out there playing an art amplifier, the Bling Beagle, I built for him that we snuck in his rig for his birthday. It was a fun night and one I can remind my daughter about when she is a teenager and thinks her parents are uncool, that we actually are :-) Eminence: How did you first meet Eric Johnson? Has your relationship changed over the years? George: The phrase "it is a long, strange trip" comes to mind with EJ. I remember a decade before becoming friends with Eric, sneaking backstage at a gig in Philly and standing back there with all his gear. I was in awe of all the gear, but never touched anything. I was walking around back there, got caught and escorted all the way out. A decade later, I was introduced to him by a mutual friend and we became friends. Eric is very controlling about his gear, more than his reputation would lead you to believe. I respect that, I am the same way about the tools of my trade. There is a reason he is as good as he is, and it is not from being lazy and settling for good enough. I am very good at what I do because I put in the time and it is my gift. (Do not ask me to play guitar, not my gift). After years of testing the waters, Eric has let me do what I do and now we have a symbiotic relationship. I have definitely learned things from him because you never know everything and he definitely looks at things from a different perspective than my analytical mind. There is nobody like Eric, he brings something unique to the table. Whether genius or insanity he has a trained ear like no other. Eminence: How did the idea of an Eric Johnson signature speaker design come about? George: In general, the artists in my world feel there is nothing quite like the gear from 40-55 years ago. Eric primarily plays the old Marshall heads into old Basketweave cabs with all original speakers in them, in conjunction with a Fender for the clean tones. The problem is he plays 100's into a single 4x12 with 44 year old speakers. It is hard to find perfect examples of these cabs and many have been reconed. We go through a lot of speakers to find ones that work perfectly and then after touring, they start acting up. This is not a good scenario with a touring artist, to have your gear failing and parts not readily available. The signature speakers came about because of this frustration. At the time we were working on a '58 Tweed Twin that I had just serviced and put an original set of P12N speakers into. The amp sounded angelic. Eric got it and 30 minutes later blew out one of the speakers, the other followed shortly thereafter. Got another set of vintage cone speakers and same scenario. Because I still service vintage amps, blown speakers come up often. I have had lackluster success with all the reconing companies out there, so I had to learn to do it myself. By doing it myself, I can match up the parts more accurately and fine tune them if needed. I sent Eric some of my reconed P12N speakers, they worked. Months passed and he started blowing some of the recones (by now he had a '59 Tweed Twin along with the '58). I already had three Alessandro speakers manufactured by Eminence for me so I suggested we try designing a new speaker for the Twins. Since Eric knew I could make an old speaker sound proper with new parts, we thought we should be able to make a new speaker with the new parts. We prototyped a few speakers and started dialing something in. The prototype was not strictly American or British and because we were starting with a clean slate, we kept making changes till we dialed it in. Eminence: You obviously know Eric"s tone very well, having worked intimately with us to achieve the tone Eric was after. How would you define the tone of the EJ1250? George: After we dialed in the speakers, I started installing them into the High Power Tweed Twins. You can definitely tell where my ear was during the development of the prototypes, they sound like Leo designed the amp for these speakers. Since Fender never intended players to use the amps the way Eric does, turned up way into full distortion, the stock speakers fall far short from allowing the amp to voice properly. Eric's setting is Y-corded into the amp with both controls on 11 7/8 (turn it up to 12 then back it down a notch). With the new speakers, the amp can now voice properly clean, dirty and flat out. I built a recreation of his amps, blueprinted from his amps and another 100% original '59, and installed the new speakers. The combination of a strong, tight, proper recreation Twin and the new speakers, is pure tone. These are desert island amps, giving all the choices out there. This is the one amp to be stuck with for life. We did find that like all speakers, this speaker is not for every application. Like Marshall in '65 who stopped using Alnico speakers in closed back 4x12s, we found with 100W Marshall amps, it was not a perfect match. I have not tried every cabinet configuration, but in general this speaker voices wonderfully with American amps and lower power British amps. Eminence: In your opinion, how important is the loudspeaker"s role in the overall tone chain? Do you feel this is often overlooked? George: Without the speaker, you aint got jack. A bad or mediocre speaker will kill the best rig. On the flip side, an efficient, revealing speaker will bring out all the flaws in a mediocre amp. There are speakers out there with a super rolled off top-end that guys are raving about. I can't use them because they kill my amp's tone. If there is something wrong with an amp, the fix is not a muted speaker. A good speaker is efficient, balanced and has an airy top-end. There are different flavors of chocolate out there for different tastes, same as speakers, but dynamic should be a component of every speaker. The reason I struck up a working relationship with Eminence is because years ago, I felt like someone tied my hands and would not allow me to make a proper sounding amplifier. The companies I was using had quality control issues and special order from others was not an option. Eminence stepped up to the plate, prototyped what I asked, and now they are my go to speakers, and now on stage with the biggest names in the business. Eminence: What"s the best advice you could give a young guitarist who is searching for their tone? Do they have to spend a lot of money to sound great? George: It really is all in the hands, and a good rig will make you sound worse if you don't have the tone in your hands. Simplicity is best, have a good tube amp with a proper speaker, plug straight in and play. Add effects in front if needed, but do not rely on them for the tone, it should come from the heart, the hands and the rig. Eminence: We always enjoy working with you and hope to collaborate on more projects in the future. Aside from that, what other projects/products do you have on the horizon? George: I'd like to see some new signature speakers with new artists (and some with the "old" ones). I'm working on possibly producing the amp that spurred this project and we have a light-weight speaker cabinet line on the horizon utilizing the Alessandro speakers. Learn more about Alessandro products at www.alessandro-products.com
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Artist Gallery
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What can I say? I have waited a long time for something like this to finally be great enough to implement on the Thirty Seconds To Mars stage.
I've always struggled to choose between tonal quality and versatility versus convenience for touring. Unfortunately, I've always had to lug around enormous amounts of gear (multiple different amp heads, multiple iso-cabs, matrix loop switching, literally more than a dozen different pedals, etc...) to do what I needed live so that I could pull off several albums worth of material at the level of quality needed... Then along came the Profiler and changed my life forever!
With the Profiler, we can profile all of the amps we use live, I have all but two very custom effects available to me in the Profiler library of effects pedals (many of which sound way more rich and have better dimension than the "real" thing), and this all fits into a 3 space rack that I can check on a plane and never have to wonder again what I will be dealing with on a fly-gig.
One of the things people who love music don't think about is the cost of touring! Shipping thousands of pounds of gear all over the world is insanely expensive, and the Profiler just demolished that entire problem with one product. The Profiler has truly become that one piece of gear I simply cannot live without.
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Slacker Friday
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NBC News
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https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna7357321
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New Nation column on what’s missing from last week’s intel report.
What he said: EJ on the Pope, .
Him too: Michael Walzer on values and the left, .
was in my high school class. He was not the kind of guy we would have predicted to be able to buy and sell the rest of us, but that’s the way it is with the Net, no?
Long Dylan essay in The Nation, . I’m very excited about Greil Marcus’s biography of “Like a Rolling Stone,” as, to quote the great Debbie Boone, “Nobody Does it Better.” More about that .
Get Trio? Saturday, beginning at 5, you get some of the greatest hits of my buddy Sam Seder, (featuring Sarah Silverman) with “Who’s the Caboose?” and a whole bunch of “Pilot Seasons.” I think you’ll like it. Also, another guy I went to high school with made a really first rate film about a young woman drawn into prostitution called ‘What Alice Found,” and it runs sometimes on Sundance, including Sunday at 9:00.
“Citizen journalists" aren't so interested in documenting facts, are they? Boehlert calls them “ ” masquerading as media critics who want the press to stay away from stories (and images) that they deem unacceptable. And the sooner the mainstream press understands that, and stops anxiously amplifying bloggers' conspiracy of the week, the better off it will be.
Alter-Employment Announcement reposting.
I’m looking for a senior researcher to who work somewhere between half and full time for me, doing mostly historical research for my books, but also a bit of clerical work and helps me a bit with planning my teaching, writing and speaking schedules. If you are interested, please apply ASAP to Whatliberalmedia_at_AOL.com, but do not send me your resume as an attachment. I won’t open it. Sorry I can only reply to those e-mails I want to pursue. If you don’t hear from me, it’s a “no.” Please apply only if:
You have at least a master’s degree in American history or a closely related field like American studies, or, you have at least two years experience as historical researcher or editor or as a particularly impressive intellectually-oriented journalist on say, a Matt Yglesias or Sarah Wildman level (which means I should already be acquainted with your work).
You already live, or will be living, in or around New York City two weeks from today.
You can make a commitment to work 20-40 hours a week at least until Labor Day.
You are independent, efficient, grown-up, well-organized and discreet.
Onto Slacker Friday:
Name: Stupid
Hometown: Chicago
Hey Eric, it's Stupid to play Monday Morning Quarterback. What if a year ago, by magic, you were told that the Democrats were going to lose the 2004 Presidential election as well as some seats in Congress regardless of who they nominated or how they campaigned? If you knew that, what kind of campaign would you have run against Dubya? I'm reminded of a history professor who swore that the seminal figure of the Democratic party was Al Smith, because his 1928 campaign set-up the New Deal coalition of the future. I remember thinking that there was that little matter of the Great Depression, but comparing Smith's campaign to Kerry's is revealing. 1928 had its own polarizing hot-button issue: Prohibition. Hoover called it "noble," Smith favored repealing it. Some things never change: Protestant conservatives raged a slime campaign against "Al-choholic Smith," the New York City sinner (and Roman Catholic). Like 2004, Democrats were conflicted and most shied away from the issue and focused on Smith's proactive (for then) government plans to boost the economy and education. (At least Kerry didn't wear his Northeast roots like Smith, whose campaign song was "The Streets of New York.")
Smith got trounced, or so it appeared. Hoover won 58% of the vote, and won the electoral vote 444 to 87. However turnout was huge: Smith got as many votes as the victorious Calvin Coolidge four years earlier, and reversed the GOP's hold on all the major cities. Catholics and Jews saw that they had a home in the Democratic Party. Moreover -- and here's my point -- Prohibition was a bad policy and over time it became more and more unpopular. Voters identified Democrats with the alternative policy, just as they did with FDR's New Deal (Hoover in the 1932 campaign also proposed government programs to help the Great Depression -- voters went for the real thing. I don't blame Kerry for trying to position and craft a message to win - the stakes were high enough. But the Dems are paying a price: the public doesn't remember Cheney dissing energy conservation, it doesn't know we spend $4 billion per month in Iraq. They aren't the alternative, they're the mumbling dissenters. Arguably the elections aren't the time to "heighten the differences" but what's the excuse now?
Name: Mark Viste
Hometown: Brooklyn Center, MN
I find a simpler, practical problem with Libertarianism in that the basic rights government is supposed to be limited to -- property, defense, and so forth -- are in fact quite expensive to deliver and inherently inconsistent with a small government. "The Cost of Rights" by Stephen Holmes and Cass R. Sunstein makes this point better than I can and at some length.
Name: Jeff Weed
Hometown: Denton, TX
Dr A,
One of the many reasons for the limited appeal of economic libertarianism may be the lack of a credible spokesperson. Think of who is generally identified with libertarian thought -talk-show buffoons like Neil Boortz and Larry Elder, pseudo-academic hacks like Charles Murray, and the late, batty Ayn Rand with her cult of pocket-protector geeks guffawing over every word in their dog-eared copies of "Atlas Shrugged" (former Rand crony Alan Greenspan has apparently been excommunicated). By comparison, this almost makes Team Bush look like Mensa (almost).
Another reason for its lack of appeal is that it is sheer foolishness -both philosophically and practically. This brand of libertarianism is to the Constitution what fundamentalism is to the Bible, the Torah, the Koran, et al -claiming to be adhering to the true literal meaning of the text, but usually missing the point entirely. It is self-centered Social Darwinism wrapping itself in the phony garb of principled adherence. In fact, the advocates of an unregulated "free" market will never admit -to themselves or to those who listen to them- that a capitalist system devoid of sensible regulation and government oversight would result in the disappearance of the middle class. For more, see this excellent article by Thom Hartmann .
Name: Andrew Gachanja
Hometown: Brunswick, ME
Mr. Alterman, I'm a fan of Michel Houellbecq and I've read "Elementary Particles", "Platform" and "Lanzarote". But to be fair, I think the differentiation between misogyny in his work and gangster rap is dishonest. Why should misogyny be sanitized just because it's a white French writer with philosophical pretensions and condemned if a black man pens the same sentiments but in rap?
Name: Dave Elley
Hometown: Seattle
Eric,
I thought there might be a few more candidates for the 'buried news' list these last two weeks:
Apparently you can't eat . Better off without Saddam? It depends who you talk to.
The U.S. in Asia by letting military dictator Musharraf (and nuclear proliferator Pakistan) have his F-16s.
And by doing so, .
Name: Adam Upper West Side
Hometown: New York, New York
Eric,
You posited, "Still, Bruce must know some Jews. He is, after all, in the music business..." You mean, like Max Weinberg, his drummer?
• | 12:12 PM ET |
The art, not the artist
I’ve got a new Think Again column . It’s about all the missing stories that have been buried beneath the wall-to-wall coverage of Terri S and Pope JP II.
And my friends at Center for American Progress and the Century Foundation have started a new foreign policy blog, . It’s quite good and features, among other people, Lorelei Kelly who was a much more responsible tenant at 1801 T Street apartment 604 than a certain right-wing blogger currently fulminating at National Review and on CNN.
I only met Saul Bellow once. In my youth, I paid what felt like a fortune--$50 I think, to go to a PEN/Faulkner reading and reception for him at the Folger Library (or the Library of Congress, I forget which). I watched an amazing moment at the reception when one those people who carry around autograph books everywhere and appear to live for such things approached him with a pen and the book open. Bellow refused, saying if he signed that one, he’d be signing all night. The guy was crushed and humiliated. A friend with whom I went said to me, “You know, Saul Bellow could write a great story about that moment.”
As with “The Plot Against America,” I am in a minority of people who think “Ravelstein” to be by far Bellow’s weakest work. (When I went to see him read a couple of years or so ago at the 92nd Street Y, I had to leave right away when I saw that was what he intended to read, because I didn’t want that to be my last memory of him.) But I disagree with those who don’t like his “cranky” period. I loved The Dean’s December, and I liked the late novellas a great deal too.
An issue: I do think Bellow, the author, had what Norman Podhoretz might call a real "Negro Problem." It shows up in his work and it’s almost impossible to miss. And that’s one more reason I think it silly to worry about the politics of an artist. So what if Bellow, personally, might have been a little racist? (Or if Updike and Roth display a misogynist streak or Balzac and Trollope don’t cotton much to the Tribe…) Talk to me about the art, not the artist. Perhaps Bellow’s discomfort with black people weakens his work; perhaps it strengthens it. Let’s treat the issue independent of the individual. (I do think Updike, for instance, derives power from his hatred/fear/contempt of women, because he reflects it so unconsciously and we, the reader, benefit from seeing it illustrated in so pristine a fashion.) One can see this process in its most unexpurgated form in the work of but I hesitate to take the argument to gangsta rap, which I abhor. Anyway, is Robert Penn Warren on Augie March.
Reading , in TAP, it’s hard not to conclude Novak has turned state’s evidence—or possibly taken the Fifth- and won’t admit it. Otherwise, this Mr. Fitzgerald is simply crazy.
Quote of the Day: Geneva Overholser, professor at the University of Missouri School of Journalism, and former chair of the Pulitzer board, and a former editor of the Des Moines Register: "Bob Novak has acted so dishonorably throughout all of this.” His fellow journalists “should be calling on him to say what happened. He should say if he has been subpoenaed, if he has testified, or whether or not he has taken the Fifth. If he wants to say he is a journalist, he should tell the truth.”
After playing patsy for nutty right-wing bloggers, Howie Kurtz might want to issue an apology for misleading readers about . I see he left the story to .
I’ll miss work too. There was no more thoughtful or fair-minded media critic writing anywhere, I think. If the Post were paying attention, they’d have given him Mr. Conflict of Interest’s job, long ago. (Still, since that’s not going to happen, it really ought to go to Richard Leiby, who’s paid his dues. And Hacktacular Howie is really a gossip columnist at heart.)
Why does Bush hate the mothers of dead soldiers?
:
Pentagon bans casket photosThe Bush administration's decision to enforce the ban on media photographs of flag-draped caskets returning from Iraq was widely reported last year -- but even mothers of dead soldiers are being shut out by Pentagon. When Karen Meredith lost her son to a sniper in Iraq, she wanted a photo of his casket at Dover Air Force Base for personal use, but was not permitted to take one, reported Cox News Service. "It's bad enough that they won't let the country see the pictures of the caskets, but a grieving mother?" asked Meredith. "It's unforgivable after what I lost." Ironically, the Defense Department introduced the policy (back in 1991, when Dick Cheney was Secretary of Defense), in the name of protecting the privacy of families who don't want their loved ones' caskets photographed by the press. But Meredith said she wasn't buying it: "They say it's for privacy, but it's really because they don't want the country to see how many people are coming back in caskets."That may also explain why the Pentagon has them all coming back only under cover of darkness.-- Julia Scott
Laugh, cry or get blown up: Fred Kaplan on the Penatagon and foreign languages, , would be funny, 'ceptin' it's going to get lots of people killed. (In the meantime, let's fire all the gays.)
Abe Rosenthal award for quoting myself: - "Last night on Hardball, I said what I think needs to be said." The funny part about it is what he says is essentially correct. Might I suggest a little shrink time, buddy, devoted to the question of what compels one to make a jackass out of oneself with the twisted-arm pat on the back (as if appearing on “Hardball” is something worthy of braggadocio, in the first place)?
Correspondents’ Corner
Name: Jane Elizabeth Dougherty
Hometown: Boulder, CO
Dr. E:
The discussion on libertarianism has been interesting. In response, I give you , a better writer than I.
Name: Matt Orel
Hometown: West Bloomfield, MI
Bruce's HBO special in 2001 also premiered on the evening of Passover first Seder. God willing, he's got a few more holiday premiers in store for us.
Eric adds: And didn't the Joad tickets go on sale on Rosh Hashanna? And doesn't every tour go on sale on Shabbat? And my parents are still mad at me for blowing off Kol Nidre for No Nukes, but for that tell 'em to blame my buddy Danny Goldberg, who's more than made up for it with free office space for Tikkun and all those books by Israeli peace guys. Still, Bruce must know some Jews. He is, after all, in the music business...
Name: Steve Paradis
Hometown: Davison Michigan
There was this old jape about libertarians: that they imagined themselves as the tall laconic cowboy who rides into town and enforces his will--and who in reality were more like the whiney dude forced to dance to the tune of gunshots by drunken louts.
The image of an armed Grover Norquist attempting to enforce his will on anyone mentally cues the SCTV bit of Woody Allen starring in "Taxi Driver."
• April 6, 2005 | 10:01 AM ET |
Saul Bellow, 1915-2005
Our guest blogger today is my late friend, Alfred Kazin, who wrote what follows forty-one years ago, publishing it in The Atlantic Monthly in January, 1965, but would have wanted to have it published here, I feel certain.
.....
One day in 1942 I was walking near the Brooklyn Borough Hall with a young writer just in from Chicago who was looking New York over with great detachment. In the course of some startlingly apt observations on the life in the local streets, the course of the war, the pain of Nazism, and the neurotic effects of apartment-house living on his friends in New York, observations punctuated by some very funny jokes and double entendres at which he was the first to laugh with hearty pleasure for things so well said, he talked about D. H. Lawrence and James Joyce, Theodore Dreiser and Ernest Hemingway and Scott Fitzgerald, not as great names but as fellow artists. He said, as casually as if he were in a ball park faulting a pitcher, that Fitzgerald was "weak," but Dreiser strong in the right places. He examined Hemingway's style like a surgeon pondering another surgeon's stitches. And citing D. H. Lawrence with the intimacy of a brother-in-arms, he pointed to the bilious and smoke-dirty sky and said that like Lawrence he wanted no "umbrella" between him and the essential mystery.
The impression this conversation made on me was very curious. Bellow had not yet published a novel, and he was known for his stories and evident brilliance only to a small intellectual group drawn from the Partisan Review and the University of Chicago. Yet walking the unfamiliar Brooklyn streets, he seemed to be measuring the hidden strength of all things in the universe, from the grime of Brooklyn to the leading stars of the American novel, from the horror of Hitler to the mass tensions of New York. He was measuring the world's power of resistance, measuring himself as a contender. Although he was friendly, unpretentious, and funny, he was serious in a style that I had never before seen in an urban Jewish intellectual: he was going to succeed as an imaginative writer; he was pledged to grapple with unseen powers. He was going to take on more than the rest of us were.
As Bellow talked, I had an image of him as a wrestler in the old Greek style, an agonist contending in the games for the prize. Life was dramatically as well as emotionally a contest to him, and nothing of the agony or contest would be spared him. God would try him in his pride and trip him up, and he knew it; no one was spared; he had been brought up an orthodox Jew, and he had a proper respect for God as the ultimate power assumed by the creation. A poor immigrant's gifted son, he had an instinct that an overwhelming number of chances would come his way, that the old poverty and cultural bareness would soon be exchanged for a multitude of temptations. So he was wary--eager, sardonic, and wary; and unlike everybody else I knew, remarkably patient in expressing himself.
For a man with such a range of interests, capacities, and appetites, Bellow talked with great austerity. He addressed himself to the strength of life hidden in people, in political issues, in other writers, in mass behavior; an anthropologist by training, he liked to estimate other people's physical capacity, the thickness of their skins, the strength in their hands, the force in their chests. Describing people, he talked like a Darwinian, calculating the power of survival hidden in the species. But there was nothing idle or showy about his observations, and he did not talk for effect. His conceptions, definitions, epigrams, apercus were of a formal plainness that went right to the point and stopped. That was the victory he wanted. There was not the slightest verbal inflation in anything he said. Yet his observations were so direct and penetrating that they took on the elegance of achieved thought. When he considered something, his eyes slightly set as if studying its power to deceive him, one realized how formidable he was on topics generally exhausted by ideology or neglected by intellectuals too fine to consider them. Suddenly everything tiresomely grievous came alive in the focus of this man's unfamiliar imagination.
Listening to Bellow, I became intellectually happy--an effect he was soon to have on a great many other writers of our generation. We were coming through. He was holding out for the highest place as a writer, and he would reach it. Even in 1942, two years before he published his first novel, Dangling Man, his sense of his destiny was dramatic because he was thinking in form, in the orbit of the natural storyteller, in the dimensions of natural existence. The exhilarating thing about him was that a man so penetrating and informed should be so sure of his talent for imaginative literature, for the novel, for the great modern form. We all knew brilliant intellectuals, academic conquistadores, geniuses at ideology, who demanded one's intellectual surrender. Every day I saw intellectuals clever enough to make the world over, who indeed had made the world over many times. Yet Bellow who had been brought up in the same utopianism and was himself a scholar in the formidable University of Chicago style, full of the Great Books and jokes from the Greek plays, would obviously be first and last a novelist, a storyteller, creating new myths out of himself and everyone he had ever known, fought, loved, and hated. This loosened the bonds of ideology for the rest of us. It was refreshing to be with a man who so clearly believed himself headed for power in the novel: it disposed of many pedantic distinctions.
......
Quote of the Day: “I am an American, Chicago born - Chicago, that somber city - and go at things as I have taught myself, free-style, and will make the record in my own way: first to knock, first admitted; sometimes an innocent knock, sometimes a not so innocent." Augie March, 1953
One more thing: Gallup: Bush Approval Rating Lowest Ever for 2nd-Term Prez at this Point .
One more, one more thing: Happy birthday, kid.
UPDATE: This just in
For Immediate Release April 6, 2005
Bruce Springsteen Spring 2005 U.S. and European Tour
April 25 Detroit, MI Fox Theatre
April 26 'Devils & Dust' Release Date
April 28 Dallas, TX Nokia Theatre at Grand Prairie
April 30 Phoenix, AR Glendale Arena
May 2 Los Angeles, CA Pantages Theatre
May 3 Los Angeles, CA Pantages Theatre
May 5 Oakland, CA Oakland Theatre
May 7 Denver, CO Convention Theatre
May 10 St Paul, MN Xcel Energy Center
May 11 Chicago, IL Rosemont Theatre
May 14 Fairfax, VA Patriot Center
May 15 Cleveland, OH CSU Convocation Center
May 17 Philadelphia, PA Tower Theatre
May 19 East Rutherford, NJ The Theater at Continental Airlines Arena
May 20 Boston, MA Orpheum Theatre
May 24 Dublin, Ireland The Point
May 27 London, UK Royal Albert Hall
May 28 London, UK Royal Albert Hall
May 30 Brussels, Belgium Forest National
June 1 Barcelona, Spain Pavello Olimpic Badalona
June 2 Madrid, Spain Palacio De Deportes de la Comunidad
June 4 Bologna, Italy Palamalaguti Arena
June 6 Rome, Italy Palalottomatica Arena
June 7 Milan, Italy Milan Forum
June 11 Hamburg, German Color Line Arena
June 12 Berlin, Germany ICC
June 13 Munich, Germany Olympia Hall
June 15 Frankfurt, Germany Festhalle
June 16 Dusseldorf, Germany Phillipshalle
June 19 Rotterdam, Netherlands Ahoy
June 20 Paris, France Bercy
June 22 Copenhagen, Denmark Forum
June 23 Gothenberg, Sweden Scandinavium
June 25 Stockholm, Sweden Hovet
Expect an announcement of additional U.S. tour dates later this year.
Correspondents’ Corner:
Name: David Rice
Hometown: Los Angeles, CA
Dr. Alterman:
I appreciate your posting Mr. Stafford's rumination on Libertarianism. I think supporters of the two main parties would learn a lot about what government should and should not do by giving libertarianism a serious look.
That being said, I think Mr. Stafford's reservations about libertarianism are misplaced. Libertarianism does not operate under the assumption that people are always good or will always make good choices. If people are good and can be trusted, then they shouldn't have to suffer the interference of government. If people are not good, and cannot be trusted, then we shouldn't trust them with the power to impose their will on us (which is what the government does). Since people are rarely all good or bad, then each person should be able to live their life as free from the decisions, and mistakes, of others. No one that I am aware of has ever claimed that libertarianism promises nirvana, but then again, no one is claiming that we have nirvana now.
Mr. Stafford's observation that some of libertarianism's supporters have self serving agendas that are unseemly is not unique to libertarianism. Wouldn't it be safe to say that many politicians, and their constituents, of both liberal and conservative persuasions, have betrayed their ideas in the furtherance of greed, intolerance, and oppression?
I believe that our political culture is horribly corrupt and debased. I think it is going to take at least one generation of Americans, learning a different relationship to government than the one we have now, before we can reduce the oppressive presence the government has, not just in our lives, but in the lives of foreign citizens. I believe that libertarianism would be a healthy beginning to a conversation that could move us in that direction.
Name: Thomas Heiden
Hometown: Stratford, CT
Rob Stafford's letter on Libertarianism interested me greatly. Although I am totally sympathetic to the notion of minimal government intrusion into our private lives, it has struck me that many of Libertarianism's more outspoken advocates also believe that corporations should be left equally free of control.
I know there have been some horrific Supreme Court decisions to the effect that corporations have "rights", but the notion that entities created solely to generate profit can or should be on equal footing with those "endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights" is treacherous and absurd.
Grover Norquist was quoted in Mother Jones as saying, roughly, "My ideal citizen is self-schooled, owns a gun and an IRA, because he doesn't need the government for a @#$%@#$@# thing...". Perhaps we should offer those of Mr. Norquist's ilk a deal: they can pay almost no taxes, but companies can sell them any products they wish and such citizens will have no recourse when their faultily-made gun blows up in their face, their IRA investments go belly-up due to uninvestigated corporate corruption, and they succumb to mad cow disease after eating uninspected beef.
Many on the Right try to claim that the Founders never intended that the government could "interfere" with "commerce". Why does no one seem to emphasize the fact that in 1776, you knew if the blacksmith shoed your horse poorly, or if the grain you were buying was bad, and so did everyone else - bad merchants did not stay in business for too long.
Does anyone know if their car or computer will work out of the box? Do they know if their medication will affect them adversely?
I will stop, but how much of a record of defrauding investors, exploiting employees, and abusing consumers does modern corporate capitalism have to have before the benighted Right acknowledges that MORE rather than less regulation is needed.
Sigh.
• April 5, 2005 | 12:41 PM ET |
'The crown jewel of American liberties'
Name:
Hometown: Davis, CA
Among the dirty tricks the U.S. Constitution played in its wild younger days, the three-fifths compromise ranks high on the cynicism scale because it used black people to increase the voting power of white people who denied those black people the right to vote. Nor have the days of three-fifthsism passed. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, in a rare procedure involving all of its sitting judges, is about to decide whether the modern version of three-fifthsism should survive. The U.S. Attorney General thinks it should, and argues that a federal statute cannot constitutionally apply in this case. And the federal statute the Attorney General is trying to have declared unconstitutional in this application is the Voting Rights Act.
The origins of this mess lie in the mind of Jalil Abdul Muntaqim, né Anthony Bottom, lately of Shawangunk Correctional Facility in Wallkill, NY. Muntaqim is a convicted cop-killer who decided to challenge New York State's law that bars felons like him from voting. Muntaqim v. Coombe went to a three-judge panel of the Second Circuit Court, where Muntaqim lost. On appeal, the U.S. Supreme Court declined to hear the case. You might have heard nothing further about Muntaqim had not the Second Circuit, in an unusual move, his request that they hear the case in banc, which means that all thirteen active judges on the circuit will hear the case on June 22, 2005.
{Pedantic note, 1: Everyone, including me, spells it "en banc." Except the Second Circuit, which uses "in banc."}
{Pedantic note, 2: Argument on June 22 will consolidate Muntaqim v. Coombe with another case, Hayden v. Pataki, to combine questions the two cases pose (about vote denial and vote dilution) with respect to the Voting Rights Act.}
Muntaqim, as a cop-killer, does not strike me as the ideal poster-child for thwarted civic ambition. (By contrast note that the Brown in Brown v. Board was the Reverend Mr. Oliver Brown.) But Muntaqim's case suggests that when he loses his vote -- which may be, in itself, a just thing -- bad practical consequences ensue for everyone else owing to neo-three-fifthsism.
Here's how it works. Most prisoners in New York State come from the five boroughs of New York City. But in the last thirty years or so, the state has built all its prisons upstate. So all those downstate criminals get convicted and then moved upstate. And then, for the purposes of apportioning representation, this prison population counts in the upstate district -- even though the felons can't vote. The effect is the same as the three-fifths compromise -- only now, five-fifths of disenfranchised people can count toward the representation of their enfranchised neighbors. In consequence New York Senate Districts would, without their prisoners, not have enough residents to qualify for representation.
{Pedantic note, 3: Historians use "disfranchisement," an economical form. But everyone else likes "disenfranchisement."}
{Pedantic note, 4: To put the apportionment problem more precisely, without the prisoners these seven districts would fall below the average district population by more than the allowable deviation, thus invalidating the scheme of representation under White v. Regester. The whole by Peter Wagner is worth reading.}
As a result of this policy of disenfranchisement and relocation, New York City loses population and thus representation to upstate, rural areas. It is a very traditional, American outcome, as if New York State had its own miniature Senate or Electoral College. But insofar as race matters in voting -- and U.S. law assumes it does -- this policy causes worse problems. The prison population in New York State is about 80% black and Latino. So the state's disenfranchisement and export of felons means that the otherwise fairly white counties upstate get a bloc of nonvoting minorities whose presence augments their right to representation in the state legislature, while the downstate counties get whiter by the number of prisoners exported.
Here the Voting Rights Act comes in. Passed in 1965 to provide federal oversight for elections in the Jim Crow South, its Section 2 stated that "No ... standard, practice, or procedure shall be imposed or applied by any State or political subdivision to deny or abridge the right of any citizen of the United States to vote on account of race or color." As later amended and passed in 1982, Section 2 , "No ... procedure shall be imposed or applied by any State ... in a manner which results in a denial or abridgment of the right of any citizen of the United States to vote on account of race or color...." (Emphasis added.) Briefs offered in the Muntaqim case argue that the state's felon disenfranchisement law as implemented counts as just such a procedure under the Voting Rights Act because it results in denial and abridgment of voting rights of a class defined by race.
At this stage the lines of legal conflict get truly tangled. Courts have by statute to notify the Attorney General if the constitutionality of a federal statute is questioned in a case to which the U.S. government is not a party. (The of this law is 28 U.S.C. 2403.) Congress enacted this requirement in 1937. As Rep. Hatton Sumners (D-TX), the bill's author and sponsor, explained, it give the AG the power "to defend, solely, the question of constitutionality" and this power was "limited to the one thing, and that is the defense of the constitutionality of the act." (81 Cong. Rec. 3254 and 3259) Muntaqim's case draws into question the constitutionality of the Voting Rights Act. And the Attorney General is responding -- only, he's responding not to defend but to oppose the constitutionality of the Voting Rights Act in this application. The United States' brief expresses disapproval of "the vast overinclusiveness of Section 2" of the Voting Rights Act. If Section 2 were enforced this way, the U.S. amicus brief argues, it "raises serious questions" about the constitutionality of at least this part of the Voting Rights Act. (Brief for the United States as amicus curiae in Muntaqim v. Coombe, 21)
Does the Attorney General's unusual intervention reflect a partisan skew to the clash? Yes and no. The Senators from New York's upstate districts that depend on prisoner populations to justify their representation are Republicans, and of course the Attorney General's office is now staffed by Republicans. But this is not just about Republicans vs. Democrats. It's about Republicans (2005 edition) vs. Republicans (1982 edition). Because the Voting Rights Act as it now stands, with that "overinclusive" Section 2 that tries to prevent procedures anywhere in the country from producing a racially discriminatory result, irrespective of intent, was passed by a majority-Republican Senate -- even voted for it -- and by Ronald Reagan. But you know Reagan and Thurmond. They were weedy liberals, with wild ideas about how "the right to vote is the of American liberties, and we will not see its luster diminished."
Disclaimer: The Second Circuit Court appointed counsel for Muntaqim in June 2002. This learned and charming counsel's name is Jon Rauchway. These opinions are mine, not his. All information presented here is public record, and legal commenters generally agree on the importance of this case. See the NAACP LDF's Muntaqim ; see Appellate Law &
Practice's ; and also Chris Bowers at MyDD on " ."
As of 3/31/05, former United States Attorneys Zachary Carter, Veronica Coleman-Davis, and Scott Lassar, together with the National Black Police Association, the National Latino Officers Association of America, and other current and former law enforcement officials have weighed in on the side opposite the Justice Department, arguing in their own amicus brief that concerns about federalism or law enforcement should not prevent the application of Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act in this case.
About Last Night: I’ll admit, I think I’m a pretty good writer. Sometimes I wish I weren’t because then I would have ended up spending more than the single day I did at Columbia Law School and now I’d be obscenely rich. Still, most of the time I’m grateful for whatever talent I have as a writer because it makes it easier to articulate what I think and feel and I find that therapeutic. Plus—and this is no small thing--I get to make a good living doing pretty much what I’d do if I didn’t have to do it for money. Still, while I think I’m pretty good, I’m know I’m not that good. I’m not good enough, for instance, to describe for you how if felt to sit five feet from Bruce Springsteen last night in a tiny theater in Red Bank, New Jersey, while he sat at the piano, and played “Thunder Road,” twice, and then spent fifteen or twenty minutes, describing his ambitions for the song when he wrote it and how it grew into what it is now, and singing each line over and over again—and sounding, unbelievably it seemed at the moment, exactly like Bruce Springsteen--to illustrate what he meant. [And I thought I was sick of that song.] I’m not even good enough to describe how it felt when he did the same for “Devils and Dust,” “Brilliant Disguise,” “Raining on a Sunny Day,” (and again as Smokey Robinson), “Nebraska,” “The Rising,” and another new song from Devils and Dust about Jesus and Mary, and maybe something I’m forgetting. I am good enough, however, to have gotten my first-ever writing assignment from , and that was why they let me in in the first place. So I’ll be trying harder in the next few weeks to write about it for them. (Immediacy is both the best and worst thing about blog-writing.) In the meantime, I can say this. Never in my life have been so glad I was not a lawyer.
(VH-1 will broadcast the “Storytellers” show in April 23, which I see is the night of the first Seder. I have noticed in the past that Bruce often has a problem avoiding major Jewish holidays. I’m pretty sure this is always a coincidence, but an annoying one, nevertheless.)
Alter-Employment Announcement
Seconds ago, I received two weeks’ notice from my senior research assistant who works somewhere between half and full time for me, doing mostly historical research for my books, but also a bit of clerical work and helps me a bit with planning my teaching, writing and speaking schedules. I’d really like to have someone in place by the time he’s gone. If you are interested, please apply ASAP to Whatliberalmedia_at_AOL.com, but do not send me your resume as an attachment. I won’t open it. Sorry I can only reply to those e-mails I want to pursue. If you don’t hear from me, it’s a “no.” Please apply only if:
You have at least a master’s degree in American history or a closely related field like American studies, or, you have at least two years experience as historical researcher or editor or as a particularly impressive intellectually-oriented journalist on say, a or level (which means I should already be acquainted with your work).
You already live, or will be living, in or around New York City two weeks from today.
You can make a commitment to work 20-40 hours a week at least until Labor Day
You are independent, efficient, grown-up, well-organized and discreet.
Nice ‘Culture of Life’ you have there, buddy: Incitement to Terrorist Murder of the Day, “I don't know if there is a cause-and-effect connection, but we have seen some recent episodes of courthouse violence in this country. And I wonder whether there may be some connection between the perception in some quarters, on some occasions, where judges are making political decisions yet are unaccountable to the public, that it builds up and builds up and builds up to the point where some people engage in, engage in violence." Sen. John Cornyn, .
Alter-correction: I had the wrong link for Mediatransparency.org yesterday. Check them out please. It’s a great site.
Correspondents’ Corner:
Name: Dave Elley
Hometown: Seattle
Eric,
?
Name: Rob Stafford
Hometown: Spring Valley
Are you a closet Libertarian?
Can’t say, but don’t think so.
I was registered Libertarian for several years, contributed to the party, read the literature, walked around with a little libertarian talking points card in my wallet. Even went to an occasional meeting. Though I stopped that pretty quickly.
I’ll tell you why:
Libertarianism is a fine idea, with many good and useful points to make about American politics. They can, and do contribute usefully to the discourse. I’m glad they’re here, and I’m glad they speak up.
But there are at least two things the literature doesn’t discuss in much detail, if any.
One, at least one of the fundamental tenants of libertarianism is seriously flawed. Libertarianism relies on an assumption (if you come to it from the left, as I do), that left to their own devices, humans will be good stewards of their own planet, their own communities, their own (and their neighbors') resources. They must be, because the philosophy of minimal government means no one will be taking care of these things for us. It turns out humans aren’t real good at this kind of collective responsibility. Want proof? Google "Tragedy of the Commons."
Two, Libertarians in person are different from Libertarians on paper. There are several sub-categories of Libertarians, and many of them are fun characters to drink with. But those involved in the politics, those contributing the money, those writing many of the articles, are not what you might think. My (personal, limited, subjective) take on these people is that most of them are business men who feel constrained from following their natural money seeking instincts, even by today’s incredibly pro-business government regulation & oversight. Think for a moment about your boss, or your landlord, or the people who manufacture cyanide gas on the Indian sub-continent, and how those particular individuals would act completely unrestrained by any kind of law or propriety.
I do not want to paint all libertarians with the same broad brush. I have good friends in the movement. I admire greatly some past and present advocates of the politics, but I did think it was important to note, that on the ground, many of them are like the rest of humanity. They’re in it for themselves, and their politics are a convenient reflection of that fact.
Name: Rebbe Herschel Bassman
Hometown: Los Angeles, CA
Young man, you need to smile a little more. God willing, I will teach you how to get all of the hate out of your body. It is eating you up. … I can help you, boychik!
• April 4, 2005 | 11:50 AM ET |
Defeating the cultural ghosts
Our Man in Baghdad
Name:
Dateline: Baghdad, Iraq
Police Story
A few weeks ago an American officer I know received an education of sorts in the long-term effects of Hussein upon this culture.
He was visiting an Iraqi police station in the general area of Baghdad. On his way into the station, being the curious sort, he stopped at the front gate and through his interpreter talked to the Policeman guarding the entrance. After asking about the fellows’ general health, his pay, and his duties, the American looked to his equipment. It appeared clean, and generally in good working order. This last, perhaps more than many other things, is a good indicator of the quality of a unit. Clean weapons matter. More importantly, they work. Usually those who clean their weapons also have the discipline to stand and fight as well.
Then he asked about the policeman’s ammunition. Did he have enough? It turns out that the fellow had none.
One might assume that the officer would then fly into a paroxysm at this revelation. But this American, like more and more of us, was now aware enough of the environment not to press the issue with the humble patrolman. If he did not have ammo, given the other indicators, it was probably not his fault. The officer nodded and proceeded inside the station. There he found the local chief of that station. The conversation that followed is instructive.
“Did you know that the guard out front doesn’t have any ammunition for his weapon?”
“Yes,” replied the police chief, “We haven’t enough to go around.”
“How is that?” said the American advisor, who knew that there was ammunition in the logistics system, millions upon millions of rounds in fact.
“They have not given us any ammunition,” replied the somewhat embarrassed Iraqi police leader.
“What do you mean? Have you asked them for ammunition?” said the American, knowing that hoarding can be an accidental byproduct of a people acculturated to keep an exact accounting of all that a centralized government such as that of Hussein provided them.
“No, no,” responded the Police Chief.
“Well, why not?”
“Oh, that cannot be done, it would dishonor my superior.”
“Do you mean you would, you are, leaving your station to be guarded by men without ammunition for their weapons rather than dishonor your superior by asking for it?”
“Yes.”
Of course, after some discussion, that station got ammunition. Pretty much immediately in fact. But that is not the relevant point.
I relate this story to make a point which was difficult to for me to truly comprehend before arriving here. It’s one of those “you have to see it to believe it” sort of things. What the Americans (and the Brits, and the rest of the Coalition, as well as the UN, all the NGOs in the world, and NATO) face in this country is not just the task of defeating an insurgency. That, in some ways, is the simple part.
What looms larger is the effort needed to defeat the cultural ghosts of Saddam Hussein. As it was told to me one thing was clear: the Police Captain was one of the good guys. The American relating the tale was illustrating a point by telling this story about one of the good guys. The point was that it was not fraud, it was not waste, it was not the near-ubiquitous bakshish which inhibited his Iraqi counterpart. That Iraqi Police leader was good, honest and dedicated, but he was operating in his own context of honor and a fear of causing dishonor. That was what kept him from requesting the needed ammunition, even in a combat zone. This is a point which Americans find alien. I cannot speak for other cultures, but Honor, to us, is different. Even for me. This observation demands more thought.
BAGHDAD WITHIN EARSHOT:
Nothing of note within earshot this week. I have decided that, like many of my peers, I generally dislike the “PSD”s (Personal Security Detachments). One almost ran me over (along with about ten others) the other night, speeding like they’d just been hit by an IED on Haifa Street. They went from a dead stop just behind us, whipped past while accelerating to about 20-30 mph over a distance of 200 yards, before they had to hit the brakes hard to stop. Why? Because all of this was INSIDE the Embassy area, which is inside the Green Zone, and there just isn’t that much road. I was annoyed.
No mail these past five days for any of us, nor will there be for a little while, so I dread the potential deluge of French Vanilla coffee creamer that is storing up in a powdery bow-wave preparing to crash. My love, Kate, ruminates on grad school decisions, my daughters remain healthy, the home front is peaceful. Like most of you, I am wondering where Pierce hides.
Readings:
I’ve always been grateful for the Web site which does such a helpful work tracking the money tree on the right through foundations to their donors and products. It helped me a great deal writing And so I was pleased to be able to contribute this short essay on .
Am I a ?
On Kennan and Nitze, . You can find NSC-68 and Kennan’s “The Sources of Soviet Conduct” .
would be a better country, huh?
Winning when it doesn’t matter; choking when it does. "Let the have it.”
May God bless and . May her wishes all come true…
And don’t miss Kevin Mattson’s terrific article on the misunderstood lessons for liberals of the sixties.
Judy Miller: “I’m still and .
April Alter-Appearances
4/13 ASNE Panel, "The Bias Question: The News of Affirmation vs. Verification," with Gerald Boyd, Kathryn Lopez, and David a Zeek, Washington D.C.
4/20 Williams College, lecture on “The Future of Liberalism”
4/22 University Synagogue, Irvine CA, Shabbat service, discussion of media, public discourse and Israel and the Palestinians
4/23 LA Times Festival of Books, 11:30 am, panel, “Deceit & Cover-ups” with John W. Dean, Maureen Dowd, Dr. Michael Shermer, Jon Wiener. (Um, what’s this “Dr.” stuff?)
4/27 Ohio State University, Dean’s Forum on "Keeping It Civil--Or Not: Public Discourse and the Humanities,” with Pauline Yu and Mary Louise Pratt.
And come say hello if you happen to be in today. Looks like we’ll have some time to kill… (My entry: “Just what in the world is a hemi-powered drone?”)
Correspondents’ Corner:
Name: Barry L. Ritholtz
Hometown: Hey Doc,
The discussion of the private accounts side of Social Security Reform (as opposed to strengthening its finances) relies on a single premise: That Human Beings are rational economic participants. That's the theory underlying a range of behaviors, from retirement planning to privatization schemes.
Problem is, it has been very well documented as false.
Humans are terrible at making the risk/reward analysis. As a species, we are emotional, tend to have a very weak comprehension of time beyond hours or days, are given to herd behavior, and have an awfully good ability to self-rationalize.
These reasons (and others) are why most people do such a lousy job at handling their own investment monies. It's not just mom and pop, though -- most pros stink too. 80% of all professional money managers underperform the S&P 500. Making it even more complex, it's a different 80% that underperform each year!
I suspect most people have known this intuitively. It's a large reason why a majority of the public prefers a guaranteed insurance plan (the current Social Security structure) versus private accounts (the President's plan for privatizing risk).
If you want more details as to why Humans are not hardwired for the capital markets, see these comments:
USA Today had an interesting article this past week (it happens). The discussion was on the fact that most Americans are .
A more accurate title would have been "Humans not good at investing." There's a very specific reason for this; it is something I am in the middle of writing up, and will address very soon in print.
Meanwhile, here's an excerpt:
"A study by Hewitt Associates that analyzed the 2003 investment behavior and account activity of 2.5 million employees eligible for 401(k) plans exposes a trove of investment mistakes by average investors:
Three out of 10 employees eligible for 401(k) plans don't participate, Hewitt says. That means investors are passing up free money in the form of matching contributions from their employers.
Despite horror stories about employees at scandal-scarred companies such as WorldCom and Enron having their 401(k) accounts wiped out because they had all their money riding on their own company's stock, 27% of 401(k) investors still have more than half of their money in their employer's shares.
And proving that investors are hardly hands-on, only 17% made 401(k) transfers in 2003.
Another Hewitt study, done in fall 2004 with Harvard University and the Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania, found that a "non-saving mentality" persists. The study focused largely on "low savers," those who do not stash enough in their 401(k)s to earn the company match. When "low savers" learned they were passing up $1,200 a year in matching contributions, one-third said they intended to raise their savings rate. Only 15% actually did."
This factor, more than any other reason, explains why the President's Social Security Privatization idea has generated so little positive response amongst most Americans.
Put aside the Social Security issue for a moment. I find the argument that people are not hard wired to be investors is quite fascinating. Wall Street uses a variation of this to suggest "professional management;" indexers use it to argue against active management; discount brokers say if you can do as well as the mediocre pros, then why pay big commissions?
All of these positions miss the bigger picture: Why are Humans Beings so ill suited to investing?
I first came across one of my favorite explanations as to why we simply aren’t hardwired to undertake risk reward analysis in capital markets many years ago. It was from Michael Mauboussin, now Legg Mason Funds chief investment strategist, formerly chief U.S. investment strategist at Credit Suisse First Boston. In a cogent and persuasive manner, the reason why: "The mind is better suited for 'hunting and gathering' than it is for understanding Bayesian analysis."
Simply put, you just ain't built for it. Mauboussin breaks down the emotional and psychological impediments into 7 subtopics:
Desire to be part of the crowd.
Overconfidence.
Inability to assess probabilities rationally.
We love a story, especially when it links cause to effect.
Use of heuristics, or rules of thumb.
Chance.
Fitness landscapes and the role of the inductive process.
Each of these is explained in more detail, but the bottom line remains: Most people simply do not posses the counter-intuitive skill set, or the emotional detachment, or the discipline required for long term outperformance in the markets...
Source:
Adam Shell
USA TODAY, Posted 3/23/2005 12:12 AM
Updated 3/23/2005 1:14 PM
Michael Mauboussin
March 12, 1997
• April 1, 2005 | 11:44 AM ET |
Slacker Almost Opening Day Friday
I’ve got a new “Think Again” column regarding the reporting of the Social Security Trustees’ report.
As went CNN yesterday, we note that the Schiavo , written, produced and directed by the right wing.
In IPF Friday today, MJ Rosenberg advises the Senate that if it follows the House lead and guts Palestinian aid, its bill will earn the title of Hamas Relief Act because it will buck up the terrorists while seriously damaging Abu Mazen. AIPAC should understand that it will not succeed in eviscerating Bush's $200 million aid request in the Senate in the dead of night -- as it did in the House. MJ, and others, are watching, .
On to Slacker Friday:
From: Siva Vaidhyanathan
Hometown: The Evil Empire
Don't Call This a Comeback
Eric:
Sorry I have not contributed to Altercation in a while. I have been consumed with my day job and the recent Supreme Court arguments about peer-to-peer file sharing. Oh, the paperback of my second book, , is about to come out. Altercation readers really should buy it.
But I wanted to weigh in on the dawn of spring and the return of baseball. As much as it broke my heart to learn that during the inauguration Republicans donned Nationals hats for their distinctive "W," I sure am glad that our nation's capital has Major League baseball again. I have been bitter about the Expos ever since 1968 when they stole the expansion opportunity from its rightful owner, the greatest sports town in America, Buffalo. OK. I was two years old and more concerned with my pacifier than baseball. But I have been angry ever since I learned about it.
Here are my predictions for the 2005 season:
1. The season of comebacks: Pedro Martinez will make the Red Sox sorry by winning the Cy Young and about 21 games for a struggling young Mets team. Both Sammy Sosa and Jason Giambi will have respectable seasons at the plate, thus saving their careers and reputations. Juan Gonzalez will not.
2. A-Rod, MVP for life: The top home-run hitter in baseball will be Alex Rodriguez, with 50.
3. Back to the Gold Standard: Remember when George Foster hit 50 home runs for the Reds? He was the man. We will return to a 50-home run standard of excellence for a few years. This will happen less because hitters will quit steroids (it's not as big a malady as some in Congress pretend). But hitters and managers will be more interested in on-base percentages, moving runners, and playing for one run (these are Giambi's real strengths). Fans will make it clear that they suspect big HR numbers and the players will respond.
4. Rebuilding for 2092: The Red Sox boyish brain trust will start planning out their lineup for the next time they win the World Series. Oddly, drunken Yankee fans will sense no irony in chanting "2004" at puzzled Red Sox fans.
6. Empire, evil or not: The Yankees will begin their domination of the 21st century. They will beat the Angels in the ALCS. They will beat someone in the World Series. The As will fade late in the season. The Twins will fade late as well, despite having a great manager who gets it. No one in the National League interests me so I will make no predictions beyond this: many pitchers will strike out many times. Yawn.
Ok. Bring on the flames and Pierce's predictable response!
Name: Stupid
Hometown: Chicago
Hey Eric, it's Stupid to get excited. After witnessing all the gushing concern for Terry Schiavo I suddenly have hope that the nation won't turn its back on the Darfur genocide after all. Surely if people care sooooo much about one woman's life, to the point that they pass legislation with lightening speed to try to save her, the same people won't ignore the deaths of 300,000 and will move with similar alacrity to help the million who are at risk. Amos 9:7, world's greatest human rights disaster and all that. Here I thought Sudanese government had successfully ridden out a toothless media storm. Now they'll see what a moral majority can do!
Seriously, to all Altercators, there really is something you can do, and it might be the last best hope for Black Africans in Darfur. Support the divestment movement . There's no burning passion for divestment, but there are pending bills in California, Illinois, New Jersey and Maryland which have been steadily moving forward. Even a small bit of public pressure might make a difference, and there's power here: in Illinois alone state and local governments have over one ***TRILLION*** dollars invested in companies actively doing business with Sudan. Is it a coincidence that Apartheid South Africa collapsed around the same time the divestment movement was picking-up steam? Possibly, but what else is there? In the height of surrealness, the United Nations says it's more important to set up a Sudan/Darfur war crimes tribunal than to try to stop the war crimes. The United States, rather than confront China and Russia and present a muscular resolution for a vote, is bogged down protesting the --nature-- of the tribunal! Pox. Both. Houses.
PS: OK, my Wake Forest pick for the NCAA tourney was, er, a little off, but last year with major league baseball I got 6 of 8 playoff picks right. 2005: National League: St. Louis, Atlanta (who look weak on paper but I'm picking them until someone dethrones them), Los Angeles, San Diego (wildcard). American League: White Sox, Yankees, Angels, Red Sox (wildcard, but I think they've awoken a Yankee monster and will not repeat. Sorry...)
Name: Daniel
Hometown: Tahlequah, OK
Snowjob indeed. Unless I'm mistaken, this is not the second half of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence report which was delayed until after the election, because it was to examine the extent to which intel was distorted and manipulated to achieve the administration's desired result. The last I saw on the subject, Sen. Pat Roberts (KS) was trying to discourage the release and questioning the need for the public to view its conclusions. This released report was nothing more than a misdirection maneuver and simply scapegoated the intel community, which the first part of the Senate report had already accomplished.
Name: Christopher Barnes
Hometown: Studio City, CA
Dr. Alterman, how dare you impugn the integrity of the Whitewash...I mean White House panel looking into the Iraq intelligence disaster? I'm shocked, shocked to think that anyone would interpret Dick Cheney's visits to the CIA, W's immediate assignment of blame to Iraq after 9/11 and Don Rumsfeld's, Colin Powell's and Condi Rice's flagrant disregard for facts, evidence and integrity in the run up to war as somehow proving much of the blame lies with senior cabinet members. Next you'll be asserting that the man who preaches personal responsibility and honesty should take a "buck stops here" approach and accept accountability for a war that never should have been fought. Oh and I'm sure you'll want to dredge up the ever changing "101 best reasons we went to war" aided by the MSM and how facts were interpreted at the White House in the worst possible light in order to justify an unjustifiable attack. Well if you're going to be a spoilsport, we'll just have to empanel another commission--this one to prove there never was a second Iraq war and that this has all been misinformation fed to us by that liberal media. That'll show you.
Name: Jason Reagle
Hometown: Pittsburgh
Dear Dr. Alterman,
In response to Tim the Fighting Irishman, and his assertion that U2 sells its floor seats for a good price, it must be said that those seats, at a given concert, represent at most 20% of the available tickets. It is laudable that U2 doesn't sell ALL but the most nosebleed-inducing seats for the $100 to $160 range. However, the $100 to $160 prices are, in and of themselves, cringeworthy. The going rate for better bands these days that aren't on yet another "Our Investments Aren't Doing as Well as we Planned Tour," (see the Stones/Eagles/Babs for god's sake a few years back) is in the $45 to $60 per ticket range before the monolithic and monopolistic Ticketmaster extorts its fee. For U2 to charge much beyond $60 is prima facie of evidence of greed. As big a U2 fan as I am let's call it what it is. To even get U2 floor seats at most venues, one must pay $40 to take part in an elaborate "pre-sale." $40 per person who wants a shot at 2 floor seats is robbery as well. Any administrative costs that U2 may incur in running a "fan-site" cannot, in any way, equal the huge amount of revenue they receive by charging what is, in effect, a $40 pre-sale fee. If they want to receive what the market will bare that's their right, but please don't give me this "taking care of the little guy" crap because it is exactly that.
Name: Sal
Hometown:
The great STEVE WYNN performing LIVE on the NYCD STAGE!!
Saturday, April 2nd- 3PM!!
It's free!! It's fun!! And let's face it- STEVE WYNN IS DAMN GOOD!!
Come on down!
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Read chapter John Frank Elliot: This series presents biographies of deceased members of the National Academy of Engineering....
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The National Academies Press
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https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/2231/chapter/7
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Below is the uncorrected machine-read text of this chapter, intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text of each book. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.
JOHN FRANK ELLIOTT 1920-1991 BY MORRIS COHEN jOHN F. ELLIOTT, one of the world s foremost authorities in the eld of metallurgy, died on April 15, 1991, at the age of seventy. He was the American Iron and Steel Institute Distinguished Professor of Metallurgy and director of the Mining and Mineral Resources Research Institute at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). He was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 1975 as a teacher, engineer, and scientist, who was responsible for major advances in metallurgical education, research, and processing. John was born on July 31, 1920, in St. Paul, Minnesota, and received his early eduction in northern Minnesota. He was awarded the S.B. in metallurgical engineering with high distinc- tion at the University of Minnesota in 1942. After becoming a lieutenant commander in the U.S. Navy during World War II, he enrolled as a graduate student at MIT and received the Sc.D. in metallurgy in 1949. He then joined the Fundamental Research Laboratory of the United States Steel Corporation as a physical chemist. Following this experience in industrial research, John joined the Inland Steel Company as a member of the research staff and was later appointed assistant superintendent of quality control of steelmaking. In 1955 he returned to MIT as associate professor of metallurgy and rose to full professorship in 1960. John's teaching and research at MIT established his intellec- tual leadership in chemical-process metallurgy. He and his 27
28 MEMORIAL TRIBUTES students published well over two hundred papers, covering ferrous process metallurgy, high-temperature chemistry of inor- ganic materials, and hot corrosion of metals en c! refractories, as well as the underlying chemical thermodynamics and kinetics. One of his major publications was a comprehensive two-volume compilation, Thermochemistry for Steelmaking. He was also in- volved with technological developments in the metallurgical processing industry and with the conservation of energy and raw materials, including the related environmental implications. In all these activities, ~ohn's achievements were acknowI- edged by many awards, invited lectureships, and honorary mem- berships. Among his more than a dozen prizes were the Robert W. Hunt Award of the American Institute of Mining, Metallurgi- cal, and Petroleum Engineers (AIME), the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Fellowship at Imperial College in Lon- don, The Albert Easton White Distinguished Teacher Award of the American Society for Metals, the AIME Legion of Honor, and the Tawara Gold Medal of the Iron and Steel Institute of Japan. In addition to John's membership in the National Academy of Engineering, his honorary and fellow memberships included the American Academy of Arts and Sciences; the American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers; the Metallurgical Society of AIME; the Iron and Steel Society of AIME; the Iron and Steel Institute of Japan; the Japan Institute of Metals; the American Institute of Chemical Engineers; the SocieclacI Venezolana de Ingenieros de Minas y Metalurgicos; and the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Among the honorary lectures given by John were the Howe Memorial Lecture of AIME, the Carter Memorial Lecture at the University of Strathclycle in Scotland, the Yukawa Lecture of the Iron and Steel Institute in Japan, the Extractive Metallurgy Lecture of AIME, the Zay Jeffries Lecture of ASM, and the Sir Julius Wernher Memorial Lecture of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy in Great Britain. He also presented invited papers in Sweden, India, and Korea. In 1974 he served es visiting professor at the Tohoku University in Sendai, Japan, and in 1976 at the Simon Bolivar University in Caracas, Venezuela. He co- chaired the First Bilateral USA-China Metallurgical Conference
lOHN FINK ELLIOTT 29 in Beijing in 1978, and coeditecI the classic proceeding on Metallurgical Treatises in 1981. Perhaps the tribute that meant most to John was the Elliott Symposium on Chemical Process Metallurgy, organized by his students and colleagues and held at MIT in June 1990. It was a memorable occasion with featured papers on the future of process metallurgy in Asia, Australia, and Europe, as well as in the Americas. John participated actively throughout the sympo- sium and gave the final presentation on "Whither Chemical Metallurgy?" Another highlight of the event was the establish- ment of an endowed fund by the Iron and Steel Society and the Minerals, Metals, and Materials Society in support of a John F. Elliott Lectureship in Chemical Process Metallurgy, "to honor Professor Elliott for his many accomplishments, and for the leaclership he provided over a career spanning more than four clecades." Despite several life-threatening illnesses throughout his ca- reer, John demonstrated remarkable resolve to carry on with his way of life after each health crisis. Each time, he managed to resume his research en cl teaching, together with a vigorous schedule of world travel for conferences, honors, and invited lectures. He also remained] ever-clevoted to his family, students, ant! profession, alongwith his hobbies of gardening, sailing, and · . ~ music appreclatlon. Tragically, however, in December of 1990, fateful symptoms of a brain tumor were detected, and the end came for John in April of 1991. He is survive cI by his wife, Frances PendIeton Elliott; two children, William Stowe Elliott and Dorothy Elliott Sempolinski; and four grandsons. John Elliott liver! a life of purpose, fullness, and lasting achievement. He has left his indelible mark on the metallurgical rim . protesslon.
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Governor Abbott Announces Ten Governor’s University Research Initiative Grant Awards
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Governor Greg Abbott today announced that Texas has recruited ten distinguished researchers to Texas A&M University, the University of Texas at Austin and the University of Houston as part of the Governor’s University Research Initiative (GURI), an effort to lure nationally-recognized researchers to Texas institutions of higher education. The GURI program was one of Governor Abbott’s priorities in the most recent legislative session, aimed at bringing the best and brightest researchers in the world to Texas. Through the GURI program, the Lone Star State will welcome transformative researchers who will in turn serve as economic catalysts to the Texas economy for years to come.
"Texas is the home of innovation, and with the addition of these world-class scholars to our university faculties, we will continue to lead the nation in cutting-edge research," said Governor Abbott. "This strategic investment in higher education will further elevate future generations of students and faculty at Texas universities while spearheading new breakthroughs in the fields of science, technology, engineering, mathematics and medicine, all of which are crucial to the long-term success of the Texas economy. I would like to thank GURI Advisory Board Chairman James Huffines and all our advisory board members for their outstanding work. I am proud and deeply honored to welcome these distinguished researchers to the Lone Star State."
The GURI grant awards announced today total $34,292,550 with one-to-one matching grant commitments from each university. Applications to the grant program are accepted on a rolling basis and eligible institutions can apply for matching grants of up to $5 million per distinguished researcher. Grant funds will be used for recruitment costs, including the purchase of research equipment and construction or renovation of facilities necessary to support the distinguished researchers.
The recipients of the grants announced today feature researchers hailing from across the nation and world, each of whom are members of national honorific societies, including the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering and The Royal Society in the United Kingdom:
Dr. Girish Saran Agarwal will join the faculty of Texas A&M University beginning September 1, 2016. Currently, he is the Noble Foundation Chair and Regents Professor at Oklahoma State University. He is a member of The Royal Society in the United Kingdom. His research will be in theoretical quantum optics, particularly the interaction of laser light with atoms, and in developing applications for this technology. These applications will permit the identification of chemical compounds and will form the basis to detect pathogens and chemicals at a distance. In the spring of 2017, he will begin teaching a graduate course on Spectroscopy and will begin mentoring graduate students immediately upon arrival. Texas A&M University has been awarded a GURI grant totaling $4,612,000.
Dr. Leif Andersson will join the faculty of Texas A&M University beginning September 1, 2016. He is a Foreign Associate in the National Academy of Sciences. Dr. Andersson’s research will be in the genetics of domesticated animals. Dr. Andersson will participate in graduate education programs of the College of Veterinary Medicine at Texas A&M University where he will teach graduate courses throughout the year and assist with undergraduate courses in College Station. Texas A&M University has been awarded a GURI grant totaling $1,568,000.
Dr. Joan Frances Brennecke will be a professor in the McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering and holder of an endowed chair at the University of Texas at Austin starting August 1, 2017. Currently, she is a Professor of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering at the University of Notre Dame. She is a member of the National Academy of Engineering. As a member of the UT Austin faculty, she will conduct research and engage in the teaching and training of graduate and undergraduate students. Dr. Brennecke’s research will focus on energy and sustainability, including the design of ionic liquid systems for safer, more reliable and longer-lasting batteries. Dr. Brennecke will work closely with the university’s office of technology commercialization to facilitate technology transfer from her lab to the marketplace thus benefiting the university and the state of Texas. The University of Texas at Austin has been awarded a GURI grant totaling $1,800,000.
Dr. Richard B. Miles will establish and lead a Center of Excellence in Interdisciplinary Optical and Laser Detection Systems for National Security and Safety at Texas A&M University and will join as a full-time faculty member in the Aerospace Engineering and the Mechanical Engineering Departments on February 15, 2017. He is currently a Senior Scholar at Princeton University and is a member of the National Academy of Engineering. One such application of his innovative research is the development of state-of-the-art instrumentation for remote detection that will identify hazardous gases and dangerous contaminants such as anthrax or the Ebola virus, hidden explosives such as IEDs, and/or greenhouse gases and pollutants. His teaching of undergraduates and graduate students will begin in the fall of 2017 on optics, spectroscopy and thermodynamics. Texas A&M University has been awarded a GURI grant totaling $5,000,000.
Dr. Thomas J. Overbye will join Texas A&M University as a full-time faculty member on January 31, 2017. He is currently the Fox Family Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and is a member of the National Academy of Engineering. His research interests are in the domains of: Smart Grid Cyber Security, Renewable Electric Energy Systems, Power System Visualization, Power System Analysis by Computer Methods, Power System Stability, and Power Systems Operation and Control. In the fall of 2017, he will begin teaching in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering on topics related to power distribution and generation. Texas A&M has been awarded a GURI grant totaling $4,500,000.
Dr. George M. Pharr IV will join Texas A&M University as a full-time faculty member on January 1, 2017. He currently serves as the Chancellor’s Professor and McKamey Professor of Engineering at the University of Tennessee and is a member of the National Academy of Engineering. His research will be in the creation and testing of nanomaterials. Beginning in the fall of 2017, Dr. Pharr will begin teaching in the Material Sciences and Engineering Department at both graduate and undergraduate levels on nanomaterials and properties of materials. Texas A&M University has been awarded a GURI grant totaling $5,000,000.
Dr. Andrea Prosperetti joined the University of Houston on July 1, 2016, as a Distinguished Professor of Mechanical Engineering in the Cullen College of Engineering. He previously served as the Charles A. Miller, Jr. Distinguished Professor of Mechanical Engineering at Johns Hopkins University. He is a member of the National Academy of Engineering. Dr. Prosperetti will also lead the multi-disciplinary Center for Advanced Computing and Data Systems. This center represents efforts in high performance computing as it applies to important applications that will have significant impact on the State of Texas including energy, infrastructure, aerospace, health and national security. Dr. Prosperetti’s research will be focused on multiphase flows and high performance computing. The University of Houston has been awarded a GURI grant totaling $3,060,500.
Dr. John Suppe will join the University of Houston on September 1, 2016 as a Distinguished Professor of Earth & Atmospheric Sciences in the College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics. He was previously a Distinguished Chair and Research Professor at National Taiwan University, and he is a member of the National Academy of Sciences. Dr. Suppe will establish and lead the multi-disciplinary Center for Tectonics and Tomography the (CTT) at the University of Houston. This center will yield fundamentally new insights into the interaction of past plate motions and the global circulation of Earth's mantle. Dr. Suppe’s research will be focused on seismic tomography as well as generation of new tomographic models. The University of Houston has been awarded a GURI grant totaling $2,427,700.
Dr. Ganesh Thakur will join the University of Houston on September 1, 2016 as a Distinguished Professor of Petroleum Engineering in the Cullen College of Engineering. He is President and Global Advisor at Thakur Services, Inc. and is a member of the National Academy of Engineering. Dr. Thakur will also serve as the Director for Energy Industrial Partnerships at the University of Houston. This center represents efforts in upstream and midstream as it applies to important applications, and will have immense impact on the State of Texas in the field of energy. Dr. Thakur’s research will be focused on waterflood management as applied to secondary recovery of oil. The University of Houston has been awarded a GURI grant totaling $3,044,350.
Dr. Wei Yang will join the University of Texas at Austin as a professor in the Department of Molecular Biosciences and holder of the Mr. and Mrs. Isaac Arnold, Sr. Regents Chair in Molecular Biology beginning August 1, 2016. She is currently a Tenured Senior Investigator and Section Chief at the National Institutes of Health and a member of the National Academy of Sciences. As a member of the faculty, she will conduct research and engage in the teaching and training of graduate and undergraduate students. Dr. Yang’s research will focus on the mechanisms human cells use to detect and repair DNA mutations and lesions while carrying out the essential processes of DNA replication and recombination. Dr. Yang will work closely with the university’s office of technology commercialization to transfer any discoveries of new therapeutic agents to the marketplace, thus benefiting patients, the university, and the state of Texas. The University of Texas at Austin has been awarded a GURI grant totaling $3,280,000.
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https://alchetron.com/Milton-S-Plesset
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Milton S Plesset
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[
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2017-08-18T08:30:48+00:00
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Milton Spinoza Plesset (7 February 1908 19 February 1991) was an American applied physicist who worked in the field of fluid mechanics and nuclear energy. He was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 1979 for his fundamental contributions to multiphase flows, bubble dynamics, and safet
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en
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/favicon.ico
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Alchetron.com
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https://alchetron.com/Milton-S-Plesset
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Milton Spinoza Plesset (7 February 1908 – 19 February 1991) was an American applied physicist who worked in the field of fluid mechanics and nuclear energy. He was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 1979 for his fundamental contributions to multiphase flows, bubble dynamics, and safety of nuclear reactors. Plesset served as Professor of Engineering Science at California Institute of Technology during 1951 to 1978. Notable scientists Andrea Prosperetti and Norman Zabusky finished their doctoral work under Plesset's guidance.
He with Christian Møller are known for the Møller–Plesset perturbation theory. The Rayleigh-Plesset equation describing the dynamics of a bubble in an infinite body of fluid is also named after him.
Education and work
Born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Plesset received his bachelor's degree from University of Pittsburgh in 1929 and a Ph.D. from Yale University in 1932. Soon after his Ph.D. Plesset joined Caltech and worked with Robert Oppenheimer. Together, they undertook a theoretical study of positron using Dirac equation in quantum electrodynamics to show how electron-positron pairs were formed.
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https://sites.grenadine.co/sites/iot/fr/2024-privacy-symposium-conference/attendees
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Privacy Symposium Conference 2024
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The Privacy Symposium conference aims to support international dialogue, cooperation, and knowledge sharing on data regulation, compliance, and innovative technologies. The conference brings together data protection experts and professionals, authorities, international organizations, and the research community to discuss the latest developments and perspectives related to data protection and privacy.The conference takes place during June 10 to 14, 2024 at Ca’ Foscari University, Venice, Italy, in the heart of the historic centre of Venice. The Privacy Symposium 2024 in Venice will focus on:Latest and upcoming changes in data processing regulations;International cooperation and convergence in data protection;Emerging technologies and data protection compliance;Future demands and needs for data protection compliance;Research and innovation in data protection and compliance.You will find more information at www.privacysymposium.org and you can contact the conference secretariat at: contact@privacysymposium.org, should you have any questions.
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https://sites.grenadine.co/sites/iot/fr/2024-privacy-symposium-conference/attendees
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Oppenheimer, J. Robert, 1904
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favicon.ico
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J. Robert Oppenheimer
Dates
April 22, 1904 – February 18, 1967
Authorized Form of Name
Oppenheimer, J. Robert, 1904-1967
Additional Forms of Names
Oppenheimer, J. Robert
Oppenheimer, J. Robert (Julius Robert), 1904-1967
Oppenheimer, Julius Robert, 1904-1967
Oppenheimer, Robert
Oppenheimer, Robert, 1904-1967
Oppenheimer, Robert (Julius Robert), 1904-1967
Biography
Abstract
Physicist (quantum theory and nuclear physics). On the physics faculty at California Institute of Technology and University of California, Berkeley in theoretical physics, 1929-1947; director of Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory, 1943-1945; chairman of the General Advisory Committee of the Atomic Energy Commission, 1946-1952; director of the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton, 1947-1966.
April 22, 1904Birth, New York (N.Y.).
1925Obtained A.B., Harvard University, Cambridge (Mass.).
1925 – 1926Studied at University of Cambridge, Cambridge (England).
1927Obtained Ph.D. in physics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen (Germany).
1927 – 1928Fellow, National Research Council. Oppenheimer split the fellowship over the academic year, spending 1927 at Harvard University and 1928 at California Institute of Technology.
1928 – 1929International Education Board Fellow, University of Leiden and Eidgenössische Technische Hochshule, Zurich.
1929 – 1947Assistant Professor (1929-1931), Associate Professor (1931-1936), and Professor of Theoretical Physics (1936-1947), University of California, Berkeley and California Institute of Technology. Oppenheimer split his time between the two, spending only one semester teaching at California Institute of Technology after being promoted to full Professor in 1936, Berkeley (Calif.).
1941Elected a member of the National Academy of Sciences.
1943 – 1945Director, Los Alamos Laboratory, Manhattan Project.
1947 – 1952Chair, General Advisory Committee, United States Atomic Energy Commission.
1947 – 1967Director, Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton (N.J.).
1948President, American Physical Society (APS).
1949 – 1955Member, Board of Overseers, Harvard University.
1951 – 1954Member, Science Advisory Committee, United States Office of Defense Mobilization.
1954Declared a security risk by the United States Atomic Energy Commission and removed from government service after security hearings before the House Un-American Activities Committee.
1963Awarded the Enrico Fermi Award, United States Atomic Energy Commission. This was given for his contributions to the development of nuclear energy and as a symbolic gesture to clear his name for the events of 1954.
February 18, 1967Death, Princeton (N.J.).
Occupation
Nuclear physicist.
Places
Birth
New York (N.Y.)
Undergraduate Education
Cambridge (Mass.)
Graduate Education
Cambridge (England)
Göttingen (Germany)
Employment
Berkeley (Calif.)
Pasadena (Calif.)
Princeton (N.J.)
Death
Princeton (N.J.)
Subjects
Atomic bomb.
Atomic theory.
Nuclear physics.
Quantum theory.
Relationships
People
Family
Oppenheimer, Ella
Mother.
Oppenheimer, Frank, 1912-1985
Brother. Physicist.
Oppenheimer, Julius
Father.
Oppenheimer, Katherine P. (Katherine Puening), 1910?-1972
Wife, married in 1940.
Oppenheimer, Katherine, 1944-
Daughter.
Oppenheimer, Peter
Son.
Advisors & Collaborators
Bohm, David, 1917-1992
Advised by Oppenheimer at University of California, Berkeley.
Born, Max, 1882-1970
PhD advisor at University of Göttingen with a focus on quantum theory.
Bridgman, P. W. (Percy Williams), 1882-1961
Advisor at Harvard University.
Ehrenfest, Paul, 1880-1933
Post-doctoral advisor at University of Leiden.
Lamb, Willis E. (Willis Eugene), 1913-2008
Advised by Oppenheimer at University of California, Berkeley, "I. On the Capture of Slow Neutrons in Hydrogenuous Substances, II. Electromagnetic Properties of Nuclear Systems."
Low, Francis E. (Francis Eugene), 1921-2007
Advised by Oppenheimer at the Institute for Advanced Study. Both employed at the Institute for Advanced Study.
Morrison, Philip
Advised by Oppenheimer at University of California, Berkeley in atomic electrodynamics.
Nordsieck, Arnold T.
Advised by Oppenheimer at University of California, Berkeley.
Pais, Abraham, 1918-2000
Advised by Oppenheimer at Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton University.
Pauli, Wolfgang, 1900-1958
Post-doctoral advisor at Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich.
Phillips, Melba, 1907-2004
Advised by Oppenheimer at University of California, Berkeley. The Oppenheimer-Phillips Process was named for their work after Phillips completed her Ph.D.
Rotblat, Joseph, 1908-2005
Collaborated on the Manhattan Project.
Rutherford, Ernest, 1871-1937
Advisor at University of Cambridge.
Thomson, J. J. (Joseph John), 1856-1940
Advisor at University of Cambridge.
Colleagues
Ackerman, Jerome O.
Both employed at Los Alamos Laboratory, Manhattan Project.
Adler, Stephen L.
Both employed at the Institute for Advanced Study.
Agnew, Harold M.
Both employed at Los Alamos Laboratory, Manhattan Project.
Allison, Samuel King, 1900-1965
Both employed at University of California, Berkeley.
Alvarez, Luis W., 1911-1988
Both employed at University of California, Berkeley and Los Alamos Laboratory, Manhattan Project.
Anderson, Carl D. (Carl David), 1905-1991
Both employed at California Institute of Technology.
Anderson, Herbert Lawrence
Both employed at Los Alamos Laboratory, Manhattan Project.
Arnowitt, Richard
Both employed at the Institute for Advanced Study.
Bacher, Robert F. (Robert Fox), 1905-2004
Both employed at California Institute of Technology and Los Alamos Laboratory, Manhattan Project.
Bainbridge, Kenneth T. (Kenneth Tompkins), 1904-1996
Both employed at Los Alamos Laboratory, Manhattan Project.
Balke, Claire
Both employed at Los Alamos Laboratory, Manhattan Project.
Barschall, H. H. (Henry Herman), 1915-1997
Both employed at Los Alamos Laboratory, Manhattan Project.
Bateman, Harry, 1882-1946
Both employed at California Institute of Technology.
Bederson, Benjamin
Both employed at Los Alamos Laboratory, Manhattan Project.
Bethe, Hans A. (Hans Albrecht), 1906-2005
Both employed at Los Alamos Laboratory, Manhattan Project.
Birch, Francis, 1903-1992
Both employed at Los Alamos Laboratory, Manhattan Project.
Birge, Raymond T. (Raymond Thayer), 1887-
Both employed at University of California, Berkeley.
Bitter, Francis, 1902-1967
Both employed at California Institute of Technology.
Bonbrake, Lawrence
Both employed at Los Alamos Laboratory, Manhattan Project.
Bonner, Tom Wilkerson, 1910-1961
Both employed at California Institute of Technology.
Bradbury, Norris, 1909-1997
Both employed at Los Alamos Laboratory, Manhattan Project.
Bretscher, Egon, 1901-1973
Both employed at Los Alamos Laboratory, Manhattan Project.
Brode, Robert B. (Robert Bigham), 1900-1986
Both employed at University of California, Berkeley and Los Alamos Laboratory, Manhattan Project.
Brueckner, Keith A.
Both employed at the Institute for Advanced Study.
Burke, Joseph Eldrid, 1914-
Both employed at Los Alamos Laboratory, Manhattan Project.
Case, Kenneth M.
Both employed at the Institute for Advanced Study and Los Alamos Laboratory, Manhattan Project.
Chadwick, James, 1891-1974
Both emloyed at Los Alamos Laboratory, Manhattan Project.
Charney, Jule G.
Both employed at the Institute for Advanced Study.
Christy, Robert F.
Both employed at California Institute of Technology and Los Alamos Laboratory, Manhattan Project.
Condon, Edward Uhler, 1902-1974
Chosen by Oppenheimer to help organize Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory.
Cooper, Leon N. (Leon Neil), 1930-
Both employed at the Institute for Advanced Study.
Corson, Dale R.
Both employed at University of California, Berkeley and Los Alamos Laboratory, Manhattan Project.
Crane, H. R. (Horace Richard), 1907-2007
Both employed at California Institute of Technology.
Critchfield, Charles Louis, 1910-
Both employed at Los Alamos Laboratory, Manhattan Project.
Deser, S. (Stanley)
Both employed at the Institute for Advanced Study.
Deutsch, Martin, 1917-2002
Both employed at the Los Alamos Laboratory, Manhattan Project.
DeWitt, Bryce S. (Bryce Seligman), 1923-2004
Both employed at the Institute for Advanced Study.
Dodson, Richard W.
Both employed at Los Alamos Laboratory, Manhattan Project.
Dryden, Hugh L. (Hugh Latimer), 1898-1965
Both worked at United States Office of Defense Mobilization.
DuBridge, Lee A. (Lee Alvin), 1901-1994
Both employed at California Institute of Technology and worked at United States Office of Defense Mobilization.
Duffield, Robert B.
Both employed at Los Alamos Laboratory, Manhattan Project.
DuMond, Jesse W. M. (Jesse William Monroe), 1892-1976
Both employed at California Institute of Technology.
Duwez, Pol
Both employed at California Institute of Technology.
Dyson, Freeman J.
Both employed at the Institute for Advanced Study.
Eckart, Carl, 1902-1973
Both employed at California Institute of Technology.
Einstein, Albert, 1879-1955
Both employed at the Institute for Advanced Study.
Epstein, Paul S. (Paul Sophus), 1883-1966
Both employed at California Institute of Technology.
Feinberg, Gerald, 1933-
Both employed at the Institute for Advanced Study.
Fermi, Enrico, 1901-1954
Both employed at Los Alamos Laboratory, Manhattan Project.
Feynman, Richard P. (Richard Phillips), 1918-1988
Both employed at Los Alamos Laboratory, Manhattan Project.
Fitch, Val L., 1923-2015
Both employed at Los Alamos Laboratory, Manhattan Project.
Flanders, Donald
Both employed at Los Alamos Laboratory, Manhattan Project.
Fowler, William A.
Both employed at California Institute of Technology.
Frankel, S., 1919-
Both employed at Los Alamos Laboratory, Manhattan Project.
Freedman, Daniel Z.
Both employed at the Institute for Advanced Study.
Friedlander, Gerhart
Both employed at Los Alamos Laboratory, Manhattan Project.
Frisch, Otto Robert, 1904-
Both employed at Los Alamos Laboratory, Manhattan Project.
Froman, Darol K. (Darol Kenneth), 1906-1997
Both employed at Los Alamos Laboratory, Manhattan Project.
Furry, W. H. (Wendell Hinkle), 1907-
Both employed at California Institute of Technology and University of California, Berkeley.
Fussell, Lewis
Both employed at Los Alamos Laboratory, Manhattan Project.
Garner, Clifford S. (Clifford Symes), 1912-
Both employed at Los Alamos Laboratory, Manhattan Project.
Gell-Mann, Murray
Both employed at the Institute for Advanced Study.
Glauber, Roy J., 1925-
Both employed at the Institute for Advanced Study and Los Alamos Laboratory, Manhattan Project.
Glimm, James
Both employed at the Institute for Advanced Study.
Gordy, Walter, 1909-1985
Both employed at California Institute of Technology.
Greisen, Kenneth
Both employed at Los Alamos Laboratory, Manhattan Project.
Gurinsky, David
Both employed at Los Alamos Laboratory, Manhattan Project.
Hartle, J. B. (James B.)
Both employed at the Institute for Advanced Study.
Helmholtz, Lindsay
Both employed at Los Alamos Laboratory, Manhattan Project.
Helmholz, August Carl, 1915-2003
Both employed at University of California, Berkeley.
Henderson, Robert W. (Robert Wesley), 1914-
Both employed at Los Alamos Laboratory, Manhattan Project.
Higinbotham, William A.
Both employed at Los Alamos Laboratory, Manhattan Project.
Hill, Edward Lee, 1904-1974
Both employed at Harvard University.
Hinch, William H.
Both employed at Los Alamos Laboratory, Manhattan Project.
Hirschfelder, Joseph Oakland, 1911-
Both employed at Los Alamos Laboratory, Manhattan Project.
Hoffman, Joseph G. (Joseph Gilbert), 1909-
Both employed at Los Alamos Laboratory, Manhattan Project.
Houston, W. V. (William Vermillion), 1900-
Both employed at California Institute of Technology.
Jaffe, Arthur, 1937-
Both employed at the Institute for Advanced Study.
Jette, Eric
Both employed at Los Alamos Laboratory, Manhattan Project.
Johns, Iral
Both employed at Los Alamos Laboratory, Manhattan Project.
Kemble, Edwin C. (Edwin Crawford), 1889-
Both employed at Harvard University.
Kennedy, Joseph W. (Joseph William), 1917-1957
Both employed at Los Alamos Laboratory, Manhattan Project.
Kerst, Donald William, 1911-1993
Both employed at Los Alamos Laboratory, Manhattan Project.
Kinoshita, T. (Toichiro)
Both employed at the Institute for Advanced Study.
Kistiakowsky, George B. (George Bogdan), 1900-1982
Both employed at Los Alamos Laboratory, Manhattan Project.
Koski, Walter
Both employed at Los Alamos Laboratory, Manhattan Project.
Kraichnan, Robert H., 1928-2008
Both employed at the Institute for Advanced Study.
Kroll, Norman Myles, 1922-
Both employed at the Institute for Advanced Study.
Lauritsen, Charles Christian, 1892-1968
Both employed at California Institute of Technology.
Lauritsen, Thomas, 1915-1973
Both employed at California Institute of Technology.
Lawrence, Ernest Orlando, 1901-1958
Both employed at University of California, Berkeley.
Lee, T. D., 1926-
Both employed at the Institute for Advanced Study.
Leighton, Robert B.
Both employed at California Institute of Technology.
Linschitz, Henry, 1919-
Both employed at Los Alamos Laboratory, Manhattan Project.
Livingston, M. Stanley (Milton Stanley)
Both employed at University of California, Berkeley.
Lockridge, R. W.
Both employed at Los Alamos Laboratory, Manhattan Project.
Loeb, Leonard B. (Leonard Benedict), 1891-
Both employed at University of California, Berkeley.
Luttinger, Joaquin M.
Both employed at the Institute for Advanced Study.
Lyman, Theodore, 1874-1954
Both employed at Harvard University.
Mack, Julian Ellis, 1903-1966
Both employed at Los Alamos Laboratory, Manhattan Project.
Manley, John Henry, 1907-
Both employed at Los Alamos Laboratory, Manhattan Project.
McDaniel, Boyce D. (Boyce Dawkins), 1917-
Both employed at Los Alamos Laboratory, Manhattan Project.
McMillan, Edwin M. (Edwin Mattison), 1907-
Both employed at University of California, Berkeley and Los Alamos Laboratory, the Manhattan Project.
Merzbacher, Eugen
Both employed at the Institute for Advanced Study.
Millikan, Robert Andrews, 1868-1953
Both employed at California Institute of Technology.
Morse, Marston, 1892-1977
Both employed at the Institute for Advanced Study.
Mulliken, Robert Sanderson
Both employed at the Chicago Metallurgical Laboratory, Manhattan Project.
Nambu, Yoichiro, 1921-2015
Both employed at the Institute for Advanced Study.
Neddermeyer, Seth H. (Seth Henry), 1907-1988
Both employed at California Institute of Technology and Los Alamos Laboratory, Manhattan Project.
Nelson, Eldred C. (Eldred Carlyle), 1917-
Both employed at Los Alamos Laboratory, Manhattan Project.
Panofsky, Wolfgang K. H. (Wolfgang Kurt Hermann), 1919-2007
Both employed at University of California, Berkeley.
Parratt, Lyman G. (Lyman George)
Both employed at Los Alamos Laboratory, Manhattan Project.
Parsons, William Sterling, 1901-1953
Both employed at Los Alamos Laboratory, Manhattan Project.
Peierls, Rudolf E. (Rudolf Ernst), 1907-1995
Both employed at Los Alamos Laboratory, Manhattan Project.
Pierce, George Washington, 1872-1956
Both employed at Harvard University.
Pines, David, 1924-2018
Both employed at the Institute for Advanced Study.
Placzek, G. (George), 1905-1955
Both employed at Los Alamos Laboratory, Manhattan Project.
Potratz, Herbert A. (Herbert August)
Both employed at Los Alamos Laboratory, Manhattan Project.
Ramsey, Norman, 1915-2011
Both employed at Los Alamos Laboratory, Manhattan Project.
Richers, Edward
Both employed at Los Alamos Laboratory, Manhattan Project.
Robertson, H. P. (Howard Percy), 1903-1961
Both employed at California Institute of Technology.
Rossi, Bruno, 1905-1993
Both employed at Los Alamos Laboratory, Manhattan Project.
Sachs, Robert Green, 1916-
Both employed at University of California, Berkeley.
Saunders, Frederick A. (Frederick Albert), 1875-1963
Both employed at Harvard University.
Schiff, Leonard I. (Leonard Isaac), 1915-1971
Both employed at California Institute of Technology and University of California, Berkeley.
Schwinger, Julian, 1918-1994
Both employed at University of California, Berkeley.
Segal, Irving Ezra
Both employed at the Institute for Advanced Study.
Segrè, Emilio
Both employed at University of California, Berkeley and Los Alamos Laboratory, Manhattan Project.
Serber, R. (Robert)
Both employed at University of California, Berkeley and Los Alamos Laboratory, Manhattan Project.
Seybolt, A. U. (Alan Upson), 1910-1984
Both employed at Los Alamos Laboratory, Manhattan Project.
Shapiro, Maurice M. (Maurice Mandel), 1915-
Both employed at Los Alamos Laboratory, Manhattan Project.
Slater, John C. (John Clarke), 1900-1976
Both employed at Harvard University.
Slichter, Louis B. (Louis Byrne), 1896-1978
Both employed at California Institute of Technology.
Smith, Cyril Stanley, 1903-1992
Both employed at Los Alamos Laboratory, Manhattan Project.
Steinberger, J.
Both employed at the Institute for Advanced Study.
Teller, Edward, 1908-2003
Both employed at Los Alamos Laboratory, Manhattan Project.
Tolman, Richard C. (Richard Chace), 1881-1948
Both employed at California Institute of Technology.
Von Kármán, Theodore, 1881-1963
Both employed at California Institute of Technology.
Von Neumann, John, 1903-1957
Both employed at the Institute for Advanced Study.
Waterman, Alan Tower, 1892-1967
Both worked at United States Office of Defense Mobilization.
Watson, Kenneth M.
Both employed at the Institute for Advanced Study.
Weisskopf, Victor Frederick, 1908-2002
Both employed at Los Alamos Laboratory, Manhattan Project.
Weissman, Samuel Isaac
Both employed at Los Alamos Laboratory, Manhattan Project.
Weyl, Hermann, 1885-1955
Both employed at the Institute for Advanced Study.
Williams, John H. (John Harry), 1908-
Both employed at Los Alamos Laboratory, Manhattan Project.
Wilson, Robert R., 1914-2000
Both employed at Los Alamos Laboratory, Manhattan Project.
Wu, C. S. (Chien-shiung), 1912-1997
Both employed at University of California, Berkeley.
Wu, Tai Tsun
Both employed at the Institute for Advanced Study.
Yang, Chen Ning, 1922-
Both employed at the Institute for Advanced Study.
York, Herbert F. (Herbert Frank)
Both employed at University of California, Berkeley.
Zacharias, Jerrold Reinach, 1905-1986
Both worked at United States Office of Defense Mobilization.
Additional
Bartlett, Albert A.
Barton, Henry Askew, 1898-1983
Bhabha, Homi Jehangir, 1909-1966
Bloch, Felix, 1905-
Bohr, Niels, 1885-1962
Brady, James Joseph, 1904-
Breit, Gregory, 1899-1981
Bretscher, Hanni
Brobeck, William Morrison, 1908-
Bush, Vannevar, 1890-1974
Casals, Pablo, 1876-1973
Chamberlain, O. (Owen)
Cherniss, Harold F. (Harold Fredrik), 1904-1987
Chevalier, Haakon, 1902-1985
Compton, Arthur Holly, 1892-1962
Conant, James Bryant, 1893-1978
Coryell, Charles D. (Charles Du Bois), 1912-1971
Cranberg, Lawrence, 1917-
Darrow, Karl K. (Karl Kelchner), 1891-
Dirac, P. A. M. (Paul Adrien Maurice), 1902-1984
Eisenhower, Dwight D. (Dwight David), 1890-1969
Eliot, T. S. (Thomas Stearns), 1888-1965
Evans, Robley Dunglison, 1907-
Feis, Herbert, 1893-1972
Franck, James, 1882-1964
Gamow, George, 1904-1968
Garrison, Lloyd K. (Lloyd Kirkham), 1897-1991
Oppenheimer's lawyer for security hearings before the House Un-American Activities Committee.
Gerjuoy, Edward
Goldberger, Marvin L.
Goudsmit, Samuel A. (Samuel Abraham), 1902-1978
Greenewalt, Crawford H., 1902-1993
Groueff, Stephane
Hansen, W. W. (William Webster), 1909-1949
Hawkins, David, 1913-2002
Heisenberg, Werner, 1901-1976
Herb, R. G. (Raymond George), 1908-1996
Herring, William Conyers, 1914-
Hill, R. D. (Robert Dickson), 1913-
Huff, L. D. (Lorenz Ditmar), 1905-
Inglis, David Rittenhouse, 1905-1995
Jordan, Pascual, 1902-1980
Kelly, Harry C.
Kennan, George, 1845-1924
Konopinski, Emil Jan, 1911-
Kowarski, Lew
Kursunoglu, Behram, 1922-
Kusaka, Shuichi, 1915-
Langer, Lawrence Marvin, 1913-2000
Leith, Cecil E., 1923-
Lewis, Gilbert Newton, 1875-1946
Lewis, H. W. (Harold Warren)
Lofgren, Edward J., 1908-
Lomanitz, Ross, 1921-2003
Loomis, F. W. (Francis Wheeler), 1889-1976
Mark, Carson
Marks, Herbert S., 1907-1960
Oppenheimer's lawyer for security hearings before the House Un-American Activities Committee.
Marshak, Robert E. (Robert Eugene), 1916-1992
McCrea, William Hunter
Moller, C. (Christian), 1904-1980
Moore, Ruth E., 1908-1989
Norstad, Lauris, 1907-1988
Pauling, Linus, 1901-1994
Pegram, George Braxton, 1876-1958
Peters, B. (Bernard), 1910-
Plesset, Milton S. (Milton Spinoza)
Plotnick, Harvey B
Rabi, I. I. (Isidor Isaac), 1898-1988
Roosevelt, Eleanor, 1884-1962
Roosevelt, Franklin D. (Franklin Delano), 1882-1945
Russell, Bertrand, 1872-1970
Sakharov, Andreĭ, 1921-1989
Schweber, S. S. (Silvan S.)
Schweitzer, Albert, 1875-1965
Seagondollar, L. Worth
Severinghaus, Willard L. (Willard Lesly), 1882-1947
Shane, Charles Donald, 1895-1983
Shankland, Robert S., 1908-
Sherwin, Martin J.
Smith, Herbert W.
Smyth, Henry De Wolf, 1898-1986
Sponer, Hertha, 1895-1968
Strauss, Lewis L.
Stromgren, Bengt, 1908-1987
Szilard, Leo
Tamm, I. E. (Igor' Evgen'evich), 1895-1971
Tate, John T. (John Torrence), 1889-1950
Uhlenbeck, George Eugène, 1900-1988
Ulam, Stanislaw M.
Urey, Harold Clayton, 1893-1981
Van Vleck, J. H. (John Hasbrouck), 1899-1980
Veblen, Oswald, 1880-1960
Weizsacker, Carl Friedrich, Freiherr von, 1912-2007
Wheeler, John Archibald, 1911-2008
Wiegand, Clyde (Clyde Edward), 1915-1996
Wigner, Eugene Paul, 1902-1995
Wolfenstein, L. (Lincoln)
Wooldridge, Dean E.
Zilsel, Paul Rudolph, 1923-
Institutions
Major Positions
California Institute of Technology. Division of Physics, Mathematics and Astronomy
National Research Council (NRC) Fellow; Assistant Professor; Associate Professor; and Professor of Theoretical Physics.
Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich
Completed work for International Education Board fellowship.
Harvard University
Member, Board of Overseers.
Harvard University. Department of Physics
Obtained AB. Completed work for National Research Council (NRC) fellowship.
Institute for Advanced Study (Princeton, N.J.)
Director.
International Education Board
Fellow.
Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory
Director.
Manhattan Project (U.S.)
Director, Los Alamos National Laboratory.
National Research Council (U.S.)
Fellow.
Rijksuniversiteit te Leiden
Completed work for International Education Board fellowship.
University of California, Berkeley. Department of Physics
Assistant Professor; Associate Professor; and Professor of Theoretical Physics.
Professional Activities & Affiliations
American Institute of Physics
American Physical Society
President.
Brookhaven National Laboratory
National Academy of Sciences (U.S.)
U.S. Atomic Energy Commission
Chair, General Advisory Committee.
United States. Congress. House. Committee on Un-American Activities.
United States. Science Advisory Committee
Member.
Universität Göttingen
Obtained PhD in Physics.
University of Cambridge. Department of Physics
Attended for graduate school.
Resources
Archival Resources
Author
A conversation with J. Robert Oppenheimer [motion picture] / CBS ; edited and produced by Edward R. Murrow and Fred W. Friendly ; 1954 Dec 16.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Dedication ceremony of the Niels Bohr Library [sound recording], 1962 September 26.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Electron theory [sound recording] : description and analogy; the first John Franklin Carlson Lecture at Iowa State University, 1955 March 17.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Invited papers [sound recording].
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
J. Robert Oppenheimer oral history collection, 1975-1976.
Institute Archives and Special Collections
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
M.I.T. Libraries, Rm. 14N-118, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
J. Robert Oppenheimer papers, 1921-1980 (bulk 1947-1967).
Manuscript Division
Library of Congress
James Madison Memorial Building, First Street and Independence Avenue SE, Washington, DC 20540, USA
Niels Bohr and the nucleus [sound recording], 1964 November 18.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Notes on Oppenheimer's course on electrodynamics at the University of California at Berkeley, 1939.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Notes on Oppenheimer's course on quantum mechanics at the University of California at Berkeley, 1939.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Oppenheimer interview on Enrico Fermi [videorecording].
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Oral history interview with J. Robert Oppenheimer, 1960 February.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Oral history interview with J. Robert Oppenheimer, 1963 November 18 and 20.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Oral history interview with J. Robert Oppenheimer, 1966 November 1.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Reflections on the resonances of physics history: talk presented at the dedication ceremony of the Niels Bohr Library of the American Institute of Physics, 1962.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Robert Oppenheimer family collection, 1799-1977.
Leo Baeck Institute at the Center for Jewish History
15 West 16th Street, New York, NY 10011, USA
Speech given at Association of Los Alamos Scientists meeting [sound recording] / 1945 November 2.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
The meson after 30 years [sound recording] / Address at the American Physical Society meeting, 1966.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
The press meets the scientists [sound recording], 1957.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Three lectures on Niels Bohr and his times; Part III: the atomic nucleus, August 1963.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Subject
AIP Office of the Director records of Henry A. Barton, 1931-1964.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Alan Tower Waterman papers, 1918-1967 (bulk 1940-1963).
Manuscript Division
Library of Congress
James Madison Memorial Building, First Street and Independence Avenue SE, Washington, DC 20540, USA
Albert A. Bartlett papers, 1928-2002.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
American Committee for Cultural Freedom records, 1939-1957 (bulk 1950-1957).
Archives. Tamiment Institute Library
New York University
70 Washington Square South, New York, NY 10012, USA
Andrew Sessler and Stephen Libby biographical memoir on Edward Teller, 2007.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Archive for the History of Quantum Physics, 1898-1950 (bulk).
Library
American Philosophical Society
105 South Fifth Street, Philadelphia, PA 19106, USA
Association of Pasadena Scientists records, 1945-1946.
The Joseph Regenstein Library. Department of Special Collections
University of Chicago
1100 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
Atomic energy for military purposes, 1945 [typescript].
Manuscripts and Archives Department
Hagley Museum and Library
298 Buck Road East, Greenville, DE 19807, USA
Atoms for Peace Award records, 1944-1972.
Institute Archives and Special Collections
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
M.I.T. Libraries, Rm. 14N-118, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
Behram Kursunoglu papers, 1967-1978.
Archives Division
University of Miami. Richter Library
Main Library, 8th Floor, Coral Gables, FL 33124, USA
Ben Bederson interview of Larry Spruch, Sidney Borowitz and Ed Gerjuoy [videorecording], 26 July 2004.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Carl Eckart papers, 1921-1973 (bulk 1935-1970).
Manuscript Division
Library of Congress
James Madison Memorial Building, First Street and Independence Avenue SE, Washington, DC 20540, USA
Charles C. Lauritsen papers, 1927-1977 (bulk 1946-1973).
Institute Archives
California Institute of Technology
1201 East California Blvd. (Mail Code 015A-74), Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
Christian Møller papers, 1928-1980.
Niels Bohr Archive
Blegdamsvej 17, Copenhagen, Denmark
Clay Jenkinson as J. Robert Oppenheimer [videorecording], 2010 January 3.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Clips of my life, n.d.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Consumers' Research, Inc. government war preparation general files on post-1945 national defense, 1945-1980.
Libraries. Special Collections and Archives
Rutgers University
New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
Conversations with David Inglis, [videorecording] Feb.-May 1989.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Copies of papers from elsewhere not directly related to Niels Bohr, 1920-
Niels Bohr Archive
Blegdamsvej 17, Copenhagen, Denmark
Crawford Greenewalt Manhattan Project diary, 1942-1945.
Manuscripts and Archives Department
Hagley Museum and Library
298 Buck Road East, Greenville, DE 19807, USA
David Hawkins papers, 1863-2001.
Libraries. Archives Department
University of Colorado
Campus Box 184, Boulder, CO 80302-0184, USA
David Rittenhouse Inglis papers, 1929-2003 (bulk 1946-1980)
W.E.B. Du Bois Library. Special Collections and Archives
University of Massachusetts at Amherst
Amherst, MA 01003, USA
Dwight D. Eisenhower records as President, White House Central files, 1953-1961.
Dwight D. Eisenhower Library
Abilene, KS 67410, USA
Edward Condon papers, circa 1920-1974.
Library
American Philosophical Society
105 South Fifth Street, Philadelphia, PA 19106, USA
Edward Gerjuoy: from physics to law and back again, 2010.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Electron theory [sound recording] : description and analogy; the first John Franklin Carlson Lecture at Iowa State University, 1955 March 17.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Electronic Computer Project (ECP) records, 1940-1967.
Shelby White and Leon Levy Archives Center
Institute for Advanced Study
1 Einstein Drive, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
Enrico Fermi papers, 1918-1974.
The Joseph Regenstein Library. Department of Special Collections
University of Chicago
1100 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
F. W. Loomis papers, 1920-1976.
University Archives
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
1408 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
Faust, eine Historie, 1932.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Frank Oppenheimer papers, 1902-1985.
The Bancroft Library
University of California, Berkeley
Berkeley, CA, 94720-6000, USA
Gilbert Newton Lewis papers, 1908-1945.
The Bancroft Library
University of California, Berkeley
Berkeley, CA, 94720-6000, USA
Gregory Breit papers, 1929-1980 (bulk 1960-1970).
Manuscripts and Archives
Yale University Library
Box 208240, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
Gregory Breit selected papers [microform], (bulk 1950-1973).
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
H. P. Robertson papers, 1922-1980 (bulk 1936-1966).
Institute Archives
California Institute of Technology
1201 East California Blvd. (Mail Code 015A-74), Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
Hanford and Clinton records, 1942-1975.
Manuscripts and Archives Department
Hagley Museum and Library
298 Buck Road East, Greenville, DE 19807, USA
Hans Bethe letter to Lawrence Cranberg, 2000.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Hans Bethe papers, circa 1931-1992.
Carl A. Kroch Library. Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections
Cornell University
2B Carl A Kroch Library, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
Harold Clayton Urey papers, 1929-1981.
Mandeville Special Collections Library
University of California, San Diego
9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
Harry Charles Kelly papers, 1882-1976 (bulk 1916-1976).
Special Collections Research Center, NCSU Libraries
North Carolina State University
Box 7111, Raleigh, NC 27695-7111, USA
Harvey B. Plotnick collection on the history of quantum mechanics and the theory of relativity, 1911-1995.
The Joseph Regenstein Library. Department of Special Collections
University of Chicago
1100 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
Herbert Smith collection on J. Robert Oppenheimer, 1921-1974.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
History of physics audio-visual collection, circa 1918-1996, 1960-1988 (bulk)
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Homi Bhabha correspondence, 1941-1966.
Contact: Dr. A. Ratnakar, Librarian, Raman Research Institute
In private hands
Bangalore
I. I. Rabi papers, 1899-1989 (bulk 1945-1968).
Manuscript Division
Landesbibliothek Glarus
James Madison Memorial Building, First Street and Independence Avenue SE, Washington, DC 20540, USA
Igor E. Tamm papers, 1921-1971.
contact Tamm family
In private hands
Moscow
In the shadow of the bomb: Robert Oppenheimer and Niels Bohr.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Iowa State University John Franklin Carlson Lecture records, 1955-1969.
Parks Library. Department of Special Collections
Iowa State University
Ames, IA 50011, USA
James Joseph Brady response to early 1930s Ph.D.s Survey, 1980.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Jesse W. M. DuMond papers, 1912-1976.
Institute Archives
California Institute of Technology
1201 East California Blvd. (Mail Code 015A-74), Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
John Von Neumann papers, 1912-1996 (bulk 1935-1957).
Manuscript Division
Library of Congress
James Madison Memorial Building, First Street and Independence Avenue SE, Washington, DC 20540, USA
Julian S. Schwinger papers, 1920-1994.
University Research Library. Department of Special Collections
University of California, Los Angeles
Los Angeles, CA 90024-1575, USA
Lauris Norstad papers, 1930-1987 (bulk 1942-1962).
Dwight D. Eisenhower Library
Abilene, KS 67410, USA
Lawrence Cranberg papers, 1962-2000.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Lee A. DuBridge papers, 1932-1986.
Institute Archives
California Institute of Technology
1201 East California Blvd. (Mail Code 015A-74), Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
Leo Szilard papers, 1898-1998.
Mandeville Special Collections Library
University of California, San Diego
9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
Letter, with 169 signatures of Oak Ridge National Laboratory staff, to Henry D. Smyth of Atomic Energy Commission, endorsing Smyth's minority opinion against the withdrawal of J. Robert Oppenheimer's security clearance, 1954.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Lewis L. Strauss papers, 1914-1974.
Herbert Hoover Presidential Library
West Branch, IA 52358, USA
Lorenz D. Huff student lecture notes, 1928-1931.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Martin J. Sherwin collection relating to J. Robert Oppenheimer, 1910-2006 (bulk 1931-2006).
Manuscript Division
Library of Congress
James Madison Memorial Building, First Street and Independence Avenue SE, Washington, DC 20540, USA
Murray Gell-Mann papers, 1931-2001 (bulk 1955-1993).
Institute Archives
California Institute of Technology
1201 East California Blvd. (Mail Code 015A-74), Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
My life as a physicist, circa 1971.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Niels Bohr lectures and interviews [sound recording], 1949-1962.
Niels Bohr Archive
Blegdamsvej 17, Copenhagen, Denmark
Niels Bohr material collected elsewhere, 1912-1962.
Niels Bohr Archive
Blegdamsvej 17, Copenhagen, Denmark
Niels Bohr scientific correspondence, 1903-1962.
Niels Bohr Archive
Blegdamsvej 17, Copenhagen, Denmark
Notes on quantum mechanics: physics 221, Oppenheimer, 1939 by B. Peters.
The Bancroft Library
University of California, Berkeley
Berkeley, CA, 94720-6000, USA
Oppenheimer memorial session [sound recording] : American Physical Society Meeting, 1967 April 24.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Oral history interview with Bengt Georg Daniel Strömgren, 1976 May 6 and 13.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Oral history interview with Carl Friedrich Weizsacker, 1986 January 28.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Oral history interview with Cecil E. "Chuck" Leith, 1997 July 2.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Oral history interview with Charles Christian Lauritsen, 1966 June 27.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Oral history interview with Charles Donald Shane, 1967 July 11 and 14.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Oral history interview with Charles Donald Shane, 1968 February 22 and March 14.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Oral history interview with Clyde Edward Wiegand, 1977 September 26.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Oral history interview with Cyril Stanley Smith, 1976 September 23.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Oral history interview with Cyril Stanley Smith, 1976 September 23. Metallurgy and atomic energy policy: typescript (photocopy), 1980.
The Bancroft Library
University of California, Berkeley
Berkeley, CA, 94720-6000, USA
Oral history interview with Darol Kenneth Froman, 1976 June 7.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Oral history interview with Darol Kenneth Froman, 1976 June 7.
The Bancroft Library
University of California, Berkeley
Berkeley, CA, 94720-6000, USA
Oral history interview with David Bohm, 1981 May 8.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Oral history interview with David Bohm, 1986 June 6, 12, July 7, September 25, October 3, December 22, 1987 January 30, February 6, 27, March 6, April 3 and 16.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Oral history interview with David Pines, 1981 April 13 and 16.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Oral history interview with David Rittenhouse Inglis, 1977 May 9 and 10.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Oral history interview with Dean E. Wooldridge, 1976 August 21.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Oral history interview with Edward Gerjuoy, 2012 April 1, October 7, and 2013 April 14.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Oral history interview with Edward Joseph Lofgren, 2006 May 6, 13, and 20.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Oral history interview with Edward Teller, 1980 December.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Oral history interview with Edward Uhler Condon, 1967 October 17, 18, 1968 April 27, 1973 September 11 and 12.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Oral history interview with Edwin M. McMillan, 1972 June 1, 2, and October 30, 31.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Oral history interview with Edwin McMillan, 1972 June 1 and October 30.
The Bancroft Library
University of California, Berkeley
Berkeley, CA, 94720-6000, USA
Oral history interview with Emil Jan Konopinski, 1982.
Office of University Archives and Records Management
Indiana University
Bryan Hall 201, 107 South Indiana Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
Oral history interview with Emilio Gino Segrè, 1967 February 13.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Oral history interview with Ernst Pascual Jordan, 1963 June 17, 18, 19 and 20.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Oral history interview with Eugene Paul Wigner, 1963 November 21 and December 3, 4.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Oral history interview with Eugene Paul Wigner, 1966 November 30.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Oral history interview with Felix Bloch, 1968 August 15.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Oral history interview with Frank Oppenheimer, 1973 February 9 and May 21.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Oral history interview with Frank Oppenheimer, 1984 November 16.
Institute Archives
California Institute of Technology
1201 East California Blvd. (Mail Code 015A-74), Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
Oral history interview with George Eugene Uhlenbeck, 1962 March 30, 31, April 5, May 10 and 1963 December 9.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Oral history interview with George Gamow, 1968 April 25 and 26.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Oral history interview with H. R. Crane, 1973 March 28 and 1974 June 18.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Oral history interview with Hanni Bretscher, 1984 July 10.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Oral history interview with Hans Bethe, 1982, 1993.
Institute Archives
California Institute of Technology
1201 East California Blvd. (Mail Code 015A-74), Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
Oral history interview with Harold Clayton Urey, 1964 March 24.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Oral history interview with Harold M. Agnew, 2006 May 22.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Oral history interview with Harold Warren Lewis, 1986 July 6.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Oral history interview with Herbert Smith, 1974 August 1.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Oral history interview with I. I. Rabi, 1963 December 8.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Oral history interview with J. Carson Mark, 1976 June 8.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Oral history interview with J. Carson Mark, 1976 June 8.
The Bancroft Library
University of California, Berkeley
Berkeley, CA, 94720-6000, USA
Oral history interview with J. H. Van Vleck, 1963 October 2 and 4.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Oral history interview with John Archibald Wheeler, 1988 May 4, May 23 and November 28.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Oral history interview with Jule G. Charney, 1980 August 25, 26, 27 and 28.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Oral history interview with Lawrence M. Langer, 1982.
Office of University Archives and Records Management
Indiana University
Bryan Hall 201, 107 South Indiana Avenue, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
Oral history interview with Lee A. DuBridge, Parts I and II, 1981.
Institute Archives
California Institute of Technology
1201 East California Blvd. (Mail Code 015A-74), Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
Oral history interview with Lew Kowarski, 1969 March 20, October 19, 20, 21, 1970 May 3, 14, 1971 May 15 and November 20.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Oral history interview with Lincoln Wolfenstein, 1997 April 19.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Oral history interview with Lothar Wolfgang Nordheim, 1977 July 24.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Oral history interview with Luis Alvarez, 1967 February 14 and 15.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Oral history interview with Marvin L. Goldberger, 1986 February 12.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Oral history interview with Melba Newell Phillips, 1977 December 5.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Oral history interview with Milton Plesset, 1981 December 8.
Institute Archives
California Institute of Technology
1201 East California Blvd. (Mail Code 015A-74), Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
Oral history interview with Norman F. Ramsey, 1991 June 20.
IEEE History Center
Rutgers University
39 Union Street, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
Oral history interview with Norman M. Kroll, 1987 March 29.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Oral history interview with Norman Ramsey, 1960 July 19 to August 4.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Oral history interview with Norris Edwin Bradbury, 1976 February 11.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Oral history interview with Owen Chamberlain, 1976 June 16, 21, August 4 and 13.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Oral history interview with Owen Chamberlain, 1976.
The Bancroft Library
University of California, Berkeley
Berkeley, CA, 94720-6000, USA
Oral history interview with Paul Rudolph Zilsel, 1988 March 21 and 26.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Oral history interview with Philip Morrison, 1967 February 7.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Oral history interview with Philip Morrison, 2003 February 22 and August 1.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Oral history interview with Raymond George Herb, 1976 April.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Oral history interview with Robert Dickson Hill, 2000 July 3.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Oral history interview with Robert Dickson Hill, 2000 July 3.
Manuscripts Section
National Library of Australia
Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
Oral History interview with Robert F. Bacher, 1981, 1983.
Institute Archives
California Institute of Technology
1201 East California Blvd. (Mail Code 015A-74), Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
Oral History interview with Robert F. Bacher, 1986 February 13.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Oral history interview with Robert Marshak, 1970 June 15, 16, September 19, and October 4.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Oral history interview with Robert S. Shankland, 1974 August 20 and 21.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Oral history interview with Robert Serber, 1967 February 10.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Oral history interview with Robert Serber, 1983 December 19.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Oral history interview with Robert Serber, 1996 November 26.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Oral history interview with Robert Wilson, 1977 May 19.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Oral history interview with Robley D. Evans, 1972 May 2, 3, 1974 May 5 and 1978 June 14.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Oral history interview with Ross Lomanitz, 2001 July 26, 28, 29 and 2002 August 18.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Oral history interview with Rudolf E. Peierls, 1980.
Department of Documents
Imperial War Museum
Lambeth Road, London SE1 6HZ, England
Oral history interview with Sam Schweber, 1998 October 18.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Oral history interview with Samuel Abraham Goudsmit, 1963 December 5 and 7.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Oral history interview with Seth H. Neddermeyer, 1984 May 7.
Institute Archives
California Institute of Technology
1201 East California Blvd. (Mail Code 015A-74), Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
Oral history interview with Stanley Deser, 2011 March 12.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Oral history interview with Thomas Lauritsen, 1967 February 16.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Oral history interview with Vannevar Bush, 1964.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Oral history interview with Vannevar Bush, 1964.
Institute Archives and Special Collections
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
M.I.T. Libraries, Rm. 14N-118, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
Oral history interview with Victor Frederick Weisskopf, 1963 July 10.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Oral history interview with Walter M. Elsasser, 1986 March 12.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Oral history interview with Walter M. Elsasser, 1986 March 12.
Archives
National Center for Atmospheric Research/University Corporation for Atmospheric Research
PO Box 3000, Boulder, CO 80307-3000, USA
Oral history interview with Wendell Furry, 1971 August 9.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Oral history interview with Werner Heisenberg, 1962 November 30, 1963 February 7, 11, 13, 15, 19, 22, 25, 27, 28 and 1963 July 5, 12.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Oral history interview with William A. Fowler, 1983 May 3 - May 31, 1984.
Institute Archives
California Institute of Technology
1201 East California Blvd. (Mail Code 015A-74), Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
Oral history interview with William Alfred Fowler, 1972 June 8, 9, 1973 February 5, 6, and 1974 May 30.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Oral history interview with William Conyers Herring, 1974 July 23, 29, and 31 October.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Oral history interview with William Hunter McCrea, 1978 September 22.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Oral history interview with William M. Brobeck, 1975 June 19, 29, October 26 and 1976 February 1.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Oral history joint interview with James Franck and Hertha Sponer-Franck, 1962 July 9 to 14.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Oswald Veblen papers, 1881-1960 (bulk 1920-1960).
Manuscript Division
Library of Congress
James Madison Memorial Building, First Street and Independence Avenue SE, Washington, DC 20540, USA
Outtakes and candid footage from the production of : The world of Enrico Fermi, circa 1930-1968.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Pais Prize session: the national laboratories after 1980 [sound recording], 2012 April 2.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Paul S. Epstein papers, 1898-1966.
Institute Archives
California Institute of Technology
1201 East California Blvd. (Mail Code 015A-74), Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
Philip Morrison papers, 1934-1963.
Institute Archives and Special Collections
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
M.I.T. Libraries, Rm. 14N-118, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
Princeton, David Bohm and the Cold War: A study in McCarthyism, 1990.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Raymond Thayer Birge correspondence relating to Oppenheimer hearings, circa 1928-1954.
The Bancroft Library
University of California, Berkeley
Berkeley, CA, 94720-6000, USA
Recollections of Oppenheimer and Schwinger [videorecording], 2009 November 11.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Reminiscences of Charles DuBois Coryell : oral history, 1960.
Oral History Research Office
Columbia University
Box 20, Room 801 Butler Library, New York, NY 10027, USA
Response to early 1930s Ph.D.s Survey, 1978.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Reviews of Modern Physics correspondence of John Torrence Tate, 1928.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Richard Feynman papers, 1933-1965.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Robert E. Marshak papers [microform], 1947-1988.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Robert F. Bacher papers, 1924-1994.
Institute Archives
California Institute of Technology
1201 East California Blvd. (Mail Code 015A-74), Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
Rochester Conference on High Energy Nuclear Physics proceedings, 1952 and 1955.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Ruth Moore research materials for NIELS BOHR - THE MAN, HIS SCIENCE AND THE WORLD THEY CHANGED, [circa 1912]-1983.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Samuel Goudsmit addition to papers, 1932-1974.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Scientific correspondence [microform], 1907-1962.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Security file on J. Robert Oppenheimer [microform], 1947-1964.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Sir Rudolf Ernst Peierls papers and correspondence, 1898-1996
Bodleian Library
University of Oxford
Department of Western Manuscripts Oxford, England, UK
Stanislaw Ulam papers, 1916-1984.
Library
American Philosophical Society
105 South Fifth Street, Philadelphia, PA 19106, USA
Stephane Groueff papers, 1955-1975
Mugar Library Special Collections
Boston University
771 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
Text materials for documentary film: The world of Enrico Fermi, circa 1930-1968.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
The day after Trinity [videorecording] : J. Robert Oppenheimer & the atomic bomb / Jon Else and KTEH-TV.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
The shatterer of worlds, by Ray Cooper, Bob Sheldon, Brian Southworth, circa 2000.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
The world of Enrico Fermi [motion picture].
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Department of Physics Betatron Project correspondence, 1938-1970.
University Archives
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
1408 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
Willard L. Severinghaus papers, 1895-1947.
Rare Book and Manuscript Library
Columbia University
Butler Library, 6th Floor East, New York, NY 10027, USA
William W. Hansen papers, 1925-1974.
Department of Special Collections and University Archives
Stanford University
Stanford, CA 94305, USA
Worth Seagondollar talk on the Manhattan Project [sound recording], 2007 July 24.
Niels Bohr Library & Archives
American Institute of Physics
One Physics Ellipse, College Park, MD 20740, USA
Published Resources
Author
Atom and void : essays on science and community / J. Robert Oppenheimer.
Lectures on electrodynamics / [by] J. Robert Oppenheimer. Notes compiled at Berkeley, California, by S. Kusaka, with the collaboration of S. Frankel and E. Nelson. Edited by B. S. DeWitt.
Robert Oppenheimer, letters and recollections / edited by Alice Kimball Smith, Charles Weiner.
Science and the common understanding.
The constitution of matter / by Robert Oppenheimer.
The flying trapeze : three crises for physicists / J. Robert Oppenheimer.
The open mind; [lectures]
Uncommon sense / J. Robert Oppenheimer ; by N. Metropolis, Gian-Carlo Rota, and David Sharp, editors.
Zur Frage der Messbarkeit der elektromagnetischen Feldgrössen / von N. Bohr und L. Rosenfeld.
Subject
109 East Palace : Robert Oppenheimer and the secret city of Los Alamos / Jennet Conant.
A nation's security, the case of Dr. J. Robert Oppenheimer / Edited from the official transcript of evidence given before the Personnel Security Board of the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission, by Michael Wharton.
American Prometheus : the triumph and tragedy of J. Robert Oppenheimer / by Kai Bird and Martin J. Sherwin.
Brotherhood of the bomb : the tangled lives and loyalties of Robert Oppenheimer, Ernest Lawrence, and Edward Teller / Gregg Herken.
Einstein and Oppenheimer : the meaning of genius / Silvan S. Schweber.
In the matter of J. Robert Oppenheimer : texts of principal documents and letters of Personnel Security Board, General Manager, Commissioners, Washington D.C. May 27, 1954 through June 29, 1954.
In the matter of J. Robert Oppenheimer : transcript of hearing before Personnel Security Board, Washington D.C., April 12, 1954, through May 6, 1954.
In the matter of J. Robert Oppenheimer: transcript of hearing before Personnel Security Board and texts of principal documents and letters. Foreword by Philip M. Stern.
J. Robert Oppenheimer - Scientist, Public Servant Physics Today obituary
J. Robert Oppenheimer : a life / Abraham Pais ; with supplemental material by Robert P. Crease.
J. Robert Oppenheimer : Schöpfer der ersten Atombombe / Klaus Hoffmann.
J. Robert Oppenheimer : shatterer of worlds / Peter Goodchild.
J. Robert Oppenheimer and the American century / David C. Cassidy.
J. Robert Oppenheimer and the atomic story / decorations by William Metzig.
Lawrence and Oppenheimer / by Nuel Pharr Davis.
Lawrence and Oppenheimer.
Oppenheimer / I. I. Rabi ... [et al. ]
Oppenheimer : portrait of an enigma / Jeremy Bernstein.
Oppenheimer : the tragic intellect / Charles Thorpe.
Oppenheimer, the years of risk / James W. Kunetka.
Oppenheimer; the story of a friendship, by Haakon Chevalier.
Reappraising Oppenheimer : centennial studies and reflections / edited by Cathryn Carson and David A. Hollinger.
Robert Oppenheimer / Michel Rival.
Robert Oppenheimer : a life inside the center / Ray Monk.
Robert Oppenheimer, the man and his theories / Michel Rjouzé ; Translated by Patrick Evans.
The advisors : Oppenheimer, Teller, and the superbomb / Herbert F. York ; with a historical essay by Hans A. Bethe.
The advisors : Oppenheimer, Teller, and the superbomb / Herbert F. York.
The Oppenheimer affair: a political play in three acts [by] Joseph Boskin and Fred Krinsky.
The Oppenheimer case : the trial of a security system.
The Oppenheimer case; security on trial, by Philip M. Stern with the collaboration of Harold P. Green. With a special commentary by Lloyd K. Garrison.
The Oppenheimer hearing.
The ruin of J. Robert Oppenheimer : and the birth of the modern arms race / Priscilla J. McMillan.
The story of J. Robert Oppenheimer / by Denise Royal.
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https://www.academia.edu/34053322/Pricking_the_Bubble_of_Global_Complacent_Complicity_Hyperdimensional_insights_from_the_physics_of_bubble_blowing_bursting_and_collapse_
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Pricking the Bubble of Global Complacent Complicity: Hyperdimensional insights from the physics of bubble blowing, bursting and collapse ?
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[
"Anthony Judge",
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2017-07-27T00:00:00
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Requisite philosophical reframing of bubbles, globes and foams? Bubbles, balloons and cocoons Clues to effective bubble pricking from the physics of bubbles? Clues to bubble pricking from geometry and structural design? Strategic implications of
|
https://www.academia.edu/34053322/Pricking_the_Bubble_of_Global_Complacent_Complicity_Hyperdimensional_insights_from_the_physics_of_bubble_blowing_bursting_and_collapse_
|
In the last few years, different hypotheses have been formulated to explain the success of populism, focused on socio-economic factors and on the ‘cultural’ components of the crisis of western liberalism. However, the discussion often turned to the unpredictable evolutions of “digital swarms”, to their indifference towards rational arguments, to their inability to distinguish between truth and falsehood. Damiano Palano’s book focuses precisely on the consequences that “digital swarms” can have on our democracies. The goal is, however, not to provide an explanation of the success of the ‘new’ populism, of fake news or of the so-called “post-truth”. More simply, the aim is to up- date the theoretical vocabulary with which to interpret the change we are experiencing. This book – which must be read as a piece of a re- flection in progress – focuses in fact on the implications that the new communication scenario has on contemporary democratic regimes. The thesis is that we are facing a new context, very different not only from the ‘old’ party democracy, but also from the audience democracy. In many ways, the spread of social media seems in fact to mark the decline of the “audience”, at least if it is understood as an audience made basically homogeneous by the existence of ‘generalist’ commu- nication channels. Rather than actually sanctioning mechanisms of dis- intermediation, the spread of new media triggers a fragmentation of the audience into a plurality of segments that tend to have no roots in a common sphere. And so, the public sphere is transformed into a myriad ‘bubbles’ that become largely self-referential and potentially polarized. Taking into account the transformations in the communica- tive scenario, as well as the implications on the relationship between citizens, information and parties, this book proposes the ideal-typical image of a new bubble democracy.
Discussion of the phenomena of post-truth and fake news often implicates the closed epistemic networks of social media. The recent conversation has, however, blurred two distinct social epistemic phenomena. An epistemic bubble is a social epistemic structure in which other relevant voices have been left out, perhaps accidentally. An echo chamber is a social epistemic structure from which other relevant voices have been actively excluded and discredited. Members of epistemic bubbles lack exposure to relevant information and arguments. Members of echo chambers, on the other hand, have been brought to systematically distrust all outside sources. In epistemic bubbles, other voices are not heard; in echo chambers, other voices are actively undermined. It is crucial to keep these phenomena distinct. First, echo chambers can explain the post-truth phenomena in a way that epistemic bubbles cannot. Second, each type of structures requires a distinct intervention. Mere exposure to evidence can shatter an epistemic bubble, but may actually reinforce an echo chamber. Finally, echo chambers are much harder to escape. Once in their grip, an agent may act with epistemic virtue, but social context will pervert those actions. Escape from an echo chamber may require a radical rebooting of one’s belief system.
"Bubbles," "silos," "cocoons," "echo chambers" are labels now commonly used by media commentators and citizens alike to lament the divided communicative condition of the US electorate. Taken as an indicator of the state of liberal democracy in the US, anxieties about bubbles bespeak the continued potency of the intertwined social and communicative imaginaries of an "American public" forged through common participation in a public sphere of discourse. The sorts of media technologies that make such a common space of discourse imaginable have been the topic of much discussion among communications scholars and linguistic anthropologists. But how does a communicative imaginary of bubbles-as a kind of less-than-public sphere-take shape? A significant catalyst, I argue, is the speech of Donald Trump. Here I focus particularly on the incoherent remarks and incredible claims that are a hallmark of Trump's oratory, as well as the media's annotations and fact checks that report and comment on them. Together, Trump's rhetoric and these genres of reporting serve as "signs of circulation" that delineate the communicative bubbles in which mainstream media audiences have discovered themselves to be enclosed. As an increasingly compelling communicative imaginary of the polity, these less-than-public spheres now serve as a framework through which people are reorienting themselves to their fellow citizens and their future together.
Digital infospace is intertwined with the lives of each of us with no actual discontinuity. Its epistemic dynamics are immediately part of social discourse. This is exactly why the urgency to confront such a problem arises, today, for any epistemology that wants to contribute to a critical engagement with our shared present. A good starting point for this inquiry is the confusion, frequent in social discourse, between epistemic bubbles and echo chambers. An epistemic bubble is a social epistemic structure that excludes other relevant epistemic sources. It can constitute itself by sheer environmental dynamics, resulting from the accidental cumulation of knowledge and its segregation from external interferences. An echo chamber is instead a social epistemic structure that actively excludes and discredits other relevant epistemic sources. It works towards this exclusion and in the interest of the epistemic agents who promote it. Both are prominent architectural features of the digital infospace that seamlessly influence the general space of knowledge. Questions regarding their structural character, their differences, the role they assign to truth and epistemic agents, and what the virtuous epistemic agent could or should do with respect to those issues are the focus of this issue of "Azimuth".
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Awards & Honors
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Andrea Prosperetti Research Computing Faculty Award, Cullen College of Engineering, University of Houston, 2023.
Award citation: "The award recognizes tenured and tenure-track faculty within the Cullen College of Engineering who have demonstrated a singular achievement in the prior calendar year
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https://ssl.gstatic.com/atari/images/public/favicon.ico
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https://sites.google.com/view/caml-kbn/awards-honors
|
Andrea Prosperetti Research Computing Faculty Award, Cullen College of Engineering, University of Houston, 2023.
Award citation: "The award recognizes tenured and tenure-track faculty within the Cullen College of Engineering who have demonstrated a singular achievement in the prior calendar year in the broadly defined topics of scientific computing and data science."
W. T. Kittinger Teaching Excellence Award, Cullen College of Engineering, University of Houston, 2019.
Award citation: "The W. T. Kittinger Teaching Excellence Award is the highest teaching honor conferred by the Cullen College of Engineering on its full-time faculty and recognizes an extended commitment to excellence in teaching and instruction."
Advisor of Maruti Mudunuru, who got the 2016 Melosh Award for the best paper in computational mechanics.
Advisor of Mohammad JOSHAGHANI: Winner of Computational Mechanics Student Competition at EMI 2018, Boston.
Teaching Excellence Award, Cullen College of Engineering, University of Houston, 2015.
This award recognizes outstanding teaching by full-time, tenured, or tenure-track faculty in the Cullen College of Engineering.
New Faculty Award, University of Houston, 2012.
TAMU Student-Led Award for Teaching Excellence (SLATE), Texas A&M University, 2009.
Awarded to less than 10 faculty members each semester in the whole college of engineering, Texas A&M University.
In the top 2% (out of over 100,000 students) in the entrance examination for the prestigious Indian Institute of Technology, 1996.
Secured a rank of 197 out of over 100,000 students all over India in the Roorkee Entrance Examination, 1996.
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https://www.scribd.com/document/35642326/Collapse-of-Cavitation-Bubbles
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en
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Collapse of Cavitation Bubbles
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https://imgv2-1-f.scribdassets.com/img/document/35642326/original/f5c99faa3a/1723900652?v=1
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https://imgv2-1-f.scribdassets.com/img/document/35642326/original/f5c99faa3a/1723900652?v=1
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[
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[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Vincent J. Cataldi"
] | null |
Collapse of Cavitation Bubbles - Free ebook download as PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read book online for free. Cavitation is the formation of vapor bubbles of a flowing liquid in a. Water jet. When the cavitation bubbles collapse, they force energetic liquid into very small volumes,. 94% Learn about the physics of the bubble cavitation occurs when the water velocity is very high, in which case.
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https://s-f.scribdassets.com/scribd.ico?19d484716?v=5
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https://www.scribd.com/document/35642326/Collapse-of-Cavitation-Bubbles
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https://www.scribd.com/document/275573597/Annu-Rev-Fluid-Mech-Bubble-Dynamics-and-Cavitation-Plesset
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en
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Annu Rev Fluid Mech - Bubble Dynamics and Cavitation - Plesset
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https://imgv2-2-f.scribdassets.com/img/document/275573597/original/79234aafb7/1724975271?v=1
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https://imgv2-2-f.scribdassets.com/img/document/275573597/original/79234aafb7/1724975271?v=1
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[
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[
""
] | null |
[
"Kishor Borkar"
] | null |
Annu Rev Fluid Mech_Bubble Dynamics and Cavitation_Plesset - Free download as PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online for free. Paper on Cavitation
|
en
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https://s-f.scribdassets.com/scribd.ico?307809619?v=5
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Scribd
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https://www.scribd.com/document/275573597/Annu-Rev-Fluid-Mech-Bubble-Dynamics-and-Cavitation-Plesset
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https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/50599596/single-bubble-sonoluminescence
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en
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bubble sonoluminescence
|
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[
"seas.harvard.edu",
"bubbles",
"sonoluminescence",
"emission",
"sbsl",
"hilgenfeldt",
"dynamics",
"brenner",
"collapse",
"vapor",
"radius"
] | null |
[
"Yumpu.com"
] | null |
Single-bubble sonoluminescence
|
en
|
yumpu.com
|
https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/50599596/single-bubble-sonoluminescence
|
<strong>Single</strong>-<strong>bubble</strong> <strong>sonoluminescence</strong>Michael P. BrennerDivision of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge,Massachusetts 02138Sascha Hilgenfeldt and Detlef Lohse*Department of Applied Physics and J. M. Burgers Centre for Fluid Dynamics,University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands(Published 13 May 2002)REVIEWS OF MODERN PHYSICS, VOLUME 74, APRIL 2002<strong>Single</strong>-<strong>bubble</strong> <strong>sonoluminescence</strong> occurs when an acoustically trapped and periodically driven gas<strong>bubble</strong> collapses so strongly that the energy focusing at collapse leads to light emission. Detailedexperiments have demonstrated the unique properties of this system: the spectrum of the emitted lighttends to peak in the ultraviolet and depends strongly on the type of gas dissolved in the liquid; smallamounts of trace noble gases or other impurities can dramatically change the amount of lightemission, which is also affected by small changes in other operating parameters (mainly forcingpressure, dissolved gas concentration, and liquid temperature). This article reviews experimental andtheoretical efforts to understand this phenomenon. The currently available information favors adescription of <strong>sonoluminescence</strong> caused by adiabatic heating of the <strong>bubble</strong> at collapse, leading topartial ionization of the gas inside the <strong>bubble</strong> and to thermal emission such as bremsstrahlung. Aftera brief historical review, the authors survey the major areas of research: Section II describes theclassical theory of <strong>bubble</strong> dynamics, as developed by Rayleigh, Plesset, Prosperetti, and others, whileSec. III describes research on the gas dynamics inside the <strong>bubble</strong>. Shock waves inside the <strong>bubble</strong> donot seem to play a prominent role in the process. Section IV discusses the hydrodynamic and chemicalstability of the <strong>bubble</strong>. Stable single-<strong>bubble</strong> <strong>sonoluminescence</strong> requires that the <strong>bubble</strong> be shapestable and diffusively stable, and, together with an energy focusing condition, this fixes the parameterspace where light emission occurs. Section V describes experiments and models addressing the originof the light emission. The final section presents an overview of what is known, and outlines somedirections for future research.CONTENTSI. Introduction 426A. The discovery of single-<strong>bubble</strong> <strong>sonoluminescence</strong> 426B. Structure of the review 427C. Historical overview 428II. Fluid Dynamics of the Flask 435A. Derivation of the Rayleigh-Plesset equation 435B. Extensions of the Rayleigh-Plesset equation 437C. The <strong>bubble</strong>’s response to weak and strongdriving 438D. The Rayleigh collapse 439E. Comparison to experiments 439F. Sound emission from the <strong>bubble</strong> 440G. Bjerknes forces 441III. The Bubble Interior 442A. Full gas dynamics in the <strong>bubble</strong> 4421. Inviscid models 4432. Dissipative models 4443. Dissipative models including water vapor 445B. Simple models 4481. Homogeneous van der Waals gas withoutheat and mass exchange 4482. Homogeneous van der Waals gas with heatand mass exchange 449C. How accurate are the <strong>bubble</strong> temperatures? 450IV. The Parameter Range of <strong>Single</strong>-BubbleSonoluminescence 451*Electronic address: lohse@tn.utwente.nlA. The Blake threshold 451B. Diffusive stability 452C. Sonoluminescing <strong>bubble</strong>s rectify inert gases 4541. The mechanism 4542. Bubble equilibria with chemical reactions 455D. Shape stability 4571. Dynamical equations 4572. Parametric instability 4583. Afterbounce instability 4594. Rayleigh-Taylor instability 4605. Parameter dependence of the shapeinstabilities 460E. Interplay of diffusive equilibria and shapeinstabilities 461F. Other liquids and contaminated liquids 462V. Sonoluminescence Light Emission 462A. Theories of MBSL: discharge vs hot spottheories 463B. SBSL: A multitude of theories 463C. Narrowing down the field 464D. The blackbody model and its failure 465E. The SBSL <strong>bubble</strong> as thermal volume emitter 4661. Simple model for <strong>bubble</strong> opacity 4682. Light emission and comparison withexperiment 469F. Modeling uncertainties: additional effects 4711. Bubble hydrodynamics 4712. Water vapor as emitter and quencher oflight 4713. Further difficulties in modeling thetemperature 4724. Modifications of photon-emission processes 4720034-6861/2002/74(2)/425(60)/$35.00 425©2002 The American Physical Society
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https://www.academia.edu/49501901/Ed_Carstensen_advisor_and_mentor_to_the_shockwave_lithotripsy_program_project_group
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en
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Ed Carstensen, advisor and mentor to the shockwave lithotripsy program project group
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[
""
] | null |
[
"Lynn Willis",
"James McAteer",
"Andrew P. Evan",
"James E. Lingeman",
"Lynn R. Willis",
"Philip M. Blomgren",
"James C. Williams",
"Rajash Handa",
"Bret A. Connors",
"Lawrence Crum"
] |
2021-07-01T00:00:00
|
Ed Carstensen, advisor and mentor to the shockwave lithotripsy program project group
|
https://www.academia.edu/49501901/Ed_Carstensen_advisor_and_mentor_to_the_shockwave_lithotripsy_program_project_group
|
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https://ajsierakowski.dev/2016/01/15/sierakowski-prosperetti-2016/
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Private Site
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2016-01-15T00:00:00
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https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-fluid-mechanics/article/collapse-of-an-initially-spherical-vapour-cavity-in-the-neighbourhood-of-a-solid-boundary/C4D057E588080DE95DB9F5E6AD9893BC
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en
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Collapse of an initially spherical vapour cavity in the neighbourhood of a solid boundary
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Collapse of an initially spherical vapour cavity in the neighbourhood of a solid boundary - Volume 47 Issue 2
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Article contents
Abstract
References
Collapse of an initially spherical vapour cavity in the neighbourhood of a solid boundary
Show author details
Milton S. Plesset
Affiliation: California Institute of Technology
Richard B. Chapman
Affiliation: California Institute of Technology
798
Cited by
Cited by
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7162
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https://www.me.uh.edu/faculty/prosperetti
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Andrea Prosperetti
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UH Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
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https://www.me.uh.edu/faculty/prosperetti
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Faculty
Dr. Andrea Prosperetti
Distinguished Professor of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering
Office Location N214 Engineering Building 1
Phone 713-743-5864
Fax 713-743-4503
Email aprosperetti [at] uh.edu
Education
Ph.D., Caltech 1974
Research Interests
Multiphase flow, scientific computing, fluid dynamics, applied mathematics, bubble dynamics
University of Houston
Cullen College of Engineering
Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
Engineering Building 1, Room N207
4226 Martin Luther King Boulevard
Houston, TX 77204-4006
Phone: 713-743-4500
Contact Us
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7162
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Page 2 and 3: © Copyright 2012 Stephen M. Dicker
Page 4 and 5: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS My first and foremo
Page 6 and 7: TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES ..
Page 8 and 9: 4.2 Colloidal Approach to Microbubb
Page 10 and 11: LIST OF TABLES 1.1 Ultrasound Contr
Page 12 and 13: 3.1 Field simulation of a transduce
Page 14 and 15: 5.10 Experimental cavitation thresh
Page 16 and 17: ABSTRACT Colloidal Science of Ultra
Page 19 and 20: CHAPTER 1: A Brief History of Ultra
Page 21 and 22: eceived signals can be used to buil
Page 23 and 24: transducer and translated into an i
Page 25 and 26: Figure 1.3: Brightness mode fetal u
Page 27 and 28: 𝑓 = 𝑐 𝜆 10 (Equation 1.4)
Page 29 and 30: As ultrasound technology developed,
Page 31 and 32: and Bracco’s SonoVue (although So
Page 33 and 34: microbubble coatings also became mo
Page 35 and 36: Figure 1.6: Distearoyl phosphatidyl
Page 37 and 38: Figure 1.8: PEG membrane configurat
Page 39 and 40: Figure 1.9: Stable cavitation. The
Page 41 and 42: collapse behind the propeller blade
Page 43 and 44: disappearance can be attributed to
Page 45 and 46: These cavitation effects were being
Page 47 and 48: � 𝑃𝑑𝑉 = 1 2 𝑚𝑣2 30
Page 49 and 50: where 𝑅̈ is the second derivati
Page 51 and 52: Figure 1.13: Incident pressure func
Page 53 and 54:
Figure 1.15: Microbubble response p
Page 55 and 56:
of microbubbles significantly influ
Page 57 and 58:
uniform size in their formulations.
Page 59 and 60:
dissolving the lipid mixture in sol
Page 61 and 62:
Figure 2.1: Typical microbubble mic
Page 63 and 64:
Figure 2.3: Polygon outlined microb
Page 65 and 66:
Figure 2.4: Size distribution histo
Page 67 and 68:
significant change due to the size
Page 69 and 70:
whole greatly affect microbubble be
Page 71 and 72:
twofold, namely to prevent the coal
Page 73 and 74:
3.2 Inertial Cavitation Detection 3
Page 75 and 76:
Figure 3.1: Field simulation of a t
Page 77 and 78:
T R +26 dB Figure 3.3: Cavitation d
Page 79 and 80:
Figure 3.4: Phase inversion techniq
Page 81 and 82:
Figure 3.6: Conditions for a destro
Page 83 and 84:
from the processing to remove the p
Page 85 and 86:
packed microbubbles to oscillate ad
Page 87 and 88:
Peak Negative Pressure (MPa) 3.5 3
Page 89 and 90:
fitted with a cumulative Gamma dist
Page 91 and 92:
Figure 3.10: Influence of PEG molec
Page 93 and 94:
Figure 3.11: PT50 cavitation pressu
Page 95 and 96:
size distribution of a freshly prod
Page 97 and 98:
Therefore substituting Equation 3.2
Page 99 and 100:
which solved the equation is plotte
Page 101 and 102:
Figure 3.13: Herring equation optim
Page 103 and 104:
Figure 3.15: Range of relevant χ a
Page 105 and 106:
cavitation threshold pressure which
Page 107 and 108:
For each shell composition, an erro
Page 109 and 110:
microbubble inertial cavitation pre
Page 111 and 112:
Figure 3.11. Above this transitiona
Page 113 and 114:
conclusion, the design and synthesi
Page 115 and 116:
(Equation 3.4). Note that Equation
Page 117 and 118:
phenomenon is noticed in the Mach n
Page 119 and 120:
where δ is the total damping, ω i
Page 121 and 122:
parameter which has no value in a p
Page 123 and 124:
as a function of the same incident
Page 125 and 126:
(σ(R)). Marmottant correctly state
Page 127 and 128:
Figure 4.5: Marmottant and Morgan m
Page 129 and 130:
where ns is the number of surfactan
Page 131 and 132:
samples (like microbubbles or ultra
Page 133 and 134:
Figure 4.7: Colloidal model Mach nu
Page 135 and 136:
Figure 4.8: Prediction for the inci
Page 137 and 138:
weighted percentage of the size dis
Page 139 and 140:
Figure 4.11: Predicted sensitivity
Page 141 and 142:
Figure 4.13: Predicted sensitivity
Page 143 and 144:
Although this is a function of PEG
Page 145 and 146:
Figure 4.15: Mushroom regime fitted
Page 147 and 148:
esults of the measured inertial cav
Page 149 and 150:
for drug delivery applications, and
Page 151 and 152:
cavitation threshold, microbubbles
Page 153 and 154:
microbubbles with a 1-2 µm diamete
Page 155 and 156:
Figure 5.2: Acoustic views of the c
Page 157 and 158:
5.3, the 7.5 MHz transducer is suff
Page 159 and 160:
Figure 5.4: Effect of microbubble c
Page 161 and 162:
Figure 5.5: Microbubble frequency d
Page 163 and 164:
frequency of the microbubble popula
Page 165 and 166:
shell material parameters, GS and
Page 167 and 168:
Figure 5.7: Theoretical resonance f
Page 169 and 170:
and 0 to 100 MPa in shear modulus.
Page 171 and 172:
Cavitation Threshold (MPa) 1.4 1.3
Page 173 and 174:
Thus, a decrease in resonance frequ
Page 175 and 176:
158 PEG, molecular weights 1000 - 5
Page 177 and 178:
population, like those prepared fro
Page 179 and 180:
oscillation is in. However, this sy
Page 181 and 182:
stiff). These findings are not only
Page 183 and 184:
CHAPTER 6: Co-encapsulation Ultraso
Page 185 and 186:
Polymer microcapsules are not limit
Page 187 and 188:
e at 2-8 o C. These techniques succ
Page 189 and 190:
to a 400 rpm magnetic stir plate to
Page 191 and 192:
as described previously. The result
Page 193 and 194:
6.3 Clinical Imaging of Contrast Ag
Page 195 and 196:
Figure 6.6: Normalized acoustic bri
Page 197 and 198:
emulsion particles with co-encapsul
Page 199 and 200:
microbubbles encapsulated. As in Ch
Page 201 and 202:
The results of the microbubble dete
Page 203 and 204:
this study, analysis of the raw dat
Page 205 and 206:
188 and the concentration of co-enc
Page 207 and 208:
crystal structure of the PVA such t
Page 209 and 210:
of ultrasound (MI = 1.4808). After
Page 211 and 212:
successively diluting both samples
Page 213 and 214:
CTR (dB) 10 5 0 -5 -10 -15 0 5 10 1
Page 215 and 216:
If the mechanism of cell death is i
Page 217 and 218:
peak negative pressure of 0.5 MPa,
Page 219 and 220:
Figure 6.18: Oscillations predicted
Page 221 and 222:
For a single experiment, the Optice
Page 223 and 224:
contrast agent concentration of the
Page 225 and 226:
Fraction Destroyed Relative Cell De
Page 227 and 228:
6.8.1 Calcein: self-quenching fluor
Page 229 and 230:
calcein encapsulated within the mic
Page 231 and 232:
1 week (▲) shows that this act ha
Page 233 and 234:
Figure 6.24: Fluorescent dye leakag
Page 235 and 236:
interesting for in vivo studies in
Page 237 and 238:
Figure 6.27: Pulse jet vesicle synt
Page 239 and 240:
In this chapter, the acoustic respo
Page 241 and 242:
synthesized, and utilized in these
Page 243 and 244:
Understanding the inertial cavitati
Page 245 and 246:
and therefore their cavitation prof
Page 249 and 250:
[21] W. Nyborg, "WFUMB Safety Sympo
Page 251 and 252:
[42] S. P. Wrenn, S. M. Dicker, E.
Page 253 and 254:
[63] S. P. Wrenn, M. Mleczko, and G
Page 255 and 256:
[83] D. Chatterjee and K. Sarkar, "
Page 257 and 258:
[104] R. A. Jain, "The manufacturin
Page 259 and 260:
PT50 PT100 Pressure required to ine
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https://history.princeton.edu/graduate/alumni/doctoral-degrees-awarded
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Doctoral Degrees Awarded
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https://history.princeton.edu/graduate/alumni/doctoral-degrees-awarded
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Adhitya Dhanapal
Dissertation Title:
Shaping an Artisanal Future: Decolonization, Development and the Handloom Weavers of Madras, 1904 – 64
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2024
Yang Li
Dissertation Title:
Biopolitical Socialism: Antibiosis, Scientific Capital, and China’s Cold War Rationality, 1949–1990
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2024
Julia Marino
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Fighting for Capitalism's Cutting Edge: The Post-Industrial Campaign for American Competitiveness
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2024
Patrick Monson
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"Imperializing Pluralism: Legal Reform, Language Rights, and Shifting Pluralities in Imperial Russia's Baltic Provinces, 1860–1917"
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2024
Hannah Stamler
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2024
José Edwin Argueta Funes
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"Hawaiian Common Law: Adoption, Legal Change, and Cultural Difference, 1840-1940"
Adviser(s):
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2023
Megan Armknecht
Dissertation Title:
Diplomatic Households and the Foundations of U.S. Diplomacy, 1789–1870
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2023
Noelle Bodick
Dissertation Title:
"A Prison, a Castle, a Web, a Flower: American Experiments in Family Life"
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2023
Jacqueline Brandon
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"Dead Center: The New Democrats and the Transformation of Liberalism"
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2023
Min Tae Cha
Dissertation Title:
"Constitutional Religion: Presbyterianism between the British and American Empires"
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Degree Year:
2023
Sally Cochrane
Dissertation Title:
"Science at the Nineteenth-Century École Des Beaux-Arts"
Degree Year:
2023
Daniel Ewert
Dissertation Title:
Punitive Paperwork: Fingerprinting and Criminal Background Checks in Modern America
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2023
Mateusz Falkowski
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"Precision and Pragmatism: Antonio Agustín's (1517-1586) Philology, Antiquarianism, and Counter-Reformation"
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2023
Saumyashree Ghosh
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Beyond Sovereignty: Governance and Islam in India's Southern Littoral, circa 1700–1900
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Gabrielle Girard
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Modeling Democracy: The Global History of an Argentine Human Rights Experiment, 1983–2000
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2023
Zheng Guan
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Making a Modern "Ancient Capital": City Wall Preservation and Urban Renewal in Twentieth-Century Xi'an, China
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2023
Liane Hewitt
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2023
Bryan LaPointe
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2023
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2023
Michael McGovern
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Jenne O’Brien
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David Robertson
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2023
Jeremy Schneider
Dissertation Title:
Reawakening the Ammonites: A History of the Lost World, 1500-1900
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2023
Shelby Sinclair
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"Gason Konn Bouke, Men Pa Fanm: Black Women Workers and the United States Occupation of Haiti, 1915-1934"
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2023
Richard Spiegel
Dissertation Title:
"Attention and Society: The Politics of Consciousness in Central Europe, 1720-1890"
Adviser(s):
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2023
Aaron Stamper
Dissertation Title:
"Reconfigured and Remade: A Sensory History of Islamic Granada's Reformation As a Civitas Christiana, 1474-1614"
Adviser(s):
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2023
Jay I. Stone
Dissertation Title:
"Sweet Deception: A History of the Health Politics of Saccharin in the United States"
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2023
William Theiss
Dissertation Title:
"Village and State in the Central European Churchbook, 1548–1945"
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Niharika Yadav
Dissertation Title:
"Languages of Socialism: Caste and Democracy in Postcolonial India, 1930–1960"
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Robert Yee
Dissertation Title:
The Rise of Expert Opinion: The Bank of England and Interwar Economic Governance, 1914–1940
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2023
Taylor Zajicek
Dissertation Title:
"Black Sea, Cold War: An Environmental History of the Black Sea Region, 1930-2005"
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Robert Zeinstra
Dissertation Title: "Bush War: An Environmental History of Zimbabwe's Liberation"
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2023
Walter F. Beers
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"“The Tottering House of the World”: The Ruralization of the Miaphysite Church in the Works of John of Ephesus (c. 507–88 C.E.)"
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Benjamin S. Bernard
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2022
Joseph Glynias
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"Baghdad on the Orontes: Between Greek and Arabic Intellectual Worlds in Eleventh-Century Antioch"
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Netta Green
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"Revolutionary Succession: Families, Inheritance Law, and the Social Sciences in France, 1789-1815"
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2022
Julia Grummitt
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"'The Great National Work': James Otto Lewis, Thomas McKenney, Henry Rowe Schoolcraft and the Visual Politics of American Empire, 1789-1871"
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2022
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"A Sociocultural History of Violence in Twelfth-Century Byzantium"
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"Between the Palace and the Square: Political Thought and Mass Struggle in the League Against Imperialism, 1927-1937"
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Robert Konkel
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"Building Blocs: Raw Materials and the Global Economy in the Age of Disequilibrium"
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John Paniagua
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2022
Ohad Reiss Sorokin
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""I [Suffer] Unfortunately from Intellectual Hunger": The Geistkreis, Desire for Knowledge, and the Transformation of Intellectual Life in the Twentieth Century"
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Tara Suri
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"Selling Simians: Decolonization, Science, and ‘The Human’ In South Asia (1925-1984)"
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2022
Gina Surita
Dissertation Title:
"The "Currency of the Cell": Energy Cycles and the Remaking of Metabolism, 1900 – 1970"
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2022
Spencer Weinreich
Dissertation Title:
"Slow Tampering: A History of Solitary Confinement"
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2022
Genie Yoo
Dissertation Title:
"Mediating Islands: Ambon Across the Ages"
Degree Year:
2022
Teal Arcadi
Dissertation Title:
"Remapping America: The Interstate Highway System and Infrastructural Governance in the Postwar United States"
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2021
Joshua Bauchner
Dissertation Title:
"The Lives of the Mind: Scientific Concept and Everyday Experience from Psychophysics to Psychoanalysis"
Degree Year:
2021
Caitlin Harvey
Dissertation Title:
"Bricks and Mortar Boards: University-Building in the Settlement Empire, 1840-1920"
Degree Year:
2021
Corinne Kannenberg
Dissertation Title:
"The Matter of Sanctity: Material Devotion of Beguines and Beguin Heretics in Southern France, 1200–1300"
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2021
Kathryn Maxson
Dissertation Title:
"'That Rose from the Sea to Astound Us': Aquatic Biology, Neurons, and the Transformation of Neurobiology, 1891-1952"
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2021
Matthew McDonald
Dissertation Title:
"A Linguistic Archipelago: The Spread of European French in the Eighteenth Century"
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2021
Madeline McMahon
Dissertation Title:
"Shepherding a Church in Crisis: Religious Life, Governance, and Knowledge in Early Modern Italy"
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2021
Felice Physioc
Dissertation Title:
"Mobility and Markets: Postal Transport over the Colonial Andes, 1590-1820"
Degree Year:
2021
Kaspar Pucek
Dissertation Title:
"The Post-Communist Divergence: The Transformation of Economic Governance in Russia and Poland, c. 1965-2000"
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2021
Amna Qayyum
Dissertation Title:
"The Demographic State: Population, Global Biopolitics, And Decolonization In South Asia, 1947-71"
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2021
Katharina Isabel Schmidt
Dissertation Title:
"'The Law That We Feel Living Within Us': German Jurists and the Search for 'Life' in Modern Legal Science, 1900-1946"
Degree Year:
2021
Joseph Snyder
Dissertation Title:
"A King’s Treasury Could Not Compare: Making Clocks Tick in Fourteenth-Century Europe"
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2021
Jan van Doren
Dissertation Title:
"Cupiditate Ducti: Corruption in The Carolingian World"
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2021
Julian Weideman
Dissertation Title:
"Islamic Reform on the Margins of Colonialism: Political Economy, Social History, and Intellectual Life at the Zaytuna Mosque-University"
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2021
William Whitham
Dissertation Title:
"Statism and Anarchy: The Politics of Subversion in Spain, Italy, and the Soviet Union"
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2021
John Alekna
Dissertation Title:
"Reunified Through Radio: Media, Technology, and Politics in Modern China 1923-1958"
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2020
Skyler Anderson
Dissertation Title:
"Challenging Received Wisdom: The People of the Book and the Creation of an Islamic Tradition"
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2020
Lorenzo Bondioli
Dissertation Title:
"Peasants, Merchants, and Caliphs: Capital and Empire in Fatimid Egypt"
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2020
Richard Calis
Dissertation Title:
"Martin Crusius (1526-1607) and the Discovery of Ottoman Greece"
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2020
James Casey
Dissertation Title:
"States of Sacred Surveillance: Administration and Governance of Waqf in the Evolution of State Power and Capacity in Syria, 1920-1960"
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2020
David Dunning
Dissertation Title:
"Writing the Rules of Reason: Notations in Mathematical Logic, 1847–1937"
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2020
Josh Garrett-Davis
Dissertation Title:
"Resounding Voices: Native Americans and Sound Media, 1890–1970"
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2020
Michael Glass
Dissertation Title:
"Schooling Suburbia: The Politics of School Finance in Postwar Long Island"
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2020
Dylan Gottlieb
Dissertation Title:
"Yuppies: Young Urban Professionals and The Making of Postindustrial New York"
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2020
Charles Ashley Kollmer
Dissertation Title:
"From Elephant to Bacterium: Microbial Culture Techniques and Chemical Orders of Nature, 1875 – 1946"
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2020
Miles Macallister
Dissertation Title:
"The Scramble for the World: Competition and Cooperation Between the Imperial Powers"
Degree Year:
2020
Connor Mills
Dissertation Title:
"Base Towns: Everyday Life in and Around the Garrisons of Postwar Japan, 1945-1954"
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2020
Ana Sekulic
Dissertation Title:
"Conversion of the Landscape: Environment and Religious Politics in an Early Modern Ottoman Town"
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2020
David Walsh
Dissertation Title:
"The Right-Wing Popular Front: The Far Right and the American Conservative Movement from the New Deal to the 1960s"
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2020
Elaine Ayers
Dissertation Title:
"Strange Beauty: Botanical Collecting, Preservation, and Display in the Nineteenth-Century Tropics"
Degree Year:
2019
Sarah Carson
Dissertation Title:
"Ungovernable Winds: The Weather Sciences in South Asia, 1864-1945"
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2019
Christian Flow
Dissertation Title:
"Writing the Thesaurus of Latinity: A Study in the History of Philological Practice"
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2019
Sean Fraga
Dissertation Title:
"Ocean Fever: Water, Trade, and the Terraqueous Pacific Northwest"
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2019
Joppan George
Dissertation Title:
"Airborne Colony: Culture and Politics of Aviation in India, 1910-1939"
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2019
Martha Groppo
Dissertation Title:
"The Enemies of Isolation: Rural Healthcare on the Frontiers of Empire, 1880-1920"
Degree Year:
2019
Dmitry Halavach
Dissertation Title:
"Reshaping Nations: Population Politics and Sovietization in the Polish-Soviet Borderlands, 1944-1948"
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2019
Anne Kerth
Dissertation Title:
""Art, Trade, and Mystery": African-American Artisans in Nineteenth-Century South Carolina"
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2019
Jessica Mack
Dissertation Title:
"A Campus for Mexico: Knowledge and Power in UNAM's University City"
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2019
Sarah Matherly
Dissertation Title:
"'The Age of Associated Effort': Communitarian Reform at Topolobampo, Mexico, 1872-1896"
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2019
R. Isabela Morales
Dissertation Title:
"Willing Freedom: An American Family and the 19th-Century Landscape of Race"
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2019
Elisa Prosperetti
Dissertation Title:
"Every Available Penny: Expectations, Education and Development in Postcolonial West Africa"
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2019
Jonathan Quann
Dissertation Title:
"Ships of States: Global Shipping, the Emergency Fleet Corporation, and the Business of American Government, 1870-1930"
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2019
Ezelle Sanford III
Dissertation Title:
"A Source of Pride, a Vision of Progress: The Homer G. Phillips Hospital of St. Louis, MO (1937-1979)"
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2019
Devika Shankar
Dissertation Title:
"A Perilous Port: Nature, Sovereignty and Development at the Edge of British India, 1860-1937"
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2019
Hollis Shaul
Dissertation Title:
"The Prince and the Priors: Carthusian Monasticism and the Experience of State-Building in Angevin Provence, 1245-1385"
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2019
Joel Suarez
Dissertation Title:
"Work and the American Moral Imagination, 1865-2000"
Degree Year:
2019
Paula Vedoveli
Dissertation Title:
"Private Capital, Public Credit: Brazil, Argentina, and the Problem of Credibility in International Capital Markets, 1852-1914"
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2019
Anthony Acciavatti
Dissertation Title:
"Schools to Satellites: Enlightening and Entertaining Village India (1908-1974)"
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2018
Richard Anderson
Dissertation Title:
"The City That Worked: Machine Politics and Urban Liberalism in Chicago, 1945-1963"
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2018
Zoë Rose Buonaiuto
Dissertation Title:
"Corpses, Cemeteries, Commemoration: Normandy from the Liberation to the 1960s"
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2018
Andrew Collings
Dissertation Title:
"The King Cannot Be Everywhere: Royal Governance and Local Society in the Reign of Louis IX"
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2018
Teresa Davis
Dissertation Title:
"America for Humanity: Law, Liberalism, and Empire in the South Atlantic (1870-1939)"
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2018
Andrew Edwards
Dissertation Title:
"Money and the American Revolution: Changing Concepts of Money and Wealth, 1765-1786"
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2018
Merle Eisenberg
Dissertation Title:
"Building Little Romes: Christianity, Identity, and Governance in Late Antique Gaul"
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2018
Kellen R. Funk
Dissertation Title:
"The Lawyers' Code: The Transformation of American Legal Practice, 1828-1938"
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2018
Craig Green
Dissertation Title:
"Creating American Land: A Territorial History from the Albany Plan to the U.S. Constitution"
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2018
Saarah Jappie
Dissertation Title:
"Between Makassars: Site, Story, and the Transoceanic Afterlives of Shaykh Yusuf of Makassar"
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2018
Emily Kern
Dissertation Title:
"Out of Asia: A Global History of the Scientific Search for the Origins of Humankind, 1800-1965"
Degree Year:
2018
Allen Kim
Dissertation Title:
"Rhetoric, Polemic, and Narrative: The Social Life of Political Ideas in Duvalier and Early Post-Duvalier Haiti (1957-1987)"
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2018
Jane Manners
Dissertation Title:
"Congress and the Problem of Legislative Discretion, 1790-1870"
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2018
Diana Andrade Melgarejo
Dissertation Title:
"The Postwar Colombian Congress: Economic Management, Women's Rights, and the Law, 1942-1957"
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2018
Ingrid Ockert
Dissertation Title:
"The Scientific Storytellers: How Educators, Scientists, and Actors Televised Science"
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2018
Randall Todd Pippenger
Dissertation Title:
"Crusading As a Family: A Study of the County of Champagne, 1179 to 1226"
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2018
Kalyani Ramnath
Dissertation Title:
"Boats in a Storm: Law, Politics, and Jurisdiction in Postwar South Asia"
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2018
Felix Rietmann
Dissertation Title:
"Seeing the Infant: Audiovisual Technologies and the Mind Sciences of the Child"
Degree Year:
2018
Morgan Robinson
Dissertation Title:
"An Uncommon Standard: A Social and Intellectual History of Swahili, 1864-1925"
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2018
Benjamin Sacks
Dissertation Title:
"Creating the Atlantic Port Town: Surveyors, Networks, and Geographies, 1670-1763"
Degree Year:
2018
Henry Shapiro
Outside Adviser(s):
Michael Cook
Dissertation Title:
"The Great Armenian Flight: The Celali Revolts and the Rise of Western Armenian Society"
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2018
Paris Amanda Spies-Gans
Dissertation Title:
The Arts Are All Her Own: How Women Artists Navigated the Revolutionary Era in Britain and France, ca. 1760-1830"
Degree Year:
2018
Tom Tölle
Dissertation Title:
"Dynasty, Destiny, and Disease in Early Modern European Politics"
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2018
Sean H. Vanatta
Dissertation Title:
"Making Credit Convenient: Credit Cards and the Political Economy of Modern America"
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2018
Ian S. Ward
Dissertation Title:
"The Oath of Loyalty and the Post-Carolingian Transformation, c.830-1000"
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2018
Bingyu Zheng
Dissertation Title:
The Way of the Idle Men: Leisure and Daily Life of Bannermen in Qing Beijing, 1750-1900
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2018
Dan Barish
Dissertation Title:
"The Emperor's Classroom: Pedagogy and the Promise of Power in the Qing Empire, 1861-1912"
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2017
Edna Bonhomme
Dissertation Title:
"Plagued Bodies and Spaces: Medicine, Trade, and Death in Ottoman Egypt and Tunisia, 1705-1830 CE"
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2017
Olivier Burtin
Dissertation Title:
"A Nation of Veterans: The American Legion and the Politics of Veterans' Citizenship"
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2017
Katlyn Carter
Dissertation Title:
"Practicing Politics in the Revolutionary Atlantic World: Secrecy, Publicity, and the Making of Modern Democracy"
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2017
Peter Conti-Brown
Dissertation Title:
"Founding the Federal Reserve: Narrative Institutional History and Central Banking in the United States, 1789-1955"
Degree Year:
2017
Patrick Luiz Sullivan De Oliveira
Dissertation Title:
"The Ascending Republic: Aeronautical Culture in France, 1860-1914"
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2017
Eugene Hillsman
Dissertation Title:
"Marijuana Policy in Late Twentieth-Century America: The Political Battle for Cultural Legitimacy, 1968-1996"
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2017
Tommi Lankila
Outside Adviser(s):
Alessandro Carroci
Dissertation Title:
"Saracen Maritime Raids in the Early Medieval Central Mediterranean and Their Impact in the South Italian Terraferma (650-1050)"
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2017
Molly Lester
Dissertation Title:
"The Word as Lived: The Practice of Orthodoxy in Early Medieval Iberia, c. 500-711"
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2017
Martín Marimón
Dissertation Title:
"The Housing Question in Buenos Aires, 1900-1925. Reformism, Technical Imagination, and Public Opinion in an Expanding Metropolis"
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2017
Kathryn McGarr
Dissertation Title:
"Gentlemen of the Press: Post-World War II Foreign Policy Reporting from the Washington Community"
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2017
Nikhil Menon
Dissertation Title:
"Planned Democracy: Development, Citizenship, and the Practices of Planning in Independent India, c. 1947-1966"
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2017
David Moak
Dissertation Title:
"La Capitale D'Hiver: Tourism, Consumer Capitalism, and Urban Transformation in Nice (1760-1860)"
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2017
Lee Mordechai
Dissertation Title:
"Costly Diversity: Transformations, Networks, and Minorities in Byzantium, 976-1118"
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2017
Wangui Muigai
Dissertation Title:
"An Awful Gladness: African American Experiences of Infant Death from Slavery to the Great Migration"
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2017
Robyn Dora Radway
Dissertation Title:
"Vernacular Diplomacy in Central Europe: Statesmen and Soldiers Between the Habsburg and Ottoman Empires, 1543-1593"
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2017
Emily C.H. Riley
Dissertation Title:
"From Relief to Reconstruction to Development: Defining and Implementing Foreign Aid in Post-War Italy, 1943-1958"
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2017
Marcia C. Schenck
Dissertation Title:
"Socialist Solidarities and Their Afterlives: Histories and Memories of Angolan and Mozambican Migrants in the German Democratic Republic, 1975-2015"
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2017
William Schultz
Dissertation Title:
"Garden of the Gods: Colorado Springs and the Fate of the Culture Wars"
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2017
Margaret Sena
Outside Adviser(s):
Peter Lake
Dissertation Title:
"The Underground Catholic Church in England, 1558-1625"; Adviser: Peter Lake
Degree Year:
2017
Alexis Siemon
Dissertation Title:
"Magistrates and the Law: Judicial Authority and Capital Cases in the Yongzheng Era, 1722-1735"
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2017
Marc Volovici
Dissertation Title:
"German and the Language Politics of Jewish Nationalism, 1870-1939"
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2017
Christina Welsch
Dissertation Title:
"The Sons of Mars and the Heirs of Rustam: Military Ideology, Ambition, and Rebellion in South India (1746-1812)"
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2017
Matthew A. Axtell
Dissertation Title:
"American Steamboat Gothic: Natural Histories of Commerce and Collective Action Within the Ohio River Basin, 1819-1879"
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2016
Michael J. Barany
Dissertation Title:
"Distributions in Postwar Mathematics"
Degree Year:
2016
Sarah Coleman
Dissertation Title:
"Redefining American: The Shifting Politics of Immigration Policy at the End of the Twentieth Century"
Degree Year:
2016
Catherine L. Evans
Dissertation Title:
"Persons Dwelling in the Borderland: Responsibility and Criminal Law in the Late-Nineteenth-Century British Empire"
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2016
Gregory Ferguson-Cradler
Dissertation Title:
"Liberalism in Numbers Only: Science, Politics, and State Power in Postwar Global Fisheries Management"
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2016
Cristina Florea
Dissertation Title:
"City of Dreams, Land of Longing: Czernowitz and Bukovina at the Crossroads of Empire"
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2016
Chris Florio
Dissertation Title:
"The Poor Always with You: Poverty in an Age of Emancipation, 1833-1879"
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2016
Maeve Glass
Dissertation Title:
"These United States: A History of the Fracturing of America"
Degree Year:
2016
Reut Harari
Dissertation Title:
"Medicine on the Battlefield: the History of Military Media in Modern Japan"
Degree Year:
2016
Heidi Hausse
Dissertation Title:
"Life and Limb: Technology, Surgery, and Bodily Loss in Early Modern Germany, 1500-1700"
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2016
Evan Hepler-Smith
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2016
Alix Lerner
Degree Year:
2016
Andrea Oñate-Madrazo
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2016
Jenna Phillips
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2016
Sarah Seo
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2016
Fidel Tavarez
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2016
Melissa Teixeira
Dissertation Title:
"South Atlantic Corporatism: Development, Law, and Citizenship in Brazil and Portugal, 1919-1945"
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2016
Brian Walsh
Dissertation Title:
"The Rape of Tokyo: Legends of Mass Sexual Violence and Exploitation During the Occupation of Japan"
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2016
Adrian Young
Dissertation Title:
"Mutiny's Bounty: Anthropologists, Pitcairn Islanders, and the Making of a Natural Laboratory on the Edge of Britain's South Seas Empire"
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2016
Megan Brankley Abbas
Dissertation Title:
"Knowing Islam: The Entangled History of Western Academia and Modern Islamic Thought"
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2015
Alex Chase-Levenson
Dissertation Title:
"Quarantine, Contagion, and Imaginative Geography in the British Mediterranean World, 1780-1870"
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2015
Henry M. Cowles
Dissertation Title:
"A Method Only: The Evolving Meaning of Science in the United States, 1830-1910"
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2015
Margarita Fajardo
Dissertation Title:
"The Latin American Experience with Development: Social Sciences, Economic Policies, and the Making of a Global Order, 1944-1971"
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2015
Nabaparna Ghosh
Dissertation Title:
"Being Urban: Space, Community, and Everyday Life in Colonial Calcutta (1800-1930)"
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2015
Matthew Growhoski
Dissertation Title:
"'A Fable like a Historic': Literary Politics in Early Stuart Britain, 1603-1642"
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2015
Tikia K. Hamilton
Dissertation Title:
A "Model" System: Race, Education, and Politics in the Nation's Capital, 1932-1972
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2015
Justene Hill
Dissertation Title:
“Felonious Transactions: Slave Economies and Localized Law in South Carolina, 1787-1860”
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2015
Rebecca Wynne Johnson
Dissertation Title:
"Praying for Deliverance: Childbirth and the Cult of the Saints in the Late Medieval Mediterranean"
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2015
Paul Kreitman
Dissertation Title:
"Feathers, Fertilizer and States of Nature: Uses of Albatrosses in the US-Japan Borderlands"
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2015
Radha Kumar
Dissertation Title:
"Police Matters: Law and Everyday Life in Rural Madras, c.1900-1960"
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2015
Meg Leja
Dissertation Title:
"Dissecting the Inner Life: Body and Soul, Medicine and Metaphor in the Carolingian Era"
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2015
Valeria Lopez Fadul
Dissertation Title:
"Languages, Knowledge, and Empire in the Early Modern Iberian World (1492-1650)"
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2015
Ninad Pandit
Dissertation Title:
"The Bombay Radicals and the Left in Colonial India"
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2015
Andrei Pesic
Dissertation Title:
"The Enlightenment in Concert: The Concert Spiritual and Religious Artworks in Secular Spaces, 1725-1790"
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2015
Farah Peterson
Dissertation Title:
"Statutory Interpretation and Judicial Authority, 1776-1860"
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2015
James R. Pickett
Dissertation Title:
"The Persianate Sphere during the Age of Empires: Islamic Scholars and Networks of Exchange in Central Asia, 1747-1917"
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2015
Giuseppe (Joseph) A. Ricci
Dissertation Title:
"Nomads in Late Antiquity: Gazing on Rome from the Steppe, Attila to Asparuch (370-680 C.E.)"
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2015
Christian Casey Sahner
Dissertation Title:
"Christian Martyrs and the Making of an Islamic Society in the Post-Conquest Period"
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2015
Humberto Schwarzbeck-Aguirre
Dissertation Title:
"Political Theories of the Instant, 1914-1939"
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2015
Nadia Wadzinski
Dissertation Title:
"Current Events: Galvanism and the World of Scientific Information, 1790-1830"
Degree Year:
2015
Dov Weinryb Grohsgal
Dissertation Title:
"Southern Strategies: The Politics of School Desegregation and the Nixon White House"
Degree Year:
2015
Hagar Barak
Dissertation Title:
"Capetian Corporate Qualities: The Administration of the Auvergne Under Alphonse of Poitiers, 1241-1270"
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2014
Nimisha Barton
Dissertation Title:
"Foreign Affairs, Family Matters: Gender and Acculturation in Paris, 1914-1940"
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2014
Alexander Bevilacqua
Dissertation Title:
"Islamic Letters in the European Enlightenment"
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2014
Keisha N. Blain
Dissertation Title:
"'For the Freedom of the Race': Black Women and the Practices of Nationalism, 1929-1945"
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2014
Frederic N. Clark
Dissertation Title:
"Dividing Time: The Making of Historical Periodization in Early Modern Europe"
Degree Year:
2014
Hannah-Louise Clark
Dissertation Title:
"Doctoring the "Bled": Medical Auxiliaries and the Administration of Rural Life in Colonial Algeria, 1904-1954"
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2014
Zachary Kagan Guthrie
Dissertation Title:
"Labor, Mobility and Coercion in Central Mozambique, 1942-1961"
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2014
Rotem Geva Halperin
Dissertation Title:
"The City as a Space of Suspicion: Partition, Belonging and Citizenship in Delhi, 1940-1955"
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2014
Jennifer Dominique Jones
Dissertation Title:
"The 'Fruits of Mixing': Homosexuality and the Politics of Racial Empowerment, 1945-1975"
Adviser(s):
Degree Year:
2014
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(4μ/R)R' where R is the bubble radius, R' is the first order derivative of the bubble radius with respect to time, R” is the second order derivative of the bubble radius with respect to time, Ï is t
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VIDEO ANSWER: This problem is given to couples. One off one happy one and 200. It has to be result into two components for the general vertical component, but just a moment, because we have to calculate region moment off a couple on the B. You can
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/favicon.ico
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https://www.numerade.com/ask/question/bubble-cavitation-how-to-derive-keller-miksis-formula-from-rayleigh-plesset-equation-rayleigh-plesset-equationedit-the-theory-of-bubble-dynamics-was-started-in-1917-by-lord-rayleigh-during-h-43668/
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BUBBLE CAVITATION How to derive Keller-Miksis formula from Rayleigh-Plesset equation? Rayleigh-Plesset equation[edit] The theory of bubble dynamics was started in 1917 by Lord Rayleigh during his work with the Royal Navy to investigate cavitation damage on ship propellers. Over several decades, his work was refined and developed by Milton Plesset, Andrea Prosperetti, and others. The Rayleigh-Plesset equation is: R'' + (3/2)(R')^2 - (2/R) = (1/Ï)(p' - p∞) + (3/2)(σ/R) - (4μ/R)R' where R is the bubble radius, R' is the first order derivative of the bubble radius with respect to time, R'' is the second order derivative of the bubble radius with respect to time, Ï is the density of the liquid, p' is the pressure inside the bubble, p∞ is the pressure at infinity, σ is the surface tension of the gas-liquid interface, and μ is the viscosity of the liquid. Keller-Miksis formulation[edit] The Keller-Miksis formulation is an equation derived for the large, radial oscillations of a bubble trapped in a sound field. When the frequency of the sound field approaches the natural frequency of the bubble, it will result in large amplitude oscillations. The Keller-Miksis equation takes into account the viscosity, surface tension, incident sound wave, and acoustic radiation coming from the bubble, which was previously unaccounted for in Lauterborn's calculations. Lauterborn solved the equation that Plesset, et al. modified from: R'' + (3/2)(R')^2 - (2/R) = (1/Ï)(p' - p∞) + (3/2)(σ/R) - (4μ/R)R' where R is the radius of the bubble, the dots indicate first and second time derivatives, p is the density of the liquid, c is the speed of sound through the liquid, and pR,t is the pressure at the bubble surface.
BUBBLE CAVITATION How to derive Keller-Miksis formula from Rayleigh-Plesset equation? Rayleigh-Plesset equation[edit] The theory of bubble dynamics was started in 1917 by Lord Rayleigh during his work with the Royal Navy to investigate cavitation damage on ship propellers. Over several decades, his work was refined and developed by Milton Plesset, Andrea Prosperetti, and others. The Rayleigh-Plesset equation is: R'' + (3/2)(R')^2 - (2/R) = (1/Ï)(p' - p∞) + (3/2)(σ/R) - (4μ/R)R' where R is the bubble radius, R' is the first order derivative of the bubble radius with respect to time, R'' is the second order derivative of the bubble radius with respect to time, Ï is the density of the liquid, p' is the pressure inside the bubble, p∞ is the pressure at infinity, σ is the surface tension of the gas-liquid interface, and μ is the viscosity of the liquid. Keller-Miksis formulation[edit] The Keller-Miksis formulation is an equation derived for the large, radial oscillations of a bubble trapped in a sound field. When the frequency of the sound field approaches the natural frequency of the bubble, it will result in large amplitude oscillations. The Keller-Miksis equation takes into account the viscosity, surface tension, incident sound wave, and acoustic radiation coming from the bubble, which was previously unaccounted for in Lauterborn's calculations. Lauterborn solved the equation that Plesset, et al. modified from: R'' + (3/2)(R')^2 - (2/R) = (1/Ï)(p' - p∞) + (3/2)(σ/R) - (4μ/R)R' where R is the radius of the bubble, the dots indicate first and second time derivatives, p is the density of the liquid, c is the speed of sound through the liquid, and pR,t is the pressure at the bubble surface.
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https://www.me.upenn.edu/speaker-archive/
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Seminar + Speaker Archive
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Seminar + Speaker Archive
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en
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https://www.me.upenn.edu/speaker-archive/
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01/12/23 Sean Sun Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering at Johns Hopkins University Role of Water in the Mechanics of Cells and Tissues 01/17/23 Michael Bartlett Assistant Professor of Mechanical Engineering at Virginia Tech Multifunctional Soft Materials for Electronics, Robots, and Adhesives 01/31/23 Michael C. McAlpine Kuhrmeyer Family Chair Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Minnesota 3D Printing Active Electronic Devices 02/07/23 Samantha McBride Presidential Postdoctoral Research Fellow at Princeton University Designing interfacial phenomena for water, energy, and sustainability 02/21/23 Nathaniel J. Wei Ph.D. Candidate in Aeronautics at the California Institute of Technology Leveraging Unsteady Flows for Enhanced Performance in Wind-Energy Systems 02/23/23 Teng Cui Postdoctoral Scholar at Stanford University Mechanics for Energy Sustainability: From Fatigue of 2D Materials to Dendrites in Solid-state Batteries 02/28/23 Victor Venturi Postdoctoral Associate at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Solid Interfaces in Electrochemical Devices 03/02/23 SooJean Han Postdoctoral Scholar at the California Institute of Technology Control of Jump Stochastic Systems by Learning Recurrent Spatiotemporal Patterns 03/03/23 Alissa Johnson Ph.D. Candidate at the University of Pennsylvania Predicting and Reducing High-Speed Jet Noise 03/14/23 Yunus Alapan Postdoctoral Research Associate at the Georgia Institute of Technology Bioinspired Microrobotic Systems for Interfacing with Cells and Tissues 03/21/23 Elham Davoodi NIH Postdoctoral Fellow at the California Institute of Technology Additive Manufacturing: Future of Healthcare 03/28/23 Sungmin Nam Postdoctoral Fellow at Harvard University Multiscale Mechano-Medicine: from Mechanobiology to Tissue-Interfacing Stimulating Medical Devices 04/04/23 Daniel J. Preston Assistant Professor of Mechanical Engineering at Rice University Material-Enabled Technologies for Soft and Fluidic Robots 04/18/23 L. Catherine Brinson Sharon C and Harold L Yoh III Professor of Engineering and Chair of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science Department at Duke University Nano and Polymers and Mechanics and Data 04/25/23 Marcus Hultmark Professor of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering at Princeton University Laboratory Investigations of Wind Turbine Wakes at Field Reynolds Numbers 09/06/22 Teng Li Keystone Professor in the Clark School of Engineering at the University of Maryland Mechanics Design in Cellulose-Enabled High-Performance Materials toward a Sustainable Future 09/15/22 Jianping Fu Professor of Mechanical Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, and Cell & Developmental Biology at the University of Michigan Synthetic Embryology for Constructing Human Embryo and Organ Models 09/20/22 Emma Lejeune Assistant Professor in the Mechanical Engineering Department at Boston University Open Access Benchmark Datasets and Metamodels for Problems in Mechanics 09/27/22 Mark Devlin Reese W. Flower Professor of Astronomy and Astrophysics at the University of Pennsylvania Development of Astronomical Instrumentation to Study the Birth and Evolution of the Universe 09/29/22 Jie Yin Associate Professor in the Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering at NC State University Harnessing Physical Intelligence for High-Performance Soft Robots 10/04/22 Xiaoyun Ding Bruce S. Anderson Assistant Professor of Mechanical Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Materials Science and Engineering, and BioFrontiers Institute at University of Colorado Boulder Manipulation of Micro/Nano Particles Using Acoustic Waves 10/11/22 Nicolas Argibay Staff scientist and group leader at the US DOE Ames National Laboratory in the
Division of Materials Sciences and Engineering Materials and Manufacturing Solutions for Sustainable Energy 10/18/22 Tetyana Morozyuk Head of the department “Exergy-Based Methods for Refrigeration Systems” at Technische Universität Berlin, Germany Exergy-based Methods as a Promising Modern Thermodynamic Evaluation and Optimization Tool 10/25/22 Daniel Bodony Blue Waters Professor of Aerospace Engineering and Associate Dean for Graduate, Professional, and Online Programs in the Grainger College of Engineering at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Predicting and Reducing High-Speed Jet Noise 11/01/22 Chung-Yuen Hui Joseph C. Ford Professor of Engineering, Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering at Cornell University Mechanical Behavior of Self-healing Hydrogels with Chemical and Physical Cross-links: Theory and Experiments 11/08/22 Melany L. Hunt Dotty and Dick Hayman Professor of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Mechanical and Civil Engineering at California Institute of Technology Mixing of Granular Materials, Inertial Suspensions, and Cement 11/15/22 Karen Kasza Assistant Professor of Mechanical Engineering at Columbia University Cell Packings and Tissue Flows in Developing Embryos 11/29/22 Venkat Viswanathan Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering at Carnegie Mellon University The Challenges and Opportunities of Battery-Powered Flight 12/6/22 Jordan R. Raney Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania Nonlinear Mechanical Behavior of Kirigami-inspired Architected Materials 1/18/2022 Sharon Glotzer Anthony C. Lembke Department Chair of Chemical Engineering and Professor, University of Michigan in Ann Arbor Assembly Engineering of Patchy Particles into Complex Structures, and Beyond 1/25/2022 Debbie G. Senesky Associate Professor, Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Stanford University Tiny-but-tough’ GaN- and Graphene-based Nanoelectronics for Extreme Harsh Environments 1/25/2022 Chengyang Mo Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania Accelerated Design of Architected Materials with Geometric Heterogeneity for Enhanced Failure Characteristics 2/1/2022 Yasharee Kulkarni Bill D. Cook Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Houston Mechanistic Insights into Crystalline Interfaces via Thermal Fluctuations 2/8/2022 Christopher Rycoft John L. Loeb Associate Professor of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University Uncovering the Rules of Crumpling with a Data-Driven Approach 2/15/2022 Claudia Brunner Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University The Unsteady Aerodynamics of Wind Power Generation 2/17/2022 Fabrizio Sergi Assistant Professor, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware Robot-assisted Imaging of Neuromuscular Function: New Insights on the Neural Substrates of Motor Control 2/22/2022 Michela Geri Postdoctoral Associate, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, MIT Understanding Particulate Soft Materials: An Integrated Approach for Novel Energy and Environmental Solutions 2/25/2022 Huiwen Bai Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania Microfluidic Devices with Capillary Circuits for User-friendly, Low-cost, Multiplexed Point-of-care, Molecular Diagnostics 3/1/2022 Aashutosh Mistry Postdoctoral Appointee, Argonne National Laboratory Unknown Unknowns in Designing Porous Intercalation Electrodes for Batteries 3/22/2022 Ronald S. Fearing John William MacKay, Jr. Professor Emeritus, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, Univiversity of California at Berkeley Agile Maneuver with Under-Actuated Millirobots 3/29/2022 Michael S. Triantafyllou Henry L. and Grace Doherty Professor in Ocean Science and Engineering, MIT Biomimetic Design of Marine Robots and Sensors 4/5/2022 Francois Barthelat Professor, Paul M. Raddy Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder From Mollusk Shells to Dense Architectured Materials to Granular Crystals: How Building Blocks and Weak Interfaces Create High Mechanical Performance 4/6/2022 Yibo Yang Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania Deep Learning and Uncertainty Quantification: Methodologies and Applications 4/7/2022 Huiwen Bai Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania User-friendly, Low-cost, Microfluidic Devices with Capillary Circuits for Multiplexed, Isothermal, Point-of-care Nucleic Acid Amplification Tests 4/11/2022 Kevin Larry Galloway Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania Relationships Between Structure, Dynamics, and Flow in Sheared Amorphous Materials 4/12/2022 Douglas J. Durian Professor, Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania The Statistical Mechanics of Granular Clogging 4/12/2022 Min Wang Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania Metal and Air Generate Power for Robots 4/12/2022 Russell Spiewak Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania Mechanical Properties of Fibrous Network Materials 4/14/2022 Ariella Mansfield Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania Exploiting Environmental Fields for Orienteering and Planning Problems 4/21/2022 Chuanpeng Sun Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania Some Investigations of Phase Transitions in Rod-like Macro-molecules and Fibrous Gels 4/26/2022 C. Karen Liu Associate Professor, Department of Computer Science, Stanford University Towards Personalized Predictive Human Models 4/29/2022 Michael J. Sobrepera Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania Social Robot Augmented Telepresence for Remote Assessment and Rehabilitation of Patients with Upper Extremity Impairment 9/08/2020 Nicole Zander Research Chemist, Manufacturing Science and Technology Branch, US Army Research Laboratory (ARL) U.S. Army Additive Manufacturing Materials and Technologies 9/15/2020 Sandra LeBlanc Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University Tackling Energy Sector Challenges with Interdisciplinary Research and Education Initiatives 9/22/2020 Michelle Johnson Associate Professor, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Robots and Mechatronic Systems Can Help us Identify, Assess, and Treat Motor and Cognitive Impairment after Brain Injury 9/23/2020 Aoyi Luo Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania Control of Dry Adhesion Via Mechanics and Structuring 9/29/2020 Troy Olsson Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania Aluminum Scandium Nitride Microdevices for Next Generation Nonvolatile Memory and Microelectromechanical Systems 10/06/2020 Eric Young Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania Delivering Expressive and Personalized Fingertip Tactile Cues 10/06/2020 Karen Wilcox Director of the Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, and Professor of Aerospace
Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, University of Texas at Austin Operator Inference: Bridging Model Reduction and Scientific Machine Learning 10/13/2020 Hessam Babaee Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Pittsburgh Real-Time Reduced Order Modeling using Time-Dependent Basis: Applications in Turbulent Flows and Combustion 10/20/2020 Jeremy Cannon Associate Professor of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Engineering Solutions for Tough Problems in Trauma: From Occlusion Ballons to Decision‐Support 10/27/2020 Krishna Garikipati Director, Michigan Institute for Computational Discovery & Engineering (MICDE), and Professor of Mechanical Engineering and Mathematics, University of Michigan Data-driven Physics Discovery and Scale Bridging in Materials 11/03/2020 Justin Yim Postdoctoral Researcher, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University Saltatorial Locomotion on Terrain Obstacles 11/10/2019 Xuanhe Zhao Professor of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Merging Human-Machine Intelligence with Soft Materials Technology 11/12/2020 Ani Hsieh Research Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania How to Make Your Ocean Smarter 11/13/2020 Akshay Ananthakrishnan Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania All-Passive Hardware Architectures for Neuromorphic Computation 11/17/2020 Michael Posa Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania Bilevel Optimization for Control, Learning, and Multi‐contact Robotics 12/01/2020 Thanh Duc Nguyen Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Connecticut “Smart” Biodegradable Polymer at Nano and Micro Scales for Medical Applications 12/08/2020 Paris Perdikaris Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania Bridging Physical Models and Observational Data With Physics-informed Deep Learning 12/17/2020 Wei-ju Tseng Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania Structural and Mechanical Response to Intermittent Parathyroid Hormone Treatment, Discontinuation, and Cyclic Administration Regimens 9/11/2018 Tamer Zaki Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University Harbingers of Turbulence in Boundary Layers 9/13/2018 Tarik Tosun Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania Reconfigurable Robots: Systems that Transform Themselves and Their Environments 9/18/2018 Nanshu Lu Associate Professor, Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, University of Texas at Austin Mechanics, Manufacture, and Validation of Soft Bioelectronics 9/25/2018 Lian-Ping Wang Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware Boltzmann Equation-based Computational Fluid Dynamics 10/5/2018 Yuejun Yan Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania Combustion Irreversibility Analysis and Reduction 10/8/2018 Sikang Liu Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania Motion Planning for Micro Aerial Vehicles 10/9/2018 James Hilbert Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania Understanding and Improving the Environmental Dependent Tribology and Thermal Stability of Hydrogenated Amorphous Carbon by Using Silicon and Oxygen as Dopants 10/9/2018 Ralph Izzo Chairman of the Board, President, and Chief Executive Officer, Public Service Enterprise Group, Inc. The Future of Energy 10/10/2018 J. Brandon McClimon Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania Tribological Response of Silicon Oxide-containing Hydrogenated Amorphous Carbon, Probed Across Lengthscale 10/16/2018 Yong Zhu Professor, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University From Single Nanowire to Nanowire Network: Mechanics and Application in Stretchable Electronics 10/23/2018 Richard D. James Distinguished McKnight University Professor, Department of Aerospace Engineering and Mechanics, University of Minnesota Atomistically Inspired Origami 10/26/2018 Roger T. Howe William E. Ayer Professor of Engineering, Stanford University Broad-Spectrum Electronic Biomolecular Sensing 10/29/2018 Lisa Mariani Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania Mechanical Characterization of Printed Cellulose Nanofibril Thin Films 10/30/2018 Nicholas Zabaras Viola D. Hank Professor of Computational Science and Engineering, Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, Notre Dame University Bayesian Deep Learning for Predictive Scientific Computing 11/5/2018 Sarah Tang Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania Control, Planning, and Coordination for Dynamic Aerial Manipulation with Robot Teams 11/6/2018 Yu Sun Canada Research Chair in Micro and Nano Engineering Systems and Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Toronto Medical Robotics: Manipulation of Cells and Intracellular Structures 11/7/2018 Ruiyuan Ma Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania Examination of Callaway-Holland-Based Thermal Conductivity Calculation for Nano-Phononic Crystals 11/13/2018 Thomas Cassel Practice Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania What Employers Really Want To Learn From Your Interview 11/19/2018 Paul Barclay Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania Condensation and Mobility Studies of Fluid Interfaces 11/20/2018 Chris Fang-Yen Associate Professor of Bioengineering and Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania Aging and Automation in a Model Roundworm 12/4/2018 Portonovo S. Ayyaswamy Asa Whitney Professor of Dynamical Engineering, University of Pennsylvania Multiscale Modeling of Nanoparticle Transport: Applications to Targeted Drug Delivery 12/20/2018 Zac Milne Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania The Role of Sliding Contact in Nanoscale Tribochemistry 12/20/2018 Masahiro Narasaki Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania Thermal Transport in Structurally-Modified Nanocarbon Materials: Studies on Carbon Nanotube, Carbon Nanofiber, and Graphene 1/16/2018 Joel D. Boerckel Assistant Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery and Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania “Reverse-Engineering Skeletal Development 1/18/2018 Boyang Qin Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania Elastic Turbulence & Ciliary Kinematics in Viscoelastic Fluids: Nonlinearity at Low Reynolds Number 1/23/2018 Aaswath Raman Assistant Professor of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania Thermal Nanophotonics: Controlling the heat and light that surrounds us 1/30/2018 Gretar Tryggvason Charles A. Miller, Jr. Distinguished Professor and Department Head, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University Direct Numerical Simulations of Complex Multiphase Flows 2/1/2018 Justin W. Wilkerson Donald D. Harrington Faculty Fellow, Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, University of Texas at Austin, and Assistant Professor & James J. Cain Fellow, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University The Role of Crystallographic Defects in Impact Failure 2/20/2019 Hadi T. Nia Postdoctoral Fellow, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School Solid Stress and Elastic Energy as New Measures of Tumor Mechanopathology 2/21/2018 Ismail Hameduddin Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University The Theoretical Approach in Viscoelastic Turbulence 2/27/2018 Michael Ortiz Frank and Ora-Lee Marble Professor of Aeronautics and Mechanical Engineering, California Institute of Technology The Anomalous Yield Behavior of Fused Silica Glass 3/20/2018 Mahesh M. Bandi Assistant Professor, Collective Interactions Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University Applying Higher-order Turbulence Spectra from Energy to UAV 3/27/2018 David L. McDowell Carter N. Paden Jr. Distinguished Chair in Metals Processing and Regents’ Professor of Mechanics of Materials, Georgia Institute of Technology Microstructure-sensitive Multiscale Crystal Plasticity Modeling 3/29/2018 Marc Miskin Kavli Institute Postdoctoral Fellow in Nanoscale Science, Cornell University Making Machines the Size of Cells 4/3/2018 Tim Rupert Associate Professor of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California at Irvine Promoting Beneficial Grain Boundary Phase Transitions with Segregation Engineering 4/5/2018 Yufeng (Kevin) Chen Postdoctoral Fellow, Harvard Microrobotics Laboratory Multimodal and Multiphase Locomotion in Biologically Inspired, Insect-scale Robots 4/9/2018 Chen Lin Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania Microstructures and Mechanical Metamaterials for Energy Conversion and Other Applications 4/10/2018 Evelyn Wang Gail E. Kendall Professor of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Nanoengineered Structures for Advanced Energy and Water Technologies 4/12/2018 Yu Sun Professor, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto Robotic Manipulation of Cells, Molecules, and Nanomaterials 4/17/2018 Nikolas Martelaro Ph.D. Candidate, Center for Design Research, Stanford University The Needfinding Machine: Understanding Users with Interactive Devices and Designers in the Loop 4/23/2018 Cunjiang Yu Bill D. Cook Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Houston Manufacturing, Materials, and Device Innovations for Soft and Curvy Electronics 4/24/2018 Mark Alan Fogel Professor of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia “3D Printing, Surgical Planning and 4D Imaging in Congenital Heart Disease 4/25/2018 Angela Pitenis Postdoctoral Associate, The Tribology Laboratory and Soft Matter Engineering Center, University of Florida Soft Matter Engineering: Cells, Gels, and Shear 4/27/2018 Zdenek P. Bazant McCormick Institute Professor and Walter P. Murphy Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Material Science and Engineering, Northwestern University Design of New Materials and Structures to Maximize Strength at Probability Tail: A Neglected Challenge for Quasibrittle and Biomimetic Materials 5/17/2019 Joel Lefever Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania Atomic Force Microscopy-based Investigation of Plastic Deformation Mechanisms in Disordered Nanoparticle Packings 5/30/2018 Maziar Raissi Assistant Professor of Applied Mathematics, Brown University Hidden Physics Models: Machine Learning of Non-linear Partial Differential Equations 6/6/2017 Seok Kim Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Transfer Printing for LEGO-like Microassembly and Nanomaterial Integration 6/13/2017 Paul Barclay Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania Molecular Dynamic Study on Fluid Flow and the Fluid-Fluid Interfacial Mobility 6/15/2017 Ting Yue Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania Thermodynamic Analysis for Improving Uunderstanding and Performance of Hybrid Power Cycles Using Multiple Heat Sources of Different Temperatures 6/20/2017 James Hilbert Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania Carbon coatings under extreme conditions: Understanding and addressing the thermal instability and humidity-dependent tribology of hydrogenated amorphous carbon films by using silicon and oxygen as dopants 6/27/2017 Chenchen Liu Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania Multiscale Modeling and Design of Acoustic Metamaterials 6/28/2017 Thomas C. Hull Associate Professor of Mathematics, Western New England University Self-foldability and Rigid Origami 7/11/2017 Ruiyuan Ma Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania Thermal Conductivity Calculation in Nano Phononic Crystals 7/18/2017 Mohammed Asaduzzaman Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania Interfacial Wave Dynamics of Core-Annular Flow of Two Fluids 7/20/2017 Sarah Tang Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania Trajectory Generation for Agile Aerial Robot Teams 7/25/2017 Monroe D. Kennedy III Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania Human-Robot Cooperative Carrying 7/28/2017 Sikang Liu Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania Search-based Motion Planning for Micro Aerial Vehicles 8/1/2017 Mickey Whitzer Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania Formation Control and Coordination for Teams of Nonholonomic Robots 8/15/2017 Yuejun Yan Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania Gaseous Fuel Combustion Irreversibility Analysis and Reduction 8/22/2017 Xiaoguai Li Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania Non-equilibrium Material Behavior: From Particles to Continuum Description 8/28/2017 Chen Lin Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania Microstructures and Mechanical Metamaterials for Energy Conversion and Other Applications 8/29/2017 Dawei Song Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania Homogenized Response of Porous Single Crystals and Polycrystals 9/9/2013 Drew Cheney Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania Computational Modeling of Geometry Dependent Phonon Transport in Silicon Nanostructures 9/10/2013 Juan C. Lasheras Distinguished Professor of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering and Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego The Role of Myosin II Motors and F-actin Dynamics in the Mechanics of Cell Migration and Invasion 9/17/2013 Alberto Cuitino Professor and Executive Officer, Rutgers University Multi-scale modeling and simulation of powder compaction processes 9/24/2013 Radhakrishnan “Suresh” Sureshkumar Department Chair, Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering, Syracuse University Plasmonic Fluids: Structure, Rheology and Applications 10/1/2013 Julia Greer Professor of Materials Science and Mechanics, California Institute of Technology Nanostructured 3-D Architectures: Mechanics and Physics of Deformation and Fracture in Nanomaterials for Biomimetics, Batteries, and Lightweight Structural Materials 10/8/2013 Sulin Zhang Associate Professor of Engineering Science and Mechanics and Bioengineering, Pennsylvania State University Virus-Inspired Design Principles of Nanosized Targets for Cellular Delivery 10/15/2013 Heather Knight Ph.D. candidate, Robotics Institute, Carnegie Mellon Charismatic Machines 10/22/2013 Nathan Jacobs Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania Validation and Application of an Intervertebral Disc Finite Element Model Utilizing Independently Constructed Tissue-Level Constitutive Formulations that are Nonlinear, Anisotropic, and Time-Dependent 10/29/2013 Michelle Johnson Assistant Professor of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pennsylvania Bilateral and Unilateral Task-Oriented, Robot Therapy Environments for Patients with Upper Limb Motor Impairment 11/12/2013 Mary C. Boyce Dean, The Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science and Morris A. and Alma Schapiro Professor, Columbia University Mechanics of Wavy Interfacial Layers in Hybrid Material Architectures: Nature-inspired Design to 3D-printed Prototypes 11/14/2013 H. Tom Soh Ruth Garland Professor of Mechanical Engineering and Materials, University of California, Santa Barbara Cell Sorting and Directed Evolution in Microfluidic Systems 11/19/2013 Andrew Alleyne Ralph and Catherine Fisher Professor, Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Dynamical Modeling and Control for Building Systems 11/21/2013 Na Zhang Research Professor, Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing Solar hybrid power system integration with low CO2 emissions 12/3/2013 Irina Marinov Lecturer, Department of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Pennsylvania The Southern Ocean and its critical role in the global carbon and heat cycles: now and under future climate change 5/27/2014 Armin Knoll Researcher, IBM Research, Zurich Research Laboratory, Zurich, Switzerland Thermal Probe Nanolithography: What You See is What You Get 5/29/2014 David Argudo Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania DNA conformational changes and phase transitions induced by tension and twist 5/30/2014 Mahmut Selman Sakar Senior Research Scientist, Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems Microrobotic Platforms in Biotechnology: From Minimally Invasive Biomanipulation to Biological Robots 6/3/2014 Barukyah Shaparenko Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania Thermal Dielectrophoretic Force on a Dielectric Particle 6/10/2014 Michael Norton Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania Capillary Surfaces on Non-Uniform Substrates at the Micro- and Nano- Scale 6/17/2014 Nicholas Schneider Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania In Situ Liquid Cell Electron Microscopy with the NanoAquarium: A Study in Electrochemistry and Radiation Chemistry 6/20/2014 Jun Seo Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania Grasping and Assembling with Modular Robots 6/23/2014 Matthew Turpin Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania Safe, Scalable, and Complete Motion Planning of Large Teams of Interchangeable Robots 6/24/2014 Jinzhou Yuan Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania Microswimmers and Microfluidics: Understanding and Manipulating the Motion of Nematodes such as Caenorhabditis (C.) elegans 7/8/2014 Xin Liu Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania Mechanisms Controlling Atomic-Scale Friction and Adhesion of Single-Asperity Contacts on Ideal Materials 7/15/2014 Heather Culbertson Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania Modeling and Rendering of Virtual Haptic Textured Surfaces 7/22/2014 Sean Anderson Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania Carbon Nanopipettes for Advanced Cellular Probing and Microinjection 7/29/2014 Rebecca Pierce Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania Human-Centered Control Interfaces for Teleoperation 8/1/2014 Jun Seo Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania Grasping and Assembling with Modular Robots 8/5/2014 Michael Wald Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania TIndentation-Based Characterization of the Mechanical Properties of Soft Materials 8/11/2014 Moeketsi Mpholo National University of Lesotho and Teboho Nchaba, University of Cape Town Solar and Wind Resource Assessment in Lesotho 8/12/2014 Mehdi Bakhshi Zanjani Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania Computational Modeling of Nanocrystal Superlattices 8/19/2014 Nick Eckenstein Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania Concepts and Approaches in Modular Robotic Connector Mechanism Design 8/22/2014 Matthew Piccoli Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania Passive Stabilization and Simplification of Micro Aerial Vehicles 8/28/2014 Reza Avazmohammadi Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania Overall Mechanical Response of Soft Composite Materials with Particulate Microstructure at Finite Strains 8/29/2014 Morteza Hakimi Siboni Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania Dielectric Elastomer Composites: Macroscopic Behavior and Instabilities 8/29/2014 Yi Yang Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania Modeling of Defect Evolution in Silicon Substrates for Microelectronics and Photovoltaics 8/28/2012 Lichao Pan Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania A subcritical elastic instability in channel flows at low Reynolds number 9/6/2012 Roger Howe William E. Ayer Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University; Faculty Director, Stanford Nanofabrication Facility; Director of the National Nanotechnology Infrastructure Network (NNIN) Nano ElectroMechanical Systems (NEMS) Applications in Information Technology and Energy Conversion 9/11/2012 Douglas Durian Professor of Physics, University of Pennsylvania Mechanics of Granular Impact 9/18/2012 Alexander Smits Chairman and Eugene Higgins Professor of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Director, Gasdynamics Laboratory, Princeton University Hydrodynamics of Manta Ray Swimming 9/21/2012 Qiwei Shi Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania Diffusional Aggregation in Binary Solids 9/25/2012 Shailendra Joshi Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore Fortifying Magnesium for Structural Applications 10/2/2012 Robert Howe Abbott and James Lawrence Professor of Engineering, Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences Robot Hands for the Real World 10/8/2012 Sefi Givli Senior Lecturer, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology A theorectical study of lamellipodia dynamics 10/9/2012 Marino Arroyo Associate Professor, School of Civil Engineering of Barcelona, University of Catalunya, Barcelona Reverse engineering the euglenoid movement 10/16/2012 Dan Negrut Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison From the Dynamics of Sand to the Dynamics of Tanks: Using High Performance Computing to Advance the Pace of Innovation and Improve Designs in Mechanical Engineering 10/25/2012 Evan Galipeau Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania Non-linear homogenization of magnetorheological elastomers at finite strain 10/30/2012 S. “Bala” Balachandar Chairman and William F. Powers Professor of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida On the Propagation, Instability and Turbulence of Advancing Material Fronts 11/6/2012 Ronald Larson George Granger Brown Professor of Chemical Engineering, and Professor of Mechanical Engineering and Macromolecular Science and Engineering, University of Michigan From Rheology to Biology: the Application of Polymer Hydrodynamics to Problems in Biology 11/19/2012 Evan Galipeau Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania Non-linear homogenization of magnetorheological elastomers at finite strain 11/20/2012 Sergio Pellegrino Joyce and Kent Kresa Professor of Aeronautics and Professor of Civil Engineering, and Jet Propulsion Laboratory Senior Research Scientist, California Institute of Technology Ultra-thin composite deployable shell structures 11/27/2012 Darryll Pines Dean and Nariman Farvardin Professor of Engineering, Clark School of Engineering, University of Maryland Evolving to a New Normal in Engineering Education 12/4/2012 Thomas Powers Professor of Engineering and Professor of Physics, Brown University Swimming in Viscoelastic Fluids 12/11/2012 Chelsey Simmons Ph.D. Candidate, Stanford University Dynamic Cell Culture Systems for Stimulation and Assessment of Cardiovascular Cells 12/12/2012 Na Zhang Research Professor, Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences High-efficiency low emissions hybrid power generation systems integrated with solar thermo- chemical conversion 1/10/2013 Sherry Liu Assistant Professor Bioengineering and Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Micro-imaging and the mechanical modeling of bone – from bench side to bed side 1/15/2013 Vivek Shenoy Professor, Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania Mechanotranduction in 3D microtissues: Modeling the role of geometry and stiffness 1/22/2013 Leo Donner Lecturer, Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences Program, Princeton University Aerosols, Clouds, and Climate: The Global Modeling Challenge 1/29/2013 Amos Avidan Bechtel Corporation Nuclear Power Technology and Construction Trends 2/5/2013 Chang-Hwan Choi Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology Nature-Inspired Nano-Textured Surfaces: Design, Fabrications, and Applications 2/12/2013 Li Shi Professor, Myron L. Begeman Fellow in Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Texas at Austin Thermal Transport in Graphene and Other Two-Dimensional Layered Materials 2/13/2013 Xiaoning Shen Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania Locomotion of live organisms in complex fluids at low Reynolds number 2/14/2013 Lichao Pan Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania Complex Fluids In Microchanne Flows at Low Reynods Number: Elastic Instabilities and Rheology 2/21/2013 J. Scott Bunch Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder Graphene Mechanical Wonders 2/22/2013 Vijay Kumar UPS Foundation Professor, Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania Aerial Robot Swarms 2/25/2013 Roland Bennewitz Senior Group Leader, Nanotribology Group, INM – Leibniz-Institute for New Materials and Experimental Physics, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany Nanoscale friction on gold – from the basics to electrochemical modification 2/26/2013 Harry Swinney Sid W. Richardson Foundation Regents Chairman and Professor of Physics, University of Texas at Austin How competing bacterial colonies can survive by killing siblings 3/19/2013 Maria Yang Robert N. Noyce Career Development Assistant Professor of Mechanical Engineering and Engineering Systems, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Influence of informal representation in early stage design 3/21/2013 Hugh Fan Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Chemistry, University of Florida Microscale Components for Flow Control and Particle Isolation 3/22/2013 Gary Fedder Director of the Institute for Complex Engineered Systems (ICES), Howard M. Wilkoff Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering, and Professor of The Robotics Institute, Carnegie Mellon University Advanced Manufacturing Institutes – A $2B National Experiment in Government-Industry-University Private-Public Partnerships 3/26/2013 Chang-Jin Kim Professor, Micro- and Nano-Manufacturing Lab; California NanoSystems Institute Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, UCLA Surface Tension Is Fair Game in Micro-Engineering: Let’s Play 4/2/2013 Nicholas Ouellette Assistant Professor of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Yale University Emergent Dynamics of Laboratory Insect Swarms 4/9/2013 John Sader Professor, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Melbourne Nanomechanical Systems in Fluid with Applications to Atomic and Molecular Sensing 4/11/2013 William McMahan Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania Providing Haptic Perception to Telerobotic Systems via Tactile Acceleration Signals 4/11/2013 Horacio Espinosa James N. and Nancy J. Farley Professor in Manufacturing & Entrepreneurship; Director; Theoretical and Applied Mechanics Program, Northwestern University Atomistic Investigation of Nanomaterials – Seeing the Invisible and Bridging Theory and Experiments 4/16/2013 Lallit Anand Warren and Towneley Rohsenow Professor of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology A thermo-mechanically coupled theory for fluid permeation in elastomeric materials: application to thermally-responsive gels 4/17/2013 Vahid Vahdat Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania Mechanics of Interactions and Atomic-Scale Wear of Tips in Amplitude Modulation Atomic Force Microscopy Probes 4/18/2013 Wilson Poon Professor, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh Bacteria as active colloids 4/25/2013 Emily Carter Gerhard R. Andlinger Professor in Energy and the Environment, Professor of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering & Applied and Computational Mathematics, Princeton University Quantum Mechanics and the Future of the Planet 5/24/2013 Steven Gray Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania Motion primitives and planning for robots with closed chain systems and changing topologies 6/18/2013 Drew Cheney Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania Computational modeling of geometry dependent phonon transport in nanostructures 6/21/2013 Kush Prasad MSE Candidate, University of Pennsylvania Optimal Control of Traffic Signals at a Single Intersection 6/21/2013 Soonkyum Kim Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania A Topological Approach to Using Cables to Separate and Manipulate Sets of Objects 6/21/2013 Mengying Li MSE Candidate, University of Pennsylvania Energy and Exergy Analysis and Thermodynamic Optimization of Deep Engineered Geothermal System Energy Extraction and Power Generation 6/24/2013 David Kim MSE Candidate, University of Pennsylvania Critical Review of Quantitative Sustainability Analysis with sample case for Reverse Osmosis Desalination 7/1/2013 Steven Gray Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania Motion primitives and planning for robots with closed chain systems and changing topologies 7/9/2013 Nathan Jacobs Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania Finite Element Predictions of Human Intervertebral Disc Mechanics 7/12/2013 Graham Wabiszewksi Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania Interrogation of Single Asperity Electrical Contacts using Atomic Force Microscopy with Application to NEMS Logic Switches 7/30/2013 Jonathon Yoder Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania Intervertebral Disc Mechanical Function Under Physiological Loading Quantified Non-invasively Utilizing MRI and Image Registration 8/6/2013 David Argudo Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania The mechanical response of DNA: twisting the molecule 8/16/2013 Soonykum Kim Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania Robot Motion Planning Under Topological Constraints 8/20/2013 Morteza Hakimi Siboni Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania Electro-active polymer composites: effective response and stability analysis 8/21/2013 Ian Cosden Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania A Hybrid Atomistic-Continuum Model for Liquid-Vapor Phase Change 8/27/2013 Reza Avazmohammadi Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania Homogenization of Fiber-Reinforced Elastomeric Composites 1/17/2012 Sumita Pennathur Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara Electrokinetic characterization of micro- and nano-fluidic channels for bioanalytical applications 1/20/2012 Daniel Mellinger Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania Trajectory Generation and Control for Quadrotors 1/23/2012 Subhrajit Bhattacharya Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania Topological and Geometric Techniques in Graph-Search Based Robot Planning 1/24/2012 Pradeep Guduru James R. Rice Associate Professor of Engineering, Division of Engineering, Brown University On the Role of Mechanics in the Design and Performance of Electrode Materials for Energy Storage 1/26/2012 Cary Pint Research Scientist, Extreme Technologies Research Group Intel Corporation Nanocarbon Scaffolds for Efficient Energy Conversion and Storage 1/31/2012 David Erickson Director, Integrated Nanofluidic Systems Lab, Associate Professor, Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University Handling the very big and very small: Optofluidics for Nanomanipulation and Energy Application 2/2/2012 Zlatan Aksamija NSF CI TraCS Fellow, Nanoelectronics Theory Group, University of Wisconsin-Madison Semiconductor Nanostructures for Efficient Thermo-electric Energy Conversion 2/6/2012 Mona Zebarjadi Postdoctoral Associate, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Thermoelectric transport in nanostructures 2/7/2012 John Hart Assistant Professor, Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan Manufacturing of 3D Carbon Nanotube Surfaces 2/9/2012 Igor Bargatin Engineering Research Associate, Department of Electrical Engineering Stanford University Hard-boiled Electrons: Using Thermionic Emission for Solar Electricity Generation 2/21/2012 Nicholas Boechler Postdoctoral Associate, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Granular Crystals: Controlling Mechanical Energy with Nonlinearity and Discreteness 2/24/2012 Alan Needleman Professor of Materials Science and Engineering, University of North Texas; Florence Pirce Grant University Professor Emeritus, Brown University Porosity Evolution in Ni-based Single Crystals under Creep Loading Conditions 3/20/2012 Douglas Jerolmack Assistant Professor, Department of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Pennsylvania The science of scenery: how dynamics at the fluid-granular interface creates landscapes 3/22/2012 Subra Suresh Director, National Science Foundation Nanoscience as a Pathway to Innovation in Engineering and Biology 3/27/2012 Michael Graham Harvey D. Spangler Professor, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison Segregation phenomena in flowing suspensions of deformable particles: toward an understanding of cell and particle dynamics in blood flow 4/3/2012 Arvind Raman Professor of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Purdue University Probing the mechanobiology of cells and viruses at small forces and lengthscales using multi-harmonic Atomic Force Microscopy methods 4/17/2012 Michael Shelley Lilian and George Lyttle Professor of Applied Mathematics; Professor of Mathematics and Neural Science; Co-Director, Applied Mathematical Laboratory, Department of Mathematics, Courant Institute of Mathematical Science, New York University Biological Flows and Mechanics 4/24/2012 Michael McAlpine Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University Biointerfaced Nanodevices 2/1/2011 Mathew Mate Hitachi San Jose Research Center, San Jose, CA How new disk drive technologies are pushing the nanoscale limits of materials and mechanics 2/15/2011 Xiulin Ruan Assistant Professor of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University Nanoscale Control of Photon and Phonon Transport for Enhanced Solar Energy Harvesting 2/22/2011 Lance R. Collins Joseph Silbert Dean of Engineering and Professor of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University Role of Turbulence in the Atmospheric Processing of Clouds 3/1/2011 Kyung-Suk Kim Professor of Engineering, Brown University Unusual nanostructural instabilities caused by compressive stresses; graphene fracture operated in CNTs cut by sonication and dislocation motions during ion irradiation 3/22/2011 Timothy J. Healey Professor, Departments of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering and Mathematics, Cornell University Stable equilibria of some 2-phase problems of nonlinear elasticity via global bifurcation 3/28/2011 Jason A. Thompson Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania Microbead-Based Biosensing in Microfluidic Devices 3/29/2011 Pedro Reis Esther and Harold E. Edgerton Assistant Professor of Mechanical Engineering and Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology The wonders of thin objects: From torn tape and sinking flowers to graphene ribbons and grabbing water 4/5/2011 Silvia Salinas Blemker Assistant Professor, Departments of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, and Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia Meso-scale computational models of skeletal muscle provide insights into muscle injuries 4/19/2011 Jun Zhang Associate Professor, Department of Physics and the Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University Reversed flapping flight and inverted hydrodynamical drafting 4/26/2011 Shizhi Qian Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Old Dominion University Electrokinetic Particle Transport in Micro/Nano-fluidics 3/3/2011 Manu Prakash Harvard University Hydraulic constraints on feeding and metamorphosis: the case of a hungry fly 5/6/2011 Nora Ayanian Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania Coordination of Multirobot Teams and Groups in COntrained Environments: Modeling, Abstractions and Synthesis of Control Policies 5/17/2011 Tianxiang Su Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania Entropic Elasticity of Biopolymers and their Networks 5/17/2011 Tianxiang Su Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania Entropic Elasticity of Biopolymers and their Networks 5/31/2011 Paul White Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania Miniaturization Methods for Modular Robotics 7/5/2011 Neil Zuckerman Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania Propagation and Scattering of Mechanical Vibrations in Semiconductor Materials 7/18/2011 Michael Shomin MSE Candidate, University of Pennsylvania Penetration-based Grasping for Aerial Robot Perching and Manipulation 7/22/2011 Alan Rosenwinkel Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania Understanding Stress at the Atomic Scale Through the Principle of Equivalence of Virtual Work 8/2/2011 Daniel Mellinger Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania Control Methods for Quadrotor Helicopters 8/16/2011 Quentin Lindsey Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania Robotic Construction of Truss-like Structures 8/23/2011 Subhrajit Bhattacharya Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania Topological and Geometric Techniques in Graph-search Based Robot Planning and Exploration Problems 8/30/2011 Joseph Romano Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania Enhancing Autonomous Robotic Manipulation via Haptic Perception 9/10/2009 Andrew Jackson Senior Scientific Advisor, Corporate Strategic Research Laboratory, ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company Automotive and industrial tribology challenges 9/17/2009 Petia Vlahovska Assistant Professor of Engineering, Dartmouth College Lipid membranes in electric fields 9/23/2009 Shaochen Chen Program Director for Nanomanufacturing, US National Science Foundation; Professor, Mechanical Engineering Department, The University of Texas at Austin Nanomanufacturing for medicine and energy 10/1/2009 Robert Mauck Assistant Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery and Bioengineering, McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Rational design of load bearing tissues 10/8/2009 Adrian J. Lew Assistant Professor of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University Discontinuous Galerkin methods in solid mechanics 10/15/2009 Sean Sun Associate Professor, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University Mechanics of actomyosin interaction and the role of substrate stiffness on actin network dynamics 10/22/2009 Kenneth Breuer Professor, Division of Engineering, Brown University Two problems in micron-scale fluid mechanics 10/29/2009 Daniel S. Gianola Skirkanich Assistant Professor, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania Deformation mechanisms and size-dependent mechanical response at the nanoscale 11/5/2009 Joachim L. Grenestedt Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering & Mechanics, Lehigh University Lightness and speed: The future of boats, airplanes and land vehicles 11/5/2009 Spring Berman Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania Abstractions, analysis techniques, and synthesis of scalable control strategies for robot swarms 11/12/2009 Kaushik Bhattacharya Professor of Mechanics and Materials Science, California Institute of Technology Polydomain liquid crystal elastomers 11/19/2009 Bradley Nelson Professor of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, ETH Zurich Micro and nano robotics 12/1/2009 James Hone Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering and NSEC, Columbia University Nanomechanics of nano-carbon 12/3/2009 Qiao Lin Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University Microelectromechanical systems for biomolecular sensing and manipulation 1/21/2010 Martin I. Idiart Area Departmental Aeronáutica, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Argentina A realizable constitutive model for viscoplastic porous media 1/28/2010 Timothy Fisher Professor of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University Exploiting the collective behavior of carbon nanotubes 2/4/2010 Howard A. Stone Donald R. Dixon ’69 and Elizabeth W. Dixon Professor in Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University Surprises in viscous flows: from charged drops to bacteria in curved channel flows 2/8/2010 Sheri D. Sheppard Professor of Mechanical Engineering and Co-Director, Center for Design Research Stanford University What we have learned about educating engineers: A field report from the Carnegie Study 2/15/2010 Qiang Lin California Institute of Technology Manipulating motion with light: Cavity optomechanics in nanophotonic structures 2/18/2010 Richard D. James Russell J. Penrose Professor and Distinguished McKnight University Professor, University of Minnesota Viscometry of bulk materials and atomic structures 2/25/2010 Cameron Riviere Associate Research Professor, The Robotics Institute, Carnegie Mellon University Micron: An active handheld micromanipulator 3/2/2010 Kevin T. Turner Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison Ultracompliant single-crystalline silicon substrates: Mechanics and manufacturing 3/4/2010 Yonggang Huang Joseph Cummings Professor of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University Mechanics of stretchable electronics 3/11/2010 Sanjay Govindjee Professor of Civil Engineering and Chancellor’s Professor, University of California at Berkeley Macroscopic models for transforming systems and mathematical relaxation 3/18/2010 Mo Li Postdoctoral Associate, Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University Nanomechanics meets nanophotonics: harnessing optical forces on a silicon chip 3/25/2010 Gang Bao Professor and Robert A. Milton Chair in Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering Distinguished Professor, Georgia Institute of Technology Engineering nano-probes for living-cell imaging of biomolecules 4/1/2010 Udo D. Schwarz Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering, Yale University A focus on friction: From atomically resolved static forces to scaling laws for superlubric sliding 4/8/2010 Ying Sun Assistant Professor of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Drexel University Transport Phenomena Associated with Inkjet Printing of Colloidal Drops for Printable Electronics Fabrication 4/12/2010 Nandan Nerurkar Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania Integrating theoretical and experimental methods for multi-scale tissue engineering of the annulus fibrosus of the intervertebral disc 4/16/2010 Spring Berman Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania Abstractions, Analysis Techniques, and Synthesis of Scalable Control Strategies for Robot Swarms 5/13/2010 Mihalis Agora Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania Homogenization methods for multi-scale viscoplastic composites and applications to semi-crystalline polymers 6/10/2010 Joe Grogan Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania The Nanoaquarium: a nanofluidic platform for in situ electron microscopy in liquid media 6/17/2010 Mian Qin Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania Utilizing Surface Tension Force and Magneto-Hydrodynamic Drive to Pump Fluid in Microfluidic Devices 6/21/2010 Kevin C. Galloway Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania 7/8/2010 Ritwik Raj Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania Moving Interfaces as Agents for Conformational Change in Rod-like Macromolecules 7/15/2010 Nora Ayanian Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania Automated synthesis of feedback policies for multi-robot teams and groups from high-level specifications 7/22/2010 Jack Franklin Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania The Patterning of Surface Precipitation of Al-Cu Alloys via Localized External Loading 8/12/2010 Jason Thompson Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania Microbead-Based Systems for Biosensing in Lab-On-Chip Devices 8/19/2010 Nipun Sinha Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania Aluminum Nitride (AlN) Based Piezoelectric MEMS/NEMS Switches for Mechanical Logic 8/26/2010 Neil Zuckerman Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania Vibrations in Silicon: Wave scattering and heat propagation, from the nanometer to the micrometer scale 9/18/2008 Howard Brenner Willard H. Dow Professor, Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Bi-velocity hydrodynamics 9/24/2008 Santi Swaroop Adavani Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania Numerical methods for inverse problems constrained by elliptic and parabolic partial differential equations on regular domains 9/25/2008 Michael D. Graham Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison Transport and collective dynamics in suspensions of swimming microorganisms 10/2/2008 Hui Zhao Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania Modeling electrokinetics with applications to micro and nano fluidic systems 10/9/2008 Andrea Prosperetti Charles A. Miller, Jr. Distinguished Professor of Mechanical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University; The Berkhoff Professor of Fluid Dynamics, Department of Applied Sciences and Burgerscentrum, University of Twente, The Netherlands Some flows with bubbles and particles 10/27/2008 Nathan Michael Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania Planning and control for teams of robots in complex environments 10/30/2008 Howard H. Hu Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania Simulations of particulate flows 11/13/2008 Roderic Lakes Department of Engineering Physics, Engineering Mechanics Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison Extreme materials: creation of materials with negative or very large values of material properties 11/14/2008 David Saintillan Assistant Professor, Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Dynamics, pattern formation and mixing in active particle suspensions 11/20/2008 Ting Zhu Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology Nanomechanics of plasticity 12/4/2008 MinJun Kim Department of Mechanical Engineering & Mechanics, School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University Finding nano: Cellular mechanics & molecular dynamics 12/5/2008 J. Christian Gerdes Design Group, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University Lanekeeping assistance at the vehicle handling limits 12/11/2008 Mark R. VanLandingham U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Weapons & Materials Research Directorate – Materials Division, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland Experimental nanomechanics and micromechanics: Opportunities in polymer science 1/16/2009 Harish Bhaskaran Postdoctoral Fellow, IBM Zurich Enablers for probe-based nanoscale technologies 1/22/2009 Kathleen J. Stebe Chair, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Goodwin Professor of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania Oriented assembly of anisotropic particles by capillary interactions 1/29/2009 Huajian Gao Walter H. Annnenberg University Professor, Brown University Nanomechanics of biological systems: What can we learn from nature about the principles of hierarchical materials? 1/30/2009 Yucun Lou Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania Guided assembly of nanostructures 2/5/2009 Neelesh A. Patankar Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University Fully resolved simulation of immersed bodies: Macro to micro scales 2/12/2009 George G. Adams College of Engineering Distinguished Professor, Professor of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Northeastern University Contact and adhesion in a microswitch: Ductile and brittle separation 2/19/2009 Zdenek P. Bazant McCormick Institute Professor, W.P. Murphy Professor of Civil Engineering and Materials Science, Northwestern University Size and risk: Scaling of quasibrittle structure strength and lifetime based on atomistic fracture mechanics 2/24/2009 Michael G. Schrlau Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania Carbon-based nanoprobes for cell nanosurgery and biological applications 2/26/2009 Benjamin Yellen Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science Department, Duke University Field directed assembly for nanomanufacturing and nanoscale device integration 3/3/2009 Jonathan A. Malen Ph.D. Candidate, University of California, Berkeley Energy transport and conversion in organic-inorganic hybrid materials 3/5/2009 Jaydev P. Desai Director, Robotics, Automation, Manipulation, and Sensing (RAMS) Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park Image-guided surgical robotics: From macro-scale to meso-scale 3/6/2009 Haizhen Pan Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania Problems of orthotropic plastic constitutive models: Non-associated flow and evolution of anisotropy 3/26/2009 Kamil L. Ekinci Mechanical Engineering Department, Boston University; Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, NIST Progress towards a functional NEMS sensor: Understanding NEMS dissipation in fluids 4/2/2009 Kevin T. Turner Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison Interface mechanics of microtransfer printing and direct bonding processes 4/16/2009 Luis Dorfmann Associate Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tufts University Modeling soft multifunctional materials 4/23/2009 L. B. Freund Division of Engineering, Brown University Characterizing the resistance generated by a molecular bond as it is forcibly separated 4/30/2009 Arne J. Pearlstein Professor of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Steady shapes, speeds, and internal circulation of small water drops falling through air 1/18/2007 Jianmin Qu Professor, G.W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology An electrochemomechanical theory of point defects in ionic solids 1/25/2007 Chuan-Hua Chen Teledyne Scientific Company; Assistant Professor, Duke University Physicochemical hydrodynamics in micro and nano-systems 1/29/2007 John Hutchinson Abbott and James Lawrence Professor of Engineering, Harvard University Recent developments in thin film mechanics 2/8/2007 Jianping Fu PhD Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Nanofluidic devices for rapid biomolecule analysis 2/15/2007 Paulo E. Arratia Postdoctoral Researcher, Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania Complex fluids in microfluidic systems 2/22/2007 Ongi Englander University of California, Berkeley Localized synthesis, assembly and integration of one-dimensional nanostructures 2/26/2007 Mark O. Robbins Professor of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University Contact and friction: Connecting atomic interactions to macroscopic behavior 3/1/2007 Thomas Cubaud Postdoctoral Researcher, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles Dynamics of viscous threads in microfluidics 3/15/2007 Pramod Sangi Reddy PhD Candidate, University of California, Berkeley Thermoelectric effects in metal-molecule junctions: Application to energy conversion 3/22/2007 Jennifer R. Lukes William K. Gemmill Term Assistant Professor, Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania Thermal transport at nanostructure interfaces 3/26/2007 Youssef Marzouk Sandia National Laboratories Uncertainty and Bayesian inference in inverse problems 4/5/2007 Igor Pivkin Division of Applied Mathematics, Brown University Multiscale modeling of biological flows 4/10/2007 Vikranth Racherla Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania Non-associated plastic flow and effects on macroscopic failure mechanisms 4/16/2007 Ulrich Hetmaniuk Post-Doctoral Researcher, Sandia National Laboratories Eigenspace computations in linear structural dynamics 4/19/2007 Joshua Lampe Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania Interfacial characteristics of a gas bubble immersed in a surfactant and protein laden fluid: Experimentation and modeling 5/3/2007 Ani (Mong-ying) Hsieh Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania Towards the development of robotic swarms for real world applications 5/4/2007 Itzhak Green Professor, Mechanical Engineering Department, Georgia Institute of Technology On the contact mechanics of rough surfaces 6/6/2007 Shamik Sen Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania The interplay of cell tension, elasticity, and adhesion: From the simple red cell membrane to differentiation and signaling muscle cells 9/6/2007 Francois Willot Postdoctoral Researcher, Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania Strain localization and effective medium propertiesin 2D perfectly-plastic porous materials: the ‘dilute’ limit 9/20/2007 Kostas Danas Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania Homogenization-based constitutive models for viscoplastic porous media with evolving microstructure 9/27/2007 Doyoung Byun Visiting Assistant Professor, Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania (Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea) Development of electrostatic field induced inkjet head: Microscale and nanoscale patterning 10/3/2007 Johsua W. Lampe Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania Interfacial characteristics of a gas bubble immersed in a surfactant and protein lade fluid: Experimentation and modeling 10/4/2007 David G. Cahill Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois Extremes in heat conduction: Pushing the boundaries of the thermal conductivity of materials 10/8/2007 William Schultz Director, Fluid Dynamics Program, National Science Foundation; Professor of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Michigan Viscoelastic effects in glass fiber spinning 10/25/2007 Dimos Poulikakos Professor and Director, Laboratory of Thermodynamics in Emerging Technologies, Institute of Energy Technology, ETH Zurich, Switzerland Thermofluidics with nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes: On their physics and related novel technologies 11/8/2007 Nikolaos Aravas Professor, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Thessaly, GREECE Constitutive modeling and finite element methods for trip steels 11/15/2007 W. Gregory Sawyer Professor, Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida Thermally activated friction 11/29/2007 Shravan Veerapaneni Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania High-order fast integral equation methods for PDEs with moving interfaces 12/6/2007 Eliot Fried Professor, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Washington University A conjectured hierarchy of length scales in a generalization of the Navier–Stokes-α equation for turbulent fluid flow 12/7/2007 N. Sukumar Associate Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis Partition of unity finite elements for electronic-structure calculations in molecules and crystalline solids 1/17/2008 Per-Gunnar J Martinsson Assistant Professor of Applied Mathematics, University of Colorado at Boulder Fast methods for solving partial differential equations 1/31/2008 Krishna Garikipati Mechanical Engineering and Michigan Center for Theoretical Physics, University of Michigan A theoretical study of the thermodynamic driving forces and kinetics of focal adhesion dynamics 2/7/2008 Baskar Ganapathysubramanian PhD candidate, Materials Process Design and Control Laboratory, Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University Flow through heterogeneous porous media: A stochastic variational multiscale framework 2/25/2008 Per-Olof Persson Instructor of Applied Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology High-order discontinuous galerkin methods for fluid and solid mechanics 2/28/2008 Amy Shen Assistant Professor of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis Complex fluids under confinement and flow 3/4/2008 Katia Bertoldi Postdoctoral Associate, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Microstructures in solids: Their critical role in governing material mechanical behavior 3/6/2008 Patrick Le Tallec Professor of Computational Mechanics and Vice President for Academic Research, École Polytechnique From homogeneisation to domain decomposition in the numerical modeling of materials 3/7/2008 Kostas Danas Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania Homogenization-based constitutive models for viscoplastic porous media with evolving microstructure 3/20/2008 Martin H. Müser Associate Professor, Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Western Ontario, Canada Simulations of extreme conditions: From tribology to optoelectronic materials 3/27/2008 James R. Rice Mallinckrodt Professor of Engineering Sciences and Geophysics, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, School of Engineering and Applied Science, Harvard University Thermo-hydro-mechanics of earthquake rupture 3/28/2008 Andy Perrin Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania Explicit finite difference schemes for particulate flows 4/3/2008 Gareth H. McKinley Director, Hatsopoulos Microfluids Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, M.I.T. Elasto-capillary thinning and the breakup of complex fluids (or why some things are stickier than others!) 4/9/2008 Tully Foote MSE Candidate, University of Pennsylvania 3D ladar-based sensing for autonomous ground vehicles 4/10/2008 William M. Gelbart Professor of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles Making viruses and virus-like particles 4/17/2008 Mandayam A. Srinivasan Director, The Touch Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Haptics: Science, technology and applications 4/21/2008 Alberto Peisach President, Phoenix Capital, Ltd. Engineers as entrepreneurs 4/24/2008 Pradeep R. Guduru Division of Engineering, Brown University Mechanics of biologically inspired adhesion, friction and engineered surfaces 5/1/2008 Charbel Farhat Professor of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University Recent advances in high-fidelity and reduced order modeling of a class of multidisciplinary flow problems: Towards near real-time computational mechanics 5/9/2008 William Paul King Kritzer Faculty Scholar and Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Thermomechanical probes at the nanometer scale 5/27/2008 Shravan Veerapaneni Ph.D. Candidate, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania High-order fast integral equation methods for PDEs with moving interfaces
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Simulation studies of vapor bubble generation by short-pulse lasers
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Amendt, P.; London, R.A.; Strauss, M.
1997-10-26
Formation of vapor bubbles is characteristic of many applications of short-pulse lasers in medicine. An understanding of the dynamics of vapor bubble generation is useful for developing and optimizing laser-based medical therapies. To this end, experiments in vapor bubble generation with laser light deposited in an aqueous dye solution near a fiber-optic tip have been performed. Numerical hydrodynamic simulations have been developed to understand and extrapolate results from these experiments. Comparison of two-dimensional simulations with the experiment shows excellent agreement in tracking the bubble evolution. Another regime of vapor bubble generation is short-pulse laser interactions with melanosomes. Strong shock generationmore » and vapor bubble generation are common physical features of this interaction. A novel effect of discrete absorption by melanin granules within a melanosome is studied as a possible role in previously reported high Mach number shocks.« less
Vapor bubble generation around gold nano-particles and its application to damaging of cells
PubMed Central
Kitz, M.; Preisser, S.; Wetterwald, A.; Jaeger, M.; Thalmann, G. N.; Frenz, M.
2011-01-01
We investigated vapor bubbles generated upon irradiation of gold nanoparticles with nanosecond laser pulses. Bubble formation was studied both with optical and acoustic means on supported single gold nanoparticles and single nanoparticles in suspension. Formation thresholds determined at different wavelengths indicate a bubble formation efficiency increasing with the irradiation wavelength. Vapor bubble generation in Bac-1 cells containing accumulations of the same particles was also investigated at different wavelengths. Similarly, they showed an increasing cell damage efficiency for longer wavelengths. Vapor bubbles generated by single laser pulses were about half the cell size when inducing acute damage. PMID:21339875
Vapor Bubbles
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Prosperetti, Andrea
2017-01-01
This article reviews the fundamental physics of vapor bubbles in liquids. Work on bubble growth and condensation for stationary and translating bubbles is summarized and the differences with bubbles containing a permanent gas stressed. In particular, it is shown that the natural frequency of a vapor bubble is proportional not to the inverse radius, as for a gas bubble, but to the inverse radius raised to the power 2/3. Permanent gas dissolved in the liquid diffuses into the bubble with strong effects on its dynamics. The effects of the diffusion of heat and mass on the propagation of pressure waves in a vaporous bubbly liquid are discussed. Other topics briefly touched on include thermocapillary flow, plasmonic nanobubbles, and vapor bubbles in an immiscible liquid.
Dynamics of vapor bubbles growth at boiling resulting from enthalpy excess of the surrounding superheated liquid and sound pulses generated by bubbles
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Dorofeev, B. M.; Volkova, V. I.
2016-01-01
The results of experiments investigating the exponential dependence of the vapor bubble radius on time at saturated boiling are generalized. Three different methods to obtain this dependence are suggested: (1) by the application of the transient heat conduction equation, (2) by using the correlations of energy conservation, and (3) by solving a similar electrodynamic problem. Based on the known experimental data, the accuracy of the dependence up to one percent and a few percent accuracy of its description based on the sound pressure generated by a vapor bubble have been determined. A significant divergence of the power dependence of the vapor bubble radius on time (with an exponent of 1/2) with the experimental results and its inadequacy for the description of the sound pulse generated by the bubble have been demonstrated.
Condensation of vapor bubble in subcooled pool
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Horiuchi, K.; Koiwa, Y.; Kaneko, T.; Ueno, I.
2017-02-01
We focus on condensation process of vapor bubble exposed to a pooled liquid of subcooled conditions. Two different geometries are employed in the present research; one is the evaporation on the heated surface, that is, subcooled pool boiling, and the other the injection of vapor into the subcooled pool. The test fluid is water, and all series of the experiments are conducted under the atmospheric pressure condition. The degree of subcooling is ranged from 10 to 40 K. Through the boiling experiment, unique phenomenon known as microbubble emission boiling (MEB) is introduced; this phenomenon realizes heat flux about 10 times higher than the critical heat flux. Condensation of the vapor bubble is the key phenomenon to supply ambient cold liquid to the heated surface. In order to understand the condensing process in the MEB, we prepare vapor in the vapor generator instead of the evaporation on the heated surface, and inject the vapor to expose the vapor bubble to the subcooled liquid. Special attention is paid to the dynamics of the vapor bubble detected by the high-speed video camera, and on the enhancement of the heat transfer due to the variation of interface area driven by the condensation.
Acoustic Behavior of Vapor Bubbles
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Prosperetti, Andrea; Oguz, Hasan N.
1996-01-01
In a microgravity environment vapor bubbles generated at a boiling surface tend to remain near it for a long time. This affects the boiling heat transfer and in particular promotes an early transition to the highly inefficient film boiling regime. This paper describes the physical basis underlying attempts to remove the bubbles by means of pressure radiation forces.
Condensation on a noncollapsing vapor bubble in a subcooled liquid
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Baumeister, K. J.; Simoneau, R. J.
1979-01-01
An experimental procedure is presented by which an estimate can be made of the condensation coefficient on a noncollapsing stationary vapor bubble in subcooled liquid nitrogen. Film boiling from a thin wire was used to generate vapor bubbles which remain fixed to the wire at their base. A balance was established between the evaporation in the thin annular region along the wire and the condensation in the vapor bubbles.
High-speed microjet generation using laser-induced vapor bubbles
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Oudalov, Nikolai; Tagawa, Yoshiyuki; Peters, Ivo; Visser, Claas-Willem; van der Meer, Devaraj; Prosperetti, Andrea; Sun, Chao; Lohse, Detlef
2011-11-01
The generation and evolution of microjets are studied both experimentally and numerically. The jets are generated by focusing a laser pulse into a microscopic capillary tube (~50 μm) filled with water-based red dye. A vapor bubble is created instantly after shooting the laser (<1 μs), sending out a shockwave towards the curved free surface at which the high-speed microjet forms. The process of jet formation is captured using high-speed recordings at 1.0 à 106 fps. The velocity of the microjets can reach speeds of ~850 m/s while maintaining a very sharp geometry. The high-speed recordings enable us to study the effect of several parameters on the jet velocity, e.g. the absorbed energy and the distance between the laser spot and the free surface.The results show a clear dependence on these variables, even for supersonic speeds. Comparisons with numerical simulations confirm the nature of these dependencies.
Role of entrapped vapor bubbles during microdroplet evaporation
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Putnam, Shawn A.; Byrd, Larry W.; Briones, Alejandro M.; Hanchak, Michael S.; Ervin, Jamie S.; Jones, John G.
2012-08-01
On superheated surfaces, the air bubble trapped during impingement grows into a larger vapor bubble and oscillates at the frequency predicted for thermally induced capillary waves. In some cases, the entrapped vapor bubble penetrates the droplet interface, leaving a micron-sized coffee-ring pattern of pure fluid. Vapor bubble entrapment, however, does not influence the evaporation rate. This is also true on laser heated surfaces, where a laser can thermally excite capillary waves and induce bubble oscillations over a broad range of frequencies, suggesting that exciting perturbations in a pinned droplets interface is not an effective avenue for enhancing evaporative heat transfer.
Acoustically-Enhanced Direct Contact Vapor Bubble Condensation
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Boziuk, Thomas; Smith, Marc; Glezer, Ari
2017-11-01
Rate-limited, direct contact vapor condensation of vapor bubbles that are formed by direct steam injection through a nozzle in a quiescent subcooled liquid bath is accelerated using ultrasonic (MHz-range) actuation. A submerged, low power actuator produces an acoustic beam whose radiation pressure deforms the liquid-vapor interface, leading to the formation of a liquid spear that penetrates the vapor bubble to form a vapor torus with a significantly larger surface area and condensation rate. Ultrasonic focusing along the spear leads to the ejection of small, subcooled droplets through the vapor volume that impact the vapor-liquid interface and further enhance the condensation. High-speed Schlieren imaging of the formation and collapse of the vapor bubbles in the absence and presence of actuation shows that the impulse associated with the collapse of the toroidal volume leads to the formation of a turbulent vortex ring in the liquid phase. Liquid motions near the condensing vapor volume are investigated in the absence and presence of acoustic actuation using high-magnification PIV and show the evolution of a liquid jet through the center of the condensing toroidal volume and the formation and advection of vortex ring structures whose impulse appear to increase with temperature difference between the liquid and vapor phases. High-speed image processing is used to assess the effect of the actuation on the temporal and spatial variations in the characteristic scales and condensation rates of the vapor bubbles.
Steady State Vapor Bubble in Pool Boiling
PubMed Central
Zou, An; Chanana, Ashish; Agrawal, Amit; Wayner, Peter C.; Maroo, Shalabh C.
2016-01-01
Boiling, a dynamic and multiscale process, has been studied for several decades; however, a comprehensive understanding of the process is still lacking. The bubble ebullition cycle, which occurs over millisecond time-span, makes it extremely challenging to study near-surface interfacial characteristics of a single bubble. Here, we create a steady-state vapor bubble that can remain stable for hours in a pool of sub-cooled water using a femtosecond laser source. The stability of the bubble allows us to measure the contact-angle and perform in-situ imaging of the contact-line region and the microlayer, on hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces and in both degassed and regular (with dissolved air) water. The early growth stage of vapor bubble in degassed water shows a completely wetted bubble base with the microlayer, and the bubble does not depart from the surface due to reduced liquid pressure in the microlayer. Using experimental data and numerical simulations, we obtain permissible range of maximum heat transfer coefficient possible in nucleate boiling and the width of the evaporating layer in the contact-line region. This technique of creating and measuring fundamental characteristics of a stable vapor bubble will facilitate rational design of nanostructures for boiling enhancement and advance thermal management in electronics. PMID:26837464
Numerical simulation of superheated vapor bubble rising in stagnant liquid
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Samkhaniani, N.; Ansari, M. R.
2017-09-01
In present study, the rising of superheated vapor bubble in saturated liquid is simulated using volume of fluid method in OpenFOAM cfd package. The surface tension between vapor-liquid phases is considered using continuous surface force method. In order to reduce spurious current near interface, Lafaurie smoothing filter is applied to improve curvature calculation. Phase change is considered using Tanasawa mass transfer model. The variation of saturation temperature in vapor bubble with local pressure is considered with simplified Clausius-Clapeyron relation. The couple velocity-pressure equation is solved using PISO algorithm. The numerical model is validated with: (1) isothermal bubble rising and (2) one-dimensional horizontal film condensation. Then, the shape and life time history of single superheated vapor bubble are investigated. The present numerical study shows vapor bubble in saturated liquid undergoes boiling and condensation. It indicates bubble life time is nearly linear proportional with bubble size and superheat temperature.
Shock wave interaction with laser-generated single bubbles.
PubMed
Sankin, G N; Simmons, W N; Zhu, S L; Zhong, P
2005-07-15
The interaction of a lithotripter shock wave (LSW) with laser-generated single vapor bubbles in water is investigated using high-speed photography and pressure measurement via a fiber-optic probe hydrophone. The interaction leads to nonspherical collapse of the bubble with secondary shock wave emission and microjet formation along the LSW propagation direction. The maximum pressure amplification is produced during the collapse phase of the bubble oscillation when the compressive pulse duration of the LSW matches with the forced collapse time of the bubble.
Plasmonic nanoparticle-generated photothermal bubbles and their biomedical applications
PubMed Central
Lapotko, Dmitri
2009-01-01
This article is focused on the optical generation and detection of photothermal vapor bubbles around plasmonic nanoparticles. We report physical properties of such plasmonic nanobubbles and their biomedical applications as cellular probes. Our experimental studies of gold nanoparticle-generated photothermal bubbles demonstrated the selectivity of photothermal bubble generation, amplification of optical scattering and thermal insulation effect, all realized at the nanoscale. The generation and imaging of photothermal bubbles in living cells (leukemia and carcinoma culture and primary cancerous cells), and tissues (atherosclerotic plaque and solid tumor in animal) demonstrated a noninvasive highly sensitive imaging of target cells by small photothermal bubbles and a selective mechanical, nonthermal damage to the individual target cells by bigger photothermal bubbles due to a rapid disruption of cellular membranes. The analysis of the plasmonic nanobubbles suggests them as theranostic probes, which can be tuned and optically guided at cell level from diagnosis to delivery and therapy during one fast process. PMID:19839816
Motion of liquid plugs between vapor bubbles in capillary tubes: a comparison between fluids
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Bertossi, Rémi; Ayel, Vincent; Mehta, Balkrishna; Romestant, Cyril; Bertin, Yves; Khandekar, Sameer
2017-11-01
Pulsating heat pipes (PHP) are now well-known devices in which liquid/vapor slug flow oscillates in a capillary tube wound between hot and cold sources. In this context, this paper focuses on the motion of the liquid plug, trapped between vapor bubbles, moving in capillary tubes, to try to better understand the thermo-physical phenomena involved in such devices. This study is divided into three parts. In the first part, an experimental study presents the evolution of the vapor pressure during the evaporation process of a liquid thin film deposited from a liquid plug flowing in a heated capillary tube: it is found that the behavior of the generated and removed vapor can be very different, according to the thermophysical properties of the fluids. In the second part, a transient model allows to compare, in terms of pressure and duration, the motion of a constant-length liquid plug trapped between two bubbles subjected to a constant difference of vapor pressure: the results highlight that the performances of the four fluids are also very different. Finally, a third model that can be considered as an improvement of the second one, is also presented: here, the liquid slug is surrounded by two vapor bubbles, one subjected to evaporation, the pressure in both bubbles is now a result of the calculation. This model still allows comparing the behaviors of the fluid. Even if our models are quite far from a complete model of a real PHP, results do indicate towards the applicability of different fluids as suitable working fluids for PHPs, particularly in terms of the flow instabilities which they generate.
Bubble generation during transformer overload
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Oommen, T.V.
1990-03-01
Bubble generation in transformers has been demonstrated under certain overload conditions. The release of large quantities of bubbles would pose a dielectric breakdown hazard. A bubble prediction model developed under EPRI Project 1289-4 attempts to predict the bubble evolution temperature under different overload conditions. This report details a verification study undertaken to confirm the validity of the above model using coil structures subjected to overload conditions. The test variables included moisture in paper insulation, gas content in oil, and the type of oil preservation system. Two aged coils were also tested. The results indicated that the observed bubble temperatures weremore » close to the predicted temperatures for models with low initial gas content in the oil. The predicted temperatures were significantly lower than the observed temperatures for models with high gas content. Some explanations are provided for the anomalous behavior at high gas levels in oil. It is suggested that the dissolved gas content is not a significant factor in bubble evolution. The dominant factor in bubble evolution appears to be the water vapor pressure which must reach critical levels before bubbles can be released. Further study is needed to make a meaningful revision of the bubble prediction model. 8 refs., 13 figs., 11 tabs.« less
Steady boiling of vapor bubbles in rectangular channels
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Ajaev, Vladimir S.; Homsy, George M.
2000-11-01
We consider vapor bubbles in microchannels in which the vapor is produced by a heater element and condenses in cooler parts of the interface. The free boundary problem is formulated for a long steady-state bubble in a rectangular channel with a heated bottom. The shape of the liquid-vapor interface is described using lubrication-type equations in the regime in which the vapor phase fills most of the cross-section. Contact lines may be present, marking the transitions between molecularly thin films and macroscopic ones. The main parameters are the differences between heater, saturation, and top wall temperatures. The equations are solved numerically over a range of parameter values with an integral condition requiring the evaporation near the heater to balance condensation in colder areas of the interface. Depending on the temperature, the side walls can be either dry or covered with a liquid film; we identify criteria for these two different regimes. The asymptotic method breaks down in the limit when capillary condensation becomes important near the bubble top and a different approach is used to determine the shape of the bubble in this limit. Solutions here involve localized regions of large mass fluxes, which are asymptotically matched to capillary-statics regions where the heat transfer is negligible.
Theory of supercompression of vapor bubbles and nanoscale thermonuclear fusion
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Nigmatulin, Robert I.; Akhatov, Iskander Sh.; Topolnikov, Andrey S.; Bolotnova, Raisa Kh.; Vakhitova, Nailya K.; Lahey, Richard T.; Taleyarkhan, Rusi P.
2005-10-01
This paper provides the theoretical basis for energetic vapor bubble implosions induced by a standing acoustic wave. Its primary goal is to describe, explain, and demonstrate the plausibility of the experimental observations by Taleyarkhan et al. [Science 295, 1868 (2002); Phys. Rev. E 69, 036109 (2004)] of thermonuclear fusion for imploding cavitation bubbles in chilled deuterated acetone. A detailed description and analysis of these data, including a resolution of the criticisms that have been raised, together with some preliminary HYDRO code simulations, has been given by Nigmatulin et al. [Vestnik ANRB (Ufa, Russia) 4, 3 (2002); J. Power Energy 218-A, 345 (2004)] and Lahey et al. [Adv. Heat Transfer (to be published)]. In this paper a hydrodynamic shock (i.e., HYDRO) code model of the spherically symmetric motion for a vapor bubble in an acoustically forced liquid is presented. This model describes cavitation bubble cluster growth during the expansion period, followed by a violent implosion during the compression period of the acoustic cycle. There are two stages of the bubble dynamics process. The first, low Mach number stage, comprises almost all the time of the acoustic cycle. During this stage, the radial velocities are much less than the sound speeds in the vapor and liquid, the vapor pressure is very close to uniform, and the liquid is practically incompressible. This process is characterized by the inertia of the liquid, heat conduction, and the evaporation or condensation of the vapor. The second, very short, high Mach number stage is when the radial velocities are the same order, or higher, than the sound speeds in the vapor and liquid. In this stage high temperatures, pressures, and densities of the vapor and liquid take place. The model presented herein has realistic equations of state for the compressible liquid and vapor phases, and accounts for nonequilibrium evaporation/condensation kinetics at the liquid/vapor interface. There are interacting
Acoustic wave propagation in bubbly flow with gas, vapor or their mixtures.
PubMed
Zhang, Yuning; Guo, Zhongyu; Gao, Yuhang; Du, Xiaoze
2018-01-01
Presence of bubbles in liquids could significantly alter the acoustic waves in terms of wave speed and attenuation. In the present paper, acoustic wave propagation in bubbly flows with gas, vapor and gas/vapor mixtures is theoretically investigated in a wide range of parameters (including frequency, bubble radius, void fraction, and vapor mass fraction). Our finding reveals two types of wave propagation behavior depending on the vapor mass fraction. Furthermore, the minimum wave speed (required for the closure of cavitation modelling in the sonochemical reactor design) is analyzed and the influences of paramount parameters on it are quantitatively discussed. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Interfacial Dynamics of Condensing Vapor Bubbles in an Ultrasonic Acoustic Field
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Boziuk, Thomas; Smith, Marc; Glezer, Ari
2016-11-01
Enhancement of vapor condensation in quiescent subcooled liquid using ultrasonic actuation is investigated experimentally. The vapor bubbles are formed by direct injection from a pressurized steam reservoir through nozzles of varying characteristic diameters, and are advected within an acoustic field of programmable intensity. While kHz-range acoustic actuation typically couples to capillary instability of the vapor-liquid interface, ultrasonic (MHz-range) actuation leads to the formation of a liquid spout that penetrates into the vapor bubble and significantly increases its surface area and therefore condensation rate. Focusing of the ultrasonic beam along the spout leads to ejection of small-scale droplets from that are propelled towards the vapor liquid interface and result in localized acceleration of the condensation. High-speed video of Schlieren images is used to investigate the effects of the ultrasonic actuation on the thermal boundary layer on the liquid side of the vapor-liquid interface and its effect on the condensation rate, and the liquid motion during condensation is investigated using high-magnification PIV measurements. High-speed image processing is used to assess the effect of the actuation on the dynamics and temporal variation in characteristic scale (and condensation rate) of the vapor bubbles.
Theranostic Performance of Acoustic Nanodroplet Vaporization-Generated Bubbles in Tumor Intertissue.
PubMed
Ho, Yi-Ju; Yeh, Chih-Kuang
2017-01-01
Solid tumors with poorly perfused regions reveal some of the treatment limitations that restrict drug delivery and therapeutic efficacy. Acoustic droplet vaporization (ADV) has been applied to directly disrupt vessels and release nanodroplets, ADV-generated bubbles (ADV-Bs), and drugs into tumor tissue. In this study, we investigated the in vivo behavior of ADV-Bs stimulated by US, and evaluated the possibility of moving intertissue ADV-Bs into the poorly perfused regions of solid tumors. Intravital imaging revealed intertissue ADV-B formation, movement, and cavitation triggered by US, where the distance of intertissue ADV-B movement was 33-99 µm per pulse. When ADV-Bs were applied to tumor cells, the cell membrane was damaged, increasing cellular permeability or inducing cell death. The poorly perfused regions within solid tumors show enhancement due to ADV-B accumulation after application of US-triggered ADV-B. The intratumoral nanodroplet or ADV-B distribution around the poorly perfused regions with tumor necrosis or hypoxia were demonstrated by histological assessment. ADV-B formation, movement and cavitation could induce cell membrane damage by mechanical force providing a mechanism to overcome treatment limitations in poorly perfused regions of tumors.
Theranostic Performance of Acoustic Nanodroplet Vaporization-Generated Bubbles in Tumor Intertissue
PubMed Central
Ho, Yi-Ju; Yeh, Chih-Kuang
2017-01-01
Solid tumors with poorly perfused regions reveal some of the treatment limitations that restrict drug delivery and therapeutic efficacy. Acoustic droplet vaporization (ADV) has been applied to directly disrupt vessels and release nanodroplets, ADV-generated bubbles (ADV-Bs), and drugs into tumor tissue. In this study, we investigated the in vivo behavior of ADV-Bs stimulated by US, and evaluated the possibility of moving intertissue ADV-Bs into the poorly perfused regions of solid tumors. Intravital imaging revealed intertissue ADV-B formation, movement, and cavitation triggered by US, where the distance of intertissue ADV-B movement was 33-99 µm per pulse. When ADV-Bs were applied to tumor cells, the cell membrane was damaged, increasing cellular permeability or inducing cell death. The poorly perfused regions within solid tumors show enhancement due to ADV-B accumulation after application of US-triggered ADV-B. The intratumoral nanodroplet or ADV-B distribution around the poorly perfused regions with tumor necrosis or hypoxia were demonstrated by histological assessment. ADV-B formation, movement and cavitation could induce cell membrane damage by mechanical force providing a mechanism to overcome treatment limitations in poorly perfused regions of tumors. PMID:28529631
Numerical study on the splitting of a vapor bubble in the ultrasonic assisted EDM process with the curved tool and workpiece.
PubMed
Shervani-Tabar, M T; Seyed-Sadjadi, M H; Shabgard, M R
2013-01-01
Electrical discharge machining (EDM) is a powerful and modern method of machining. In the EDM process, a vapor bubble is generated between the tool and the workpiece in the dielectric liquid due to an electrical discharge. In this process dynamic behavior of the vapor bubble affects machining process. Vibration of the tool surface affects bubble behavior and consequently affects material removal rate (MRR). In this paper, dynamic behavior of the vapor bubble in an ultrasonic assisted EDM process after the appearance of the necking phenomenon is investigated. It is noteworthy that necking phenomenon occurs when the bubble takes the shape of an hour-glass. After the appearance of the necking phenomenon, the vapor bubble splits into two parts and two liquid jets are developed on the boundaries of the upper and lower parts of the vapor bubble. The liquid jet developed on the upper part of the bubble impinges to the tool and the liquid jet developed on the lower part of the bubble impinges to the workpiece. These liquid jets cause evacuation of debris from the gap between the tool and the workpiece and also cause erosion of the workpiece and the tool. Curved tool and workpiece affect the shape and the velocity of the liquid jets during splitting of the vapor bubble. In this paper dynamics of the vapor bubble after its splitting near the curved tool and workpiece is investigated in three cases. In the first case surfaces of the tool and the workpiece are flat, in the second case surfaces of the tool and the workpiece are convex and in the third case surfaces of the tool and workpiece are concave. Numerical results show that in the third case, the velocity of liquid jets which are developed on the boundaries of the upper and lower parts of the vapor bubble after its splitting have the highest magnitude and their shape are broader than the other cases. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
The Collapse of Vapor Bubbles in a Spatially Non-Uniform Flow
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Hao, Y.; Prosperetti, A.
2000-01-01
Pressure gradients act differently on liquid particles and suspended bubbles and are, therefore, capable of inducing a relative motion between the phases even when no relative velocity initially exists. As a consequence of the enhanced heat transfer in the presence of convection, this fact may have a major impact on the evolution of a vapor bubble. The effect is particularly strong in the case of a collapsing bubble for which, due to the conservation of the system's impulse, the induced relative velocity tends to be magnified when the bubble volume shrinks. A practical application could be, for instance, the enhancement of the condensation rate of bubbles downstream of a heated region, thereby reducing the quality of a flowing liquid-vapor mixture. A simple model of the process, in which the bubble is assumed to be spherical and the flow potential, is developed in the paper.
Evolution of Vapor Bubbles Nucleation Sites in Low Gravity
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Buyevich, Yu A.; Webbon, Bruce W.
1995-01-01
When liquid is expelled by a vapor bubble growing at a nucleation site on a superheated surface, a thin microlayer underneath the bubble is left behind. It is evaporated from the free microlayer surface that provides for bubble growth. The average thickness of the microlayer determining the evaporation rate increases with time if the latter does not exceed a threshold value associated with the burn-out crisis. The bubble is described as a spherical segment with its flattened part adjoining the microlayer. This introduces two independent variables - the radius of the spherical part of the bubble surface and the polar angle that defines the relative area of the flattened part. They are to be found out from a set of two strongly nonlinear equations resulting from mass and momentum conservation laws. The first one depends on both microlayer thickness and nonmonotonously changing bubble base area. The second involves two major factors favoring bubble detachment - the buoyancy and a force due to the initial momentum of vapor input into the bubble. The former force depends on gravity whereas the latter one does not. It is why the limiting regimes of bubble evolution that correspond to normal or moderately reduced gravity and to microgravity feature drastically different properties. In the first case, the buoyancy dominates and the bubble evolves in such a manner as to become a full sphere at a moment that can be viewed as that of detachment. The detachment volume grows as gravity decreases. In the second case, the buoyancy is negligible and the bubble stays near the surface, while its volume continues to increase for a sufficiently long time. The findings are discussed in connection with experimental data obtained under different gravity conditions, some unpublished experiments being included. They help to understand why the pool boiling heat transfer coefficient frequently increases as gravity falls down and eventually vanishes.
Nonlinear dynamics of a vapor bubble expanding in a superheated region of finite size
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Annenkova, E. A., E-mail: a-a-annenkova@yandex.ru; Kreider, W.; Sapozhnikov, O. A.
2015-10-28
Growth of a vapor bubble in a superheated liquid is studied theoretically. Contrary to the typical situation of boiling, when bubbles grow in a uniformly heated liquid, here the superheated region is considered in the form of a millimeter-sized spherical hot spot. An initial micron-sized bubble is positioned at the hot spot center and a theoretical model is developed that is capable of studying bubble growth caused by vapor pressure inside the bubble and corresponding hydrodynamic and thermal processes in the surrounding liquid. Such a situation is relevant to the dynamics of vapor cavities that are created in soft biologicalmore » tissue in the focal region of a high-intensity focused ultrasound beam with a shocked pressure waveform. Such beams are used in the recently proposed treatment called boiling histotripsy. Knowing the typical behavior of vapor cavities during boiling histotripsy could help to optimize the therapeutic procedure.« less
Simulation and analysis of collapsing vapor-bubble clusters with special emphasis on potentially erosive impact loads at walls
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Ogloblina, Daria; Schmidt, Steffen J.; Adams, Nikolaus A.
2018-06-01
Cavitation is a process where a liquid evaporates due to a pressure drop and re-condenses violently. Noise, material erosion and altered system dynamics characterize for such a process for which shock waves, rarefaction waves and vapor generation are typical phenomena. The current paper presents novel results for collapsing vapour-bubble clusters in a liquid environment close to a wall obtained by computational fluid mechanics (CFD) simulations. The driving pressure initially is 10 MPa in the liquid. Computations are carried out by using a fully compressible single-fluid flow model in combination with a conservative finite volume method (FVM). The investigated bubble clusters (referred to as "clouds") differ by their initial vapor volume fractions, initial stand-off distances to the wall and by initial bubble radii. The effects of collapse focusing due to bubble-bubble interaction are analysed by investigating the intensities and positions of individual bubble collapses, as well as by the resulting shock-induced pressure field at the wall. Stronger interaction of the bubbles leads to an intensification of the collapse strength for individual bubbles, collapse focusing towards the center of the cloud and enhanced re-evaporation. The obtained results reveal collapse features which are common for all cases, as well as case-specific differences during collapse-rebound cycles. Simultaneous measurements of maximum pressures at the wall and within the flow field and of the vapor volume evolution show that not only the primary collapse but also subsequent collapses are potentially relevant for erosion.
The behavior of vapor bubbles during boiling enhanced with acoustics and open microchannels
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Boziuk, Thomas; Smith, Marc K.; Glezer, Ari
2012-11-01
Boiling heat transfer on a submerged heated surface is enhanced by combining a grid of surface micromachined open channels and ultrasonic acoustic actuation to control the formation and evolution of vapor bubbles and to inhibit the instability that leads to film boiling at the critical heat flux (CHF). The microchannels provide nucleation sites for vapor bubble formation and enable the entrainment of bulk subcooled fluid to these sites for sustained evaporation. Acoustic actuation excites interfacial oscillations of the detached bubbles and leads to accelerated condensation in the bulk fluid, thereby limiting the formation of vapor columns that precede the CHF instability. The combined effects of microchannels and acoustic actuation are investigated experimentally with emphasis on bubble nucleation, growth, detachment, and condensation. It is shown that this hybrid approach leads to a significant increase in the critical heat flux, a reduction of the vapor mass above the surface, and the breakup of low-frequency vapor slug formation. A large-scale model of the microchannel grid reveals details of the flow near the nucleation site and shows that the presence of the microchannels decreases the surface superheat at a given heat flux. Supported by ONR.
Thermally activated vapor bubble nucleation: The Landau-Lifshitz-Van der Waals approach
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Gallo, Mirko; Magaletti, Francesco; Casciola, Carlo Massimo
2018-05-01
Vapor bubbles are formed in liquids by two mechanisms: evaporation (temperature above the boiling threshold) and cavitation (pressure below the vapor pressure). The liquid resists in these metastable (overheating and tensile, respectively) states for a long time since bubble nucleation is an activated process that needs to surmount the free energy barrier separating the liquid and the vapor states. The bubble nucleation rate is difficult to assess and, typically, only for extremely small systems treated at an atomistic level of detail. In this work a powerful approach, based on a continuum diffuse interface modeling of the two-phase fluid embedded with thermal fluctuations (fluctuating hydrodynamics), is exploited to study the nucleation process in homogeneous conditions, evaluating the bubble nucleation rates and following the long-term dynamics of the metastable system, up to the bubble coalescence and expansion stages. In comparison with more classical approaches, this methodology allows us on the one hand to deal with much larger systems observed for a much longer time than possible with even the most advanced atomistic models. On the other, it extends continuum formulations to thermally activated processes, impossible to deal with in a purely determinist setting.
Modeling of Vapor Bubble Growth Under Nucleate Boiling Conditions in Reduced Gravity
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Buyevich, Yu A.; Webbon, Bruce W.
1995-01-01
A dynamic model is developed to describe the evolution of a vapor bubble growing at a nucleation site on a superheated surface under arbitrary gravity. The bubble is separated from the surface by a thin microlayer and grows due to the evaporation from the microlayer interface. The average thickness of the microlayer increases as the bubble expands along the surface if the evaporation rate is lower than some critical value. The corresponding threshold value of the surface temperature has to be associated with the burn-out crisis. Two main reasons make for bubble separation, which are the buoyancy force and a force caused by the vapor momentum that comes to the bubble with vapor molecules. The latter force is somewhat diminished if condensation takes place at the upper bubble surface in subcooled liquids. The action of the said forces is opposed by inertia of the additional mass of liquid as the bubble center rises above the surface and by inertia of liquid being expelled by the growing bubble in radial directions. An extra pressure force arises due to the liquid inflow into the microlayer with a finite velocity. The last force helps in holding the bubble close to the surface during an initial stage of bubble evolution. Two limiting regimes with distinctly different properties can be singled out, depending on which of the forces that favor bubble detachment dominates. Under conditions of moderately reduced gravity, the situation is much the same as in normal gravity, although the bubble detachment volume increases as gravity diminishes. In microgravity, the buoyancy force is negligible. Then the bubble is capable of staying near the surface for a long time, with intensive evaporation from the microlayer. It suggests a drastic change in the physical mechanism of heat removal as gravity falls below a certain sufficiently low level. Inferences of the model and conclusions pertaining to effects caused on heat transfer processes by changes in bubble hydrodynamics induced
Plasmonic Nanobubbles as Transient Vapor Nanobubbles Generated Around Plasmonic Nanoparticles
PubMed Central
Lukianova-Hleb, Ekaterina; Hu, Ying; Latterini, Loredana; Tarpani, Luigi; Lee, Seunghyun; Drezek, Rebekah A.; Hafner, Jason H.; Lapotko, Dmitri O.
2010-01-01
We have used short laser pulses to generate transient vapor nanobubbles around plasmonic nanoparticles. The photothermal, mechanical and optical properties of such bubbles were found to be different from those of plasmonic nanoparticle and vapor bubbles as well. This phenomena was considered as a new complex nanosystem â plasmonic nanobubble (PNB). Mechanical and optical scattering properties of PNB depended upon the nanoparticle surface and heat capacity, clusterization state, and the optical pulse length. The generation of the PNB required much higher laser pulse fluence thresholds than the explosive boiling level, and was characterized by the relatively high lower threshold of the minimal size (lifetime) of PNB. Optical scattering by PNB and its diameter (measured as the lifetime) has been varied with the fluence of laser pulse and this has demonstrated the tunable nature of PNB. PMID:20307085
Modeling of bubble dynamics in relation to medical applications
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Amendt, P.A.; London, R.A.; Strauss, M.
1997-03-12
In various pulsed-laser medical applications, strong stress transients can be generated in advance of vapor bubble formation. To better understand the evolution of stress transients and subsequent formation of vapor bubbles, two-dimensional simulations are presented in channel or cylindrical geometry with the LATIS (LAser TISsue) computer code. Differences with one-dimensional modeling are explored, and simulated experimental conditions for vapor bubble generation are presented and compared with data. 22 refs., 8 figs.
Light generated bubble for microparticle propulsion.
PubMed
Frenkel, Ido; Niv, Avi
2017-06-06
Light activated motion of micron-sized particles with effective forces in the range of micro-Newtons is hereby proposed and demonstrated. Our investigation shows that this exceptional amount of force results from accumulation of light-generated heat by a micron-sized particle that translates into motion due to a phase transition in the nearby water. High-speed imagery indicates the role of bubble expansion and later collapse in this event. Comparing observations with known models reveals a dynamic behavior controlled by polytropic trapped vapor and the inertia of the surrounding liquid. The potential of the proposed approach is demonstrated by realization of disordered optical media with binary light-activated switching from opacity to high transparency.
"Pressure Blocking" Effect in the Growing Vapor Bubble in a Highly Superheated Liquid
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Zudin, Yu. B.; Zenin, V. V.
2016-09-01
The problem on the growth of a vapor bubble in a liquid whose superheating enthalpy exceeds the phase transition heat has been considered. A physical model of the "pressure blocking" in the bubble is presented. The problem for the conditions of the experiment on the effervescence of a butane drop has been solved numerically. An algorithm for constructing an analytical solution of the problem on the bubble growth in a highly superheated liquid is proposed.
Microspectroscopic imaging of solution plasma: How do its physical properties and chemical species evolve in atmospheric-pressure water vapor bubbles?
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Yui, Hiroharu; Banno, Motohiro
2018-01-01
In this article, we review the development of scientific instruments for obtaining information on the evolution of physical properties and chemical species of solution plasma (SP). When a pulsed high voltage is applied between electrodes immersed in an aqueous solution, SP is formed in water vapor bubbles transiently generated in the solution under atmospheric pressure. To clarify how SP emerges in water vapor bubbles and is sustained in solutions, an instrument with micrometer spatial resolution and nanosecond temporal resolution is required. To meet these requirements, a microscopic system with a custom-made optical discharge cell was newly developed, where the working distance between the SP and the microscopic objective lens was minimized. A hollow electrode equipped in the discharge cell also enabled us to control the chemical composition in water vapor bubbles. To study the spatial and temporal evolutions of chemical species in micrometer and nano- to microsecond regions, a streak camera with a spectrometer and a CCD detector with a time-gated electronic device were combined with the microscope system. The developed instrument is expected to contribute to providing a new means of developing new schemes for chemical reactions and material syntheses.
A Generalized Eulerian-Lagrangian Analysis, with Application to Liquid Flows with Vapor Bubbles
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Dejong, Frederik J.; Meyyappan, Meyya
1993-01-01
Under a NASA MSFC SBIR Phase 2 effort an analysis has been developed for liquid flows with vapor bubbles such as those in liquid rocket engine components. The analysis is based on a combined Eulerian-Lagrangian technique, in which Eulerian conservation equations are solved for the liquid phase, while Lagrangian equations of motion are integrated in computational coordinates for the vapor phase. The novel aspect of the Lagrangian analysis developed under this effort is that it combines features of the so-called particle distribution approach with those of the so-called particle trajectory approach and can, in fact, be considered as a generalization of both of those traditional methods. The result of this generalization is a reduction in CPU time and memory requirements. Particle time step (stability) limitations have been eliminated by semi-implicit integration of the particle equations of motion (and, for certain applications, the particle temperature equation), although practical limitations remain in effect for reasons of accuracy. The analysis has been applied to the simulation of cavitating flow through a single-bladed section of a labyrinth seal. Models for the simulation of bubble formation and growth have been included, as well as models for bubble drag and heat transfer. The results indicate that bubble formation is more or less 'explosive'. for a given flow field, the number density of bubble nucleation sites is very sensitive to the vapor properties and the surface tension. The bubble motion, on the other hand, is much less sensitive to the properties, but is affected strongly by the local pressure gradients in the flow field. In situations where either the material properties or the flow field are not known with sufficient accuracy, parametric studies can be carried out rapidly to assess the effect of the important variables. Future work will include application of the analysis to cavitation in inducer flow fields.
Shock-wave generation and bubble formation in the retina by lasers
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Sun, Jinming; Gerstman, Bernard S.; Li, Bin
2000-06-01
The generation of shock waves and bubbles has been experimentally observed due to absorption of sub-nanosecond laser pulses by melanosomes, which are found in retinal pigment epithelium cells. Both the shock waves and bubbles may be the cause of retinal damage at threshold fluence levels. The theoretical modeling of shock wave parameters such as amplitude, and bubble size, is a complicated problem due to the non-linearity of the phenomena. We have used two different approaches for treating pressure variations in water: the Tait Equation and a full Equation Of State (EOS). The Tait Equation has the advantage of being developed specifically to model pressure variations in water and is therefore simpler, quicker computationally, and allows the liquid to sustain negative pressures. Its disadvantage is that it does not allow for a change of phase, which prevents modeling of bubbles and leads to non-physical behavior such as the sustaining of ridiculously large negative pressures. The full EOS treatment includes more of the true thermodynamic behavior, such as phase changes that produce bubbles and avoids the generation of large negative pressures. Its disadvantage is that the usual stable equilibrium EOS allows for no negative pressures at all, since tensile stress is unstable with respect to a transition to the vapor phase. In addition, the EOS treatment requires longer computational times. In this paper, we compare shock wave generation for various laser pulses using the two different mathematical approaches and determine the laser pulse regime for which the simpler Tait Equation can be used with confidence. We also present results of our full EOS treatment in which both shock waves and bubbles are simultaneously modeled.
Bubble colloidal AFM probes formed from ultrasonically generated bubbles.
PubMed
Vakarelski, Ivan U; Lee, Judy; Dagastine, Raymond R; Chan, Derek Y C; Stevens, Geoffrey W; Grieser, Franz
2008-02-05
Here we introduce a simple and effective experimental approach to measuring the interaction forces between two small bubbles (approximately 80-140 microm) in aqueous solution during controlled collisions on the scale of micrometers to nanometers. The colloidal probe technique using atomic force microscopy (AFM) was extended to measure interaction forces between a cantilever-attached bubble and surface-attached bubbles of various sizes. By using an ultrasonic source, we generated numerous small bubbles on a mildly hydrophobic surface of a glass slide. A single bubble picked up with a strongly hydrophobized V-shaped cantilever was used as the colloidal probe. Sample force measurements were used to evaluate the pure water bubble cleanliness and the general consistency of the measurements.
Determination of the Accommodation Coefficient Using Vapor/gas Bubble Dynamics in an Acoustic Field
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Gumerov, Nail A.; Hsiao, Chao-Tsung; Goumilevski, Alexei G.; Allen, Jeff (Technical Monitor)
2001-01-01
Nonequilibrium liquid/vapor phase transformations can occur in superheated or subcooled liquids in fast processes such as in evaporation in a vacuum. The rate at which such a phase transformation occurs depends on the "condensation" or "accommodation" coefficient, Beta, which is a property of the interface. Existing measurement techniques for Beta are complex and expensive. The development of a relatively inexpensive and reliable technique for measurement of Beta for a wide range of substances and temperatures is of great practical importance. The dynamics of a bubble in an acoustic field strongly depends on the value of Beta. It is known that near the saturation temperature, small vapor bubbles grow under the action of an acoustic field due to "rectified heat transfer." This finding can be used as the basis for an effective measurement technique of Beta. We developed a theory of vapor bubble behavior in an isotropic acoustic wave and in a plane standing acoustic wave. A numerical code was developed which enables simulation of a variety of experimental situations and accurately takes into account slowly evolving temperature. A parametric study showed that the measurement of Beta can be made over a broad range of frequencies and bubble sizes. We found several interesting regimes and conditions which can be efficiently used for measurements of Beta. Measurements of Beta can be performed in both reduced and normal gravity environments.
The dynamics of histotripsy bubbles
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Kreider, Wayne; Bailey, Michael R.; Sapozhnikov, Oleg A.; Khokhlova, Vera A.; Crum, Lawrence A.
2011-09-01
Histotripsy describes treatments in which high-amplitude acoustic pulses are used to excite bubbles and erode tissue. Though tissue erosion can be directly attributed to bubble activity, the genesis and dynamics of bubbles remain unclear. Histotripsy lesions that show no signs of thermal coagulative damage have been generated with two different acoustic protocols: relatively long acoustic pulses that produce local boiling within milliseconds and relatively short pulses that are higher in amplitude but likely do not produce boiling. While these two approaches are often distinguished as `boiling' versus `cavitation', such labels can obscure similarities. In both cases, a bubble undergoes large changes in radius and vapor is transported into and out of the bubble as it oscillates. Moreover, observations from both approaches suggest that bubbles grow to a size at which they cease to collapse violently. In order to better understand the dynamics of histotripsy bubbles, a single-bubble model has been developed that couples acoustically excited bubble motions to the thermodynamic state of the surrounding liquid. Using this model for bubbles exposed to histotripsy sound fields, simulations suggest that two mechanisms can act separately or in concert to lead to the typically observed bubble growth. First, nonlinear acoustic propagation leads to the evolution of shocks and an asymmetry in the positive and negative pressures that drive bubble motion. This asymmetry can have a rectifying effect on bubble oscillations whereby the bubble grows on average during each acoustic cycle. Second, vapor transport to/from the bubble tends to produce larger bubbles, especially at elevated temperatures. Vapor transport by itself can lead to rectified bubble growth when the ambient temperature exceeds 100 °C (`boiling') or local heating in the vicinity of the bubble leads to a superheated boundary layer.
Near Surface Vapor Bubble Layers in Buoyant Low Stretch Burning of Polymethylmethacrylate
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Olson, Sandra L.; Tien, J. S.
1999-01-01
Large-scale buoyant low stretch stagnation point diffusion flames over solid fuel (polymethylmethacrylate) were studied for a range of aerodynamic stretch rates of 2-12/ sec which are of the same order as spacecraft ventilation-induced stretch in a microgravity environment. An extensive layer of polymer material above the glass transition temperature is observed. Unique phenomena associated with this extensive glass layer included substantial swelling of the burning surface, in-depth bubble formation, and migration and/or elongation of the bubbles normal to the hot surface. The bubble layer acted to insulate the polymer surface by reducing the effective conductivity of the solid. The reduced in-depth conduction stabilized the flame for longer than expected from theory neglecting the bubble layer. While buoyancy acts to move the bubbles deeper into the molten polymer, thermocapillary forces and surface regression both act to bring the bubbles to the burning surface. Bubble layers may thus be very important in low gravity (low stretch) burning of materials. As bubbles reached the burning surface, monomer fuel vapors jetted from the surface, enhancing burning by entraining ambient air flow. Popping of these bubbles at the surface can expel burning droplets of the molten material, which may increase the fire propagation hazards at low stretch rates.
Systems and methods for generation of hydrogen peroxide vapor
DOEpatents
Love, Adam H; Eckels, Joel Del; Vu, Alexander K; Alcaraz, Armando; Reynolds, John G
2014-12-02
A system according to one embodiment includes a moisture trap for drying air; at least one of a first container and a second container; and a mechanism for at least one of: bubbling dried air from the moisture trap through a hydrogen peroxide solution in the first container for producing a hydrogen peroxide vapor, and passing dried air from the moisture trap into a headspace above a hydrogen peroxide solution in the second container for producing a hydrogen peroxide vapor. A method according one embodiment includes at least one of bubbling dried air through a hydrogen peroxide solution in a container for producing a first hydrogen peroxide vapor, and passing dried air from the moisture trap into a headspace above the hydrogen peroxide solution in a container for producing a second hydrogen peroxide vapor. Additional systems and methods are also presented.
Vapor-Gas Bubble Evolution and Growth in Extremely Viscous Fluids Under Vacuum
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Kizito, John; Balasubramaniam, R.; Nahra, Henry; Agui, Juan; Truong, Duc
2008-01-01
Formation of vapor and gas bubbles and voids is normal and expected in flow processes involving extremely viscous fluids in normal gravity. Practical examples of extremely viscous fluids are epoxy-like filler materials before the epoxy fluids cure to their permanent form to create a mechanical bond between two substrates. When these fluids flow with a free liquid interface exposed to vacuum, rapid bubble expansion process may ensue. Bubble expansion might compromise the mechanical bond strength. The potential sources for the origin of the gases might be incomplete out-gassing process prior to filler application; regasification due to seal leakage in the filler applicator; and/or volatiles evolved from cure reaction products formed in the hardening process. We embarked on a study that involved conducting laboratory experiments with imaging diagnostics in order to deduce the seriousness of bubbling caused by entrained air and volatile fluids under space vacuum and low gravity environment. We used clear fluids with the similar physical properties as the epoxy-like filler material to mimic the dynamics of bubbles. Another aspect of the present study was to determine the likelihood of bubbling resulting from dissolved gases nucleating from solution. These experimental studies of the bubble expansion are compared with predictions using a modified Rayleigh- Plesset equation, which models the bubble expansion.
Segregating gas from melt: an experimental study of the Ostwald ripening of vapor bubbles in magmas
USGS Publications Warehouse
Lautze, Nicole C.; Sisson, Thomas W.; Mangan, Margaret T.; Grove, Timothy L.
2011-01-01
Diffusive coarsening (Ostwald ripening) of H2O and H2O-CO2 bubbles in rhyolite and basaltic andesite melts was studied with elevated temperatureâpressure experiments to investigate the rates and time spans over which vapor bubbles may enlarge and attain sufficient buoyancy to segregate in magmatic systems. Bubble growth and segregation are also considered in terms of classical steady-state and transient (non-steady-state) ripening theory. Experimental results are consistent with diffusive coarsening as the dominant mechanism of bubble growth. Ripening is faster in experiments saturated with pure H2O than in those with a CO2-rich mixed vapor probably due to faster diffusion of H2O than CO2 through the melt. None of the experimental series followed the time1/3 increase in mean bubble radius and time-1 decrease in bubble number density predicted by classical steady-state ripening theory. Instead, products are interpreted as resulting from transient regime ripening. Application of transient regime theory suggests that bubbly magmas may require from days to 100 years to reach steady-state ripening conditions. Experimental results, as well as theory for steady-state ripening of bubbles that are immobile or undergoing buoyant ascent, indicate that diffusive coarsening efficiently eliminates micron-sized bubbles and would produce mm-sized bubbles in 102â104 years in crustal magma bodies. Once bubbles attain mm-sizes, their calculated ascent rates are sufficient that they could transit multiple kilometers over hundreds to thousands of years through mafic and silicic melt, respectively. These results show that diffusive coarsening can facilitate transfer of volatiles through, and from, magmatic systems by creating bubbles sufficiently large for rapid ascent.
Laser-induced microjet: wavelength and pulse duration effects on bubble and jet generation for drug injection
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Jang, Hun-jae; Park, Mi-ae; Sirotkin, Fedir V.; Yoh, Jack J.
2013-12-01
The expansion of the laser-induced bubble is the main mechanism in the developed microjet injector. In this study, Nd:YAG and Er:YAG lasers are used as triggers of the bubble formation. The impact of the laser parameters on the bubble dynamics is studied and the performance of the injector is evaluated. We found that the main cause of the differences in the bubble behavior comes from the pulse duration and wavelength. For Nd:YAG laser, the pulse duration is very short relative to the bubble lifetime making the behavior of the bubble close to that of the cavitation bubble, while in Er:YAG case, the high absorption in the water and long pulse duration change the initial behavior of the bubble making it close to a vapor bubble. The contraction and subsequent rebound are typical for cavitation bubbles in both cases. The results show that the laser-induced microjet injector generates velocity which is sufficient for the drug delivery for both laser beams of different pulse duration. We estimate the typical velocity within 30-80 m/s range and the breakup length to be larger than 1 mm suitable for trans-dermal drug injection.
Characterization of Acoustic Droplet Vaporization Using MRI
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Li, David; Allen, Steven; Hernandez-Garcia, Luis; Bull, Joseph
2013-11-01
Acoustic droplet vaporization (ADV) is the selective vaporization of liquid droplets to form larger gas bubbles. The ADV process is currently being researched for biomedical applications such as gas embolotherapy, drug delivery, and phase-change contrast agents. In this study an albumin encapsulated dodecafluoropentane (DDFP, CAS: 678-26-2) microdroplet suspension was vaporized using a single element focused (f/2, D = 19 mm) 3.5 MHz transducer (Panametrics A321S, Olympus, Waltham, MA). The resulting DDFP bubble clouds were imaged using both bright field microscopy and MRI (Varian 7T, Agilent Technologies Inc., Santa Clara, CA). Field distortions due to DDFP bubble generation were characterized against the bright field images as a function of acoustic power and bubble cloud size. Experimentally a direct correlation between bubble cloud dimensions generated and field distortions seen in the MRI was observed. Additionally, MR velocimetry was used to measure the flow field resulting from ADV. The field distortions due to the bubbles were further characterized by modeling Maxwell's equations using COMSOL (COMSOL Inc., Burlington, MA). The ability to characterize ADV with alternative imaging modalities may prove useful in further development of ADV based biomedical therapies.
Observation of vapor bubble of non-azeotropic binary mixture in microgravity with a two-wavelength interferometer
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Abe, Yoshiyuki; Iwasaki, Akira
1999-07-01
Although non-azeotropic mixtures are considered to be promising working fluids in advanced energy conversion systems, the primary technical problems in the heat transfer degradation in phase change processes cause economical handicap to wide-spread applications. The boiling behavior of mixtures still remains a number of basic questions being not answered yet, and the present authors believe that the most essential information for the boiling process in non-azeotropic mixtures is how temperature and concentration profiles are developed around the bubbles. The present study attempts at understanding fundamental heat and mass transfer mechanisms in nucleate pool boiling of non-azeotropic binary mixtures, and withmore » the knowledge to develop a passive boiling heat transfer enhancement eventually. To this end, the authors have employed microgravity environment for rather detailed observation around vapor bubbles in the course of boiling inception and bubble growth. A two-wavelength Mach-Zehnder interferometer has been developed, which withstands mechanical shock caused by gravity change from very low gravity of the order of 10{sup {minus}5} g to relatively high gravity of approximately 8 g exposed during deceleration period. A series of experiments on single vapor bubbles for CFC113 single component and CFC12/CFC112 non-azeotropic binary mixture have been conducted under a high quality microgravity conditions available in 10-second free-fall facility of Japan Microgravity Center (JAMIC). The results for single component liquid showed a strong influence due to Marangoni effect caused by the temperature profile around the bubble. The results for non-azeotropic binary mixture showed, however, considerably different behavior from single component liquid. Both temperature and concentration profiles around a single vapor bubble were evaluated from the interferograms. The temperature and concentration layers established around the bubbles were nearly one order of
CVB: The Constrained Vapor Bubble 40 mm Capillary Experiment on the ISS
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Wayner, Peter C., Jr.; Kundan, Akshay; Plawsky, Joel
2013-01-01
Discuss the Constrained Vapor Bubble (CVB) 40mm Fin experiment on the ISS and how it aims to achieve a better understanding of the physics of evaporation and condensation and how they affect cooling processes in microgravity using a remotely controlled microscope and a small cooling device
Effect of metabolic gases and water vapor, perfluorocarbon emulsions, and nitric oxide on tissue bubbles during decompression sickness.
PubMed
Randsøe, Thomas
2016-05-01
In aviation and diving, fast decrease in ambient pressure, such as during accidental loss of cabin pressure or when a diver decompresses too fast to sea level, may cause nitrogen (N2) bubble formation in blood and tissue resulting in decompression sickness (DCS). Conventional treatment of DCS is oxygen (O2) breathing combined with recompression. However, bubble kinetic models suggest, that metabolic gases, i.e. O2 and carbon dioxide (CO2), and water vapor contribute significantly to DCS bubble volume and growth at hypobaric altitude exposures. Further, perfluorocarbon emulsions (PFC) and nitric oxide (NO) donors have, on an experimental basis, demonstrated therapeutic properties both as treatment and prophylactic intervention against DCS. The effect was ascribed to solubility of respiratory gases in PFC, plausible NO elicited nuclei demise and/or N2 washout through enhanced blood flow rate. Accordingly, by means of monitoring injected bubbles in exposed adipose tissue or measurements of spinal evoked potentials (SEPs) in anaesthetized rats, the aim of this study was to: 1) evaluate the contribution of metabolic gases and water vapor to bubble volume at different barometrical altitude exposures, 2) clarify the O2 contribution and N2 solubility from bubbles during administration of PFC at normo- and hypobaric conditions and, 3) test the effect of different NO donors on SEPs during DCS upon a hyperbaric air dive and, to study the influence of NO on tissue bubbles at high altitude exposures. The results support the bubble kinetic models and indicate that metabolic gases and water vapor contribute significantly to bubble volume at 25 kPa (~10,376 m above sea level) and constitute a threshold for bubble stabilization or decay at the interval of 47-36 kPa (~6,036 and ~7,920 m above sea level). The effect of the metabolic gases and water vapor seemed to compromise the therapeutic properties of both PFC and NO at altitude, while PFC significantly increased bubble
Bubble diagnostics
DOEpatents
Visuri, Steven R.; Mammini, Beth M.; Da Silva, Luiz B.; Celliers, Peter M.
2003-01-01
The present invention is intended as a means of diagnosing the presence of a gas bubble and incorporating the information into a feedback system for opto-acoustic thrombolysis. In opto-acoustic thrombolysis, pulsed laser radiation at ultrasonic frequencies is delivered intraluminally down an optical fiber and directed toward a thrombus or otherwise occluded vessel. Dissolution of the occlusion is therefore mediated through ultrasonic action of propagating pressure or shock waves. A vapor bubble in the fluid surrounding the occlusion may form as a result of laser irradiation. This vapor bubble may be used to directly disrupt the occlusion or as a means of producing a pressure wave. It is desirable to detect the formation and follow the lifetime of the vapor bubble. Knowledge of the bubble formation and lifetime yields critical information as to the maximum size of the bubble, density of the absorbed radiation, and properties of the absorbing material. This information can then be used in a feedback system to alter the irradiation conditions.
Net vapor generation point in boiling flow of trichlorotrifluoroethane at high pressures
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Dougall, R. S.; Lippert, T. E.
1973-01-01
The conditions at which the void in subcooled boiling starts to undergo a rapid increase were studied experimentally. The experiments were performed in a 12.7 x 9.5 mm rectangular channel. Heating was from a 3.2 mm wide strip embedded in one wall. The pressure ranged from 9.45 to 20.7 bar, mass velocity from 600 to 7000 kg/sq m sec, and subcooling from 16 to 67 C. Photographs were used to determine when detached bubbles first appeared in the bulk flow. Measurements of bubble layer thickness along the wall were also made. Results showed that the point of net vapor generation is close to the occurrence of fully-developed boiling.
Calibrated vapor generator source
DOEpatents
Davies, John P.; Larson, Ronald A.; Goodrich, Lorenzo D.; Hall, Harold J.; Stoddard, Billy D.; Davis, Sean G.; Kaser, Timothy G.; Conrad, Frank J.
1995-01-01
A portable vapor generator is disclosed that can provide a controlled source of chemical vapors, such as, narcotic or explosive vapors. This source can be used to test and calibrate various types of vapor detection systems by providing a known amount of vapors to the system. The vapor generator is calibrated using a reference ion mobility spectrometer. A method of providing this vapor is described, as follows: explosive or narcotic is deposited on quartz wool, placed in a chamber that can be heated or cooled (depending on the vapor pressure of the material) to control the concentration of vapors in the reservoir. A controlled flow of air is pulsed over the quartz wool releasing a preset quantity of vapors at the outlet.
Calibrated vapor generator source
DOEpatents
Davies, J.P.; Larson, R.A.; Goodrich, L.D.; Hall, H.J.; Stoddard, B.D.; Davis, S.G.; Kaser, T.G.; Conrad, F.J.
1995-09-26
A portable vapor generator is disclosed that can provide a controlled source of chemical vapors, such as, narcotic or explosive vapors. This source can be used to test and calibrate various types of vapor detection systems by providing a known amount of vapors to the system. The vapor generator is calibrated using a reference ion mobility spectrometer. A method of providing this vapor is described, as follows: explosive or narcotic is deposited on quartz wool, placed in a chamber that can be heated or cooled (depending on the vapor pressure of the material) to control the concentration of vapors in the reservoir. A controlled flow of air is pulsed over the quartz wool releasing a preset quantity of vapors at the outlet. 10 figs.
Further experimentation on bubble generation during transformer overload
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Oommen, T.V.
1992-03-01
This report covers additional work done during 1990 and 1991 on gas bubble generation under overload conditions. To improve visual bubble detection, a single disc coil was used. To further improve detection, a corona device was also used which signaled the onset of corona activity in the early stages of bubble formation. A total of fourteen model tests were conducted, half of which used the Inertaire system, and the remaining, a conservator (COPS). Moisture content of paper in the coil varied from 1.0% to 8.0%; gas (nitrogen) content varied from 1.0% to 8.8%. The results confirmed earlier observations that themore » mathematical bubble prediction model was not valid for high gas content model with relatively low moisture levels in the coil. An empirical relationship was formulated to accurately predict bubble evolution temperatures from known moisture and gas content values. For low moisture content models (below 2%), the simple Piper relationship was sufficient to predict bubble evolution temperatures, regardless of gas content. Moisture in the coil appears to be the key factor in bubble generation. Gas blanketed (Inertaire) systems do not appear to be prone to premature bubble generation from overloads as previously thought. The new bubble prediction model reveals that for a coil with 2% moisture, the bubble evolution temperature would be about 140{degrees}C. Since old transformers in service may have as much as 2% moisture in paper, the 140{degrees}C bubble evolution temperature may be taken as the lower limit of bubble evolution temperature under overload conditions for operating transformers. Drier insulation would raise the bubble evolution temperature.« less
Bubble Combustion
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Corrigan, Jackie
2004-01-01
A method of energy production that is capable of low pollutant emissions is fundamental to one of the four pillars of NASA s Aeronautics Blueprint: Revolutionary Vehicles. Bubble combustion, a new engine technology currently being developed at Glenn Research Center promises to provide low emissions combustion in support of NASA s vision under the Emissions Element because it generates power, while minimizing the production of carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrous oxides (NOx), both known to be Greenhouse gases. and allows the use of alternative fuels such as corn oil, low-grade fuels, and even used motor oil. Bubble combustion is analogous to the inverse of spray combustion: the difference between bubble and spray combustion is that spray combustion is spraying a liquid in to a gas to form droplets, whereas bubble combustion involves injecting a gas into a liquid to form gaseous bubbles. In bubble combustion, the process for the ignition of the bubbles takes place on a time scale of less than a nanosecond and begins with acoustic waves perturbing each bubble. This perturbation causes the local pressure to drop below the vapor pressure of the liquid thus producing cavitation in which the bubble diameter grows, and upon reversal of the oscillating pressure field, the bubble then collapses rapidly with the aid of the high surface tension forces acting on the wall of the bubble. The rapid and violent collapse causes the temperatures inside the bubbles to soar as a result of adiabatic heating. As the temperatures rise, the gaseous contents of the bubble ignite with the bubble itself serving as its own combustion chamber. After ignition, this is the time in the bubble s life cycle where power is generated, and CO2, and NOx among other species, are produced. However, the pollutants CO2 and NOx are absorbed into the surrounding liquid. The importance of bubble combustion is that it generates power using a simple and compact device. We conducted a parametric study using CAVCHEM
Thulium fiber laser induced vapor bubbles using bare, tapered, ball, hollow steel, and muzzle brake fiber optic tips
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Gonzalez, David A.; Hardy, Luke A.; Hutchens, Thomas C.; Irby, Pierce B.; Fried, Nathaniel M.
2018-02-01
This study characterizes laser-induced vapor bubbles for five distal fiber optic tip configurations, to provide insight into stone retropulsion experienced during laser ablation of kidney stones. A TFL with 1908-nm wavelength delivered 34 mJ energy per pulse at 500-μs pulse duration through five different fibers: 100-μm-core/170-μm-OD bare fiber tip, 150-μm- to 300-μm-core tapered fiber tip, 100-μm-core/300-μm-OD ball tip fiber, 100-μm-core/340- μm-OD hollow steel tip fiber, and 100-μm-core/560-μm-OD muzzle brake fiber tip. A high speed camera with 10- μm spatial and 9.5-μs temporal resolution imaged vapor bubble dynamics. A needle hydrophone measured pressure transients in forward (0°) and side (90°) directions while placed at a 6.8 +/- 0.4 mm distance from fiber tip. Maximum bubble dimensions (width/length) averaged 0.7/1.5, 1.0/1.6, 0.5/1.1, 0.8/1.9, and 0.7/1.5 mm, for bare, tapered, ball, hollow steel, and muzzle tips, respectively (n=5). The hollow steel tip exhibited the most elongated vapor bubble shape, translating into increased forward pressure in this study and consistent with higher stone retropulsion in previous reports. Relative pressures (a.u.) in (forward/side) directions averaged 1.7/1.6, 2.0/2.0, 1.4/1.2, 6.8/1.1, and 0.3/1.2, for each fiber tip (n=5). For hollow steel tip, forward pressure was 4à higher than for bare fiber. For the muzzle brake fiber tip, forward pressure was 5à lower than for bare fiber. Bubble dimensions and pressure measurements demonstrated that the muzzle tip reduced forward pressure by partially venting vapors through side holes, consistent with lower stone retropulsion observed in previous reports.
Size distributions of micro-bubbles generated by a pressurized dissolution method
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Taya, C.; Maeda, Y.; Hosokawa, S.; Tomiyama, A.; Ito, Y.
2012-03-01
Size of micro-bubbles is widely distributed in the range of one to several hundreds micrometers and depends on generation methods, flow conditions and elapsed times after the bubble generation. Although a size distribution of micro-bubbles should be taken into account to improve accuracy in numerical simulations of flows with micro-bubbles, a variety of the size distribution makes it difficult to introduce the size distribution in the simulations. On the other hand, several models such as the Rosin-Rammler equation and the Nukiyama-Tanazawa equation have been proposed to represent the size distribution of particles or droplets. Applicability of these models to the size distribution of micro-bubbles has not been examined yet. In this study, we therefore measure size distribution of micro-bubbles generated by a pressurized dissolution method by using a phase Doppler anemometry (PDA), and investigate the applicability of the available models to the size distributions of micro-bubbles. Experimental apparatus consists of a pressurized tank in which air is dissolved in liquid under high pressure condition, a decompression nozzle in which micro-bubbles are generated due to pressure reduction, a rectangular duct and an upper tank. Experiments are conducted for several liquid volumetric fluxes in the decompression nozzle. Measurements are carried out at the downstream region of the decompression nozzle and in the upper tank. The experimental results indicate that (1) the Nukiyama-Tanasawa equation well represents the size distribution of micro-bubbles generated by the pressurized dissolution method, whereas the Rosin-Rammler equation fails in the representation, (2) the bubble size distribution of micro-bubbles can be evaluated by using the Nukiyama-Tanasawa equation without individual bubble diameters, when mean bubble diameter and skewness of the bubble distribution are given, and (3) an evaluation method of visibility based on the bubble size distribution and bubble
Thulium fiber laser-induced vapor bubble dynamics using bare, tapered, ball, hollow steel, and muzzle brake fiber optic tips
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Gonzalez, David A.; Hardy, Luke A.; Hutchens, Thomas C.; Irby, Pierce B.; Fried, Nathaniel M.
2018-03-01
This study characterizes laser-induced vapor bubble dynamics for five different distal fiber optic tip configurations, to provide insight into stone retropulsion commonly experienced during laser ablation of kidney stones. A thulium fiber laser with 1908-nm wavelength delivered 34-mJ energy per pulse at 500-μs pulse duration through five different fibers such as 100-μm-core / 170-μm-OD bare fiber tip, 150- to 300-μm-core tapered fiber tip, 100-μm-core / 300-μm-OD ball tip fiber, 100-μm-core / 340-μm-OD hollow steel tip fiber, and 100-μm-core / 560-μm-OD muzzle brake fiber tip. A high-speed camera with 10-μm-spatial and 9.5-μs-temporal resolution was used to image the vapor bubble dynamics. A needle hydrophone measured pressure transients in the forward (0 deg) and side (90 deg) directions while placed at a 6.8 ± 0.4 mm distance from the distal fiber tip. Maximum bubble dimensions (width/length) averaged 0.7/1.5, 1.0/1.6, 0.5/1.1, 0.8/1.9, and 0.7 / 1.5 mm, for bare, tapered, ball, hollow steel, and muzzle brake fiber tips, respectively (n = 5). The hollow steel tip exhibited the most elongated vapor bubble shape, translating into increased forward pressure in this study and consistent with higher stone retropulsion in previous reports. Relative pressures (a.u.) in (forward/side) directions averaged 1.7/1.6, 2.0/2.0, 1.4/1.2, 6.8/1.1, and 0.3/1.2, for each fiber tip (n = 5). For the hollow steel tip, forward pressure was 4 à higher than for the bare fiber. For the muzzle brake fiber tip, forward pressure was 5 à lower than the bare fiber. Bubble dimensions and pressure measurements demonstrated that the muzzle brake fiber tip reduced forward pressure by partially venting vapors through the portholes, which is consistent with the observation of lower stone retropulsion in previous reports.
Bubbles
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Prosperetti, Andrea
2004-06-01
Vanitas vanitatum et omnia vanitas: bubbles are emptiness, non-liquid, a tiny cloud shielding a mathematical singularity. Born from chance, a violent and brief life ending in the union with the (nearly) infinite. But a wealth of phenomena spring forth from this nothingness: underwater noise, sonoluminescence, boiling, and many others. Some recent results on a "blinking bubble" micropump and vapor bubbles in sound fields are outlined. The last section describes Leonardo da Vinci's observation of the non-rectlinear ascent of buoyant bubbles and justifies the name Leonardo's paradox recently attributed to this phenomenon.
Further experimentation on bubble generation during transformer overload. Final report
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Oommen, T.V.
1992-03-01
This report covers additional work done during 1990 and 1991 on gas bubble generation under overload conditions. To improve visual bubble detection, a single disc coil was used. To further improve detection, a corona device was also used which signaled the onset of corona activity in the early stages of bubble formation. A total of fourteen model tests were conducted, half of which used the Inertaire system, and the remaining, a conservator (COPS). Moisture content of paper in the coil varied from 1.0% to 8.0%; gas (nitrogen) content varied from 1.0% to 8.8%. The results confirmed earlier observations that themore » mathematical bubble prediction model was not valid for high gas content model with relatively low moisture levels in the coil. An empirical relationship was formulated to accurately predict bubble evolution temperatures from known moisture and gas content values. For low moisture content models (below 2%), the simple Piper relationship was sufficient to predict bubble evolution temperatures, regardless of gas content. Moisture in the coil appears to be the key factor in bubble generation. Gas blanketed (Inertaire) systems do not appear to be prone to premature bubble generation from overloads as previously thought. The new bubble prediction model reveals that for a coil with 2% moisture, the bubble evolution temperature would be about 140{degrees}C. Since old transformers in service may have as much as 2% moisture in paper, the 140{degrees}C bubble evolution temperature may be taken as the lower limit of bubble evolution temperature under overload conditions for operating transformers. Drier insulation would raise the bubble evolution temperature.« less
A Study of the Constrained Vapor Bubble Thermosyphon
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Wayner, Peter C., Jr.; Plawsky, J. L.
2000-01-01
The objective of this effort is to better understand the physics of evaporation, condensation, and fluid flow as they affect the heat transfer processes in a constrained vapor bubble heat exchanger (CVBHX). This CVBHX consists of a small enclosed container with a square cross section (inside dimensions. 3 x 3 x 40 mm) partially filled with a liquid. The major portion of the liquid is in the corners, which act as arteries. When a temperature difference is applied to the ends of the CVBHX, evaporation occurs at the hot end and condensation at the cold end resulting in a very effective heat transfer device with great potential in space applications. Liquid is returned by capillary flow in the corners. A complete description of the system and the results obtained to date are given in the papers listed.
Experimental study of flash boiling spray vaporization through quantitative vapor concentration and liquid temperature measurements
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Zhang, Gaoming; Hung, David L. S.; Xu, Min
2014-08-01
Flash boiling sprays of liquid injection under superheated conditions provide the novel solutions of fast vaporization and better air-fuel mixture formation for internal combustion engines. However, the physical mechanisms of flash boiling spray vaporization are more complicated than the droplet surface vaporization due to the unique bubble generation and boiling process inside a superheated bulk liquid, which are not well understood. In this study, the vaporization of flash boiling sprays was investigated experimentally through the quantitative measurements of vapor concentration and liquid temperature. Specifically, the laser-induced exciplex fluorescence technique was applied to distinguish the liquid and vapor distributions. Quantitative vapor concentration was obtained by correlating the intensity of vapor-phase fluorescence with vapor concentration through systematic corrections and calibrations. The intensities of two wavelengths were captured simultaneously from the liquid-phase fluorescence spectra, and their intensity ratios were correlated with liquid temperature. The results show that both liquid and vapor phase of multi-hole sprays collapse toward the centerline of the spray with different mass distributions under the flash boiling conditions. Large amount of vapor aggregates along the centerline of the spray to form a "gas jet" structure, whereas the liquid distributes more uniformly with large vortexes formed in the vicinity of the spray tip. The vaporization process under the flash boiling condition is greatly enhanced due to the intense bubble generation and burst. The liquid temperature measurements show strong temperature variations inside the flash boiling sprays with hot zones present in the "gas jet" structure and vortex region. In addition, high vapor concentration and closed vortex motion seem to have inhibited the heat and mass transfer in these regions. In summary, the vapor concentration and liquid temperature provide detailed information
Control of flow through a vapor generator
DOEpatents
Radcliff, Thomas D.
2005-11-08
In a Rankine cycle system wherein a vapor generator receives heat from exhaust gases, provision is made to avoid overheating of the refrigerant during ORC system shut down while at the same time preventing condensation of those gases within the vapor generator when its temperature drops below a threshold temperature by diverting the flow of hot gases to ambient and to thereby draw ambient air through the vapor generator in the process. In one embodiment, a bistable ejector is adjustable between one position, in which the hot gases flow through the vapor generator, to another position wherein the gases are diverted away from the vapor generator. Another embodiment provides for a fixed valve ejector with a bias towards discharging to ambient, but with a fan on the downstream side of said vapor generator for overcoming this bias.
Gas embolotherapy: Bubble evolution in acoustic droplet vaporization and design of a benchtop microvascular model
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Wong, Zheng Zheng
This work was motivated by an ongoing development of a potential embolotherapy technique to occlude blood flow to tumors using gas bubbles selectively formed by in vivo acoustic droplet vaporization (ADV) of liquid perfluorocarbon droplets. Mechanisms behind the ADV, transport and lodging of emboli need to be understood before gas embolotherapy can translate to the clinic. Evolution of a bubble from acoustic droplet vaporization in a rigid tube, under physiological and room temperature conditions, was observed via ultra-high speed imaging. Effective radii and radial expansion ratios were obtained by processing the images using Image] software. At physiological temperature, a radial expansion ratio of 5.05 was attained, consistent with theoretical prediction. The initial radial growth rate was linear, after which the growth rate increased proportionally with square root of time. Nondimensionalization revealed that the subsequent growth rate also varied inversely with square root of initial radius. Eventually growth became asymptotic. No collapse was observed. A theoretical model derived from a modified Bernoulli equation, and a computational model by Ye & Bull (2004), were compared respectively with experimental results. Initial growth rates were predicted correctly by both models. Experimental results showed heavy damping of growth rate as the bubble grew towards the wall, whereas both models predicted an overshoot in growth followed by multiple oscillations. The theoretical model broke down near the wall; the computational model gave a reasonable bubble shape near the wall but would require correct initial pressure values to be accurate. At room temperature, the expansion ratio shot to 1.43 initially and oscillated down to 1.11, far below the theoretical prediction. Failure of the bubble to expand fully could be due to unconsumed or condensed liquid perfluorocarbon. A new fabrication method via non-lithographic means was devised to make a circular
Generation of Submicron Bubbles using Venturi Tube Method
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Wiraputra, I. G. P. A. E.; Edikresnha, D.; Munir, M. M.; Khairurrijal
2016-08-01
In this experiment, submicron bubbles that have diameters less than 1 millimeter were generated by mixing water and gas by hydrodynamic cavitation method. The water was forced to pass through a venturi tube in which the speed of the water will increase in the narrow section, the throat, of the venturi. When the speed of water increased, the pressure would drop at the throat of the venturi causing the outside air to be absorbed via the gas inlet. The gas was then trapped inside the water producing bubbles. The effects of several physical parameters on the characteristics of the bubbles will be discussed thoroughly in this paper. It was found that larger amount of gas pressure during compression will increase the production rate of bubbles and increase the density of bubble within water.
Bubble Generation in a Continuous Liquid Flow Under Reduced Gravity Conditions
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Pais, Salvatore Cezar
1999-01-01
The present work reports a study of bubble generation under reduced gravity conditions for both co-flow and cross-flow configurations. Experiments were performed aboard the DC-9 Reduced Gravity Aircraft at NASA Glenn Research Center, using an air-water system. Three different flow tube diameters were used: 1.27, 1.9, and 2.54 cm. Two different ratios of air injection nozzle to tube diameters were considered: 0.1 and 0.2. Gas and liquid volumetric flow rates were varied from 10 to 200 ml/s. It was experimentally observed that with increasing superficial liquid velocity, the bubbles generated decreased in size. The bubble diameter was shown to increase with increasing air injection nozzle diameters. As the tube diameter was increased, the size of the detached bubbles increased. Likewise, as the superficial liquid velocity was increased, the frequency of bubble formation increased and thus the time to detach forming bubbles decreased. Independent of the flow configuration (for either single nozzle or multiple nozzle gas injection), void fraction and hence flow regime transition can be controlled in a somewhat precise manner by solely varying the gas and liquid volumetric flow rates. On the other hand, it is observed that uniformity of bubble size can be controlled more accurately by using single nozzle gas injection than by using multiple port injection, since this latter system gives rise to unpredictable coalescence of adjacent bubbles. A theoretical model, based on an overall force balance, is employed to study single bubble generation in the dynamic and bubbly flow regime. Under conditions of reduced gravity, the gas momentum flux enhances bubble detachment; however, the surface tension forces at the nozzle tip inhibits bubble detachment. Liquid drag and inertia can act either as attaching or detaching force, depending on the relative velocity of the bubble with respect to the surrounding liquid. Predictions of the theoretical model compare well with performed
Surfactants for Bubble Removal against Buoyancy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Raza, Md. Qaisar; Kumar, Nirbhay; Raj, Rishi
2016-01-01
The common phenomenon of buoyancy-induced vapor bubble lift-off from a heated surface is of importance to many areas of science and technology. In the absence of buoyancy in zero gravity of space, non-departing bubbles coalesce to form a big dry patch on the heated surface and heat transfer deteriorates despite the high latent heat of vaporization of water. The situation is worse on an inverted heater in earth gravity where both buoyancy and surface tension act upwards to oppose bubble removal. Here we report a robust passive technique which uses surfactants found in common soaps and detergents to avoid coalescence and remove bubbles downwards, away from an inverted heater. A force balance model is developed to demonstrate that the force of repulsion resulting from the interaction of surfactants adsorbed at the neighboring liquid-vapor interfaces of the thin liquid film contained between bubbles is strong enough to overcome buoyancy and surface tension. Bubble removal frequencies in excess of ten Hz resulted in more than twofold enhancement in heat transfer in comparison to pure water. We believe that this novel bubble removal mechanism opens up opportunities for designing boiling-based systems for space applications.
Surfactants for Bubble Removal against Buoyancy
PubMed Central
Raza, Md. Qaisar; Kumar, Nirbhay; Raj, Rishi
2016-01-01
The common phenomenon of buoyancy-induced vapor bubble lift-off from a heated surface is of importance to many areas of science and technology. In the absence of buoyancy in zero gravity of space, non-departing bubbles coalesce to form a big dry patch on the heated surface and heat transfer deteriorates despite the high latent heat of vaporization of water. The situation is worse on an inverted heater in earth gravity where both buoyancy and surface tension act upwards to oppose bubble removal. Here we report a robust passive technique which uses surfactants found in common soaps and detergents to avoid coalescence and remove bubbles downwards, away from an inverted heater. A force balance model is developed to demonstrate that the force of repulsion resulting from the interaction of surfactants adsorbed at the neighboring liquid-vapor interfaces of the thin liquid film contained between bubbles is strong enough to overcome buoyancy and surface tension. Bubble removal frequencies in excess of ten Hz resulted in more than twofold enhancement in heat transfer in comparison to pure water. We believe that this novel bubble removal mechanism opens up opportunities for designing boiling-based systems for space applications. PMID:26743179
The collapse of a cavitation bubble in a corner
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Peters, Ivo; Tagawa, Yoshiyuki
2017-11-01
The collapse of cavitation bubbles is influenced by the surrounding geometry. A classic example is the collapse of a bubble near a solid wall, where a fast jet is created towards the wall. The addition of a second wall creates a non-axisymmetric flow field, which influences the displacement and jet formation during the collapse of a bubble. In this experimental study we generate mm-sized vapor bubbles using a focused pulsed laser, giving us full control over the position of the bubble. The corner geometry is formed by two glass slides. High-speed imaging reveals the directional motion of the bubble during the collapse. We find that the bubble displacement cannot be fully described by a simple superposition of the bubble dynamics of the two walls individually. Comparison of our experimental results to a model based on potential flow shows a good agreement for the direction of displacement.
Walks of bubbles on a hot wire in a liquid bath
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Duchesne, A.; Caps, H.
2017-05-01
When a horizontal resistive wire is heated up to the boiling point in a subcooled liquid bath, some vapor bubbles nucleate on its surface. The traditional nucleate boiling theory predicts that bubbles generated from active nucleate sites grow up and depart from the heating surface due to buoyancy and inertia. However, we observed here a different behavior: the bubbles slide along the heated wire. In this situation, unexpected regimes are observed; from the simple sliding motion to bubble clustering. We noticed that bubbles could rapidly change their moving direction and may also interact. Finally, we propose an interpretation for both the attraction between the bubbles and the wire and for the motion of the bubbles on the wire in terms of Marangoni effects.
Expanding Taylor bubble under constant heat flux
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Voirand, Antoine; Benselama, Adel M.; Ayel, Vincent; Bertin, Yves
2016-09-01
Modelization of non-isothermal bubbles expanding in a capillary, as a contribution to the understanding of the physical phenomena taking place in Pulsating Heat Pipes (PHPs), is the scope of this paper. The liquid film problem is simplified and solved, while the thermal problem takes into account a constant heat flux density applied at the capillary tube wall, exchanging with the liquid film surrounding the bubble and also with the capillary tube outside medium. The liquid slug dynamics is solved using the Lucas-Washburn equation. Mass and energy balance on the vapor phase allow governing equations of bubble expansion to be written. The liquid and vapor phases are coupled only through the saturation temperature associated with th
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The Dr. Robert W. Courter Seminar Series
The Mechanical Engineering (ME) Seminar Series has informally existed for over thirty years since the time when Dr. Thomas W. Lester was ME Department Chair. It was formally established as a regularly occurring event in 1995 by Dr. Effie Gutmark, then Chair of the ME Department. Since 2011 it has been sponsored and sustained by ME Alumnus Mr. Sidney “Sid” E. Fuchs being re-named to “The Sidney E. Fuchs Seminar Series” at that time. Mr. Fuchs, an alumnus of the ME undergraduate and graduate programs, is a Member and Chair Emeritus of the MIE Board of Advisors and ME Industry Advisory Council, and an Executive in Residence in the MIE Department and College of Engineering.
In 2019, Mr. Fuchs graciously decided to dedicate this seminar series to his former graduate adviser and mentor, Dr. Robert “Bob” W. Courter, to honor him for his life-long mentorship of students and his significant contributions to the LSU Mechanical Engineering Program and the profession. Thus, the seminar series was renamed to “The Dr. Robert W. Courter Seminar Series”.
The series brings a broad variety of distinguished speakers from academe, government and industry to the Department for the benefit of the students and the faculty. For those interested in topics covered during the Fall 2022 Seminar Series, please use the following link:
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Read chapter Alan J. Perlis: This series presents biographies of deceased members of the National Academy of Engineering....
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The National Academies Press
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https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/2231/chapter/34
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Below is the uncorrected machine-read text of this chapter, intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text of each book. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.
ALAN J. PERLIS 1 922-1 990 BY FERNANDO J. CORBATO ALAN ~ PERLIS one of the leading figures in the development of modern computer science, diec! of a heart attack on February 7, 1990, in New Haven, Connecticut, at the age of sixty-seven. Perlis was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 1977. As one of the pioneers in establishing the fledgling disci- pline of computer science, Perlis made several seminal contribu- tions. He played a major role in establishing the preeminent computer science department at the Carnegie Institute of Tech- nology (now Carnegie Mellon University). He was a leader in the development of early algebraic languages and was a forceful member of the international committee that formulated the influential ALGOL-60 language. He helped establish the Asso- ciation for Computing Machinery (ACM) as an effective profes- sional societywhile he served as an early president from 1962 to 1964. He also served as the founding editor of the Communica- tions of the A CM (CACM). The common themes throughout all these activities were his great personal impact, his verve in articulating the core of an argument, the pithiness of his re- marks, and the courage of his convictions. Perlis was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, on April 1,1922. He received a B.S. in chemistry in 1942 from the Carnegie Institute of Technology. From 1942 to 1945 he served in the U.S. Army Air Force. He received an M.S. and a Ph.D. from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1949 and 1950, 167
168 MEMORIAL TRIBUTES respectively. In 1948-1949 he was a research mathematician with Project Whirlwind at MIT. He was a mathematical adviser with the multimachine computing laboratory of the Aberdeen Prov- ing Grounds, Maryland, in 1951-1952. In 1952 he returned again to Project Whirlwind at MIT where he remained until becoming an assistant professor at Purdue University in Septem- ber 1952. At Purdue, Perlis formed and headed the institution's first digital computer laboratory. In 1955 he organized the pioneer- ing development of the IT (Internal Translator) language com- piler, initially on the Datatron 205. In 1956 Perlis became an associate professor of mathematics at the Carnegie Institute of Technology and director of the computation center. By November 1956 a version of the IT compiler was operating on the IBM 650, and Perlis with his coworkers went on to develop a succession of algebraic language compilers and assemblers. In 1960 Perlis was appointed as professor and chairman of the mathematics department at Carnegie Tech while continuing as director ofthe computation center. By 1962 he became codirector of a graduate program in systems and communication, and in 1965 he became the first head of a graduate department of computer science at Carnegie Tech. During the academic year 1965-1966, Perlis was a visiting professor at the Mathematische Centrum at Amsterdam, Holland. By the late 1960s the com- puter science department at Carnegie Tech was viewed as one of the top departments in the country. In 1971 Perlis was persuaded to join the newly established (1969) computer science department at Yale University and become the Eugene Higgins Professor of Computer Science. He played a leading role in building the department and developing innovative computer science courses. He took major responsi- bility for teaching both at the undergraduate introductory level and at the graduate level. He was department chairman in 1976- 1977 and 1978-1979, and acting chairman in 1987. In 1977- 1978 Perlis spent the academic year as the Gordon and Betty Moore Professor of Computer Science at the California Institute of Technology.
ALAN J. PERLIS 169 Although Perlis's interests in computer science were extraor- dinarily broad, he maintained throughout his career a focus on programming languages. In 1958 Perlis with K. Samelson coau- thored the ALGOL-58 report, a first international attempt to develop an algebraic programming language. He was a member of the subsequent committee that published the widely studied and influential ALGOL-60 report. During the 1960s, Perlis was involved in the definition of extensions to ALGOL, such as Formula ALGOL for manipulating formal mathematical ex- pressions, and LCC, a form of ALGOL for interactive incremen- tal programming. Throughout his career Perlis was a frequent invited lecturer around the globe. He wrote dozens of papers and two books, some individually, some with others, on a variety of topics ranging from the virtues of particular programming languages, and the process of software engineering, to addressing basic questions such as "What is Computer Science?" His publications always got the attention of his peers for he never failed to make an interesting point and expressed himself with vigor. Perlis was not content to be a builder of two important computer science departments and a leader in the design and study of new computer languages; as mentioned previously, he also played a major role in the formation of the ACM and was the founding editor of the Communications of the ACM. In 1966, in recognition of his research and scholarship in computer sci- ence, Perlis was the first recipient of the A. M. Turing Award, the highest award of the ACM. Perlis had great impact on the discipline of modern computer science as it emerged. He received honorary doctor of science degrees from Davis and Elkins College, Purdue University, Wa- terloo University, and Sacred Heart University. In 1974 he was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and in 1984 he received the AFIPS Education Award of the American Federation of Information Processing Societies (AFIPS). In his work for the National Research Council, Perlis served on the Assembly ~ 1979-1981 ~ and Computational Mechanics Committee ~ 1981-1985) of the Assembly of Engineering, on the Commission (1982-1984) and the Board on Telecommunica-
170 MEMORIAL TRIBUTES tions/Computer Applications (1987-1989) of the Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems, ant! on the National Research Network Review Committee ( 1988-1989) of the Com- mission of Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Resources. Everyone who knew Perlis will realize that the above formal recounting of his career leaves out a crucial aspect. He was a warm and enthusiastic man, with a quick wit and a wonderful ability to turn a phrase or capture the core of an idea. Itwas a rare committee where he clicT not make his presence felt by all. He could both persuade and inspire others about the wisdom of following technical paths, and he did it not only by his forceful- ness and rational analysis but also by his shrewd use of humor. He was famous for his "one-liners" that epigrammatically made a technical point. His friends used to argue about which one they liked best and compile lists to circulate. For example, he noted the wide disparity of talent among programmers and the near- genius of the elite: Everyone can be taught to sculpt; Michelangelo would have had to be taught how not to. So it is with great programmers. Similarly, while acknowledging the value of the research process, he gently mocked the limited accomplishments of contempo- rary programs that emulate learning: When we write programs that 'learn,' it turns out we do and they don't. Perlis in his later years was confined to a wheelchair. He brooked no concern for his condition and, with the help of his devoted wife, Sydelle, maintained an active career et Yale Univer- sity during the academic years and at Xerox Palo Alto Research Center each summer. He will be remembered for his courage and zest for life as much as for his technical and leadership accomplishments.
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Message from the Chair: Spring 2016
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Dear ME friends, alumnae/i, and students: I appreciate you taking the time to read this issue of Mech E Force. A lot has happened in our department since last fall,…
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Dear ME friends, alumnae/i, and students:
I appreciate you taking the time to read this issue of Mech E Force. A lot has happened in our department since last fall, and I’m excited to share some highlights with you.
Students: The 35th annual Mechanical Engineering Senior Design Day was held Tuesday, May 3 in Hodson Hall. Sixteen teams of Mechanical Engineering Seniors presented the final results of their Senior Design Projects, in the form of presentations, prototypes and posters. One of these projects, a prosthetic foot designed for use with high heels, already has been featured in major news outlets such as FOX News and has more press in the pipeline. View all of this year’s projects here.
The Johns Hopkins Baja SAE team continues to amaze us with their creativity and determination to better themselves from the previous year. This year’s team was led by Anna Goodridge, the first female captain in the history of the club. Check out her vision for the future and what the title of captain means to her.
Finally, we are proud to guide our students to apply what they use in the classroom in real-life application. Prof. Marin Kobilarov served as advisor to a Whiting School of Engineering team that won the 2016 KUKA Innovation Award. Neda Yaghoobian, a postdoctoral visiting scholar worked with Prof. Rajat Mittal to create a computer model to help unravel the wicked wind conditions on the 12th hole on the Augusta National Golf Club. These are only a few of the most recent examples of the great work our students are performing.
Faculty and Staff: We are sad to report that Prof. Andrea Prosperetti is retiring from JHU to pursue other opportunities at the University of Houston. Dr. Prosperetti will continue to be affiliated with the Department with his appointment as Homewood Professor of Engineering beginning July 1, 2016. Join us in celebrating his illustrious career here as we wish him well in his new adventure.
Prof. Tamer Zaki received an Office of Naval Research Young Investigative Award. Prof. Charles Meneveau was awarded Honorary Doctorate by Danish Technical University. Prof. Steven Marra received the Capers and Marion McDonald Award for Excellence in Mentoring and Advising at Convocation this year.
Six of our current or former staff members were nominated for awards given by the Whiting School of Engineering this year and we are proud to announce that all three of this year’s Excellence Awards were given to current or former Mechanical Engineering staff! Jess Ader, Mike Bernard, and Lorrie Dodd received 2016 Whiting School Staff Excellence Awards for “distinguished recognition of their hard work, devotion, and commitment to excellence.”
We’re sure our alumni aren’t just resting on their laurels, but haven’t heard from many of you recently. Have an interesting story to tell? Recently win an award? Work on a cool project? Tell us! We’d love to hear from you and feature you on our social media channels and alumni page.
Our website is constantly being updated with news and information; I encourage you to visit it often. If you’d prefer a more interactive experience, our Facebook page is a great place to learn about upcoming events, view photos, and interact with other Mechanical Engineering students, alumni/ae, and friends.
Did you notice something that’s missing, or simply want to provide commentary or feedback? Please feel free to email me at mech_eng@jhu.edu, call me at 410-516-6782, or even mail us a letter at Department of Mechanical Engineering, 223 Latrobe Hall, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218. I looking forward to hearing from you and hope you’re doing well.
Best Regards,
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David Bohm's Interview
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Martin Sherwin: At the Stanhope Hotel in New York, June 15th, 1979. David Bohm: I met him in about 1941. I went to Caltech to do graduate work, and I wasn’t very satisfied there. It was much too limited technically. Sherwin: Where did you do your undergraduate work? Bohm: At Pennsylvania…
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Nuclear Museum
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https://ahf.nuclearmuseum.org/voices/oral-histories/david-bohms-interview/
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Martin Sherwin: At the Stanhope Hotel in New York, June 15th, 1979.
David Bohm: I met him in about 1941. I went to Caltech to do graduate work, and I wasn’t very satisfied there. It was much too limited technically.
Sherwin: Where did you do your undergraduate work?
Bohm: At Pennsylvania State College. Now it’s called Pennsylvania State University. He used to come down there for a month or so every year, and I met him. He suggested coming up to Berkeley, and so I came up that fall.
Sherwin: What impressed you about him? What made you think you’d like to work with him?
Bohm: Well he seemed, you know, more lively, and he was more interested in general ideas than anybody at Caltech. They were rather narrow in what they wanted to do, solving very limited, specific technical problems. So it seemed that that would be better.
Sherwin: Did you have a series of problems that you were working on at that point that interested you, or were you still fishing around?
Bohm: No, there was a fellow called Epstein who had proposed a problem, but I didn’t particularly like it. It was some calculation of scattering of light by dust in interplanetary space. It finally resolved itself through a rather complicated set of calculations, and I didn’t see the value of doing that. Oppenheimer seemed to have a more general interest in what physics was about.
Sherwin: You had been at Caltech for one year?
Bohm: Well, that was the second year.
Sherwin: Second year. Did you know Frank Oppenheimer?
Bohm: I met him also up at Berkeley.
Sherwin: At Berkeley. He was at Stanford at the time, I guess, when you were at Caltech. So you moved up to Berkeley, and this is 1941?
Bohm: ’41, yeah.
Sherwin: The fall of ’41?
Bohm: Yes. Well, I really got up there about June, I suppose. I attended seminars and met people there and began to work on some sort of formula.
Sherwin: What problem did you work on?
Bohm: Well, I can’t remember exactly. It started out with some sort of problem of scattering the neutrons and deuterons and they carried that a certain distance. Then I finally felt, you know, that the thing was too ambiguous to be completed. But later on, I combined that with some work on scattering of protons on protons to get a thesis.
Sherwin: When did you complete your thesis?
Bohm: I think it was in ’43 or thereabouts; ’42, ’43.
Sherwin: Was Oppenheimer the primary director of the thesis?
Bohm: Yes. Well, he wasn’t around a great deal, but the war came shortly after and shortly after that he became involved, mainly radiation work in the military research.
Sherwin: So you were working pretty much on your own?
Bohm: Yeah.
Sherwin: You finished it in ’43?
Bohm: Thereabouts.
Sherwin: Where were you working? Were you at the Radiation Lab?
Bohm: Well, I was just a teaching assistant there. I finished my Ph.D, and then I went into the Radiation Lab.
Sherwin: I went through the Oppenheimer hearings this morning. You have been through them, I assume?
Bohm: Perhaps. I mean, I think it was some time ago.
Sherwin: Right. There’s a whole series of accusations that are very vague. You and [Giovanni Rossi] Lomanitz and Max Friedman and David Hawkins. They sort of put the four of you into a category as security risks.
It’s stated in the hearings that as far as you’re concerned, what Oppenheimer was told the reason that you can’t be cleared for the Los Alamos project was because you had family in Germany.
Bohm: That was what he told me, yeah.
Sherwin: That was what he told you?
Bohm: Yeah.
Sherwin: Did you have any suspicions that—
Bohm: It was in Czechoslovakia. Well, I could have suspected that it—
Sherwin: What was your feeling about the whole thing? I’m trying to evoke a sense of—
Bohm: Well, at one moment, I felt regret that I couldn’t go there, because everybody else was going there. But I thought it would be rather isolated, which in fact it was. In the long run, I think it turned out for the best that I didn’t go. I don’t think it would have been very interesting to me, now that I know what they were doing there. I wouldn’t have been very interested in it, anyway.
I probably found it more interesting to stay where I was in Berkeley, although I had to go through about or year or two of nobody really to talk with. But eventually [Harrie] Massey and [Eric] Burhop came from England and began to do plasma work, which probably was more interesting than anything I could have found to do out at Los Alamos.
Sherwin: So the general, word was out in terms of the young physicists that if you could get to—did they know it was Los Alamos, or just know it was—?
Bohm: It was New Mexico, that’s all I knew.
Sherwin: New Mexico, that everybody was there?
Bohm: Yeah, well, there was a big project going on out there, working on things that might be very important. That’s all.
Sherwin: But nobody knew that it was—
Bohm: Well, I think we knew that it had to be something associated—everybody knew you were working on uranium that involved a liberation of atomic energy. You could guess that it was a bomb, but you couldn’t be sure.
Sherwin: Hawkins wasn’t a physicist, was he?
Bohm: No, I hardly knew Hawkins. I mean, I may have met him once or twice before at that time. I met him later in Geneva long afterward, at a conference with [Jean] Piaget. But I don’t think I knew Hawkins. You know, met him once or twice. But I don’t know why he’s lumped in with us. I don’t think any of us saw much of him.
Sherwin: I think the reason is that he was also accused of either being a communist or being a fellow [inaudible].
Bohm: Yeah, well, we hardly knew Hawkins.
Sherwin: Did you ever talk about Oppenheimer with Hawkins?
Bohm: No. No, I think none of us was—see, the three of us in the department there were Lomanitz, Friedman, [Joseph] Weinberg—the four of us, myself. We had close contact, because we knew each other, and we may have met Hawkins once or twice. Perhaps some of the others knew him better, for all I know.
Sherwin: Yeah. Now, what’s your sense of the charges against Lomanitz and [Bernard] Peters and Weinberg?
Bohm: What were the charges?
Sherwin: Well, it’s all very vague, which is one of the real problems. But basically, that the only thing we know is that they were suspected of being either communists or sympathetic to communism. Lomanitz, [John] Lansdale, who was the security officer, stated that he had been too loose with information.
Bohm: Well, I couldn’t say anything about looseness with information.
Sherwin: No, of course not. I just wanted to tell you what I knew about—
Bohm: See, I’ve no evidence that Lomanitz was loose with information. But certainly we were all close to communists at the time. I might have stated so in the cases. At that time it wasn’t regarded as so bad, because the Russians were our allies.
Sherwin: Well, of course.
Bohm: But I have no evidence of looseness of information.
Sherwin: What was your association with the left, to put it generally? Were you a member of the Communist Party?
Bohm: Well, for a short time, yes.
Sherwin: You were. When was that?
Bohm: I can’t remember.’42, ’43.
Sherwin: Frank Oppenheimer has stated that he was a member from, was it ’36 to ’38.
Bohm: Yes, I had no contact with him. I wouldn’t know anything him except what he said.
Sherwin: What led you to join the Communist Party at that time?
Bohm: Well, it’s a complicated story. You see, I felt at the time, you know—
Sherwin: Let me tell you why I’m asking this. I’m trying to incorporate, of writing this book, about the period of the ‘30s, to try and get a feeling, sort of a portrait of academics who had left-wing sympathies, and why the positions that the Communist Party took appeared to be attractive to them.
Bohm: Until, say in 1940 or ’41, I wouldn’t have had much sympathy with the Communist Party.
Sherwin: How old were you in ’41?
Bohm: I was about—1917 I was born.
Sherwin: Okay. I’ll work it out from that.
Bohm: ’37 was twenty years, so I would’ve been twenty-four. The thing that deeply impressed me was the collapse of Europe in the face of the Nazis, which I felt was due to the lack of will to resist, that there were a lot of people there who preferred them to the Russians. I felt that there was such a trend in America, too.
I thought the Nazis were a total threat to civilization, or to mankind. That if they won, it was a total threat, and therefore, that they were completely in favor of irrationalism. It seemed that the Russians were the only ones who were really fighting them. That was the main thing. Then I began to listen to what they said more sympathetically.
Sherwin: Did you come from a family that was particularly political?
Bohm: No, no.
Sherwin: They were sort of Roosevelt Democrats?
Bohm: Yeah, more or less. Well, actually, my father had some sympathy with Mussolini, thought he’d bring order. We used to argue about that. Naturally, he had no sympathy for Hitler.
Sherwin: Yeah, yeah. That was in the earlier ‘30s, I suspect.
Bohm: Yeah.
Sherwin: There was a lot of that before Hitler came to power, or shortly thereafter. Now, how about your sense of—my sense of Lomanitz, who I haven’t spoken to. Where is he, by the way?
Bohm: He’s in New Mexico. Socorro, New Mexico.
Sherwin: I’m going to New Mexico on July 10th.
Bohm: Socorro, and it’s the School of Mines there.
Sherwin: Socorro, New Mexico. Can I just write to him?
Bohm: Well, I suppose you can.
Sherwin: Is that called the School of—
Bohm: I forget. You must find out what it’s called. It’s a University of New Mexico, the School of Mines, I can’t remember now. He’s most likely to be there, at least you can trace him from there.
Sherwin: Okay. And Max Friedman?
Bohm: Max Friedman’s in Puerto Rico, but he’s retired from the University of Puerto Rico. He’s called Manfred down there now.
Sherwin: Okay. I was going to ask about your sense of Lomanitz’s politics and relationship to the kinds of suggestions that were made by the security officers about him. Was he very much an active and committed-type political activist?
David: I think he tended favor activism, yes. No doubt about that.
Sherwin: Was he a member of the Communist Party?
Bohm: I think you should really ask him.
Sherwin: I should ask him. Right, okay. Fair enough.
Bohm: He was quite, you know—
Sherwin: Could you tell me more about when you joined? What was it to join?
Bohm: Nothing. Essentially, I began to feel that they did nothing but talk about things of no significance, about trying to organize protests of affairs on the campus, and so on.
Sherwin: Was it a campus chapter?
Bohm: Well, it was more or less campus, yeah.
Sherwin: Did you go to meetings?
Bohm: A few meetings, yes. The meetings were interminable, discussing all these interminable attempts to stir up things on the campus, which really didn’t amount to much.
Sherwin: Anything else with a large group?
Bohm: No.
Sherwin: Was it mostly academics at Berkeley?
Bohm: Oh, I can’t even remember too well. It was a mixture of different kinds of people.
Sherwin: Now, you asked Oppenheimer to go to Los Alamos in March of ’44. You had already finished your PhD?
Bohm: Yes. Well, in fact, at first he was saying that I would go. Then I found out, he said I couldn’t go. Then I sort of asked him if we couldn’t have that changed. Because at that time I felt I would be very isolated at Berkeley.
Sherwin: Right. Did you have any suspicions that the reasons that you—
Bohm: I more or less suspected that they might have thought it was my politics. But, of course, I had no way to prove any of that. It seemed plausible.
Sherwin: Now, when you testified before HUAC in May of 1949—and this question is as much for a friend of mine as it is for me, who’s writing another book. I’ll tell you about it in a minute.
Cliff Durr was your attorney. This friend of mine, John Rosenberg—whose son is named after Cliff Durr and is a very close friend of the family—he’s a historian and he’s writing a biography of Durr. I’d like to know everything that you could tell me, and tell John, about how you got to Durr. It was you and Lomanitz—
Bohm: I think some friends of ours, whose name I can’t remember, got us to Durr. I can’t remember who they would’ve been. Maybe it was Ed Condon.
Sherwin: Could very well have been Condon.
Bohm: They got us in touch with Durr. No, actually, somebody told me about Abe Fortas and I tried to talk with him. I may have had a little talk with him, but it may be that he put us onto Cliff Durr. Like I say, I just can’t remember. But when we talked it over—my memory of the period is rather sketchy. We stayed at Ed Condon’s [inaudible].
Sherwin: This was in Washington.
Bohm: Yeah.
Sherwin: Okay. Do you remember your impressions of Durr, or any advice that he gave you?
Bohm: He seemed a sympathetic pers. We talked it over and he seemed like he sympathized with what I was doing. So he presented the case and I decided to refuse to testify.
Sherwin: Now, you must have discussed this whole thing with him?
Bohm: Yeah.
Sherwin: Was this before or after Frank Oppenheimer and Jackie Oppenheimer had testified? Do you know?
Bohm: That I can’t remember. No, it was all such a jumble.
Sherwin: Right. Because they took the position that they would say anything about themselves—
Bohm: Yeah.
Sherwin: But nothing about—
Bohm: Yeah, well, I was advised that if I did that, then they could put you in jail.
Sherwin: That’s right. Yeah. Durr had advised them the same, but they were adamant for some reason to do it that particular way they decided upon. Do you remember any of the discussions with Durr? This came up, in other words?
Bohm: Yeah, I’m sure we discussed all that, yeah.
Sherwin: Did he see you and Lomanitz together?
Bohm: I think we did. It’s such a long time ago.
Sherwin: Sure. No, I know, but I’m going to try.
Bohm: I imagine we did. I think I may have seen him alone and with Lomanitz on different occasions.
Sherwin: Do you remember anything about your sense of him as a lawyer?
Bohm: I can just say that I had confidence in him. He seemed friendly and helpful.
Sherwin: He went to the hearings with you?
Bohm: Oh, yes. Yes.
Sherwin: Were they open or closed, or both? I know some of them were open.
Bohm: They were open. They were all open.
Sherwin: They were all open. Do you remember any particular advice that he gave you at the hearing?
Bohm: No. There wasn’t a lot to advise. I think the position was clear. He may have had to say once in a while two words to me at the hearing, but the whole thing was fairly clear.
Sherwin: Did you pay him a fee?
Bohm: What happened was that the second time I went to the—he referred me to somebody who was no longer in Washington. Later, when I had my Contempt of Congress, there was a fellow called [Harry C.] Lamberton who defended me there, who Durr put me in touch with.
Sherwin: When was the second?
Bohm: We’ll come to that. I remember paying Lamberton a fee. But I don’t recall—if I paid Durr a fee it was very modest. It was just to cover expenses. That’s about all that would’ve been paid to him.
Sherwin: You were an assistant professor at that time?
Bohm: Yeah.
Sherwin: Or had you already been—
Bohm: No, I was still an assistant professor, I was under contract. As a matter of fact, several years later I was indicted for Contempt of Congress and acquitted. But Lamberton defended me then. My contract ended just about that time, so I remained at Princeton University until 1951, summer of 1951.
Sherwin: When did you first go to Princeton?
Bohm: ’47.
Sherwin: ’47.
Bohm: January.
Sherwin: Was it a four-year assistant professor contract?
Bohm: No. They gave me one and there was one and a half years, and then I got a three-year contract.
Sherwin: Was everything going along well at Princeton until this hearing in ’49?
Bohm: Yes, oh, yeah, yeah.
Sherwin: Could you tell me about the Princeton experience? How it became public knowledge that you were being called before HUAC?
Bohm: Well, it was put in the papers.
Sherwin: Okay. How did the university react [inaudible]?
Bohm: Yeah, the thing was put in the papers. Some of the New York papers carried headlines on “Princeton Prof Balks Quiz,” was the headline.
Sherwin: Balks?
Bohm: “Balks Quiz,” yeah. The thing was public knowledge, obviously. Now, at first they didn’t say anything for quite a while.
Sherwin: Who was president?
Bohm: [Harold W.] Dodds.
Sherwin: Dodds, okay. Chairman of the Physics Department was—
Bohm: Was [Allen] Shenstone. [Henry DeWolf] Smyth for a while, but Smyth had already gone to the Atomic Energy Commission, and Shenstone was now. At one stage, about a year later, Dodds called me in, a year and a half later, and said I should testify. He implied it, anyway.
Sherwin: Can you remember more about that?
Bohm: He felt there was no justification for not testifying.
Sherwin: This is in 1950?
Bohm: About ’50 or thereabouts.
Sherwin: Six months, a year after your hearing?
Bohm: About a year. He didn’t say anything more than that.
Sherwin: Had you ever met him before?
Bohm: No.
Sherwin: He just called you in?
Bohm: We talked it over, and he sort of kept on intimating that it would best to testify.
Sherwin: What did you say in response?
Bohm: Well, I couldn’t give much of an answer. That was about all. The Physics Department did back me up, most of them. When they heard [inaudible] that they weren’t going to renew the contract, they went to the president, most of them, including the head, Shenstone. They made a strong representation, but it wasn’t able to change anything.
Sherwin: In other words, it was Dodds who decided that your contract would not be renewed?
Bohm: That’s right. Yeah. It was primarily Dodds, yes.
Sherwin: Then what? What time of the year was it?
Bohm: It was November I was indicted for Contempt of Congress, and I was suspended.
Sherwin: November of?
Bohm: 1950. Then I was suspended with pay, because I was on contract.
Sherwin: Why were you indicted?
Bohm: Contempt of Congress, because I hadn’t testified. At that time, it wasn’t clear whether you had the right not to testify on the basis of self-incrimination. They argued that being a member of the Communist Party was not officially a crime, therefore, the government was arguing that therefore you had no right.
Meanwhile, about March, the Supreme Court made a decision on one case that they did have the right, and I came to trial in June. But by that time, of course, the issue was decided.
Sherwin: Yes.
Bohm: When I was suspended, I was not supposed to appear on the campus.
Sherwin: How did something like that come about?
Bohm: What?
Sherwin: That you couldn’t appear on campus.
Bohm: That was the terms of the suspension. All I know is that they sent me a letter, and that was it.
Sherwin: You’re a theorist, right?
Bohm: Yeah.
Sherwin: So it wasn’t like you had a whole—
Bohm: No. In fact, it was a big boon, because I had a lot of time to myself, and I would do a lot of work. I really was able to do my work much better.
Sherwin: You weren’t so disturbed by this whole thing that it made it impossible to work?
Bohm: No.
Sherwin: What was your attitude towards academia, your colleagues in general, with all that was going on?
Bohm: They were sympathetic during this period. They didn’t understand what it was all about, because I couldn’t explain it to them. But they were at least sympathetic. Most of them, not all of them, but most of them.
But I was finding anyway that in the university there’s a kind of pressure, a very subtle pressure, to work on a certain line. Which, as a result of being suspended, I was sort of freed from the pressure and then I was able to move more freely. Because it’s not that people are putting you under pressure, but just simply to be able to talk with people, you have to sort of think on their lines, right?
Sherwin: So what were you working on before you were suspended?
Bohm: I was working on plasma both before and after. I got a bit further after. Also I began to work on what I called the interpretation of the quantum theory. Well, I was doing a bit before, but I began to do it much more vigorously afterward, to question the interpretation of the quantum theory. I came out with a positive interpretation, another interpretation.
Sherwin: This was published?
Bohm: In the Physical Review.
Sherwin: What’s the name of the paper?
Bohm: “A Suggested Interpretation of the Quantum Theory.”
Sherwin: And that came out in?
Bohm: 1952.
Sherwin: ’52. Did you see Oppenheimer during any of this time in Princeton?
Bohm: He was at the Institute for Advanced Study, so I saw him occasionally. I had a few friends at the Institute, but I wasn’t very closely associated there. Oppenheimer was in another line. He didn’t sympathize with what I was doing in physics. He felt that I was making a mistake, that I should work on orthodox lines. So during all that time, we were not really in sympathy.
But we did, perhaps, occasionally saw each other at the Institute or met on the street occasionally. When I wasn’t able to get a job, I went to see him and he gave me some advice to get in touch with the State Department to get a passport. I got an offer of a job in Brazil, and he sent a letter in favor of me [inaudible].
Sherwin: How did you feel about him during this period? The Peters affair I think had already—
Bohm: Yes, well, that was very disturbing the way, he reacted. I asked him about it and he told me his nerve gave way at that moment, that somehow the thing was too much for him.
Sherwin: That fits. Do you remember more about that conversation?
Bohm: No. We didn’t talk—
Sherwin: When did you ask him that?
Bohm: Well, it was probably shortly after the thing came out in the papers. I happened to be over there.
Sherwin: At the Institute?
Bohm: At the Institute. I recall I asked him and that’s what I recall him saying.
Sherwin: That his nerve gave way.
Bohm: Well, not in those words, but that’s what he meant. I can’t remember his words, but what it meant was that he has this tendency when the thing gets too much, he sometimes does irrational things. So he says he couldn’t understand why he did it.
Sherwin: That fits very much, because there are several periods of time, it certainly happened in ’54 with his hearing, where in 99% of his dealings with the outside world he was a very sort of forceful, powerful, apparently self-confident person. But under a certain amount of pressure—
Bohm: Yeah. He’s done that way with, what’s his name, who was this French—
Sherwin: [Haakon] Chevalier.
Bohm: Chevalier, right. I never knew Chevalier myself, but I could see that when Chevalier came to him with that story, he didn’t know what to do. He made the worse of all possible choices.
Sherwin: Yes, yes.
Bohm: Because, first of all, he didn’t report to the FBI as he should have, really. Secondly, since he didn’t after several months, he should have just kept quiet. But his nerve gave way at a certain point and he felt he couldn’t keep it quiet. The whole thing was just foolishness.
Sherwin: Yeah. Did you ever talk about him with other friends, other Oppenheimer students? Some sort of general views about Oppenheimer that you would like to share?
Bohm: He’s a very complex character. When I first arrived there, I was very much attracted to him. I think everybody used to almost worship him when I was a grad student at that time. They felt that he was a really quite a remarkable figure, and had great expectations of him. But I think that he always had certain weaknesses. They came out as he went on with his attempt to engage in politic..
First of all, he was very much on the left in politics, obviously, it was well-known. The story I heard from people is, that when he came back from Germany in about 1932, he was regarded the great hope of American physics, that he could do something in America comparable to what was going on in Europe. It didn’t pan out that way.
Sherwin: Let me ask you a question here. Did it look like it was panning out through the 1930s?
Bohm: For a few years it may have looked that way, but he probably began to feel it wouldn’t happen. I had a relative called [Milton] Plesset, that’s who put me in contact with Oppenheimer.
Sherwin: How do you spell that?
Bohm: P-L-E-S-S-E-T. I don’t know where he is now, but he told me that already by 1940 that Oppenheimer had been regarded as a great hope, but it wasn’t working out. That he was not doing what people, the way had been hoped. So that was already circulating by 1940.
Sherwin: That’s very interesting.
Bohm: What I have heard otherwise is that he went in for politics, says he felt he had to do something on a worldwide scale, a historical scale. He went in for politics and hoped that that was where he could this. Then when the opportunity came to work on the atomic energy, he felt that would be it.
When the war was over, he felt he would engage in politics through atomic energy on a worldwide scale and do something of real significance, which he tried to do, actually, in the Atomic Energy Commission. I mean, I think that what he tried to do was good, but he obviously wasn’t able to do it.
Sherwin: It was certainly better than what was done.
Bohm: Yeah, yeah. It would have been a lot better if he’d been able to do it, but he was not able. I think it was totally unrealistic to attempt. But there was a conversation he had with [Joseph] Weinberg once, saying that he felt he was going to do something to have some effect on history. I think that was part of his motivation.
Sherwin: Do you remember when that conversation—
Bohm: It could have been around 1942 or so.
Sherwin: This is before Los Alamos?
Bohm: Yeah.
Sherwin: Was he particularly close to Weinberg?
Bohm: No, but he talked with him occasionally.
Sherwin: He was closest to Peters?
Bohm: I don’t even know that. He may have been closer to Peters. Certainly closer to Peters than to Weinberg, but I don’t know how close he was to Peters either. I didn’t know him all that well. I only met him a few—he was off to the war work soon after I met him.
Sherwin: Right, right. How did you feel about him as a physicist after the war? You said that he disagreed with the approach that you were taking?
Bohm: Yeah. I wanted to question fundamentals. He felt that one should work on using the present theory, exploiting it and trying to work out something of its consequences. What was the big thing at that time was renormalization. I remember we went to two conferences, one at Fire Island, and the other in the Pocono Mountains.
The one at Pocono Mountains had [Richard] Feynman and [Niels] Bohr and all those people there. [Julian] Schwinger, that was when the thing came out with renormalization, and Schwinger. Shortly after that, Feynman did his work. Now, I think that Oppenheimer hoped that I would get into that sort of thing. But I was always trying to approach something more fundamental.
Sherwin: Now what was your view of his mind as a physicist at that time?
Bohm: In the beginning I had tremendous regard for him. But later I felt he was rather limited, that he was not really capable of—that’s, in fact, what Plesset told me, that he’s not capable of genuine originality, but that he’s very good at apprehending other people’s ideas and seeing their implications. In Los Alamos, it was really a very fine position for him, because he could see what people were doing and bring it all together.
Sherwin: Did he do as well at the Institute for Advanced Study?
Bohm: Well, there he didn’t have to do so much. Scholars there are more independent.
Sherwin: How about in the selecting of the people, permanent staff?
Bohm: I couldn’t say too much about that.
Sherwin: I mean, specifically the physicists.
Bohm: Well, he selected people, I don’t know on what basis. I mean, they seemed competent. But obviously, he selected them for that purpose, to fit in with his general approach. The ones he selected were very good at doing that.
Sherwin: Were you at seminars with him?
Bohm: Yes.
Sherwin: How would you describe his style in a seminar?
Bohm: It was dominating. He tended, especially in the early days, to completely dominate seminars. He was really good, fluent with his words. He had a manner which would carry you along. He had a certain charisma, is the best way to put it.
I think by the end of the war, he had begun to lose that charisma. I recall when we got to the Fire Island conference that he kept on doing that, and I began to think that he was talking too much. Whereas before the war, I would never have thought that.
Sherwin: Yes.
Bohm: But he didn’t have anything to back up—there wasn’t that much behind what he was saying to back up that much talking.
Sherwin: I see.
Bohm: But that was probably because he hadn’t been doing real physics for many years. He had been doing this, directing Los Alamos, which was not actually physics.
Sherwin: Right, right. You went off to Brazil in ’50—
Bohm: One.
Sherwin: One.
Bohm: Yeah.
Sherwin: Taught there for how long?
Bohm: About four and a half years.
Sherwin: Then you went—?
Bohm: To Israel, to the Technion at Haifa, that was a bit over two years. I met Sarah [Woolfson] there, and we got married and then we came to England, Bristol, in ’57; ’61 to present position in Berkeley.
Sherwin: Now, when you left the United States, did you just sort of leave all this behind? That is, the whole political turmoil?
Bohm: I didn’t engage in all that politics after that. I was still somewhat sympathetic to the left.
Sherwin: Did you stay in touch with Lomanitz?
Bohm: No, not really. I met Lomanitz later, much later. He came to England, I had a bit of a talk with him. No, we weren’t very close. I feel that my views have developed in a direction which isn’t close to Lomanitz. He wanted me to come over there to Socorro for a while, but I didn’t.
Sherwin: Your political or your physics views?
Bohm: In general, all the views.
Sherwin: What kind of physics does he do?
Bohm: I can’t even say for sure now, but he was more interested in logic and things like that. I met Friedman, he came to visit England briefly. Of course, he’s lost interest totally in politics, too. He immersed himself in his university work.
Sherwin: Did he know Oppenheimer?
Bohm: No, just vaguely. I should say, you know, that he [inaudible.]
Sherwin: I see, okay. Secretary Henry Stimson, the Secretary of War at the time, was led to believe by [General Leslie] Groves and various security officers that the Russians were receiving information from various people at Berkeley, at the Radiation Lab. Do you have any sense or anything at all?
Bohm: No, I wouldn’t. Many people all around knew roughly what was going on in Berkeley at that time, people out of the project. It was fairly clear that something was going on, and it didn’t take much to piece it together seeing all those physicists coming, eating lunch in the cafeterias there.
Sherwin: But that wouldn’t be unnatural at Berkeley, since [Ernest] Lawrence had his group?
Bohm: No, but it was on a scale which would have been far beyond anything that Lawrence would have wanted to do. I think that anybody could have seen something is going on there. This big expansion, people used to talk about, “The great thing.” Or I can’t remember the words they used, but implicating that there’s something going on there.
I mean I couldn’t say whether anybody contacted the Russians. But I knew of no such contacts. I think the Russians got tremendously a lot more information out of books in that group.
Sherwin: Oh, yeah, no question.
Bohm: Whatever they got from Berkeley would have been trivial anyway, the sort of thing that could have been known anyway. Any reasonably intelligent physicist could probably have pieced together what they were doing at Berkeley, just by seeing who was coming there and the scale of the operation.
Sherwin: Yeah. Now, did you need a security clearance to do what you were doing?
Bohm: Yeah, well, I had some sort of clearance there.
Sherwin: You worked through the war at Berkeley?
Bohm: Yeah.
Sherwin: Okay. Just that they were more touchy, I guess, about the Los Alamos—
Bohm: Yeah, well, that was where they made—I think that what you could have learned from Berkeley was that they were interested in isotope separation. One could think they might be working on a bomb, but there was no information available in Berkeley as to how this bomb would work. That I can tell you, but certainly, I never encountered any.
The sort of thing that they were working on, it would only be [inaudible] [0:01:35] information that the American government was taking isotope separation seriously and perhaps was able to separate isotopes on a large scale. That’s about all anybody could have learned. I think any reasonably intelligent physicist could have guessed that by just visiting Berkeley.
Sherwin: Right. Let’s see. I think Weinberg, is he at Syracuse?
Bohm: I don’t know where he is now, but I think that’s what I last recall.
Sherwin: But you don’t keep in touch with him?
Bohm: No.
Sherwin: Okay, let me go back to the 1930s then, and ask you about the left at Berkeley at the time. How would you describe the general atmosphere among physicists who had political consciousness about political activism, about the Communist Party?
Bohm: When?
Sherwin: Well, when you were at Berkeley, which is ’41, ’42.
Bohm: I think that was sort of the tail-end of this activity. It was already dying away. I think that except for a small circle, I knew that most physicists probably are not really that interested in politics. Certainly, I never encountered among physicists previously any great interest in politics. I think that in Berkeley, the whole atmosphere of the ‘30s must have produced a strong interest. Oppenheimer probably took part in that.
Sherwin: Where were some of the meetings, for example? If I’m going to describe all this, it would be useful to have a sense of the scale.
Bohm: Scale of what?
Sherwin: Of the activity of the Communist Party in Berkeley.
Bohm: Well, yes, I couldn’t give you much. The people I was with would meet in a room like this; somebody’s house.
Sherwin: So, we’re talking probably about twenty-five people?
Bohm: Even less, fifteen.
Sherwin: Fifteen. And that was the Berkeley Communist Party group that showed up regularly on—
Bohm: Well, there were probably other groups. I heard mention of other groups.
Sherwin: Right, but I mean the one that you were associated with.
Bohm: Yeah. So the scale was nothing much. I had the feeling was, that they were really rather ineffective, that’s all.
Sherwin: Were most of the people in your group scientists?
Bohm: No, no, no, all sorts of people.
Sherwin: Also local people?
Bohm: Local people, yeah. There was some mixture.
Sherwin: The activities? There were some protests?
Bohm: They tried to organize protests about conditions on the campus.
Sherwin: Working conditions for the secretaries?
Bohm: No, I can’t remember what about. About the treatment of students, or sometimes about working conditions.
Sherwin: Anything on a larger scale, like civil rights type of activities?
Bohm: They were not doing a lot of it in those days. I think there was a tremendous emphasis on helping the war effort at that time. So they were not out to rock the [0:06:00] boat.
Sherwin: Right. Did you meet Frank Oppenheimer then?
Bohm: I only met him through his brother.
Sherwin: Later on?
Bohm: Yeah. There was a tremendous blowup as to whatever the Communist Party was able to do. It really was not a tremendously significant group, as far as I could see at that time. I can’t see that any information available at Berkeley, if it could have got to them, would have made a great difference. The Los Alamos information is entirely different.
Sherwin: Yes, yeah. When did you first hear about Oppenheimer’s testimony?
Bohm: Oh, probably after the war, I guess.
Sherwin: No, no, the testimony for his hearing in ’54.
Bohm: Oh, well, I was down in Brazil.
Sherwin: How did you hear about it? Somebody write to you?
Bohm: No, I suppose there was something in paper, perhaps. Perhaps it was in Time Magazine or something.
Sherwin: Were you mentioned in anything?
Bohm: I was mentioned somewhere. I think that I was mentioned in the sense that one of the accusations against Oppenheimer was that he did write a letter in my favor.
Sherwin: Yeah. When you read the testimony—did you ever read the whole thing?
Bohm: Well, I read it much later, but, at least a considerable part of it. I just felt that they were out to get him, politically, that it was all trivialities.
Sherwin: My sense of how you feel about him and his relationship to your career—well, let me ask you how you feel about that. Do you hold him in any way responsible for any of the problems that you—
Bohm: No, he’s not responsible. No, he helped me to get into Berkeley and he helped me to get Brazil. I can’t blame him for not liking what I’m doing.
Sherwin: Yeah.
Bohm: I think he acted fairly to me, as far as he was able to.
Sherwin: What’s your sense of how he behaved towards some of the other young physicists?
Bohm: Well, there was Peters, and he explained that. Now, I can’t see that he did anything terribly wrong with the other physicists.
Sherwin: Because there certainly was a core of people, and [Edward] Condon at point being among them, and some others, too, who were very down on Oppenheimer, and are still very down.
Bohm: Yeah, well, I think they knew him better. Some people who knew him better are very disappointed in him. They feel that in some way he betrayed their ideals, perhaps. But I was never that close to him. I think that he did have opportunistic tendencies. He made it clear somewhere, some of the things he said, that he felt that when he was a child, that he felt very insignificant often. He somehow felt under compulsion to do something significant.
Now, that was really what moved him [inaudible] things he did. I think that because he shifted from one thing to another in his search for something significant, that some people said he betrayed them, that he just left and went to the other thing. But that’s my guess.
But I can’t say that he really ever did me any serious harm. He did try to help on several occasions, and I can’t say that I’m worse off as a result of having to leave America.
Sherwin: You’ve been able to do your physics.
Bohm: Yeah. I may be better off.
Sherwin: You’ve seen a lot of interesting places.
Bohm: Yeah. Or else I may have more [inaudible].
Sherwin: One last question. In the Oppenheimer testimony, it’s reported that Eugene Wigner threw a going away party for you?
Bohm: Oh, yeah, that’s true, yeah.
Sherwin: When you left Princeton, which surprised me when I first read it, because Wigner was such a conservative. Or at least became—
Bohm: No, I was surprised myself.
Sherwin: Oh, you were, okay.
Bohm: But, anyway, it was a good surprise.
Sherwin: He was still conservative?
Bohm: Yeah, but I meant that he didn’t approve of my politics, but he did throw the going away party. Since that time, we have been quite friendly.
No, I would say I, myself could no longer feel as I did that the left politics would solve the problems of mankind. I know that I was a bit naïve, but at that time, it did seem to me that it might.
[End of audio]
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Pricking the Bubble of Global Complacent Complicity
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Hyperdimensional insights from the physics of bubble blowing, bursting and collapse ?
-- / --
Introduction
Requisite philosophical reframing of bubbles, globes and foams?
Bubbles, balloons and cocoons
Clues to effective bubble pricking from the physics of bubbles?
Clues to bubble pricking from geometry and structural design?
Strategic implications of engaging with psycho-social bubbles?
Psycho-social hyperbubbling: beyond one-bubble credibility and despair?
Bubbles objectively "outside" vs Bubbles subjectively "inside"
References
Introduction
Readily admired by children, the beauty of bubbles exercises a peculiar fascination. There have been many uses of the bubble metaphor in relation to recent financial and economic crises (financial bubble, the housing bubble, etc). An extensive definition of a financial bubble is offered by the Financial Times Lexicon, and of bubble (economics) by Revolvy. Related terms include asset bubble, speculative bubble, stock market bubble, liquidity bubble, price bubble, and real estate bubble. There are also many references to collapsing bubbles and bursting bubbles -- also part of the fascination for children. Controversial references may be made to the commodities bubble and to the population bubble.
Less evident are the references to the manner in which collapsing and bursting is achieved using the pricking metaphor in that connection (John Cassidy, Pricking the Bubble, The New Yorker, 17 August 1998;Tim Iacono, Pricking Bubbles, Financial Times, 5 November 2009; Kevin Drum, Pricking Bubbles, Mother Jones, 7 July 2009; Carol Iannone, Pricking the Bubble, Research Gate, December 2011; Howard Davies, The Trouble with Financial Bubbles, The Guardian, 19 October 2015). Beyond description though the metaphor, the question of how has also been addressed (Wolfgang Munchau, How to Prick Bubbles, Financial Times, 26 October 2009; Dina Medland, Pricking The 'Bubble' Of Banking By Calling The Sector To Account, Forbes, 24 February 2014). Arguably however, this understanding of a "prick" is totally inadequate, if not naive, given the nature of such bubbles and how they are sustained.
There is even concern that maybe such bubbles should not be pricked, arguing for the appreciation of unpricked bubbles. Within mainstream economics, many believe that bubbles cannot be identified in advance, cannot be prevented from forming, that attempts to "prick" the bubble may cause financial crisis, and that instead authorities should wait for bubbles to burst of their own accord, dealing with the aftermath via monetary policy and fiscal policy (The Perils of Pricking Bubbles, The Economist, 14 May 1998; Howard Davies, Should we Prick Financial Bubbles? World Economic Forum, 20 Oct 2015; John Authers, The Importance of Bubbles that Did not Burst. Financial Times, 10 February 2017; John Galt, Neel Kashkari Argues Against Pricking Financial Bubbles, TheoTrade, 23 May 2017). Are bubbles "bad"? Despite any recognition of it being an illusion, is any process sustaining it to be so framed?
Although frequent reference is made to the importance of such bubbles and of their continuing emergence, it is less than clear that any effort is made to identify the set of bubbles which are currently evident or potentially emergent. Although it is recognized as a systemic phenomenon, the phenomenon is not explored systemically. In how many domains can socioeconomic and related bubbles be currently recognized? Whether bad or not, it is now foreseen that future bubble collapse will be even more catastrophic (Tyler Durden, 'The Everything Bubble': why the coming collapse will be even worse than the last, ZeroHedge, 17 May 2017; Adam Taggart, The Mother of All Financial Bubbles will be Unimaginably Destructive when it Bursts, The Market Oracle, 15 February 2017).
More intriguing is the seeming dependence on a bubble-like process. Is globalization the process of "blowing a bubble" of immense proportions -- or fruitfully recognizable as such? The process of promoting credibility in collective agendas, most notably in the case of "talking up" currencies and economic prospects, readily lends itself to framing by the metaphor. The widespread quest for agreement and the need for consensus, can be understood in that light, despite its illusory quality as separately argued (The Consensus Delusion: mysterious attractor undermining global civilization as currently imagined, 2011). There is some irony to the contrast between any bubble-like consensus and use of a seemingly distinct metaphor, namely solidarity. Is the solidarity -- for which appeals are so frequently made -- to be understood as equally bubble-like? Should global civilization be explored as a bubble -- given the risk of its collapse and the curious dependence on its growth? Should the quest for sustainability be explored in terms of ensuring the viability of a bubble?
The argument here is less concerned with the credibility accorded to the metaphor with respect to socioeconomic phenomena but rather to its relevance to any elusive sense of consensus. More especially the concern is with the manner in which it usefully characterizes questionable processes of complacent complicity. Are there illusions -- "myths" carefully created and sustained -- which merit recognition as bubbles of a kind (Cultivating the Myth of Human Equality: ignoring complicity in the contradictions thereby engendered, 2016).
What of the myth cultivated by so many that "we have never had it so good"? Is the complacent dependence on non-renewable resources to be usefully explored as a bubble? To what extent does humanity need bubbles and to enable more to be blown? The question can be explored otherwise in relation to the internet and assumptions regarding the desirability of filter bubbles to sustain confidence in particular world views (Eli Pariser, The Filter Bubble: what the internet is hiding from you, 2011; Holly Green, Breaking Out of Your Internet Filter Bubble. Forbes, 29 August 2011; Engin Bozdag and Jeroen van den Hoven, Breaking the Filter Bubble: democracy and design. Ethics and Information Technology, 17, 2015, 4).
The marketing strategies encouraging the emergence of search engine filter bubbles have recently been dramatically extended in response to political pressure to filter out "fake news" and information considered threatening to a dominant worldview -- potentially framed as "evil" (Andre Damon and Niles Niemuth, New Google Algorithm Restricts Access to Left-Wing, Progressive Web Sites, Transcend Media Service, 31 July 2017). This can be recognized as engendering a "bubble of recititude", or a "bubble of righteousness" -- ironically echoing historical forms of censorship, such as the Catholic Index Librorum Prohibitorum (abolished in 1966). This had been the responsibility of the Sacred Congregation of the Index, but was merged with the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith (previously the Sacred Congregation of the Inquisition).
Clearly the unquestionable rectitude of any such "bubble of faith" functions to inhibit any critical thinking by which it might be "pricked", whether from within or from without. With respect to questioning, the irony is all the greater in that the Inquistion had functions somewhat analogous to the search engines of today. Could filtering out misleading advertising and pornography be similarly justified, or the cultivation of violence for purposes of entertainment by the media?
More generally, and even more problematic, is the complacent complicity in the systematic depredation of the ecosystems of the environment. There is a bubble-like adaptability to any shocking news about the percentage of species forced into extinction, or the proportion of people suffering from various conditions of deprivation and injustice. Do such bubbles, as cocoons, offer a cushioning effect otherwise recognized in terms of psychic numbing and indifference (Indifference to the Suffering of Others: occupying the moral and ethical high ground through doublespeak, 2013)
If there is indeed a case for "pricking" some bubbles, missing from that metaphor is how a diminutive "prick" is so dramatically effective in ensuring the collapse of a relatively massive bubble -- and its evident global integrity. What is a "prick" in a knowledge-based civilization overwhelmed by fake news? Clearly it is not a new fact, nor is it the renewed promulgation of any inconvenient truth, as by Al Gore truth (An Inconvenient Truth, 2006; An Inconvenient Sequel: Truth to Power, 2017). Bubbles are bouncily resistant to such pressures, as climate change has so clearly demonstrated (An Inconvenient Truth about any inconvenient truth, 2008).
Given such questions, is there anything of psycho-social relevance to be learned from the extensive research on the physics of bubbles regarding the particular nature and efficacy of a "prick" as it might relate to complacent complicity? Could new insight be derived into what is intuitively recognized as a "bubble of hope", a "bubble of meaning", a "bubble of joy", or a "bubble of pleasure"? Is there any possibility that this might be relevant to new understanding of widespread recourse to psychotropic drugs or to the extremes of radicalism?
Requisite philosophical reframing of bubbles, globes and foams?
The quest for an effective "prick" can be fruitfully informed by the philosophical perspective on spheres offered in a 3-volume, 2,500-page trilogy by Peter Sloterdijk and Wieland Hoban. Thie volumes are most succinctly described in the following publisher summaries:
Bubbles: Microspherology (2011):
An epic project in both size and purview ... is the late-twentieth-century bookend to Heidegger's Being and Time. Rejecting the century's predominant philosophical focus on temporality, Sloterdijk, a self-described "student of the air", reinterprets the history of Western metaphysics as an inherently spatial and immunological project, from the discovery of self (bubble) to the exploration of world (globe) to the poetics of plurality (foam). Exploring macro- and micro-space from the Greek agora to the contemporary urban apartment, Sloterdijk is able to synthesize, with immense erudition, the spatial theories of Aristotle, René Descartes, Gaston Bachelard, Walter Benjamin, and Georges Bataille into a morphology of shared, or multipolar, dwelling --identifying the question of being as one bound up with the aerial technology of architectonics and anthropogenesis. Sloterdijk describes Bubbles, the first volume of Spheres, as a general theory of the structures that allow couplings -- or as the book's original intended subtitle put it, an "archeology of the intimate". Bubbles includes a wide array of images, not to illustrate Sloterdijk's discourse, but to offer a spatial and visual "parallel narrative" to his exploration of bubbles.
Globes: Macrospherology (2014):
All history is the history of struggles for spheric expansion. In Globes -- the second, and longest, volume -- the author attempts nothing less than to uncover the philosophical foundations of the political history -- the history of humanity -- of the last two thousand years. The first... volume of the author's Spheres trilogy, Bubbles, dealt with microspheres: the fact that individuals, from the fetal stage to childhood, are never alone, because they always incorporate the Other into themselves and align themselves with it. With Globes, Sloterdijk opens up a history of the political world using the morphological models of the orb and the globe, and argues that all previous statements about globalization have suffered from shortsightedness. For him, globalization begins with the ancient Greeks, who represented the whole world through the shape of the orb. With the discovery of America and the first circumnavigations of the earth, the orb was replaced by the globe. This second globalization is currently giving way to the third, which we are living through today, as the general virtuality of all conditions leads to a growing spatial crisis. Peter Sloterdijk tells here the true story of globalization: from the geometrization of the sky in Plato and Aristotle to the circumnavigation of the last orb -- the earth -- by ships, capital, and signals.
Foams: Plural Spherology (2016).
"So the One Orb has imploded -- now the foams are alive". Foams completes the Spheres trilogy: his 2,500-page "grand narrative" retelling of the history of humanity, as related through the anthropological concept of the "Sphere." For Sloterdijk, life is a matter of form and, in life, sphere formation and thought are two different labels for the same thing. The trilogy also offers his corrective answer to Martin Heidegger's Being and Time, reformulating it into a lengthy meditation on Being and Space -- a shifting of the question of who we are to a more fundamental question of where we are. In this final volume, Sloterdijk's "plural spherology" moves from the historical perspective on humanity of the preceding two volumes to a philosophical theory of our contemporary era, offering a view of life through a multifocal lens. If Bubbles was Sloterdijk's phenomenology of intimacy, and Globes his phenomenology of globalization, Foams could be described as his phenomenology of spatial plurality: how the bubbles that we form in our duality bind together to form what sociological tradition calls "society". Foams is an exploration of capsules, islands, and hothouses that leads to the discovery of the foam city. The Spheres trilogy ultimately presents a theology without a God -- a spatial theology that requires no God, whose death therefore need not be of concern. As with the two preceding volumes, Foams can be read on its own or in relation to the rest of the trilogy.
As argued by Robert Mugerauer (Anthropotechnology: Sloterdijk on environmental design and the foam worlds of co-isolation, Architecture and Culture, 4, 2016, 2):
... a reinterpretation of space, architecture, and culture could help us to learn to design better and act by way of an "anthropotechnology" (Sloterdijk's word) that is simultaneously developmental and threatening -- that might enable us to find an orientation in a world of complexity, and thus more positively shape our lives and future world. Sloterdijk's intriguing concepts -- spheres of immunization (bubbles, globes, foams), co-isolation, dyads, tensegrity -- hold great promise for the next pulse of architectural, planning, and construction theory.
Such an agenda could be understood as consistent with the argument of such as Michael Wheeler (Reconstructing the Cognitive World: the next step, 2005)
Bubbles, balloons and cocoons
Metaphorical bubbles: In the quest for better understanding of a "prick", various bubble-like forms merit exploration:
Worldviews: Clearly academic models -- philosophical, methodological or otherwise -- merit exploration as a bubble. It provides a coherent context -- however this may be challenged as unrelated to reality, as perceived from within other bubbles. The challenges may well be framed as "pricks" -- however readily they can be treated with indifference and set aside. The relations between religions, disciplines and ideologies suggests that, even when merely irritating, they may well give rise to very active responses -- most obviously of violent form
Institutional systems: Notably when they reflect worldviews, these offer instances in which the efficacy of a "prick" merits careful reflection. An obvious example is provided by the multiple cases worldwide of sexual abuse by the Catholic clergy. As recognized by the United Nations, as an institution the Catholic Church has been deviously skilled in denying the phenomenon and covering it up whenever recognition of it cannot be denied (Second UN panel criticizes Vatican on sex abuse, The Boston Globe, 22 May 2014). Thereafter various costly processes of damage management have been undertaken. The point to be stressed however is the inefficacy of any singular prick in that regard. The bubble of belief remains intact even when those at the highest level are recognized to have been complicit. Framed in terms of credibility, it can merely be argued that the bubble is leaking -- but not to a degree which could be described in terms of bursting or collapse, whatever the alienation of many of its adherents.
Similar points could be made with regard to complex institutions such as the United Nations and the European Union, as evidenced by the multiple scandals of recent years (Eursostat, ***). Although variously claimed to be in a state of imminent collapse, this has not proved to be the case. However the collapse may be one of credibility rather than institutional rituals cultivating a much-desired sense of sustained coherence.
"Imperial systems": Empires of any kind can be usefully explored as civilizational bubbles. Given the relatively recent collapses of the British, French, and Spanish colonial empires, these frame the question of the "prick" which triggered their dramatic decline. Potentially more insightful are the "pricks" which ensured the collapse of the Nazi empire and that of the Soviet Union. However the quest is even more relevant in the case of the USA and its partially achieved ambitions for global hegemony under the doctrine of full-spectrum dominance. Within that perspective, there is some irony to the fact that significant "pricking" is framed in terms of defence against missiles, and their use to "prick" any opposing systems perceived as a threat. Unprecedented efforts are made in this period to prevent disastrous "pricking" and to out-manoeuver the defensive systems of others to ensure their collapse.
The quest for hegemony may itself be used as a metaphor, as discussed separately (Embodying Global Hegemony through a Sustaining Pattern of Discourse: cognitive challenge of dominion over all one surveys, 2015).
Projects, programmes and collective initiatives: It is striking to note the resemblance between "bubble" (as noted above) and "balloon". It is common for institutional systems to engender initiatives, readily framed or excused by those concerned (and by commentators) as "trial balloons". This is clearly a switch of metaphor -- effectively with the bubble engendering a balloon. However the intriguing contrast is the manner in which the bubble-like balloon offers a means of transportation for whatever is suspended from it. Beyond any understanding of globalization as the progressive inflation of a balloon this suggests the speculative exploration of the multiplicity of balloons variously floating within the psycho-social system -- at different levels and in response to the winds to which they are variously responsive (Globallooning -- Strategic Inflation of Expectations and Inconsequential Drift: global, glo-bull, glow-ball, glow-bawl, 2009). Could policy formulation and presentation be usefully compared with "blowing bubbles" -- especially with their propensity to collapse?
Cocooning and personal bubbles: Originally framed in 1981 by Faith Popcorn, cocooning is the process of staying inside one's home, insulated from perceived danger, instead of going out. Echoing the implications of a filter bubble, the psycho-social implications of bubble may be emphasized beyond the physical implications of cocoon, notably as the container provided by a comfort zone -- a "comfort bubble" (Burst your comfort bubble -- if only for the thrill, The Globe and Mail, 20 February 2016; Living in a Comfort Bubble, OneCry, 2015)
2D representation of nesting a
multidimensional comfort bubble? Bubble configuration of
space suit helmet Reproduced from Wikipedia
As the interface with a potentially hostile environment. the form of a bubble is evident in the design of helmets for protective suits, as in the case of space suits, diving suits and those required for radioactive and biochemical hazards. It is however any cognitive analogue which is of particular relevance, as separately discussed (Challenge of psychosocially hazardous encounters with otherness, 2009).
The question of what might then constitute a "prick" to collapse the bubble -- if that is understood as beneficial -- is variously and widely discussed through generalities. Many have the ambition to collapse the illusions of others -- for their own good. French offers further insight through use of bulle (meaning bubble) in common expressions: être dans sa bulle and la vie est nulle sans bulles (life is nothing without bubbles). The "bubbling of ideas" is commonly associated with creativity and environments inducing it. The jargon phrase having a ball is presumably an extension of such recognition.
Understood as a defensive mechanism offering coherence, any collapse of a bubble can be explored in the light of the resulting "hole", of the nothingness that then becomes only too evident -- the nulle of the French phrase (G. G. Cole and A. J. Wilkins, Fear of Holes. Psychological Science, 2013, and separately reviewed Common phobia you have never heard of: Fear of holes may stem from evolutionary survival response. ScienceDaily. 3 September 2013). The non-trivial nature of this concern is remakably addressed by Roberto Casati and Achille C. Varzi (Holes and Other Superficialities, 1994) -- with respect to the borderlines of metaphysics, everyday geometry, and the theory of perception (as they summarize in the entry on holes in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philsophy).
Of relevance are the widespread references to the "pricking of conscience". Again, however, the capacity to override any such prick is a common experience. Of interest is the questionable distinction from "compunction" (Conscience vs Compunction - What's the difference? WikiDiff). In religious terms the consequence of the prick -- implying the collapse of an erroneous bubble -- may then be framed in terms of repentance (Spencer W. Kimball, What Is True Repentance? New Era, May 1974).
Insights from blowing bubbles? Bubble-blowing is a common feature of party entertainment, most especially for children. Many commercial products are made to enable the process. Simple procedures are detailed for personal experimentation (wikiHow to Blow Bubbles). The process has evoked a wide variety of reflections on its metaphorical implications (Ray Ash, A Life Metaphor -- Blowing Bubbles, Facebook; Bubbles for Metaphors of Society, StudyMode; Practicing Mindfulness with Kids: Blowing Bubbles, WannabeCalmMom; Melanie King, Metaphors in Art and Science: the bubble representing the brevity of life). I'm Forever Blowing Bubbles is a popular American song, widely recorded.
Bubbles are a central feature of the movie of The Tree of Life (2011) by Terrence Malick, rated on of the 10 best movies by Roger Ebert who provides an insightful review of them and of homo bulla. He notes that that Roman saying -- man is a bubble -- had a great iconographic fortune in the West from the 16th century on (Reviewing Tree of Life, June 2013). Homo bulla is the focus of a website regarding its role in art (History of Bubble Performers, Tools and Original Effects).
Reflection is evoked by the simplicity of being able to blow at a ring covered by a soapy solution to create a single bubble (or a stream of bubbles). As a symbol, the process combines the solidity of the framie provided by a 2D ring, with liquidity and the intentional investment of a breath of air, to produce a surprising 3D form of remarkable symmetry -- with the capacity to float independently and variously to catch and reflect the light. Its life is typically terminated by finally encountering solid reality again.
The creation of the bubble via a 2D framework readily echoes the thinking process of an individual, those in a think tank, or the expression of opinions through the social media. It is therefore curious to note how this is commonly echoed in depiction of speech bubbles and thought bubbles in comic strips.
Typical bubbles in comic strips Speech bubble Thought bubble Whisper bubble Scream Reproduced from Wikipedia
Bubbles in virtual reality:
Adaptation of bubble blowing to querying databases: A bubble metaphor has been proposed in a new approach to data mining (Chiemi Watanabe, et al., Queryball: A New Model for Querying in Immersive VR Systems, 2003):
For query interaction by Queryball, we propose "Blowing bubble" metaphor interaction. Operating a Queryball, users handle just two input devices, which are a stylus pencil as a "straw" and a virtual board as a "soap water palette". In this example, there are thirty kinds of soap water on the virtual board. A user selects a drop of soap water and creates a Queryball by "blowing" straw (in reality, the user pushes a button on the stylus). Using the stylus "straw" to drag or blow balls, the user can change the search condition of the Queryball on the " soap water palette" board. Queryballs and blowing babbles metaphor, which provide intuitive and laid-back interaction for querying, promote positive interaction for analysis.
Arraying a set of images on the faces of a spherically symmetrical polyhedra: Such polyhedra are approximations to the spherical form of a bubble -- especially when the number of faces is increased as in the geodesic variants (as below). With readily available software, it is a simple matter to place images onto such faces. This can be done face-by-face or by using distinctive images for all faces of the same type. Especially with virtual reality facilities, the resulting image-covered polyhedron can be viewed in 3D from without by rotation or by navigating to its centre to view the array of facets from within. This then offers many distinct opportunities to decorate one's own cognitive cocoon as a personal bubble. According to preference, the sides of the polyhedron could be covered with: images of friends (Instagram or Facebook style); icons of a religion (apostles, deities, etc); icons of a discipline (science, philosophy, etc); media celebrities (music, sport, etc.); slogans, mathematical formula, aphorisms, endangered species, etc. Clearly a mix of these images could be used. With more sophisticated software, the images could be replaced by multiple videos.
Animations of experimental simulation of "cognitive bubbles" in 3D 12 Olympian deities on
2-frequency geodesic truncated octahedron
of 288 faces
(external view of bubble) 12 Olympian deities on
2-frequency geodesic truncated octahedron
of 288 faces
(view of buble from within) 64 face types
distinctively coloured on
8-frequency dodecahedron
(bubble of 1536 faces) Animations made using Stella Polyhedron Navigator
The images used in the left and central animations were selected from the entry on the 12 Olympian deities in Wikipedia -- without any effort to improve the quality of the final result in an exercise for purely illustrative purposes. Given that there are 288 facets, each of the 12 deity images appears multiple times. Although the choice of a set of deities for this exercise is arbitrary, those of the Greek and Roman civilizations constitute appropriate "bubbles" which remain of significance -- given the manner in which such deities (or their names) are widely used in the iconography of intergovernmental organizations as well as for fashion product trademarks.
The animation on the right indicates the possibility of using many more polyhedral facets and types -- and resembles the iridescent quality of a bubble to a higher degree. An earlier experiment used the faces of polyhedra of requisite complexity to hold the text of the individual articles of several declarations of human rights (Dynamic Exploration of Value Configurations: polyhedral animation of conventional value frameworks, 2008). Clearly the Universal Declaration of Human Rights merits consideration as a "bubble" as explored in this argument.
Clues to effective bubble pricking from the physics of bubbles?
Despite its ubiquity, use of bubble as a metaphor seemingly avoids any detailed consideration of what processes ensure the integrity of the bubble and how it is sustained. Emphasis is placed on its fascinating coherence as a comprehensible whole -- if not its beauty to behold. It can be appreciated as superficiality par excellence -- in the very best and subtlest of senses. It is a veritable marvel of maximum globality with the use of improbably minimal resources.
An insightful appreciation of their significance, with a range of psycho-social implications, is offered from the perspective of a physicist Andrea Prosperetti (Bubbles, Physics of Fluids, 2004):
Vanitas vanitatum et omnia vanitas: bubbles are emptiness, non-liquid, a tiny cloud shielding a mathematical singularity. Born from chance, a violent and brief life ending in the union with the (nearly) infinite. But a wealth of phenomena spring forth from this nothingness: underwater noise, sonoluminescence, boiling, and many others.
Although extremely vulnerable to any "prick", a bubble remains viable for a period under a variety of forces, enabling imaginative reflection and engagement. It is an inspiration to poets.
Curiously the experience of bubble collapse is much studied with respect to its influence on the taste of carbonated drinks -- and specifically champagne (Monell Chemical Senses Center, Pop! Bursting the bubble on carbonation, ScienceDaily, 22 August 2013; Paul M. Wise, et al, The Influence of Bubbles on the Perception Carbonation Bite. PLoS ONE, 2013, 8)
Formation and collapse of bubbles in liquids is of significance in many technical applications such as sonochemistry, lithotripsy, ultrasonic cleaning, bubble chambers, and laser surgery. Bubble dynamics has been the subject of intensive theoretical and experimental studies, notably because of its importance to the destructive effects of cavitation during bubble collapse (Vladislav A. Bogoyavlenskiy, Differential Criterion of a Bubble Collapse in Viscous Liquids. Physical Review E, 60, 1999; M. A. Margulis, Sonochemistry and Cavitation, 1995; Leenvan Wijngaarden, Mechanics of Collapsing Cavitation Bubbles, Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 29, 2016). One useful summary is offered by the Physics Stock Exchange (What is the physics behind a soap bubble?, 2013)
Beyond the common use of bubble as a metaphor, clearly some of the above-mentioned physical phenomena associated with bubbles offer a more extended set of metaphors with which richer insights could be associated. The "sound and fury" commonly associated with a collapsing economic bubble could then be enriched by research on the sounds made by collapsing bubbles. More surprising are the insights potentially offered by the light effects which are a focus of some research, and their combination with sound in sonoluminescence -- understood as the emission of short bursts of light from imploding bubbles in a liquid when excited by sound. Could this be recognized in the light of the title of Thomas Homer-Dixon (The Upside of Down: catastrophe, creativity, and the renewal of civilization, 2006)?
Subsequent to a discussion of bubble growth and spherical bubble dynamics, an extensive commentary on both cavitation bubble collapse and on bubble growth and collapse is provided by Christopher Earls Brennen (Cavitation and Bubble Dynamics, 1995). Bubble collapse is considered to be of particular importance because of the noise and cavitation damage that can be caused by the high velocities, pressures, and temperatures that may result from that collapse. These high temperatures and pressures that can occur in the noncondensable gas during collapse, although highly localized both temporally and spatially, are believed to be responsible for the phenomenon known as sonoluminescence -- the emission of light that is observed during cavitation bubble collapse.
Particular interest is accorded to the Rayleigh-Plesset equation which governs the dynamics of a spherical bubble in an infinite body of liquid. This can be used to solve for the time-varying bubble radius. This is a basis for consideration of bubble growth and collapse, as well as the viable equilibrium conditions. These are naturally subject to thermal influence -- leading to consideration of thermally controlled growth. Importance is also attached to bubble oscillation. Seemingly of potential significance to this argument is consideration of the Kirchhoff-Plateau problem (Giulio G. Giusteri, Luca Lussardi and Eliot Fried, Solution of the Kirchhoff-Plateau Problem. Journal of Nonlinear Science, 2017, and reviewed separately Bursting the bubble: Solution to the Kirchhoff-Plateau problem: researchers solve a mathematical problem illustrated by soap films spanning flexible loops, ScienceDaily, 31 March 2017).
Curiously the literature on bubble dynamics tends to frame bubble collapse in ways other than through anything that could be described as "pricking" or "puncturing". One exception is offered by the work of G. Debrègeas, et al, (The Life and Death of "Bare" Viscous Bubbles, Science, 279, 1998). This was developed further by R. da Silveira, et al. (Rippling Instability of a Collapsing Bubble. Science 287, 2000). With regard to the "pricking" of a bubble rising to the surface of a liquid to form a hemisphere, the authors note:
If the latter is punctured at its apex by a needle, surface tension drives the rapid expansion of a circular opening. The retraction velocity soon (after about 10-30 ms) saturates to a constant, owing to the high viscous resistance. In the meantime, the air flow through the hole equilibrates the pressure difference, allowing the bubble to collapse under its own weight. As it deflates, an instability appears: the fluid sheet folds into a wavy structure, with radial ripples that break the original axisymmetry.... The rippling results from the competition between compression, bending, and gravity. Each fluid element tends to fall under its own weight, but experiences a viscous resistance from its neighborhood. If the bubble were to collapse in a uniform, symmetric way, it would occupy a progressively reduced area, leading to an in-plane compression which would require forces that far exceed the scale set by gravity. Instead, the film deforms in a nearly inextensional fashion by undergoing pure bending. Equivalently, for a given (gravitational) force, the relative time scale associated with stretching is much larger than that for bending, and the surface therefore corrugates over short times, before eventually relaxing into a uniform, thicker membrane
Clues to bubble pricking from geometry and structural design?
Beyond the particular focus of the physics literature, bubble dynamics and collapse -- and vulnerability to "pricking" -- could be understood in terms of a global configuration of molecular bonds. The missing insight is presumably associated with the manner in which that configuration is locally disrupted such as to undermine the global integrity -- which effectively unravels rapidly in a domino process, as intimated above with respect to a hemispherical bubble (Ross Douthat, Are We Unraveling? The New York Times, 9 July 2016). In the economic context, "pricking" appears to be understood metaphorically through the use of monetary policy. However this has the implication of corresponding only to the contextual preoccupations analyzed in such detail by bubble physics, rather than to "pricking" as understood mechanically and locally.
Tensegrity structure of bubbles: An understanding of bubbles in terms of tensional integrity ("tensegrity") has been offered by Buckminster Fuller (Synergetics: explorations in the geometry of thinking, 1975/1979). However, despite multiple references to both, their relationship is not explicitly addressed by him, despite their implied association in the interpretations of others (Diana Wehrell-Grabowski, Buckminster Fuller, Soap Bubbles, and Geometry, YouTube, 2008). In this light, the spherical geometry of a geodesic dome can be understood as a simplified understanding of a soap bubble. The issue of bubble collapse can then be explored in terms of the potential collapse of a tensegrity structure (Behzad Shekastehband and K. Abedi, Dynamic propagation of snap-through buckling in tensegrity structures. ResearchGate, December 2013; Collapse behavior of tensegrity systems due to cable rupture, International Journal of Structural Stability and Dynamics, 13, 2013).
The relationship between bubbles and tensegrity features in the work of Donald Ingber (The Architecture of Life, Scientific American, 278, 1998; Tensegrity I: cell structure and hierarchical systems biology, Journal of Cell Science, 116, 2003; Tensegrity II: how structural networks influence cellular information processing networks, Journal of Cell Science, 116, 2003). As he indicates:
While we can predict fundamental rules that will guide the behaviour of living mammalian cells a priori (starting from first principles), we cannot predict the specific three dimensional form of that particular tensegrity array de novo. However, this is a classic feature of fundamental design principles in Nature. A good analogy can be found in the rules by which soap bubbles coalesce to form a 'foam'. There are fundamental design principles that govern that, in any three dimensional foam, the bubbles will on average have 14 sides; this is well accepted and confirmed experimentally. Yet, some bubbles have 13, others 15, other 12, etc.; the shape of any particular bubble is impossible to determine. Nevertheless, on average, they always come out to 14. Thus, one can deduce fundamental design principles that are certain in an 'uncertain' world. (Interview with Donald E. Ingber, Culture Machine, InterZone, July 2002)
The focus on a biological cell raises the interesting questions as to the degree to which a cell can be understood as a bubble. However the argument also raises questions about any social "cell" and the existence of psycho-social tensegrities, as previously argued (From Networking to Tensegrity Organization, 1984). The argument has been developed from the perspective of management cybernetics by Stafford Beer (Beyond Dispute: the invention of team syntegrity, 1994).
With any bubble understood as having a structure with the characteristics of a geodesic dome, how many tensegrity struts need to be removed to ensure its collapse? Can a domino effect be achieved, or is the structure self-stabilizing due to tensegrity effects? The question is similar to that of detecting a key log which would disrupt a log jam in a river, For the purpose of this argument, are the subtlest of cognitive bubbles fundamental to collective coherence then better understood as spherical tensegrities -- notably those discussed in relation to the iscosahedron and biotensegrity?
An interplay between the spherical metaphor of globalization and the explosion of interest in networks has been noted by Bruno Latour (Spheres and Networks: two ways to reinterpret globalization, Harvard Design Magazine, 30, 2009). Both can be seen as closely related to comprehension of any psycho-social bubble -- if the network is understood as the network of bonds on the surface of the sphere.
Hyperdimensional bubbles: Seemingly missing from the approach of physics is the sense better understood in terms of the strategic response to a complex (global) network -- as might be depicted by a geodesic dome, or imagined as such. There the challenge is to locate key points which are targetted as a potential threat -- to be "taken out" by security services, or exploited for marketing purposes. The assumption is that by appropriately understanding the global configuration of the network, removal of such nodes or links will cause it to unravel -- well imagined in terms of the collapse of a bubble or a balloon.
There is however an unfortunate constraint implicit in conventional understanding of a geodesic dome -- and conventional use of the bubble metaphor. Both are readily framed in three dimensions. Missing is the sense in which what is intuited as any psycho-social bubble is more appropriately explored in the geometry of dimensions beyond three. The bubbles of psycho-social reality may well be hyperdimensional, especially given their obvious invisibility. They can only be "felt" intuitively, perhaps as fruitfully described in mathematical terms by Ronald Atkin (Multi-Dimensional Man: can man live in 3 dimensional space? 1981).
There is an extensive literature on hyperspheres, otherwise known as n-spheres (Rebecca Frankel, The HyperSphere, from an Artistic point of View). It is therefore surprising to discover that there are seemingly few references to a "hyperbubble" -- presumably problematic or controversial for various reasons. As might be expected the term has already been appropriate by an electro/pop/synth musical group -- Hyperbubble. It has also been noted that in the new release of the popular Big Bang Theory there is discussion of a hypothetical spherical multidimensional superfluid showing the same negative-energy density as space-time (N-dimensional superfluid bubble (Kerbal Space Program, 2015). Aesthetic insights of psycho-social reality anticipating science?
Without further clarification, and perhaps merely as hyperbole, the term has been used to describe the state of the financial system by the renowned financial commentator Doug Casey:
All I can say about the stock market is, by any traditional parameters of value -- price-earnings ratio, price-to-book ratio, dividend yields -- it's now very overpriced. And bonds aren't just in a bubble. They're in a hyperbubble. (Tyler Durden, Doug Casey Has "Never Seen Anything Like This", ZeroHedge, 22 March 2017)
It is therefore intriguing to note the use of hyperbubble by a physicist in providing a very readable anecdotal description of his exploration of n-dimensional bubbles, or bubbles in n-dimensions (Alexander R. Klotz, My Journey into the Hyperbubble. Post-Doc Ergo Propter Hoc, 12 September 2015). When finally published, Klotz entitled his paper Bubble Dynamics in N dimensions (Physics of Fluids, 2013). There he notes:
Cavitation and bubble dynamics are central concepts in engineering, the natural sciences, and the mathematics of fluid mechanics. Due to the nonlinear nature of their dynamics, the governing equations are not fully solvable. Here, the dynamics of a spherical bubble in an N-dimensional fluid are discussed in the hope that examining bubble behavior in N dimensions will add insight to their behavior in three dimensions.... Overall, the dynamics of bubbles are faster at higher dimensions, with nonlinear behavior occurring at lower amplitudes. Several features are found to be unique to three dimensions, including the trend of nonlinear behaviour and apparent coincidences in timescales.
Distinction between 3D bubbles and hyperbubbles
as summarized by Alexander Klotz (My Journey into the Hyperbubble, 2015) 3D Bubbles Hyperbubbles Bubble collapse time Rayleigh-Plesset equation Minnaert resonance frequency
A more extensive discussion of hyperbubbles, and the connectivity between them, is provided by Thomas A. Manz (A Theory of the Connectivity Dimensionality Field in Edge- Vertex Graphs and Discrete-Continuous Dual Spaces, Journal of Space Mixing, 3, 2008, pp. 1-91):
Hyperbubbles are higher-dimension analogs of holes. A simple closed curve is topologically equivalent to a circle, and a circle is a 1-dimensional hypersphere. A hole is called a hyperbubble of order 1, because a simple closed curve drawn around the hole in the space cannot be contracted to a point without leaving the space. If a 2-dimensional hypersphere (or topologically equivalent surface) can be drawn in the continuous space but not contracted to a point without leaving the space, the space is said to contain a hyperbubble of order 2. More generally, if an n-dimensional hypersphere (or topologically equivalent surface) can be drawn in the space but not contracted to a point without leaving the space, the space is said to contain a hyperbubble of order n. A discrete-continuous dual space is said to contain a hyperbubble of order n if. the continuous representation contains a hyperbubble of order n; in such case, the discrete representation is also said to contain a hyperbubble of order n. The number of hyperbubbles in a continuous space S is equal to the number of hyperspheres that satisfy all three of the following conditions: (i) the dimension of each hypersphere is a nonnegative integer (but not necessarily the same nonnegative integer for different hyperspheres), (ii) each hypersphere (or topologically equivalent surface) can be drawn in the space S but not contracted to a single point without leaving the space S, and (iii) the drawn hyperspheres form a set such that each drawn hypersphere (or topologically equivalent surface) in the set cannot be deformed into any other without leaving the space S.
A hard boundary abruptly terminates a direction of motion within the space while a soft boundary does not. Hyperbubbles with a hard boundary are called intrusive hyperbubbles, while hyperbubbles with a soft boundary are called latent hyperbubbles. It is useful to think of the hyperspheres as being composed of rubber which may be deformed and contracted at will.... A porous material like a foam contains numerous intrusive hyperbubbles. (pp. 84-85)
In a generalization of Bohmian mechanics, space has been discussed as divided into n-dimensional bubbles (Ross Hyman, et al., Bohmian mechanics with discrete operators, Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and General, 37, 2004). A notion of "bubbling metrics" in relation to n-dimensional bubbles has been explored (Angela Pistoia and Carlos Román, Large conformal metrics with prescribed scalar curvature, Journal of Differential Equations, 2017), A framing of the n-dimensional bubble problem (with resources) is offered in a commentary by Michael Hutchings (Soap Bubbles and Isoperimetric Problems), introduced as follows:
Because of surface tension, soap bubbles or clusters thereof naturally try to minimize area for the volume(s) they enclose. This suggests the following mathematical questions. The isoperimetric problem, in an n-dimensional Riemannian manifold, is to enclose a region of a given (n-dimensional) volume v using a hypersurface of the smallest possible "area" (n-1 dimensional volume). For example, in Euclidean space, a classical theorem asserts that the unique area-minimizer is a sphere. The "soap bubble problem" is a generalization in which the problem is to enclose and separate m regions of prescribed volumes... using a (singular) hypersurface of minimal area.
The focus on minimal surfaces in relation to tensegrities and design is usefully explored by Vlad Tenu (Minimal Surfaces as Self-organizing Systems: a particle-spring system simulation for generating triply periodic minimal surface tensegrity structures, 2009).
Strategic implications of engaging with psycho-social bubbles?
Social bubbles: The metaphor has been used as the theme of a special issue on higher education and academia in general, as introduced by Carol Iannone (Pricking the Bubble, Academic Questions, 24, 2011). Ironically the bubble metaphor has been recently used in a critical description of the processes of physics research itself by Peter Woit (The Social Bubble of Physics, Not Even Wrong, 7 April 2017). As a physicist himself, Woit is the author of a critical description of the quest for the hypothetical Theory of Everything by physics (Not Even Wrong: the failure of string theory and the search for unity in physical law, 2006).
Woit uses the metaphor to frame an extensively cited criticism by Sabine Hossenfelder (Science Needs Reason to be Trusted, Nature Physics, 13, April 2017). Hossenfelder's argument is: That we now live in the grip of post-factualism would seem naturally repellent to most physicists. But in championing theory without demanding empirical evidence, we're guilty of ignoring the facts ourselves.
It could be further argued that in their quest for ultimate unifying insights, physics has as yet had little to offer of relevance to the coherence of the global psycho-social system. Intuitive metaphorical reference to bubbles as being central to socioeconomic crises therefore merits far greater attention in this critical period -- when various much-valued bubbles are highlighted as being in danger of imminent collapse. Again there is irony to the fact that physics has proven most effective in developing ever greater means to ensure physical destruction of what could be variously understood as "bubbles" -- and receives a high proportion of its funding for that purpose.
Given recognition that the coalescence of bubbles in a three dimensional foam, results in them having on average 14 sides (as noted above), this raises useful questions as to the number of "sides" characteristic of psycho-social bubbles in a psycho-social foam, whether in three dimensions or more. Given the understanding of bubbles in a universe of n-dimensions, provocatively it might be asked whether the faculties of a university (as cognitive bubbles in their own right) could be understood as coalescing to form an "academic foam".
Potentially of greatest relevance is whether the language of socio-economic growth -- with its particular bubbles (noted above) -- could be "translated" into the language of blowing viable bubbles, as it might be described by physics in systemic terms. How does the pattern of surface bonding stretch and reconfigure to maintain coherence? It is somewhat ironic that soap is used metaphorically in relation to enabling social bubbles but is of course very significant in the production of physical bubbles (Soap bubbles and detergents... Introduction to SurfaceTension, MIT).
Curiously a social bubble lending itself to such exploration is that engendered in the stadia built for games, concerts and large assemblies -- exemplied by the Roman Coloseum. They may now be designed as geodesic domes using the tensegrity principles discussed above. The collective dynamics enabled therein can be recognized as engendering an otherwise elusive "bubble of consensus" or a "bubble of togetherness". The latter term is occasionally used to describe romantic and family relationships.
Identity bubbles: The collapse of any gobal bubble can be usefully seen as matched to varying degrees by that of personal bubbles -- to the extent that it is felt to be meaningful to consider that one lives inside a bubble and that the sense of the coherence of identity can itself be associated metaphorically with a bubble. Curiously this can be caricatured metaphorically as living within a goldfish bowl (Jonathan Dawson, Life in the Goldfish Bowl, New Statesman, 20 August 2008; Steven Paglierani, The Fish Tank Metaphor: how the conscious, subconscious, unconscious come into being, The Emergence Alliance, 2002). This iscuriously complemented by the crystal ball metaphor through which personal future is foreseen.
The multitude of personalities of history, recorded or not, would seem to lend themselves to representations as bubbles -- emerging later to collapse. Extensive use is made of "ego bubble" (Wall Street's Ego Bubble, Newsweek, 17 November 2009; The Ego Bubble: 10 things you need to know about startups, super-angels and desks, Forbes, 24 September 2010).
Such use of metaphor can be readily deprecated, although the argument of Kenneth Boulding remains teasingly relevant:
Our consciousness of the unity of self in the middle of a vast complexity of images or material structures is at least a suitable metaphor for the unity of group, organization, department, discipline or science. If personification is a metaphor, let us not despise metaphors -- we might be one ourselves (Ecodynamics: a new theory of social evolution, 1978).
This would appear to accord with the argument of the much-cited research by Shelley Taylor and Jonathon Brown (Illusion and Well-Being: a social psychological perspective on mental health, Psychological Bulletin, 103, 1988, 2, pp. 193-210) concluding that:
Yet considerable research evidence suggests that overly positive self-evaluations, exaggerated perceptions of control or mastery, and unrealistic optimism are characteristic of normal human thought.... These positive illusions may be especially useful when an individual receives negative feedback or is otherwise threatened and may be especially adaptive under these circumstances.
That argument suggests that "illusion" could be usefully explored through the metaphorical language of optical lens curvature. A bubble, as a lens offering a sense of assumed personal well-being, is then characteristic of the convex nature of positive curvature (of spheres), in contrast with the opposite illusion resulting from the concave nature of negative curvature. The metaphor highlights the merit of exploring the nature of illusion in higher dimensional spaces through the implications for the design of an n-dimensional "lens" -- as suggested by some research on so-called lens space (E. A. Lauret, et al., Spectra of Lens Spacs from 1-norm spectra of congruence lattices, arxiv.org, 7 May 2015; Alexander N Dranishnikov, The LS category of the product of lens spaces, Algebraic and Geometric Topology, 15, 2015, pp. 2983-3008).
Embodiment of a bubble, or within one, can also be a focus of criticism, illustrated by Christopher Hitchens, as described by Anthony Lock (Prick the Bubbles, Pass the Mantle: Hitchens as Orwell's Successor, The Humanist, 29 June 2012). For Lock, the problem Hitchens wished to address was the same as that of George Orwell, namely the enshrining of people or ideas -- in "bubble reputations" so detrimental to clear thinking:
Try as best as you can, he challenged us, to not allow one belief to squander clear thinking about another, especially in regards to those so-called bubble personalities that become protected from criticism. It's a kind of worship whereby anything deemed negative against the topic or person, even the act of criticizing, is illicit. This is totalitarian, he warned: a control over one's head and what can be said, creating corrosive preconceptions.
There are many who have employed the blueprints Orwell gave us, but the simple practicality of Hitchens' "pricking bubbles" principle, whether it be applied by voters, politicians, academics, or bon mot-spilling essayists, is one everyone, everywhere needs to know dearly. Everyone should be aware of what controls exist over their thoughts and opinions, both external and internal. It is an essential part of developing a critical mind. And in an age of increasing information, it becomes more critical by the day.
Following the reference by Woit to the physics community constituting a social bubble -- offering an example of "bubble reputations" -- this could be considered one instance of an argument of Peter Sloterdijk (Talking to Myself about the Poetics of Space, Harvard Design Magazine, 30, 2009):
There are hundreds if not thousands of milieus in the current social terrain that all have the tendency from their own viewpoint to form the center of the world and yet are as good as nonexistent for the others. I term them "inter-ignorant systems." And, among other things, they exist by virtue of a blindness rule. They may not know of one another, since otherwise their members would be robbed of the enjoyment of being specialized members of a select few.
It is also curious that what is esteemed as the best of physics, and of other research, is published in journals explicitly ranked as having a high Impact Factor (as potentially to be contrasted with an "Attraction Factor"). In a world of psycho-social bubbles, this implies a conscious militarization of communications which could be considered highly questionable -- perhaps a measure of the degree to which the worldview of others is forcibly transformed by that research, whether those identified with other bubbles wish it or not. The point can be made otherwise (Enhancing Sustainable Development Strategies through Avoidance of Military Metaphors, 1998; "Tank-thoughts" from "Think-tanks" metaphors constraining development of global governance, 2003).
Hyperidentity? As discussed separately ("Hyperidentity"? 2006), this is a topic of research in mathematics (cf W. Taylor, Hyperidentities and Hypervarieties, Aequationes Mathematicae, 23, 1981; S. L. Wismath, On finite hyperidentity bases for varieties of semigroups, Algebra Universalis, 1993). An identity is called a hyperidentity if, whenever the operational symbols defining it are replaced by any terms of the appropriate order, the identity which results holds for that order. Hyperidentities can be defined more precisely using the concept of hypersubstitution.
In the psycho-social domain, Marisa Zavalloni (Identity and Hyperidentities: the representational foundation of self and culture, First International Conference on Social Representations, Ravello, 1992) clarifies the interplay between words and representations in the creation of identity and culture. She uses the term "hyperidentity" to characterize groups as the sum of all the representations produced about them; the term "figure" is used to describe a unique group representation. What is intuited in the widespread appreciation of a "bubbly personality"?
It is therefore a useful provocation to infer that there is hope for new understanding of the hyperdimensional bubbles of psycho-social space through the standard mathematical representation of n-dimensional bubbles (as indicated above and below). Is it to be assumed that human identity is less complex than is implied by that formula -- especially in the case of multiple personalities or those possessed of multiple intelligences?
Identity as a hyperbubble -- Hyperdimensional identity?
Mathematical representation of standard n-dimensional bubble Reproduced from Angela Pistoia and Carlos Román (Large conformal metrics with prescribed scalar curvature, Journal of Differential Equations, 2017)
Psycho-social multiverse? As the nexus of the thinking capacity from which more appropriate forms of global governance might emerge, the engagement of physicists with the challenging frontier of string theory merits continuing attention -- notably any multiverse hypothesis capable of encompassing Sloterdijk's "thousands of milieus". With respect to reframing insights into bubbles of a higher and subtler order, it is therefore intriguing to note a degree of conflation in the language of the physics of string theory between "dimensions", "universes" and "bubbles".
Dimensions are then understood by physics as membranes (or "branes"). However within the 11 dimensions envisaged by one flavour of string theory, there can be "bubbles" of 3-, 4-, and 5-dimensions (if not more). The branes can exist in different dimensions. Conventionally, with each bubble's dimensionality represented by "p" -- these are distingished as "p-branes" (not to be confused with "pea-brains"). A p-brane can then be considered as a universe floating like a bubble in a "hyperspace" of greater dimensionality. If they collide, they may form a single bubble -- a universe. When such a single bubble separates, it forms two universes. It is curious that the social and policy sciences have resisted engaging with such higher dimensional possibilities -- whilst so obviously and disastrously stumbling at every stage to engender more appropriate forms of global governance.
Could the so-called "clash of civilizations" then be more fruitfully explored as a "clash of bubbles" -- hyperdimensional bubbles? The continuing clash between the Abrahamic religions would seem to merit exploration as a clash between hyperdimensional "bubbles of belief" of the greatest subtlety. Could metaphorical arguments for a "bigger tent" be reframed in terms of a bigger bubble of greater dimensionality (Global Brane Comprehension Enabling a Higher Dimensional Big Tent? 2011).
Potentially more intriguing is the choice of "string" as a metaphor, given the contrasting importance attached to "knot" as a metaphor by psychoanalysis (R. D. Laing, Knots, 1972; Jean Michel Vappereau, Knot: the theory of the knot outlined by Jacques Lacan, Lacanian Works, July 1996). From the latter perspective, the implications of "prick" and "pricking" (in relation to any bubble) provocatively recall the most fundamental preoccupations of that discipline, as can be speculatively explored (Engendering Invagination and Gastrulation of Globalization: reconstructive insights from the sciences and the humanities, 2010). Whether consciously or unconsciously, does everyone aspire to being a "prick" -- and to pricking the bubbles of others?
Neuroscience and cognitive psychology: Such language merits comparison with the results of recent neuroscience research which indicates the remarkable possibility of cognitive processes taking up even up to 11-dimensional form in the light of emergent neuronal connectivity in the human brain. As summarized:
Using mathematics in a novel way in neuroscience, the Blue Brain Project shows that the brain operates on many dimensions, not just the three dimensions that we are accustomed to. For most people, it is a stretch of the imagination to understand the world in four dimensions but a new study has discovered structures in the brain with up to eleven dimensions - ground-breaking work that is beginning to reveal the brain's deepest architectural secrets..... these structures arise when a group of neurons forms a clique: each neuron connects to every other neuron in the group in a very specific way that generates a precise geometric object. The more neurons there are in a clique, the higher the dimension of the geometric object. ...
The appearance of high-dimensional cavities when the brain is processing information means that the neurons in the network react to stimuli in an extremely organized manner. It is as if the brain reacts to a stimulus by building then razing a tower of multi-dimensional blocks, starting with rods (1D), then planks (2D), then cubes (3D), and then more complex geometries with 4D, 5D, etc. The progression of activity through the brain resembles a multi-dimensional sandcastle that materializes out of the sand and then disintegrates. (Blue Brain Team Discovers a Multi-Dimensional Universe in Brain Networks Frontiers Communications in Neuroscience 12 June 2017)
In their published paper the researchers suggest that these cavities open the way to new understanding between structure and function (Michael W. Reimann, et al, Cliques of Neurons Bound into Cavities Provide a Missing Link between Structure and Function, Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience, 12 June 2017).
However, with respect to such dimensionality, there is a strange alienation between the preoccupations of physicists and that of neuroscientists. Arguably the "cavities" formed by neuronal connectivity could be compared to the tensegrity cell structure of Ingber and to bubbles of higher dimensionality. There is however a striking contrast between the higher dimensional hypotheses of physics and the higher dimensionality now demonstrated by neuroscience research. Arguably it is the capacity of the brain to function in that manner which enables physicists to recognize the credibility of higher dimensionality, as would follow from the arguments of George Lakoff and Rafael E. Nunez (Where Mathematics Comes From: how the embodied mind brings mathematics into being, 2000).
The central challenge is how physicists can engage so remarkably with such dimensionality from "within" their own brains in contrast to their preference for articulation of higher dimensionality "elsewhere"and "elsewhen" in the cosmos -- effectively denying the psycho-social implications. Ironically it might be said that, from the perspective of a physicist (characterized by the highest impact factor), the distinction between a physicist and an AI is that the physicist has the capacity to be "not even wrong" (and may be as likely to be so as not). However this capacity is significantly different from the negative capability famously praised by the poet John Keats.
Is a subtler preoccupation with bubbles all about a sense of identity and how identity is embodied? This is presumably consistent with the arguments of George Lakoff and Mark Johnson (Philosophy in the Flesh: the embodied mind and its challenge to Western thought, 1999). In the absence of any understanding of the potential multidimensionality of bubbles, it is then understandable how reactive is the response to any threat of individual or collective identity being "pricked" or "punctured".
Consensus and coherence? Any sense of consensus, however illusory, can be fruitfully recognized through relatively frequent use of the phrase "bubble of hope" -- however this may be associated with sustaining the illusion, notably in relation to the viability of the current global financial an economic systems -- variously held to be close to collapse.
As noted above, also intriguing is the possibility of new insight into any "bubble of joy" or "bubble of pleasure", whether enabled by psychotropic drugs or otherwise. Appropriate to this argument, the New Scientist reviewed a centennial reprint of a book by C. V. Boys (Soap Bubbles: their colours and the forces which mould them, 1891) under the title A Bubble of Joy (1783, 24 August 1991). Such phrases are readily associated with choral singing, especially by the religious. In imagining the nature of "hyperbubbling", a valuable clue is offered by the experience of humour and its remarkable capacity to transcend conventional boundaries and barriers, as can be variously argued (Humour and Play-Fullness: essential integrative processes in governance, religion and transdisciplinarity, 2005).
With respect to meaning, as argued by Barbara Czarniawska-Joergs: Culture can be viewed as a bubble of meaning covering the world, a bubble we both create and live within (Culture is the Medium of Life, 1991). Clearly more problematic is the attraction of psychotropic drugs in engendering such bubbles -- framed as a more effective substitute for other processes, especially when unrealizable. Even more problematic are the attractions of the "reality bubble" associated with the radicalism of any belief system or cult. Is a radical worldview to be recognized as of higher or lower dimensionality?
Citing the reality distortion field engendered by charismatic leaders, David Voelker argues:
The term "reality bubble" has generalized beyond its original market-based meaning. The principle really applies to any situation where a person or group of people succeed in sustaining (for a time) a belief inconsistent with objective facts. The reality inside the bubble is what I call beta reality -- beliefs are the "facts" of this reality, and their effects (the actions taken by people based upon them) are the equivalent of the effects of objective facts as enforced by the laws of physics in objective (alpha) reality, which is outside the bubble. (Two Realities, 12 October 2009).
In a world inundated to ever higher degrees by "fake news", can insights from the natural sciences into the nature of bubble dynamics clarify these conditions? What can be learned about the process of bursting bubbles? Why has "blowing bubbles" of universal consensus become an unrealistic pious hope? Should Donald Trump, Emmanuel Macron and Nigel Farage be considered examples of "pricks" causing the rapid and unforeseen collapse of political configurations and world views -- as bubbles of the past -- much to the surprise of many? What kind of question constitutes a "prick" capable of bursting a bubble -- calling it into question? Can this be explored as a "deadly question" (World Futures Conference as Catastrophic Question: from performance to morphogenesis and transformation, 2013).
Flow patterns in breaking bubbles
Time sequence of rupture of a bubble in sea water; profiles are approximately 1/6000 sec apart Reproduced from Ferren MacIntyre (Flow patterns in breaking bubbles,
Journal of Geophysical Research, 77, 1972)
Psycho-social hyperbubbling: beyond one-bubble credibility and despair?
Emergence/Reabsorption: In the socioeconomic domain the concern is with the catastrophic consequences of bursting bubbles -- however much enthusiasm and benefit is derived from the dot-com bubble and others of that ilk. The joyful appreciation of chaotic bubbling in sparkling drinks and brooks derives from the surprising aesthetics, tinged by recognition of the momentary existence and imminent decline of any bubble. This appreciation is similar to that accorded by the annual cherry blossom, especially in Japan (known there as sakura). The latter is potentially indicative of the limitations and inappropriateness of any metaphorical focus on the "bursting", "pricking" or "puncturing" of bubbles -- whether desirable or not.
A metaphor of greater coherence would encompass both rise and fall, rather then focusing on the violently catastrophic disappearance of a bubble. There is a need for imaginative frameworks to encompass emergence and decline, so appreciated in the poetry evoked by the cherry blossom. Presumably collective initiatives, from groups to civilizations, lend themselves to such appreciation from a historical perspective -- especially the poignant nostalgia evoked by the many theories and deities which have faded into irrelevance following a golden era (see Lists of Deities; Civilizations of the past). Fascination with their implication is now surprisingly evident in the role of mythology in games such as Dungeons and Dragons. In the socioeconomic field such a framework is offered only to a very limited degree by cycles of inflation and deflation -- the unevocative language especially associated with bubbles and balloons (as noted above). By contrast, the mythology of eternal return is a more powerful catayst for imagination.
Fractal patterning of higher order: The argument above highlighted the possibility of n-dimensional bubbles, necessarily of greater complexity and subtlety -- bubbling of a higher order. Of potential relevance is the possibility that the seeming violence of bubble emergence and reabsorption -- bubbling of a lower order -- might be framed otherwise through patterns of a higher order. Such patterns may well lend themselves to intuitive recognition. One indication is offered by the much-admired aesthetics of fractals, most notably the visual renderings of the Mandelbrot set. This might be understood as the static representation of a form of "bubblling dynamic" in the complex plane (Psycho-social Significance of the Mandelbrot Set: a sustainable boundary between chaos and order, 2005).
Beyond the provocative depiction (above) of the mathematical representation of n-dimensional bubbles, the question is whether suggestive visual renderings of "hyperbubbling" could be developed to trigger imaginative reflection on patterns of rising and falling, emergence and reabsorption, as variously recognized. These are of course echoed by the patterns of birth, ageing and death gracefully, as so intimately recognized by all.
Indicative visual renderings: The following experiments in 3D depiction are suggestive of further possibilities. They derive from the challenge of depicting polyphonic singing combining a variety of partially independent voices in such a way as to suggest patterns of a higher order. This exploration was especially inspired by the process of improvised singing of the bertsolaritza central to the Basque culture. The complex circular geometry of the lauburu, symbolic of that culture, is used in the animations below to explore the interplay between voices -- variously rising and falling, only to rise again (Improvisation in Multivocal Poetic Discourse: Basque lauburu and bertsolaritza as catalysts of global significance, 2016). The patterns of emergence and reabsorption are variously reminiscent of the dynamics implied by the Tao symbol. The animation of the 8-bubble pattern in a single plane best clarifies the movements in the 16- and 24- bubble patterns.
Suggestive images and 3D animations of "hyperbubbling"
using the geometry of mutually orthogonal lauburu to frame pathways of bubble emergence and reabsorption Single-plane lauburu framework
8-bubble "bubbling" Double-plane lauburu framework
16-bubble "bubbling" Triple-plane lauburu framework
24-bubble "bubbling" Video (mp4). Virtual reality (x3d, wrl) Video (mp4). Virtual reality (x3d, wrl) Video (mp4). Virtual reality (x3d, wrl)
The complex subtlety of hyperbubbling is usefully implied by the sphere (not indicated) of which the 3 lauburu planes are great circles. Framing the bubble dynamics nested within it (as indicated), that circumsphere sphere can also be understood as itself nested within a similar pattern of dynamics -- effectively a fractal organization of hyperspheres. Each bubble indicated above can thus also be understood as encompassing a similar pattern.
As suggested by the rendering of hyperbubbles in the hyperbolic plane by Paul Nylander, the argument may be further developed through mathematical consideration of the Poincaré disk and the tessellation of the hyperbolic plane with which it is so closely associated, as separately illustrated by animations (Global communication patterns in a hyperbolic space of negative curvature, 2016). Such a hyperbolic mapping was an inspiration for the widely appreciated drawings of M. C. Escher.
The animations suggest a fruitful psycho-social relationship between Sloterdijk's bubbles, globes and foams (as mentioned above). Sloterdijk commonly describes himself, and the way he presents his ideas, as "hyperbolic" (hyperbolisch). He has argued that in the age of the "wired hyperbubble" (Sloterdijk, 1997, p. 57), with the tendency to define ourselves in terms of access to networks, a spatial approach to globalization is required. He also argues that all ethics are hyperbolic, that is, they radicalize motives such as purity, holiness, love and justice, and turn to an elite that does not yet exist ("Die Menschheit sucht das Perpetuum mobile", Focus Magazin, 16, 2009).
Beyond catastropic bursting: The animations are useful in offering insight into orderly deflation of a bubble in contrast with the focus on the catastrophe of bursting. The bubbles shown could also be usefully imagined to be spinning as they travel along helicoidal pathways -- conic vortices framed by the lauburu -- whether during emergence or reabsorption.
In a culture obsessed with growth, there is currently little interest in the nonviolent phasing out of any worldview -- or of those who subscribe to it -- however much this may be a matter of experience in any ageing process, or the progressive obsolescence of a fashion. As the exemplification of a bubble, the structure of geodesic domes also offers the possibility of using telescopic struts which could enable a dome to both expand and contract in an orderly manner, as required by circumstances. This design possibility could reinforce understanding of the challenge in relation to psycho-social bubbles, especially if telescoping was controlled by hydraulic pressure.
Missing from the dynamics, as symmetrically rendered above, is any seemingly asymmetric interplay of phases of movement. These are more readily comprehended and appreciated in the melodies of polypony, where the "symmetry" is of a higher order as the interplay of "voices" rising and falling. Hence the argument for a A Singable Earth Charter, EU Constitution or Global Ethic? (2006) and Clues to patterns of dialogue from song (Enabling a 12-fold Pattern of Systemic Dialogue for Governance, 2011).
As cognitive containers, and as an alternative to 2D depiction, bubbles offer a suggestive means of imagining the higher dimensional nesting and interplay of the pattern of energy centres (chakras) variously "voicing" the psychic energy associated with the kundalini metaphor of a number of Eastern spiritual traditions (Karlfried Graf Durckheim, Hara: the vital centre of man, 1988). The dynamics of the nested interplay of such bubbles is also suggestively indicated by the "pumping" relationships of spherically symmetrical polyhedra, as presented by animations separately (Psychosocial Implication in Polyhedral Animations in 3D: patterns of change suggested by nesting, packing, and transforming symmetrical polyhedra, 2015; Nesting polyhedra to enable comparison of patterns of discourse, 2015).
If the bubble is described and experienced as a cocoon, such orderly deflation can be usefully contrasted with the "orderly" bursting of a pupal cocoon or an egg -- a process described as eclosion in the lifecycle of some animals. Recognized as a cyclic phase, this metaphor of emergence has been used to frame anticipation of the fundamental psycho-social transformation to a form which could "fly" (John Elkington, The Chrysalis Economy, 2001). A bubble can then be fruitfully understood as a container for morphogenesis (Enabling morphogenesis and transformation through catastrophic questioning, 2013).
Anthropocene or Chthulucene? Much is currently made of the epochal emergence of the Anthropocene as a successor to the Holocene -- notably heralded and characterized by the sixth mass extinction of species. The following image is reproduced from the Wikipedia entry on the Anthropocene -- perhaps to be recognized as successful "bubble blowing" by physicists.
Nuclear test fire ball
Trinity site, New Mexico, on July 16th 1945, 05:29:21 MDT
16 milliseconds after the proposed start of the Anthropocene. By Berlyn Brixner / Los Alamos National Laboratory.
Rather than the catastropic effect illustrated above, the fundamental question highlighted by the this argument is how physics might inform new understanding of the global bubble of complacent complicity which is so characteristic of human endeavour. The familiar bubbles of physics are sustained by the complex dynamics of surface tension in relation to the viscosity of the fluid from which they emerge -- as a balance of surface tension forces against internal pneumatic pressure. The complacent complicity of psycho-social bubbles would appear to ensure an equivalent balance -- with social networking and bonding processes performing an analogous function in ensuring the integrity of the surface of a "globular" worldview for a time -- a community.
Can these processes be understood more fruitfully otherwise -- especially in the hyperbubbling of n-dimensional bubbles in a seemingly chaotic environment? How might the insights of physics be "translated" to that end, as can be variously argued speculatively (Quantum Wampum Essential to Navigating Ragnarok Thrival in crisis through embodying turbulent flow, 2014; Enabling Governance through the Dynamics of Nature: exemplified by cognitive implication of vortices and helicoidal flow, 2010).
Potentially more appropriate than the "Anthropocene" bubble currently proposed, are the imaginative implications of a "Chthulucene" bubble, as provocatively proposed by Donna Haraway (Staying with the Trouble: making kin in the Chthulucene, 2016; Tentacular Thinking: Anthropocene, Capitalocene, Chthulucene, e-flux, September 2016). This recognizes dimensions of complexity neglected by the increasingly obsolete framings of the Anthropocene -- ineffectual in the face of the surreality of the times -- suggesting new ways to reconfigure relations with a damaged earth and all its inhabitants. As with the Kraken, evocation of the imagined monstrosity of Lovecraft's Cthulhu fruitfully informs the proposal with neglected dimensions of the unconscious, echoed in other myths of relevance to the "awakening" monstrosity of the times (John Wyndham, The Kraken Wakes, 1953).
These considerations highlight the role of the imagination and inference with respect to the "existence" of any psycho-social bubble, including those of an economic nature. To what extent is any purported hyperdimensionality (as understood by some sciences) to be understood as being as ill-founded as what is deprecated as "pseudoscience" (even by those same sciences)? There is an ironic contrast between the speculative "bubbling up" of hypotheses by cosmologists, as reviewed by Ross Andersen (In the Beginning: will we ever understand the beginning of the universe, Aeon), and the reality attributed to bubbles by cosmology (Caleb Scharf, Gravity's Engines: how bubble-blowing black holes rule galaxies, stars, and life in the cosmos, Scientific American, 2012).
As contrasting forms of bubble, the issue is given particular focus by the distinction made by Wikipedia between aura as a perceptual disturbance and the unrelated reference to a paranormal aura as an energy field variously claimed to be perceived or hypothesized. Curiously these may be understood as related through a bubble-like reality distortion field -- a term now applied to charismatic managers and leaders who succeed in convincing others to become passionately committed to projects without regard to constraining circumstances.
Bubbles objectively "outside" vs Bubbles subjectively "inside"
The subtlety of bubbles, and the inspiration they offer, suggests a distinction between those "without" and those "within" -- and the manner of their confusion (World Introversion through Paracycling: global potential for living sustainably "outside-inside", 2013). This is in contrast to a distinction made in economics (Sergi Basco, Switching Bubbles: from outside to inside bubbles, European Economic Review, 87, August 2016, pp. 236-255). It is especially significant that humans interact with externalities through the bubble-like form of eyes -- via which images are formed within. How the correspondences between the externalities of globalization relate to their cognitive significance merit continuing exploration (Personal Globalization, 2001). Is "globalization" an externality or a bubble of collective "re-cognition"?
The distinction is then more fruitfully recognized in optical terms between a convex lens and a concave lens, and the contrasting manner in which each processes an image. It is of coure the case that focus is achieved through flexible accommodation by the lens of the eye -- possibly aided by spectacles, or enhanced by lenses in a telescope or microscope. These all focus on externalities and many benefit from steroscopic effects. More intriguing is the manner in which the brain processes images and any sense of an inner eye through which matters are brought into focus to form a significant conceptual image of some kind (Oliver Sacks, The Mind's Eye, 2010). Much is made of the complementarity of function of the two hemispheres of the brain in this respect.
It is therefore interesting to reflect on the manner in which any so-called inner eye(s) adjust between convex and concave forms -- as might be suggested by phases in the interplay between two bubble-like forms in the animations below. Each bubble can be understood as "pricking" the other in a process reminiscent of insemination.
Animation of interplay of bubbles of awareness -- alternating between the forms of convex and convcave lenses Solid but semi-transparent Wire-frame transparency Animations produced with X3D.Edit
There are many accessible images and animations of the manner in which light is focused through concave and convex lenses. A valuable indication of the transformation between the two extremes is provided in an interactive animation using GeoGebra (Concave and Convex Lenses). Such features could be added to the above animations. The flow of significance over either surface is echoed by the characteristic iridescence of bubbles and the manner in which they capture and reflect the light.
The animations frame a possible exploration, using an optical metaphor, of both relations between the two hemispheres of the human brain and the implications for the integration of any global brain, as explored separately (Engendering Viable Global Futures through Hemispheric Integration: a radical challenge to individual imagination, 2014; Corpus Callosum of the Global Brain? Locating the integrative function within the world wide web, 2014). Given the potential dysfunctionality of eyes in achieving focus (myopia, far-sightedness, astigmatism, presbyopia, etc), there would appear to be urgent need to correct for corresponding dysfunctionality in govenance, as previously suggested (Developing a Metaphorical Language for the Future, 1994).
The colouring used for the "bubbles" above recalls widespread discussion about the metaphorical implications of the "red pill" and the "blue pill" (Psychosocial Transformation by "Pill Pushing"? Model-making, strategic advocacy and the myth of the "red pill", 2017). There is indeed a case for recognizing life as being lived within a cognitive bubble. Identitying with that bubble exemplifies the Roman recognition of homo bulla est. However the dancing flexible adaptability of the bubble in the moment also recalls the recognition of homo undulans in the concluding chapter of the study by Daniel Dervin (Creativity and Culture: a psychoanalytic study of the creative process in the arts, sciences, and culture, 1990), as separately reviewed (Emergence of Homo undulans -- through a "grokking" dynamic? 2013).
To See a World... To see a World in a Bubble,
And a Heaven in a Wild Flower,
Hold Infinity in the palm of your hand,
And Eternity in an hour. fragment adapted from Auguries of Innocence (1863),
with apologies to William Blake
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1
| 68
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https://privacysymposium.org/programme-speakers/
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en
|
Privacy Symposium
|
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""
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[] |
2021-11-10T05:23:59+00:00
|
en
|
Privacy Symposium
|
https://privacysymposium.org/programme-speakers/
|
Stay tuned to receive the latest news on the conference and for participating in the online workshops and activities.
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7162
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dbpedia
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3
| 67
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https://www.academia.edu/81342609/Calibration_of_piezoelectric_film_sensors_for_the_cavitation_aggressiveness_measurement
|
en
|
Calibration of piezoelectric film sensors for the cavitation aggressiveness measurement
|
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|
http://a.academia-assets.com/images/open-graph-icons/fb-paper.gif
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[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Linn Linn Htet",
"Hitoshi Soyama",
"Andrzej Lichtarowicz",
"Takahiro Momma",
"Edward J. Williams",
"independent.academia.edu"
] |
2022-06-12T00:00:00
|
In the introductory part of the thesis, a brief explanation about the dynamic of bubble cavitation in homogenous and heterogeneous nucleation, pressure domain bubble growth and collapse. A review of methods used for the calibration of piezoelectric
|
https://www.academia.edu/81342609/Calibration_of_piezoelectric_film_sensors_for_the_cavitation_aggressiveness_measurement
|
Piezoelectric PVDF sensors offer a unique option for the measurement of cavitation aggressiveness represented by the magnitude of impacts due to cavitation bubble collapses near walls. The aggressiveness measurement requires specific sensor shape and area, whereas commercial PVDF sensors are fabricated in limited geometry and size ranges. The photolithography method offers a possibility of production of home-made PVDF sensors of arbitrary shape and size. The methodology of a unique application of the standard photolithography method, which is commonly used for the production of printed circuit boards, is described in this paper. It enables mass production of high quality sensors contrary to laboratory techniques. This paper deals with the fabrication and the calibration of a photolithographically home-made PVDF sensor for the cavitation impact load measurement. The calibration of sensors was carried out by the ball drop method. Sensors of different sizes were fabricated by the photo...
The erosion produced by cavitation is a serious problem in hydraulic machinery. During investigations of the dynamic loading generated by collapsing cavitation on a surface, a dynamic pressure transducer was developed. The piezoelectric polymer PVDF (Polyvinylidene fluoride) was used as the pressure sensitive material. A novel method of dynamic calibration has also been developed. The transducer is loaded through pencil lead by a beam supported at its other end on a knife edge and loaded at the center by weights. As the static load is increased, the pencil lead breaks and the load is released suddenly. The unloading time is faster than for any other conventional calibration method and is of the same order as cavitation loading. Descriptions of the developments of both the calibration method and the transducer are given. The principal advantages of the new method are the short pulse duration and the simplicity of the test procedure. The paper is an extension of the previously reporte...
The first and main part of this work presents the design, development and operation of a Cavitation Susceptibility Meter based on the use of a venturi tube for the measurement of the content of active cavitation nuclei in water samples. The pressure at the venturi throat is determined from the upstream pressure and the local flow velocity without corrections for viscous effects because the flow possesses a laminar potential core in all operational conditions. The detection of cavitation and the measurement of the flow velocity are carried out optically. The apparatus comprises a Laser Doppler Velocimeter for the measurement of the flow velocity and the detection of cavitation, a custom-made electronic Signal Processor for real time generation and temporary storage of the data and a computerized system for the final acquisition and reduction of the collected data. The various steps and considerations leading to the present design concept are discussed in detail and the implementation...
|
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7162
|
dbpedia
|
3
| 88
|
https://ouci.dntb.gov.ua/en/works/4w026odl/
|
en
|
Bubble Thermodynamics in Cryogenic Fluids Under Ultrasonic Field Excitation: Theoretical Analysis and Numerical Calcula…
|
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[] |
[
""
] | null |
[] | null |
uk
|
/static/favicon.61ae30b5ede9.png
|
http://ouci.dntb.gov.ua/en/works/4w026odl/
|
Number of works in the list of references 54
|
||||||
7162
|
dbpedia
|
1
| 29
|
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9231840/
|
en
|
Association Between EEG Patterns and Serum Neurofilament Light After Cardiac Arrest
|
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] |
[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Linnéa Grindegård",
"Tobias Cronberg",
"Sofia Backman",
"Kaj Blennow",
"Josef Dankiewicz",
"Hans Friberg",
"Christian Hassager",
"Janneke Horn",
"Troels W. Kjaer",
"Jesper Kjaergaard"
] |
2022-06-14T00:00:00
|
EEG is widely used for prediction of neurologic outcome after cardiac arrest. To better understand the relationship between EEG and neuronal injury, we explored the association between EEG and neurofilament light (NfL) as a marker of neuroaxonal injury, ...
|
en
|
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/coreutils/nwds/img/favicons/favicon.ico
|
PubMed Central (PMC)
|
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9231840/
|
EEG is the most commonly used method for predicting neurologic outcome after cardiac arrest (CA).1 Within seconds of circulatory arrest, the EEG becomes suppressed and after return of circulation, if recovery occurs, neuronal activity progresses gradually from a suppressed to a more continuous background.2,3 The specific time point of EEG examination is therefore considered crucial for its prognostic relevance. An early recovery of a continuous and normal voltage background within the first 12–24 hours is associated with good neurologic outcome.4-6
A classification of EEG patterns into benign, malignant, and highly malignant was proposed based on the terminology from the American Clinical Neurophysiology Society (ACNS).7,8 This classification concerns routine EEGs obtained after the first 36 hours postarrest. It has been externally validated and found to predict neurologic outcome after CA with high specificity and substantial interrater reliability.4,9,10 Two background patterns are considered highly malignant; suppression (all EEG activity <10 μV) and burst-suppression (suppression periods alternate with bursts of cortical activity).7,10 Either of these background patterns ≥24 hours after CA, regardless of the presence of discharges, is considered a strong predictor of poor neurologic outcome according to recent guidelines.11,12
The presence of abundant rhythmic/periodic discharges is considered a criterion of a malignant EEG and outcome is often poor.7,10 Discharges may reflect severe ischemic damage and antiepileptic treatment might not improve outcome.13 In a number of patients, however, neuronal injury is less extensive and anticonvulsant treatment may be beneficial.14
Studies for prediction of neurologic outcome often permit clinical decision-making based on the results from the same examinations, and the risk of self-fulfilling prophecies cannot be excluded. In contrast, highly sensitive blood biomarkers for brain injury have been used as surrogate markers in clinical studies.15,16 Brain injury markers have the advantage of being objective and quantitative indicators, especially if not available upon clinical decision-making. The most accurate blood biomarker of brain injury after CA described to date is the neuroaxonal injury marker neurofilament light (NfL), which is superior to S100B, neuron-specific enolase (NSE), and tau.17,18 Analysis of NfL is not standardized nor do validated cutoff values exist for its use in neuroprognostication after CA. Nonetheless, using an early quantitative measure such as NfL levels as a surrogate marker for neuroaxonal injury could give unique insights into whether EEG abnormality is directly associated with brain injury and not only neurologic outcome, which may be biased by self-fulfilling prophecies.
We hypothesized that the hierarchy of benign, malignant, and highly malignant EEG patterns is reflected by increasing NfL levels as a measure of acute brain injury after CA. We further explored associations between NfL and 2 fundamental elements of the EEG: background and superimposed discharges. Based on the prognostic accuracies of the highly malignant pattern to predict poor outcome after CA, we hypothesized that the EEG background is more strongly associated with brain injury than EEG discharges.
Discussion
We confirmed that the standardized classification of post-CA EEGs into benign, malignant, and highly malignant patterns7 is reflected by increasing NfL concentrations, indicating the degree of neuroaxonal injury. EEG background and electrographic discharges at 36 hours or later postarrest were independently associated with blood NfL levels, where the background had the stronger association with NfL.
The highly malignant EEG pattern, which includes any background with ≥50% suppression, has very high specificity for prediction of poor neurologic outcome.11 Substantially elevated NfL levels in most of these patients quantitatively confirm that highly malignant backgrounds are indeed associated with extensive neuroaxonal injury.7,10
Benign EEG patterns ≥36 hours postarrest indicate a good prognosis, whereas malignant EEG patterns represent an intermediate group with both good and poor clinical outcomes.7,10,11 In common with other classifications of EEG patterns, the classification that we used includes combinations of background patterns and superimposed discharges. To better understand which elements are more related to the extent of neuronal injury, we chose to evaluate EEG background and discharges separately.
Background activity was divided into 4 groups according to the amount of suppression periods. We did not detect any difference in NfL levels between suppressed and burst-suppression backgrounds. Both backgrounds could have different pathophysiologic correlates but demonstrate similar degrees of neuroaxonal injury, where a suppressed background may indicate severe functional damage to pyramidal cells or interneurons and burst-suppression a severely damaged cortex with less affected subcortical areas.29-31 A histopathologic study found severe hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy in 96% of patients with suppression or burst-suppression backgrounds.29 On a group level, suppression of EEG background through sedatives has not been found to influence the reliability of poor outcome prediction; nonetheless, false-positive cases have been reported.7,10,32 In our cohort, 1 patient had a good outcome despite a burst-suppression background, presumably due to ongoing significant sedation, as previously reported.10 The peak NfL concentration in this patient was within age-dependent normal values of our laboratory, illustrating how the combination of EEG and a quantitative biomarker may reduce the risk of falsely pessimistic predictions.33
In patients with a discontinuous background, we found a broad range of NfL levels, indicating that an isolated finding of a discontinuous background does not reliably indicate severe brain injury. This is in accordance with the 2021 guidelines of the European Resuscitation Council and the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine stating that a discontinuous background has low prognostic performance within the first 24 hours postarrest and inconsistent performance thereafter.12
The lowest NfL levels in our cohort were found in patients with a continuous EEG background. However, there were also a substantial amount of patients with poor outcome with highly elevated levels of NfL in this group. An early return of a continuous background within the first 12–24 hours postarrest is often predictive of a good neurologic outcome.34,35 In analogy with brainstem reflexes, a continuous background may recover later than 24 hours postarrest despite extensive brain injury and is therefore not automatically predictive of good outcome.4,23 At relatively long latency after arrest, this pattern could still be associated with severe histopathologic brain damage.29 Whether the patients in our cohort restored a continuous background late cannot be determined, as continuous EEG monitoring was not used. We hypothesize that this may have been the case in patients with poor outcome with severely elevated NfL levels. Furthermore, a continuous background can also display malignant features such as a reversed anterio-posterior gradient.7
The presence of abundant discharges (>50% of the recording) is also a criterion for a malignant EEG and indicates a poor prognosis.7,10 We found that when evaluating discharges irrespective of EEG background, patients with an abundant load had higher median NfL concentrations than patients without discharges. The group of patients with an intermediate amount of discharges did not differ in NfL levels compared with the other 2 groups. In another substudy from the TTM-trial using continuous EEG monitoring with a reduced montage, NfL levels were elevated at 72 hours postarrest in patients with electrographic status epilepticus compared with patients without.36 Another study compared EEG and NSE and found no difference in levels between patients with or without discharges, possibly due to lack of separation between different amounts of discharges.37 Electrographic discharges are considered a sign of increased excitatory activity of the pyramidal cells due to the loss of inhibitory interneurons, caused by either severe encephalopathy or injury to specific brain areas only.38 On neuroimaging, discharges can be associated with both cortical and subcortical lesions, but MRI was reported as normal in 20% of patients with generalized periodic discharges.39 In a proposed model, a 5% reduction in cortical disinhibition was sufficient to induce generalized periodic discharges.40 Whether normal EEG patterns can be reestablished may depend on the extent of injury to cortical networks and reversibility of synaptic failure.38 It is unclear whether discharges induce additional injury through excitotoxicity or if they are solely the result of the hypoxic-ischemic injury caused by the arrest.11
Discharges on a burst-suppression or suppressed background were not associated with a change in NfL levels in our study. A recent study with 7 patients also described higher NfL levels in patients with a suppressed background than in patients with generalized periodic discharges.41 A small histopathologic study reported similar findings.29 This supports the assumption that neurons unable to produce either background activity or discharges are more injured than neurons generating them.
In our study, NfL levels did not differ whether discharges were present or not on a discontinuous background. Nonetheless, no patient with a discontinuous background survived to 6-month follow-up if discharges were present and NfL levels in patients with this combination were high.
In cases with a continuous background, NfL was higher in those with discharges than without. Our data imply that discharges may only provide additional prognostic information when superimposed on a continuous or discontinuous background and that they are not necessarily associated with poor outcome. Previous studies after CA report that in patients with good outcome, status epilepticus evolved from a continuous background.13,42 The design of our study cannot confirm whether discharges cause further NfL elevation in addition to the primary hypoxic-ischemic injury. Further research is required to identify those patients where anticonvulsant treatment may improve outcome and repeated NfL sampling at later time points could be valuable. We recently reported that low levels of brain injury markers are predictors of a favorable neurologic outcome, indicating that EEG patterns and biomarkers together may help guide clinical decision-making.43
Strengths of our study include the international multicenter design, a conservative approach to neurologic prognostication, and strict criteria for WLST.19,44 As previously published, serum samples were prospectively collected from all patients at sites participating in the biobank substudy and the number of missing samples was low.17 In contrast to the guideline-recommended biomarker NSE, which is also present in erythrocytes and neuroendocrine tumors, NfL levels are not falsely elevated in the presence of hemolysis.17,27
The TTM-trial included adult patients with a presumed cardiac cause of arrest, and because we evaluated the extent of brain injury, we suspect that results would be similar in patients with anoxic brain injuries due to other causes. However, our results should be validated in a broader CA population.
Although EEGs were mandatory in the TTM-trial, examinations were still subject to selection bias, because patients awake or dead prior to the time point of prognostication were excluded from this study. Our patient population had a higher rate of poor outcome than the patients who were excluded, as patients who awoke prior to examination were excluded.7,10 We do not consider this a limitation because neurologic prognostication is only relevant in this group of comatose patients.
Small sample sizes in some subgroups resulted in limited power in subgroup analyses, which may be regarded as hypothesis-generating. The cohort included in this study was previously evaluated when validating highly malignant patterns as reported previously.7,10 EEG reactivity was not included in this study as not all collaborating sites performed reactivity testing. The ACNS criteria have been updated after the analysis performed in this study.45 However, ACNS definitions used in our study have undergone only minor changes, which we consider insignificant for the interpretation of our results.
The EEGs were performed >36 hours postarrest and we assume that our results could differ in EEGs performed earlier. Our findings need to be validated for EEGs performed <36 hours postarrest. We cannot exclude that patients had electrographic seizures, potentially affecting NfL levels, not detected by routine EEG, which might have been detected with continuous EEG monitoring. The rate of patients with ongoing antiseizure medication was higher with increasing amounts of discharges on the EEG. Nonetheless, 16% of patients without electrographic discharges were also treated with anticonvulsant drugs and 39% of patients had ongoing sedation during the EEG recording. It is possible that if left untreated, some patients would otherwise have demonstrated electrographic discharges, which may have influenced our results. We previously reported that the prognostic ability of EEG on the group level in the TTM-trial cohort was not significantly affected by ongoing sedation, but acknowledge that individual false-positive cases may occur; for instance, the good outcome patient with burst-suppression during significant sedation described above.7,10
The only prespecified EEG criterion allowing WLST in the TTM-trial was a therapy-refractory status epilepticus ≥108 hours postarrest.19,44 Results of local EEG reviews were available to treating physicians and therefore we cannot exclude the risk of a self-fulfilling prophecy on neurologic outcome. In contrast, NfL was analyzed after trial completion, thus levels were not available upon clinical decision-making, minimizing risk for bias. NfL has been validated for clinical use in some European countries but is not yet widely clinically available and there is no reference standard or international normal reference limit for serum NfL.46
EEG patterns >36 hours after cardiac arrest reflect the extent of brain injury as measured by NfL in serum. The EEG background is more strongly related to the extent of brain injury compared with superimposed discharges. A clinical scenario with unexpected combinations of high NfL levels with a continuous EEG pattern >36 hours could help identify patients with potentially poor outcome, and low NfL levels in patients with malignant or highly malignant patterns could help identify patients with potentially favorable outcome.
|
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7162
|
dbpedia
|
2
| 1
|
https://oralhistories.library.caltech.edu/127
|
en
|
Interview with Milton S. Plesset
|
https://oralhistories.library.caltech.edu/favicon.ico
|
https://oralhistories.library.caltech.edu/favicon.ico
|
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[] |
[] |
[
""
] | null |
[
"Milton S"
] | null |
/favicon.ico
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Abstract
Interview in 1981 with Milton S. Plesset (1908-1991), Professor of Engineering Science, Emeritus. Begins with Plesset's decision to study physics at the U. of Pittsburgh; PhD in physics at Yale [1932] on Dirac electron theory. Postdoctoral fellowship brings him to Caltech that year to work under P. Epstein. Recalls giving theoretical physics seminar which Einstein attended on day of Long Beach earthquake [March 10, 1933]; records story of Einstein and B. Gutenberg in conversation and unaware of the quaking. Importance of J. R. Oppenheimer to American theoretical physics in early 1930s; his early collaboration with Oppenheimer on Dirac electron theory. R. A. Millikan's interest in this work in connection with cosmic rays. Year spent in Copenhagen at Niels Bohr Institute as National Research Council fellow [1933-1934]. Returns to U.S. to teach at U. of Rochester; meets L. A. DuBridge there. Returns to California 1941 to do wartime work at Douglas Aircraft Co.; beginning of interest in fluid mechanics. Sent by Douglas to Europe following German surrender to investigate German rocketry [1945]. Return to Pasadena to work on torpedo hydrodynamics at Naval Ordnance Test Station (NOTS). Hired at Caltech [1948] as associate professor of applied mechanics; begins research in hydrodynamics and cavitation. Serves on Air Force Science Advisory Board (started by T. von Kármán). Recalls McCarthy era at Caltech; cases of H-S. Tsien, Oppenheimer. Interest in nuclear energy leads to 1959 advisory appointment to California Atomic Energy Development and Radiation Protection Program; also membership on Advisory Committee on Reactor Safety for U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission; discussion of nuclear safety in connection with Three Mile Island reactor incident. Becomes professor of engineering science [1963]. In closing notes special admiration for Epstein, along with Oppenheimer and R. Tolman; cultural value of Epstein's "stammtisch."
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@ARTICLE{himeno99, AUTHOR = {ɱÌî ÉðÍΡ¢ÅÏÊÕ µªÆÁ}, TITLE = {Èù¾®½ÅÎϴĶ¤Ë¤ª¤±¤ëµ¤±Õ³¦Ì̵óÆ°¤Î¿ôÃͲòÀÏ}, JOURNAL = {ÆüËܵ¡³£³Ø²ñÏÀʸ½¸ (BÊÔ)}, YEAR = 1999, KEY = {Two-Phase Flow, Surface Tension, Microgravity, Fluid Management, CFD, CIP Scheme, Level Set Method, CSF Model}, VOLUME = 65, NUMBER = 635, PAGES = {2333--2340}, MONTH = 7, MEMO = {̤ÆÉ¡£É±Ì¤ó¤ÎCIP+Level Set¤Î·×»»¡£} }
@ARTICLE{shimano00, AUTHOR = {ÅçÌî ·ò¿ÎϺ¡¢ÉÍÅç µÁÇ·¡¢¹ÓÀî Ãé°ì}, TITLE = {ϢΩ²òË¡¤Ë¤è¤ëÈóÄê¾ïÈó°µ½ÌÀή¤ì¤ÎĶÊÂÎó·×»»}, JOURNAL = {ÆüËܵ¡³£³Ø²ñÏÀʸ½¸ (BÊÔ)}, YEAR = 2000, KEY = {Computational Fluid Dynamics, Numerical Analysis, Finite Volume Method, Massively Parallel Computing, Coupled Method}, VOLUME = 66, NUMBER = 651, PAGES = {2831--2837}, MONTH = 11, MEMO = {ϢΩ²òË¡} }
@ARTICLE{nishiuma02, AUTHOR = {À¾ÇÏ ¸ùÂÙ¡¢¸åÆ£ ¹¬Éס¢Ê¡Åè ½¨¼ù¡¢¿åÌî ÌÀů}, TITLE = {Ê£»¨¥È¥ó¥Í¥ë¤Ë¤ª¤±¤ë´¹µ¤¥·¥¹¥Æ¥àÀ߷פΤ¿¤á¤Î¶õµ¤ÎÏ³Ø ¥â¥Ç¥ë}, JOURNAL = {ÆüËܵ¡³£³Ø²ñÏÀʸ½¸ (BÊÔ)}, YEAR = 2002, KEY = {Transient Responce, Modeling, Pipe Flow, Optimum Design, Equation of State, Road Tunnel, Ventilation Control, Simulation, Aerodynamic Model}, VOLUME = 68, NUMBER = 675, PAGES = {2990--2996}, MONTH = 11 }
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@INPROCEEDINGS{izumiyama02:_spread_of_oil_under_ice_cover, AUTHOR = {Koh Izumiyama and Shotaro Uto and Akihisa Konno and Mitsuhiro Sakikawa and Shigeki Sakai}, TITLE = {SPREADING OF OIL UNDER ICE COVERS: EFFECTS OF BOTTOM ROUGHNESS OF ICE}, BOOKTITLE = {Ice in the Environment, Proceedings of the 16th International Symposium on Ice}, PAGES = {128--133}, YEAR = 2002, MONTH = {December}, EDITOR = {Vermon Squire and Pat Langhorne}, VOLUME = 2, ORGANIZATION = {IAHR} }
@INPROCEEDINGS{konno02, AUTHOR = {Akihisa Konno and Koh Izumiyama}, TITLE = {On the relationship of the oil/water interfacial tension and the spread of oil slick under ice cover}, BOOKTITLE = {Proceedings of the 17th International Symposium on Okhotsk Sea \& Sea Ice}, PAGES = {275--282}, YEAR = 2002, MONTH = {February} }
@INPROCEEDINGS{sakai02:_simul_oil_spread_under_ice_cover, AUTHOR = {Shigeki Sakai and Xiaodong Liu and Koh Izumiyama}, TITLE = {Simulation of Oil Spreading Under Ice Cover}, BOOKTITLE = {Proceedings of The 17th International Symposium on Okhotsk Sea \& Sea Ice}, PAGES = {283--289}, YEAR = 2002, MONTH = {February} }
@INPROCEEDINGS{konno02:_theor_and_model_of_the, AUTHOR = {A. Konno and K. Izumiyama}, TITLE = {THEORY AND MODELLING OF THE INTERFACIAL TENSION FORCE ON THE OIL SPREADING UNDER ICE COVERS}, BOOKTITLE = {Ice in the Environment, Proceedings of the 16th International Symposium on Ice}, PAGES = {134--141}, YEAR = 2002, MONTH = {December}, EDITOR = {Vermon Squire and Pat Langhorne}, VOLUME = 2, ORGANIZATION = {IAHR} }
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@PHDTHESIS{Takahira92:PhDthesis, AUTHOR = {¹âÈæÎÉ ÍµÇ·}, YOMI = {¤¿¤«¤Ò¤é¤Ò¤í¤æ¤}, TITLE = {µ¤Ë¢·²¤ÎÎϳؤ˴ؤ¹¤ë¸¦µæ}, SCHOOL = {µþÅÔÂç³Ø ¹©³ØÉô}, YEAR = 1992, TYPE = {Çî»ÎÏÀʸ} }
@ARTICLE{takahira92a, AUTHOR = {¹âÈæÎÉ ÍµÇ·¡¢ÀÖ¾¾ ±ÇÌÀ¡¢Æ£Àî ½Åͺ}, YOMI = {¤¿¤«¤Ò¤é¤Ò¤í¤æ¤¡¢¤¢¤«¤Þ¤Ä¤Æ¤ë¤æ¤¡¢¤Õ¤¸¤«¤ï¤·¤²¤ª}, TITLE = {±ÕÂÎÃæ¤Ç¤Îµ¤Ë¢·²¤ÎÎÏ³Ø (Âè1Êó, ÍýÏÀ²òÀÏ)}, JOURNAL = {ÆüËܵ¡³£³Ø²ñÏÀʸ½¸ (BÊÔ)}, YEAR = 1992, VOLUME = 58, NUMBER = 548, PAGES = {1267--1274} }
@ARTICLE{takahira92b, AUTHOR = {¹âÈæÎÉ ÍµÇ· and ÀÖ¾¾ ±ÇÌÀ and Æ£Àî ½Åͺ}, YOMI = {¤¿¤«¤Ò¤é¤Ò¤í¤æ¤¡¢¤¢¤«¤Þ¤Ä¤Æ¤ë¤æ¤¡¢¤Õ¤¸¤«¤ï¤·¤²¤ª}, TITLE = {±ÕÂÎÃæ¤Ç¤Îµ¤Ë¢·²¤ÎÎÏ³Ø (Âè2Êó, ¿ôÃͲòÀÏ)}, JOURNAL = {ÆüËܵ¡³£³Ø²ñÏÀʸ½¸ (BÊÔ)}, YEAR = 1992, VOLUME = 58, NUMBER = 548, PAGES = {1275--1282} }
@INPROCEEDINGS{takahira94:_dynam, AUTHOR = {Hiroyuki Takahira and Teruaki Akamatsu}, TITLE = {Dynamics of a Cluster of Bubbles in a Potentian Flow}, BOOKTITLE = {Proceedings of The Second International Symposium on Cavitation}, EDITOR = {H. Kato}, YEAR = 1994, ADDRESS = {Tokyo, Japan}, MONTH = {April}, PAGES = {191--196} }
@ARTICLE{Takahira97:jmf, AUTHOR = {¹âÈæÎÉ ÍµÇ·}, YOMI = {¤¿¤«¤Ò¤é¤Ò¤í¤æ¤}, TITLE = {¥¥ã¥Ó¥Æ¡¼¥·¥ç¥ó¤Èµ¤Ë¢Îϳؤ˴ؤ¹¤ëÍѸì}, JOURNAL = {º®Áêή}, YEAR = 1997, VOLUME = 11, NUMBER = 1, ENGLISHNUMBERING = 1, MONTH = 3, PAGES = {66--69} }
@ARTICLE{udaykumar96:_elafin, AUTHOR = {H. S. Udaykumar and W. Shyy and M. M. Rao}, TITLE = {ELAFINT: A MIXED EULERIAN-LAGRANGIAN METHOD FOR FLUID FLOWS WITH COMPLEX AND MOVING BOUNDARIES}, JOURNAL = {International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids}, YEAR = 1996, VOLUME = 22, PAGES = {691--712}, MEMO = {̤ÆÉ¡£Æɤߤ¿¤¤¡£ÆâÍƤϸŤ¤¤«¤â¤·¤ì¤Ê¤¤¡£} }
@ARTICLE{barton98:_compar_of_simpl_and_piso, AUTHOR = {I. E. Barton}, TITLE = {COMPARISON OF SIMPLE- AND PISO-TYPE ALGORITHMS FOR TRANSIENT FLOWS}, JOURNAL = {International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids}, YEAR = 1998, KEY = {SIMPLE algorithm, PISO algorithm, unsteady incompressible flow}, VOLUME = 26, PAGES = {459--483}, MEMO = {̤ÆÉ} }
@ARTICLE{kim92:_navier_stokes, AUTHOR = {Kyoungyoun Kim and Seung-Jin Baek and Hyung Jin Sung}, TITLE = {An implicit velocity decoupling procedure for incomperssible Navier-Stokes equations}, JOURNAL = {International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids}, YEAR = 1992, KEY = {incompressible Navier-Stokes equations, implicit time advancement, velocity-pressure decoupling, velocity components decoupling, second-order accuracy, approximate factorization}, VOLUME = 38, PAGES = {125--138}, MEMO = {¤ª¤½¤é¤¯ÉôʬÃʳ¬Ë¡¤ò±¢²òË¡¤Ë¤·¡¢¤«¤Ä°µÎϤò¥Ç¥«¥Ã¥×¥ë ¤·¤Æ¤â2¼¡ÀºÅÙ¤òÊݤĤȤ¤¤¦¼çÄ¥¡£¿·¤·¤¤scheme¤ÎÏÀʸ¡£} }
@ARTICLE{ichikawa02, AUTHOR = {»ÔÀî ¼£¡¢Æ£°æ ¹§Â¢}, TITLE = {ľ¸ò³Ê»Ò¤òÍøÍѤ·¤¿3¼¡¸µ¤ÎǤ°Õ·Á¾õʪÂΤޤï¤ê¤ÎήÂÎ¥· ¥ß¥å¥ì¡¼¥·¥ç¥ó}, JOURNAL = {ÆüËܵ¡³£³Ø²ñÏÀʸ½¸(BÊÔ)}, YEAR = 2002, VOLUME = 68, NUMBER = 669, PAGES = {1329--1336}, MONTH = 5, MEMO = {Ghost Cell¤ËÁêÅö¤¹¤ë¤È»×¤ï¤ì¤ë¡£} }
@ARTICLE{sato00:_cfd, AUTHOR = {Yohei Sato and Hideaki Miyata and Toru Sato}, TITLE = {{CFD} simulation of 3-dimensional motion of a ship in waves: application to an advancing ship in regular heading waves}, JOURNAL = {Journal of Marine Science and Technology}, YEAR = 2000, VOLUME = 4, NUMBER = 3, PAGES = {108--116} }
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@BOOK{book:Knapp, AUTHOR = {Knapp, R. T. and Daily, J. W. and Hammitt, F. G.}, TITLE = {Cavitation}, PUBLISHER = {McGraw-Hill Book Co.}, YEAR = 1970 }
@BOOK{RikaNenpyo94, AUTHOR = {¹ñΩŷʸÂæ ÊÔ}, YOMI = {¤³¤¯¤ê¤Ä¤Æ¤ó¤â¤ó¤À¤¤¤Ø¤ó}, TITLE = {Íý²Êǯɽ Ê¿À®6ǯ}, PUBLISHER = {´ÝÁ±³ô¼°²ñ¼Ò}, YEAR = 1994 }
@BOOK{Minami86, AUTHOR = {Æî ÌÐÉ×}, YOMI = {¤ß¤Ê¤ß¤·¤²¤ª}, TITLE = {²Ê³Ø·×¬¤Î¤¿¤á¤ÎÇÈ·Á¥Ç¡¼¥¿½èÍý}, PUBLISHER = {CQ½ÐÈdzô¼°²ñ¼Ò}, YEAR = 1986 }
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@BOOKLET{LastReport, TITLE = {¥¥ã¥Ó¥Æ¡¼¥·¥ç¥ó²õ¿©¤Îµ¡¹½¤È¤½¤Îͽ¬ˡ¤Î¸¦µæ}, AUTHOR = {²ÃÆ£ Íμ£ and others}, YOMI = {¤«¤È¤¦¤Ò¤í¤Ï¤ë}, HOWPUBLISHED = {ʸÉô¾Ê²Ê³Ø¸¦µæÈñÊä½õ¶â(¹ñºÝ³Ø½Ñ¸¦µæ¡¦¶¦Æ±¸¦µæ)¸¦µæÀ®²ÌÊó¹ð½ñ 07044124}, YEAR = 1994 }
@BOOKLET{MechSeminar:940-66, TITLE = {¹Ö½¬²ñ¡Ö°µÎÏÊÑ´¹´ïÀ½ºîµ»½Ñ¤È¼Â½¬---Äã°µ¤«¤éĶ¹â°µ¤Þ¤Ç¡×¶µºà}, KEY = {¤Ë¤Ã¤Ý¤ó¤¤«¤¤¤¬¤Ã¤«¤¤}, HOWPUBLISHED = {ÆüËܵ¡³£³Ø²ñ ÄÌ·×ÈÖ¹æ: No.940-66}, YEAR = 1994 }
@ARTICLE{yama83:jsnaj, AUTHOR = {»³¸ý °ì and ²ÃÆ£ Íμ£}, YOMI = {¤ä¤Þ¤°¤Á¤Ï¤¸¤á¡¢¤«¤È¤¦¤Ò¤í¤Ï¤ë}, TITLE = {Íã·¿¤ËȯÀ¸¤¹¤ëÉôʬ¥¥ã¥Ó¥Æ¡¼¥·¥ç¥ó¤ÎÈóÀþ·ÁÍýÏÀ}, JOURNAL = {ÆüËܤÁ¥³Ø²ñÏÀʸ½¸}, YEAR = 1983, VOLUME = 152, PAGES = {117--124} }
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@ARTICLE{JSME:Sato97a, AUTHOR = {º´Æ£ ·Ã°ì and ¶áÆ£ ¿»Ê}, YOMI = {¤µ¤È¤¦¤±¤¤¤¤¤Á¡¢¤³¤ó¤É¤¦¤·¤ó¤¸}, TITLE = {ή¤ìÃæ¤Ç¤Î¸ÇÂÎÊɶ᤯¤Î±²¥¥ã¥Ó¥Æ¡¼¥·¥ç¥óµ¤Ë¢¤ÎÊø²õ¡¦¾×·âµóÆ° (Æäˡ¢ÊÉÌÌÊý¸þ¤Ø¤Îµ¤Ë¢ÍÍÁê)}, JOURNAL = {ÆüËܵ¡³£³Ø²ñÏÀʸ½¸ (BÊÔ)}, YEAR = 1997, VOLUME = 63, NUMBER = 606, PAGES = {372--377} }
@ARTICLE{JSME:Sato97b, AUTHOR = {º´Æ£ ·Ã°ì and ¿ùËÜ ¹¯¹°}, YOMI = {¤µ¤È¤¦¤±¤¤¤¤¤Á¡¢¤¹¤®¤â¤È¤ä¤¹¤Ò¤í}, TITLE = {¥¥ã¥Ó¥Æ¡¼¥·¥ç¥ó²õ¿©¤Ë´ØÏ¢¤¹¤ë±²¥¥ã¥Ó¥Æ¥£°µ²õµóÆ°¤Î´Ñ»¡ (Æäˡ¢»°³ÑÃì¤Þ¤ï¤ê¤ÎNear-Wake¤Ë¤ª¤¤¤Æ)}, JOURNAL = {ÆüËܵ¡³£³Ø²ñÏÀʸ½¸ (BÊÔ)}, YEAR = 1997, VOLUME = 63, NUMBER = 616, PAGES = {3815--3821} }
@ARTICLE{JSME:Sato98a, AUTHOR = {º´Æ£ ·Ã°ì and ¿ùËÜ ¹¯¹° and ¶áÆ£ ¿»Ê and ¿·Ã« °ìÇî}, YOMI = {¤µ¤È¤¦¤±¤¤¤¤¤Á¡¢¤¹¤®¤â¤È¤ä¤¹¤Ò¤í¡¢¤³¤ó¤É¤¦¤·¤ó¤¸¡¢¤¢¤é¤¿¤Ë¤«¤º¤Ò¤í}, TITLE = {±²¥¥ã¥Ó¥Æ¡¼¥·¥ç¥óµ¤Ë¢Êø²õµóÆ°¤È²õ¿©¤È¤ÎƱ»þ·×¬}, JOURNAL = {ÆüËܵ¡³£³Ø²ñÏÀʸ½¸ (BÊÔ)}, YEAR = 1998, VOLUME = 64, NUMBER = 622, PAGES = {1683--1688} }
@ARTICLE{JSME:Sato98b, AUTHOR = {º´Æ£ ·Ã°ì and À±Ìî ¹¨²ð and ÂÀÅÄ Çî¾Ï}, YOMI = {¤µ¤È¤¦¤±¤¤¤¤¤Á¡¢¤Û¤·¤Î¤³¤¦¤¹¤±¡¢¤ª¤ª¤¿¤Ò¤í¤¢¤}, TITLE = {ήϩÊÉÌ̶á˵¤Ç¤ÎÇíÎ¥±²¥¥ã¥Ó¥Æ¡¼¥·¥ç¥óµ¤Ë¢¤ÎʬÎö¡¦Êø²õ²áÄø (±ßÃì¤Þ¤ï¤ê¤Îή¤ì)}, JOURNAL = {ÆüËܵ¡³£³Ø²ñÏÀʸ½¸ (BÊÔ)}, YEAR = 1998, VOLUME = 64, NUMBER = 622, PAGES = {1689--1696} }
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@ARTICLE{asme:Le93a, AUTHOR = {Le, Q. and Franc, J.-P. and Michel, J.-M.}, TITLE = {Partial Cavities: Global Behavior and Mean Pressure Distribution}, JOURNAL = {Transactions of the ASME: Journal of Fluids Engineering}, YEAR = 1993, VOLUME = 115, PAGES = {243--248} }
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@INPROCEEDINGS{cavsymp97:Hattori, AUTHOR = {ÉþÉô ½¤¼¡ and ÎëÌÚ ¼÷¼£ and ²¬ÅÄ ÍÇ·É}, YOMI = {¤Ï¤Ã¤È¤ê¤·¤å¤¦¤¸¡¢¤¹¤º¤¤È¤·¤Ï¤ë¡¢¤ª¤«¤À¤è¤·¤Î¤ê}, TITLE = {¥¥ã¥Ó¥Æ¡¼¥·¥ç¥óµ¤Ë¢Êø²õ°µ¤¬ºàÎÁɽÌ̤˺îÍѤ·¤¿¤È¤¤Î°µÎÏʬÉÛ}, BOOKTITLE = {¥¥ã¥Ó¥Æ¡¼¥·¥ç¥ó¤Ë´Ø¤¹¤ë¥·¥ó¥Ý¥¸¥¦¥à (Âè9²ó)}, YEAR = 1997, PAGES = {35--38} }
@INPROCEEDINGS{YuCeccio96, AUTHOR = {Yu, P. and Ceccio, S. L.}, TITLE = {Diffusion Induced Bubble Populations Downstream of a Partial Cavity}, BOOKTITLE = {Proceedings of the ASME Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting, Volume 1}, VOLUME = 236, YEAR = 1996, ORGANIZATION = {ASME FED}, PAGES = {345--355} }
@INPROCEEDINGS{Momma94:PLBM, AUTHOR = {Momma, T. and Lichtarowicz, A.}, TITLE = {A New Calibration Methodfor Dynamically Loaded Transducers}, BOOKTITLE = {Fluid Measurement and Instruction}, VOLUME = 183, YEAR = 1994, ORGANIZATION = {ASME FED}, PAGES = {103--107} }
@INPROCEEDINGS{Soyama96:asme, AUTHOR = {Soyama, H. and Lichtarowicz, A. and Momma, T.}, TITLE = {Vortex Cavitation in a Submerged Jet}, BOOKTITLE = {Proceedings of the ASME Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting, Volume 1}, ORGANIZATION = {ASME FED}, VOLUME = 236, YEAR = 1996, PAGES = {415--422} }
@INPROCEEDINGS{intsymp:FortesPatellaReboud, AUTHOR = {Fortes-Patella, R. and Reboud, J.-L.}, TITLE = {A New Approach to Evaluate the Cavitation Erosion Power}, BOOKTITLE = {Proceedings of International Symposium on Cavitation}, YEAR = 1995, ORGANIZATION = {DCN Bassin d'Essais des Car{\`e}nes}, ADDRESS = {Deauville, France}, MONTH = {May}, PAGES = {233--240} }
@INPROCEEDINGS{reboud94:_exper_inves_numer_analy_cavit_erosion, AUTHOR = {Jean-Luc Reboud and R. Fortes-Patella}, TITLE = {Experimental Investigations and Numerical Analyses on Cavitation Erosion}, BOOKTITLE = {Proceedings of The Second International Symposium on Cavitation}, EDITOR = {H. Kato}, YEAR = 1994, ADDRESS = {Tokyo, Japan}, MONTH = {April}, PAGES = {191--196} }
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@INPROCEEDINGS{intsymp92:Kato, AUTHOR = {Kato, H.}, TITLE = {Recent Advances and Future Proposal on Cavitation Erosion Research}, BOOKTITLE = {International Symposium on Propulsors and Cavitation}, VOLUME = {STG-Nr.3007}, YEAR = 1992, ADDRESS = {Hamburg, Germany} }
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@INPROCEEDINGS{Yamaguchi90:holography, AUTHOR = {Yamaguchi, H. and Kato, H. and Maeda, M. and Kamijo, A.}, TITLE = {Development of a Laser Holography System for the Measurement of Cavitation Bubble Clusters}, BOOKTITLE = {Proceedings of ASME Cavitation and Multiphase Flow Forum}, VOLUME = 98, YEAR = 1990, ORGANIZATION = {ASME FED}, ADDRESS = {Toronto, Canada}, PAGES = {115--119} }
@INPROCEEDINGS{jsme:Maeda92, AUTHOR = {Á°ÅÄ ³Ø and »³ÅÄ ÀÓ and Àî¾å ¹§ and µÈÅÄ µÁ¼ù}, YOMI = {¤Þ¤¨¤À¤Þ¤Ê¤Ö¡¢¤ä¤Þ¤À¤¤¤µ¤ª¡¢¤«¤ï¤«¤ß¤¿¤«¤·¡¢¤è¤·¤À¤è¤·¤}, TITLE = {¥Ý¥ó¥×ÍãÌ̤ˤª¤±¤ë¥¥ã¥Ó¥Æ¡¼¥·¥ç¥óµ¤Ë¢Êø²õ¾×·â¥Ñ¥ë¥¹¤Î·×¬}, BOOKTITLE = {ÆüËܵ¡³£³Ø²ñ¹Ö±éÏÀʸ½¸}, NUMBER = {924-2}, YEAR = 1992, MONTH = 3, PAGES = {7--9} }
@INPROCEEDINGS{cavsymp95:Fujikawa, AUTHOR = {Æ£Àî ½Åͺ and Åĸ¶ À²ÃË and ¹â¿ù ¿®½¨ and ÀÐÁÒ ¾»Åµ and ÏÂÅÄ ±Ñŵ}, YOMI = {¤Õ¤¸¤«¤ï¤·¤²¤ª¡¢¤¿¤Ï¤é¤Ï¤ë¤ª¡¢¤¿¤«¤¹¤®¤Î¤Ö¤Ò¤Ç¡¢ ¤¤¤·¤¯¤é¤Þ¤µ¤Î¤ê¡¢¤ï¤À¤Ò¤Ç¤Î¤ê}, TITLE = {¥¥ã¥Ó¥Æ¡¼¥·¥ç¥ó¾×·â°µ¤È²õ¿©¤ÎÁê´Ø¤Ë´Ø¤¹¤ë¸¦µæ (¾×·â°µ·×¬ÍÑÈù¾®°µÎϷפλîºî, ¸¡Äê, ±þÍÑ)}, BOOKTITLE = {¥¥ã¥Ó¥Æ¡¼¥·¥ç¥ó¤Ë´Ø¤¹¤ë¥·¥ó¥Ý¥¸¥¦¥à (Âè8²ó)}, ORGANIZATION = {ÆüËܳؽѲñµÄ}, YEAR = 1995, PAGES = {45--46} }
@INPROCEEDINGS{cavsymp97:Terasaki, AUTHOR = {»ûºê ¾°»Ì and ±±°æ ¿ò and ÀçÀÐ ±ÉÆó and ¹â¿ù ¿®½¨ and ×Å Ô¢µÁ and Æ£Àî ½Åͺ}, YOMI = {¤Æ¤é¤µ¤¤Ê¤ª¤Ä¤°¡¢¤¦¤¹¤¤¤¿¤«¤·¡¢¤»¤ó¤´¤¯¤¨¤¤¤¸¡¢ ¤¿¤«¤¹¤®¤Î¤Ö¤Ò¤Ç¡¢Guoyi Peng¡¢¤Õ¤¸¤«¤ï¤·¤²¤ª}, TITLE = {¿åÃ楦¥©¡¼¥¿¡¼¥¸¥§¥Ã¥È¤Î¥¥ã¥Ó¥Æ¡¼¥·¥ç¥ó¤È¤½¤ÎǽưÀ©¸æ}, BOOKTITLE = {¥¥ã¥Ó¥Æ¡¼¥·¥ç¥ó¤Ë´Ø¤¹¤ë¥·¥ó¥Ý¥¸¥¦¥à (Âè9²ó)}, YEAR = 1997, PAGES = {17--20} }
@INPROCEEDINGS{Kawanami97:holography, AUTHOR = {ÀîÊ ¹¯¹ä and ²ÃÆ£ Íμ£ and »³¸ý °ì and Á°ÅÄ ÀµÆó}, YOMI = {¤«¤ï¤Ê¤ß¤ä¤¹¤¿¤«¡¢¤«¤È¤¦¤Ò¤í¤Ï¤ë¡¢¤ä¤Þ¤°¤Á¤Ï¤¸¤á¡¢¤Þ¤¨¤À¤Þ¤µ¤Ä¤°}, TITLE = {¥¯¥é¥¦¥É¡¦¥¥ã¥Ó¥Æ¥£Æâ¤Îµ¤Ë¢Ê¬ÉۤˤĤ¤¤Æ}, BOOKTITLE = {¥¥ã¥Ó¥Æ¡¼¥·¥ç¥ó¤Ë´Ø¤¹¤ë¥·¥ó¥Ý¥¸¥¦¥à (Âè9²ó)}, YEAR = 1997, PAGES = {131--134} }
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@INPROCEEDINGS{sengoku98:sensor, AUTHOR = {ÀçÀÐ ±ÉÆó and »ûºê ¾°»Ì and ¹â¿ù ¿®½¨ and Æ£Àî ½Åͺ}, YOMI = {¤»¤ó¤´¤¯¤¨¤¤¤¸¡¢¤Æ¤é¤µ¤¤Ê¤ª¤Ä¤°¡¢¤¿¤«¤¹¤®¤Î¤Ö¤Ò¤Ç¡¢¤Õ¤¸¤«¤ï¤·¤²¤ª}, TITLE = {¥¦¥©¡¼¥¿¡¼¥¸¥§¥Ã¥È·×¬ÍѾ®·¿¹â®±þÅú¾×·â°µÎϷפγ«È¯¤È¤½¤ÎÆÃÀ}, BOOKTITLE = {ÆüËܵ¡³£³Ø²ñήÂι©³ØÉôÌç¹Ö±é²ñ¹Ö±éÏÀʸ½¸}, NUMBER = {98-15}, YEAR = 1998, ADDRESS = {ĹÌî»Ô} }
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@MASTERSTHESIS{Konno:graduationthesis, AUTHOR = {åô ½¤¹ and ¶âÌî ¾Íµ×}, YOMI = {¤Ä¤Å¤¤Î¤ê¤Ò¤í¡¢¤³¤ó¤Î¤¢¤¤Ò¤µ}, TITLE = {¾×·â°µ·×¬¤Ë¤è¤ë¥¥ã¥Ó¥Æ¡¼¥·¥ç¥ó¡¦¥¨¥í¡¼¥¸¥ç¥óµ¡¹½¤Î¸¦µæ}, SCHOOL = {ÅìµþÂç³Ø ¹©³ØÉô Á¥Çõ³¤Íι©³Ø²Ê}, YEAR = 1994, TYPE = {´¶ÈÏÀʸ} }
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@PHDTHESIS{Kawanami99:PhdThesis, AUTHOR = {ÀîÊ ¹¯¹ä}, YOMI = {¤«¤ï¤Ê¤ß¤ä¤¹¤¿¤«}, TITLE = {Íã·¿¤ËȯÀ¸¤¹¤ë¥¥ã¥Ó¥Æ¡¼¥·¥ç¥ó¤Î¹½Â¤¤Èµ¤Ë¢Êø²õ¾×·â°µ¤Î¿äÄê}, SCHOOL = {ÅìµþÂç³Ø Âç³Ø±¡¹©³Ø·Ï¸¦µæ²Ê Á¥Çõ³¤Íι©³ØÀ칶}, YEAR = 1999, TYPE = {Çî»ÎÏÀʸ} }
@PHDTHESIS{Yama83:phdthesis, AUTHOR = {»³¸ý °ì}, YOMI = {¤ä¤Þ¤°¤Á¤Ï¤¸¤á}, TITLE = {Íã·¿¤ËȯÀ¸¤¹¤ëÉôʬ¥¥ã¥Ó¥Æ¡¼¥·¥ç¥ó¤ÎÈóÀþ·ÁÍýÏÀ¤ÈÂÑ¥¥ã¥Ó¥Æ¡¼¥·¥ç¥óÀǽ¤ÎÍ¥¤ì¤¿Íã·¿¤Î³«È¯}, SCHOOL = {ÅìµþÂç³Ø Âç³Ø±¡¹©³Ø·Ï¸¦µæ²Ê Á¥Çõ¹©³ØÀ칶}, YEAR = 1983, TYPE = {Çî»ÎÏÀʸ} }
@PHDTHESIS{chatelain05:_contr_three_dimen_vortex_elemen, AUTHOR = {Philippe Chatelain}, TITLE = {Contributions to the Three-Dimensional Vortex Element Method and Spinning Bluff Body Flows}, SCHOOL = {California Institute of Technology}, YEAR = 2005, ADDRESS = {Pasadena, California}, MEMO = {̤ÆÉ¡£ISABMEC2006¤Ç¾Ò²ð¤µ¤ì¤¿¤â¤Î} }
@MANUAL{NASTRANintro, TITLE = {MSC/NASTRANÆþÌç¥Þ¥Ë¥å¥¢¥ë}, AUTHOR = {ÆüËÜ¥¨¥à¥¨¥¹¥·¡¼³ô¼°²ñ¼Ò}, YOMI = {¤Ë¤Ã¤Ý¤ó¤¨¤¹¤¨¤à¤·¡¼¤«¤Ö¤·¤¤¬¤¤¤·¤ã}, YEAR = 1993, KEY = {NASTRAN} }
@MANUAL{NASTRANdynamic, TITLE = {MSC/NASTRAN¥æ¡¼¥¶¡¼¥º¥¬¥¤¥É ´ðÁÃÆ°²òÀÏ(V68)}, AUTHOR = {ÆüËÜ¥¨¥à¥¨¥¹¥·¡¼³ô¼°²ñ¼Ò}, YOMI = {¤Ë¤Ã¤Ý¤ó¤¨¤¹¤¨¤à¤·¡¼¤«¤Ö¤·¤¤¬¤¤¤·¤ã}, YEAR = 1994, KEY = {NASTRAN} }
@MANUAL{piezo_film_tech_manual, TITLE = {Piezo Film Sensors Technical Manual Internet Version}, KEY = {measurement}, ORGANIZATION = {Measurement Specialties Inc.}, POSTALADDRESS = {80 Little Falls Road, Fairfield, NJ 07004}, YEAR = 1998, NOTE = {{\texttt{http://www.msiusa.com/piezo\_film\_manual.htm}} ¤«¤é¥À¥¦¥ó¥í¡¼¥É²Äǽ(1999ǯ7·î¸½ºß)} }
@UNPUBLISHED{program:Yamaguchi, AUTHOR = {Yamaguchi, H.}, TITLE = {Hydrodynamics characteristics of a two-dimentional foil or cascade in steady incompressible uniform flow with boundary layer effects taken into account}, NOTE = {Internal software}, YEAR = 1988 }
@UNPUBLISHED{work94:Hattori, AUTHOR = {Hattori, S.}, TITLE = {Measurement of Impact Loads due to Cavitation Bubble Collapse and Related Erosion}, NOTE = {Workshop on Cavitation Erosion Research, Tokyo}, YEAR = 1994 }
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@INCOLLECTION{kato93:_swim, AUTHOR = {²ÃÆ£ Íμ£}, TITLE = {À¸Êª¤Î±ËË¡}, BOOKTITLE = {²þÄû ³¤¤ÈÁ¥¤Î²Ê³Ø}, PAGES = {1--14}, PUBLISHER = {ÅìµþÂç³ØÂç³Ø±¡¹©³Ø·Ï¸¦µæ²ÊÁ¥Çõ³¤Íι©³ØÀ칶}, YEAR = 1993, EDITOR = {ÌîËÜ ÉÒ¼£}, CHAPTER = {Âè1¾Ï}, MONTH = 4 }
@INPROCEEDINGS{konno05, AUTHOR = {Akihisa Konno and Mitsuo Kawakita and Atsushi Yoshikawa and Akisato Mizuno}, TITLE = {On the numerical analysis of flow around ice piece moving near icebreaker hull}, BOOKTITLE = {Proceedings of the 20th International Symposium on Okhotsk Sea \& Sea Ice}, PAGES = {207--210}, YEAR = 2005, OPTMONTH = {February} }
@INPROCEEDINGS{izumiyama95:_ice_resis_three_bow_forms, AUTHOR = {Koh Izumiyama and Shotaro Uto}, TITLE = {Ice Resistance of Three Bow Forms for the NSR Cargo Ship}, BOOKTITLE = {Northern Sea Route; Future \& Perspective. Proceedings of INSROP Symposium}, PAGES = {459--467}, YEAR = 1995, OPTMONTH = {October} }
@INPROCEEDINGS{konno06a, AUTHOR = {Akihisa Konno and Takashi Mizuki}, TITLE = {{\noop{1}O}n the numerical analysis of flow around ice piece moving near icebreaker hull. Second report: application of~Physically-Based Modeling to simulation of~ice movement}, BOOKTITLE = {Proceedings of the 21st International Symposium on Okhotsk Sea \& Sea Ice}, PAGES = {74--77}, YEAR = 2006, OPTMONTH = {February} }
@INPROCEEDINGS{konno06b, AUTHOR = {Akihisa Konno and Takashi Mizuki}, TITLE = {{\noop{2}N}UMERICAL SIMULATION OF~PRE-SAWN ICE TEST OF~MODEL ICEBREAKER USING PHYSICALLY BASED MODELING}, BOOKTITLE = {Proceedings of the 18th IAHR International Symposium on Ice}, VOLUME = 2, PAGES = {17--23}, YEAR = 2006, OPTMONTH = {August} }
@ARTICLE{porter33:_surfac_tension_exper, AUTHOR = {Alfred W. Porter}, TITLE = {The calculation of Surface Tension from Experiment. Part {I}. Sessile Drops}, JOURNAL = {Philosophical Magazine}, YEAR = 1933, VOLUME = 15, PAGES = {163--170} }
@ARTICLE{porter34:_volum_menis_surfac_liquid, AUTHOR = {Alfred W. Porter}, TITLE = {On the Volume of the Meniscus at the Surface of a Liquid. Part III.}, JOURNAL = {Philosophical Magazine}, YEAR = 1934, VOLUME = 17, PAGES = {511--517} }
@ARTICLE{padday72:_surfac, AUTHOR = {J. F. Padday and A. R. Pitt}, TITLE = {Surface and interfacial tensions from the profile of a sessile drop}, JOURNAL = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences}, YEAR = 1972, VOLUME = 329, NUMBER = 1579, PAGES = {421--431} }
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@ARTICLE{padday72:_axisy_menis_profil, AUTHOR = {J. F. Padday and A. Pitt}, TITLE = {Axisymmetric Meniscus Profiles}, JOURNAL = {Journal of Collond and Interface Science}, YEAR = 1972, VOLUME = 38, NUMBER = 2, PAGES = {323--334}, MONTH = {February} }
@ARTICLE{padday60:_measur_surfac_tension_pure_liquid_solut, AUTHOR = {J. F. Padday and D. R. Russell}, TITLE = {The Measurement of the Surface Tension of Pure Liquids and Solutions}, JOURNAL = {Journal of Colloid Science}, YEAR = 1960, VOLUME = 15, PAGES = {503--511} }
@ARTICLE{padday71:_profil_axial_symmet_menis, AUTHOR = {J. F. Padday}, TITLE = {The Profiles of Axially Symmetric Menisci}, JOURNAL = {Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences}, YEAR = 1971, VOLUME = 269, NUMBER = 1197, PAGES = {265--293}, MONTH = {February} }
@ARTICLE{rotenberg83:_deter_surfac_tension_contac_angle, AUTHOR = {Y. Rotenberg and L. Boruvka and A. W. Newmann}, TITLE = {Determination of Surface Tension and Contact Angle from the Shapes of Axisymmetric Fluid Interfaces}, JOURNAL = {Journal of Colloid and Interface Science}, YEAR = 1983, VOLUME = 93, NUMBER = 1, PAGES = {169--183}, MONTH = {May} }
@ARTICLE{wang95, AUTHOR = {Wang, Y. C. and Brennen, C. E.}, TITLE = {The noise generated by the collapse of a cloud of cavitation bubbles}, JOURNAL = {Cavitation and Gas-Liquid Flow in Fluid Machinery and Devices. ASME FED}, YEAR = 1995, VOLUME = 226, PAGES = {17--29} }
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@ARTICLE{jsme00:shimada, AUTHOR = {Shimada, M. and Matsumoto, Y. and Kobayashi, T.}, TITLE = {Influence of the Nuclei Size Distribution on the Collapsing Behavior of the Cloud Cavitation}, JOURNAL = {JSME Int. J. Ser. B}, YEAR = 2000, VOLUME = 43, NUMBER = 2, PAGES = {380--385} }
@ARTICLE{stutz97a, AUTHOR = {Stutz, B. and Reboud, J.-L.}, TITLE = {Experiments on unsteady cavitation}, JOURNAL = {Exp. Fluids}, YEAR = 1997, VOLUME = 22, NUMBER = 3, PAGES = {191--198} }
@ARTICLE{stutz97b, AUTHOR = {Stutz, B. and Reboud, J.-L.}, TITLE = {Two-phase flow structure of sheet cavitation}, JOURNAL = {Phys. Fluids}, YEAR = 1997, VOLUME = 9, NUMBER = 12, PAGES = {3678--3686} }
@ARTICLE{stutz00, AUTHOR = {Stutz, B. and Reboud, J.-L.}, TITLE = {Measurements within unsteady cavitation}, JOURNAL = {Exp. Fluids}, YEAR = 2000, VOLUME = 29, NUMBER = 6, PAGES = {545--552} }
@ARTICLE{takahira94, AUTHOR = {Takahira, H. and Akamatsu, T. and Fujikawa, S.}, TITLE = {Dynamics of a Cluster of Bubbles in a Liquid (Theoretical Analysis)}, JOURNAL = {JSME Int. J. Ser. B}, YEAR = 1994, VOLUME = 37, NUMBER = 2, PAGES = {297--305} }
@ARTICLE{takahira95, AUTHOR = {Takahira, H. and Yamane, S. and Akamatsu, T.}, TITLE = {Nonlinear Oscillations of a Cluster of Bubbles in a Sound Field (Bifurcation Structure)}, JOURNAL = {JSME Int. J. Ser. B}, YEAR = 1995, VOLUME = 38, NUMBER = 3, PAGES = {432--439} }
@INPROCEEDINGS{kawanami01, AUTHOR = {Kawanami, Yasutaka and Kato, Hiroharu and Yamaguchi, Hajime and Maeda, Masatsugu and Nakasumi, Shogo}, TITLE = {Inner Structure of Cloud Cavity on a Foil Section}, BOOKTITLE = {CAV2001: 4th Int. Symp. on Cavitation}, YEAR = 2001, URL = {http://resolver.caltech.edu/cav2001:sessionA8.005} }
@BOOKLET{baraff97:_rigidbody1, TITLE = {Physically Based Modeling: Principles and Practice; Rigid Body Simulation {I}; Unconstrained Rigid Body Dynamics}, AUTHOR = {David Baraff}, HOWPUBLISHED = {Siggraph '97 Course notes}, YEAR = 1997, OPTURL = {http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~baraff/sigcourse/index.html} }
@BOOKLET{baraff97:_rigidbody2, TITLE = {Physically Based Modeling: Principles and Practice; Rigid Body Simulation {II}; Nonpenetration Constraints}, AUTHOR = {David Baraff}, HOWPUBLISHED = {Siggraph '97 Course notes}, YEAR = 1997, OPTURL = {http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~baraff/sigcourse/index.html} }
@MANUAL{smith04:_ode, TITLE = {Open Dynamics Engine v0.5 User Guide}, AUTHOR = {Russel Smith}, URL = {http://www.ode.org/}, YEAR = 2004 }
@MISC{smith:_ode, AUTHOR = {Russel Smith}, TITLE = {{ODE} Open Dynamics Engine}, URL = {http://www.ode.org/}, YEAR = 2000 }
@MANUAL{terdiman02:_opcod_user_manual, TITLE = {{OPCODE} User Manual}, AUTHOR = {Pierre Terdiman}, YEAR = 2002, URL = {http://www.codercorner.com/Opcode.htm} }
@MISC{terdiman03:_opcod_optim_collis_detec, AUTHOR = {Pierre Terdiman}, TITLE = {{OPCODE} Optimized Collision Detection}, YEAR = 2003, URL = {http://www.codercorner.com/Opcode.htm} }
@BOOK{ericson05:_real_time_collis_detec, AUTHOR = {Christer Ericson}, TITLE = {Real-Time Collision Detection}, PUBLISHER = {Morgan Kaufmann Publishers}, YEAR = 2005, SERIES = {The Morgan Kaufmann Series in Inteacive 3-D Technology}, NOTE = {ÆüËܸìÌõ¤¢¤ê} }
@BOOK{coutinho01:_dynam_simul_multib_system, AUTHOR = {Murilo G. Coutinho}, TITLE = {Dynamic Simulations of Multibody Systems}, PUBLISHER = {Springer}, YEAR = 2001, ISBN = {0-387-95192-X} }
@ARTICLE{deniz98:_oscil_rectan_and_octag_profil, AUTHOR = {S. Deniz}, TITLE = {OSCILLATING RECTANGULAR AND OCTAGONAL PROFILES: MODELLING OF FLUID FORCES}, JOURNAL = {Journal of Fluids and Structures}, YEAR = 1998, VOLUME = 12, PAGES = {859--882}, NOTE = {Article No. fl980171}, MEMO = {̤ÆÉ¡£¤ª¤½¤é¤¯Continuous Force¥¿¥¤¥×¡£} }
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@INPROCEEDINGS{kojima00, AUTHOR = {¾®Åç À®¡¢µµËÜ ¶¬»Ê}, TITLE = {±²Ë¡¤Ë¤è¤ë¿åÊ¿¼´É÷¼ÖÍã¼þ¤ê¤ÎÈóÄê¾ïή¤ì²òÀÏ}, BOOKTITLE = {Âè14²ó¿ôÃÍήÂÎÎϳإ·¥ó¥Ý¥¸¥¦¥à}, YEAR = 2000, NOTE = {E10-2}, MEMO = {¥ª¥ó¥é¥¤¥ó¤Ë¤¢¤ë¤Ï¤º¡£} }
@INPROCEEDINGS{takemura03:_mics, AUTHOR = {Ãݼ ²í¼ù¡¢»³ÅÄ ½¤»°¡¢µíÅç ¾Ê}, TITLE = {¸Çµ¤±Õ¿Áêή¾ì¤Î²òË¡(MICS)¤Ë¤è¤ëÇÈÆ°¾ì¤Îγ»Ò±¿Æ°¤Î¿ô ÃͲòÀÏ}, BOOKTITLE = {Âè17²ó¿ôÃÍήÂÎÎϳإ·¥ó¥Ý¥¸¥¦¥à}, YEAR = 2003, NOTE = {B8-4}, MEMO = {̤ÆÉ¡£°ì¼ï¤Î¶³¦Ëä¤á¹þ¤ß¤È»×¤ï¤ì¤ë¡£} }
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https://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/fluidsengineering/article/85/3/360/422807/The-Pulsation-Method-for-Generating-Cavitation
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https://jpt.spe.org/ganesh-thakur-1068
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Ganesh Thakur
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https://assets.spe.org/dims4/default/dd46612/2147483647/strip/true/crop/200x105+0+60/resize/1200x630!/quality/90/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fspe-brightspot.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com%2F6c%2Fa4%2F018e6f6ba2573c5acb40aaf8c711%2F2016-thakur-ganesh.jpg
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2016-08-25T00:00:00
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Ganesh Thakur, SPE, was appointed distinguished professor of petroleum engineering in the Cullen College of Engineering at the University of Houston (UH) by Texas Governor Greg Abbott as part of the Governor’s University Research Initiative (GURI). Thakur will also serve as the director for Energy Industrial Partnerships at UH. He is the president and global advisor at Thakur Services and was the 2012 SPE President. Thakur’s expertise is in reservoir engineering and simulation, secondary recovery, reservoir and well productivity improvement, heavy oil, horizontal well technology, and enhanced oil recovery. He holds a BS in petroleum engineering from the Indian School of Mines, and an MA in mathematics and MS and PhD degrees in petroleum and natural gas engineering from the Pennsylvania State University. Thakur is a member of the National Academy of Engineering. The GURI grant program aims to bring the world’s top researchers to Texas and offers matching grants to help eligible institutions in recruiting distinguished researchers. Other UH GURI appointments in energy research are Andrea Prosperetti as distinguished professor of mechanical engineering and John Suppe as distinguished professor of earth and atmospheric sciences.
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https://jpt.spe.org/ganesh-thakur-1068
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Sonoluminescence by F Ronald Young
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320164015 Sonoluminescence by F Ronald Young - Free ebook download as PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read book online for free.
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Scribd
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https://www.scribd.com/document/533823047/320164015-Sonoluminescence-by-F-Ronald-Young
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History of the Fluids Engineering Division (Journal Article)
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[] |
[] |
[] |
[
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[
"Cooper, Paul",
"Martin, C. Samuel",
"O'Hern, Timothy J",
"C. Samuel",
"O'Hern",
"Timothy J",
"David E"
] |
2016-08-03T00:00:00
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The U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Scientific and Technical Information
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en
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https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1339294
|
@article{osti_1339294,
title = {History of the Fluids Engineering Division},
author = {Cooper, Paul and Martin, C. Samuel and O'Hern, Timothy J.},
abstractNote = {The 90th Anniversary of the Fluids Engineering Division (FED) of ASME will be celebrated on July 10–14, 2016 in Washington, DC. The venue is ASME's Summer Heat Transfer Conference (SHTC), Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting (FEDSM), and International Conference on Nanochannels and Microchannels (ICNMM). The occasion is an opportune time to celebrate and reflect on the origin of FED and its predecessor—the Hydraulic Division (HYD), which existed from 1926–1963. Furthermore, the FED Executive Committee decided that it would be appropriate to publish concurrently a history of the HYD/FED.},
doi = {10.1115/1.4033976},
url = {https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1339294}, journal = {Journal of Fluids Engineering},
issn = {0098-2202},
number = 10,
volume = 138,
place = {United States},
year = {Wed Aug 03 00:00:00 EDT 2016},
month = {Wed Aug 03 00:00:00 EDT 2016}
}
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https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-fluid-mechanics/article/flow-of-vapour-in-a-liquid-enclosure/7193AF156E01B95B5ECB678948FC8512
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en
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Flow of vapour in a liquid enclosure
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Flow of vapour in a liquid enclosure - Volume 78 Issue 3
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12th August 2024: digital purchasing is currently unavailable on Cambridge Core. Due to recent technical disruption affecting our publishing operation, we are experiencing some delays to publication. We are working hard to restore services as soon as possible and apologise for the inconvenience. For further updates please visit our website: https://www.cambridge.org/news-and-insights/technical-incident
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Article contents
Abstract
References
Flow of vapour in a liquid enclosure
Show author details
Milton S. Plesset
Affiliation: Engineering Science Department, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena
Andrea Prosperetti
Affiliation: Engineering Science Department, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena Permanent address: Istituto di Fisica, Universitá degli Studi, Milano, Italy.
47
Cited by
Cited by
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_S._Plesset
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Milton S. Plesset
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_S._Plesset
|
American physicist (1908–1991)
Milton Spinoza Plesset (7 February 1908 – 19 February 1991) was an American applied physicist who worked in the field of fluid mechanics and nuclear energy. He was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 1979 for his fundamental contributions to multiphase flows, bubble dynamics, and safety of nuclear reactors.[2][3] Plesset served as professor of engineering science at California Institute of Technology during 1951 to 1978. Notable scientists Andrea Prosperetti, Norman Zabusky, and Chris Whipple finished their doctoral work under Plesset's guidance. Milton Plesset, Andrea Prosperetti, and Chris Whipple were elected to the National Academy of Engineering.
He with Christian Møller are known for the Møller–Plesset perturbation theory.[4] The Rayleigh–Plesset equation describing the dynamics of a bubble in an infinite body of fluid is also named after him.
Education and work
[edit]
Born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Plesset received his bachelor's degree from University of Pittsburgh in 1929 and a Ph.D. from Yale University in 1932. Soon after his Ph.D. Plesset joined Caltech and worked with Robert Oppenheimer. Together, they undertook a theoretical study of positrons using the Dirac equation in quantum electrodynamics to show how electron-positron pairs were formed.[2]
References
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https://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/fluidsengineering/article/138/10/100801/472134/History-of-the-Fluids-Engineering-Division
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History of the Fluids Engineering Division
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[
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[
"Cooper, Paul",
"Samuel Martin, C",
"O'Hern, Timothy J",
"Samuel Martin",
"O'Hern",
"Timothy J"
] |
2016-08-03T00:00:00
|
The 90th Anniversary of the Fluids Engineering Division (FED) of ASME will be celebrated on July 10–14, 2016 in Washington, DC. The venue is ASME's Summer
|
en
|
//asmedc.silverchair-cdn.com/Themes/Client/app/img/favicons/v-638576255640991767/apple-touch-icon.png
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ASME Digital Collection
|
https://asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/fluidsengineering/article/138/10/100801/472134/History-of-the-Fluids-Engineering-Division
|
Of interest and importance prior to the official establishment of the HYD was the state-of-the-art of hydraulics within ASME between its founding in 1880 and the establishment of HYD in 1926 (Figs. 1–3). There were many articles on fluid-related topics in the ASME Transactions and Mechanical Engineering (ME) between 1880 and 1930, as listed in Table 1 from Refs. [1] and [2]. The 1930 paper in ME “Fifty Years' Progress in Hydraulics” by Moody (Fig. 1) and Van Leer [3] had numerous articles, including theoretical hydraulics, water hammer, fluid metering, the Pelton wheel, American hydraulic turbines, and pumping machines.
Table 1
SubjectArticlesFlow of Fluids29Fluid Meters64Hydraulics31Hydraulic Turbines35Hydroelectric Power Plants25Hydraulic Pumps3Reciprocating Pumps11Rotary Pumps5Centrifugal Pumps22Pumping Plants16
SubjectArticlesFlow of Fluids29Fluid Meters64Hydraulics31Hydraulic Turbines35Hydroelectric Power Plants25Hydraulic Pumps3Reciprocating Pumps11Rotary Pumps5Centrifugal Pumps22Pumping Plants16
The development of hydroelectric power stations necessitated the understanding of hydraulic turbine performance. This technology was a major element in design of hydraulic turbines—Francis, Kaplan, and Pelton designs. Moreover, there were issues beyond the design of turbines, namely, water hammer, cavitation, and flow measurement, and technical areas of interest to mechanical engineers (principally ASME). Because of the promise of power output from hydroelectric power stations, flow measurement was critical, resulting in improvement of various techniques including impulse–momentum (Gibson Method, Fig. 2), salt-velocity method attributed to Allen (Fig. 3), and venturimeter for smaller pipes enhanced by Herschel for smaller piping systems.
John R. Freeman (Fig. 4) was the star in the hydraulic activity over the 50-year period from 1880 to 1930, conducting experiments on head loss in pipes and determining the characteristics of fire nozzles. He was aware of the fact that European hydraulic laboratories were far more advanced than those in the U.S. He set out to remedy the deplorable situation by visits to Europe and the encouragement of these laboratories to encourage visitors from the U.S. as well as write reports of their investigations. This effort led to a comprehensive report [4], an article in German, which was later translated into English [5].
The ASME Freeman Fund was established in 1926 by John R. Freeman, noted Hydraulic Engineer and Scholar, Honorary Member, 24th President of ASME, and recipient of the Society's Gold Medal. Mr. Freeman's active life was crowded with achievements in many fields. To an unusual degree, he brought the benefits of engineering to humanity in many lands, giving his energy and his money unselfishly to meritorious causes and directing his talents to business and to engineering with an enthusiasm and thoroughness that made his pursuit of both these professions successful. Exemplifying his unselfish character, Mr. Freeman suggested a flexible program for utilization of the ASME Freeman Fund when he gave in trust to the Society securities, valued at $25,000. It was stipulated that income be devoted in general to research. Mr. Freeman expressed his wish that, for the moment, part of the income from the gift be used to guarantee the publication of the translation and printing of the German work on Hydraulics (representing extraordinary research in that field). He also recommended traveling scholarships for engineering students. In early years, it supported fellowships for the study of hydraulic laboratory practice in Europe, later it supported publication of important hydraulic research data, and lately, it has been granted to support research programs in hydraulics and fluid mechanics. Up until 1938, an article entitled “Progress in Hydraulics” was published periodically in ME and in the ASME Transactions.
Mention should also be made of Robert Henry Thurston, who was the first president of ASME, as well as an educator and an accomplished mechanical engineer. Little is known about his expertise in the design of steam piping systems for heating in cities and for power plant applications. Moreover, he published an article in ASME Transactions in 1883 regarding water hammer in steam lines that, due to inactivity for a period of time, allowed the formation of condensate [6]. Introduction of hot steam in a dormant line with condensate is a current issue and is termed condensation-induced water hammer. Although the application was for single-phase water hammer, it should be noted that the first technical committee established under HYD auspices in 1931 was the Water Hammer committee. The Thurston Lecture is an annual society level award recommended by Basic Engineering Group (BETGOB).
For nearly 46 years, ASME members with an interest in hydraulics had no home of their own but still met at least once annually at the Winter Annual Meeting (WAM) or with other divisions—mainly with the Power Division. There was, however, a ground swell of interest in establishing a division with interest solely in hydraulics. On November 25, 1925, Dr. Lewis F. Moody led the effort as temporary chairman to formulate a petition for establishment of a professional division entitled Hydraulic Division (HYD), which was endorsed by 146 ASME members without any dissenter. Notable cosigners of the petition were C. M. Allen, Worcester Poly; R. L. Daugherty, Caltech; W. F. Durand, Stanford; J. R. Freeman, Industry; N. R. Gibson, Industry; L. F. Harza, Industry; A. Hollander, Berkeley; S. L. Kerr, Industry; J. N. LeConte, Berkeley; C. T. Main, Industry; L. F. Moody, Consulting Engineer; and R. S. Quick, Industry.
Over the next three decades as the activities of HYD developed, committees were formed to cover specific areas of interest. The establishment and history of the Water Hammer (1931) and Cavitation (1937) committees are found in Sec. 5 on Committee Histories, as well as of the following four other original committees: Hydraulic Prime Movers (1938), Pumping Machinery (1938), Compressors (1950), and Fluid Mechanics (1957).
These committees were sometimes called subcommittees at various times over the years, and the ones existing now—including those added in subsequent years—are called Technical Committees.
During the 1930s, the HYD continued to be active in not only the traditional areas of hydraulics, namely, turbine and pump design and performance, but also emerging problems of water hammer, surge tank simulation, and cavitation. Theodore von Kàrmàn, (Fig. 5) after arriving at Caltech during 1930, continued to enhance the understanding of turbulence and its effect on fluid resistance, as well as to advise his colleagues in their research endeavors; the main recipient being Robert T. Knapp (Fig. 6), to be referred to later. Of note is the fact that von Kàrmàn received the ASME Medal for his contributions to a vast array of fluid mechanics problems.
During the decades 1930 and 1940, there was considerable activity devoted to the understanding of surface resistance to flow, in particular, pressure loss in uniform flow in pipes. In 1944, L. F. Moody, then a professor at the Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, took the friction factor correlations from Colebrook and White and prepared a working graph, which, indeed, is the standard in use today—called the Moody diagram.
The Hydraulic Division was aptly named at its inception in 1926, continuing emphasizing activities related to hydraulics as fostered by the six original committees. However, industry was changing and topic areas not only embraced hydraulics, but also the need for research and development—principally in the expanding topic area of fluid mechanics—began to have an effect. Opportunities existed in both industry and university settings. Contract work that existed as a result of World War II continued—especially in defense-related fields.
Major research-oriented universities became active during the 1950s, as reported by Rouse (1976), who referred to the next decade or so as “The Rise in Fluid Mechanics,” leading to the formation of a fluid mechanics committee with R. C. Dean (Fig. 7) as the first chair in 1957. Also, the first specialty conference on hydraulics (HYD) was held at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, in 1959—of a total of 20 papers, seven could be classified as fluid mechanics papers. Then, in 1963, a newsletter was initiated with R. C. Dean as Editor.
Elite universities in New England and California led the way. There was also a groundswell of activity and interest in renaming HYD to more accurately reflect the interest and focus of subcommittee members. The charge to rename HYD to FED was led by Robert C. Dean (MIT)—supported by Stephen Kline (Stanford) (Fig. 8) and Howard Emmons (Harvard) (Fig. 9) with encouragement from A. H. Shapiro (MIT) (Fig. 10). There was, however, a cadre of subcommittee members from Water Hammer and Hydraulic Prime Movers who strongly supported the name HYD, as it suited their activities. As described by Rouse [7], a well-respected individual who brought the hydraulic-oriented members and fluid mechanics members together was George Wislicenus (Fig. 11). When the vote was taken, the “Old-Timers” were defeated as indicated in Table 2, and the name was changed from HYD to FED in 1963. Moreover, Dean and Kline used their platform to stimulate discussion of unresolved fluid mechanics problems [8].
Table 2
SubcommitteeForAgainstPrime Movers114Water Hammer16Cavitation91Pumping Machinery160Compressors162Fluid Mechanics100Total5323
SubcommitteeForAgainstPrime Movers114Water Hammer16Cavitation91Pumping Machinery160Compressors162Fluid Mechanics100Total5323
Chairs of the HYD/FED Executive Committee are listed in Table 3. At this point, a timeline of significant events or milestones in the history of the FED would be helpful to the reader and would put all the subsequent details of the paper in the proper perspective. Therefore, the major FED milestones are presented in Table 4.
Table 3
YearChairYearChairYearChair1926–1929Ely C. Hutchinson1962–1963Robert C. Dean, Jr.1990–1991Clayton Crowe1929–1930Lewis F. Moody1963–1964Arthur M. G. Moody1991–1992Warren Wade1930–1931William M. White1964–1965Robert S. Sproule1992–1993Richard Bajura1931–1932E. M. Breed1965–1966Stephen J. Kline1993–1994Donald R. Webb1932–1933Blake van Leer1966–1967W. G. Cornell1994–1995Michael L. Billet1933–1934D. J. McCormack1967–1968J. William Holl1995–1996Edwin P. Rood1934–1935Paul Diserens1968–1969Gino Sovran1996–1997Hugh W. Coleman1935–1936C. F. Merriam1969–1970Warren G. Whippen1997–1998Thomas B. Morrow1936–1939S. Logan Kerr1970–1971Glenn W. Wood1998–1999Christopher J. Freitas1939–1940Forrest Nagler1971–1972Milton S. Plesset1999–2000Philip A. Pfund1940–1941F. G. Switzer1972–1973Jackson E. Fowler2000–2001David E. Stock1941–1944E. B. Strowger1973–1974Forbes T. Brown2001–2002Timothy J. O'Hern1944–1947L. J. Hooper1974–1975George Rudinger2002–2003Upendra S. Rohatgi1947–1948R. E. B. Sharp1975–1976William E. Thompson2003–2004Ali Ogut1948–1949J. F. Roberts1976–1977Turgut Sarpkaya2004–2005S. Gopalakrishnan1949–1950George R. Rich1977–1978Kenneth E. Hickman2005–2006Stathis Michaelides1950–1951G. T. Abernathy1978–1979Jules Dussourd2006–2007Urmila Ghia1951–1952Robert T. Knapp1979–1980Allan Acosta2007–2008George Papadopoulos1952–1953H. S. Van Patter1980–1981C. Samuel Martin2008–2009James A. Liburdy1953–1954Richard G. Folsom1981–1982William B. Morgan2009–2010Joel T. Park1954–1955R. S. Quick1982–1983Peter W. Runstadler, Jr.2010–2011Mohammad H. Hosni1955–1956James W. Daily1983–1984Robert Hickling2011–2012David W. Halt1956–1957H. L. Ross1984–1985Christopher Brennen2012–2013Jinkook Lee1957–1958George F. Wislicenus1985–1986Paul Cooper2013–2014Francine Battaglia1958–1959G. D. Johnson1986–1987Charles Dalton2014–2015Bahram Khalighi1959–1960John Parmakian1987–1988Walter Swift2015–2016Keith Walters1960–1961Howard W. Emmons1988–1989Blaine R. Parkin2016–2017Yu-Tai Lee1961–1962W. C. Osborne1989–1990Thomas Morel
YearChairYearChairYearChair1926–1929Ely C. Hutchinson1962–1963Robert C. Dean, Jr.1990–1991Clayton Crowe1929–1930Lewis F. Moody1963–1964Arthur M. G. Moody1991–1992Warren Wade1930–1931William M. White1964–1965Robert S. Sproule1992–1993Richard Bajura1931–1932E. M. Breed1965–1966Stephen J. Kline1993–1994Donald R. Webb1932–1933Blake van Leer1966–1967W. G. Cornell1994–1995Michael L. Billet1933–1934D. J. McCormack1967–1968J. William Holl1995–1996Edwin P. Rood1934–1935Paul Diserens1968–1969Gino Sovran1996–1997Hugh W. Coleman1935–1936C. F. Merriam1969–1970Warren G. Whippen1997–1998Thomas B. Morrow1936–1939S. Logan Kerr1970–1971Glenn W. Wood1998–1999Christopher J. Freitas1939–1940Forrest Nagler1971–1972Milton S. Plesset1999–2000Philip A. Pfund1940–1941F. G. Switzer1972–1973Jackson E. Fowler2000–2001David E. Stock1941–1944E. B. Strowger1973–1974Forbes T. Brown2001–2002Timothy J. O'Hern1944–1947L. J. Hooper1974–1975George Rudinger2002–2003Upendra S. Rohatgi1947–1948R. E. B. Sharp1975–1976William E. Thompson2003–2004Ali Ogut1948–1949J. F. Roberts1976–1977Turgut Sarpkaya2004–2005S. Gopalakrishnan1949–1950George R. Rich1977–1978Kenneth E. Hickman2005–2006Stathis Michaelides1950–1951G. T. Abernathy1978–1979Jules Dussourd2006–2007Urmila Ghia1951–1952Robert T. Knapp1979–1980Allan Acosta2007–2008George Papadopoulos1952–1953H. S. Van Patter1980–1981C. Samuel Martin2008–2009James A. Liburdy1953–1954Richard G. Folsom1981–1982William B. Morgan2009–2010Joel T. Park1954–1955R. S. Quick1982–1983Peter W. Runstadler, Jr.2010–2011Mohammad H. Hosni1955–1956James W. Daily1983–1984Robert Hickling2011–2012David W. Halt1956–1957H. L. Ross1984–1985Christopher Brennen2012–2013Jinkook Lee1957–1958George F. Wislicenus1985–1986Paul Cooper2013–2014Francine Battaglia1958–1959G. D. Johnson1986–1987Charles Dalton2014–2015Bahram Khalighi1959–1960John Parmakian1987–1988Walter Swift2015–2016Keith Walters1960–1961Howard W. Emmons1988–1989Blaine R. Parkin2016–2017Yu-Tai Lee1961–1962W. C. Osborne1989–1990Thomas Morel
Table 4
By 1989, the fluids engineering landscape had changed sufficiently to merit a significant structural adjustment. Affected were the technical committees (sometimes called subcommittees over the years) and the other functions of the Division. As we have seen, this had happened in varying degrees from the formation of the Division's technical committees in the 1930s through changes of the names of these committees and the combination of some of them into new ones that took on new areas of interest and reduced activity in other areas. Some committees were formed and then disappeared along with activity in the fields they addressed.
So the Fluids Engineering Division Executive Committee (FEDEC) at their meeting in late 1989 proposed a review that would ensure better coordination of their committees and would increase participation of the industrial members of the Division in its technical programs. This would address three trends that characterized the new landscape, namely, (a) the increase in fluids engineering industrial applications in addition to traditional fluid machinery (pumps and turbines), (b) a fusion of the disciplines of that traditional fluid machinery area, and (c) increased research in basic flows in the fluid mechanics discipline.
Accordingly, under the direction of Chair Tom Morel, the FEDEC solicited input from the technical committee and coordinating group chairs, and from this, they developed a suggested structure. They asked Paul Cooper and Sam Martin to chair an open meeting of the Division on June 4, 1990, at the ASME Spring Fluids Engineering Conference that was held jointly with the Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering (CSME) Mechanical Engineering Forum in Toronto on June 3–8, 1990. The purpose of the meeting was for the attendees to examine the operation, structure, and mission of the FED and to consider improvements that would maintain and increase the effectiveness of the FED. Tom Morel presented the FEDEC report, and after discussion, the members authorized the proposed new committee structure, which is shown in the Organization Chart of Fig. 12.
The major change leading to this chart was the formation of two new technical committees, namely, the Fluid Applications and Systems Technical Committee (FASTC) and a Fluid Mechanics Technical Committee (FMTC). Into FASTC were folded the activities and responsibilities of the former Fluid Machinery Committee (FMaC), the Fluid Transients Committee (FTC), and the portion of the earlier Fluid Mechanics Committee that pertained to engineering applications of Fluid Mechanics. The new FMTC would emphasize fundamental fluid mechanics. The Multiphase Flow Technical Committee (MFTC) continued as before, as did the two coordinating groups—for Fluid Measurements (CGFM) and for Computational Fluid Dynamics (CGCFD).
The program areas and subcommittee structures within these three committees were defined in a subsequent meeting of members of the FEDEC and the subcommittee chairs in October 1990, as shown, respectively, in Tables 5–7 [9].
Table 5
1. Fluid machinery and components a. Turbomachinery (compressors, pumps, and turbines) b. Hydropower c. Hydropropulsion (propellers, jet pumps, torpedoes, submarines, hydrofoils, and flow noise) d. Valves, flow controllers, and dividers e. Performance of machines and components f. Other fluid machines2. Fluid transients and structural interactions a. Piping system transients b. System transients c. Fluid transmission lines d. Waterhammer e. Flow-induced vibrations3. Industrial and environmental applications a. Positive displacement compressors, pumps, and motors b. Internal combustion systems c. Fluid mechanics in manufacturing processes d. Spray systems e. Energy conversion f. Fluidics g. Vehicle aerodynamics and hydrodynamics h. Municipal, industrial, and medical waste treatment and disposal i. Mixing processes and atmospheric transport j. Spills k. Porous media flows l. Space systems
1. Fluid machinery and components a. Turbomachinery (compressors, pumps, and turbines) b. Hydropower c. Hydropropulsion (propellers, jet pumps, torpedoes, submarines, hydrofoils, and flow noise) d. Valves, flow controllers, and dividers e. Performance of machines and components f. Other fluid machines2. Fluid transients and structural interactions a. Piping system transients b. System transients c. Fluid transmission lines d. Waterhammer e. Flow-induced vibrations3. Industrial and environmental applications a. Positive displacement compressors, pumps, and motors b. Internal combustion systems c. Fluid mechanics in manufacturing processes d. Spray systems e. Energy conversion f. Fluidics g. Vehicle aerodynamics and hydrodynamics h. Municipal, industrial, and medical waste treatment and disposal i. Mixing processes and atmospheric transport j. Spills k. Porous media flows l. Space systems
Table 6
1. Turbulence and shear flowserve a. Boundary layers b. Separated flows, jets, wakes, and cavity flows c. Bluff bodies d. Turbulence e. Transition f. Mixing, dispersion, plumes, and diffusion2. Unsteady flows a. Waves b. Periodic flows c. Unsteady boundary layers, transition, and separated flows d. Biological flows e. Vortex dynamics f. Instabilities3. Aerodynamics and Hydrodynamics a. External flows b. Lubrication c. Potential flows d. Shock waves e. Inviscid flows f. Free surface phenomena4. Unconventional and emerging topics a. Chaos and nonlinear dynamics b. Liquid metals c. Microgravity d. Microfluid mechanics (creeping flows, vapor deposition, and crystal growth) e. Non-Newtonian flows f. Reacting flows
1. Turbulence and shear flowserve a. Boundary layers b. Separated flows, jets, wakes, and cavity flows c. Bluff bodies d. Turbulence e. Transition f. Mixing, dispersion, plumes, and diffusion2. Unsteady flows a. Waves b. Periodic flows c. Unsteady boundary layers, transition, and separated flows d. Biological flows e. Vortex dynamics f. Instabilities3. Aerodynamics and Hydrodynamics a. External flows b. Lubrication c. Potential flows d. Shock waves e. Inviscid flows f. Free surface phenomena4. Unconventional and emerging topics a. Chaos and nonlinear dynamics b. Liquid metals c. Microgravity d. Microfluid mechanics (creeping flows, vapor deposition, and crystal growth) e. Non-Newtonian flows f. Reacting flows
Table 7
1. Gas–solid flows a. Particulate flows and aerosols b. Fluidized beds c. Combustion products d. Air pollutants e. Dusty flow f. Snow motion g. Particulate plumes2. Gas–liquid flows a. Cavitation and related areas (noise, inception, and performance of propellers, hydrofoils, underwater vehicles, pumps, turbines, valves, and orifices) b. Flow regimes (bubbly, slug, annular, misty, frothy, and film) c. Sprays, droplets, and atomization d. Aeration e. Entrainment3. Liquid–solid flows a. Slurry flows b. Sewage flows and waste treatment c. Muds and solid suspensions d. Mixing of powders e. Segregation of solids f. Materials processing4. Multicomponent Flows a. Three-phase flows b. Stratified flows c. Immiscible liquids and gas mixtures d. Related areas
1. Gas–solid flows a. Particulate flows and aerosols b. Fluidized beds c. Combustion products d. Air pollutants e. Dusty flow f. Snow motion g. Particulate plumes2. Gas–liquid flows a. Cavitation and related areas (noise, inception, and performance of propellers, hydrofoils, underwater vehicles, pumps, turbines, valves, and orifices) b. Flow regimes (bubbly, slug, annular, misty, frothy, and film) c. Sprays, droplets, and atomization d. Aeration e. Entrainment3. Liquid–solid flows a. Slurry flows b. Sewage flows and waste treatment c. Muds and solid suspensions d. Mixing of powders e. Segregation of solids f. Materials processing4. Multicomponent Flows a. Three-phase flows b. Stratified flows c. Immiscible liquids and gas mixtures d. Related areas
For the coordinating groups, the CGFM was charged with working in such areas as fluid meters, laser Doppler anemometry, other optical flow measurement and visualization applications, pressure and temperature measurements, and experimental uncertainty. The CGCFD was to apply computational fluid dynamics techniques to the solution of fluids engineering problems, and the program areas included numerical uncertainty, identification of benchmark cases, and cooperation with similar groups from other technical societies. Both groups were to coordinate with the technical committees in their respective areas of endeavor.
Beside the technical committees and coordinating groups, Fig. 12 also shows the other committees that were recognized as part of the new structure of the FED. First, there were the Standing Committees listed in the right-most column of the figure. Up top is the then newly created Advisory Board to the FEDEC, which consisted of resource persons such as past FEDEC members, past technical committee and coordinating group chairs, senior members of the Division, and others familiar with the programs of FED and fluids engineering. They advised the FEDEC in future technical programs, industry, government, and university cooperation, the FED Student Papers Contest, and agendas for special programs and other topics.
With regard to the foregoing changes in the technical committees and coordinating groups, these are simply developments in the evolution that has been a feature of the existence of the FED from the foundation of the Division. This evolution up to the present time can be seen in Fig. 13.
Note, in this figure, that the previous significant change was the formation of the Fluid Machinery Committee in 1968 by combining within it the activities of the earlier committees on Hydraulic Prime Movers (mainly hydraulic turbines formed in 1938), Pumping Machinery (also formed in 1938), and Compressors (1950). The name of the Cavitation Committee (formed in 1937) was changed to the Polyphase Flow Committee (PFC) in 1970, thereby including in its mission all types of flow with more than one phase, cavitation being only one of these. Then, in 1982, conforming to general terminology for such flows, this became known as the MFTC.
Finally, it will be noted from Fig. 13 that the two coordinating groups became technical committees in 2002, namely, the Fluid Measurements and Instrumentation Technical Committee (FMITC) and the Computational Fluid Dynamics Technical Committee (CFDTC). Also, at that time the new Micro and Nano Fluid Dynamics Technical Committee (MNFDTC) came into existence.
The 1990 restructuring of the FED Technical Committees and Coordinating Groups was a watershed event in the development history of the FED, not only because of the actual changes that were made but also because it established a mindset that would facilitate further changes if and when future needs might demonstrate a need to do so. In that sense, the line-up of these technical committees and coordinating groups can now be viewed as a snapshot which addressed the prevailing needs of the fluids engineering community at that point in time.
For example, as described above, just 12 years later in 2002, the respective roles, missions, and involvements of the two Coordinating Groups—on Fluid Measurements and on CFD—had developed sufficiently to merit upgrading them to full status as Technical Committees.
To get a sense of the dynamics involved in such developments, it is instructive for us to fill out the story of each of these Technical Committees from their foundation to the present day. Of particular note, as shown in Fig. 13, 1938 saw a major reorganization of the HYD—akin to 1990 in importance—when it added three more committees, another having just been formed in 1937. Thus, for the first time, there were then five fully functioning committees, which for the most part remained active and prominent for the next 30 years.
The FASTC today has its roots in five earlier committees that began in the 1930s and later. These committees were led by distinguished engineers and academicians and were influential in their time. Also, as shown in Fig. 13, others underwent permutations and name changes. Still others were formed and later phased out. These developments can be traced by studying the ASME Society Records from 1927 to 1978 [10]. The FED Newsletters, which have been published annually in the spring since the first one appeared in 1963 under the editorship of Dr. Robert C. Dean, have carried the record forward to the present. The respective histories of these groups are described in the following paragraphs.
Founded in 1931, this was the first technical committee formed by the HYD—then just 4 years old. In those days, such committees reported to the Executive Committee (just as the technical committees do today), but each was simply called a “committee” (or “subcommittee”). According to the ASME Society Records, they all became “subcommittees” in 1957; however, in 1964, they are listed as “committees” again. Finally, in 1972, they all officially incorporated “technical committee” in each name [10].
Starting out as the Water Hammer Committee, the name was changed in 1965 to the more general Fluid Transients Committee. Dave Wiggert, Committee member and Chair (1980–1982), described this committee and its activities as follows [11]:
The Society has been active in promoting research and disseminating information related to waterhammer and fluid transients beginning in 1931, when a Standing Committee on Waterhammer was formed. The first Symposium on Water Hammer, jointly sponsored with the American Society of Civil Engineers Power Division was held in 1933, and in 1935, the Waterhammer Committee was officially recognized by the Hydraulic Division. S. Logan Kerr was the first chairman and remained in that position until 1956; additional members of the original committee were Mr. Gibson (Fig. 2 and member 1935–1953), Strowger, Halmos, Moody (Fig. 1 and member 1935–1953), and Quick. As mentioned by Kerr in the introduction to the Symposium, efforts of the committee included compiling and translating literature from Europe, reviewing waterhammer theory and analyzing available experimental data to confirm the various theories and formulas. At the Symposium, a testimonial was presented to Lorenzo Allievi in recognition of his contributions to the theory of water hammer, see Fig. 14. It is noteworthy to mention that two reprints of the Symposium were made in 1949 and 1961. A second symposium was held in 1937.
In the 1930s, the graphical method of waterhammer analysis was developed in Europe and elsewhere by Schnyder, Bergeron, Angus, and others. ASME sponsored the translation of the treatise by Bergeron titled “Water Hammer in Hydraulics and Wave Surges in Electricity,” which elegantly described the graphical method and was published in 1961 by John Wiley and Sons, Inc. In 1965, a third symposium, entitled “Waterhammer in Pumped Storage Projects” was presented. This may be one of the earliest publications to mention the use of digital computation for the analysis of waterhammer. In the same year, with V. L. Streeter as Chairman, the name of the Committee was changed to FTC; this was done in part to encompass the diverse interests of the committee members and participants which included topics, such as biological, two-dimensional, and two-phase flows and flows in aircraft hydraulic systems, power plant piping, oil pipelines, among others.
A revitalization of the Committee took place in the 1970s; in addition to traditional waterhammer, its scope was expanded to include unsteady flow, fluid–structure interaction, and vibrations. The impetus for change resulted from a task force study spearheaded by P. Rothe and C. S. Martin beginning in 1975. Recommendations included a broadening of fluid transients topics, outreach to interested industrial practitioners, and an increase in the offering of symposia. A significant number of symposia and forums were sponsored by the FTC between 1970 and 1990. These are found in Sec. 6 on Conferences, Symposia, and Forums.
Past Chairmen of the Water Hammer Committee/FTC are given in Table 8. The fluid transients component of the FASTC has continued to remain active inasmuch as the discipline continues to evolve, new applications interestingly appear, and practitioners around the world look to ASME to provide leadership in offering venues for disseminating state-of-the-art information.
Table 8
YearChair1932–1957S. Logan Kerr1957–1959Ray S. Quick1959–1962C. G. Smallridge1962–1964John T. Kephart1964–1966Victor L. Streeter1966–1968W. L. Gibson1968–1970Benjamin Donsky1970–1972E. Benjamin Wylie1972–1974Frank G. DeFazio1974–1976C. Samuel Martin1976–1978Michael E. Stoner1978–1980Constantine N. Papadakis1980–1982David C. Wiggert1982–1984Paul H. Rothe1984–1986Franklin Dodge1986–1988Hemmat H. Safwat1988–1990Jack Braun
YearChair1932–1957S. Logan Kerr1957–1959Ray S. Quick1959–1962C. G. Smallridge1962–1964John T. Kephart1964–1966Victor L. Streeter1966–1968W. L. Gibson1968–1970Benjamin Donsky1970–1972E. Benjamin Wylie1972–1974Frank G. DeFazio1974–1976C. Samuel Martin1976–1978Michael E. Stoner1978–1980Constantine N. Papadakis1980–1982David C. Wiggert1982–1984Paul H. Rothe1984–1986Franklin Dodge1986–1988Hemmat H. Safwat1988–1990Jack Braun
Although the Water Hammer Committee/FTC was formed officially in 1935, the other major committees of the HYD were formed in 1937–1938; and, as we have seen with the FTC that they remained strong contributors to the Division's program up to the 1990 restructuring and beyond. This certainly can be said of the FMaC and its three predecessor committees, namely: (1) Hydraulic Prime Movers, (2) Pumping Machinery—both formed in 1938—and (3) Compressors (1950), all of which were folded into the FMaC in 1968.
Table 9
YearChair1938–1948J. Frank Roberts1948–1950G. T. Abernathy1950–1951H. S. Van Patter1951–1953Ray S. Quick1953–1956W. J. Rheingans1956–1957G. Dugan Johnson1957–1959G. H. Voaden1959–1962R. H. Pepper1962–1964Lewis P. Litzinger, Jr.1964–1966F. H. Hartz1966–1967J. R. Schmiedel1967–1968W. J. McCormack
YearChair1938–1948J. Frank Roberts1948–1950G. T. Abernathy1950–1951H. S. Van Patter1951–1953Ray S. Quick1953–1956W. J. Rheingans1956–1957G. Dugan Johnson1957–1959G. H. Voaden1959–1962R. H. Pepper1962–1964Lewis P. Litzinger, Jr.1964–1966F. H. Hartz1966–1967J. R. Schmiedel1967–1968W. J. McCormack
(1)
The Hydraulic Prime Movers Committee (HPMC) was chaired by J. Frank Roberts for its first 10 years (from 1938) as seen in the list of the chairs of this committee in Table 9. In those years for which the ASME Records have lists of the members of the committees, the HPMC had as many as 19 members (1958). Large hydraulic turbines were a major emphasis of the HPMC, and it was in the 30 years of its existence that the country saw so much of the development of its hydropower infrastructure.
(2)
The Pumping Machinery Committee (PMC) was chaired by Robert L. Daugherty (Fig. 15) for its first 10 years and had various sponsors during that time and always B. F. Tillson and Hans Ulmann as members. When Robert Folsom became the chair in 1948, A. Hollander, A. J. Stepanoff, and some others became members for the first time. The committee soon grew to include others, notably George Wislicenus, with ten members in 1952, when James W. Daily (Fig. 16) was Chair. Membership reached 20 in 1959. The PMC and the FTC were perhaps the most important continuing influences within the newly formed Fluid Machinery Committee (1968). It is therefore appropriate at this point to list in Table 10 the chairs of the PMC/FMaC from its founding in 1938 until it became part of the FASTC in 1990. This list is a roll call of academicians and engineers who were involved with some of the most important pumps and pump research and technology of their day, such as Professor Daugherty, Professor Daily, and Professor Kittredge and engineers Lewis Kessler, Fred Antunes, Alexander Agostinelli, and Sankaraiyer Gopalakrishnan. In later years, the membership and participation in the work of these committees grew to encompass large lists of engineers and academicians in the particular areas addressed. For example, in 1973, the FMaC consisted of 100 active members and 67 associate members.
(3)
The Compressors Committee (CC) was first chaired in 1950 by A. M. G. Moody for 3 years, successive chairs serving for 2 years each as seen in Table 11. Government and academic researchers such as Joseph Hamrick and George Serovy were among those who served as chairs, and the committee had vice chairs who were responsible for centrifugal, turbomachinery, and reciprocating compressors. This committee appears to have been spun off from the Pumping Machinery Committee, as the ASME records show several pump engineers such as Stepanoff, Gilman, Church, Folsom and Gartman as members of this CC as well as the PMC. However, the CC took on a life of its own and reached a membership of 19 in 1958, which is similar to the numbers reported for the HPMC and the PMC.
(4)
Another, albeit short-lived, committee that appears to have been spun off from the PMC—and could therefore be associated with the committees that were eventually folded into the FMaC—was the Positive Displacement Hydraulic Machinery Committee, which was formed in 1948 and chaired by W. E. Wilson for 3 years and had the same 11 members listed for those years, ending in 1950.
(5)
Another short-lived committee that could be regarded as being under the Fluid Machinery umbrella was the Fluid Power Systems Subcommittee, which was formed in 1957 and chaired by O. S. Carliss for 5 years through 1961. It had seven members, including Hemeon, Laird, Messaros, and Vaugn.
(6)
Next, even though fluidics is probably not a fluid-machinery-related subject, we should mention at this point the one remaining relatively short-lived committee shown in Fig. 13, namely, the Fluidics Committee. This committee was formed in 1967 with Forbes Brown as Chair, and it was organized jointly by the FED and the Automatic Controls Division. As seen in Table 12, it had a series of chairs that ended with Milton Franke in the 1976, after which the committee was transferred over totally to the Automatic Controls Division.
Table 10
YearChairProfessional affiliation1938–1948Robert L. DaughertyAcademia1948–1950Richard G. FolsomAcademia1950–1952R. M. Watson—1952–1953James W. DailyAcademia1953–1955G. F. Habach—1955–1957W. C. OsborneIndustry1957–1959Clifford P. KittredgeAcademia1959–1961Hans GartmannIndustry1961–1963Lewis H. KesslerIndustry1963–1965Austin H. ChurchAcademic1965–1967Glenn M. WoodIndustry1967–1968Alexander AgostinelliIndustry1968–1970J. S. KurlevIndustry1970–1972Wilbur A. SprakerIndustry1972–1974Fred F. AntunesIndustry1974–1976Charles W. GrennanIndustry1976–1978Peter W. Runstadler, Jr.Industry1978–1980Paul CooperIndustry1980–1982Walter SwiftIndustry1982–1984Donald R. WebbIndustry1984–1986S. GopalakrishnanIndustry1986–1988Warren F. WadeIndustry1988–1990John TuzsonIndustry
YearChairProfessional affiliation1938–1948Robert L. DaughertyAcademia1948–1950Richard G. FolsomAcademia1950–1952R. M. Watson—1952–1953James W. DailyAcademia1953–1955G. F. Habach—1955–1957W. C. OsborneIndustry1957–1959Clifford P. KittredgeAcademia1959–1961Hans GartmannIndustry1961–1963Lewis H. KesslerIndustry1963–1965Austin H. ChurchAcademic1965–1967Glenn M. WoodIndustry1967–1968Alexander AgostinelliIndustry1968–1970J. S. KurlevIndustry1970–1972Wilbur A. SprakerIndustry1972–1974Fred F. AntunesIndustry1974–1976Charles W. GrennanIndustry1976–1978Peter W. Runstadler, Jr.Industry1978–1980Paul CooperIndustry1980–1982Walter SwiftIndustry1982–1984Donald R. WebbIndustry1984–1986S. GopalakrishnanIndustry1986–1988Warren F. WadeIndustry1988–1990John TuzsonIndustry
Table 11
YearChair1950–1952Arthur M. G. Moody1952–1953R. M. Johnson1953–1954Hunt Davis1954–1956L. W. Bryant1956–1957E. Schmactenberg1957–1959Joseph T. Hamrick1959–1961R. A. Riester1961–1962H. J. Welch1962–1963C. Fred Koenig1963–1964Arden T. Miller1964–1966George K. Serovy1966–1968D. C. Archer
YearChair1950–1952Arthur M. G. Moody1952–1953R. M. Johnson1953–1954Hunt Davis1954–1956L. W. Bryant1956–1957E. Schmactenberg1957–1959Joseph T. Hamrick1959–1961R. A. Riester1961–1962H. J. Welch1962–1963C. Fred Koenig1963–1964Arden T. Miller1964–1966George K. Serovy1966–1968D. C. Archer
Table 12
YearChair1967–1968Forbes T. Brown1968–1970Karl N. Reid1970–1971Turgut Sarpkaya1971–1972Albertus E. Schmidlin1972–1973R. A. O'Brien1973–1974A. J. Healy1974–1975W. J. Westerman1975–1977Milton E. Franke
YearChair1967–1968Forbes T. Brown1968–1970Karl N. Reid1970–1971Turgut Sarpkaya1971–1972Albertus E. Schmidlin1972–1973R. A. O'Brien1973–1974A. J. Healy1974–1975W. J. Westerman1975–1977Milton E. Franke
As found in Sec. 6 for all the committees, many symposia and forums were sponsored by the FMaC. Those that were repeated periodically continued to be sponsored by the FASTC after 1990.
Of particular interest to many colleagues who appreciated his leadership in the FED and especially the fluid machinery field within the FASTC, was a technical session honoring Sankaraiyer Gopalakrishnan (Fig. 17), who had passed away in September 2005, was held at the FEDSM-2006 in Miami, FL [12]. His genius in fulfilling the ASME mission of the advancement and interchange of technology via projects within his own industry and involving academia and the ASME was chronicled at this session [13], and the first recipient of the Sankaraiyer Gopalakrishnan Flowserve Pump Technology Award was honored at the close of that memorial session in Miami.
The list of chairs who served from the formation of FASTC in 1990 to date is seen in Table 13. (See the listings in Sec. 6 on Conferences, Symposia, and Forums for all the symposia and forums sponsored by all the committees and Sec. 8 on FED Honors and Awards for a presentation of all the FED-related ASME awards and awardees.)
Table 13
YearChairProfessional affiliation1990–1992Steven ZakemIndustry1992–1994Thomas B. MorrowIndustry1994–1996Robert TsaiIndustry1996–1998Donald F. ElgerIndustry1998–2000Ali OgutAcademia2000–2002Adiel GuinzburgIndustry2002–2004Awatef HamedAcademia2004–2006Jinkook LeeIndustry2006–2008Yu-Tai LeeGovernment2008–2010S. A. SherifAcademia2010–2012Keith WaltersAcademia2012–2014Wayne StrasserIndustry2014–2016Judith BambergerGovernment2016–2018George ChamounIndustry
YearChairProfessional affiliation1990–1992Steven ZakemIndustry1992–1994Thomas B. MorrowIndustry1994–1996Robert TsaiIndustry1996–1998Donald F. ElgerIndustry1998–2000Ali OgutAcademia2000–2002Adiel GuinzburgIndustry2002–2004Awatef HamedAcademia2004–2006Jinkook LeeIndustry2006–2008Yu-Tai LeeGovernment2008–2010S. A. SherifAcademia2010–2012Keith WaltersAcademia2012–2014Wayne StrasserIndustry2014–2016Judith BambergerGovernment2016–2018George ChamounIndustry
Before moving into the history of the FMTC, it must be remembered that in 1990, the applied portion of the material handled by this committee was spun off into the FASTC as described in Sec. 4. The materials transferred at that time are found under Item 3 of Table 5, wherein Bajura listed the subjects covered under the program area called Industrial and Environmental Applications. (Positive Displacement Compressors, Pumps, and Motors—the first subject listed—had been added to what otherwise are the “applied” fluid mechanics subjects taken under FASTC cognizance.) Table 6 shows the basic fluid mechanics program areas that were retained by the FMTC and so effectively have remained under its cognizance down to the present.
That said, the FMTC has a long and venerable history, effectively harking back to 1938, when Murrough O'Brien (Fig. 18) and others saw the need for research into and understanding of the fluid dynamical principles involved in the hydraulic machinery, installations, etc., that were being developed at the time. Accordingly, they formed the Committee on General Hydraulics, with O'Brien as Chair. The committee carried on for 3 years, its concerns apparently having been absorbed into the other committees after 1940, when it ceased to exist.
However, it could be argued that Murrough O'Brien had established the precedent for a separate committee dedicated to fluid mechanics. This may have been a factor in the process that led to the establishment in 1957 of the Fluid Mechanics Committee under the Chairmanship of Robert C. Dean (Fig. 7). What is indisputable is that Bob Dean was passionate about the many applications and possibilities for applying the science of fluid mechanics that were arising, knowing that progress in this area also required advancement in the science itself. His vision was for the HYD to meet this challenge in three ways, the first of which was to establish a dedicated and focused Fluid Mechanics Committee within the division. This inevitably led to the second way, which was to change the name of the division in 1963. And finally, in 1973, he would create and become the first editor of the new Journal of Fluids Engineering (JFE)—a part of the Transactions of the ASME. The Fluid Mechanics Committee was therefore an essential element in the total transformation that Dean brought about by driving this rebirth of the Division to serve the evolving fluids engineering reality that he saw so clearly.
While the FMTC started by addressing both the applied and basic subject areas of fluid mechanics as seen in Tables 5 and 6, over the years that followed, it had taken on so much in so many subject areas—namely, the basic ones of Table 6 and many of applied areas of Table 5—that the latter had to be spun off into the FASTC in the 1990 restructuring in order to maintain a balance in the technical committee structure so as to aid the progress and growth of the FED. The many symposia and forums sponsored by the FMTC are found in Sec. 6 on Conferences, Symposia, and Forums. The chairs of the committee are listed in Table 14.
Table 14
YearChairProfessional affiliation1957–1958Robert C. DeanIndustry1958–1960Stephen J. KlineAcademia1960–1962Jackson E. FowlerIndustry1962–1964James P. JohnstonAcademia1964–1966Helmut E. WeberAcademia1966–1968George RudingerIndustry1968–1970N. J. LipsteinIndustry1970–1972Jules DussourdIndustry1972–1974Victor W. GoldschmidtAcademia1974–1976William B. SwimAcademia1976–1978Robert P. LohmannAcademia1978–1980Charles DaltonAcademia1980–1982Frank PetersonGovernment1982–1984J. Parker Lamb, Jr.Academia1984–1986Thomas MorelIndustry1986–1988Richard A. BajuraAcademia1988–1990Philip PfundIndustry1990–1992Hugh W. ColemanAcademia1992–1994Chester J. BlechingerIndustry1994–1996Craig DuttonAcademia1996–1998Marty MorrisIndustry1998–2000M. Volkan OtugenAcademia2000–2002Ganesh RamanAcademia2002–2004George PapadopoulosIndustry2004–2006David O. DavisGovernment2006–2008Khaled HammadIndustry2008–2010Francine BattagliaAcademia2010–2012Javid BayandorAcademia2012–2014Kamran SiddiquiAcademia2014–2016David O. DavisGovernment2016–2018Stefan aus der WiescheAcademia
YearChairProfessional affiliation1957–1958Robert C. DeanIndustry1958–1960Stephen J. KlineAcademia1960–1962Jackson E. FowlerIndustry1962–1964James P. JohnstonAcademia1964–1966Helmut E. WeberAcademia1966–1968George RudingerIndustry1968–1970N. J. LipsteinIndustry1970–1972Jules DussourdIndustry1972–1974Victor W. GoldschmidtAcademia1974–1976William B. SwimAcademia1976–1978Robert P. LohmannAcademia1978–1980Charles DaltonAcademia1980–1982Frank PetersonGovernment1982–1984J. Parker Lamb, Jr.Academia1984–1986Thomas MorelIndustry1986–1988Richard A. BajuraAcademia1988–1990Philip PfundIndustry1990–1992Hugh W. ColemanAcademia1992–1994Chester J. BlechingerIndustry1994–1996Craig DuttonAcademia1996–1998Marty MorrisIndustry1998–2000M. Volkan OtugenAcademia2000–2002Ganesh RamanAcademia2002–2004George PapadopoulosIndustry2004–2006David O. DavisGovernment2006–2008Khaled HammadIndustry2008–2010Francine BattagliaAcademia2010–2012Javid BayandorAcademia2012–2014Kamran SiddiquiAcademia2014–2016David O. DavisGovernment2016–2018Stefan aus der WiescheAcademia
Active for over half a century as an MFTC Committee Member and Chair (1972–1974), William B. (Bill) Morgan (Fig. 19) has provided the following detail about this venerable FED technical committee [14,15].
The founding of the Cavitation Committee came out of sessions devoted to cavitation at the 1935 ASME annual meeting. ME, November 1935, Vol. 57 included the following information under the HYD's report: “At the 1935 annual meeting, two sessions will be devoted to the study of Cavitation and have been arranged in cooperation with the Power Division of the ASCE and the Applied Mechanics Division of the ASME.” The two cavitation papers which were presented at the 1935 ASME annual meeting were: “Cavitation Testing of Model Hydraulic Turbines and Its Bearing on Design and Operation” by L. M. Davis and “Cavitation Testing Propeller Pumps” by A. Tenor.
ME, 1937, reported the following: “On June 25 and 26, 1937, there was a joint meeting of the Applied Mechanics and Hydraulic Divisions in Ithaca, NY. On Saturday morning, there was a discussion on the pitting resistance of metal under cavitation conditions and the relative resistance to cavitation erosion by the vibratory method. Saturday afternoon was devoted to a round-table conference by the HYD on present status of cavitation research in the U.S. and Canada. It was an unusual privilege to have representatives from all the groups now engaged in cavitation research present to discuss this problem and to report upon their work and the programs contemplated for the future. The following research investigations were reported upon: Pennsylvania Water & Power Corporation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Princeton University, University of Toronto, Shawinigan Water & Power Corporation, Canada, and U.S. Naval Propeller Testing Laboratory. Following the discussion of the research program, the meeting was thrown open to discussion on the definition of cavitation action, and it was generally agreed that a sharp distinction should be drawn between cavitation itself and the pitting or erosive action resulting from cavitation. A subcommittee of the main Cavitation Committee is to be appointed to prepare a definition, which would be recommended, for general use. Subcommittees are also being organized to prepare recommended methods for determining the relative resistance of materials to pitting under cavitation conditions and also for the recommended methods by which the characteristics of turbines, pumps, and propellers can be established under cavitation conditions.”
From this information, one can conclude that the Cavitation Committee of the Hydraulic Division was formed in 1937. The ASME Society Records [10], Part 1, lists for 1937 the following under the HYD: Committee on Cavitation, C. F. Merriam, Sponsor (Chairman to be appointed). The ASME Society Records list the following as in office 1 January 1938: Committee on Cavitation, C. F. Merriam, Sponsor and Lewis F. Moody, Chairman (Fig. 1). Moody served as Chairman through 1947. R. T. Knapp (Fig. 6) became Chairman and Sponsor in 1948 but by 1950, the position of Sponsor had been dropped. Sponsors during the term of L. F. Moody as Chairman were: 1938, C. F. Merriam; 1939–1943, E. B. Strowger; and 1944–1947, R. E. B. Sharp. The role of Sponsor versus Chairman is unclear from the records. Full Cavitation Committee membership was first listed in the Society records in 1941. Besides the Chairman and Sponsor, the following were listed as committee members: R. T. Knapp (Fig. 6), J. M. Mousson, W. J. Rheingans, and George F. Wislicenus (Fig. 11). There was no change in committee membership, except for sponsors, up through 1947. The ASME Society Records 1948 lists the committee members as R. T. Knapp, Chairman, J. W. Daily, C. H. Hancock, W. B. Hess, W. J. Rheingans, Hunter Rouse (ASCE), R. E. B. Sharp, R. O. Standing, Hans Ulmann, and George F. Wislicenus. In 1959, the committee members were: J. W. Daily (Chairman), C. F. Cheng, W. B. Hess, J. Z. Lichtman, J. Parmakian, K. Pilarczyk, W. J. Rheingans, B. G. Rightmire, L. E. Robinson, Jr., R. S. Sproule, W. W. Weltmer, W. G. Whippen and G. F. Wislicenus. In 1960, the listing of committee members was dropped from the Society records. Chairs of the Committee are listed in Table 15.
Table 15
YearChairProfessional affiliation1937–1938C. F. MerriamIndustry1938–1948Lewis F. MoodyAcademia1948–1957Robert T. KnappAcademia1957–1958W. J. RheingansIndustry1958–1960James W. DailyAcademia1960–1962George F. WislicenusAcademia1962–1964J. William HollAcademia1964–1966Milton S. PlessetAcademia1966–1968Frederick G. HammittAcademia1968–1970James M. RobertsonAcademia1970–1972Robert HicklingAcademia1972–1974William B. MorganGovernment1974–1976Blaine R. ParkinAcademia1976–1978Christopher E. BrennenAcademia1978–1980Roger E. A. ArndtAcademia1980–1982Frederick G. HammittAcademia1982–1984Michael L. BilletAcademia1984–1986Clayton T. CroweAcademia1986–1988Jack W. HoytAcademia1988–1990David E. StockAcademia1990–1992Jong H. KimIndustry1992–1994Michael C. RocoGovernment1994–1996Upendra S. RohatgiGovernment1996–1998Stathis MichaelidesAcademia1998–2000Andreas ProsperettiAcademia2000–2002Steven L. CeccioAcademia2002–2004Gretar TryggvasonAcademia2004–2006S. BalachandarAcademia2006–2008Dimitris E. NikitopoulosAcademia2008–2010Malcolm J. AndrewsGovernment2010–2012Mark R. DuignanGovernment2012–2014Timothy J. O'HernGovernment2014–2016Deborah V. PenceAcademia2016–2018Joseph KatzAcademia
YearChairProfessional affiliation1937–1938C. F. MerriamIndustry1938–1948Lewis F. MoodyAcademia1948–1957Robert T. KnappAcademia1957–1958W. J. RheingansIndustry1958–1960James W. DailyAcademia1960–1962George F. WislicenusAcademia1962–1964J. William HollAcademia1964–1966Milton S. PlessetAcademia1966–1968Frederick G. HammittAcademia1968–1970James M. RobertsonAcademia1970–1972Robert HicklingAcademia1972–1974William B. MorganGovernment1974–1976Blaine R. ParkinAcademia1976–1978Christopher E. BrennenAcademia1978–1980Roger E. A. ArndtAcademia1980–1982Frederick G. HammittAcademia1982–1984Michael L. BilletAcademia1984–1986Clayton T. CroweAcademia1986–1988Jack W. HoytAcademia1988–1990David E. StockAcademia1990–1992Jong H. KimIndustry1992–1994Michael C. RocoGovernment1994–1996Upendra S. RohatgiGovernment1996–1998Stathis MichaelidesAcademia1998–2000Andreas ProsperettiAcademia2000–2002Steven L. CeccioAcademia2002–2004Gretar TryggvasonAcademia2004–2006S. BalachandarAcademia2006–2008Dimitris E. NikitopoulosAcademia2008–2010Malcolm J. AndrewsGovernment2010–2012Mark R. DuignanGovernment2012–2014Timothy J. O'HernGovernment2014–2016Deborah V. PenceAcademia2016–2018Joseph KatzAcademia
The Cavitation Committee has held very few meetings by itself. In 1938, the Cavitation Committee held a meeting in Lancaster and Safe Harbor, PA, with an attendance of 50. Also, the Cavitation Committee sponsored a Cavitation Seminar on November 11–13, 1955 in Milwaukee at the Allis-Chalmers Manufacturing Company. The first annual HYD National Conference was held in April 1959 at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI. This has become the annual Summer Conference of the Fluids Engineering Division which negated any need for sole meetings of the Cavitation Committee.
In the April 1970 Newsletter, a proposed name change for the Cavitation Committee was suggested. “The Cavitation Committee is considering changing its name to reflect a broader coverage than that indicated by the word cavitation. Two suggestions under consideration are the ‘Poly-Phase Flow’ or ‘Multi-Phase Flow’ Committee. Some prefer Poly-Phase since both words are of Greek origin whereas Multi is a word of Latin origin. Dr. Milton Plesset, former chairman of the Committee and a current member of the Executive Committee, is acting as ‘referee’ on this question.” At the WAM in December 1970, the PFC officially came into being. The new technical committee extends the scope of the former Cavitation Committee to the general area of polyphase flow, partly to offset a decline in activity in the field of cavitation and partly to emphasize new areas.
In 1980, the FED Executive Committee formulated a Task Force consisting of Dick Bajura, Clayton Crowe, and Kumar (Upendra) Rohatgi to review the past activity in the PFC and make recommendations concerning future organizational changes and programs which would broaden both the scope and membership of the Committee. This Task Force reported out in 1982 and recommended a name change to the Multiphase Flow Technical Committee and that the Committee should consider the constituent technologies of the various combined flows of liquids, gases, and solids. Thus, the name was changed to the Multiphase Flow Technical Committee in line with the current usage of term “multiphase.” The MFTC held special sessions to celebrate its 75th Anniversary at the 2012 FEDSM in Rio Grande, Puerto Rico.
The Committee has sponsored many symposia and forums over the years. Three of these have been large, ongoing symposia at FEDSM conferences since 1990 (see Sec. 6 on Conferences, Symposia, and Forums.)
Most of the material in this section was provided by Dr. Frank M. White, Fig. 20, editor of the JFE from 1979 to 1990 [20].
When the American Society of Mechanical Engineers was founded in 1880, the subject of fluids engineering was fractured and awkward. The existing theories were primarily for inviscid fluids and were rarely realistic. Engineers rejected these results and relied entirely upon a variety of experiments, most of which were simply reported in pounds, feet, and seconds. There were no correlating principles.
In the early 1900s, workers such as Prandtl, Rayleigh, and Reynolds combined theory and experiment into a single discipline, fluid mechanics. In the ensuing century, mechanical engineers have developed the practical and design aspects of fluid flow into a very successful discipline.
For its first 50 years, all the ASME research papers were published in a single inclusive publication, the Transactions of the ASME. There were a dozen divisions, but only one journal, although conferences allowed for paper groupings. Then, the ASME divisions began to request their own specialized journals, a trend which continues to this day. Moreover, the increase in output of journal-quality archival papers was making it impractical for all of them to appear in a single volume. Currently, there are 30 different journals published by the Society, and they are all under the umbrella of the Transactions of the ASME. The first non-Transactions periodical for fluids engineers was the Journal of Applied Mechanics, which began in 1933. Although primarily devoted to theory, the early JAM published some practical fluids engineering papers, such as flow measurement, duct flow, fluid transients, pumps, and turbines. Many such papers of course also appeared in the Transactions, of which the JAM is today a part.
In 1959, the science-oriented divisions began two new publications, the Journal of Basic Engineering (JBE), which carried fluids papers, and the Journal of Heat Transfer [21]. Research in fluid dynamics had expanded beyond traditional hydraulics, and in 1963, the Society changed the old Hydraulics name to the Fluids Engineering Division. Workers such as Robert Dean, Stephen Kline, and George Wislicenus urged the formation of a specialized journal. Finally, in 1973, the Society authorized a new publication, the Journal of Fluids Engineering, with Robert Dean as Technical Editor. The first issue was in March 1973.
The choice of Bob Dean as first editor was inspired. He had leadership, wide-ranging knowledge of fluids engineering, and great organizational ability. He assembled an outstanding board of Associate Editors and a rigorous review process. He demanded conciseness and relevance in all the submitted papers. His Executive Secretary, Marguerite Blaney, began a detailed log of all the papers and set up an efficient system for the entire review process. The journal, under Dean's leadership, quickly took hold and immediately became an important publication on engineering aspects of fluid flow.
Bob Dean was an experimentalist and fully aware that data are not correct to six significant figures. In 1975, he announced a requirement for uncertainty in experimental data that all the authors must report in their papers. This was followed in 1986 by a policy, formulated by Associate Editors Patrick Roache, Kirti Ghia, and Frank White for reporting uncertainty of numerical accuracy in computer solutions. Professor White championed this policy, which was later superseded by a much expanded and more specific version in 1994 put forth by the CGCFD with an introduction by Chairman Christopher J. Frietas. These policies, still in effect today, are believed to be the first such requirements in any engineering journal. Indeed, the 1986 original was the first of its kind and was emulated the ASME Journal of Heat Transfer (1994) and several other journals [22].
The emphasis of the JFE has changed with progress in fluids engineering research. The first issue, March 1973, was divided into five areas: Fluid Transients, Fluid Machinery, Fluid Mechanics, Fluidics, and Polyphase Flow. By 1981, Fluidics had vanished, to be replaced by Fluid Measurements, handled by Bob Dean himself. The journal has always published highly regarded review articles. By 1987, associate editors were added for Numerical Methods, and the term Polyphase was changed to the more euphonious Multiphase Flow. In this new millennium, there are too many diverse topics to mention on the masthead. The number of associate editors has doubled to an average of 20. In spite of a heavy workload, all the ASME editors are dedicated volunteers.
After Bob Dean, the JFE had three editors with 10 year terms: Frank White, Demetri Telionis, and Joseph Katz. The present editor, M. J. Andrews, took office in 2010. Since ASME papers are limited in length, data are often published just as a few graphs and a short table. In 1993, Professor Telionis established the JFE Data Bank, in which the complete data from a study can be stored, available to readers. The JFE was the first Transactions journal to be available online. Presently, the entire paper submission, review, and publication process can be achieved online.
The JFE has grown from a quarterly, publishing 600 pages per year, to bimonthly, and now to a monthly, with 1600 pages per year. The year 1990 saw the growth of papers on microflows, followed more recently by nanoflows. Our new century has seen many CFD papers on large-eddy and detached-eddy results, in addition to direct numerical simulation of turbulence. Although the JFE continues to primarily be an experimental journal, 40% of recent papers have been the results of Computational Fluid Dynamics studies.
The JFE was an initial success and continues to become even better. It has always been profitable for the Society. The Journal is generally thought to be the leading international publication in the field of engineering applications of fluid flow.
Probably, the most significant development within the ASME after its founding in 1880 and its Power Division thereafter was the formation of the HYD in 1926. This brought together outstanding engineers from industry and academia who addressed the rapidly expanding field of hydraulic machinery and the underlying fluid flows and behavior involved. As the field of fluid flow phenomena and applications expanded, the inevitable change of the name of this division to the FED took place in 1963. Today's pattern of technical committees had already emerged in the early 1930s, with the formation of the Water Hammer, Cavitation, Hydraulic Prime Movers, and Pumping Machinery Committees and a short-lived “General Hydraulics” Committee that presaged the 1957 founding of the Fluid Mechanics Committee. These committees developed technical programs in which many landmark papers in the fluids engineering field were presented at conferences they organized and published in the journals of the Transactions of the ASME. One of these is the JFE, which started in 1973 and which was and remains dedicated solely to the FED, being produced by FED members who are the editors and associate editors.
These accomplishments were due to a procession of engineers and scientists who have been renowned in the field and include names like Lewis F. Moody, John R. Freeman, Robert T. Knapp, Theodore Von Kàrmàn, Robert C. Dean, etc.
Many more FED members have been recognized by their peers through several awards. First are the “Society” awards, namely, the ASME Medal, Honorary Membership, Freeman Scholar, Thurston Lecturer, the Fluids Engineering Award, and the Worthington Medal. Then, there are the “Division” (FED) awards, namely, the Fluid Machinery Design Award, the Gopalakrishnan Flowserve Award, and the Knapp and Moody awards for the authors of outstanding technical papers.
The timeline of the developments of the FED throughout its 90-year history reveals a flexibility and adaptability to engineering and scientific developments in the fluids engineering disciplines that promise to keep the division providing relevance for present and future engineers and scientists who choose to specialize in this field.
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Milton S Plesset
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Milton Spinoza Plesset (7 February 1908 19 February 1991) was an American applied physicist who worked in the field of fluid mechanics and nuclear energy. He was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 1979 for his fundamental contributions to multiphase flows, bubble dynamics, and safet
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Milton Spinoza Plesset (7 February 1908 – 19 February 1991) was an American applied physicist who worked in the field of fluid mechanics and nuclear energy. He was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 1979 for his fundamental contributions to multiphase flows, bubble dynamics, and safety of nuclear reactors. Plesset served as Professor of Engineering Science at California Institute of Technology during 1951 to 1978. Notable scientists Andrea Prosperetti and Norman Zabusky finished their doctoral work under Plesset's guidance.
He with Christian Møller are known for the Møller–Plesset perturbation theory. The Rayleigh-Plesset equation describing the dynamics of a bubble in an infinite body of fluid is also named after him.
Education and work
Born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Plesset received his bachelor's degree from University of Pittsburgh in 1929 and a Ph.D. from Yale University in 1932. Soon after his Ph.D. Plesset joined Caltech and worked with Robert Oppenheimer. Together, they undertook a theoretical study of positron using Dirac equation in quantum electrodynamics to show how electron-positron pairs were formed.
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Vapour-bubble growth in a superheated liquid
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Vapour-bubble growth in a superheated liquid - Volume 85 Issue 2
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Article contents
Abstract
References
Vapour-bubble growth in a superheated liquid
Show author details
Andrea Prosperetti
Affiliation: Istituto di Fisica, Università degli Studi, Milan, Italy
Milton S. Plesset
Affiliation: Engineering Science Department, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena
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Cited by
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Biography:Andrea Prosperetti
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Andrea Prosperetti is the Distinguished Professor of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Houston,[1] the Berkhoff Professor of Applied Physics at the University of Twente in the Netherlands[2] and an elected member of the National Academy of Engineering in 2012 ("for contributions to the fundamentals and applications of multiphase flows"). He is known for his work in the field of multiphase flows including bubble dynamics and cavitation.
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Andrea Prosperetti is the Distinguished Professor of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Houston,[1] the Berkhoff Professor of Applied Physics at the University of Twente in the Netherlands[2] and an elected member of the National Academy of Engineering in 2012 ("for contributions to the fundamentals and applications of multiphase flows"). He is known for his work in the field of multiphase flows including bubble dynamics and cavitation.
He was the editor-in-chief of the International Journal of Multiphase Flow and serves on the editorial board of the Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics. He completed his doctoral work in 1974 at the California Institute of Technology under the supervision of Milton Plesset (of the Rayleigh–Plesset equation and Møller–Plesset perturbation theory) and holds a B.S. in Physics from Universitá di Milano, Italy (1968).
Prosperetti was awarded the Fluid Dynamics Prize (the highest award in Fluid Mechanics) by the American Physical Society in 2003 "for breakthroughs in the theory of multiphase flows, the dynamics of bubble oscillations, underwater sound, and free-surface flows and for providing elegant explanations of paradoxical phenomena in these fields".[3] In 2012, the Acoustical Society of America awarded him the Silver Medal in Physical Acoustics "for contributions to bubble dynamics and multiphase flow."[4] In addition, Prosperetti also won the 2014 EUROMECH Fluid Mechanics Prize (administered by the Council of the European Mechanics Society),[5] the Lifetime Achievement Award in 2001 by the Japan Society of Multiphase Flow, and the Fluids Engineering Award in 2005 by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. He is a fellow of the Acoustical Society of America, the American Physical Society, and the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. He has been a foreign member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences since 2000.[6]
He is the author of "Advanced Mathematics for Applications", a reference textbook for graduate-level engineers and also of "Computational Methods for Multiphase Flows", both published by the Cambridge University Press .
References
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Milton Spinoza Plesset (7 February 1908 – 19 February 1991) was an American applied physicist who worked in the field of fluid mechanics and nuclear energy. He was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 1979 for his fundamental contributions to multiphase flows, bubble dynamics, and safety of nuclear reactors. Plesset served as Professor of Engineering Science at California Institute of Technology during 1951 to 1978. Notable scientists Andrea Prosperetti and Norman Zabusky finished their doctoral work under Plesset's guidance.
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http://dbpedia.org/resource/Milton_S._Plesset
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dbo:abstract
Milton Spinoza Plesset (* 7. Februar 1908 in Pittsburgh; † 19. Februar 1991) war ein US-amerikanischer Physiker und Ingenieur. (de)
Milton Spinoza Plesset (7 de febrero de 1908 – 19 de febrero de 1991) fue un físico estadounidense que trabajó en el campo de la mecánica de fluidos y la energía nuclear. Fue miembro de la Academia Nacional de Ingeniería desde 1979 por su trabajo en , dinámica de burbujas y seguridad de reactores nucleares. Plesset fue profesor de ingeniería en el California Institute of Technology entre 1951 y 1978. Como tal, fue una influencia notable en científicos como y Norman Zabusky, que realizaron su doctorado bajo la tutela de Plesset. Sus más notables trabajos incluyen la (junto a ) y la ecuación de Rayleigh-Plesset, que describe la dinámica de una burbuja en un medio fluido. (es)
Milton Spinoza Plesset (7 février 1908 à Pittsburgh, Pennsylvanie, États-Unis - 19 février 1991) est un physicien américain qui s'est distingué en dynamique des fluides et en sécurité des réacteurs nucléaires. (fr)
Milton Spinoza Plesset (7 February 1908 – 19 February 1991) was an American applied physicist who worked in the field of fluid mechanics and nuclear energy. He was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 1979 for his fundamental contributions to multiphase flows, bubble dynamics, and safety of nuclear reactors. Plesset served as Professor of Engineering Science at California Institute of Technology during 1951 to 1978. Notable scientists Andrea Prosperetti and Norman Zabusky finished their doctoral work under Plesset's guidance. He with Christian Møller are known for the Møller–Plesset perturbation theory.The Rayleigh-Plesset equation describing the dynamics of a bubble in an infinite body of fluid is also named after him. (en)
Milton Spinoza Plesset (Pittsburgh, 7 febbraio 1908 – 19 febbraio 1991) è stato un fisico applicato statunitense noto per i suoi studi sulla Meccanica dei fluidi e l'ingegneria nucleare. Fu eletto alla National Academy of Engineering nel 1979 per i suoi contributi nello studio dei flussi multifase, della dinamica delle bolle e sulla sicurezza dei reattori nucleari. È noto con Christian Møller per la teoria perturbativa di Møller-Plesset. Porta anche il suo nome l'equazione di Rayleigh-Plesset che descrive la dinamica di una bolla sferica immersa in un liquido che si estende all'infinito in tutte le direzioni. (it)
ミルトン・スピノザ・プレセット（Milton Spinoza Plesset、1908年2月7日 - 1991年2月19日）は、アメリカの応用物理学者であった。流体力学および核エネルギーの分野の研究を行った。混相流、気泡の動力学、原子炉の安全性に関する基本的な貢献のため1979年に全米技術アカデミーに選出された。プレセットは1951年から1978年までカリフォルニア工科大学で工学の教授を務めた。 プレセットとクリスチャン・メラーはメラー＝プレセット摂動理論で知られる。無限体の流体中の気泡の動力学を記述するレイリー・プレセット方程式もプレセットに因んで命名された。 (ja)
rdfs:comment
Milton Spinoza Plesset (* 7. Februar 1908 in Pittsburgh; † 19. Februar 1991) war ein US-amerikanischer Physiker und Ingenieur. (de)
Milton Spinoza Plesset (7 février 1908 à Pittsburgh, Pennsylvanie, États-Unis - 19 février 1991) est un physicien américain qui s'est distingué en dynamique des fluides et en sécurité des réacteurs nucléaires. (fr)
ミルトン・スピノザ・プレセット（Milton Spinoza Plesset、1908年2月7日 - 1991年2月19日）は、アメリカの応用物理学者であった。流体力学および核エネルギーの分野の研究を行った。混相流、気泡の動力学、原子炉の安全性に関する基本的な貢献のため1979年に全米技術アカデミーに選出された。プレセットは1951年から1978年までカリフォルニア工科大学で工学の教授を務めた。 プレセットとクリスチャン・メラーはメラー＝プレセット摂動理論で知られる。無限体の流体中の気泡の動力学を記述するレイリー・プレセット方程式もプレセットに因んで命名された。 (ja)
Milton Spinoza Plesset (7 de febrero de 1908 – 19 de febrero de 1991) fue un físico estadounidense que trabajó en el campo de la mecánica de fluidos y la energía nuclear. Fue miembro de la Academia Nacional de Ingeniería desde 1979 por su trabajo en , dinámica de burbujas y seguridad de reactores nucleares. Plesset fue profesor de ingeniería en el California Institute of Technology entre 1951 y 1978. Como tal, fue una influencia notable en científicos como y Norman Zabusky, que realizaron su doctorado bajo la tutela de Plesset. (es)
Milton Spinoza Plesset (7 February 1908 – 19 February 1991) was an American applied physicist who worked in the field of fluid mechanics and nuclear energy. He was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 1979 for his fundamental contributions to multiphase flows, bubble dynamics, and safety of nuclear reactors. Plesset served as Professor of Engineering Science at California Institute of Technology during 1951 to 1978. Notable scientists Andrea Prosperetti and Norman Zabusky finished their doctoral work under Plesset's guidance. (en)
Milton Spinoza Plesset (Pittsburgh, 7 febbraio 1908 – 19 febbraio 1991) è stato un fisico applicato statunitense noto per i suoi studi sulla Meccanica dei fluidi e l'ingegneria nucleare. Fu eletto alla National Academy of Engineering nel 1979 per i suoi contributi nello studio dei flussi multifase, della dinamica delle bolle e sulla sicurezza dei reattori nucleari. (it)
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https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/understanding-tensors-is-misner-thorne-and-wheeler-enough.1003742/page-2
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Understanding Tensors: Is Misner Thorne and Wheeler Enough?
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2021-06-10T09:18:47-05:00
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You might want to reconsider that since very few prominent specialists in GR have been professional mathematicians. The only one I can think of off the top...
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Physics Forums: Science Discussion, Homework Help, Articles
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https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/understanding-tensors-is-misner-thorne-and-wheeler-enough.1003742/page-2
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PeterDonis said:
You might want to reconsider that since very few prominent specialists in GR have been professional mathematicians. The only one I can think of off the top of my head is Roger Penrose.
And maybe Hermann Weyl. It's as usual: His math is brillant, also from a didactic point of view when referring to his very famous textbook "Raum, Zeit, Materie" ("Space, Time, Matter"). The mathematicians of his time, however seem to have thought not so positively about this book, because in Heisenberg's book "Der Teil und das Ganze" you can read about his experience with the famous mathematician Ferdinand Lindemann, whom he consulted concerning the choice of his subject of study at Munich university. When he told Lindemann that he has already read Weyl's book, Lindemann told him that he is already spoiled for a serious study of mathematics ;-)).
Weyl's physics is not that brilliant, because the idea to gauge scale invariance of the matter-free gravitational field and taking the corresponding gauge field as the electromagnetic field was immediately considered wrong by Einstein and also Pauli, because indeed the measures of rods doesn't depend on their "electromagnetic history". In any case this idea of "gauging of symmetries" was ingenious in its own write. Weyl simply gauged the wrong symmetry in this case, and the entire thing gave the name associated with this idea till today: "gauge theory", "gauging a symmetry", etc.
vanhees71 said:
And maybe Hermann Weyl.
Yes, he's another example. I remember reading an English translation of "Space, Time, Matter" back when I was an undergraduate, and I couldn't make head or tail of it. Then, years later, after I had read through MTW and was more familiar with GR and tensors and so on, I suddenly realized what he was talking about.
PeterDonis said:
Yes, he's another example. I remember reading an English translation of "Space, Time, Matter" back when I was an undergraduate, and I couldn't make head or tail of it. Then, years later, after I had read through MTW and was more familiar with GR and tensors and so on, I suddenly realized what he was talking about.
Thanks for the reference. I found it on Project Gutenberg. It is astonishing that this book is over 100 years old. Still, I want it.https://www.gutenberg.org/files/43006/43006-pdf.pdf
PeterDonis said:
Yes, he's another example. I remember reading an English translation of "Space, Time, Matter" back when I was an undergraduate, and I couldn't make head or tail of it. Then, years later, after I had read through MTW and was more familiar with GR and tensors and so on, I suddenly realized what he was talking about.
I read the book also early in my undergraduate studies, and I found it pretty intuitive, at least the parts where he talks about the mathematical foundations. I had only trouble to understand the physics part. This I learned then from Landau and Lifshitz vol 2 :-).
ergospherical said:
this is probably one of the worst textbooks I've ever seen
not even trying to be edgy, it's just a complete mess and I don't know how anybody has learned anything from it
Carroll, in his Lecture Notes on General Relativity, said abot MTW the following:
"A heavy book, in various senses. Most things you want to know are in here, although you might have to work hard to get to them (perhaps learning something unexpected in the process)."
ergospherical said:
this is probably one of the worst textbooks I've ever seen
not even trying to be edgy, it's just a complete mess and I don't know how anybody has learned anything from it
You mean Landau Lifshitz vol 2? For me it's the most straightforward introduction to GR I've ever read. Of course you can critisize that it sticks to the Ricci calculus only, but that's good for the beginner. Without it, I'd not have had the chance to understand MTW when I learned the subject as a student. MTW is great, but you get too easily lost in all the details before you have an overview about GR from a more introductory level. Of course for the purpose to really get a deeper understanding also for more modern math (Cartan calculus) and more subtle discussions of the physics it's a gem.
PeterDonis said:
No textbook will be suitable for everybody, but many, many people have learned a great deal from this one, so I think you might want to mute your criticism a bit.
no doubt there's some really unique content, I just wish the explanations and the formatting weren't so convoluted and dragged-out so as to make much of it unreadable (to me at least)
maybe it'll be more useful later in my studies, but for now a terser book like Hawking and Ellis is proving much more enjoyable
MTW has a special style, but I simply love it, because it's so different from nearly all other books on the topic. The same holds for Kip Thornes newest textbook, which I like even more:
K. S. Thorne, R. D. Blanford, Classical Modern Physics, PUP (2017)
It contains really all "classical physics" (i.e., all non-quantum physics) treating it from a coherent conceptual point of view, emphasizing the geometric aspects of all physics. It treats the classical topics (mechanics, optics, stat. phys.) within both Newtonian and special+general relativistic physics in a really clear way. Maybe it's a bit sparse in showing every detail of all calculations, but emphasizes the general concepts. E.g., the explanation, why the phase-space distribution function in statistical physics is a relativistic scalar, makes this issue (which confuses even practitioners in the field sometimes) very clear.
ergospherical said:
this is probably one of the worst textbooks I've ever seen
not even trying to be edgy, it's just a complete mess and I don't know how anybody has learned anything from it
bob012345 said:
Are you referring to MTW?
ergospherical said:
gravitation by charles misner, kip thorne and john wheeler
I think that these students (from the 60s and 70s) were able to learn something from them...
(from https://www.genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/id.php?id=31332 )
Plesset, Milton Yale University 1932 29 Feynman, Richard Princeton University 1942 48 Wightman, Arthur Princeton University 1949 801 Tiomno, Jayme Princeton University 1950 5 Everett III, Hugh Princeton University 1957 Misner, Charles Princeton University 1957 58 Ernst, Frederick University of Wisconsin-Madison 1958 1 Brill, Dieter Princeton University 1959 34 Klauder, John Princeton University 1959 24 Shepley, Lawrence Princeton University 1965 2 Thorne, Kip Princeton University 1965 274 Geroch, Robert Princeton University 1967 30 Fischer, Arthur Princeton University 1969 Christodoulou, Demetrios Princeton University 1971 31 Unruh, William Princeton University 1971 5 Hu, Bei-Lok Princeton University 1972 38 Wald, Robert Princeton University 1972 5 Ford, Lawrence Princeton University 1974 10 Hojman, Sergio Princeton University 1975 2 Kheyfets, Arkady University of Texas at Austin 1986 1 Miller, Warner University of Texas at Austin 1986 1
Possibly interesting:
http://www.oobject.com/john-wheeler-and-his-elaborate-blackboard-presentations/
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gas bubble evolution: Topics by Science.gov
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Correlation between Gas Bubble Formation and Hydrogen Evolution Reaction Kinetics at Nanoelectrodes.
PubMed
Chen, Qianjin; Luo, Long
2018-04-17
We report the correlation between H 2 gas bubble formation potential and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) activity for Au and Pt nanodisk electrodes (NEs). Microkinetic models were formulated to obtain the HER kinetic information for individual Au and Pt NEs. We found that the rate-determining steps for the HER at Au and Pt NEs were the Volmer step and the Heyrovsky step, respectively. More interestingly, the standard rate constant ( k 0 ) of the rate-determining step was found to vary over 2 orders of magnitude for the same type of NEs. The observed variations indicate the HER activity heterogeneity at the nanoscale. Furthermore, we discovered a linear relationship between bubble formation potential ( E bubble ) and log( k 0 ) with a slope of 125 mV/decade for both Au and Pt NEs. As log ( k 0 ) increases, E bubble shifts linearly to more positive potentials, meaning NEs with higher HER activities form H 2 bubbles at less negative potentials. Our theoretical model suggests that such linear relationship is caused by the similar critical bubble formation condition for Au and Pt NEs with varied sizes. Our results have potential implications for using gas bubble formation to evaluate the HER activity distribution of nanoparticles in an ensemble.
Transformer overload and bubble evolution: Proceedings
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Addis, G.; Lindgren, S.
1988-06-01
The EPRI workshop on Transformer Overload Characteristics and Bubble Evolution was held to review the findings of investigations over the past 7-8 years to determine whether enough information is now available for utilities to establish safe loading practices. Sixteen papers were presented, including a utility review, physical and dielectric effects of gas and bubble formation from cellulose insulated transformers, transformer life characteristics, gas bubble studies and impulse test on distribution transformers, mathematical modeling of bubble evolution, transformer overload characteristics, variation of PD-strength for oil-paper insulation, survey on maximum safe operating hot spot temperature, and overload management. The meeting concluded withmore » a general discussion covering the existing state of knowledge and the need for additional research. Sixteen papers have been cataloged separately.« less
Gas depletion through single gas bubble diffusive growth and its effect on subsequent bubbles
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Moreno Soto, Alvaro; Prosperetti, Andrea; Lohse, Detlef; van der Meer, Devaraj; Physics of Fluid Group Collaboration; MCEC Netherlands CenterMultiscale Catalytic Energy Conversion Collaboration
2016-11-01
In weakly supersaturated mixtures, bubbles are known to grow quasi-statically as diffusion-driven mass transfer governs the process. In the final stage of the evolution, before detachment, there is an enhancement of mass transfer, which changes from diffusion to natural convection. Once the bubble detaches, it leaves behind a gas-depleted area. The diffusive mass transfer towards that region cannot compensate for the amount of gas which is taken away by the bubble. Consequently, the consecutive bubble will grow in an environment which contains less gas than for the previous one. This reduces the local supersaturation of the mixture around the nucleation site, leading to a reduced bubble growth rate. We present quantitative experimental data on this effect and the theoretical model for depletion during the bubble growth rate. This work was supported by the Netherlands Center for Multiscale Catalytic Energy Conversion (MCEC), an NWO Gravitation programme funded by the Ministry of Education, Culture and Science of the government of the Netherlands.
Desulfurization kinetics of molten copper by gas bubbling
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Fukunaka, Y.; Nishikawa, K.; Sohn, H. S.; Asaki, Z.
1991-02-01
Molten copper with 0.74 wt pct sulfur content was desulfurized at 1523 K by bubbling Ar-O2 gas through a submerged nozzle. The reaction rate was significantly influenced not only by the oxygen partial pressure but also by the gas flow rate. Little evolution of SO2 gas was observed in the initial 10 seconds of the oxidation; however, this was followed by a period of high evolution rate of SO2 gas. The partial pressure of SO2 gas decreased with further progress of the desulfurization. The effect of the immersion depth of the submerged nozzle was negligible. The overall reaction is decomposed to two elementary reactions: the desulfurization and the dissolution rate of oxygen. The assumptions were made that these reactions are at equilibrium and that the reaction rates are controlled by mass transfer rates within and around the gas bubble. The time variations of sulfur and oxygen contents in the melt and the SO2 partial pressure in the off-gas under various bubbling conditions were well explained by the mathematical model combined with the reported thermodynamic data of these reactions. Based on the present model, it was anticipated that the oxidation rate around a single gas bubble was mainly determined by the rate of gas-phase mass transfer, but all oxygen gas blown into the melt was virtually consumed to the desulfurization and dissolution reactions before it escaped from the melt surface.
Morphological bubble evolution induced by air diffusion on submerged hydrophobic structures
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Lv, Pengyu; Xiang, Yaolei; Xue, Yahui; Lin, Hao; Duan, Huiling
2017-03-01
Bubbles trapped in the cavities always play important roles in the underwater applications of structured hydrophobic surfaces. Air exchange between bubbles and surrounding water has a significant influence on the morphological bubble evolution, which in turn frequently affects the functionalities of the surfaces, such as superhydrophobicity and drag reduction. In this paper, air diffusion induced bubble evolution on submerged hydrophobic micropores under reduced pressures is investigated experimentally and theoretically. The morphological behaviors of collective and single bubbles are observed using confocal microscopy. Four representative evolution phases of bubbles are captured in situ. After depressurization, bubbles will not only grow and coalesce but also shrink and split although the applied pressure remains negative. A diffusion-based model is used to analyze the evolution behavior and the results are consistent with the experimental data. A criterion for bubble growth and shrinkage is also derived along with a phase diagram, revealing that the competition of effective gas partial pressures across the two sides of the diffusion layer dominates the bubble evolution process. Strategies for controlling the bubble evolution behavior are also proposed based on the phase diagram. The current work provides a further understanding of the general behavior of bubble evolution induced by air diffusion and can be employed to better designs of functional microstructured hydrophobic surfaces.
Mathematical Models of Diffusion-Limited Gas Bubble Evolution in Perfused Tissue
DTIC Science & Technology
2013-08-01
the Generation of New Bubbles,â Undersea Biomedical Research, Vol. 18, No. 4 (1991), pp. 333-345. 10. H. D. Van Liew and M. E. Burkard, âDensity of...and R. D. Vann, âProbabilistic Gas and Bubble Dynamics Models of Decompression Sickness Occurrence in Air and Nitrogen-Oxygen Diving,â Undersea and...Gas Bubbles During Decompression,â Undersea and Hyperbaric Medicine, Vol. 23, No. 3 (1996), pp. 131-140. 13. R. L. Riley and A. Cournand, ââIdeal
Gas bubble detector
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Mount, Bruce E. (Inventor); Burchfield, David E. (Inventor); Hagey, John M. (Inventor)
1995-01-01
A gas bubble detector having a modulated IR source focused through a bandpass filter onto a venturi, formed in a sample tube, to illuminate the venturi with modulated filtered IR to detect the presence of gas bubbles as small as 0.01 cm or about 0.004 in diameter in liquid flowing through the venturi. Means are provided to determine the size of any detected bubble and to provide an alarm in the absence of liquid in the sample tube.
Kinetics of CH4 and CO2 hydrate dissociation and gas bubble evolution via MD simulation.
PubMed
Uddin, M; Coombe, D
2014-03-20
Molecular dynamics simulations of gas hydrate dissociation comparing the behavior of CH4 and CO2 hydrates are presented. These simulations were based on a structurally correct theoretical gas hydrate crystal, coexisting with water. The MD system was first initialized and stabilized via a thorough energy minimization, constant volume-temperature ensemble and constant volume-energy ensemble simulations before proceeding to constant pressure-temperature simulations for targeted dissociation pressure and temperature responses. Gas bubble evolution mechanisms are demonstrated as well as key investigative properties such as system volume, density, energy, mean square displacements of the guest molecules, radial distribution functions, H2O order parameter, and statistics of hydrogen bonds. These simulations have established the essential similarities between CH4 and CO2 hydrate dissociation. The limiting behaviors at lower temperature (no dissociation) and higher temperature (complete melting and formation of a gas bubble) have been illustrated for both hydrates. Due to the shift in the known hydrate stability curves between guest molecules caused by the choice of water model as noted by other authors, the intermediate behavior (e.g., 260 K) showed distinct differences however. Also, because of the more hydrogen-bonding capability of CO2 in water, as reflected in its molecular parameters, higher solubility of dissociated CO2 in water was observed with a consequence of a smaller size of gas bubble formation. Additionally, a novel method for analyzing hydrate dissociation based on H-bond breakage has been proposed and used to quantify the dissociation behaviors of both CH4 and CO2 hydrates. Activation energies Ea values from our MD studies were obtained and evaluated against several other published laboratory and MD values. Intrinsic rate constants were estimated and upscaled. A kinetic reaction model consistent with macroscale fitted kinetic models has been proposed to
Oceanic Gas Bubble Measurements Using an Acoustic Bubble Spectrometer
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Wilson, S. J.; Baschek, B.; Deane, G.
2008-12-01
Gas bubble injection by breaking waves contributes significantly to the exchange of gases between atmosphere and ocean at high wind speeds. In this respect, CO2 is primarily important for the global ocean and climate, while O2 is especially relevant for ecosystems in the coastal ocean. For measuring oceanic gas bubble size distributions, a commercially available Dynaflow Acoustic Bubble Spectrometer (ABS) has been modified. Two hydrophones transmit and receive selected frequencies, measuring attenuation and absorption. Algorithms are then used to derive bubble size distributions. Tank test were carried out in order to test the instrument performance.The software algorithms were compared with Commander and Prosperetti's method (1989) of calculating sound speed ratio and attenuation for a known bubble distribution. Additional comparisons with micro-photography were carried out in the lab and will be continued during the SPACE '08 experiment in October 2008 at Martha's Vineyard Coastal Observatory. The measurements of gas bubbles will be compared to additional parameters, such as wind speed, wave height, white cap coverage, or dissolved gases.
Bubble evolution in Kr-irradiated UO2 during annealing
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
He, L.; Bai, X. M.; Pakarinen, J.; Jaques, B. J.; Gan, J.; Nelson, A. T.; El-Azab, A.; Allen, T. R.
2017-12-01
Transmission electron microscopy observation of Kr bubble evolution in polycrystalline UO2 annealed at high temperature was conducted in order to understand the inert gas behavior in oxide nuclear fuel. The average diameter of intragranular bubbles increased gradually from 0.8 nm in as-irradiated sample at room temperature to 2.6 nm at 1600 °C and the bubble size distribution changed from a uniform distribution to a bimodal distribution above 1300 °C. The size of intergranular bubbles increased more rapidly than intragranular ones and bubble denuded zones near grain boundaries formed in all the annealed samples. It was found that high-angle grain boundaries held bigger bubbles than low-angle grain boundaries. Complementary atomistic modeling was conducted to interpret the effects of grain boundary character on the Kr segregation. The area density of strong segregation sites in the high-angle grain boundaries is much higher than that in the low angle grain boundaries.
Completing the evolution of supernova remnants and their bubbles
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Slavin, Jonathan D.; Cox, Donald P.
1992-01-01
The filling fraction of hot gas in the ISM is reexamined with new calculations of the very long term evolution of SNRs and their fossil hot bubbles. Results are presented of a 1D numerical solution of the evolution of an SNR in a homogeneous medium with a nonthermal pressure corresponding to a 5-micro-G magnetic field and density of 0.2/cu cm. Comparison is made with a control simulation having no magnetic field pressure. It is found that the evolutions, once they have become radiative, differ in several significant ways, while both differ appreciably from qualitative pictures presented in the past. Over most of the evolution of either case, the hot bubble in the interior occupies only a small fraction of the shocked volume, the remainder in a thick shell of slightly compressed material. Column densities and radial distributions of O VI, N V, C IV, and Si IV as well as examples of absorption profiles for their strong UV lines are presented.
Gas embolotherapy: Bubble evolution in acoustic droplet vaporization and design of a benchtop microvascular model
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Wong, Zheng Zheng
This work was motivated by an ongoing development of a potential embolotherapy technique to occlude blood flow to tumors using gas bubbles selectively formed by in vivo acoustic droplet vaporization (ADV) of liquid perfluorocarbon droplets. Mechanisms behind the ADV, transport and lodging of emboli need to be understood before gas embolotherapy can translate to the clinic. Evolution of a bubble from acoustic droplet vaporization in a rigid tube, under physiological and room temperature conditions, was observed via ultra-high speed imaging. Effective radii and radial expansion ratios were obtained by processing the images using Image] software. At physiological temperature, a radial expansion ratio of 5.05 was attained, consistent with theoretical prediction. The initial radial growth rate was linear, after which the growth rate increased proportionally with square root of time. Nondimensionalization revealed that the subsequent growth rate also varied inversely with square root of initial radius. Eventually growth became asymptotic. No collapse was observed. A theoretical model derived from a modified Bernoulli equation, and a computational model by Ye & Bull (2004), were compared respectively with experimental results. Initial growth rates were predicted correctly by both models. Experimental results showed heavy damping of growth rate as the bubble grew towards the wall, whereas both models predicted an overshoot in growth followed by multiple oscillations. The theoretical model broke down near the wall; the computational model gave a reasonable bubble shape near the wall but would require correct initial pressure values to be accurate. At room temperature, the expansion ratio shot to 1.43 initially and oscillated down to 1.11, far below the theoretical prediction. Failure of the bubble to expand fully could be due to unconsumed or condensed liquid perfluorocarbon. A new fabrication method via non-lithographic means was devised to make a circular
Bubble generation during transformer overload
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Oommen, T.V.
1990-03-01
Bubble generation in transformers has been demonstrated under certain overload conditions. The release of large quantities of bubbles would pose a dielectric breakdown hazard. A bubble prediction model developed under EPRI Project 1289-4 attempts to predict the bubble evolution temperature under different overload conditions. This report details a verification study undertaken to confirm the validity of the above model using coil structures subjected to overload conditions. The test variables included moisture in paper insulation, gas content in oil, and the type of oil preservation system. Two aged coils were also tested. The results indicated that the observed bubble temperatures weremore » close to the predicted temperatures for models with low initial gas content in the oil. The predicted temperatures were significantly lower than the observed temperatures for models with high gas content. Some explanations are provided for the anomalous behavior at high gas levels in oil. It is suggested that the dissolved gas content is not a significant factor in bubble evolution. The dominant factor in bubble evolution appears to be the water vapor pressure which must reach critical levels before bubbles can be released. Further study is needed to make a meaningful revision of the bubble prediction model. 8 refs., 13 figs., 11 tabs.« less
A bubble-based microfluidic gas sensor for gas chromatographs.
PubMed
Bulbul, Ashrafuzzaman; Kim, Hanseup
2015-01-07
We report a new proof-of-concept bubble-based gas sensor for a gas chromatography system, which utilizes the unique relationship between the diameters of the produced bubbles with the gas types and mixture ratios as a sensing element. The bubble-based gas sensor consists of gas and liquid channels as well as a nozzle to produce gas bubbles through a micro-structure. It utilizes custom-developed software and an optical camera to statistically analyze the diameters of the produced bubbles in flow. The fabricated gas sensor showed that five types of gases (CO2, He, H2, N2, and CH4) produced (1) unique volumes of 0.44, 0.74, 1.03, 1.28, and 1.42 nL (0%, 68%, 134%, 191%, and 223% higher than that of CO2) and (2) characteristic linear expansion coefficients (slope) of 1.38, 2.93, 3.45, 5.06, and 5.44 nL/(kPa (μL s(-1))(-1)). The gas sensor also demonstrated that (3) different gas mixture ratios of CO2â:âN2 (100â:â0, 80â:â20, 50â:â50, 20â:â80 and 0â:â100) generated characteristic bubble diameters of 48.95, 77.99, 71.00, 78.53 and 99.50 μm, resulting in a linear coefficient of 10.26 μm (μL s(-1))(-1). It (4) successfully identified an injection (0.01 μL) of pentane (C5) into a continuous carrier gas stream of helium (He) by monitoring bubble diameters and creating a chromatogram and demonstrated (5) the output stability within only 5.60% variation in 67 tests over a month.
Vapor-Gas Bubble Evolution and Growth in Extremely Viscous Fluids Under Vacuum
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Kizito, John; Balasubramaniam, R.; Nahra, Henry; Agui, Juan; Truong, Duc
2008-01-01
Formation of vapor and gas bubbles and voids is normal and expected in flow processes involving extremely viscous fluids in normal gravity. Practical examples of extremely viscous fluids are epoxy-like filler materials before the epoxy fluids cure to their permanent form to create a mechanical bond between two substrates. When these fluids flow with a free liquid interface exposed to vacuum, rapid bubble expansion process may ensue. Bubble expansion might compromise the mechanical bond strength. The potential sources for the origin of the gases might be incomplete out-gassing process prior to filler application; regasification due to seal leakage in the filler applicator; and/or volatiles evolved from cure reaction products formed in the hardening process. We embarked on a study that involved conducting laboratory experiments with imaging diagnostics in order to deduce the seriousness of bubbling caused by entrained air and volatile fluids under space vacuum and low gravity environment. We used clear fluids with the similar physical properties as the epoxy-like filler material to mimic the dynamics of bubbles. Another aspect of the present study was to determine the likelihood of bubbling resulting from dissolved gases nucleating from solution. These experimental studies of the bubble expansion are compared with predictions using a modified Rayleigh- Plesset equation, which models the bubble expansion.
Further experimentation on bubble generation during transformer overload
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Oommen, T.V.
1992-03-01
This report covers additional work done during 1990 and 1991 on gas bubble generation under overload conditions. To improve visual bubble detection, a single disc coil was used. To further improve detection, a corona device was also used which signaled the onset of corona activity in the early stages of bubble formation. A total of fourteen model tests were conducted, half of which used the Inertaire system, and the remaining, a conservator (COPS). Moisture content of paper in the coil varied from 1.0% to 8.0%; gas (nitrogen) content varied from 1.0% to 8.8%. The results confirmed earlier observations that themore » mathematical bubble prediction model was not valid for high gas content model with relatively low moisture levels in the coil. An empirical relationship was formulated to accurately predict bubble evolution temperatures from known moisture and gas content values. For low moisture content models (below 2%), the simple Piper relationship was sufficient to predict bubble evolution temperatures, regardless of gas content. Moisture in the coil appears to be the key factor in bubble generation. Gas blanketed (Inertaire) systems do not appear to be prone to premature bubble generation from overloads as previously thought. The new bubble prediction model reveals that for a coil with 2% moisture, the bubble evolution temperature would be about 140{degrees}C. Since old transformers in service may have as much as 2% moisture in paper, the 140{degrees}C bubble evolution temperature may be taken as the lower limit of bubble evolution temperature under overload conditions for operating transformers. Drier insulation would raise the bubble evolution temperature.« less
Gas transfer in a bubbly wake flow
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Karn, A.; Gulliver, J. S.; Monson, G. M.; Ellis, C.; Arndt, R. E. A.; Hong, J.
2016-05-01
The present work reports simultaneous bubble size and gas transfer measurements in a bubbly wake flow of a hydrofoil, designed to be similar to a hydroturbine blade. Bubble size was measured by a shadow imaging technique and found to have a Sauter mean diameter of 0.9 mm for a reference case. A lower gas flow rate, greater liquid velocities, and a larger angle of attack all resulted in an increased number of small size bubbles and a reduced weighted mean bubble size. Bubble-water gas transfer is measured by the disturbed equilibrium technique. The gas transfer model of Azbel (1981) is utilized to characterize the liquid film coefficient for gas transfer, with one scaling coefficient to reflect the fact that characteristic turbulent velocity is replaced by cross-sectional mean velocity. The coefficient was found to stay constant at a particular hydrofoil configuration while it varied within a narrow range of 0.52-0.60 for different gas/water flow conditions.
Natural Gas Evolution in a Gas Hydrate Melt: Effect of Thermodynamic Hydrate Inhibitors.
PubMed
Sujith, K S; Ramachandran, C N
2017-01-12
Natural gas extraction from gas hydrate sediments by injection of hydrate inhibitors involves the decomposition of hydrates. The evolution of dissolved gas from the hydrate melt is an important step in the extraction process. Using classical molecular dynamics simulations, we study the evolution of dissolved methane from its hydrate melt in the presence of two thermodynamic hydrate inhibitors, NaCl and CH 3 OH. An increase in the concentration of hydrate inhibitors is found to promote the nucleation of methane nanobubbles in the hydrate melt. Whereas NaCl promotes bubble formation by enhancing the hydrophobic interaction between aqueous CH 4 molecules, CH 3 OH molecules assist bubble formation by stabilizing CH 4 bubble nuclei formed in the solution. The CH 3 OH molecules accumulate around the nuclei leading to a decrease in the surface tension at their interface with water. The nanobubbles formed are found to be highly dynamic with frequent exchange of CH 4 molecules between the bubble and the surrounding liquid. A quantitative analysis of the dynamic behavior of the bubble is performed by introducing a unit step function whose value depends on the location of CH 4 molecules with respect to the bubble. It is observed that an increase in the concentration of thermodynamic hydrate inhibitors reduces the exchange process, making the bubble less dynamic. It is also found that for a given concentration of the inhibitor, larger bubbles are less dynamic compared to smaller ones. The dependence of the dynamic nature of nanobubbles on bubble size and inhibitor concentration is correlated with the solubility of CH 4 and the Laplace pressure within the bubble. The effect of CO 2 on the formation of nanobubble in the CH 4 -CO 2 mixed gas hydrate melt in the presence of inhibitors is also examined. The simulations show that the presence of CO 2 molecules significantly reduces the induction time for methane nanobubble nucleation. The role of CO 2 in the early nucleation of
Formation of soap bubbles by gas jet
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Zhou, Maolei; Li, Min; Chen, Zhiyuan; Han, Jifeng; Liu, Dong
2017-12-01
Soap bubbles can be easily generated by various methods, while their formation process is complicated and still worth studying. A model about the bubble formation process was proposed in the study by Salkin et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 077801 (2016)] recently, and it was reported that the bubbles were formed when the gas blowing velocity was above one threshold. However, after a detailed study of these experiments, we found that the bubbles could be generated in two velocity ranges which corresponded to the laminar and turbulent gas jet, respectively, and the predicted threshold was only effective for turbulent gas flow. The study revealed that the bubble formation was greatly influenced by the aerodynamics of the gas jet blowing to the film, and these results will help to further understand the formation mechanism of the soap bubble as well as the interaction between the gas jet and the thin liquid film.
On the role of sea-state in bubble-mediated air-sea gas flux during a winter storm
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Liang, Jun-Hong; Emerson, Steven R.; D'Asaro, Eric A.; McNeil, Craig L.; Harcourt, Ramsey R.; Sullivan, Peter P.; Yang, Bo; Cronin, Meghan F.
2017-04-01
Oceanic bubbles play an important role in the air-sea exchange of weakly soluble gases at moderate to high wind speeds. A Lagrangian bubble model embedded in a large eddy simulation model is developed to study bubbles and their influence on dissolved gases in the upper ocean. The transient evolution of mixed-layer dissolved oxygen and nitrogen gases at Ocean Station Papa (50°N, 145°W) during a winter storm is reproduced with the model. Among different physical processes, gas bubbles are the most important in elevating dissolved gas concentrations during the storm, while atmospheric pressure governs the variability of gas saturation anomaly (the relative departure of dissolved gas concentration from the saturation concentration). For the same wind speed, bubble-mediated gas fluxes are larger during rising wind with smaller wave age than during falling wind with larger wave age. Wave conditions are the primary cause for the bubble gas flux difference: when wind strengthens, waves are less-developed with respect to wind, resulting in more frequent large breaking waves. Bubble generation in large breaking waves is favorable for a large bubble-mediated gas flux. The wave-age dependence is not included in any existing bubble-mediated gas flux parameterizations.
Interaction of strong converging shock wave with SF6 gas bubble
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Liang, Yu; Zhai, ZhiGang; Luo, XiSheng
2018-06-01
Interaction of a strong converging shock wave with an SF6 gas bubble is studied, focusing on the effects of shock intensity and shock shape on interface evolution. Experimentally, the converging shock wave is generated by shock dynamics theory and the gas bubble is created by soap film technique. The post-shock flow field is captured by a schlieren photography combined with a high-speed video camera. Besides, a three-dimensional program is adopted to provide more details of flow field. After the strong converging shock wave impact, a wide and pronged outward jet, which differs from that in planar shock or weak converging shock condition, is derived from the downstream interface pole. This specific phenomenon is considered to be closely associated with shock intensity and shock curvature. Disturbed by the gas bubble, the converging shocks approaching the convergence center have polygonal shapes, and the relationship between shock intensity and shock radius verifies the applicability of polygonal converging shock theory. Subsequently, the motion of upstream point is discussed, and a modified nonlinear theory considering rarefaction wave and high amplitude effects is proposed. In addition, the effects of shock shape on interface morphology and interface scales are elucidated. These results indicate that the shape as well as shock strength plays an important role in interface evolution.
Bubble Transport through Micropillar Arrays
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Lee, Kenneth; Savas, Omer
2012-11-01
In current energy research, artificial photosynthetic devices are being designed to split water and harvest hydrogen gas using energy from the sun. In one such design, hydrogen gas bubbles evolve on the catalytic surfaces of arrayed micropillars. If these bubbles are not promptly removed from the surface, they can adversely affect gas evolution rates, water flow rates, sunlight capture, and heat management of the system. Therefore, an efficient method of collecting the evolved gas bubbles is crucial. Preliminary flow visualization has been conducted of bubbles advecting through dense arrays of pillars. Bubbles moving through square and hexagonal arrays are tracked, and the results are qualitatively described. Initial attempts to correlate bubble motion with relevant lengthscales and forces are also presented. These observations suggest how bubble transport within such pillar arrays can be managed, as well as guide subsequent experiments that investigate bubble evolution and collection. This material is based upon work performed by the Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis, a DOE Energy Innovation Hub, supported through the Office of Science of the U.S. Department of Energy under Award Number DE-SC0004993.
Further experimentation on bubble generation during transformer overload. Final report
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Oommen, T.V.
1992-03-01
This report covers additional work done during 1990 and 1991 on gas bubble generation under overload conditions. To improve visual bubble detection, a single disc coil was used. To further improve detection, a corona device was also used which signaled the onset of corona activity in the early stages of bubble formation. A total of fourteen model tests were conducted, half of which used the Inertaire system, and the remaining, a conservator (COPS). Moisture content of paper in the coil varied from 1.0% to 8.0%; gas (nitrogen) content varied from 1.0% to 8.8%. The results confirmed earlier observations that themore » mathematical bubble prediction model was not valid for high gas content model with relatively low moisture levels in the coil. An empirical relationship was formulated to accurately predict bubble evolution temperatures from known moisture and gas content values. For low moisture content models (below 2%), the simple Piper relationship was sufficient to predict bubble evolution temperatures, regardless of gas content. Moisture in the coil appears to be the key factor in bubble generation. Gas blanketed (Inertaire) systems do not appear to be prone to premature bubble generation from overloads as previously thought. The new bubble prediction model reveals that for a coil with 2% moisture, the bubble evolution temperature would be about 140{degrees}C. Since old transformers in service may have as much as 2% moisture in paper, the 140{degrees}C bubble evolution temperature may be taken as the lower limit of bubble evolution temperature under overload conditions for operating transformers. Drier insulation would raise the bubble evolution temperature.« less
The Experimental Study of Dynamics of Scaled Gas-Filled Bubble Collapse in Liquid
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Pavlenko, Alexander
2011-06-01
The article provides results of analyzing special features of the single-bubble sonoluminescence, developing the special apparatus to investigate this phenomenon on a larger-scale basis. Certain very important effects of high energy density physics, i.e. liquid compressibility, shock-wave formation under the collapse of the gas cavity in liquid, shock-wave focusing in the gas-filled cavity, occurrence of hot dense plasma in the focusing area, and high-temperature radiation yield are observed in this phenomenon. Specificity of the process is conditioned by the ``ideal'' preparation and sphericity of the gas-and-liquid contact boundary what makes the collapse process efficient due to the reduced influence of hydrodynamic instabilities. Results of experimental investigations; results of developing the facilities, description of methods used to register parameters of facilities and the system under consideration; analytical estimates how gas-filled bubbles evolve in liquid with the regard for scale effects; results of preliminary 1-D gas dynamic calculations of the gas bubble evolution are presented. The work supported by ISTC Project #2116.
Dynamics of Vapour Bubbles in Nucleate Boiling. 2; Evolution of Thermally Controlled Bubbles
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Buyevich, Yu A.; Webbon, Bruce W.; Callaway, Robert (Technical Monitor)
1995-01-01
The previously developed dynamic theory of growth and detachment of vapour bubbles under conditions of nucleate pool boiling is applied to study motion and deformation of a bubble evolving at a single nucleation site. The bubble growth is presumed to be thermally controlled, and two components of heat transfer to the bubble are accounted of: the one from the bulk of surrounding liquid and the one due to heat conduction across a liquid microlayer formed underneath the bubble. Bubble evolution is governed by the buoyancy and an effective surface tension force, both the forces making the bubble centre of mass move away from the wall and, thus, assisting its detachment. Buoyancy-controlled and surface-tension-controlled regimes are considered separately in a meticulous way. The duration of the whole process of bubble evolution till detachment, the rate of growth, and the bubble departure size are found as functions of time and physical and operating parameters. Some repeatedly observed phenomena, such as an influence of gravity on the growth rate, are explained. Inferences of the model agree qualitatively with available experimental evidence, and conclusions pertaining to the dependence on gravity of the bubble radius at detachment and the whole time of the bubble development when being attached to the wall are confirmed quantitatively.
Evolution of vacuum bubbles embedded in inhomogeneous spacetimes
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Pannia, Florencia Anabella Teppa; Bergliaffa, Santiago Esteban Perez, E-mail: fteppa@fcaglp.unlp.edu.ar, E-mail: sepbergliaffa@gmail.com
We study the propagation of bubbles of new vacuum in a radially inhomogeneous background filled with dust or radiation, and including a cosmological constant, as a first step in the analysis of the influence of inhomogeneities in the evolution of an inflating region. We also compare the cases with dust and radiation backgrounds and show that the evolution of the bubble in radiation environments is notably different from that in the corresponding dust cases, both for homogeneous and inhomogeneous ambients, leading to appreciable differences in the evolution of the proper radius of the bubble.
Gas Bubble Migration and Trapping in Porous Media: Pore-Scale Simulation
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Mahabadi, Nariman; Zheng, Xianglei; Yun, Tae Sup; van Paassen, Leon; Jang, Jaewon
2018-02-01
Gas bubbles can be naturally generated or intentionally introduced in sediments. Gas bubble migration and trapping affect the rate of gas emission into the atmosphere or modify the sediment properties such as hydraulic and mechanical properties. In this study, the migration and trapping of gas bubbles are simulated using the pore-network model extracted from the 3D X-ray image of in situ sediment. Two types of bubble size distribution (mono-sized and distributed-sized cases) are used in the simulation. The spatial and statistical bubble size distribution, residual gas saturation, and hydraulic conductivity reduction due to the bubble trapping are investigated. The results show that the bubble size distribution becomes wider during the gas bubble migration due to bubble coalescence for both mono-sized and distributed-sized cases. And the trapped bubble fraction and the residual gas saturation increase as the bubble size increases. The hydraulic conductivity is reduced as a result of the gas bubble trapping. The reduction in hydraulic conductivity is apparently observed as bubble size and the number of nucleation points increase.
Formation and evolution of bubbly screens in confined oscillating bubbly liquids.
PubMed
Shklyaev, Sergey; Straube, Arthur V
2010-01-01
We consider the dynamics of dilute monodisperse bubbly liquid confined by two plane solid walls and subject to small-amplitude high-frequency oscillations normal to the walls. The initial state corresponds to the uniform distribution of bubbles and motionless liquid. The period of external driving is assumed much smaller than typical relaxation times for a single bubble but larger than the period of volume eigenoscillations. The time-averaged description accounting for the two-way coupling between the liquid and the bubbles is applied. We show that the model predicts accumulation of bubbles in thin sheets parallel to the walls. These singular structures, which are formally characterized by infinitely thin width and infinitely high concentration, are referred to as bubbly screens. The formation of a bubbly screen is described analytically in terms of a self-similar solution, which is in agreement with numerical simulations. We study the evolution of bubbly screens and detect a one-dimensional stationary state, which is shown to be unconditionally unstable.
Formation and evolution of bubbly screens in confined oscillating bubbly liquids
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Shklyaev, Sergey; Straube, Arthur V.
2010-01-01
We consider the dynamics of dilute monodisperse bubbly liquid confined by two plane solid walls and subject to small-amplitude high-frequency oscillations normal to the walls. The initial state corresponds to the uniform distribution of bubbles and motionless liquid. The period of external driving is assumed much smaller than typical relaxation times for a single bubble but larger than the period of volume eigenoscillations. The time-averaged description accounting for the two-way coupling between the liquid and the bubbles is applied. We show that the model predicts accumulation of bubbles in thin sheets parallel to the walls. These singular structures, which are formally characterized by infinitely thin width and infinitely high concentration, are referred to as bubbly screens. The formation of a bubbly screen is described analytically in terms of a self-similar solution, which is in agreement with numerical simulations. We study the evolution of bubbly screens and detect a one-dimensional stationary state, which is shown to be unconditionally unstable.
Gas separation and bubble behavior at a woven screen
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Conrath, Michael; Dreyer, Michael E.
Gas-liquid two phase flows are widespread and in many applications the separation of both phases is necessary. Chemical reactors, water treatment devices or gas-free delivery of liquids like propellant are only some of them. We study the performance of a woven metal screen in respect to its phase separation behavior under static and dynamic conditions. Beside hydraulic screen resistance and static bubble point, our study also comprises the bubble detachment from the screen upon gas breakthrough. Since a woven screen is essentially an array of identical pores, analogies to bubble detachment from a needle can be established. While the bubble point poses an upper limit for pressurized gas at a wetted screen to preclude gas breakthrough, the necessary pressure for growing bubbles to detach from the screen pores a lower limit when breakthrough is already in progress. Based on that inside, the dynamic bubble point effects were constituted that relate to a trapped bubble at such a screen in liquid flow. A trapped is caused to break through the screen by the flow-induced pressure drop across it. Our model includes axially symmetric bubble shapes, degree of coverage of the screen and bubble pressurization due to hydraulic losses in the rest of the circuit. We have built an experiment that consists of a Dutch Twilled woven screen made of stainless steel in a vertical acrylic glass tube. The liquid is silicon oil SF0.65. The screen is suspended perpendicular to the liquid flow which is forced through it at variable flow rate. Controlled injection of air from a needle allows us to examine the ability of the screen to separate gas and liquid along the former mentioned effects. We present experimental data on static bubble point and detachment pressure for breakthrough at different gas supply rates that suggest a useful criterion for reliable static bubble point measurements. Results for the dynamic bubble point are presented that include i) screen pressure drop for different
Analysis of intergranular fission-gas bubble-size distributions in irradiated uranium-molybdenum alloy fuel
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Rest, J.; Hofman, G. L.; Kim, Yeon Soo
2009-04-01
An analytical model for the nucleation and growth of intra and intergranular fission-gas bubbles is used to characterize fission-gas bubble development in low-enriched U-Mo alloy fuel irradiated in the advanced test reactor in Idaho as part of the Reduced Enrichment for Research and Test Reactor (RERTR) program. Fuel burnup was limited to less than Ë7.8 at.% U in order to capture the fuel-swelling stage prior to irradiation-induced recrystallization. The model couples the calculation of the time evolution of the average intergranular bubble radius and number density to the calculation of the intergranular bubble-size distribution based on differential growth rate and sputtering coalescence processes. Recent results on TEM analysis of intragranular bubbles in U-Mo were used to set the irradiation-induced diffusivity and re-solution rate in the bubble-swelling model. Using these values, good agreement was obtained for intergranular bubble distribution compared against measured post-irradiation examination (PIE) data using grain-boundary diffusion enhancement factors of 15-125, depending on the Mo concentration. This range of enhancement factors is consistent with values obtained in the literature.
Bubble transport and sticking in gas embolotherapy
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Bull, Joseph
2002-11-01
Pressure-driven bubble transport in a two-dimensional, bifurcating channel is investigated as a model of gas emboli transport in the microcirculation. Gas emboli are relevant to a number of clinical situations, and our particular interest is a novel gas embolotherapy technique, which involves using gas bubbles to occlude blood flow to tumors. This minimally invasive treatment modality allows selective delivery of emboli. The bubbles originate as 6 micron-diameter liquid droplets of perfluorocarbon (PFC), mixed in saline, and are injected into the vascular system. The droplet forms are small enough to pass through capillary beds, so they can circulate until the next stage of the therapy. By strategically placing an ultrasound source over the artery feeding the tumor, the droplets may be vaporized at that location. Our model is developed using the Stokes equation subject to interfacial and wall boundary conditions, and is solved using the boundary element method. The conditions under which bubbles 'stick' to the channel walls and occlude flow are investigated. Clinically, these results are important because the location and homogeneity of bubble sticking determines the degree of tumor necrosis and the efficacy of the treatment.
Transformer overload characteristics---Bubble evolution
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Woods, E.E.; Wendel, R.C.; Dresser, R.D.
1988-08-01
Project RP1289-3 explores significant parameters affecting bubble evolution from transformer oil under high temperature operating conditions to address the question: Does ''real life'' operation of a transformer cause harmful bubbling conditions. Studies outlined in the project are designed to determine when bubbling occurs in transformers and if bubbling can be harmful during the normal operation of these transformers. Data obtained from these studies should provide a basis for utilities to perform risk assessments in relation to their loading practices. The program is designed to demonstrate those conditions under which bubbling occurs in transformers by using controlled models and actual signalmore » phase transformers that were designed to give access to both high and low voltage windings for the purpose of viewing bubble generation. Results and observations from tests on the full-size transformers, thermal models, and electrical models have led to the conclusion that bubbles can occur under operating conditions. The electrical models show that dielectric strength can be reduced by as much as 40 percent due to the presence of bubbles. Because of factory safety considerations, the transformers could not be tested at hot spot temperatures greater than 140/degree/C. Therefore, there is no information on the dielectric strength of the full-size transformers under bubbling conditions. 4 refs., 28 figs., 45 tabs.« less
Gas Diffusion in Fluids Containing Bubbles
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Zak, M.; Weinberg, M. C.
1982-01-01
Mathematical model describes movement of gases in fluid containing many bubbles. Model makes it possible to predict growth and shrink age of bubbles as function of time. New model overcomes complexities involved in analysis of varying conditions by making two simplifying assumptions. It treats bubbles as point sources, and it employs approximate expression for gas concentration gradient at liquid/bubble interface. In particular, it is expected to help in developing processes for production of high-quality optical glasses in space.
GAS AND BUBBLE PRODUCTION BY SIPHONOPHORES.
DTIC Science & Technology
Gas-filled siphonophore floats collected from a deep scattering layer (DSL) were photographed in the act of voluntarily expelling bubbles of nearly...Such free bubbles, together with the siphonophore floats themselves, constitute a biological family of potentially resonant sonar targets
Mesoporous hollow spheres from soap bubbling.
PubMed
Yu, Xianglin; Liang, Fuxin; Liu, Jiguang; Lu, Yunfeng; Yang, Zhenzhong
2012-02-01
The smaller and more stable bubbles can be generated from the large parent bubbles by rupture. In the presence of a bubble blowing agent, hollow spheres can be prepared by bubbling a silica sol. Herein, the trapped gas inside the bubble acts as a template. When the porogen, i.e., other surfactant, is introduced, a mesostructured shell forms by the co-assembly with the silica sol during sol-gel process. Morphological evolution emphasizes the prerequisite of an intermediate interior gas flow rate and high exterior gas flow rate for hollow spheres. The method is valid for many compositions from inorganic, polymer to their composites. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Simulation Studies on Cooling of Cryogenic Propellant by Gas Bubbling
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Sandilya, Pavitra; Saha, Pritam; Sengupta, Sonali
Injection cooling was proposed to store cryogenic liquids (Larsen et al. [1], Schmidt [2]). When a non-condensable gas is injected through a liquid, the liquid component would evaporate into the bubble if its partial pressure in the bubble is lower than its vapour pressure. This would tend to cool the liquid. Earlier works on injection cooling was analysed by Larsen et al. [1], Schmidt [2], Cho et al. [3] and Jung et al. [4], considering instantaneous mass transfer and finite heat transfer between gas bubble and liquid. It is felt that bubble dynamics (break up, coalescence, deformation, trajectory etc.) should also play a significant role in liquid cooling. The reported work are based on simple assumptions like single bubble, zero bubble deformation, and no inter-bubble interactions. Hence in this work, we propose a lumped parameter model considering both heat and mass interactions between bubble and the liquid to gain a preliminary insight into the cooling phenomenon during gas injection through a liquid.
Effect of Slotted Anode on Gas Bubble Behaviors in Aluminum Reduction Cell
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Sun, Meijia; Li, Baokuan; Li, Linmin; Wang, Qiang; Peng, Jianping; Wang, Yaowu; Cheung, Sherman C. P.
2017-12-01
In the aluminum reduction cells, gas bubbles are generated at the bottom of the anode which eventually reduces the effective current contact area and the system efficiency. To encourage the removal of gas bubbles, slotted anode has been proposed and increasingly adopted by some industrial aluminum reduction cells. Nonetheless, the exact gas bubble removal mechanisms are yet to be fully understood. A three-dimensional (3D) transient, multiphase flow mathematical model coupled with magnetohydrodynamics has been developed to investigate the effect of slotted anode on the gas bubble movement. The Eulerian volume of fluid approach is applied to track the electrolyte (bath)-molten aluminum (metal) interface. Meanwhile, the Lagrangian discrete particle model is employed to handle the dynamics of gas bubbles with considerations of the buoyancy force, drag force, virtual mass force, and pressure gradient force. The gas bubble coalescence process is also taken into account based on the O'Rourke's algorithm. The two-way coupling between discrete bubbles and fluids is achieved by the inter-phase momentum exchange. Numerical predictions are validated against the anode current variation in an industrial test. Comparing the results using slotted anode with the traditional one, the time-averaged gas bubble removal rate increases from 36 to 63 pct; confirming that the slotted anode provides more escaping ways and shortens the trajectories for gas bubbles. Furthermore, the slotted anode also reduces gas bubble's residence time and the probability of coalescence. Moreover, the bubble layer thickness in aluminum cell with slotted anode is reduced about 3.5 mm (17.4 pct), so the resistance can be cut down for the sake of energy saving and the metal surface fluctuation amplitude is significantly reduced for the stable operation due to the slighter perturbation with smaller bubbles.
Growth and setting of gas bubbles in a viscoelastic matrix imaged by X-ray microtomography: the evolution of cellular structures in fermenting wheat flour dough.
PubMed
Turbin-Orger, A; Babin, P; Boller, E; Chaunier, L; Chiron, H; Della Valle, G; Dendievel, R; Réguerre, A L; Salvo, L
2015-05-07
X-ray tomography is a relevant technique for the dynamic follow-up of gas bubbles in an opaque viscoelastic matrix, especially using image analysis. It has been applied here to pieces of fermenting wheat flour dough of various compositions, at two different voxel sizes (15 and 5 μm). The resulting evolution of the main cellular features shows that the creation of cellular structures follows two regimes that are defined by a characteristic time of connectivity, tc [30 and 80 min]: first (t ⤠tc), bubbles grow freely and then (t ⥠tc) they become connected since the percolation of the gas phase is limited by liquid films. During the first regime, bubbles can be tracked and the local strain rate can be measured. Its values (10(-4)-5 à 10(-4) s(-1)) are in agreement with those computed from dough viscosity and internal gas pressure, both of which depend on the composition. For higher porosity, P = 0.64 in our case, and thus occurring in the second regime, different cellular structures are obtained and XRT images show deformed gas cells that display complex shapes. The comparison of these images with confocal laser scanning microscopy images suggests the presence of liquid films that separate these cells. The dough can therefore be seen as a three-phase medium: viscoelastic matrix/gas cell/liquid phase. The contributions of the different levels of matter organization can be integrated by defining a capillary number (C = 0.1-1) that makes it possible to predict the macroscopic dough behavior.
Formation mechanism of gas bubble superlattice in UMo metal fuels: Phase-field modeling investigation
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Hu, Shenyang; Burkes, Douglas E.; Lavender, Curt A.
2016-07-08
Nano-gas bubble superlattices are often observed in irradiated UMo nuclear fuels. However, the for- mation mechanism of gas bubble superlattices is not well understood. A number of physical processes may affect the gas bubble nucleation and growth; hence, the morphology of gas bubble microstructures including size and spatial distributions. In this work, a phase-field model integrating a first-passage Monte Carlo method to investigate the formation mechanism of gas bubble superlattices was devel- oped. Six physical processes are taken into account in the model: 1) heterogeneous generation of gas atoms, vacancies, and interstitials informed from atomistic simulations; 2) one-dimensional (1-D) migration of interstitials; 3) irradiation-induced dissolution of gas atoms; 4) recombination between vacancies and interstitials; 5) elastic interaction; and 6) heterogeneous nucleation of gas bubbles. We found that the elastic interaction doesnât cause the gas bubble alignment, and fast 1-D migration of interstitials alongmore » $$\\langle$$110$$\\rangle$$ directions in the body-centered cubic U matrix causes the gas bubble alignment along $$\\langle$$110$$\\rangle$$ directions. It implies that 1-D interstitial migration along [110] direction should be the primary mechanism of a fcc gas bubble superlattice which is observed in bcc UMo alloys. Simulations also show that fission rates, saturated gas concentration, and elastic interaction all affect the morphology of gas bubble microstructures.« less
ReviewâPhysicochemical hydrodynamics of gas bubbles in two phase electrochemical systems
PubMed Central
Taqieddin, Amir; Nazari, Roya; Rajic, Ljiljana; Alshawabkeh, Akram
2018-01-01
Electrochemical systems suffer from poor management of evolving gas bubbles. Improved understanding of bubbles behavior helps to reduce overpotential, save energy and enhance the mass transfer during chemical reactions. This work investigates and reviews the gas bubbles hydrodynamics, behavior, and management in electrochemical cells. Although the rate of bubble growth over the electrode surface is well understood, there is no reliable prediction of bubbles break-off diameter from the electrode surface because of the complexity of bubbles motion near the electrode surface. Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and Laser Doppler Anemometry (LDA) are the most common experimental techniques to measure bubble dynamics. Although the PIV is faster than LDA, both techniques are considered expensive and time-consuming. This encourages adapting Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) methods as an alternative to study bubbles behavior. However, further development of CFD methods is required to include coalescence and break-up of bubbles for better understanding and accuracy. The disadvantages of CFD methods can be overcome by using hybrid methods. The behavior of bubbles in electrochemical systems is still a complex challenging topic which requires a better understanding of the gas bubbles hydrodynamics and their interactions with the electrode surface and bulk liquid, as well as between the bubbles itself. PMID:29731515
Review-Physicochemical hydrodynamics of gas bubbles in two phase electrochemical systems.
PubMed
Taqieddin, Amir; Nazari, Roya; Rajic, Ljiljana; Alshawabkeh, Akram
2017-01-01
Electrochemical systems suffer from poor management of evolving gas bubbles. Improved understanding of bubbles behavior helps to reduce overpotential, save energy and enhance the mass transfer during chemical reactions. This work investigates and reviews the gas bubbles hydrodynamics, behavior, and management in electrochemical cells. Although the rate of bubble growth over the electrode surface is well understood, there is no reliable prediction of bubbles break-off diameter from the electrode surface because of the complexity of bubbles motion near the electrode surface. Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and Laser Doppler Anemometry (LDA) are the most common experimental techniques to measure bubble dynamics. Although the PIV is faster than LDA, both techniques are considered expensive and time-consuming. This encourages adapting Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) methods as an alternative to study bubbles behavior. However, further development of CFD methods is required to include coalescence and break-up of bubbles for better understanding and accuracy. The disadvantages of CFD methods can be overcome by using hybrid methods. The behavior of bubbles in electrochemical systems is still a complex challenging topic which requires a better understanding of the gas bubbles hydrodynamics and their interactions with the electrode surface and bulk liquid, as well as between the bubbles itself.
Evolution of Helium Bubbles and Discs in Irradiated 6H-SiC during Post-Implantation Annealing.
PubMed
Shen, Qiang; Zhou, Wei; Ran, Guang; Li, Ruixiang; Feng, Qijie; Li, Ning
2017-01-24
The single crystal 6H-SiC with [0001] crystal direction irradiated by 400 keV He⺠ions with 1 à 10 17 ions/cm² fluence at 400 °C were annealed at 600, 900, 1200 and 1400 °C for different durations. The evolution of helium bubbles and discs was investigated by transmission electron microscopy. An irradiated layer distributed with fine helium bubbles was formed with a width of ~170 nm after helium ion irradiation. The size of gas bubbles increased with increasing annealing time and temperature and finally reached stable values at a given annealing temperature. According to the relationship between the bubble radii and annealing time, an empirical formula for calculating the bubble radii at the annealing temperature ranged from 600 to 1400 °C was given by fitting the experiment data. Planar bubble clusters (discs) were found to form on (0001) crystal plane at both sides of the bubble layer when the annealing temperature was at the range of 800-1200 °C. The mechanism of bubble growth during post-implantation annealing and the formation of bubble discs were also analyzed and discussed.
Anterior chamber gas bubble emergence pattern during femtosecond LASIK-flap creation.
PubMed
Robert, Marie-Claude; Khreim, Nour; Todani, Amit; Melki, Samir A
2015-09-01
To characterise the emergence pattern of cavitation bubbles into the anterior chamber (AC) following femtosecond laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK)-flap creation Retrospective review of patients undergoing femtosecond LASIK surgery at Boston Laser, a private refractive surgery practice in Boston, Massachusetts, between December 2008 and February 2014. Patient charts were reviewed to identify all cases with gas bubble migration into the AC. Surgical videos were examined and the location of bubble entry was recorded separately for right and left eyes. Five thousand one hundred and fifty-eight patients underwent femtosecond LASIK surgery. Air bubble migration into the AC, presumably via the Schlemm's canal and trabecular meshwork, occurred in 1% of cases. Patients with AC bubbles had an average age of 33±8â years with a measured LASIK flap thickness of 96±21â μm. The occurrence of gas bubbles impaired iris registration in 64% of cases. Gas bubbles appeared preferentially in the nasal or inferior quadrants for right (92% of cases) and left (100% of cases) eyes. This bubble emergence pattern is significantly different from that expected with a random distribution (p<0.0001) and did not seem associated with decentration of the femtosecond laser docking system. The migration of gas bubbles into the AC is a rare occurrence during femtosecond laser flap creation. The preferential emergence of gas bubbles into the nasal and inferior quadrants of the AC may indicate a distinctive anatomy of the nasal Schlemm's canal. Published by the BMJ Publishing Group Limited. For permission to use (where not already granted under a licence) please go to http://group.bmj.com/group/rights-licensing/permissions.
Behavior of bubbles in glassmelts. II - Dissolution of a stationary bubble containing a diffusing and a nondiffusing gas
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Weinberg, M. C.; Onorato, P. I. K.; Uhlmann, D. R.
1980-01-01
The effect of a foreign nondiffusing gas on the rate of shrinkage of an oxygen bubble in a soda-lime-silica melt was studied. The rate of change of bubble radius with time was computed using the quasi-stationary approximation. The effects of melt undersaturation and initial fraction of foreign gas in the bubble are considered and compared with those calculated using previously derived expressions.
Behavior of bubbles in glassmelts. III - Dissolution and growth of a rising bubble containing a single gas
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Onorato, P. I. K.; Weinberg, M. C.; Uhlmann, D. R.
1981-01-01
Finite difference solutions of the mass transport equations governing the dissolution (growth) of a rising gas bubble, containing a single gas, in a glassmelt were obtained. These solutions were compared with those obtained from an approximate procedure for a range of the controlling parameters. Applications were made to describe various aspects of O2 and CO2 gas-bubble behavior in a soda-lime-silicate melt.
Numerical simulation of the distribution of individual gas bubbles in shaped sapphire crystals
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Borodin, A. V.; Borodin, V. A.
2017-11-01
The simulation of the effective density of individual gas bubbles in a two-phase melt, consisting of a liquid and gas bubbles, is performed using the virtual model of the thermal unit. Based on the studies, for the first time the theoretically and experimentally grounded mechanism of individual gas bubbles formation in shaped sapphire is proposed. It is shown that the change of the melt flow pattern in crucible affects greatly the bubble density at the crystallization front, and in the crystal. The obtained results allowed reducing the number of individual gas bubbles in sapphire sheets.
Production of Gas Bubbles in Reduced Gravity Environments
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Oguz, Hasan N.; Takagi, Shu; Misawa, Masaki
1996-01-01
In a wide variety of applications such as waste water treatment, biological reactors, gas-liquid reactors, blood oxygenation, purification of liquids, etc., it is necessary to produce small bubbles in liquids. Since gravity plays an essential role in currently available techniques, the adaptation of these applications to space requires the development of new tools. Under normal gravity, bubbles are typically generated by forcing gas through an orifice in a liquid. When a growing bubble becomes large enough, the buoyancy dominates the surface tension force causing it to detach from the orifice. In space, the process is quite different and the bubble may remain attached to the orifice indefinitely. The most practical approach to simulating gravity seems to be imposing an ambient flow to force bubbles out of the orifice. In this paper, we are interested in the effect of an imposed flow in 0 and 1 g. Specifically, we investigate the process of bubble formation subject to a parallel and a cross flow. In the case of parallel flow, we have a hypodermic needle in a tube from which bubbles can be produced. On the other hand, the cross flow condition is established by forcing bubbles through an orifice on a wall in a shear flow. The first series of experiments have been performed under normal gravity conditions and the working fluid was water. A high quality microgravity facility has been used for the second type and silicone oil is used as the host liquid.
Two-Dimensional Numerical Simulations of Ultrasound in Liquids with Gas Bubble Agglomerates: Examples of Bubbly-Liquid-Type Acoustic Metamaterials (BLAMMs)
PubMed Central
Vanhille, Christian
2017-01-01
This work deals with a theoretical analysis about the possibility of using linear and nonlinear acoustic properties to modify ultrasound by adding gas bubbles of determined sizes in a liquid. We use a two-dimensional numerical model to evaluate the effect that one and several monodisperse bubble populations confined in restricted areas of a liquid have on ultrasound by calculating their nonlinear interaction. The filtering of an input ultrasonic pulse performed by a net of bubbly-liquid cells is analyzed. The generation of a low-frequency component from a single cell impinged by a two-frequency harmonic wave is also studied. These effects rely on the particular dispersive character of attenuation and nonlinearity of such bubbly fluids, which can be extremely high near bubble resonance. They allow us to observe how gas bubbles can change acoustic signals. Variations of the bubbly medium parameters induce alterations of the effects undergone by ultrasound. Results suggest that acoustic signals can be manipulated by bubbles. This capacity to achieve the modification and control of sound with oscillating gas bubbles introduces the concept of bubbly-liquid-based acoustic metamaterials (BLAMMs). PMID:28106748
Two-Dimensional Numerical Simulations of Ultrasound in Liquids with Gas Bubble Agglomerates: Examples of Bubbly-Liquid-Type Acoustic Metamaterials (BLAMMs).
PubMed
Vanhille, Christian
2017-01-17
This work deals with a theoretical analysis about the possibility of using linear and nonlinear acoustic properties to modify ultrasound by adding gas bubbles of determined sizes in a liquid. We use a two-dimensional numerical model to evaluate the effect that one and several monodisperse bubble populations confined in restricted areas of a liquid have on ultrasound by calculating their nonlinear interaction. The filtering of an input ultrasonic pulse performed by a net of bubbly-liquid cells is analyzed. The generation of a low-frequency component from a single cell impinged by a two-frequency harmonic wave is also studied. These effects rely on the particular dispersive character of attenuation and nonlinearity of such bubbly fluids, which can be extremely high near bubble resonance. They allow us to observe how gas bubbles can change acoustic signals. Variations of the bubbly medium parameters induce alterations of the effects undergone by ultrasound. Results suggest that acoustic signals can be manipulated by bubbles. This capacity to achieve the modification and control of sound with oscillating gas bubbles introduces the concept of bubbly-liquid-based acoustic metamaterials (BLAMMs).
Magnetic bubbles and domain evolution in Fe/Gd multilayer nanodots
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Wang, T. T.; Liu, W.; Dai, Z. M.; Zhao, X. T.; Zhao, X. G.; Zhang, Z. D.
2018-04-01
The formation of magnetic bubbles and the domain-evolution processes, induced by a perpendicular magnetic field in Fe/Gd multilayer films and nanodots, have been investigated. At room temperature, the stripe domains in a continuous film transform into magnetic bubbles in an external field, while bubbles form spontaneously in nanodots due to the existence of shape anisotropy. When the temperature decreases to 20 K, the enhancement of the perpendicular magnetic anisotropy of the samples results in an increase of the domain size in the continuous film and the magnetization-reversal behavior of each nanodot becomes independent, and most reversed dots do not depend on each other, indicating the magnetic characteristics of a single domain. The present research provides further understanding of the evolution of magnetic bubbles in the Fe/Gd system and suggests their promising applications in patterned recording materials.
Bubble composition of natural gas seeps discovered along the Cascadia Continental Margin
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Baumberger, T.; Merle, S. G.; Embley, R. W.; Seabrook, S.; Raineault, N.; Lilley, M. D.; Evans, L. J.; Walker, S. L.; Lupton, J. E.
2016-12-01
Gas hydrates and gas-filled pockets present in sedimentary deposits have been recognized as large reservoirs for reduced carbon in the Earth's crust. This is particularly relevant in geological settings with high carbon input, such as continental margins. During expedition NA072 on the E/V Nautilus (operated by the Ocean Exploration Trust Inc.) in June 2016, the U.S. Cascadia Continental Margin (Washington, Oregon and northern California) was explored for gas seepage from sediments. During this expedition, over 400 bubble plumes at water depths ranging from 125 and 1640 m were newly discovered, and five of them were sampled for gas bubble composition using specially designed gas tight fluid samplers mounted on the Hercules remotely operated vehicle (ROV). These gas bubble samples were collected at four different depths, 494 m (rim of Astoria Canyon), 615 and 620 m (SW Coquille Bank), 849 m (floor of Astoria Canyon) and 1227 m (Heceta SW). At the two deeper sites, exposed hydrate was present in the same area where bubbles were seeping out from the seafloor. Other than the escaping gas bubbles, no other fluid flow was visible. However, the presence of bacterial mats point to diffuse fluid flow present in the affected area. In this study we present the results of the currently ongoing geochemical analysis of the gas bubbles released at the different sites and depths. Noble gas analysis, namely helium and neon, will give information about the source of the helium as well as about potential fractionation between helium and neon associated with gas hydrates. The characterization of these gas samples will also include total gas (CO2, H2, N2, O2, Ar, CH4 and other hydrocarbons) and stable isotope analysis (C and H). This dataset will reveal the chemical composition of the seeping bubbles as well as give information about the possible sources of the carbon contained in the seeping gas.
Bubble video experiments in the marine waters off Panarea Island (Italy): real-world data for modelling CO2 bubble dissolution and evolution
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Beaubien, Stan; De Vittor, Cinzia; McGinnis, Dan; Bigi, Sabina; Comici, Cinzia; Ingrosso, Gianmarco; Lombardi, Salvatore; Ruggiero, Livio
2014-05-01
Carbon capture and storage is expected to provide an important, short-term contribution to mitigate global climate change due to anthropogenic emissions of CO2. Offshore reservoirs are particularly favourable, however concerns exist regarding the potential for CO2 leakage into the water column (with possible ecosystem impacts) and the atmosphere. Although laboratory experiments and modelling can examine these issues, the study of natural systems can provide a more complete and realistic understanding. For this reason the natural CO2 emission site off the coast of Panarea Island (Italy) was chosen for study within the EC-funded ECO2 project. The present paper discusses the results of field experiments conducted at this site to better understand the fate of CO2 gas bubbles as they rise through the water column, and to use this real-world data as input to test the predictive capabilities of a bubble model. Experiments were conducted using a 1m wide x 1m deep x 3m tall, hollow-tube structure equipped with a vertical guide on the front face and a dark, graduated cloth for contrast and depth reference on the back. A Plexiglas box was filled with the naturally emitted gas and fixed on the seafloor inside the structure. Tubes exit the top of the box to make bubbles of different diameters, while valves on each tube control bubble release rate. Bubble rise velocity was measured by tracking each bubble with a HD video camera mounted in the guide and calculating values over 20 cm intervals. Bubble diameter was measured by filming the bubbles as they collide with a graduated Plexiglas sheet deployed horizontally at the measurement height. Bubble gas was collected at different heights using a funnel and analysed in the laboratory for CO2, O2+Ar, N2, and CH4. Water parameters were measured by performing a CTD cast beside the structure and collecting water samples at four depths using a Niskin bottle; samples were analysed in the laboratory for all carbonate system species, DO
Decompression vs. Decomposition: Distribution, Amount, and Gas Composition of Bubbles in Stranded Marine Mammals
PubMed Central
de Quirós, Yara Bernaldo; González-Diaz, Oscar; Arbelo, Manuel; Sierra, Eva; Sacchini, Simona; Fernández, Antonio
2012-01-01
Gas embolic lesions linked to military sonar have been described in stranded cetaceans including beaked whales. These descriptions suggest that gas bubbles in marine mammal tissues may be more common than previously thought. In this study we have analyzed gas amount (by gas score) and gas composition within different decomposition codes using a standardized methodology. This broad study has allowed us to explore species-specific variability in bubble prevalence, amount, distribution, and composition, as well as masking of bubble content by putrefaction gases. Bubbles detected within the cardiovascular system and other tissues related to both pre- and port-mortem processes are a common finding on necropsy of stranded cetaceans. To minimize masking by putrefaction gases, necropsy, and gas sampling must be performed as soon as possible. Before 24âh post mortem is recommended but preferably within 12âh post mortem. At necropsy, amount of bubbles (gas score) in decomposition code 2 in stranded cetaceans was found to be more important than merely presence vs. absence of bubbles from a pathological point of view. Deep divers presented higher abundance of gas bubbles, mainly composed of 70% nitrogen and 30% CO2, suggesting a higher predisposition of these species to suffer from decompression-related gas embolism. PMID:22675306
Effects of hyperbaric exposure on eyes with intraocular gas bubbles.
PubMed
Jackman, S V; Thompson, J T
1995-01-01
Air travel is known to be potentially hazardous for patients with intraocular gas bubbles, and the external pressure changes associated with hyperbaric oxygen therapy and scuba diving could be similarly dangerous. Rabbits with a perfluoropropane/air gas mixture filling approximately 60% of the vitreous cavity of the right eye were exposed to 3 different hyperbaric pressure profiles to an equivalent depth of 33 feet. The first group were a control group and were not exposed to hyperbaric pressures. The second group remained at an equivalent depth of 33 feet for 30 minutes, and the third group remained at 33 feet for 1 minute. Both groups ascended to normal atmospheric pressure at a rate of 1 foot per minute. The fourth group remained at 33 feet for 1 minute and then ascended at a rate of 0.2 feet per minute. In all eyes with an intraocular gas bubble, intraocular pressure dropped to zero when the atmospheric pressure was increased, and rose to more than 50 mmHg when the atmospheric pressure was returned to normal. Pressures in excess of 50 mmHg were sustained for 10 minutes or longer in each rabbit exposed to one of the hyperbaric profiles. No significant intraocular pressure changes were observed in eyes without an intraocular gas bubble or eyes not exposed to hyperbaric pressure. Marked elevation in intraocular pressure occurs as a result of hyperbaric exposure in eyes with an intraocular gas bubble. Hyperbaric exposure is therefore not advisable for patients with intraocular gas bubbles.
The shape and motion of gas bubbles in a liquid flowing through a thin annulus
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Lei, Qinghua; Xie, Zhihua; Pavlidis, Dimitrios; Salinas, Pablo; Veltin, Jeremy; Muggeridge, Ann; Pain, Christopher C.; Matar, Omar K.; Jackson, Matthew; Arland, Kristine; Gyllensten, Atle
2017-11-01
We study the shape and motion of gas bubbles in a liquid flowing through a horizontal or slightly-inclined thin annulus. Experimental data show that in the horizontal annulus, bubbles develop a unique ``tadpole'' shape with an elliptical cap and a highly-stretched tail, due to the confinement between the closely-spaced channel walls. As the annulus is inclined, the bubble tail tends to decrease in length, while the geometry of the cap remains almost invariant. To model the bubble evolution, the thin annulus is conceptualised as a ``Hele-Shaw'' cell in a curvilinear space. The three-dimensional flow within the cell is represented by a gap-averaged, two-dimensional model constrained by the same dimensionless quantities. The complex bubble dynamics are solved using a mixed control-volume finite-element method combined with interface-capturing and mesh adaptation techniques. A close match to the experimental data is achieved, both qualitatively and quantitatively, by the numerical simulations. The mechanism for the elliptical cap formation is interpreted based on an analogous irrotational flow field around a circular cylinder. The shape regimes of bubbles flowing through the thin annulus are further explored based on the simulation results. Funding from STATOIL gratefully acknowledged.
Liter-scale production of uniform gas bubbles via parallelization of flow-focusing generators.
PubMed
Jeong, Heon-Ho; Yadavali, Sagar; Issadore, David; Lee, Daeyeon
2017-07-25
Microscale gas bubbles have demonstrated enormous utility as versatile templates for the synthesis of functional materials in medicine, ultra-lightweight materials and acoustic metamaterials. In many of these applications, high uniformity of the size of the gas bubbles is critical to achieve the desired properties and functionality. While microfluidics have been used with success to create gas bubbles that have a uniformity not achievable using conventional methods, the inherently low volumetric flow rate of microfluidics has limited its use in most applications. Parallelization of liquid droplet generators, in which many droplet generators are incorporated onto a single chip, has shown great promise for the large scale production of monodisperse liquid emulsion droplets. However, the scale-up of monodisperse gas bubbles using such an approach has remained a challenge because of possible coupling between parallel bubbles generators and feedback effects from the downstream channels. In this report, we systematically investigate the effect of factors such as viscosity of the continuous phase, capillary number, and gas pressure as well as the channel uniformity on the size distribution of gas bubbles in a parallelized microfluidic device. We show that, by optimizing the flow conditions, a device with 400 parallel flow focusing generators on a footprint of 5 Ã 5 cm 2 can be used to generate gas bubbles with a coefficient of variation of less than 5% at a production rate of approximately 1 L h -1 . Our results suggest that the optimization of flow conditions using a device with a small number (e.g., 8) of parallel FFGs can facilitate large-scale bubble production.
Liquid jet pumped by rising gas bubbles
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Hussain, N. A.; Siegel, R.
1975-01-01
A two-phase mathematical model is proposed for calculating the induced turbulent vertical liquid flow. Bubbles provide a large buoyancy force and the associated drag on the liquid moves the liquid upward. The liquid pumped upward consists of the bubble wakes and the liquid brought into the jet region by turbulent entrainment. The expansion of the gas bubbles as they rise through the liquid is taken into account. The continuity and momentum equations are solved numerically for an axisymmetric air jet submerged in water. Water pumping rates are obtained as a function of air flow rate and depth of submergence. Comparisons are made with limited experimental information in the literature.
Effects of non-condensable gas on the dynamic oscillations of cavitation bubbles
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Zhang, Yuning
2016-11-01
Cavitation is an essential topic of multiphase flow with a broad range of applications. Generally, there exists non-condensable gas in the liquid and a complex vapor/gas mixture bubble will be formed. A rigorous prediction of the dynamic behavior of the aforementioned mixture bubble is essential for the development of a complete cavitation model. In the present paper, effects of non-condensable gas on the dynamic oscillations of the vapor/gas mixture bubble are numerically investigated in great detail. For the completeness, a large parameter zone (e.g. bubble radius, frequency and ratio between gas and vapor) is investigated with many demonstrating examples. The mechanisms of mass diffusion are categorized into different groups with their characteristics and dominated regions given. Influences of non-condensable gas on the wave propagation (e.g. wave speed and attenuation) in the bubbly liquids are also briefly discussed. Specifically, the minimum wave speed is quantitatively predicted in order to close the pressure-density coupling relationship usually employed for the cavitation modelling. Finally, the application of the present finding on the development of cavitation model is demonstrated with a brief discussion of its influence on the cavitation dynamics. This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Project No.: 51506051).
Gas Bubble Pinch-off in Viscous and Inviscid Liquids
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Taborek, P.
2005-11-01
We have used high-speed video to analyze pinch-off of nitrogen gas bubbles in fluids with a wide range of viscosity. If the external fluid is highly viscous (ηext>100 cP), the radius is proportional to the time before break, Ï, and decreases smoothly to zero. If the external fluid has low viscosity (ηext<10 cP), the neck radius scales as &1/2circ; until an instability develops in the gas bubble which causes the neck to rupture and tear apart. Finally, if the viscosity of the external fluid is in an intermediate range, an elongated thread is formed which breaks apart into micron-sized bubbles. 100,000 frame-per-second videos will be presented which illustrate each of these flow regimes.
Linear oscillation of gas bubbles in a viscoelastic material under ultrasound irradiation
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Hamaguchi, Fumiya; Ando, Keita, E-mail: kando@mech.keio.ac.jp
2015-11-15
Acoustically forced oscillation of spherical gas bubbles in a viscoelastic material is studied through comparisons between experiments and linear theory. An experimental setup has been designed to visualize bubble dynamics in gelatin gels using a high-speed camera. A spherical gas bubble is created by focusing an infrared laser pulse into (gas-supersaturated) gelatin gels. The bubble radius (up to 150 μm) under mechanical equilibrium is controlled by gradual mass transfer of gases across the bubble interface. The linearized bubble dynamics are studied from the observation of spherical bubble oscillation driven by low-intensity, planar ultrasound driven at 28 kHz. It follows frommore » the experiment for an isolated bubble that the frequency response in its volumetric oscillation was shifted to the high frequency side and its peak was suppressed as the gelatin concentration increases. The measurement is fitted to the linearized RayleighâPlesset equation coupled with the Voigt constitutive equation that models the behavior of linear viscoelastic solids; the fitting yields good agreement by tuning unknown values of the viscosity and rigidity, indicating that more complex phenomena including shear thinning, stress relaxation, and retardation do not play an important role for the small-amplitude oscillations. Moreover, the cases for bubble-bubble and bubble-wall systems are studied. The observed interaction effect on the linearized dynamics can be explained as well by a set of the RayleighâPlesset equations coupled through acoustic radiation among these systems. This suggests that this experimental setup can be applied to validate the model of bubble dynamics with more complex configuration such as a cloud of bubbles in viscoelastic materials.« less
Supernova remnant evolution in wind bubbles: A closer look at Kes 27
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Dwarkadas, V. V.; Dewey, D.
2013-03-01
Massive Stars (>8Mâ) lose mass in the form of strong winds. These winds accumulate around the star, forming wind-blown bubbles. When the star explodes as a supernova (SN), the resulting shock wave expands within this wind-blown bubble, rather than the interstellar medium. The properties of the resulting remnant, its dynamics and kinematics, the morphology, and the resulting evolution, are shaped by the structure and properties of the wind-blown bubble. In this article we focus on Kes 27, a supernova remnant (SNR) that has been proposed by [1] to be evolving in a wind-blown bubble, explore its properties, and investigate whether the X-Ray properties could be ascribed to evolution of a SNR in a wind-blown bubble. Our initial model does not support the scenario proposed by [1], due to the fact that the reflected shock is expanding into much lower densities.
Venous gas embolism - Time course of residual pulmonary intravascular bubbles
NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS)
Butler, B. D.; Luehr, S.; Katz, J.
1989-01-01
A study was carried out to determine the time course of residual pulmonary intravascular bubbles after embolization with known amounts of venous air, using an N2O challenge technique. Attention was also given to the length of time that the venous gas emboli remained as discrete bubbles in the lungs with 100 percent oxygen ventilation. The data indicate that venous gas emboli can remain in the pulmonary vasculature as discrete bubbles for periods lasting up to 43 + or - 10.8 min in dogs ventilated with oxygen and nitrogen. With 100 percent oxygen ventilation, these values are reduced significantly to 19 + or - 2.5 min.
Entrapment of Hydrate-coated Gas Bubbles into Oil and Separation of Gas and Hydrate-film; Seafloor Experiments with ROV
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Hiruta, A.; Matsumoto, R.
2015-12-01
We trapped gas bubbles emitted from the seafloor into oil-containing collector and observed an unique phenomena. Gas hydrate formation needs water for the crystal lattice; however, gas hydrates in some areas are associated with hydrophobic crude oil or asphalt. In order to understand gas hydrate growth in oil-bearing sediments, an experiment with cooking oil was made at gas hydrate stability condition. We collected venting gas bubbles into a collector with canola oil during ROV survey at a gas hydrate area in the eastern margin of the Sea of Japan. When the gas bubbles were trapped into collector with oil, gas phase appeared above the oil and gas hydrates, between oil and gas phase. At this study area within gas hydrate stability condition, control experiment with oil-free collector suggested that gas bubbles emitted from the seafloor were quickly covered with gas hydrate film. Therefore it is improbable that gas bubbles entered into the oil phase before hydrate skin formation. After the gas phase formation in oil-containing collector, the ROV floated outside of hydrate stability condition for gas hydrate dissociation and re-dived to the venting site. During the re-dive within hydrate stability condition, gas hydrate was not formed. The result suggests that moisture in the oil is not enough for hydrate formation. Therefore gas hydrates that appeared at the oil/gas phase boundary were already formed before bubbles enter into the oil. Hydrate film is the only possible origin. This observation suggests that hydrate film coating gas hydrate was broken at the sea water/oil boundary or inside oil. Further experiments may contribute for revealing kinetics of hydrate film and formation. This work was a part of METI (Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry)'s project entitled "FY2014 Promoting research and development of methane hydrate". We also appreciate support of AIST (National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology).
Dispersed bubble reactor for enhanced gas-liquid-solids contact and mass transfer
DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI.GOV)
Vimalchand, Pannalal; Liu, Guohai; Peng, WanWang
An apparatus to promote gas-liquid contact and facilitate enhanced mass transfer. The dispersed bubble reactor (DBR) operates in the dispersed bubble flow regime to selectively absorb gas phase constituents into the liquid phase. The dispersion is achieved by shearing the large inlet gas bubbles into fine bubbles with circulating liquid and additional pumped liquid solvent when necessary. The DBR is capable of handling precipitates that may form during absorption or fine catalysts that may be necessary to promote liquid phase reactions. The DBR can be configured with multistage counter current flow sections by inserting concentric cylindrical sections into the risermore » to facilitate annular flow. While the DBR can absorb CO.sub.2 in liquid solvents that may lead to precipitates at high loadings, it is equally capable of handling many different types of chemical processes involving solids (precipitates/catalysts) along with gas and liquid phases.« less
Possible high sonic velocity due to the inclusion of gas bubbles in water
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Banno, T.; Mikada, H.; Goto, T.; Takekawa, J.
2010-12-01
If formation water becomes multi-phase by inclusion of gas bubbles, sonic velocities would be strongly influenced. In general, sonic velocities are knocked down due to low bulk moduli of the gas bubbles. However, sonic velocities may increase depending on the size of gas bubbles, when the bubbles in water or other media oscillate due to incoming sonic waves. Sonic waves are scattered by the bubbles and the superposition of the incoming and the scattered waves result in resonant-frequency-dependent behavior. The phase velocity of sonic waves propagating in fluids containing bubbles, therefore, probably depends on their frequencies. This is a typical phenomenon called âwave dispersion.â So far we have studied about the bubble impact on sonic velocity in bubbly media, such as the formation that contains gas bubbles. As a result, it is shown that the bubble resonance effect is a key to analyze the sonic phase velocity increase. Therefore to evaluate the resonance frequency of bubbles is important to solve the frequency response of sonic velocity in formations having bubbly fluids. There are several analytical solutions of the resonance frequency of bubbles in water. Takahira et al. (1994) derived a equation that gives us the resonance frequency considering bubble - bubble interactions. We have used this theory to calculate resonance frequency of bubbles at the previous work. However, the analytical solution of the Takahiraâs equation is based on several assumptions. Therefore we used a numerical approach to calculate the bubble resonance effect more precisely in the present study. We used the boundary element method (BEM) to reproduce a bubble oscillation in incompressible liquid. There are several reasons to apply the BEM. Firstly, it arrows us to model arbitrarily sets and shapes of bubbles. Secondly, it is easy to use the BEM to reproduce a boundary-surface between liquid and gas. The velocity potential of liquid surrounding a bubble satisfies the Laplace
Gas bubbles in marine mud-How small are they?
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Reed, Allen H.; Briggs, Kevin B.
2003-10-01
Free gas in marine mud poses a challenging problem in the realm of ocean acoustics as it readily attenuates (i.e., scatters or absorbs) energy, such that objects lying below the gassy sediment are acoustically masked. Gas-laden sediments were located in 10- to 120-m water depth adjacent to the South Pass of the Mississippi River in East Bay using a 12-kHz transducer and the Acoustic Sediment Classification System. Several cores were collected in this region for physical property measurements. Some of the cores were x-rayed on medical and industrial computed tomography (CT) scanners. Volumetric CT images were used to locate gas bubbles, determine shapes and sizes to within the limits of the CT resolution. Free gas in the East Bay sediments was relegated to worm tubes as well as isolated pockets as was the case in Eckernförde Bay sediments [Abegg and Anderson, Mar. Geol. 137, 137-147 (1997)]. The primary significance of the present work is that gas bubbles have been determined to exist in the tens of μm size range, which is significantly smaller than the smallest bubbles that were previously resolved with medical CT (~440 μm) with NRL's HD-500 micro-CT System. [Work supported by ONR and NRL.
Prospecting for zones of contaminated ground-water discharge to streams using bottom-sediment gas bubbles
USGS Publications Warehouse
Vroblesky, Don A.; Lorah, Michelle M.
1991-01-01
Decomposition of organic-rich bottom sediment in a tidal creek in Maryland results in production of gas bubbles in the bottom sediment during summer and fall. In areas where volatile organic contaminants discharge from ground water, through the bottom sediment, and into the creek, part of the volatile contamination diffuses into the gas bubbles and is released to the atmosphere by ebullition. Collection and analysis of gas bubbles for their volatile organic contaminant content indicate that relative concentrations of the volatile organic contaminants in the gas bubbles are substantially higher in areas where the same contaminants occur in the ground water that discharges to the streams. Analyses of the bubbles located an area of previously unknown ground-water contamination. The method developed for this study consisted of disturbing the bottom sediment to release gas bubbles, and then capturing the bubbles in a polyethylene bag at the water-column surface. The captured gas was transferred either into sealable polyethylene bags for immediate analysis with a photoionization detector or by syringe to glass tubes containing wires coated with an activated-carbon adsorbent. Relative concentrations were determined by mass spectral analysis for chloroform and trichloroethylene.
Regimes of Micro-bubble Formation Using Gas Injection into Ladle Shroud
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Chang, Sheng; Cao, Xiangkun; Zou, Zongshu
2018-03-01
Gas injection into a ladle shroud is a practical approach to produce micro-bubbles in tundishes, to promote inclusion removal from liquid steel. A semi-empirical model was established to characterize the bubble formation considering the effect of shearing action combined with the non-fully bubble break-up by turbulence. The model shows a good accuracy in predicting the size of bubbles formed in complex flow within the ladle shroud.
Regimes of Micro-bubble Formation Using Gas Injection into Ladle Shroud
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Chang, Sheng; Cao, Xiangkun; Zou, Zongshu
2018-06-01
Gas injection into a ladle shroud is a practical approach to produce micro-bubbles in tundishes, to promote inclusion removal from liquid steel. A semi-empirical model was established to characterize the bubble formation considering the effect of shearing action combined with the non-fully bubble break-up by turbulence. The model shows a good accuracy in predicting the size of bubbles formed in complex flow within the ladle shroud.
Gas bubble formation in the cytoplasm of a fermenting yeast.
PubMed
Swart, Chantel W; Dithebe, Khumisho; Pohl, Carolina H; Swart, Hendrik C; Coetsee, Elizabeth; van Wyk, Pieter W J; Swarts, Jannie C; Lodolo, Elizabeth J; Kock, Johan L F
2012-11-01
Current paradigms assume that gas bubbles cannot be formed within yeasts although these workhorses of the baking and brewing industries vigorously produce and release CO(2) gas. We show that yeasts produce gas bubbles that fill a significant part of the cell. The missing link between intracellular CO(2) production by glycolysis and eventual CO(2) release from cells has therefore been resolved. Yeasts may serve as model to study CO(2) behavior under pressurized conditions that may impact on fermentation biotechnology. © 2012 Federation of European Microbiological Societies. Published by Blackwell Publishing Ltd. All rights reserved.
The growth of oscillating bubbles in an ultrasound field
NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS)
Yamauchi, Risa; Yamashita, Tatsuya; Ando, Keita
2017-11-01
From our recent experiments to test particle removal by underwater ultrasound, dissolved gas supersaturation is found to play an important role in physical cleaning; cavitation bubble nucleation can be triggered easily by weak ultrasound under the supersaturation and mild motion of the bubbles contributes to efficient cleaning without erosion. The state of gas bubble nuclei in water is critical to the determination of a cavitation inception threshold. Under ultrasound forcing, the size of bubble nuclei is varied by the transfer of dissolved gas (i.e., rectified diffusion); the growth rate will be promoted by the supersaturation and is thus expected to contribute to cavitation activity enhancement. In the present work, we experimentally study rectified diffusion for bubbles attached at glass surfaces in an ultrasound field. We will present the evolution of bubble nuclei s
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Sherwin Interview Collection on J. Robert Oppenheimer Now Available
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The Atomic Heritage Foundation is pleased to present the Martin J. Sherwin Collection, focusing on the life of J. Robert Oppenheimer, on the “Voices of the Manhattan Project” oral history website. The collection is courtesy of historian and George Mason University Professor Martin J. Sherwin.Oppenheimer, a theoretical physicist, proved to…
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Nuclear Museum
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https://ahf.nuclearmuseum.org/sherwin-interview-collection-j-robert-oppenheimer-now-available/
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The Atomic Heritage Foundation is pleased to present the Martin J. Sherwin Collection, focusing on the life of J. Robert Oppenheimer, on the “Voices of the Manhattan Project” oral history website. The collection is courtesy of historian and George Mason University Professor Martin J. Sherwin.
Oppenheimer, a theoretical physicist, proved to be an extraordinary choice to direct the Los Alamos laboratory, the center for scientific research on the atomic bomb during the Manhattan Project in World War II. Like many of his peers, physicist Robert Christy joined the Manhattan Project because of one man: J. Robert Oppenheimer. “Oppenheimer asked if I would join him in Los Alamos. I said I would be delighted because like most of his students, I would more or less follow him to the ends of the earth.”
The Sherwin Collection
Sherwin recorded audio interviews with dozens of Manhattan Project veterans and friends of Oppenheimer in the 1970s-80s, as he was preparing to write a biography of Oppenheimer, American Prometheus: The Triumph and Tragedy of J. Robert Oppenheimer. Sherwin wrote the book with historian and journalist Kai Bird. The book won the Pulitzer Prize in 2006 and is considered the premier Oppenheimer biography. Now for the first time, the interviews that Sherwin conducted are available to the public. Each interview includes an audio recording and transcript. The “Voices” website currently features 17 interviews from the Sherwin Collection; AHF plans to upload the remaining interviews over the next year or so as funding is available.
The Sherwin Collection includes interviews with about 60 people, many of whom worked on the Manhattan Project with Oppenheimer. Others had been friendly with him and his family at Caltech and the University of California-Berkeley, the Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton, and St. John in the Caribbean. The interviews cover much of Oppenheimer’s life, from his graduate school days to his death. They trace Oppenheimer’s transformation from a magnetically brilliant professor, often deep in thought surrounded by young physicists, to a focused wartime laboratory director. Some interviewees recall how the 1954 Atomic Energy Commission security hearing that stripped Oppenheimer of his security clearance – ending his influence on nuclear weapons policy – affected him and his family.
The Sherwin Collection interviews provide a kaleidoscope of reflections on the many facets of Oppenheimer’s personality, career, and his relationship with his family. They offer a more complete understanding of Oppenheimer’s persona and his many roles: left-wing sympathizer at Berkeley, theoretical physicist, Manhattan Project leader, and nuclear weapons policymaker.
A Treasure Trove
Sherwin is very pleased to see the interviews published on “Voices.” He remarked, “The 50 or more recorded interviews I conducted beginning in 1979 became the foundation of our Oppenheimer biography. It appears that my timing was perfect since almost everyone I contacted was ready to talk at length and in detail about their recollections of Oppenheimer. No one was inhibited by being recorded.
“I began my interviews with a few obvious colleagues and with every interview gathered more names. Every one of the interviewees was engaging in his or her own right, and their range of interests reflected the amazing breadth of Oppenheimer’s interests. I would urge every biographer, historian or journalist to record their interviews. In the long run, if they are in depth, they are treasures for future biographers and historians. Thanks to the Atomic Heritage Foundation for making them available to interested readers.”
Kai Bird explained the significance of the oral history collection: “I only realized the unique value of these brilliant interviews when I joined Marty Sherwin on his Oppenheimer project. This was in the year 2000—and many of the interviews had been conducted back in the 1980s. Marty warned me that the interviews were good, but perhaps there were gaps, particularly related to Oppenheimer’s life in Berkeley in the 1930s. It turned out he was being unduly modest, or maybe he was trying to lower my expectations.
“When I began to read the interviews I realized that he had built, interview by interview, a treasure trove of historical information about Oppenheimer, quantum physics and American political life in the 20th century. Marty was just very skillful in the subtle art of getting people to talk!”
A Portrait of Oppenheimer
J. Robert Oppenheimer has long been recognized as a complicated man who provoked complicated emotions. Some of the interviewees fondly recall Oppenheimer’s ability to inspire his students and his leadership during the Manhattan Project. Alice Kimball Smith joined her husband, metallurgist Cyril Smith, at Los Alamos. Smith found Oppenheimer “helpful, thoughtful, and extraordinarily kind and pleasant.” After the war, Smith edited a volume of Oppenheimer’s letters.
Polish physicist Joseph Rotblat, who worked on the project at Los Alamos, explained why he was impressed by Oppenheimer: “Immediately he struck me as a person who was very quick, highly intelligent. I noticed straightaway that he could take things in almost instantaneously. From this perspective, he was a genius. I am not surprised that he managed to be such a good director for the laboratory.”
But not everyone shared such a rosy view of Oppenheimer’s character or abilities. Marvin Goldberger, who worked on the Manhattan Project at Chicago and later became president of Caltech, found Oppenheimer to be a very challenging person when they met after the war. “He was a difficult person to be with under any circumstances. It was almost as though he were acting continuously. In spite of having been very close to him for ten years, I never felt that I was really close to him, that I really understood him. He took great pleasure in putting people down.”
While many praise Oppenheimer for his genius and wide-ranging abilities, they also puzzle over Oppenheimer’s place in the pantheon of American physics. Stanislaus Ulam, who worked on the Manhattan Project and helped design the hydrogen bomb, explained, “When he came back from Germany in 1932, he was regarded the great hope of American physics. It didn’t pan out that way.” Milton Plesset, who was one of Oppenheimer’s colleagues at Caltech, stated, “He never felt—and I think he was right in that feeling—that he made the outstanding accomplishments that his abilities justified.”
The interviews also shed light on Oppenheimer’s relationship with his family. Sherwin asked the interviewees insightful questions to draw out observations on Oppenheimer’s family life, and how his work and the security hearing impacted him and his wife and children. Goldberger described Oppenheimer’s sense of loss after his security clearance was revoked: “He felt very lost, being out of the national security advisory business. I used to talk with him about what I was doing, to try to give him sort of the flavor of the kinds of things that we were worrying about, because he was very eager for that kind of feeling of involvement.”
Many of the interviewees were critical of Oppenheimer’s wife Kitty, a botanist by training who struggled with alcoholism and could be acerbic. Verna Hobson, who worked as Oppenheimer’s secretary at the Institute for Advanced Study, remembered, “Kitty had a certain need to hurt people.” But she praised Kitty for being Oppenheimer’s “greatest confidante and advisor,” especially during the security trial hearing. “It brought out the very best in her. It called on all of her faculties, and it was probably the only time in her life she ever really felt that she was being demanded something that really used her capabilities. She was brave.”
Nuclear Weapons Policy and Other Themes
Sherwin asked the Manhattan Project veterans about their work on the project and their thoughts on nuclear weapons policy. Many provide thoughtful reflections on their Manhattan Project experience and the Cold War world. Rotblat, who was the only scientist to leave the Manhattan Project ostensibly for moral reasons and won the 1995 Nobel Peace Prize for co-founding the Pugwash Conferences, recalled “the mental torture” he experienced while debating whether to work on the atomic bomb project.
Sir Rudolf Peierls, who worked on the project at Los Alamos, remembered the scientists’ reactions to the successful Trinity Test in July 1945: “My recollection is that many people felt like celebrating—partly because this was in the military sense a great victory, and partly because it had made the work of Los Alamos tremendously important. I think I am right in saying that many of us must felt—giving myself credit there—that it was not an occasion for celebrating.”
In addition to insights on Oppenheimer and his family, the Sherwin Collection sheds light on a variety of other topics. Sherwin explored many other themes in the interviews, including: the communist movement at Berkeley in the 1930s; the Manhattan Project at Los Alamos and the relationships among the scientists; the government investigations of scientists accused of being communists or communist sympathizers; the development of the hydrogen bomb and American nuclear policy; and the institutions where Oppenheimer worked and their social dynamics.
J. Robert Oppenheimer’s character and his career continue to fascinate historians and the general public. The Sherwin Collection on AHF’s “Voices of the Manhattan Project” website will inform historical scholarship on Oppenheimer’s life, and many other issues, for decades to come.
Thank You
The Atomic Heritage Foundation thanks Martin J. Sherwin and the Library of Congress for their support in publishing the Sherwin Collection on the “Voices of the Manhattan Project” website. AHF is grateful to Crystal Trust and the M. J. Murdock Charitable Trust for their financial support of AHF’s oral history project.
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APS Announces Award Recipients
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Over the course of several months, the American Physical Society has recognized a number of individuals for their contributions to physics.
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https://pubs.aip.org/physicstoday/article/55/12/74/412093/APS-Announces-Award-Recipients
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Over the course of several months, the American Physical Society has recognized a number of individuals for their contributions to physics.
The recipient of the Will Allis Prize was Alan Garscadden, chief scientist of the propulsion directorate at the Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, in Ohio. He was recognized for his “distinguished career in gaseous electronics, marked by a sustained creativity in linking fundamental processes to the macroscopic properties of gas discharges and plasmas, and for his dedicated role as an advocate for the field of gaseous electronics.”
Gerald Gabrielse, chair of Harvard University’s physics department, received the society’s Davisson-Germer Prize for his “pioneering work in trapping, cooling, and precision measurements of the properties of matter and antimatter in ion traps.”
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Milton S. Plesset
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American physicist
Milton Spinoza Plesset
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American Institute of Physics
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David Zierler: Okay, this is David Zierler, oral historian for the American Institute of Physics. It is March 10th, 2021. I am so happy to be here with Professor Varghese Mathai. Varghese, good to see you. Thank you for joining me. Varghese Mathai: Thank you. Zierler: All right, so to start, would you please tell me your title and institutional affiliation? Mathai: Right. I'm a faculty member in the Department of Physics at University of Massachusetts, Amherst. Zierler: When did you join UMass?
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David Zierler:
Okay, this is David Zierler, oral historian for the American Institute of Physics. It is March 10th, 2021. I am so happy to be here with Professor Varghese Mathai. Varghese, good to see you. Thank you for joining me.
Varghese Mathai:
Thank you.
Zierler:
All right, so to start, would you please tell me your title and institutional affiliation?
Mathai:
Right. I'm a faculty member in the Department of Physics at University of Massachusetts, Amherst.
Zierler:
When did you join UMass?
Mathai:
August 2020.
Zierler:
An exciting time to join faculty. Were you remote from the beginning? Did you start teaching remotely as your first appointment?
Mathai:
I moved from Rhode Island. I was doing my Postdoc at Brown. So, I could drove from Rhode Island to UMass which is in Western Massachusetts. So, it was kind of convenient move, even in the pandemic times. There were some challenges, but it was all pretty well handled by UMass and the people in the department were quite supportive in making this happen. And since I've moved, it's been mostly remote. But I’ve got an office setup already, as you can see, right now, I'm in my office. But the campus is mostly in remote mode.
Zierler:
Varghese, a question we're all dealing with right now, particularly for people that work in a laboratory environment, in what ways has the pandemic impacted your research in terms of your collaboration, in terms of access to the instrumentation? For better or worse, how have the last 12 months been for your research?
Mathai:
Yes, so the pandemic has had a number of impacts on researchers in general, and some of this has been not so good, and some of this has been good, I would say. So, if you say my personal experience, I'm primarily an experimental physicist. And I do experiments inside a laboratory space at tabletop scale. So, when we had the stay-at-home requirements, my experiments were no longer doable in the lab. But this was also a time when I started thinking more seriously about using computer simulations. So, in my personal experience, I've looked more into the computational and theoretical side of research recently, which primarily I could attribute to the pandemic. But at the same time, experimental research in the laboratory has been slowed down. And this, I believe, is not just a personal story, it also applies to a number of researchers, and most of the faculty, students, and other researchers at universities have been trying to adapt. And this is not just limited to research, but also to teaching and instruction, which have all gone into remote mode.
One of the things I do think has been a good impact in the academic circles is that we are now evermore using remote ways of interacting for scientific exchanges. So, there's a lot more of communication that's happening over Zoom and other kinds of video conferencing. This has certainly brought down air travel as you can imagine. In the initial phase of the pandemic, there was a lot of organizational challenges for holding international conferences fully remote, but they are getting solved now. Now, people are starting to think about conducting many of these conferences virtually. The main strength of this is that it makes the world a smaller place that you do get applicants and visitors and attendees from all over the globe, except for the time difference, which is obviously still a factor.
But now, we are also adapting the conference styles to have more recorded sessions so that attendees from all over the world can attend. So, I do think that from the point of view of disseminating information and education and making research openly accessible, the remote format has certainly helped. Of course, it cannot replace the in-person interaction. So, it comes at a price, but it also comes with several benefits. I think that several of these newly created avenues of communication will continue to be active even after the pandemic.
Zierler:
Varghese, when did you realize that your area of expertise might be relevant to the all-important question of the physics of COVID transmission? Did this occur to you right from the beginning, or this was an intellectual process for you?
Mathai:
Right. I'm basically an experimental Fluid Dynamicist and Soft Matter Physicist. The interactions between fluids and soft materials, that definition encompasses everything I do. By soft materials, I mean a wide class of materials which can be air bubbles that are present in an aquarium tank to dust and particles which are present when a volcano erupts to soft-winged flying mammals like bats. You can see, it's a pretty broad definition and I like to look at it in that perspective.
And this also has strong connections to multiphase, in the sense that you have a fluid flow, which is dispersed with elements that are soft and deformable. We can think of a deforming bubble as a soft material, for instance. You can consider a droplet which is deformable and changing its shape due to hydrodynamic effect a soft material. So this area of multiphase fluid dynamics, if you look, is all around you. The air that you breathe is not just the constituent gases, but also, there are particles in them. The water that you drink also has a certain level of contaminants. And when you look at the topic of disease transmission, that is very often facilitated by multiphase fluid dynamics.
I worked a little over a year in industry, at General Electric Aircraft Engines Division where I was studying the flows inside the combustor of an aircraft. And during my postdoc I was looking at systems mimicking the wing beats of a flying mammal like a bat. For my Ph.D. thesis research, I was looking at particle-laden turbulent flows, the flows that you can see in the oceans and in the atmosphere. So, you can probably see the breadth of topics that fluid dynamics encompasses, from academia to industry. And I can tell you that all of these different looking topics have very similar fundamental laws from which they branch them out. Let me take the example of the study that we did recently about the air flows inside the car, I would think of it as an extension of the knowledge that you gain as a researcher in multiphase fluid dynamics. Essentially, I mean this was not something that required reinventing or re-analyzing the situations. But at every point, we are realizing that when you breathe out, you are breathing out particles, which contain aerosols or larger particles, and there as well, I see a connection to the research I did during my doctoral study.
Zierler:
Varghese, a question that so many people are dealing with right now, in the world of computer simulations, given that so much of your research agenda relies on real-world experiments, sitting at the tabletop, dealing with physical objects, how can you be sure that the computer simulation is an accurate representation of physical reality? How do you test that against the real deal if you're not using real stuff to make conclusions?
Mathai:
Yeah, this is a very good question, and it requires a little bit of elaboration. So, by computer simulations or by numerical simulations, you could mean a number of different things, including simulations which are far from the reality you measure, or it could be things which are very close to reality. We do understand the fundamental laws, all the equations that govern fluid flows. They are called the Navier-Stokes Equations, and we do understand in what regimes that they can be considered to be a compressible flow or an incompressible flow. So, these equations are field equations without a solution that has the three dimensions, and also varying in time. The variable that you're trying to solve here is the velocity of the fluid at different points in space and varying in time. Except for a limited number of special cases, these equations are not easy to analytically solve.
So, the general approach to adopt is to numerically solve them, and that is what the computer simulations that I refer to do. So, these computer simulations are basically solving the Navier Stokes Equations, which are derived from Newton's second law, force equals mass times acceleration. Whenever this is a valid, the computer simulations, in principle, when they are solved in the most rigorous way, ought to give realistic results. And these computer simulations also come with a process of validating the simulations. And these validations are typically done by comparing with a measurement. So, the idea is that if you compare with enough number of laboratory-based measurements or field tests, and you validate these computer simulations against them. Then the expectation is that you can use them to predict a case which was not done in the laboratory, assuming the prediction lies within the same regimes of fluid flow that were validated.
So, from this point of view, when we say we are performing a computer simulation solving the full Navier Stokes in three dimensions and time, you can pretty reliably replicate what the air flow or a water flow or a liquid flow. I should point out that such simulations are not just used to confirm experimental observations, but there have been several examples of when fluid dynamics simulations have been used to predict or observe new physical phenomena. Several decades later, it is found in an experiment measurement.
So, the power of computational fluid dynamics, especially when you solve the full Navier-Stokes is tremendous and something that people have to have faith in. When communicating the science though, often, I need to rely on experiments to convince the audience that it really happens the way the simulations predict, because of the public’s acceptance of measurements. So, the two should go hand-in-hand. Then, only the believability aspect is there. But if you ask me, these computer simulations when they are performed in the most rigorous way, they are pretty reliable.
Zierler:
To what extent is the remarkable, even exponential rise in computational power responsible for the validity of these simulations? In other words, are the things you're working on, would they have been possible even 10, 15 years ago or it's only because of recent advances in computer powers that these experiments are valuable and can be validated?
Mathai:
I don't know if you're referring to this particular article or it's more generally about fluid dynamics computation?
Zierler:
Generally fluid dynamics computation.
Mathai:
Right. Generally, fluid dynamics computations have the power of doing simulations have increased significantly in the last 20 years. And this is responsible for us being able to simulate things which you could not possibly imagine a few decades back. The approach has slightly shifted towards solving the full Navier Stokes equations in a more rigorous manner as compared to previously, when computational models used to be very popular. And this is ever-changing, and it's also increasing the possibilities using supercomputers. I'm not an expert to talk about supercomputing, but I do have several collaborators who work on this. And based on the conversations I've had with them, what I hear is that problems that you could not imagine studying several years ago have become possible now. And currently, the challenge is to extend it to even further, and parallel computing is very popular in this area of research.
Zierler:
If you might use your imagination, I mean, it's an existential question about once we achieve the capacity for true quantum computing, what will we even do with quantum computers? In your field, do you have any guesses, any ideas on what the value of quantum computing might mean for fluid dynamics?
Mathai:
I wouldn't be a good person to comment on this. I can talk about this like any other person would say that it sounds very promising. And if it's successful, then it will really change the landscape of fluid dynamics simulations as well. The concept that you can explore multiple options at the same time does help with getting results sooner.
In the Netherlands, where I did my Ph.D. study, where supercomputing capabilities are, to my knowledge, very good and accessible to academia. So, there's huge potential if it comes through, but yeah, this is all I can talk about.
Zierler:
Well, let's take it all the way back to the beginning. Let's go back to India and we'll start with your parents. Tell me a little bit about them and where they're from.
Mathai:
Sure, I'm from the south of India from a state called Kerala. My parents, my dad is an Electrical Engineer. My mom was educated in law. I have a sister who's a year older to me, and she's an Electronics Engineer, and she works for a company of Kerala. And I did my undergrad education and my master's education in India. My master's at the Indian Institute of Science, and I did my undergraduate at College of Engineering in Trivandrum. After my master's, I worked for a couple of years for General Electric, in their Aircraft Engines Division in India, in Bangalore. This basically gave me some exposure to computation fluid dynamics.
But my interest, like I said, is mostly in experiments. So, I decided to do a Ph.D. in experimental fluid dynamics, while also having had some experience with computing. And then, I moved to the Netherlands to do my Ph.D. And this was in particle-laden turbulence experiments.
Zierler:
Did your father involve you at all in his career? In other words, as a kid, did you know what it meant to be an engineer at all?
Mathai:
Yes, so right from a young age, my father used to show toys or experiments that were done at a tabletop scale, and right from a young age, I had an interest in things that you could observe with the naked eye, and that did instill in me an interest in physics. This is not something that I've prepared to recollect, so I’ll have to think and recollect while I respond. So, in school, until I was probably 13 or 14, the curriculum involved learning a large number of subjects, including the sciences. That was a bit distracting and I couldn't spend a lot of time on my primary interests. So, my interest started to increase and shoot up when I was probably 14 or 15 when I could focus on physics and, specifically mechanics.
And in India, growing up at 15, if you like mechanics, and if you like physics, one of the popular directions you take is to go into engineering, which is also what I did. And I did talk to my dad about different disciplines of engineering. And because I had shown an interest in mechanics, he suggested that mechanical engineering might be an option. And I read a short paragraph about what mechanical engineering meant, and that seemed to convince me because it had things like Thermodynamics, Newtonian Mechanics, Rigid Body Dynamics, Theory of Machines, and these definitely got me interested, and I enrolled into mechanical engineering. I did study in the same university as my father did. So, he did have contacts with faculty at that university, and that did help me get a better picture of what an undergraduate education at that university was going to be like. This is the oldest college for engineering in the state of Kerala.
Right after I joined there, it was a four-year undergrad, and towards the end of the undergrad, I felt like I should pursue higher education like a masters or a Ph.D. I was not sure at that point whether I should enroll in a Ph.D. program or not. Just like many students in India with an interest to pursue higher education, I applied for a graduate master's program. This required you to compete in an all-India-level examination, which I fortunately did well in, coming 9th at the all-India level. And this basically opened the doors for me to get into the Indian Institute of Science, which is considered my many as India’s premier university for science and technology research.
This is where I actually figured out that I'd like to do my research in Fluid Mechanics, and this is also what made me appreciate the beauty of Fluid Mechanics, which we see and perceive around us. To understand why fluids like air and water flow the way they do, we need to study this subject. For instance, common sense tells us that if you wanted to put out a burning candle flame, you basically blow at it, right? If you blow at it, the candle flame is put out, but if you blow air inwards, it is unusually difficult to put out the candle. This has a lot to do with how fluid flows are in general. So, the Navier-Stokes equations, the same equations can tell you why this is the case. When you blow out, you generate a jet of air, which doesn't expand sideways from your mouth. The air jet comes out directly toward the candle flame and put the flame out. Instead, if you blow in, or when you inhale, the air that comes in is from all around your face. So, the airflow pattern whether you blow out or when you blow in can be very different. And you need to understand Fluid Mechanics to appreciate this. When I encountered these kinds of examples in class — I got inspired to study the subject so as to better appreciate the nature of flows we observe around us.
Flows that you see around you, a hurricane or the tornado, it's got all fluid mechanics and heat transfer phenomena. The fact that weather predictions are very difficult is linked to how nonlinear the governing equations are and how sensitive they are to tiny changes in initial conditions which can change the future a great deal. That's also the reason why beyond a couple of weeks you cannot make accurate weather predictions.
Zierler:
Varghese, a few social and cultural questions. Growing up what language or languages were spoken in your household?
Mathai:
Right. So, I come from the southern state of Kerala, and in that state, you speak the regional language called Malayalam, and I spoke Malayalam right throughout my childhood days. At my home, my parents and my sister speak Malayalam, so do most of my relatives. In addition to this, growing up in India, you learn a few additional languages. Hindi, which is spoken widely in the north of India, and it can be useful to learn that, particularly while traveling in the northern parts of India. In addition to that, there was English, which was the primary medium of education in my case. But this can vary a lot. depending on the area and community you come from. Essentially, these are the three languages that you learn growing up in my state, Kerala. But let me clarify that in India, you have about 20 recognized regional languages. Because I was born and raised in Kerala, I am somewhat familiar with listening to language of neighboring states, for instance, Tamil.
Zierler:
What religious or cultural traditions were important in your family growing up?
Mathai:
Again, this has to do with the state I come from. My family is traditionally from a Christian background and we're from a Syrian Christian tradition. It has its roots that can be traced to Christianity in Antioch, which came to the south of India. I wouldn't be able to tell you the whole history, because I'm not that well read in this. But I can tell you about the origin of my name. Varghese, is the Malayalam language version of George, and Mathai is Malayalam translation of Matthew. I believe the name George has Greek origins - it came from Georgios, and it evolved to the current English version.
Zierler:
So, you celebrated Christmas and Easter and all of the major Christian holidays?
Mathai:
Yes, that's true, mainly Easter and Christmas.
Zierler:
What does Christmas look like in Kerala? Is there a Christmas tree?
Mathai:
There's a Christmas tree, but it’s a lot less common than it is in the West. The Christmas in Kerala has some elements of what is seen in Europe and the US. There's Santa Claus, with strong links to the church. The church that the community belong to organizes some kind of cultural activities around Christmas. And Christmas is also the time when you have the Christmas holidays. So, if you work or if you have relatives or family who are in different locations in India or abroad, they return to Kerala, and we usually have a get-together with extended family. This can be up to 70 or 80 people who are otherwise chatting in a WhatsApp group. [laugh]. I've not been able to go to those for several years now. But that's usually what goes with Christmas. Easter is usually more ritualistic and religious traditions.
I'm not particularly religious, but I do identify with the traditions and cultural aspects of it, and that's usually what I can remember. This has got a lot to do with living in a multi-cultural, multi-religious background. Kerala’s population is about 18% Christians, especially the Syrian Christians, about 50% Hindus, and 20% Muslims, from what I remember. And there's also other communities like Jews, and I might have missed some religions. Growing up, you're always surrounded by people from different religious faiths, the elements of this do pour into Christian traditions as well.
For instance, I studied in a school which did have strong links to Hindu traditions, and that did give me a lot of understanding about the Hindu mythology, for instance. I enjoyed reading about Hindu mythology, I enjoyed knowing about it, and I enjoyed some of the festivals of Hinduism. And there are also festivals like the Onam, which is celebrated by all the people in the state of Kerala, regardless of your religion. Possibly, you can compare that to Thanksgiving here, although Onam does have a mythological origin which is rooted in Hinduism, I think. But today, it is celebrated by almost all communities of Kerala.
Zierler:
Varghese, unfortunately, in India, like so many countries, there's been a rise in nationalism. Has the rise of Hindu nationalism in India been problematic for the Christian community?
Mathai:
So, I come from a state which is possibly less affected by this than others. I could be wrong in my interpretation, but in my state, this has so far not been a serious issue. I must apologize if I’m being insensitive to the people who might have been adversely affected by this. What I can say is that, in general, the rise of nationalism, regardless of whether religious or not, is a matter of serious concern. I think education is one thing that can reduce the adverse effects of this. To answer your question, yes in recent years there has been a rise in nationalism that has taken a dimension beyond the simple idea of us loving our country and being proud its culture and traditions. I suppose this is not limited to any one country nowadays, and many societies, including those in the west, are facing this challenge.
Zierler:
Varghese, education in India follows the British model largely where when you enter undergraduate, you already know what you were going to study. Is that correct?
Mathai:
Yes, that's pretty correct. When you enter undergraduate, you do not have a lot of choice on what courses you do. If I remember correctly, in undergraduate you are required to do 64 courses in four years, and out of the 64, possibly 7 or 8 were electives. Apart from that, you were basically required to do the remaining courses, and it's heavily focused on the theoretical side and giving exams. And in general, we're very good at taking exams, including myself. I think the education approach is probably something that should change. Things might have changed already now; it's been over 10 years since I graduated from undergraduate degree.
Firstly, there should be more collaborative learning, and we must recognize the importance of instilling this in the minds of young people. For example, I hadn't heard the word “synergy” until I moved abroad, and I think it's important that this aspect is stressed in the education system. Like I said, things might have already improved a lot by now. I do see many indicators that it has changed.
Zierler:
The relationship between engineering and physics is really dependent upon the institution. In other words, some places have an engineering physics program where the students get as much physics as the physics students themselves. In other places, engineering is much more relegated to Applied Physics or Electrical Engineering or things like that. How much physics did you have as an undergraduate and a master's student in India?
Mathai:
Right. So, this is, again, subject to what you call engineering and physics. So, in undergraduate, there's not a lot of physics that you do in India, especially if you are in a Mechanical Engineering program. But at a Master's, you do get to do physics courses, and I studied at Indian Institute of Science which is primarily a research university with a lot of stress on science education. So, we did have the freedom to do a variety of courses. My general impression is that the quality of education at some of these top institutes in India are comparable, if not better than top universities of the world, particularly in terms of the training in the fundamentals of a subject.
Zierler:
What laboratory work did you do in India that was particularly formative to your interests in experimental physics and fluid dynamics?
Mathai:
Right. So, I did a master's program. In this, you are expected to do a master’s thesis or a master report, and this is spread over a period of 9 months. And during the first 3 months of 9, you're supposed to formulate the problem. And in the last 6 months, you're expected to perform this research. So, I worked on a research topic about the “Impact of an Object into a Pool of Water”. So, you might have seen this popular image of when a drop falls on a pool of liquid, you have a crown-shaped splash. So, I worked on a project like this, and it involved performing experiments which yields visually appealing photographs.
Your funding situation is not bad, but it would be great to invest more in research. In my particular case, I was doing the project at a time when my advisor had ordered a high-speed camera. The camera was essential to visualize the events occurring upon water impact and it has still not arrived yet. And so, my advisor, Prof. Govardhan was kind enough to talk to the folks at Photron and they lent us a camera for my use. And I got the camera for two weeks, and I worked on this research, completing most of the experiments. In those two weeks, I had to do productive experiments. That was an experience that I still remember, and I enjoy having done this, and this. Also, for the impact experiment, since we did not have the time or resources to build a high-speed launcher device, we decided to climb up on top of a building and drop the projectile, using gravity to achieve the impact speeds that you need. So, this project involved a lot of climbing up and dropping objects into a tank of water.
So, I always felt I learnt a lot being in the labs in India. There were enough resources to do the experiment, but probably not the level you receive at some European or US universities. But this limitation with resources meant that you always think a bit out-of-the-box. And that did have an impact in how I viewed research. And I'm always trying to use opportunities for frugal science without compromising on the quality.
Zierler:
Did you want to take a break from your studies before pursuing the Ph.D. after your master's program?
Mathai:
I was unsure what I needed to do after a Masters. I am generally not convinced unless I get a feel of it myself. So, after my master's, I decided to see what industry was like, and I started a job in General Electric, the US company, their Aircraft Engines Division.
Zierler:
Where was this? Where was the division? In India?
Mathai:
In India, in Bangalore. My Master's education was from the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, and GE was also based in Bangalore. This is one of the Global Research Centers that are based in Bangalore. I think it's one of the larger research centers of GE. This was pretty much a research and development wing of GE except that was mostly focused on computational fluid dynamics to provide insights about aircraft engine combustor development. During this time, I had a lot of opportunities to interact with colleagues in the US. We used to have, if I remember correctly, weekly meetings with folks in the US who did experiments and rig tests.
That was a point when I realized that field test experiments and computer simulations go hand in hand, and both of these are important to get to a final product or to make technological innovations. I spent a little over a year working there. I did enjoy my job very much, but I felt that I would not enjoy it after maybe 10 years there. So, I made a decision that rather than leave the job at a point where I do not enjoy it, I might as well leave at an earlier stage. I imagined that doctoral research in fluid dynamics can give me a different outlook.
Zierler:
Varghese, what advice might you have gotten to pursue a graduate degree outside of India? Was this an opportunity for you to see more of the world? Were you specifically directed toward a particular program? What were your considerations and decisions?
Mathai:
Right. So, I was open to doing a Ph.D. abroad which could be the US or Europe, and also in India. In India, naturally, the place that I would think of at that point was the Indian Institute of Science in the same department where I did my masters. I was also considering to apply to India. But by then I had already applied to the US, to Europe. I received an offer from, if I remember, University of California, San Diego, and also one an offer from the Netherlands from the University of Twente. This was early in January before other decisions from the US were not out.
And for the application to the Netherlands, this was again initiated by one of my advisors at the Indian Institute of Science who suggested to me there's a professor in the Netherlands, Detlef Lohse, who's very active in fluid dynamics and very well established in the field. You might consider writing to this person. I wrote to Detlef, had a Skype interview which went very well. There were not any technical questions asked in my Skype interview. And after the Skype interview, I received a message from my Ph.D. advisor that they would like me to visit, see the place, give a scientific talk, and then they can tell me if I would be offered or not. At that point, I wasn’t sure whether I would have to pay for my flight to the Netherlands, as they had not made the decision yet. Luckily the next day, I received a message that all my travel and accommodation expenses would be taken care of. So, I gladly took the flight to the Netherlands. It was my first flight abroad, I believe, and I had an interview at the University with five professors from the department, my prospective Ph.D. advisors Professor Detlef Lohse and Professor Chao Sun, and Professor Andrea Prosperetti, who was at that time a professor at Johns Hopkins University, and Professor Roberto Verzicco from University of Rome. The interview went very well, I had the chance to see the labs, the research environment there, and I was pretty convinced that this was the place to go.
Zierler:
Was there an expectation that you would need to pick up Dutch or the language was English in the academic environment?
Mathai:
People in the Netherlands are bilingual. So, I'm a little ashamed to admit that my vocabulary is probably not more than 30 or 40 words of Dutch. [laugh] It's not the country if you want to learn Dutch, because the people there are very open to switching to English the moment they see that someone in the group is not from the Netherlands. So, in the Netherlands if you're doing a master's or a Ph.D., you practically can go around four years without learning any Dutch. I'm not capable of saying a long sentence in Dutch [laugh].
Zierler:
What were some of the cultural adjustments coming to the Netherlands from India for you?
Mathai:
I think one of the main difficulties I faced was with how people in the Netherlands worked from 8:00 AM until 4:30 PM and by 5:00 PM, usually all the shopping centers are closed. Even some restaurants close at 8:30 or 9:00 PM. So, it was very different from Indian cities, where 24/7 was the norm.
Another thing I had to get used to was that the Dutch required appointments for almost everything, and this was something I had to get used to. So, in India, you generally don't need appointments. Also, the food was quite different. But I soon realized that I was pretty adaptable with food, although the shift can be a little bit of a challenge for many foreigners. The way things are there, I think it is a great place to have a good work-life balance. In short, I thought I had the most wonderful experiences during my Ph.D.
Zierler:
In terms of the curriculum, how much coursework did you have to take coming in with a master's? And to what extent were you able to jump right into the dissertation research from the beginning?
Mathai:
So, my case was a little different that I had done 14 courses during my master's, and many of these were exactly the ones that are required. There's a graduate school, which has a coursework requirement, just like in the US. In addition to that, there were several of courses which are organized by the Dutch Fluid Dynamics Institute named after the Dutch physicist Jan Burgers, and they organized several courses. And I also attended several of these courses.
We had lecturers from the US at many of these courses. I remember professors from University of Maryland, Johns Hopkins, and many universities in the US visit and give these lectures. I think, in the Netherlands you cannot enroll in a Ph.D. program without a master's, although there can be some exceptions.
Zierler:
What was the intellectual process leading ultimately to your thesis?
Mathai:
Right. So, the general topic of my Ph.D. research was defined pretty clearly. At the start of my Ph.D., it was about buoyant particles in turbulent flow. In the Applied Physics track, the focus was on the fundamental aspects of these flows. And the first project I was assigned to was to look at how a buoyant sphere would rise in a turbulent liquid. Within 3 months into this research, I figured out that the research was possibly not defined in the best way. I did indicate this to my advisors that it needs a little bit of a re-defining. What I found very impressive was that my advisors were open to this – if you may say – criticism. They were open to discussion as long as the arguments I presented were scientifically justifiable. I felt that there was very little hierarchy in this aspect, which I found very encouraging from the start.
Since then, I found that they were very open to discussions and provided constructive feedback. And the process of learning to write, I had an initial flavor of it from my master's advisors and a lot during my Ph.D. I vividly remember, my advisor Detlef Lohse being critical of a research problem, saying “Varghese, you can pursue this problem, but think carefully whether there's enough mileage in this direction. We all have limited time. So, you can only look at one problem or another, and you have to make a decision whether there is enough mileage in it.” So, every time I was defining a research, or taking a slightly different direction, he made me think and be critical. During writing phase, he makes you realize that every paper should make a point rather than be a compilation of observations and results. He would also generously share his ideas about the different scientific journals and their different scope.
My advisor also shared with me stories about how physics research evolved. I'm not particularly sure if the name I'm quoting is right, but I do remember him telling me about how Heisenberg diverted his interests from quantum mechanics to fluid turbulence, for a brief while. And that also led to a result which we frequently use in our research on turbulent flows. Some of these inspiring and planted in me the idea that one need not be limited to the research area and always look out for good science. So, I do think that my Ph.D. mentors Detlef Lohse and Chao Sun were very role models almost every aspect – from conducting research to guiding students and enabling them to develop as independent scientists.
Zierler:
Varghese, to what extent were recent theoretical advances in Fluid Dynamics relevant for your research interests?
Mathai:
Right. In principle, this is a 100-year-old field of research.
Zierler:
Right.
Mathai:
So, the equations governing most of the phenomena are known for several hundreds of years. We have recently begun to look at the movement of fluids from a Lagrangian perspective. That means you follow the parcels of fluid. This has allowed to gain many new insights. The Navier Stokes Equations governing these flows are inherently nonlinear, and the solutions that they yield can be very different depending on the specific problem that you're trying to solve. Often, this can lead to emergent properties including self-organization and collective dynamics. So even though you could say that it's 100-year-old field, there's still new physics coming up every now and then. And it still continues to fascinate researchers and the general public alike. Now, that’s the story for single-phase flows. Specifically, when you look at multi-phase turbulent fluids, there's an even greater number of unanswered questions. When you look at a particle-laden fluid, many of the phenomena and properties are still not very well understood. I don't know if I should go into the details of those or—?
Zierler:
Please, absolutely.
Mathai:
Yeah. So, for instance, you have the energy cascade of a turbulent flow. It is well known that this shows a minus five-thirds scaling in the inertial range of turbulent flow. And this is well known for single-phase turbulence, verified and seen in a number of experiments. This came from Andrey Kolmogorov, who was one of the pioneers in the field. It basically tells you that if you have a cloud of turbulent motion, where is the energy in the cloud of turbulent emotion contained? Is it contained at the largest scale or is it contained at the smallest scale, or what is the distribution of energy at different scales?
Now, what happens to the energy cascade when you have a dispersed phase – say, droplets or gas bubbles or rigid particles? That question is still unresolved, because the distribution changes significantly when you go from a single-phase turbulent flow to a multi-phase cloud, and this is something that we're trying to answer. And it's challenging to answer computationally because you have interfaces of several of these particles which need to be spatially and temporally resolved. So, a lot of precise and intensive computations, if you were to resolve them to the smallest scales of fluid motion. Currently, the best methods looking at the most challenging situations are using experiments. And I do experiments on particle tracking, which tells you how these dispersed objects will move around in a cloud of turbulent liquid. The emergence of system properties from collective motion is another area of active research and exploration.
But the kind of questions we ask, have a large number of industrial applications as well, in addition to fundamental physics. Also, the physics is crucial in understanding atmospheric clouds: What triggers rain? And also in the oceans, we need to know more about the dynamics of air bubbles to understand the transport phenomena occurring in the upper ocean mixing layer. Another example, satellite images might show beautiful patterns of plankton blooming in the oceans. This again has links to the plankton responding to the fluid motion and elements of self-organization. Certain patterns emerge in plankton, which can again be understood by modeling the plankton as particles in a turbulent ocean flow. So many of these phenomenological observations, even looking at a swarm of insects or birds, and how their organize themselves, this is a field of active matter, which again is intricately liked to the filed fluid physics. Essentially here the particle, a bird in this case, is treated as an active element following certain physical principles with their own propulsion mechanism. So, all of these are situations where you get emergent properties for the system as a result of interaction between dispersed elements - particles, which can be either passive or active, and the carrier fluid around them. And so, if you ask me the question – are we in a position to predict and model the collective behavior of these systems, I’d say that we are some way from developing fundamental principles for such systems. So, there's a lot of scope for research in these areas.
Zierler:
Varghese, what did you see as the central contributions of your dissertation research?
Mathai:
My dissertation research was on passive, buoyant particles in turbulence and one of the contributions that we had was that even if these passive particles have a marginally different density from that of the carrier fluid, they modify the flow and particle dynamics significantly. We also studied how one can change the energy cascade of turbulence using these passive particles, even if they're marginally different in density. And this marginal difference in density is something which you cannot even avoid, practically speaking. The density contrast can also trigger cluster formations in passive particles. Essentially the particles move very differently from how the fluid itself moves, even though they do not have a propulsion mechanism of their own.
While buoyancy of the particles is the source of all these effects, it manifests in a variety of surprising ways for two-phase flows.
Zierler:
What opportunities were available to you after you defended the dissertation? Did you want to go back home to India? Did you want to come to the United States? What was most compelling to you?
Mathai:
I have kind of followed the same logic right from the stage when I was looking to do a Ph.D., I was particular that I worked in an interesting field of research, and with an interesting people. And from my point of view, the university where you do your research in an important factor, but secondary to the above two aspects. So, I was not particular that I wanted to pursue my Postdoc in Europe or in the US. I applied to several places. I did chat with several professors at different universities, and I figured out eventually that the offer at Brown University was a good fit for a Postdoc because I found that the topic of research that was proposed was very appealing to me.
I visited this time also the university, I planned the visit during one of my conference trips. And I saw the lab and I talked to the PI. I found that the research lab was excellent, and the topics that were on offer and the freedom for pursuing new directions seemed excellent. At that time, I had a postdoc offer from Harvard, from Princeton, and offer possible even at Stanford. I think I went against the advice of some mentors, I chose to go to Brown, primarily because the topic of research in the lab was very appealing.
Zierler:
And what were they working on at Brown that was so appealing?
Mathai:
They were working on soft materials and flows. So, the interaction between flows and soft materials, it has a number of bio-inspired applications. I was able to see a link to soft materials with my PhD research on bubbles in turbulent flows. Perhaps that’s not obvious to everyone. One aspect that I found very similar was that when I looked at an air bubble, the shape of a bubble, you could say, is governed by the Young-Laplace equation, which in the simplest terms is a balance between the pressure inside an air bubble and the surface tension force at the interface of the bubble. I saw immediately the soft membranes that were studied in this lab at Brown, were fundamentally similar. So, the only difference, from the viewpoint of the macroscopic physics was that the tension acting on the soft membranes is not a constant, and different from the surface tension of an air bubble. From this viewpoint, an air bubble and a soft deforming material are practically the same, except that you need to know the slightly modified governing equation. But here, you have a nonlinear tension relation. To understand this, we needed to look more closely into these soft materials. So, you have coupled nonlinear differential equations coming from the Navier-Stokes equations governing the fluid flow and the non-linear response of the soft deformable membranes.
Zierler:
What were the funding sources for the laboratory?
Mathai:
The funding sources, I believe, were from National Science Foundation, Army Research Office, Air Force Office of Scientific Research, and possibly the Office of Naval Research.
Zierler:
What are some of the obvious military applications of this research that would make the Air Force and the Army want to support it?
Mathai:
Right. So, it's bio-inspired. The research is inspired from bats and soft-winged mammals, the way they fly. One of the interests for Army and Air Force is to look at micro-air vehicles and possibilities for improved maneuverability and stability in flight.
If you can look at the wing of an airplane, traditionally, it looks cambered wing, which leads to a pressure difference compared to the top and the bottom side of the wing. And this pressure difference gives you the lift, and that's what causes airplanes to fly in the simplest sense. Now, if you were to replace this rigid wing with a soft wing, then you gain several advantages. One is that depending on the pressure that is experienced on the bottom of the wing, the material could deform or balloon. But when it deforms, you can get a higher lift force compared to a rigid wing. It would also be sensitive to the forces. So, if you get a turbulence in the air, which we know of during air travel as being repeated kicks exerted by the air movement over the wings, this turbulence can be damped out, or absorbed, by the deformation of the soft wings. So, the soft wind can act as a shock absorber. Another benefit is that they have a very high lift-coefficient, even though their drag is slightly higher. So, they can have a lot of applications in micro-air vehicles where the primary objective, as in drones and such, is to get enhanced lift and to be able to navigate air currents which can be turbulent, where gusts of air can perturb the flight path. So, there's a number of benefits to using soft wings instead of rigid wings in these micro-air vehicle applications. So that's one thing.
And one of the things that my postdoc research, again, something which I conceived, was to use these bio-inspired, bat flight-inspired wing in an underwater setting. This was again, a place where my training as a physicist came into play. I look at flows of air and water and other liquids in the same way. I had this thought, which I discussed with my Postdoc mentor Kenny Breuer that we can look at these bio-inspired wings, in an underwater setting for extracting more energy out of river flows. That was the motivation, but we essentially look at the fundamental fluid physics. This research, because it's in an underwater setting, could be of interest to the Office of Naval Research.
Zierler:
Another cultural question. Had you ever been to the United States before you got to Brown?
Mathai:
Oh, yes, I did travel to the United States several time, I believe, 4 times before I even moved here for a job at Brown. These were mostly for conference travel. We have the annual APS Division of Fluid Dynamics meetings. In my first year of graduate school (2014), I applied to American Physical Society DFD meeting. Then, I did not get a US visa on time. So, someone else, a coauthor, presented the work. By 2015, I knew that I should apply early enough to get my visa. So, I applied 4 months before the conference and I could get the visa on time. That was November of 2015. I visited for the DFD meeting in 2016, in 2017, and also in 2018.
Zierler:
Were there any cultural adjustments that you had to make here? Were you happy that perhaps the stores and restaurants were opened a little later than they were in the Netherlands?
Mathai:
Yeah, the United States had stores open longer than [laugh] in the Netherlands. That was a good change. Surprisingly, I felt a bigger cultural difference from the Netherlands to the United States, possibly even more than I felt from India to the Netherlands. This could have been because I was younger when I moved to the Netherlands, and it might have been easier to adapt, [laugh]. I do notice a big difference in the way graduate school students approach Graduate School in the United States. The outlook of academia in the US, that's slightly different from the Netherlands, there’s both good and bad. I mean, there's a lot of things I notice every day and still trying to figure out [laugh].
Zierler:
Varghese, who have been some of your most important collaborators since you arrived in the United States? Were they mostly within Brown, or did you find collaborators beyond Brown?
Mathai:
Right. I have collaborators all over the world. I do collaborate extensively with computational physicists and engineers. Besides the folks at UMass, I have collaborators at University of Houston and University of Miami. I have collaborations with folks at the Max Planck Institute in Göttingen, at the University of Lille in France, one in ENS Lyon in France. I collaborate with my co-advisor of my Ph.D., Professor Chao Sun who is now at Tsinghua University in China. I recently began interacting with a few researchers in India, and hoping it leads to long-term scientific collaborations. He was a Ph.D. student at UMass, and he moved to India about a year ago.
So, my network of collaborators is pretty spread out. I have collaborators who are in industry in the US and the Netherlands. These are collaborations which initiated very recently. One of them is from a motorsport foundation, and they have interests in the air flows inside the car.
Zierler:
When your postdoc was wrapping up, did you specifically want to stay in the United States? Were you looking for teaching opportunities in the United States?
Mathai:
I was open to moving to the United States or staying in Europe, both. I applied to several places in the United States and a few places in Europe as well.
Zierler:
How did the opportunity at UMass come available to you?
Mathai:
UMass-Amherst had an opening in Experimental Soft Matter Physics, and I read the advertisement and I knew a bit about the faculty in the department. I talked to my postdoc advisor who said it's a very good place to be at, in the flagship state university of the Massachusetts. I visited, gave an interview. I felt among the on-campus interviews that I gave, this was by far the most appealing one to me after having visited the department. So, it was easy decision for me to accept this position, once the hiring committee was convinced.
Zierler:
And this was an opportunity for you to set up your own lab?
Mathai:
Yes. My primary motivations are to set up my lab and to conduct independent and exciting research. And I would also hope to inspire young researchers in the process. I can also see that my department and my colleagues are open to a new faculty member exploring new directions of research, for instance, with COVID-19 airborne transmission research, that came out of the blue. Since the pandemic, I have been taking a slight diversion toward the topic of airborne and droplet transmission. As you can imagine, pandemic-related research was not at all a part of my application package to this faculty position. But my colleagues have been very supportive of these new research directions. I do notice that the importance here is on developing new areas of strength and doing good science with relevance and impact. I can see that this is important for the folks in the department. That is one aspect that I particularly enjoy.
UMass is also a school with a large undergraduate student population. And so far, as I have seen, the undergraduate students that approached me showing interest in laboratory research or computational research, have been very active, smart and motivated. I find that having a large undergraduate student population has helped me build my laboratory. Their contributions to research have also been valuable. I find that the setting at UMass also gives senior graduate students in the lab an opportunity for mentoring. In my view, this is an important part of graduate school, and it may not be possible at smaller-in-size universities.
Zierler:
Of course.
Mathai:
So, this is something I do feel is an asset.
Zierler:
And what had been some of the most significant funding sources as you've been building this lab?
Mathai:
So right now, I'm funded by my startup. I received some funding from the Motorsport Foundation, I mentioned that. And I'm also talking to rideshares like Uber and Lyft, and Lyft in particular, I don't know if you need to include that in the write up. I'm also submitting proposals to the National Science Foundation, related to airborne and droplet mode of transmission, specifically in certain settings.
Zierler:
We could leave it there.
Mathai:
Yeah.
Zierler:
Varghese, the opportunity to build your own lab really invites existential questions about what you want to research. So, with that in mind, to what extent is building this lab a continuation of what you were doing at Brown, and to what extent is it an opportunity to branch into new areas?
Mathai:
Right. So, as I have somewhat conveyed to you, I'm always open to diversifying and seeing some of the important problems that are around you. And I don't essentially see this as a diversification because the training on multi-phase fluids actually extends to a wide variety of areas. So, from that viewpoint, I do see all of these research directions that I'm taking, including the one about airborne transmission come under the umbrella of multi-phase fluids and turbulence, and some of the training that I received during Ph.D. and Postdoc help me in tackling these projects. But also, the research questions that I ask currently are different from what I did during Ph.D. and Postdoc. But not in the fundamentals required to study these new systems. That's how I would put it. Just as any physicist would try to understand the basic laws to explain the widest number of physical phenomena, I'm also here trying to do that in the area of fluids and soft matter.
Zierler:
Varghese, as you say it, the point is to find the most interesting problems and the most significant problems to work on. And so, on that basis, it makes a lot of sense, of course, why you would become involved in COVID research. My question there is to what extent did you recognize that there was a lack of understanding relating to COVID transmission within the scientific community itself, and to what extent was it a matter of public messaging and that the public really needed to understand these things better than what they were getting from the CDC, from the NIH? What were some of the immediate things that you became aware of as you decided to tackle this issue?
Mathai:
Right. So, I can be very honest about this. Sometime in March or April 2020, there was general guidelines laid out by the CDC that transmission occurs through touching surfaces and touching your face or mouth or nose, and that there transmission due to droplets which are released during of a sneeze or a cough. And these were listed as the primary modes by which the kind of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 occurs. There was also a statement that there is not yet enough evidence for airborne mode of transmission. Reading this, as a fluid dynamicist, I always had the feeling this absence of evidence, is not good enough reason to rule it out. We know many diseases which can be transmitted airborne mode.
Zierler:
Absence of evidence does not necessarily imply evidence of absence.
Mathai:
Yeah. So, I felt like this was definitely something which could have played a role. And the general guidelines on which the CDC’s 6-feet rule is based on is also something that we understand quite well. I believe that this originated from the research of William Wells in the 1930s and 1950s, which is based on the size of droplets that you sneeze or cough which can be classified into two classes of large droplets and small droplets, and the large droplets fall semi-ballistically, they travel a distance, and then fall, while the smaller droplets might stay in the atmosphere for longer. And this classification into large and small, we now know is not a good representation of a respiratory expulsion even. Fine sprays of droplets, be it the ones generated by people, or in the fuel nozzle of an engine combustor, almost never come in a clear dichotomy of sizes. As some people have called it recently, it's more like a continuum of droplet sizes in a sneeze or cough. I’m only quoting findings from other people’s research in this topic.
And like I said, a fluid mechanician will generally have a sense of how the airflow is different when you breathe in or when you breathe out, as you blow out a candle. A mask is something that covers your face. And it doesn't take a lot of research to understand that there are gaps for air and tiny droplets to seep through all around a mask, around your nose, or your cheekbone and such. And these are things which are pretty evident to any well-informed person. So, when the initial guidelines from the CDC were out, it did make me think that it was a matter of time before the guidelines would be modified. Recent guidelines from the CDC have included the possibility of airborne transmission for SARS-CoV-2.
Zierler:
Varghese, here's the big question though. The Coronavirus is novel. It's SARS-CoV-2, but the science behind respiratory airborne diseases, of course, goes way before 2020. So, the question is begged. What's the big mystery? What would explain this evidentiary gap in the transmission of a respiratory disease given the fact that we've always dealt with respiratory diseases? Why should the guidelines be imperfect just because we're in a pandemic situation? What's the difference between this and the flu or MRSA or SARS or any other?
Mathai:
Right. With regard to the question of what's the fluid dynamics of multi-phase clouds released during expulsion events, we do have a reasonably good understanding of that, partly, also, there's very recent research from the group of Lydia Bourouiba at MIT, Howard Stone at Princeton, and Deltef Lohse, Daniel Bonn from the Netherlands. I’ve definitely forgotten to mention many contributors, but the experiments with high-speed imagine and the computational fluid dynamics simulations in recent times have allowed us to appreciate the detailed physics of how a turbulent cloud is generated and where the particles end up. So, the physics of these flows is understood to a good degree I would think, but it has not gone across to the public health agencies as much as many of us would have hoped for.
Zierler:
Is that to suggest that it took a pandemic and everybody to be concerned and wondering what was going on for experts in fluid dynamics, to achieve a large enough platform to say, “Hey, everybody, we know about this stuff. We know how these things work. You should listen to us,” or alternatively, are you aware of Fluid Dynamicists who have studied this in prior generations?
Mathai:
Oh, yes, there are fluid dynamicists who have studied this in prior generations. Computationally studying this has been very challenging in prior generations. And only in recent years, there have been very good multi-phase simulations showing this cloud. Experimentally, it has been studied. The plumes that you generate around you, for instance, because you're warmer than your surroundings has been studied, and it's obviously a question of how these plumes get transported, and what are the implications of these for the transport of airborne particles and droplets to large distances?
From a particle-laden flow research point of view, these particles or droplets don't necessarily follow the flow. And from the viewpoint of a physicist, there is a dimensionless number which tells whether a droplet follows the flow or not. So, there's also a very good understanding of where a droplet would go. The general understanding is there among scientists, maybe not to the extent we need to make precise predictions, but definitely to the extent needed to make everyone aware that there are serious risks, and to suggest mitigation strategies.
For the communication, I believe, it took a pandemic. It took several months of a raging pandemic for the communication to come through and perhaps, even now, not as much as it should. I remember last week I had to take a taxi ride because my car was in auto repair, and I had to convince the taxi driver for about five minutes to lower the car windows. I was concerned for my health, so I had to be very assertive in explaining the risks. And I was surprised even more when the taxi driver mentioned to me that she has an autoimmune condition, but as long as you maintain 6-feet, things are perfectly safe inside the car. Unfortunately, the fact that all windows are closed and the cabin has low ventilation rates, was not coming across as a risk factor. So, what's very concerning is that the message is taking a lot of time to get across.
Now, one of the reasons why it might not be getting across is that from a society level, is also the concern that you don't want to create panic. I can certainly understand this. And the other reason could be that if you look at different respiratory infections, the flu, the SARS-Cov-2, the SARS and MERS, the likelihood of getting an infection out of these airborne particles is different for each. And this is also not the realm that fluid dynamics can tackle. We still don't yet know what leads to an infection.
Zierler:
I mean, all of science doesn't know. This is an open question.
Mathai:
What finally leads to an infection? That’s an open question, and there are clues to this. Maybe somebody knows but is not willing communicate it. But this is not something that a researcher of fluid dynamics can answer. What we can say is that so there's a lot of biological variability which comes into play. Also, the viral load that's present in the droplets that are released, that depends on the anatomy of the person and a lot of other factors, behavioral and environmental play a role. What we can tell is if you have these violent expulsion events what could be the size distribution of the respiratory droplets? And if you were to say that the viral load is similar in all these droplets, which again we don't know for sure, what is the likelihood of those droplets to penetrate a certain distance?
And there has been research which shows that a person sneezing without a mask, the distance to which it can propagate can be up to 8 meters, and there's been high-speed photography images which show that this cloud can actually be expelled, and because it's warmer than the surroundings, the cloud has a buoyancy which can cause it to rise instead of settling on surfaces. And if you couple that with the atmospheric flow that's around you, you can have an example where these droplets can remain suspended in the air for much longer distances, farther distances than what the guidelines indicate. Now, it's a question whether you need this to be communicated to the public or not. I think it is important to communicate this. But that’s my personal opinion. I've done it at my level that I can.
Zierler:
Varghese, on that point, you must not have been surprised that this research would have garnered a tremendous amount of media attention. And so, on that question, how have you found the most effective way of communicating to journalists and reporters very complex scientific concepts where you might feel comfortable writing about them in highly specialized journals, but you want to communicate these things because they're not just matters of scientific inquiry, they're matters of quite important public health. So, what have been some of the most effective ways for you to convey this research so that people understand and act upon what you're finding?
Mathai:
Right. So, I mean, I do try to publish my research in journals which have a general outreach like the Physical Review Letters or family journals of Nature and Science.
Zierler:
But your taxi driver with the autoimmune disease is not reading even those journals, of course.
Mathai:
Yes, so beyond that, in my past, for every research, I do try to communicate it to the university, or the university press usually releases it. And I'm usually open to responding to most people who write to me by emails. I do admire people like Sean Carroll, who are able to get the ideas that they care about, across. We need similar ambassadors, in Fluid Dynamics, which is a highly relevant subdiscipline of physics. We are surrounded by fluids. There’re fluids inside us and around us. I do think it needs to receive as much attention as any other field of physics should. Right now, I'm writing a quick study for Physics Today, tailed for undergraduate level, which I hope will communicate the science to the public. And in the past, roughly four or five of my research works have appeared in general outreach avenues like Physics Today and Science Daily, and such.
Zierler:
Are you aware if people like Anthony Fauci or the CDC are in touch with Fluid Dynamicists? They're learning from what fluid dynamics has to teach? And that's actually part of the public health messaging for COVID mitigation?
Mathai:
I have a somewhat strong opinion about this. I feel that this is not necessarily in the realm of medical professionals to answer all of these questions. I think there needs to be steps taken by integrating fluid dynamicists and experts who know more about disease transmission and transport phenomena. It's a vast area of research. It is a 100-year-old field of research. I’ve noticed on TV, that sometimes even medical professionals do certain practices which suggest a lack of awareness. I wouldn't want to name anyone here, but need to make ourselves better aware of how masks/face coverings work and how to conduct ourselves in social settings. For instance, it's important to know that when every person walks in a line, there's a trail of potentially contaminated particles behind them. So, if you're maintaining six feet in front of a person wearing a mask or maintaining six feet behind a person who has walked, it's a very different outcome from a fluid dynamics point of view.
At a community level, I don't know how much of this can be easily communicated, but we should make an effort. And I think because disease transmission is too closely linked to how this became a pandemic, that is what is driving it. Even vaccines, variants could emerge, and there is chance that a more transmissible variant becomes dominant. So, transmission is very crucial part of how the pandemic will evolve. People like Anthony Fauci are doing a great job at communicating the risks, and similarly, every expert who has access to the public needs to regularly communicate the risks.
Zierler:
So, let's take this back to January 2020 because it's so interesting to hear your perspective. When an epidemiologist or a virologist sees that there is an epidemic in Wuhan, and then there's some mode of travel to Italy, and then we saw what happened in Italy, right, an epidemiologist, a virologist is going to look at that and go, "We have a problem on our hands here, a significant problem." Would a Fluid Dynamicist come to that same conclusion without the background in biology? Is that something where if you can search back in your memory, you saw what was going on, and you recognize that this was a serious public health issue?
Mathai:
Right, so I had to take a flight to Singapore in January of 2020. I was extremely concerned for my health. It was a time when there were 5 or 10 cases.
Zierler:
And the US government was explicitly stating that this was not a concern.
Mathai:
Yes, I did wear a mask in the flight. Probably I was among the very few who did. I did take a flu shot before my flight, knowing as little as anybody about infections at that time. I was concerned knowing just about the fluid dynamics of disease transmission. So, you can tell that I was worried without even knowing much about the virus and its infectivity rate. I also considered canceling my trip. In the last moment I decided that I'd take the flight.
Now, there's another aspect of this, which is the ability of this particular virus to infect an individual, and that's not something a Fluid Dynamicist can answer. This can vary from disease to disease. For example, measles which has a very high infectivity rate compared to other. We did not know where the SARS-CoV-2 would fall in this spectrum. We also did not know whether the viral load is high or low in respiratory expulsions, whether the virus is able to latch on to your cells or not and produce an infection. These are things which are open, and I suppose this is the reason why it took a lot of time for everyone to recognize the seriousness. From a Fluid Mechanics point of view, it does not surprise me that when you're standing next to a person who's infected, who's wearing a mask that there is almost always some air leaking through the gaps around the mask, and that you're inhaling a few of percents of the airborne droplets exhaled by your neighbor.
Zierler:
Indoors, you mean? Indoors with poor air circulation.
Mathai:
Yes, indoors with poor air circulation, possibly even outdoors, but the number will obviously go a lot down. And we should also understand that just because you inhale and exhale air which has a few virions doesn't necessarily mean you get an infection. So that's also an important question. But what's clear is that if you are indoors, even wearing a mask, you certainly inhale a small fraction of virus-laden particles, and whether that can lead to an infection or not is not an easy question. And because there's so much variation in variability in biology that one virus is different from the other, the CDC and the WHO are faced with a difficult problem of having to make critical decisions of whether a certain pathogen is a serious threat or not. Clearly, in the case of COVID-19, the initial assessment could have been better.
Zierler:
So on that point, Varghese, so now let's go back to March, a year ago today, right, let's say, knowing what you know now and bringing all of your expertise in Fluid Dynamics to that meeting, let's say you were at a meeting with Anthony Fauci or the director of the CDC, what are the major points that you would want him to convey from the perspective of Fluid Dynamics that would be easily enough followed by the population so that we would not have had, again, assuming that everybody listens to public health guidance, all of those things, the question is, in a perfect scenario, right, what are the things that you would want Anthony Fauci or the CDC or whoever the authorities are in public health to say, "Everyone, if you do these three or four things, we'll be able to contain this, and it won't become a massive pandemic that will kill half a million people and counting," what would you say?
Mathai:
Yes, so I think because Fluid Dynamics, like I have—maybe I have convinced you that it's a very visually appealing field. So, there are experimental methods available which actually tell this plume that's around you, the droplets that are emitted every time you talk loudly. Every minute of your talking releases thousands of tiny droplets, especially if you're talking loudly. There are several ways to visualize these droplets and make it look very obvious to even a non-expert in the field. I would have encouraged them to show very simple videos, instead of showing the numbers every day during briefings. Possibly, investing time in showing simple, visualization videos for the general public, revealing to them how many aerosolized particles get transmitted even while standing six feet apart. This can be a quick way of making people aware of the risks.
Whenever I have shown these visualizations in front of students or professors at my department or in the smaller avenues, because you're on Zoom, you can immediately see the shock in their faces. You do see raised eyebrows and disturbed faces even from people who are scientists. So, imagine if this were done at an important briefing event aired to the whole country. I would have done this possibly repeatedly once in a while. I think that communicates the message more strongly than a statement that wearing masks is important. I can give an example from India, where, in every packet of cigarette, you see a warning which is a bit graphic and possibly disturbing to the viewer. So, I’d say that we really need to air the sneeze that travels up to 8 meters ahead of us, not 6 feet, and we need to show visualizations of the plumes of hot air that each person generates. We need to show laser visualizations of the sparkling droplets that you release every time you speak. Recently, a group of researchers at Princeton have shown that every time you say a P-sound, you're releasing more droplets than when you say, an L-sound. These things need to be communicated, and I think it needs to be done at the level of Anthony Fauci or the President Joe Biden, who are both doing their best. I don't have a good sense of whether showing these expulsions events on TV would create panic or not. I think the message can be presented in a balanced manner. I think being aware of the facts is better than being hidden from the facts. This is my view.
Zierler:
So, we get the video that shows how we can fill up a room with particles. And this is going to be a big surprise to so many people. But then, that begs the question, okay, now that we see this, what do we do about it? Is the answer simply, if everybody wears an N-95 mask, we don't have to worry about the dispersion of these particles?
Mathai:
Unfortunately, I think science doesn't work like that. You can say that your risks are reduced, but we should also stop viewing this from the perspective of there's a good or bad. There are no correct answers and the wrong answers here. You make efforts to move towards the optimal situation.
I also think instead of showing infections numbers as bar charts, there should be more communication from anecdotal experiences of infected people. A bar chat is simply a number, it's usually not making the same kind of an impression as you make when you talk to one of the people in emergency healthcare and a patient who survived a serious infection. Again, my personal opinion.
Zierler:
Now that we can talk a year later, here we are in March of 2021. Unfortunately, now the big questions are going to start to be what is the role of transmission in a highly vaccinated population? What public health messaging might fluid dynamicists play as vaccinations become more and more part of the equation?
Mathai:
Right. I think Anthony Fauci has already communicated clearly that when there's enough infections floating around in the society, you do have every possibility of mutants or variants emerging, and this is just plain evolutionary biology which we should expect. Now, the path of evolution of the pathogen is not easy to predict. All you can say is that variants will emerge, and one could see the possibility of a variant that is more transmissible through the airborne route. And if that were to happen, against out hope, it becomes absolutely imperative that we communicate more clearly the important of mask-wearing, social distancing, and the physics on fluid flows, which are extremely important to limit the spread of the virus.
So, in this sense, I think it's even more important that we look into the airborne mode which might not have received as much attention. It could very well be this route that leads to the next wave of the pandemic. Almost all of the fluids that we perceive around us, like air and water, are transparent. So, the air motion, the water motion, we general don't see that clearly, but it’s happing all around us. If you think about a person next to you smoking 10 feet away from you, you do smell the smoke, if it's a cigarette smoke. So, the same thing is essentially happening when the person breathes in and breathes out. So, if there are variants which are capable of transmitting an infection through the airborne more effectively than the current strains, I think fluid dynamics research would become even more important to mitigation efforts.
Zierler:
Varghese, now that we have brought the narrative right up to the present, I'd like to ask for my last question, a real theme of your research over your career is you just want to find the interesting stuff to work on. I'm curious if the biological component of fluid dynamics is something that is going to remain central to your research agenda, not just viral transmissions and things like that, but the overall utility of combining a fluid dynamical perspective in biology, do you see that as increasingly central to the research that you want to do in the future, or is it going to be one of many components because as you say, fluid dynamics is all around us, and it's a big world out there?
Mathai:
Yeah, so I'm very much keen on collaborating with biologists. This is probably something I did not explicitly mention. Growing up as a child, one thing that really interested me was animal behavior, biology, and evolution. Even though I didn't get a formal training in that, it's something that I watch just like I watch Sean Carroll's presentations. Biology is not something I feel I have the training to do research on, but I'm very keen on collaborating with biologists and learning from them and contributing to some of the relevant problems that they are trying to solve. I have researched in the past about the blood flows inside the aortic bifurcations, and there again, you have red blood cells which can behave like particles, and they can accumulate at regions and form clots. My contribution to this study was to help the medical professionals understand the fluid dynamics in the aortic bifurcation. This kind of research is definitely something which needs to be done through collaborations with biologists and medical professionals, if we are to push frontiers forward.
Zierler:
Well, there's going to be a next pandemic. So, let's hope that fluid dynamicists are part of the conversation from the very beginning.
Mathai:
Yeah, so that's something that you and I can be certain about! There is going to be a next pandemic, and I think many famous people have warned us about this. I recollect reading somewhere that humans have evolved in such a way that it is hard for us to plan for things that are longer timescale than a few decades. I certainly hope that’s not going to be the case and we are able to be prepared.
Zierler:
Varghese, it's been great spending this time with you. Thank you so much for sharing your insights. I really appreciate it.
Mathai:
Thank you, David. It has been a pleasure talking to you.
[End]
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https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRev.81.430
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Rays through Large Thicknesses of Heavy Materials
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A study has been made of the feasibility of accurate numerical determinations of the transmission of gamma-rays through large thicknesses of materials. The first procedure investigated consists in regarding the total probability of photon transmission, ${N}_{t}$, as the sum of the probabilities ${N}_{n}$, where ${N}_{n}$ is the probability of photon transmission with exactly $n$ scatterings. The total expected transmitted energy, ${E}_{t}$ is similarly considered to be given by $\ensuremath{\Sigma}{E}_{n}$. A numerical calculation of ${N}_{n}$ and ${E}_{n}$ has been made for $n=0,1,2,3$ for a slab of uranium 20 cm thick, upon which photons are incident normally with energy $\ensuremath{\alpha}=10 m{c}^{2}$. The maximum value of $\frac{{N}_{n}}{{N}_{0}}$ occurs at $n=2$ and of $\frac{{E}_{n}}{{E}_{0}}$ at $n=1$. These calculations are also adapted to a slab of lead 35 cm thick. Consideration has been given to the behavior of ${N}_{n}$ and ${E}_{n}$ for large $n$, and estimates are thereby made for ${N}_{t}$ and ${E}_{t}$. The second procedure consists in deriving the transmission through a thick slab from a succession of transmissions through thin slabs. The transformation of an incident photon distribution into the distribution transmitted through a thin slab is conveniently expressed as a matrix, and the total transmission is then given by the iteration of the matrix on the successive transmitted distributions. Numerical results obtained by this procedure for particular incident photon distributions are presented.
|
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//cdn.journals.aps.org/development/journals/images/favicon.ico
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Physical Review Journals Archive
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https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRev.81.430
|
A study has been made of the feasibility of accurate numerical determinations of the transmission of gamma-rays through large thicknesses of materials. The first procedure investigated consists in regarding the total probability of photon transmission, Nt, as the sum of the probabilities Nn, where Nn is the probability of photon transmission with exactly n scatterings. The total expected transmitted energy, Et is similarly considered to be given by ΣEn. A numerical calculation of Nn and En has been made for n=0,1,2,3 for a slab of uranium 20 cm thick, upon which photons are incident normally with energy α=10mc2. The maximum value of NnN0 occurs at n=2 and of EnE0 at n=1. These calculations are also adapted to a slab of lead 35 cm thick. Consideration has been given to the behavior of Nn and En for large n, and estimates are thereby made for Nt and Et. The second procedure consists in deriving the transmission through a thick slab from a succession of transmissions through thin slabs. The transformation of an incident photon distribution into the distribution transmitted through a thin slab is conveniently expressed as a matrix, and the total transmission is then given by the iteration of the matrix on the successive transmitted distributions. Numerical results obtained by this procedure for particular incident photon distributions are presented.
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.81.430
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https://gov.texas.gov/news/post/governor_abbott_hosts_reception_recognizing_governors_university_research_i
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Governor Abbott Hosts Reception Recognizing Governor’s University Research Initiative Recruits
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https://gov.texas.gov/news/post/governor_abbott_hosts_reception_recognizing_governors_university_research_i
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Governor Greg Abbott today hosted a reception recognizing researchers recruited through the Governor’s University Research Initiative program (GURI) and officials from Texas universities at the Texas Governor’s Mansion. The Governor previously announced the recruitment of nine distinguished researchers to Texas A&M University, the University of Texas at Austin and the University of Houston who were honored at today's reception.
“Texas universities stand apart as a model for the nation for developing groundbreaking innovations, driving our state’s powerful economy, and improving quality of life around the world,” said Governor Abbott. “Thanks to our nine internationally renowned researchers recruited by the GURI initiative, ideas that begin in Texas will help transform the world. These brilliant minds have put Texas universities on a path to national and international prominence, and we must continue to ensure Texas is on the cutting edge of research and development.”
As one of the Governor's top priorities, GURI was enacted in 2015 by the 84th Legislature with the goal to bring the best and brightest researchers in the world to Texas universities. The program is a matching grant program to assist eligible institutions of higher education in recruiting distinguished researchers. The GURI grant program is operated within the Office of the Governor’s Economic Development and Tourism Division.
GURI Recipients In Attendance
Dr. Girish Saran Agarwal previously served as the Noble Foundation Chair and Regents Professor at Oklahoma State University. He is a member of The Royal Society in the United Kingdom. His research at Texas A&M University is in theoretical quantum optics, particularly the interaction of laser light with atoms, and in developing applications for this technology. These applications will permit the identification of chemical compounds and will form the basis to detect pathogens and chemicals at a distance. He also is teaching a graduate course on Spectroscopy and will be mentoring graduate students. Texas A&M University has been awarded a GURI grant totaling $4,612,000.
Dr. Joan Frances Brennecke will be a professor in the McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering and holder of an endowed chair at the University of Texas at Austin starting August 1, 2017. Currently, she is a Professor of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering at the University of Notre Dame. She is a member of the National Academy of Engineering. As a member of the UT Austin faculty, she will assist in the teaching and training of graduate and undergraduate students. Dr. Brennecke’s research will focus on energy and sustainability, including the design of ionic liquid systems for safer, more reliable and longer-lasting batteries. Dr. Brennecke will work closely with the university’s office of technology commercialization to facilitate technology transfer from her lab to the marketplace thus benefiting the university and the state of Texas. The University of Texas at Austin has been awarded a GURI grant totaling $1,800,000.
Dr. Richard B. Miles leads a Center of Excellence in Interdisciplinary Optical and Laser Detection Systems for National Security and Safety at Texas A&M University and is a full-time faculty member in the Aerospace Engineering and the Mechanical Engineering Departments. He was a Senior Scholar at Princeton University and is a member of the National Academy of Engineering. One such application of his innovative research is the development of state-of-the-art instrumentation for remote detection that will identify hazardous gases and dangerous contaminants such as anthrax or the Ebola virus, hidden explosives such as IEDs, and/or greenhouse gases and pollutants. He also teaches undergraduate and graduate students in optics, spectroscopy and thermodynamics. Texas A&M University has been awarded a GURI grant totaling $5,000,000.
Dr. Thomas J. Overbye is a full-time faculty member Texas A&M University. Previously, he was the Fox Family Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and is a member of the National Academy of Engineering. His research interests are in the domains of: Smart Grid Cyber Security, Renewable Electric Energy Systems, Power System Visualization, Power System Analysis by Computer Methods, Power System Stability, and Power Systems Operation and Control. He also teaches in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering on topics related to power distribution and generation. Texas A&M has been awarded a GURI grant totaling $4,500,000.
Dr. George M. Pharr IV is a full-time faculty member Texas A&M University. Previously, he served as the Chancellor’s Professor and McKamey Professor of Engineering at the University of Tennessee and is a member of the National Academy of Engineering. His research will be in the creation and testing of nanomaterials. Dr. Pharr teaches in the Material Sciences and Engineering Department at both graduate and undergraduate levels on nanomaterials and properties of materials. Texas A&M University has been awarded a GURI grant totaling $5,000,000.
Dr. Andrea Prosperetti joined the University of Houston as a Distinguished Professor of Mechanical Engineering in the Cullen College of Engineering. He previously served as the Charles A. Miller, Jr. Distinguished Professor of Mechanical Engineering at Johns Hopkins University. He is a member of the National Academy of Engineering. Dr. Prosperetti will also lead the multi-disciplinary Center for Advanced Computing and Data Systems. This center represents efforts in high performance computing as it applies to important applications that will have significant impact on the State of Texas including energy, infrastructure, aerospace, health and national security. Dr. Prosperetti’s research is focused on multiphase flows and high performance computing. The University of Houston has been awarded a GURI grant totaling $3,060,500.
Dr. John Suppe joined University of Houston as a Distinguished Professor of Earth & Atmospheric Sciences in the College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics. He was previously a Distinguished Chair and Research Professor at National Taiwan University, and he is a member of the National Academy of Sciences. Dr. Suppe will establish and lead the multi-disciplinary Center for Tectonics and Tomography the (CTT) at the University of Houston. This center will yield fundamentally new insights into the interaction of past plate motions and the global circulation of Earth's mantle. Dr. Suppe’s research is focused on seismic tomography as well as generation of new tomographic models. The University of Houston has been awarded a GURI grant totaling $2,427,700.
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Famous University Of Pittsburgh Alumni
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2013-06-28T00:00:00
|
Distinguished alumni who've walked the halls of the University of Pittsburgh carry a legacy of success. This testament to the University's tradition of ...
|
en
|
/img/icons/touch-icon-iphone.png
|
Ranker
|
https://www.ranker.com/list/famous-university-of-pittsburgh-alumni-and-students/reference
|
Distinguished alumni who've walked the halls of the University of Pittsburgh carry a legacy of success. This testament to the University's tradition of excellence includes alumni who have scaled heights in their respective fields and continue to inspire future generations. The commentary below provides an insightful look into their diverse accomplishments and a blueprint of their enduring impact on their respective professions and the world.
Many trailblazers have studied at the famed University of Pittsburgh, including stars like Mike Ditka and Mark Cuban. Each of these individuals provides a testament to the heights reachable through their knowledge gained from this esteemed institution. . Their influence extends beyond their personal achievements, impacting entire industries and breaking new grounds.
Mike Ditka is a titan of professional football, and embodies the grit and determination synonymous with the University. Mark Cuban, a man of great entrepreneurial acumen, continues to inspire countless dreamers globally with his business success. Then there is Gene Kelly, a star in the sphere of performing arts, is yet another University of Pittsburgh alumnus. These individuals are but a fraction of the constellation of standout names linked to the institution, illuminating the path for forthcoming generations.
This ensemble of personalities demonstrates how the University of Pittsburgh serves as an incubator of talent. Each alumni narrative reflects the institution's commitment to shaping visionaries, leaders, and game-changers across an array of disciplines.
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Education
Ph. D. (1991)
The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD.
Thesis Advisor: Andrea Prosperetti
(Major: Mechanical Engineering,
Minor: Applied Mathematics)
B. Tech (1985)
Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, India
Mechanical Engineering
HSC (1981)
S.I.E.S. College, Bombay, India
ICSE (1978)
St. Vincents High and Technical School, Asansol, India
Honors and Awards:
Invited talk at the Fourth Workshop on Microphone Arrays, Harvard University, October 20, 2000.
Invited colloquium at the Department of Mathematics, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA on "An Introduction to Ill-Posed Inverse Problems," March 3, 1998.
Invited talk at the special session on "Bubble measurement in the oceans," Joint meeting of the Acoustic Societies of America and Japan, Dec 2 - 6, 1996.
American Society of Mechanical Engineers Robert Knapp award for the best paper in analytical and laboratory research in 1992-1993. (with G.L. Chahine)
Honorable-mention prize for the best student paper at Society of Industrial and Applied Mathematics annual general meeting, San Diego, California, (1989).
Johns Hopkins University Tuition Fellowship and graduate assistantship (1985-1990).
Awarded scholarship by the Mathematical Sciences Institute, Cornell University, to attend workshop on theoretical aspects of multi-phase flows (1988).
National Merit Scholarship awarded by the Indian Government (1979).
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https://dokumen.pub/handbook-of-ultrasonics-and-sonochemistry-9789812874702.html
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Handbook of Ultrasonics and Sonochemistry 9789812874702
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Citation preview
Unsolved Problems in Acoustic Cavitation Kyuichi Yasui
Contents Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Main Oxidants (OH Radical, H2O2, and O Atom) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OH Line Emission in Sonoluminescence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acoustic Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Conclusion and Future Directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2 3 11 20 30 32
Abstract
It has long been believed that the main oxidant created inside a bubble at the bubble collapse in aqueous solutions under strong ultrasound is OH radical. However, numerical simulations of chemical reactions inside an air bubble in water indicate that the main oxidant is not always OH radical but sometimes H2O2 or O atom. The lifetime of O atom in the gas–liquid interface region is, however, unknown partly due to unknown temperature in the region. It has been experimentally reported that the upper levels of OH vibration are overpopulated inside a sonoluminescing bubble compared to the equilibrium Boltzmann distribution from the analysis of OH line spectra in SL. However, the reason is unknown although it could be due to the excitation through chemical reactions. The acoustic field inside a sonochemical reactor is also not fully understood because bubbles strongly attenuate ultrasound and radiate acoustic waves into the liquid. The spatial distribution of bubbles is strongly inhomogeneous. The number density of bubbles temporally changes due to fragmentation, coalescence, and dissolution. The liquid surface vibrates under ultrasound. The vibration of the container’s wall also affects the acoustic field because acoustic waves are radiated K. Yasui (*) National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Nagoya, Japan e-mail: [email protected] # Springer Science+Business Media Singapore 2015 M. Ashokkumar (ed.), Handbook of Ultrasonics and Sonochemistry, DOI 10.1007/978-981-287-470-2_1-1
1
2
K. Yasui
from the vibrating walls. The bubble–bubble interaction on pulsation of a bubble is also discussed. Keywords
Main oxidant • OH radical • O atom • H2O2 • OH line emission • Nonequilibrium distribution • Vibration of wall • Ultrasound attenuation • Damped standing wave • Pulsed ultrasound • Liquid surface vibration • Bubble–bubble interaction • Resonance frequency
Introduction Ultrasonics are inaudible sound with its vibration frequency greater than 20 kHz (sometimes, the sound with its vibration frequency greater than 10 kHz is called ultrasonics for convenience). An acoustic wave (a sound wave) is a propagation of pressure oscillation in the medium with the velocity of sound (Fig. 1) [1]. The sound velocity in liquid water is about 1500 m/s, while that in air is about 340 m/s. When a liquid is irradiated by a strong ultrasonic wave, the instantaneous local pressure becomes negative at the rarefaction phase of the ultrasonic wave. The negative pressure is a tension to expand the liquid element, which never occurs in gas phase. When negative pressure occurs in liquid adjacent to a solid surface (especially hydrophobic surface), gas bubbles are created at the solid surface (solid surface could be that of motes or dust particles in solution). Bubbles are more easily created at crevices of the solid, because inside a crevice the gas–liquid interface is concave with regard to the gas phase. Then the Laplace pressure caused by the
Fig. 1 An acoustic wave (Reprinted with permission from Yasui et al. [1]. Copyright (2004) by Taylor & Francis [http://www.informaworld.com])
Unsolved Problems in Acoustic Cavitation
3
surface tension reduces the internal gas pressure. Thus the dissolution of gas into the surrounding liquid is strongly retarded, and gas diffuses into the gas pocket in the crevice at the rarefaction phase of ultrasound due to the expansion of the gas pocket and decrease in the gas pressure [2]. Created bubbles repeat expansion and collapse according to the pressure oscillation of ultrasound. Sometimes the bubble collapse becomes very violent because of the spherically converging geometry and the inertia of the inwardly moving liquid [2]. The speed of such bubble collapse increases up to the sound velocity in the liquid near the bubble wall [3]. Such the bubble collapse is called the Rayleigh collapse. The creation and collapse of bubbles under ultrasound is called acoustic cavitation. At the end of the Rayleigh collapse, the temperature and pressure inside a bubble dramatically increase up to a few thousand Kelvin and a few thousand atmospheric pressure or more, respectively. It is because the work done on a bubble by the surrounding liquid during the bubble collapse is mostly converted into the thermal energy inside a bubble as the bubble collapse is so fast that thermal conduction between the heated interior of the bubble and the surrounding liquid is not dominant. As a result, water vapor and oxygen gas (if present) are dissociated inside the heated interior of a bubble. Then, oxidants such as OH radicals, O atoms, H2O2, and O3 are created inside a bubble. The oxidants diffuse out of the bubble into the surrounding liquid, and solutes such as pollutants are oxidized by them. Such chemistry is called sonochemistry. In addition, a faint light is emitted from a bubble as a pulse due to the high temperature, which is called sonoluminescence. In the present chapter, mainly three topics are discussed focusing on unsolved problems in this field. One is the main oxidants created inside a bubble in water. Numerical simulations have indicated that not only OH radicals and H2O2 but also an appreciable amount of O atoms are created inside an air bubble. However, the lifetime of O atom in liquid water as well as its role in sonochemical reactions is unknown at present. Another is OH line emission in sonoluminescence. The topic is on the non-Boltzmann distribution of the vibrational population of OH radicals. Is it due to the nonequilibrium state of gas inside a bubble? Is it due to chemical excitation of vibrational states of OH radicals? (Is OH line emission originated in chemiluminescence?) The other is on an acoustic field. What is the influence of the attenuation of an acoustic wave due to bubbles on an acoustic field? How about the influence of acoustic radiation from vibrating walls of a container?
Main Oxidants (OH Radical, H2O2, and O Atom) The main oxidant created inside a bubble in water under ultrasound has long been believed as OH radical [4]. Here we discuss that the main oxidant is not always OH radical but sometimes O atom and H2O2. In Figs. 2 and 3, the results of the numerical simulation of the pulsation of an isolated spherical air bubble in water irradiated with 300 kHz and 3-bar ultrasound are shown [5]. A bubble expands during the rarefaction phase of ultrasound and, violently, collapses during the initial compression
4
K. Yasui 300 kHz, 3 bar, R0=3.5 μm
20
4
2
10 0
5
Liquid pressure (bar)
Bubble radius (μm)
15
-2
0 0
1.1
2.2
-4 3.3
Time (μs)
Fig. 2 The result of the numerical simulation on radius-time curve for one acoustic cycle (3.3 μs) when the frequency and pressure amplitude of an ultrasonic wave are 300 kHz and 3 bars, respectively. The ambient radius of an isolated spherical air bubble is 3.5 μm. The dotted line is the acoustic pressure (plus the ambient pressure) as a function of time (Reprinted with permission from Yasui et al. [5]. Copyright (2007), AIP Publishing LLC)
phase (Fig. 2). At the end of the bubble collapse (Rayleigh collapse), the temperature increases up to 5100 K (Fig. 3a). The density at the moment reaches 650 kg/m3 which is in the same order of magnitude as that of the condensed phase (liquid density) (Fig. 3b). The pressure inside a bubble reaches 6 109 Pa (=6 GPa = 60,000 bar) at the moment. Most of water vapor and many of O2 are dissociated inside the heated interior of a bubble, and many chemical products are created such as H2O2, HO2, O, O3, HNO2, HNO3, H2, and OH radical (Fig. 3c). In this case, the main oxidant is H2O2 according to the numerical simulation. In the present numerical simulations, nonequilibrium effect of chemical reactions is taken into account. Rates of chemical reactions are calculated using the modified Arrhenius equations. Rates of backward reactions are also calculated. The chemical kinetic model used in the present simulations has been partially validated by hydrogen flame studies [6]. Furthermore, the present model of bubble dynamics including the chemical kinetic model has been validated by the study of single-bubble sonochemistry for which direct comparison between the numerical and experimental results is possible [7]. The results of many numerical simulations of chemical reactions inside an air bubble are summarized in Fig. 4 for various ultrasonic frequencies and pressure
Unsolved Problems in Acoustic Cavitation
5
Fig. 3 The results of the numerical simulation under the condition of Fig. 2 at around the end of the bubble collapse. The horizontal time axis is only for 0.15 μs. (a) The bubble radius (dotted line) and the temperature inside a bubble (solid line). (b) The pressure (solid line) and the density (dotted line) inside a bubble with logarithmic vertical axes. (c) The number of molecules inside a bubble with logarithmic vertical axes. (Reprinted with permission from Yasui et al. [5]. Copyright (2007), AIP Publishing LLC)
amplitudes [5]. Rates of production of each oxidant as well as temperature inside an air bubble are shown as a function of acoustic amplitude. The ambient bubble radius, which is the bubble radius when ultrasound is absent, is assumed as 5 μm, 3.5 μm, 3.5 μm, and 1 μm for 20 kHz, 100 kHz, 300 kHz, and 1 MHz, respectively, as they are the typical values for each frequency. For 20 kHz and 100 kHz, the bubble temperature takes a maximum value at relatively low acoustic amplitude and decreases as acoustic amplitude increases at relatively high acoustic amplitude. It is because the amount of water vapor inside a bubble increases due to larger expansion of a bubble [3]. Water vapor decreases the bubble temperature due to its endothermic dissociation as well as its larger molar heat than that of air. Thus we call a bubble filled mostly with water vapor a vaporous bubble, while a bubble with negligible amount of water vapor is called a gaseous
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Fig. 4 The results of the numerical simulations on the rate of production of each oxidant inside an isolated air bubble per second estimated by the first bubble collapse as a function of acoustic amplitude with the temperature inside a bubble at the end of the bubble collapse (the thick line): (a) 20 kHz and R0 = 5 μm. (b) 100 kHz and R0 = 3.5 μm. (c) 300 kHz and R0 = 3.5 μm. (d) 1 MHz and R0 = 1 μm (Reprinted with permission from Yasui et al. [5]. Copyright (2007), AIP Publishing LLC)
bubble. Then the results in Fig. 4 are summarized as follows. For vaporous bubbles, the main oxidant is OH radical. For gaseous bubbles, on the other hand, the main oxidant is H2O2 when the bubble temperature at the collapse ranges from 4000 K to 6500 K. When the bubble temperature is higher than 6500 K in gaseous bubbles, the main oxidant is O atom. When the bubble temperature is higher than 7000 K, the oxidants are strongly consumed inside an air bubble by oxidizing nitrogen [8]. By the thermal dissociation of H2O (H2O+ M ! OH + H + M, where M is the third molecule), the amount of H atoms is expected to be created by the same amount as that of OH radicals. However, the amount of OH radicals is much larger than that of H atoms (Fig. 3c). It is because the production of OH radicals is not only by the thermal dissociation of H2O but also by the following reactions: H2O + O ! OH +
Unsolved Problems in Acoustic Cavitation I2 (1MKI . 0.0005M AM)
2.0 rate [10-4M-min-1]
Fig. 5 Experimental results on the rate of production of H2O2 in pure water and that of I2 in 1 M KI solution or 1 M KI + 0.0005 M ammonium molybdate solution under various mixtures of argon and oxygen dissolved in the solution (Reprinted with permission from Hart and Henglein [9]. Copyright (1985), American Chemical Society)
7
I2 (1M KI)
1.0
H202 (water)
0 0
50
100
% 02
OH, H2O + H ! OH + H2 and HO2 + H ! OH + OH [7]. In addition, H atoms are also consumed by the reaction H + H ! H2. In 1985, Hart and Henglein [9] suggested that the O atom created inside a bubble may oxidize I ion in an aqueous KI solution in which the mixture of argon and O2 is dissolved. In their experimental results (Fig. 5), the amount of I2 production in aqueous KI solution (2OH + 2I ! I2 + 2OH, and in the presence of ammonium molybdate as catalyst H2O2 + 2I ! I2 + 2OH), is considerably larger than that of H2O2 in pure water (2OH ! H2O2). Thus they concluded that there should be some oxidant other than OH radical and H2O2. They assumed that it is O atom (O + 2I + 2H+ ! I2 + H2O). However, there has been no direct evidence on the production of O atom in solution by cavitation bubbles. Atomic oxygen (O atom) has eight electrons. Two of them are in the 1s orbitals. Other two electrons are in the 2s orbitals. The rest of four electrons are in the 2p orbitals when it is not highly excited (Fig. 6). The orbitals are characterized by the quantum numbers n, l, ml, and ms, where n is the principal quantum number, l is the orbital angular momentum, ml is the magnetic quantum number, and ms is the secondary spin quantum number [10]. Orbitals are designated s, p, d, f, g
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Fig. 6 Electronic configurations of ground state, first excited state, and second excited state of atomic oxygen. Two electrons in 1s state are omitted
corresponding to the orbital angular momentum l = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, respectively. For an orbital with n = 2 and l = 1, it is called 2p orbital. For n = 1 and l = 0, it is 1s orbital. The number in front of the symbol for orbital angular momentum is the principal quantum number. The magnetic quantum number (ml) can take the values of l, (l + 1), . . ., (l1), l. Thus for 2p orbital (l = 1), ml can take the values of 1, 0, and 1. For each ml state, two electrons can occupy (up-spin (ms = 1/2) and down-spin (ms = 1/2)). When four electrons are in 2p orbitals, there are only three configurations as in Fig. 6 [11, 12]. According to Hund’s first rule, the ground state is the configuration with the highest multiplicity. Only for the configuration left side in Fig. 6, the X at the total spin angular momentum is nonzero (S ¼ ms ¼ 1 . Thus, this corresponds to the ground state as the multiplicity is the highest as 3 (For the other X two configurations, the multiplicity is 1). The total orbital angular momentum (L ¼ li where the summation takes for all the electrons of O atom) can take the values of 0, 1, and 2 because the allowed values of the total angular momentum for the system of two angular momenta of j1 and j2 are j = j1 + j2, j1 + j2-1, . . ., |j1-j2| according to quantum mechanics [13]. It should be noted that the structure of two electrons in 2p orbitals is the same as that of four electrons in 2p orbitals because the structure of four electrons is equivalent to the closed-shell structure (six electrons in 2p orbitals as L = S = 0) minus the structure of two electrons in 2p orbitals [12]. The orbitals for L = 0, 1, 2, 3, .. are referred to as S, P, D, F, .. [14]. When there are two parallel spin electrons as in the left side of Fig. 6, L = 2 is impossible due to Pauli’s exclusion principle because the orbital angular momenta are also in parallel [15]. It is known that L = 0 is also impossible for this case due to Pauli’s exclusion principle [12]. Thus, the ground state of O atom is for L = 1 and designated 3P where the total spin angular momentum S is coded in the form of 2S + 1 in the left superscript. The first excited state of O atom is 1D, because with the same multiplicity of 1 (S = 0) the configuration with the highest total orbital angular momentum (L) has the lowest energy (Fig. 6). For the first excited state, one of the 2p orbitals is empty. Thus, it is more easy to undergo bond-forming addition reactions than the ground
Unsolved Problems in Acoustic Cavitation
9
Fig. 7 Three regions for a cavitation bubble
state O atom. For example, the following reaction with water molecules is known to be very fast: O 1 D þ H2 O ! H2 O2 :
(1)
The rate constant for the reaction (1) with H2O vapor is reported as 1:8 0:8 1010 L/(mol s) [16]. If the rate constant is the same for the same reaction in liquid water, then the lifetime of O(1D) in liquid water is about 1012 s = 1 ps. The diffusion pffiffiffiffiffiffi length of O atom in this lifetime is only about 0.1 nm which is estimated by 2 Dτ where D is the diffusion coefficient of O atom in liquid water (109 m2/s is assumed) and τ is the lifetime of O atom. Thus, O(1D) atom could be present only in the gas–liquid interface region of a bubble (Fig. 7). On the other hand, the ground state O(3P) is a selective oxidant because it rather slowly reacts with molecules that have no unpaired electrons such as H2O because such reactions violate the principle of spin conservation. With molecules that have unpaired electrons, O(3P) rapidly reacts. However, detailed reactivity and synthetic studies in solution are limited by lack of convenient and reliable methods for the generation and detection of O(3P) [17]. With regard to OH radical, the lifetime in solution is determined by the following reaction when the concentration of other solutes is not high: OH þ OH ! H2 O2 :
(2)
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The rate constant is 5 109 L/(mol s). Thus the lifetime of OH radical in solution is determined by the concentration of OH radicals in this case. When [OH] is 5 103 mol/L [4], the lifetime of OH radical is 4 108s = 40 ns. When the concentration of other solutes is high, the lifetime of OH radical in solution is determined by the solute concentration. When it is 1 mol/L, the lifetime of OH radical in solution is 109–108 s = 1 ns – 10 ns because the rate constant is typically in the range of 108 to 109 L/(mol s). In the lifetime of 40 ns, the diffusion length of OH radical is about 10 nm. Thus OH radicals could be present only in the gas–liquid interface region (Fig. 7). With regard to H2O2, the lifetime in solution strongly depends on the kind of solutes present. Without any solutes, H2O2 has a lifetime much longer than 30 min determined by the rate of the following reaction [18]: H2 O2 ! 1=2 O2 þ H2 O:
(3)
In the presence of OH radical, the following reaction takes place: OH þ H2 O2 ! H2 O þ O2 þ Hþ
(4)
The rate constant of the reaction is ð2:7 0:3Þ 107 L/(mol s) [19]. When the concentration of OH is 5 103 mol/L, then the lifetime of H2O2 is 7.4 μs. As the lifetime of OH is only 40 ns at this concentration, the time-averaged concentration of OH should be much lower. If it is 106 mol/L, then the lifetime of H2O2 is as long as about 40 ms. The diffusion length of H2O2 in this lifetime is about 10 μm. Thus H2O2 could be present not only in the gas–liquid interface region but also in the liquid region. If there are other kinds of radicals derived from solutes such as methanol by the reaction with OH radicals, however, the rate constant for the reaction of H2O2 is as high as 108–109 L/(mol s). Then the lifetime is as short as that of OH radical. Physical and chemical properties of the gas–liquid interface region of a cavitation bubble are still under debate. Suslick et al. [20] suggested based on the experimental results of the vapor pressure dependence of sonochemical reaction rate at 20 kHz that the temperature of the gas–liquid interface region is as high as 1900 K. They also numerically calculated the temporal and spatial evolution of the liquid-zone temperature with a heat transport model. The model predicts a spatial and temporal average liquid-zone temperature of 2730 K. Furthermore, it predicts the width and the duration for the high temperature in the gas–liquid interface region as 200 nm and 2 μs, respectively. The author [21, 22] numerically calculated the temperature at the gas–liquid interface region based on a simple model. The model predicts the temperature at the gas–liquid interface increases up to the same order of magnitude with the maximum temperature inside a bubble (a few thousand Kelvin). The thickness and the duration for the high temperature region at the gas–liquid interface are estimated as only 4–10 nm and 2–6 ns, respectively. Further studies are required on this topic.
Unsolved Problems in Acoustic Cavitation
11
Not only experimentally but also numerically, chemical reactions of radicals in solution (liquid phase) have not yet been fully studied with regard to an acoustic cavitation bubble (sonochemistry). With regard to advanced oxidation processes such as O3/H2O2, ultraviolet light/H2O2, and ultraviolet light/TiO2, there are some numerical studies on the chemical reactions of OH radicals in solution [23]. Numerical simulations of chemical reactions in solution are required in sonochemistry.
OH Line Emission in Sonoluminescence When H2 gas reacts with O2 gas in combustion, ultraviolet light is emitted by OH radicals. The wavelength of the light is about 310 nm, which is called OH line because the spectrum of the light is not continuum but a line (Fig. 8) [24]. The OH line emission in sonoluminescence could be observed through a quartz flask because the absorption of the light (310 nm) by a quartz flask is negligible (Fig. 9) [25]. There are two types in sonoluminescence [1, 26]. One is single-bubble sonoluminescence (SBSL) which is the light emission from a single stable bubble trapped near the pressure antinode of a standing ultrasonic wave in liquid by the acoustic radiation force called primary Bjerknes force. In SBSL, pulses of light are emitted periodically from a bubble with the period of ultrasound in a clocklike manner [27]. The other is multibubble sonoluminescence (MBSL) which is the light emission from a lot of bubbles in acoustic cavitation irrespective of standing or traveling ultrasonic waves. In MBSL, multiple pulses of light are periodically emitted with a half period of OH*
1.0
Normalized Intensity
0.28
0.8
Single Bubble, expanded scale 0.23 580
0.6
590
600
Na* 0.4
0.2
0.0
Single Bubble Multi-Bubble 300
400
500
600
700
Wavelength (nm) Fig. 8 Comparison of the background subtracted spectra of multibubble and single-bubble sonoluminescence in a 0.1 M sodium chloride solution (Reprinted figure with permission from Matula et al. [24]. Copyright (1995) by the American Physical Society)
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Transmission
1.00
0.75
0.50
0.25 200
250
300
350
400
Wavelength (nm)
Fig. 9 Transmission of light through water and one wall of the quartz flask (Reprinted from Barber et al. [25], Copyright (1997), with permission from Elsevier)
Bright 10–12 Spectral Intensity (W/nm)
Fig. 10 Average intensity dependence of argon singlebubble sonoluminescence spectral peaks (Reprinted figure with permission from Young et al. [28]. Copyright (2001) by the American Physical Society)
Semi-bright
Dim 10–13
Very dim 10–14 Extremely dim 300
350
400
450
Wavelength (nm)
ultrasound because the light is emitted at around each pressure antinode for which pressure oscillation is in phase or in antiphase. It was reported that the OH line was not observed in SBSL but observed in MBSL in aqueous solutions (Fig. 8). From very dark SBSL, however, the OH line was observed with an exposure of 5 days to a spectrometer, while spectra could be observed with an exposure of 100 min from bright SBSL (Fig. 10) [28]. In a dark room, bright SBSL could be seen with naked eyes like a star in a flask. Actually, the temperature inside a SBSL bubble increases to about 10,000 K at the end of the bubble collapse, which is similar to the
Unsolved Problems in Acoustic Cavitation Fig. 11 The potentials for the A and X electronic states of OH (Reprinted with permission from Luque and Crosley [29]. Copyright 1998, AIP Publishing LLC)
13
60000 O (1D) + H (2S) 50000 4
A 2Σ+
3 Energy (cm–1)
O (3P) + H (2S)
2
40000 1 0 30000
6
20000 5 4
X 2II
3
10000
2 1 0
0 1
2
3
Internuclear distance, r (Å)
surface temperature of a star in the sky (the surface temperature of the sun is about 6000 K). The OH line at about 310 nm in wavelength is emitted when electrons in the first excited state (A state) of OH radical are de-excited to the ground state (X state). It is called OH (A–X) band because both A and X states have various vibrational and rotational states of OH (Fig. 11) [29, 30]. The ground state of electrons in a molecule is usually labeled X, and the excited states are labeled A, B, C, . . .[13]. According to quantum mechanics, vibrational states of a molecule are quantized as 0,1,2,3,. . . (Fig. 11). The rotational states of a molecule are also quantized as J = 0,1,2,3,. . ., while they are not shown in Fig. 11 because the rotational energy levels (104–102 eV) are much lower than that of the vibrational energy levels (0.1–1 eV) [14, 31]. The electronic energy levels are in several eV which correspond to the energy of visible to ultraviolet light. The vibrational energy corresponds to the energy of infrared light. The rotational energy corresponds to that of microwave. It should be noted that the energy of electromagnetic wave (light) is hc/λ, where h is the Planck constant (6.6 1034 J s), c is the speed of light (3.0 108 m/s), λ is the wavelength of light in meter, and 1 eV = 1.6 1019 J. In Fig. 11, the symbols Σ and Π show the total orbital angular momentum of electrons as L = 0 and 1, respectively. The total orbital angular momenta of 2, 3, .. are labeled Δ, Φ, .. as the Greek letters of Σ, Π, Δ, Φ, . . . correspond to S, P, D, F, .. The left superscript shows 2S + 1 where S is the total spin angular momentum as in the case of the atomic structure. The symbol “+” in the right superscript means that
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K. Yasui
Fig. 12 Effect of the rare gas on the MBSL spectra from water at 20 kHz (a) and 607 kHz (b). (Reprinted from Pflieger et al. [32], Copyright (2010), with permission from Wiley-VCH)
the wave function of electrons does not change sign by reflection on the plane containing two nuclei of a molecule. (“-“means that the sign is changed.) In 2010, Pflieger et al. [32] observed the emission from the third excited state (C state) of OH by the transition to the first excited state (A state), which is OH(C 2Σ+ - A 2Σ+) band in the range of wavelength of 225–255 nm (Fig. 12). The band has never been observed in normal combustion, while it has been observed in discharge
Unsolved Problems in Acoustic Cavitation
15
Fig. 13 Normalized MBSL spectra from water sparged with argon at 10–11 C for different ultrasonic frequencies (Reprinted figure with permission from Ndiaye et al. [35], Copyright (2012) the American Chemical Society)
in water vapor as well as γ-ray or electron irradiation of liquid water. Thus, Pflieger et al. [32] suggested that OH was excited to the third excited state by collisions with high-energy electrons created inside a bubble. It may be an evidence of the plasma formation inside a bubble under the condition of MBSL. The plasma formation inside a SBSL bubble in sulfuric acid has been experimentally confirmed by the observation of the emission lines of Ar+ and O2+ [33, 34]. The difference and the similarity between SBSL and MBSL are still under debate and should be studied further in future. Pflieger et al. [32] also found that OH emission depends on the noble gas species dissolved in water (Fig. 12). From Xe bubbles, the OH (C–A) band is stronger than OH (A–X) band. On the other hand, from Ar bubbles, the OH (A–X) band is stronger than OH (C–A) band. The reason may be the larger number of high-energy electrons inside a Xe bubble due to lower ionization potential and higher temperature compared to Ar caused by lower thermal conductivity of Xe resulting in a smaller amount of thermal conduction from the heated interior of a bubble to the surrounding liquid. Pflieger et al. [32] also found that OH line emission depends also on ultrasonic frequency (Fig. 12). The detailed mechanisms are, however, still under debate. In 2012, Ndiaye et al. [35] in the same research group of Pflieger and Nikitenko derived the vibrational population distribution of OH (A 2Σ+) from the analysis of the OH (A–X) band in MBSL spectra (Figs. 13 and 14). They also reported the dependence of the vibrational population distribution on ultrasonic frequency. They concluded that the vibrational population distribution deviated strongly from the
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K. Yasui
Fig. 14 Relative vibrational population distribution of the OH(A2Σ+) state as a function of vibrational energy for different ultrasonic frequencies. The dashed line in figure (a) shows the equilibrium Boltzmann distribution (Reprinted figure with permission from Ndiaye et al. [35], Copyright (2012) the American Chemical Society)
equilibrium Boltzmann distribution. It means that the vibrational population of OH (A 2Σ+) is in nonequilibrium inside MBSL bubbles. For equilibration, molecules and radicals need enough number of collisions among them. The number of collisions necessary to provide equilibrium distributions from strongly perturbed thermodynamic states of an assembly of particles is in the order of 10 for translational motion of particles [36]. It is in the order of 103 and 105 collisions for rotational and vibrational motion, respectively. For excitation and dissociation of molecules and radicals, it is in the order of 107. For ionization, it is in the order of 109. Inside a sonoluminescing bubble, the concentration of molecules
Unsolved Problems in Acoustic Cavitation
17
and radicals is in the same order of magnitude as that of the condensed phase (liquid state) and about 3 1028 m3. When the temperature inside a bubble is 104 K, the average velocity of each molecule is about 3 103 m/s. Then, the frequency of collision for each molecule or radical is about 5 1013 s1 = 1.4 0.4 1018 m2 (cross section of a molecule or radical) 3 103 m/s (mean velocity) 3 1028 m3 (number density). The time scale for the temperature change inside a sonoluminescing bubble is in the order of 0.1 ns = 1010 s. Thus, the number of collisions of a molecule or a radical is about 5 103 during the time. It is enough for equilibration of translational and rotational motion of molecules and radicals. However, it may be insufficient for the equilibration of vibrational population of molecules or radicals. Thus, it is possible that vibrational population distribution is in nonequilibrium inside a sonoluminescing bubble. According to the experimentally derived distribution of vibrational population of OH (A 2Σ+) inside sonoluminescing bubbles in Fig. 14, the population increases as the vibrational quantum number increases at relatively high quantum number. One of the examples of such distribution is the Treanor distribution (Fig. 15) [37]. The Treanor distribution is realized when the vibrational temperature is higher than the translational temperature of molecules for anharmonic oscillator (molecule) with decreasing energy interval between successive vibrational states for increasing quantum number for vibration. In this case, excitation and de-excitation of vibrational states of two colliding molecules are not in resonance when one of the molecules is in highly excited state of vibration and the other is in much lower energy state of vibration because the energy interval of successive states is quite different between them due to anharmonic nature of molecular vibration. For the excitation of the lower energy state of molecular vibration, not only the de-excitation of highly excited vibrational state but also the decrease of the energy of the translational motion is required. As a result, when the temperature of the translational motion is much lower than the temperature of the molecular vibration, the upper levels of vibration are overpopulated compared to a Boltzmann distribution. This is the Treanor distribution. There are some other similar distributions such as Brau and Bray distributions [38–40]. Inside a sonoluminescing bubble, the vibrational temperature may become higher than the translational temperature when a bubble re-expands after the violent collapse because the translational temperature may decrease faster. Then, could the Treanor distribution be realized during the re-expansion of a bubble after the violent collapse? According to the numerical simulations by An and Li [41], however, the OH emission is expected during the bubble collapse when the bubble internal temperature increases (Fig. 16). Thus further studies are required on whether the vibrational population distribution is really the Treanor one or not. If yes, why is the translational temperature lower than the vibrational temperature? One possibility is the excitation of vibrational states of OH by chemical reactions. In this case, the electronic excitation of OH is also due to chemical reactions, and OH emission is chemiluminescence. It is widely known that molecular vibration is preferentially excited through some kinds of chemical reactions [14]. According to the numerical simulations of bubble pulsation by the author [3], the density inside a
18
K. Yasui 32.0 T = 334°K 28.0 24.0 20.0 16.0
ln
nr(0) no(0)
T = 500
12.0 8.0 4.0 0
T = 750
−4.00 T = 1000 −8.00 −12.0
T = 1500
0
10
20
30
VIBRATIONAL QUANTUM NUMBER, r
Fig. 15 Treanor distribution for various translational temperature for the vibrational temperature of 4000 K (Reprinted with permission from Treanor et al. [37]. Copyright 1968, AIP Publishing LLC)
sonoluminescing bubble is as high as that of the condensed phase (liquid phase). When the temperature inside such a bubble is as high as 104 K, molecules including electronically excited ones undergo many collisions. Then, non-radiative de-excitation, for which the energy is transferred to heat instead of light, takes place dominantly. It is called quenching. Thus, for strong radiative de-excitation, much more molecules should be electronically excited than the molecules undergoing non-radiative de-excitation (quenching). It may be only possible through chemical reactions. For OH, the following chemical reactions could produce electronically excited OH (OH*): O + H + M ! OH* + M and OH + H + OH ! OH* + H2O [3, 42].
Unsolved Problems in Acoustic Cavitation
19
Fig. 16 The results of the numerical simulations for a Xe bubble in 20 C water. (a) Optical radiation power of the bubble vs. time, (b) energy spectrum of sonoluminescence, (c) temperature vs. distance from the bubble center inside a bubble, and (d) absorption coefficient vs. distance from the bubble center inside a bubble (Reprinted figure with permission from An and Li [41], Copyright (2008) by the American Physical Society)
Flannigan and Suslick [43] reported that the rotational temperature is much lower than the vibrational temperature of SO molecules which were determined from the SO emission spectra of SBSL in sulfuric acid (Fig. 17). Furthermore, Pflieger et al. [44] reported that the rotational temperature is significantly lower than the vibrational temperature for C2 radicals which were determined from C2 emission spectra of MBSL in aqueous t-BuOH solution (Fig. 18). The reason for the lower rotational temperature is, however, still under debate and should be studied in future. In MBSL, there are a variety of bubbles which have different temperatures at the bubble collapse. Thus molecular emissions such as OH emissions could be from bubbles of different temperatures. In addition, even for a specified bubble, the temperature inside a bubble temporally changes dramatically (Fig. 3a). Thus the molecular emissions from bubbles are possibly at different temperatures. It may be one of the reasons for non-Boltzmann distribution for vibrational population of OH inside a SL bubble. However, the increase of population with the increase of the vibrational quantum number could not be explained by this effect. It suggests that vibrational population inside an SL bubble is actually in nonequilibrium.
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Fig. 17 Experimental spectrum of SO emission in single-bubble sonoluminescence from 80 wt % H2SO4 as well as the theoretical fits with the rotational temperatures of 290 K and 2100 K (Reprinted figure with permission from Flannigan and Suslick [43], Copyright (2012) the American Chemical Society)
(0,9)
Normalized Intensity
1.0
SBSL Tr = 290 K Tr = 2,100 K
0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 312
314
316
318
320
322
324
Wavelength (nm)
10000 9000
Tv
8000
Tr
Temperature, K
7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 0
2x10–3
4x10–3
6x10–3
8x10–3
1x102
[t-BuOH], M Fig. 18 Influence of t-BuOH concentration on C2 vibrational and rotational temperatures in multibubble sonoluminescence at 204 kHz, 32 W, and 6 C (Reprinted figure with permission from Pflieger et al. [44], Copyright (2015) the American Chemical Society)
Acoustic Field The acoustic field in a sonochemical reactor is complex in general. The acoustic cavitation bubbles strongly attenuate ultrasound and radiate acoustic waves into the surrounding liquid by their pulsations. Furthermore, the bubbles move by acoustic radiation forces. The speed of sound could be changed by the presence of bubbles. In addition, the walls of the liquid container vibrate due to the pressure oscillation of
Unsolved Problems in Acoustic Cavitation
21
ultrasound. As a result, the walls radiate acoustic waves into the liquid. The liquid surface also vibrates under ultrasound. At the present stage, the whole system is not fully understood both theoretically and experimentally. Here, we discuss the role of the vibration of the container’s wall as well as the attenuation of ultrasound by bubbles by the FEM calculations of an acoustic field in a sonochemical reactor [45]. The basic equation is the wave equation (Eq. 5) with the boundary condition (Eq. 6): ∇2 p
1 @2p ¼0 c2 @t2
@p @ 2 un ¼ ρ 2 @n @t
(5) (6)
@ @ @ where ∇2 ¼ @x 2 þ @y2 þ @z2 , p is the oscillatory component of the pressure, c is the velocity of sound, t is time, n is the length in the direction perpendicular to the boundary and is defined as positive in the direction into the liquid, ρ is the liquid density, and un is the displacement of the boundary (wall) in the direction perpendicular to the boundary. In the FEM calculations, the equations are expressed by an integral equation as follows: 2
ð V
2
2
ð 1 @2p @p @ 2 un 2 þ ρ 2 dΓ ¼ 0 W ∇ p 2 2 dV þ W c @t @n @t
(7)
Γ
where V is the total volume of the liquid, W is an arbitrary weighting function, Γ is the boundary between the liquid and the solid (wall), and n is defined to be positive in the direction into the liquid. The solution of Eqs. 5 and 6 (p and un) automatically satisfies Eq. 7. It is an approximation that the solution of Eq. 7 (p and un) is regarded as that of Eqs. 5 and 6, which is called the method of weighted residuals. The method to solve Eq. 7 in the FEM calculations is described in Refs. [45, 46]. The calculations have been performed for a rectangular cell of 7 cm 7 cm 20 cm in internal dimensions filled with water at 20 C [45]. The bottom of the cell is a vibrating plate which vibrates at frequency of 100 kHz, and the spatial distribution of its vibration amplitude has been assumed as a Gaussian distribution. At the center of the vibrating plate, the vibration amplitude has the maximum value of 0.1 μm. The liquid height is assumed as 13.9 cm unless stated, which is close to a resonance height of 13.875 cm. As the boundary condition, the applied pressure is assumed as zero (the free boundary condition) at the outer surface of the reactor’s wall and the liquid surface. From the symmetry of the rectangular reactor, only 1/8 of the total volume has been considered in the calculation. In Fig. 19, the calculated spatial distribution of the acoustic amplitude (the pressure amplitude) has been shown for the rigid wall and the glass wall (2 mm or 7 mm in thickness). The half width of the Gaussian distribution of the vibration amplitude has been assumed as 5 cm, while the side length of the vibrating plate is
22
K. Yasui glass wall 2 mm
rigid wall
glass wall 7 mm
centre:
20cm 13.9 cm
3.5 cm Pa,max = 1.1 bar
1.4 bar
1.2 bar
Fig. 19 The calculated spatial distribution of the acoustic amplitude for rigid wall and glass wall. The full width at half maximum for the Gaussian distribution of the vibration amplitude of the vibrating plate at the bottom is 5 cm. The attenuation coefficient is 5 cm1. The wall height is 20 cm, while the liquid height is 13.9 cm (Reprinted from Yasui et al. [45], Copyright (2007), with permission from Elsevier)
7 cm. The white and black regions show the region of the highest acoustic amplitude (pressure antinode) and that of zero (pressure node), respectively. At the liquid surface, the acoustic amplitude is always zero (pressure node) and shown with black line. At the vibrating plate at the bottom, it is a pressure antinode and shown with white because in this calculations the liquid height is nearly that of resonance. For the liquid container with thin glass walls (2 mm in thickness), the walls vibrate nearly freely. Thus, the pressure amplitude near the wall is nearly zero (pressure node) as seen in the middle of Fig. 19. For a thicker glass wall of 7 mm, on the other hand, the vibration of the wall is much less. As a result, the acoustic amplitude near the wall is not necessarily small although the vibration of the wall alters the acoustic field from the pure stripes seen in the case of the rigid wall. The acoustic field also depends on the material of the wall. The glass wall vibrates more strongly than the stainless steel wall when the thickness of the wall is the same (Fig. 20). In other words, the glass wall is freer than the stainless steel wall. As a result, the acoustic amplitude near the glass wall is lower than that near the stainless steel wall. The acoustic field strongly depends on the attenuation coefficient of ultrasound. At 100 kHz, the attenuation coefficient of ultrasound is only 2 104 m1 without any bubbles in liquid water. However, with some amount of bubbles, the attenuation coefficient significantly becomes higher [47]. In Fig. 21, the calculated acoustic fields are shown for various attenuation coefficients of ultrasound. In the present calculations, the speed of sound in liquid water is assumed as constant, and its
Unsolved Problems in Acoustic Cavitation Fig. 20 The calculated spatial distribution of the acoustic amplitude for stainless steel wall and glass wall. The full width at half maximum for the Gaussian distribution of the vibration amplitude of the vibrating plate is 16 cm. The attenuation coefficient is 5 m1 (Reprinted from Yasui et al. [45], Copyright (2007), with permission from Elsevier)
23 stainless steel wall 2mm
Pa.max=2.6 bar
glass wall 2mm
2.7 bar
change due to the presence of bubbles is neglected because it is negligible at 100 kHz when the bubble volume fraction is less than about 0.01 [47]. Without any bubbles, the acoustic field is strongly perturbed by the vibration of the wall as seen in the right side of Fig. 21. The strongly vibrating wall radiates strong acoustic waves (ultrasound) into the liquid and strongly alters the acoustic field. As the attenuation coefficient increases, the effect of the vibration of the wall becomes smaller because the vibration amplitude of the wall decreases due to the decrease in acoustic amplitude. When the attenuation coefficient is larger than about 0.05 m1, the nearly stripe structure of the acoustic field is recovered. The photograph of sonochemiluminescence from an aqueous luminol solution shows the spatial distribution of OH radicals as well as H2O2 created by bubbles because the light emission is due to the chemical reaction of luminol with OH radical and H2O2 [48]. The spatial distribution of OH radicals reflects that of active bubbles. The spatial distribution of active bubbles reflects that of acoustic amplitude. Thus the photograph nearly shows the acoustic field. For the attenuation coefficient of 0.5–5 m1, the calculated acoustic field is similar to the spatial pattern of sonochemiluminescence because some horizontal stripes of pressure antinodes are disconnected. It suggests that under the experimental condition of sonochemiluminescence in Fig. 21, the attenuation coefficient in a bubbly liquid water is in the range of 0.5–5 m1. According to Dahnke and Keil [47], the attenuation coefficient of 0.5–5 m1 at 100 kHz corresponds to the value for liquid water with the bubble volume fraction of 103–102. In Fig. 22, the calculated results for the liquid height of resonance (13.875 cm) as well as that of antiresonance (14.25 cm) at 100 kHz are shown for rigid walls. For the both cases, the liquid surface corresponds to pressure node. For the case of resonance, the vibrating plate at the bottom corresponds to pressure antinode. On the other hand, for the case of antiresonance, it corresponds to the pressure node. Even for the case of antiresonance, a clear stripe pattern of an acoustic field is seen,
24
K. Yasui glass wall 7mm
glass wall 7mm
glass wall 7mm
α = 5 (m–1)
0.5 (m–1)
2 x 10–4 (m–1)
Pa.max=1.2 bar
3.0 bar
6.5 bar
Sonochemiluminescence from an aqueous luminol solution
Fig. 21 The calculated spatial distribution of the acoustic amplitude for glass wall for various attenuation coefficients of ultrasound. The full width at half maximum for the Gaussian distribution of the vibration amplitude of the vibrating plate is 5 cm. The photograph of sonochemiluminescence from an aqueous luminol solution has been also shown for the corresponding half plane (Reprinted from Yasui et al. [45], Copyright (2007), with permission from Elsevier) Fig. 22 The calculated spatial distribution of the acoustic amplitude for the resonance liquid height (13.875 cm) and the antiresonance one (14.25 cm) for the rigid wall. The bottom plate vibrates spatially uniformly. The attenuation coefficient is 5 m1 (Reprinted from Yasui et al. [45], Copyright (2007), with permission from Elsevier
rigid wall
rigid wall
13.875 cm
Pa,max = 1.7 bar resonance
14.25 cm
0.9 bar antiresonance
although the maximum acoustic amplitude of 0.9 bar is much lower than that of 1.7 bar for the case of resonance. Without attenuation of ultrasound, an ideal standing wave is formed between the vibrating plate and the liquid surface. At the pressure nodes, the acoustic amplitude is exactly zero in an ideal standing wave. The distance between the successive nodes
Unsolved Problems in Acoustic Cavitation 2.5
2
1.5
P/P a
Fig. 23 Spatial distribution of the pressure amplitude of a damped standing wave. The vibrating plate at the bottom of the liquid container is at the left side (x = 0). The liquid surface is at the right side where the pressure amplitude is zero (pressure node)
25
1
0.5
Pant Pnod
0 0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
kx/π
is a half wavelength of ultrasound. The distance between the successive node and antinode is a quarter wavelength. With attenuation of ultrasound, the acoustic amplitude at the nodes is nonzero except at the liquid surface. In Fig. 23, such an acoustic field is shown although the physical condition is different from those in Fig. 22. The solid line shows the pressure amplitude of ultrasound normalized with the amplitude of the reflected wave at the liquid surface at the right end of Fig. 23 as a function of the distance (x) from the vibrating plate in unit of kx/π where k is the wave number of ultrasound. Such an acoustic field is called a damped standing wave field [49]. A damped standing wave is composed of both traveling and standing waves. The straight line in Fig. 23 shows the traveling wave component. The percentage of the field which is the standing wave may be estimated by the following quantity [50]: ðPant Pnod Þ 100 % ðPant þ Pnod Þ
(8)
where Pant is the acoustic amplitude at the pressure antinode, and Pnod is that at the pressure node (Fig. 23). The value depends on the distance from the vibrating plate (or liquid surface) as seen in Fig. 23. The standing wave component is higher near the reflector such as the liquid surface at the right end of Fig. 23. The standing wave ratio (SWR) defined below may also be used to characterize the acoustic field [50]: SWR ¼
Pant Pnod
(9)
The SWR varies between one for pure traveling wave and infinity for pure standing wave.
26
K. Yasui
One of the problems in the present FEM calculations is the neglect of acoustic emissions from cavitation bubbles. In the presence of bubbles, the wave equation (Eq. 5) should be modified as follows [51, 52]: ∇2 p
X @2Vi 1 @2p ¼ ρ Ni 2 l c2 @t2 @t i
(10)
where ρl is the liquid density, Ni is the number density of bubbles for a group i with the same bubble radius, and Vi is the volume of a bubble for a group i. In general, Ni ! and Vi are a function of the position ( r ) and time (t). The volume of a bubble is related to the bubble radius (Ri) as V i ¼ 4πR3i =3. The bubble radius is calculated by the Rayleigh–Plesset equation (Eq. 11) or its modified version (Eq. 12) [2]: Ri R€i þ
2 ! 3R_i 1 2σ 4μR_i ¼ pg p0 p r, t ρl Ri 2 Ri
(11)
where the over-dot denotes the time derivative (d/dt), pg is the pressure inside a bubble, σ is the surface tension, μ is viscosity, p0 is the ambient static pressure, and !
p r , t is the acoustic pressure which is the solution of Eq. 10:
2 R_i R_i 3R_i 1 € 1 ð3Λ þ 1Þ 1 ð Λ þ 1Þ R i Ri þ 3 c 2 c R dp R_i 1 ! i B (12) 1 þ ð1 Λ Þ ¼ pB p r , t p0 þ ρl c cρl dt where Λ is an arbitrary constant which satisfies jΛj < c=R_i ( Λ ¼ 0 for Keller equation, and Λ ¼ 1 for Herring equation), and pB is the liquid pressure at the bubble _
4μRi wall (pB ¼ pg 2σ Ri Ri ). Another problem is that in actual experiments, the liquid surface vibrates when the liquid is irradiated by ultrasound (Fig. 24). According to Tuziuti et al. [53], when the vibration amplitude of the liquid surface exceeds a quarter wavelength of ultrasound, the sonochemiluminescence (SCL) intensity strongly drops. The reason is probably the strong disturbance of a standing wave field by the liquid surface vibration. However, the influence of the liquid surface vibration on an acoustic field has not yet been fully studied as well as the physics of liquid surface vibration. Another problem is the influence of pulsed ultrasound on an acoustic field. According to Tuziuti et al. [54], the spatial distribution of SCL intensity is strongly altered by using pulsed ultrasound (Fig. 25). With continuous ultrasound, the spatial distribution of SCL intensity is strongly inhomogeneous (Fig. 25d). On the other hand, with pulsed ultrasound (100 cycle On – 100 cycle OFF), the spatial distribution of SCL intensity is much more homogeneous (Fig. 25a). It is known that with pulsed ultrasound, the number of large degassing bubbles is much less than that with
Unsolved Problems in Acoustic Cavitation
a
Displacement Sensor
Rectangular glass vessel
Laser Beam
60mm
80mm
Oscilloscope
t 2mm Floating Thin Film Reflector
SonaChemiLuminescence
Transducer Power Amplifier
PhotoMultiplier Tube
Function Generator
b
c
Lens
Cavitation 64mm Bubbles
Air-saturated Liquid(200mL) Power Meter
27
10 mm
0.5
Displacement (mm)
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0 7000
7500
8000
8500
9000
Time(ms)
Fig. 24 The vibration of liquid surface by ultrasound irradiation. (a) Experimental apparatus. (b) The photograph of liquid surface without ultrasound (left) and with ultrasound (right). (c) Measured displacement of liquid surface as a function of time (Reprinted figures with permission from Tuziuti et al. [53], Copyright (2010) the American Chemical Society)
continuous ultrasound. The radii of degassing bubbles are larger than the resonance radius. Thus many of them are trapped at pressure nodes of a standing ultrasonic wave. It is expected that the degassing bubbles strongly alter the acoustic field which
28
K. Yasui
Fig. 25 The photographic images of luminol sonochemiluminescence (SCL) at 152 kHz with pulsed ultrasound repetition of (a) 100 cycle ON – 100 cycle OFF, (b) 1000 cycle ON – 1000 cycle OFF, (c) 10,000 cycle ON – 10,000 cycle OFF, and (d) continuous wave (CW) ultrasound. The exposure time for capturing the images was 3 min for (a), (b), and (c) and 1.5 min for (d) to equalize the net irradiation time between different conditions (Reprinted figure with permission from Tuziuti et al. [54], Copyright the American Chemical Society)
results in the inhomogeneous spatial distribution of the SCL intensity. However, detailed mechanism for the influence of degassing bubbles on the acoustic field has not yet been fully studied. Finally, the bubble–bubble interaction is discussed (Fig. 26). Each pulsating bubble radiates acoustic waves into the surrounding liquid. It is like the sound radiation from a vibrating plate. The influence of acoustic waves which radiated from surrounding bubbles on the pulsation of a bubble is called the bubble–bubble interaction. The strength of the bubble–bubble interaction may be characterized by the following quantity named the coupling strength (S): lmax ð X 1 4πr 2 n S¼ dr ¼ 2πn l2max l2min 2πnl2max ; ¼ d r i i
(13)
lmin
where di is the distance between the bubble and another bubble numbered i, the summation is for all the surrounding bubbles, lmin is the distance between the bubble and the nearest bubble, lmax is the radius of the bubble cloud, n is the number density of bubbles, r is the distance from the bubble, and it is assumed that lmax >> lmin in the last equation. The coupling strength (S) can be experimentally estimated by measuring the number density of bubbles (n) and the radius of the bubble cloud (lmax). The reason for the importance of this quantity is as follows. The pressure ( pi) of an acoustic wave which is radiated from a pulsating bubble is given by Eq. 14:
Unsolved Problems in Acoustic Cavitation
acoustic waves radiated from bubbles
29
bubbles ultrasound
Fig. 26 The bubble–bubble interaction. Pulsation of a bubble is influenced by acoustic waves radiated by surrounding bubbles
pi ¼
ρl 2 € R R þ 2RR_2 ri
(14)
where ri is the distance from the bubble, and R is the instantaneous bubble radius. In Eq. 14, however, the time delay effect due to a finite speed of acoustic propagation is neglected. This approximation is valid only when the time delay (r/c) is much smaller than the acoustic period. The total pressure (P) of acoustic waves from all the surrounding bubbles is just the total sum of Eq. 14: N N X X 1 P¼ pi ¼ ρl R2 R€ þ 2RR_2 r i¼1 i¼1 i
! (15)
where it is assumed that the bubble radius is the same for all the bubbles. This approximation as well as the approximation of the spatially homogenous distribution of bubbles used in Eq. 13 is called the homogenous bubble-cloud approximation. Under this approximation, Eq. 15 becomes Eq. 16 using Eq. 13: P ¼ ρl S R2 R€ þ 2RR_2 :
(16)
Thus, it is proportional to the coupling strength S. Under this approximation, ! p r , t in Eq. 12 is expressed as Eq. 17: ! p r , t ¼ pa sin ωt þ ρl S R2 R€ þ 2RR_2
(17)
where pa is the pressure amplitude of ultrasound, ω is the angular frequency of ultrasound, and t is time. Thus, the factor S characterizes the strength of the bubble–bubble interaction and is called coupling strength of bubbles. In Fig. 27, the results of numerical simulations under the approximation of Eq. 15 are shown for the radius-time curves for various values of S. The bubble expansion is more strongly suppressed by the bubble–bubble interaction for a larger value of S.
30 350 S=0 300
Bubble radius (μm)
Fig. 27 Results of numerical simulations on the radius-time curves for various coupling strength (S) of bubbles. The frequency and the pressure amplitude of ultrasound are 20 kHz and 10 bar, respectively. The ambient pressure is 5 atm. The initial bubble radius is 5 μm. The liquid viscosity is 1 mPa s. (Reprinted with permission from Yasui et al. [56], Copyright (2011), Acoustical Society of America)
K. Yasui
S=103 m–1
250
S=104 m–1
200 150
S=105 m–1
100 S=106 m–1 50 0 450
S=107 m–1
460
470
480
490
500
Time (μs)
By linearizing Eq. 12 using the approximation of Eq. 17, the resonance frequency of a bubble is derived as a function of S (Fig. 28). In Fig. 28, the resonance frequency of an encapsulated microbubble used as a contrast agent in medical applications (Albunex) is also shown. For both uncovered bubble (free bubble) and encapsulated microbubble, the resonance frequency decreases as S increases above 105 m1 due to stronger bubble–bubble interaction. Up to date, there has been no full numerical study of Eq. 10 taking into account the nonuniform spatial distribution of bubbles; wide distribution of bubble size (ambient bubble radii); movement of bubbles by radiation forces; temporal fluctuation in the number density of bubbles by fragmentation, dissolution, and coalescence of bubbles [55]; vibration of the container’s wall [45]; vibration of the liquid surface [53]; presence of large degassing bubbles [54]; etc. Such studies are required in future as well as experimental measurements of acoustic fields.
Conclusion and Future Directions It has long been believed that the main oxidant created by acoustic cavitation bubbles in aqueous solutions is OH radical. According to the numerical simulations [5], however, the main oxidant is not always OH radical but sometimes H2O2 and O atom. For vaporous bubbles for which the main bubble content at the bubble collapse is water vapor, the main oxidant is OH radical according to the numerical simulations. On the other hand, for gaseous bubbles for which the main bubble content at the bubble collapse is permanent gas such as air, the main oxidant is H2O2 when the bubble temperature at the collapse ranges from 4000 K to 6500 K. When the bubble temperature is higher than 6500 K in gaseous bubbles, the main oxidant is O atom.
Unsolved Problems in Acoustic Cavitation 8
10
Albunex
107 ω0 (rad/s)
Fig. 28 The relationship between the coupling strength (S) of bubbles and the resonance frequency of a bubble (angular frequency ω0). The result for encapsulated microbubble (Albunex) is also shown (Reprinted with permission from Yasui et al. [57], Copyright (2009), Acoustical Society of America)
31
106
free bubble
105
104 102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109 1010
S (m-1)
When the bubble temperature is higher than 7000 K in gaseous bubbles of air, the oxidants are strongly consumed inside a bubble by oxidizing nitrogen. Up to date, there has been no experimental confirmation on the presence of O atom in liquid water produced by bubbles. As the lifetime of O atom is expected to be very short, it may be only in the gas–liquid interface region of a bubble. In addition, the temperature as well as pressure of the gas–liquid interface region at the bubble collapse is still under debate. Numerical and experimental studies on the lifetime of O atom in the gas–liquid interface are required in future. The experimental observation of OH line emission in multibubble sonoluminescence suggests that vibrational states of OH are in nonequilibrium inside a bubble at the collapse. The upper levels of OH vibration are overpopulated inside a bubble compared to the equilibrium Boltzmann distribution. Under some conditions, the population increases as the vibrational quantum number increases at relatively high quantum number. Such population could be realized when the translational temperature is much lower than the vibrational temperature known as Treanor distribution. Is the distribution of OH vibrational population inside an SL bubble really Treanor distribution? If yes, why is the translational temperature is much lower than the vibrational temperature? One possibility is that OH vibration is highly excited through chemical reactions inside a bubble. In this case, OH line emission could be due to chemiluminescence. Further studies are required on this topic. The acoustic field inside a sonochemical reactor is not fully understood because bubbles strongly attenuate acoustic waves and radiate acoustic waves into the surrounding liquid. In addition, bubbles spatially move and the spatial distribution of bubbles is strongly inhomogeneous. The number of bubbles temporally changes by fragmentation, coalescence, and dissolution [55]. The vibration of the container’s wall affects the acoustic field inside a sonochemical reactor because it radiates acoustic waves into the liquid [45]. The liquid surface also vibrates under ultrasound,
32
K. Yasui
which influences the reflection of an ultrasonic wave at the liquid surface [53]. The experiments using pulsed ultrasound suggest that large degassing bubbles strongly alter an acoustic field [54]. Further studies are required on the acoustic field inside a sonochemical reactor both experimentally and numerically.
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22. Yasui K (1997) Alternative model of single-bubble sonoluminescence. Phys Rev E 56:6750–6760 23. Guo X, Minakata D, Niu J, Crittenden J (2014) Computer-based first-principles kinetic modeling of degradation pathways and byproduct fates in aqueous-phase advanced oxidation processes. Environ Sci Technol 48:5718–5725 24. Matula TJ, Roy RA, Mourad PD, McNamara WB III, Suslick KS (1995) Comparison of multibubble and single-bubble sonoluminescence spectra. Phys Rev Lett 75:2602–2605 25. Barber BP, Hiller RA, Lofstedt R, Putterman SJ, Weninger KR (1997) Defining the unknowns of sonoluminescence. Phys Rep 281:65–143 26. Young FR (2005) Sonoluminescence. CRC Press, Boca Raton 27. Brenner MP, Hilgenfeldt S, Lohse D (2002) Single-bubble sonoluminescence. Rev Mod Phys 74:425–484 28. Young JB, Nelson JA, Kang W (2001) Line emission in single-bubble sonoluminescence. Phys Rev Lett 86:2673–2676 29. Luque J, Crosley DR (1998) Transition probabilities in the A 2Σ+ - X 2Πi electronic system of OH. J Chem Phys 109:439–448 30. Pearse RWB, Gaydon AG (1976) The identification of molecular spectra, 4th edn. Chapman and Hall, London, pp 264–265 31. Atkins P, Paula J (2014) Atkins’ physical chemistry, 10th edn. Oxford University Press, Oxford 32. Pflieger R, Brau HP, Nikitenko SI (2010) Sonoluminescence from OH (C 2Σ+) and OH (A 2Σ+) radicals in water: evidence for plasma formation during multibubble cavitation. Chem Eur J 16:11801–11803 33. Flannigan DJ, Suslick KS (2005) Plasma formation and temperature measurement during single-bubble cavitation. Nature 434:52–55 34. Flannigan DJ, Suslick KS (2005) Plasma line emission during single-bubble cavitation. Phys Rev Lett 95:044301 35. Ndiaye AA, Pflieger R, Siboulet B, Molina J, Dufreche JF, Nikitenko SI (2012) Nonequilibrium vibrational excitation of OH radicals generated during multibubble cavitation in water. J Phys Chem A 116:4860–4867 36. Mavrodineanu R, Boiteux H (1965) Flame spectroscopy. Wiley, New York, pp 509–510 37. Treanor CE, Rich JW, Rehm RG (1968) Vibrational relaxation of anharmonic oscillators with exchange-dominated collisions. J Chem Phys 48:1798–1807 38. Brau CA (1972) Classical theory of vibrational relaxation of anharmonic oscillators. Physica 58:533–553 39. Bray KNC (1968) Vibrational relaxation of anharmonic oscillator molecules: relaxation under isothermal conditions. J Phys B 1:705–717 (Proc Phys Soc Ser. 2) 40. Fridman A (2008) Plasma chemistry. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 41. An Y, Li C (2008) Spectral lines of OH radicals and Na atoms in sonoluminescence. Phys Rev E 78:046313 42. Yasui K (2001) Temperature in multibubble sonoluminescence. J Chem Phys 115:2893–2896 43. Flannigan DJ, Suslick KS (2012) Temperature nonequilibration during single-bubble sonoluminescence. J Phys Chem Lett 3:2401–2404 44. Pflieger R, Ndiaye AA, Chave T, Nikitenko SI (2015) Influence of ultrasonic frequency on swan band sonoluminescence and sonochemical activity in aqueous tert-butyl alcohol solutions. J Phys Chem B 119:284–290 45. Yasui K, Kozuka T, Tuziuti T, Towata A, Iida Y, King J, Macey P (2007) FEM calculation of an acoustic field in a sonochemical reactor. Ultrason Sonochem 14:605–614 46. Zienkiewicz OC (1977) The finite element method, 3rd edn. McGraw-Hill, London 47. Dahnke S, Keil F (1998) Modeling of sound fields in liquids with a nonhomogeneous distribution of cavitation bubbles as a basis for the design of sonochemical reactors. Chem Eng Technol 21:873–877 48. McMurray HN, Wilson BP (1999) Mechanistic and spatial study of ultrasonically induced luminol chemiluminescence. J Phys Chem 103:3955–3962
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49. Kinsler LE, Frey AR, Coppens AB, Sanders JV (1982) Fundamentals of acoustics, 3rd edn. Wiley, New York 50. Leighton TG (1994) The acoustic bubble. Academic, London 51. Hamilton MF, Il’inskii YA, Zabolotskaya EA (1998) Dispersion. In: Hamilton MF, Blackstock DT (eds) Nonlinear acoustics. Academic, San Diego, pp 151–175, Chapter 5 52. An Y (2012) Nonlinear bubble dynamics of cavitation. Phys Rev E 85:016305 53. Tuziuti T, Yasui K, Kozuka T, Towata A (2010) Influence of liquid-surface vibration on sonochemiluminescence intensity. J Phys Chem A 114:7321–7325 54. Tuziuti T, Yasui K, Lee J, Kozuka T, Towata A, Iida Y (2008) Mechanism of enhancement of sonochemical-reaction efficiency by pulsed ultrasound. J Phys Chem A 112:4875–4878 55. Yasui K, Tuziuti T, Lee J, Kozuka T, Towata A, Iida Y (2010) Numerical simulations of acoustic cavitation noise with the temporal fluctuation in the number of bubbles. Ultrason Sonochem 17:460–472 56. Yasui K, Towata A, Tuziuti T, Kozuka T, Kato K (2011) Effect of static pressure on acoustic energy radiated by cavitation bubbles in viscous liquids under ultrasound. J Acoust Soc Am 130:3233–3242 57. Yasui K, Lee J, Tuziuti T, Towata A, Kozuka T, Iida Y (2009) Influence of the bubble-bubble interaction on destruction of encapsulated microbubbles under ultrasound. J Acoust Soc Am 126:973–982
Acoustic Bubbles and Sonoluminescence Pak-Kon Choi
Contents Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interactions of a Bubble with an Acoustic Field and Another Bubble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Primary and Secondary Bjerknes Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . High-Speed Observation of Two Interacting Bubbles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . High-Speed Observation of Effects of Surfactant on Bubble Oscillations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Size Distribution of Sonoluminescence Bubbles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acoustic Power Dependencies of Bubble Dynamics in Relation to Sonoluminescence . . . . . . . Power Dependencies of Acoustic Cavitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Measurement Method for Acoustic Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acoustic Power Dependencies of SL and SCL Intensities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . High-Speed Observation of Bubble Clusters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Conclusions and Future Directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Abstract
In a multibubble field, the bubble dynamics is determined by acoustic fieldbubble and bubble-bubble interactions. The latter plays an important role in a field of high acoustic pressure. The first part of this chapter discusses the highspeed observation of bubbles interacting with other bubbles. The theory of bubble-bubble interactions in an acoustic field is briefly described, and highspeed images representing bubble coalescence are presented. The bubble oscillation and bubble size are shown to be affected by surfactant molecules adsorbed at the bubble/liquid interface. The high-speed images indicate spherical bubble oscillation and a smaller size distribution upon adding sodium dodecyl sulfate. Further, the initial size distribution of sonoluminescence (SL)-emitting bubble is
P.-K. Choi (*) Department of Physics, Meiji University, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Japan e-mail: [email protected] # Springer Science+Business Media Singapore 2016 M. Ashokkumar (ed.), Handbook of Ultrasonics and Sonochemistry, DOI 10.1007/978-981-287-470-2_2-2
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described on the basis of the experiment using a pulsed ultrasound. The second part deals with the dependence of bubble dynamics on the acoustic power in association with the variation of SL intensity. The method of acoustic power measurement is described. The intensity of SL (sonochemiluminescence, SCL) takes a maximum value at certain acoustic power at both 84 and 138 kHz. The high-speed shadowgraphy of bubbles revealed a transition from a bubble streamer to a cluster with increasing the power. The bubble cluster was found to be composed of a large nonspherical bubble and tiny bubbles that exhibit transient oscillation. The emergence of the bubble cluster is the main cause of the reduction in the SL (SCL) intensity. Keywords
Acoustic power • Acoustic cavitation • Bubble cluster dynamics • Primary Bjerknes force • Secondary Bjerknes force • Acoustic power measurement • Sonochemiluminescence • Sonoluminescence • Bubble coalescence • Maximum bubble diameter • Nonspherical oscillations
Introduction Let us consider the process from bubble generation to bubble cluster formation. A bubble nucleus adhering to dust particles in a liquid or to a container wall grows into a small bubble through the rectified diffusion of gas dissolved in the liquid under acoustic pressure. Some growing bubbles may dissolve in the liquid because of surface tension, and other bubbles may further grow into collapsing bubbles that oscillate violently. A collapsing bubble may cause nonspherical oscillation because of its strong nonlinearity, leading to fragmentation into small bubbles. Collapsing bubbles may cause each other to coalesce via the secondary Bjerknes force that acts between bubbles, and sometimes form a streamer. The conditions inside a collapsing bubble are a high temperature and a high pressure, which may result in light emission and hydroxyl (OH) radical production. OH radicals decomposed from water molecules transfer through the bubble/liquid interface and interact with foreign molecules surrounding the bubble. Further increase in acoustic pressure enhances the secondary Bjerknes force, resulting in the formation of bubble clusters. The recent improvement of high-speed imaging techniques is helpful for understanding acoustic bubble oscillations and bubble-bubble interactions [1, 2]. The first part of this chapter gives a survey of bubble-bubble interactions followed by the experimental results of high-speed observation. We present high-speed images of bubble coalescence under the condition of an acoustic field, in which multibubble sonoluminescence (SL) can be observed. The effects of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) surfactant on bubble oscillations and the distribution of the maximum bubble size are shown at a frequency of 82 kHz for various SDS concentrations. Bubble-bubble interactions greatly change with the applied acoustic power. In the second part of this chapter, after introducing the fundamentals of acoustic power
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3
measurements, we describe how SL and sonochemiluminescence (SCL) intensities depend on the acoustic power under various conditions of acoustic fields and how the bubble dynamics as collective motion depends on the acoustic power in association with the SL intensity.
Interactions of a Bubble with an Acoustic Field and Another Bubble Primary and Secondary Bjerknes Forces The fundamentals of cavitation bubble dynamics are described in books by Young [3], Leighton [4], and Brennen [5]. The physics of bubble oscillations and recent works on this topic have been thoroughly reviewed by Lauterborn and Kurz [6]. Bubbles generated in a strong acoustic field self-organize into structured ensembles in the form of filamentary patterns (sometimes called “streamers”) [7–9] or clusters [10] consisting of many bubbles, depending on the acoustic power and frequency. These structures are formed by the attractive and repulsive forces generated by bubble-bubble interactions. The interaction force of a bubble with an acoustic field is called the primary Bjerknes force. The time-averaged Bjerknes force on a spherically oscillating bubble under acoustic pressure p(x, t) is given by FB ¼ hV ðtÞ∇pðx, tÞi;
(1)
where V ðtÞ ¼ ð4π=3ÞR3 is the bubble volume and R is the bubble radius. The brackets 〈〉 indicate a time average over an acoustic cycle. We consider a bubble located at position x in a standing-wave pressure field of the form pðx, tÞ ¼ Pa sin kx cos ωt ;
(2)
where Pa is the pressure amplitude, k is the wavenumber, and ω is the angular frequency of the acoustic field. If the pressure amplitude is not very large, the bubble radius oscillates as RðtÞ ¼ R0 A sin kx cos ðωt þ αÞ ;
(3)
where α is the phase difference between the pressure and bubble radius oscillation, which equals zero for bubbles smaller than the resonance radius or π for bubbles larger than the resonance radius. R0 is the equilibrium radius in the case of no acoustic field, and A denotes the amplitude of radial oscillation. Then the Bjerknes force (Eq. 1) can be calculated as FB ¼
3APa kV 0 sin 2kx cos α ; 4R0
(4)
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where V 0 ¼ ð4=3ÞπR30 . Equation 4 shows that bubbles smaller than the resonant radius are subjected to a force directed toward a pressure antinode and that bubbles larger than the resonant radius are subjected to a force directed toward a pressure node. Figure 1 illustrates how small bubbles tend to shift toward a pressure antinode. If the pressure amplitude is sufficiently large for the bubbles to continue expanding during the compression phase of the acoustic cycle, the bubbles are repelled from the antinode. This repulsion occurs when the pressure amplitude is larger than 1.8 atm at 20 kHz [11]. If two bubbles exist in the vicinity of each other, the oscillation of a bubble with volume V 1 ¼ ð4=3ÞπR31 produces pressure waves around the bubble that act as an additional force on the neighboring bubble. This is called the secondary Bjerknes force. Under a pressure gradient ∇p1 caused by the first bubble, the second bubble of volume V 2 ¼ ð4=3ÞπR32 is subjected to the force F12 ¼ V 2 ∇p1 :
(5)
The time average of Eq. 5 gives the net force FB2 ¼
ρ _ _ V 1 V 2 er ; 4πd 2
(6)
where ρ is the density of the liquid, d is the distance between the two bubbles, and er denotes the radial unit vector. For harmonic bubble oscillation, we obtain
Fig. 1 Bubbles smaller than the resonant size move toward a pressure antinode under the primary Bjerknes force FB in a standing-wave field
Acoustic Bubbles and Sonoluminescence
FB2 ¼
5
ρω2 V 1A V 2A cos ðφ1 φ2 Þer ; 8πd 2
(7)
where V1A, V2A, and φ1 and φ2 are the magnitudes and phases of the volume oscillations, respectively. According to these equations, a bubble smaller than the resonance radius and a bubble larger than the resonance radius repel each other, while pairs of bubbles smaller or larger than the resonance radius attract each other. Mettin et al. [12] numerically investigated the secondary Bjerknes force in a strong acoustic field. They employed the model of Keller and Miksis [13] to calculate the oscillation of the second bubble using 1
R_ 2 R_ 2 3 R_ 2 _ 2 1 1þ R2 ¼ ðp2w p0 psound Þ R2 R€2 þ 2 2c ρ c c R2 d 1 2 2R_ 1 R1 þ R21 R_ 1 ; þ ðp2w psound Þ d ρc dt
(8)
where c is the sound velocity in the liquid, p0 is the hydrostatic pressure, and psound is the external sound pressure. Here, p2w is the pressure in the liquid at the bubble interface and is given by p2w ¼
3γ 2σ R20 2σ 4μ p0 þ R_ 2 : R20 R2 R2 R2
(9)
γ denotes the polytropic exponent, σ is the surface tension, μ is the viscosity of the liquid, and R10 and R20 are the equilibrium radii of the two bubbles. Figure 2 shows 10
8
R20 [mm]
Fig. 2 Secondary Bjerknes force coefficient plotted in the R10-R20 plane for d = 1 mm and Pa = 1.32 atm. White regions correspond to repulsion and the darker regions correspond to attraction between the two bubbles (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [12]. Copyright 1997, American Physical Society)
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ρ V_ 1 V_ 2 represented in the R10-R20 plane the secondary Bjerknes force coefficient 4π for a bubble distance of d = 1 mm and Pa = 1.32 atm. The white regions correspond to repulsion and the darker regions correspond to attraction between the two bubbles. The white regions become narrower when the two bubbles approach each other. The pairs of bubble radii corresponding to the white regions are smaller than the linear resonant radius, i.e., 0.15 mm at 20 kHz, which indicates an attractive force according to the linear theory expressed by Eq. 7. This apparent contradiction is explained by the fact that the nonlinear resonance radius decreases with increasing pressure amplitude.
High-Speed Observation of Two Interacting Bubbles Jiao et al. [14] experimentally and theoretically studied the translational motion of two approaching bubbles. They used a cylindrical Pyrex resonator equipped with a 22.4 kHz transducer to trap two bubbles, which were injected near a pressure antinode. The movements of the bubbles were recorded using a high-speed camera at a frame rate of 2000 fps. Their relative velocity was measured at various distances between the bubbles. The experimental result is shown in Fig. 3 together with theoretical values calculated from the secondary Bjerknes force and drag force.
Fig. 3 Relative velocity of two bubbles as a function of the distance between them for a pressure amplitude of 40 kPa. The solid line denotes the values calculated from the secondary Bjerknes force (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [14]. Copyright 2013, American Chemical Society)
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Fig. 4 Shadowgraphs of two bubbles exhibiting oscillations and coalescence in a 87 kHz standingwave field in water. The acoustic power is about 5 W, and the time interval between images is 2 μs
The Keller-Miksis equation, Eq. 8, was used to calculate the radial oscillation of the bubbles. The experimental and simulation results have a reasonably strong correlation as shown in Fig. 3. Choi and Deno [15] reported a high-speed movie of the coalescence of two bubbles interacting in a streamer in a standing-wave field of 87 kHz in water. Figure 4 shows selected images from the movie, which was taken at a frame rate of 1 M fps. Bubble a, which is located in the upper left of frame 1, approaches bubble b, which remains at almost the same position, while both bubbles repeatedly undergo expansion and contraction. The maximum sizes of the two bubbles are 50 μm, and the minimum sizes are approximately 9 μm. In frames 6–9, bubble b exhibits shape oscillation, although it exhibits spherical oscillation in the next acoustic cycle in frames 12–14. Bubble a also exhibits shape oscillation in frames 30–32. The two bubbles finally coalesce in frame 34. Figure 5 shows the time dependencies of the distance between the centers of the two bubbles and their relative velocity. Equation 6 predicts that the Bjerknes force between the bubbles is strong when the bubble volumes change rapidly. The velocity increases with decreasing the distance of the bubbles, corresponding to the rapid contraction of the two bubbles. The result is well explained by Eq. 6. Several works on the oscillation of coated microbubbles, which are used in ultrasound contrast agents, have been reported. The nonspherical oscillation of a coated microbubble sonicated in the MHz range was observed by Versluis et al. [16], van der Meer et al. [17], and Dollet et al. [18]. Direct observations of the sonoporation of a viable cell membrane by cavitation bubbles [19] and coated microbubbles [20] were reported.
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Fig. 5 Distance between the two bubbles (closed circles) and their relative velocity (open circles) as a function of time, which were obtained from the images in Fig. 4. The two bubbles coalesced at 70 μs
High-Speed Observation of Effects of Surfactant on Bubble Oscillations The effects of surface-active solutes on cavitation bubbles have been extensively studied by Crum and others [21–23] and the group of Melbourne University [24, 25]. SL, sonochemistry, and acoustic emission have been used to monitor the effects of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) molecules, adsorbed at a bubble/liquid interface. The effects are manifested in several ways. First, the bubble growth rate increases because of the resulting resistance to gas transfer across the interface, especially during the collapse phase of a bubble oscillation [26]. The inhibition of bubble coalescence also occurs due to the electrostatic effect caused by the adsorption of charged surfactant molecules at the bubble/liquid interface. This inhibition produces a sharp decrease in total bubble volume in a multibubble field [27]. The adsorption increases the number of active cavitation bubbles, which leads to the enhancement of multibubble SL, and also increases the symmetry of bubble oscillation, resulting in an increase in harmonic components in the acoustic emission spectrum [28]. A direct observation of the bubble oscillation in SDS solutions was reported by Deno and Choi [29]. Figure 6 shows the shadowgraph images of cavitating bubbles at their maximum sizes in water and 1 mM SDS solution captured with a high-speed camera (Shimadzu, HPV-2) at 1 M fps. The bubbles are streaming toward the lower right corner in a standing-wave field of 125 kHz. The bubbles in water (a) exhibit nonspherical oscillations, and those in SDS solution (b) exhibit spherical oscillations, confirming the speculation by Ashokkumar et al. [28], which was based on the acoustic emission spectrum.
Acoustic Bubbles and Sonoluminescence
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Fig. 6 High-speed images of cavitation bubbles in water (a) and 1 mM SDS solution (b) sonicated at 125 kHz and an acoustic power of 20 W. The bubbles are at their maximum sizes. The exposure time is 1 μs
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Fig. 7 Time sequences of bubble diameter obtained from high-speed movies captured at 1 M fps. The ultrasonic frequency is 87 kHz and the acoustic power is about 11 W. Diameters below 4.7 μm are plotted as zero
As shown in Fig. 7, the time sequences of bubble diameter were obtained from the high-speed images for water (blue) and 1 mM (green) and 5 mM (orange) SDS solutions at an ultrasonic frequency of 87 kHz. About 11 frames were captured in the period of ultrasound. Diameters below 4.7 μm are plotted as zero in these curves since the spatial resolution of the images was 4.7 μm. For water, oscillations with a shorter period appeared at compression phases. This was caused by the nonspherical oscillation of bubbles, which was observed very frequently in the high-speed movies. Conversely, for the 1 and 5 mM SDS solutions, the bubble oscillation curves in Fig. 7 resemble those obtained by the simulation of a single bubble.
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This suggests that spherical oscillations preferentially occur in surfactant-adsorbed bubbles, in agreement with the high-speed images. The spherical oscillations can be explained by two factors [28]. First, the adsorption of the surfactant at the bubble/ liquid interface dampens surface waves at the interface. Second, the electrostatic repulsion between bubbles leads to the “declustering” of the bubbles, which decreases the secondary Bjerknes force. The distribution of the bubble size is also affected by a surface-active solute. The maximum diameters of cavitating bubbles can be estimated from high-speed images. Figure 8 shows a histogram of the maximum diameter under 87 kHz ultrasound with an acoustic power of about 11 W. In Fig. 8a, the maximum bubble diameter in water is distributed from 9 to 66 μm with an average of 31 μm, which is indicated by the arrow in the figure. Figure 8b–e show the histograms for SDS solutions with concentrations of 0.1, 1, 5, and 10 mM, respectively. The range of the maximum diameter decreases with increasing SDS concentration up to 5 mM then increases at 10 mM. The average maximum bubble diameter at 5 mM is 21 μm, which is the smallest value among the solutions investigated. At the concentration of 5 mM, the number of bubbles with diameters larger than 40 μm is significantly less than that in water. This is because bubble coalescence is inhibited when charged SDS molecules are adsorbed at the bubble/liquid interface. The direct observation of bubble oscillation demonstrated that the effects of SDS on bubble oscillation are most prominent at 5 mM, which is larger but in reasonable agreement with the value obtained by the observations of acoustic emission [28] and SL [30]. The effect of SDS adsorption may also depend on the acoustic frequency and power.
Size Distribution of Sonoluminescence Bubbles Section “High-Speed Observation of Effects of Surfactant on Bubble Oscillations” describes the oscillations of bubbles regardless of the emission of SL. There is interest in the size of bubble that exhibits SL or SCL. Lee et al. [31] determined the size distribution of SL-emitting bubbles using a pulsed ultrasound at 515 kHz. They employed a 4 ms-duration (equivalent to 2060 cycles) ultrasound pulse so that a steady-state active bubble population is reached and a constant SL intensity is obtained. The active bubbles dissolve during a pulse off-time with a finite dissolution time depending on the initial bubble radius. If the successive ultrasonic pulses act upon the bubbles before the bubbles dissolve away, the bubbles can grow again to be in the active size range. The SL intensity at successive pulse on-time reflects the population of active bubbles. Thus, the decrease in the SL intensity during the pulse on-time as a function of pulse off-time gives a measure of the initial radius of active bubble. Lee et al. [31] obtained the experimental bubble radii of 2.8–3.7 μm for water and 0.9–1.7 μm for 1.5 mM SDS solution using the theory by Epstein and Plesset [32]. These values for water are smaller than the theoretical linear resonance size of 5.8 μm at 515 kHz. This is explained by the fact that nonlinear resonance size is smaller than the linear resonance size. Using a similar experimental technique, Brochie et al. [33] investigated the frequency and power dependencies of the size
Number of bubbles
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Fig. 8 Histogram of maximum diameter of cavitating bubbles under 87 kHz ultrasound with acoustic power of about 11 W. The diameters were obtained from high-speed images for water and SDS solutions with concentrations of 0.1, 1, 5, and 10 mM from (a) to (e), respectively. Each arrow indicates the average maximum diameter. The sample size is in the range of 178–463
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Acoustic Bubbles and Sonoluminescence 11
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distribution of SCL-emitting bubbles in a luminol solution. Figure 9 shows the results of the size distribution for several frequencies from 213 to 1136 kHz, indicating that the mean bubble size is smaller and the distribution becomes narrower with increasing frequency. It is noted that the bubble sizes in Fig. 9 are much smaller than those in Fig. 8 which shows the bubble sizes at their maxima. In Fig. 10, the active bubble size distributions are compared for SCL and SL at 575 kHz. The size is larger for SL bubbles than SCL bubbles. This indicates that there are two distinct classes of bubbles: larger bubbles which emit SL under a higher temperature condition at bubble collapse and smaller bubbles which produce OH radicals under a modest temperature condition at bubble collapse. In a pulsed ultrasound experiment, the enhancement of SL intensity or OH radical production may occur by an appropriate choice of pulse on-time and pulse off-time. Choi et al. [34] reported the enhancement of SL intensity and acoustic emission spectra at 103 kHz. As shown in Fig. 11, they obtained the maximum amplification factor of 6.7 compared with continuous wave mode when the pulse on-cycle was 500 and pulse off-cycles were 500–10000. Lee et al. [35] and Tuziuti et al. [36] explained this enhancement by demonstrating the enlargement of SL and SCL spatial distributions with appropriate pulse-off times. The pulsed ultrasound may prevent the production of large degassing bubbles which absorb ultrasound energy, resulting in the increase in the active bubble population. Choi et al. [34] also reported the acoustic emission spectra, showing that subharmonic components and broadband
Fig. 9 The size distributions of SCL-emitting bubble at 213, 355, 647, 875, 1056, and 1136 kHz obtained using a pulsed ultrasound. The data for 875, 1056, and 1136 kHz have been scaled down by a factor of 4. The acoustic power of all frequencies is 1.5 W (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [33]. Copyright 2009, American Physical Society)
Acoustic Bubbles and Sonoluminescence
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Fig. 10 The size distributions of SCL- and SL-emitting bubble at 575 kHz. The acoustic power was 2.8 W (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [33]. Copyright 2009, American Physical Society)
Fig. 11 The SL intensity in a pulsed wave mode normalized to that in a continuous wave mode as a function of pulse off-cycles. The ultrasound frequency is 103 kHz and the pulse on-cycles are 500 (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [34]. Copyright 2008, the Japan Society of Applied Physics)
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noise increased for the pulsed mode compared with the continuous mode. The acoustic pressure in the pulsed mode may be larger than that in the continuous mode because of the lack of large degassing bubbles which absorb sound energy. This increases the subharmonic components and broadband noise [37]. Another possibility is that nonspherical bubble oscillations are favored in the pulsed mode. A complex bubble oscillation emitting many daughter bubbles was observed by using a high-speed camera. Further experiments are required to understand the mechanism which elucidates the SL enhancement in a pulsed ultrasound field. The observation of corresponding bubble dynamics will be helpful for that purpose.
Acoustic Power Dependencies of Bubble Dynamics in Relation to Sonoluminescence Power Dependencies of Acoustic Cavitation Acoustic cavitation produces extreme temperature and pressure conditions inside bubbles at collapse. These conditions induce SL and promote chemical reactions. Factors affecting acoustic cavitation include the acoustic frequency, applied acoustic power, dissolved gas, solution temperature, and environmental pressure. The use of optimal factors is especially important when developing large-scale reactors for sonochemical applications. The optimal frequency for SL and sonochemical activity has been explored [38]. Beckett and Hua [39] investigated the SL spectra from water and the chemical reactivity (1,4-dioxane decomposition and hydrogen peroxide formation) at frequencies of 205, 358, 618, and 1071 kHz. They concluded that 358 kHz was the optimal frequency for obtaining maximum SL intensity and chemical reaction rates. Koda et al. [40] reported that approximately 300 kHz was the most efficient frequency for the Fricke reaction and KI dosimetry on the basis of broadband measurements ranging from 19.5 to 1200 kHz. Kanthale et al. [41] showed that the SL intensity and hydrogen peroxide yield exhibited different frequency dependencies. This is because the SL intensity mainly depends on the maximum temperature within a bubble at collapse, whereas the hydrogen peroxide yield depends on the average temperature during bubble collapse as well as mass transfer effects. Yasui [42] numerically demonstrated that the mechanism of SL depends on the frequency. SL mainly originates from plasma emission at 1 MHz, whereas it originates from OH radical emission and plasma emission at 20 kHz. A suitable acoustic power is also an important factor for efficient sonochemical reactions. The oxidation rate of iodide in aqueous KI solution has been shown to exhibit a nonlinear power dependence [43–46]. The oxidation of iodide has been used as a convenient method for evaluating the production of OH radicals. This method is called KI dosimetry. I ions are oxidized by OH radicals to give I2. When excess I ions are present in the solution, I2 reacts with the I ions to form I3 ions, which can be detected by their optical absorbance at 355 nm. Henglein and Gutierrez [45] demonstrated that the yield of iodine during KI oxidation showed a maximum when measured as a function of input power, as shown in Fig. 12. They used
Acoustic Bubbles and Sonoluminescence
15
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rate l2 [10–5 M min–1]
8 100 ms cont.
6
10 ms
4 5 ms
2
0
0
40
80
120
140
hf-power [watts] Fig. 12 Power dependence of the rate of iodine formation at 1 MHz. Open circles denote the yield of iodine in the continuous mode and other symbols denote the yield in the pulsed mode. The pulse duration times are indicated in the figure. The on/off ratio is 1:100 (Reprinted with permission from Ref. [45]. Copyright 1990, American Chemical Society)
continuous- and pulsed-mode ultrasound at 1 MHz. The rate of iodine formation took a maximum at 60 W, which is equivalent to an acoustic power of 1.5 W/cm2, in the continuous mode. The dependence of the SL or SCL intensity on the acoustic power has only been investigated in a few intensive studies. Negishi [47] reported that the SCL intensity from a luminol solution suddenly decreased at an acoustic power of 2 W/cm2 at 470 kHz. Recently, Hatanaka et al. [48] observed that the SL intensity at 132 kHz decreases at high powers, which they did not specify. Kanthale et al. [34] investigated the acoustic power and frequency dependencies of the SL intensity and hydrogen peroxide yield and showed that both quantities increase with the acoustic power up to 30 W. An increase in acoustic power increases the active bubble population and the maximum active bubble size, both of which enhance the sonochemical activity if the interaction among active bubbles is weak. If the acoustic power is sufficiently strong for bubble-bubble interactions to dominate, the dependence will show nonlinear behavior.
Measurement Method for Acoustic Power When sound waves travel with velocity c through a liquid medium of density ρ, they transport the energy contained in them. This energy flow is characterized by the sound intensity I. Suppose that the sound waves travel through an imaginary window of unit area perpendicular to the sound direction. The sound intensity is defined by
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the energy traveling through the window in a unit time and is sometimes called the “acoustic power.” The sound energy density W is the energy per unit volume of the medium and is related to the sound intensity by W¼
I : c
(10)
The energy density W is composed of kinetic energy and potential energy. If both energies are taken per unit volume, the corresp
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Support Mathematics Summer Schools for acoustics researcher training
Attenborough, Keith
Department of Design, Development, Environment and Materials, The Open University, UK
ABSTRACT
Mathematical methods are important for research in many aspects of acoustics. Currently, fundamental mathematical methodologies taught at undergraduate level are often advanced through independent learning by individual researchers. They develop their mathematical skills as appropriate rather than being made aware of the potential of advanced mathematical tools at the onset of their research career. Furthermore, most researchers in acoustics do not have access to master level courses to broaden their postgraduate study. Attempts to remedy this in the UK were made through summer schools held in 2003, 2005 and 2007 at Southampton and Salford Universities in the UK. The content and timetable planning, recruitment and student feedback from these Schools are reported together with general conclusions about their performance.
Full Paper
The delivery of noise and vibration study material and real life practice
Groothoff, Beno
Environmental Directions, Brisbane, Australia
ABSTRACT
Presenting workshops, lectures and seminars on noise and vibration over the last 20 years has given the author an insight into the effectiveness of the �taking on board and putting into practice' of the material studied by the participants. It has also demonstrated the need for constantly updating the study material to keep the presented material relevant and meaningful for the changing audiences. The inclusion of case studies enhances students' involvement and problem solving skills. The advancement of computer technology has made it possible to make the presentations more realistic by incorporating case studies by using audio and video of noise and its effects into power point presentations to which students and other participants can relate. Despite these advancements in study material delivery, in real life basic mistakes, which should not happen, are being observed regularly when it comes to noise assessment. This is particularly true with the use of noise dose meters and, to a lesser extent, the use of sound level meters. Basic mistakes include for noise dose meters the setting-up, attachment and removal of the instrument and for sound level meters not recording where the measurement was made and not obtaining additional information e.g. about the activities and exposure duration.
Full Paper
Problem based learning in acoustics at Aalborg University
Hammershøi, Dorte , Ordoñez, Rodrigo , Christensen, Flemming , Nielsen, Sofus Birkedal
Acoustics, Aalborg University, Denmark
ABSTRACT
The master program in Acoustics (M. Sc.) from Aalborg University is taught at the Department of Electronic system. The M. Sc. program consists of three semesters with course units and problem based project work organized in groups, and a final semester for a master thesis. During the first three semesters, the learning objectives are distributed between courses with independent examination, and a semester project. Each semester has a theme the projects must comply with. Either supervisors, students or industry propose the problem that become the basis for the project work. Under supervision, the students narrow down the problem, address possible solutions, and typically implement one or more of the options for further evaluation. The courses supplement the project work by adding specific and general knowledge of the subject areas of each semester. The courses either have direct application in the project work, or are defining for the candidate’s professional profile. This presentation gives an overview of Problem Based Learning organized in groups in the M. Sc. in Acoustics program of Aalborg University. Examples of projects and course activities are presented to illustrate the relation and interaction between course and project work.
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A viscoelastic figure model of tongue for understanding speech articulation
Hirayama, Makoto J.
Kanazawa Institute of Technology, Ishikawa, Japan
ABSTRACT
Speech is a physiological signal which is generated by muscular motions of lung, vocal cords, larynx, jaw, tongue, and lips. Coordinated articulatory movements of these organs are so complex that they are difficult to be understood by either students or professionals. Especially for tongue, anatomical structures and functions are well studied but speech articulatory movements can be said that they are still under investigations.
To help understanding tongue shape and motions, I made a figure model of tongue using viscoelastic material of urethane rubber gel in the following procedure. At first, a cast of tongue is formed by baking clay which is hardened by heating. The shape of tongue is decided with multiple references of anatomy books, MRI images, educational models, and our real tongues. Next, I made a mold with silicon. Then, I molded and duplicated the figure model with urethane rubber gel. The model includes internal and external tongue muscles, although the current version is made as a whole shape model of tongue body consisting of combined muscles.
Compared to the current materials used in speech science education, such as drawings, pictures, videos, or human body models, the proposed tongue figure model is useful for understanding three dimensional tongue shape and internal and external tongue muscles' positions and motions, too. Because students can hold and touch the realistic tongue model and make it move and deform by pushing and pulling this viscoelastic tongue body. Pictures and explanatory texts do not make sense but the proposed model can help for students to understand anatomical structures and functions of speech articulation intuitively. From questionnaires from students in a speech science seminar, it is founded that the proposed model is an effective tool for understanding speech articulation. It can be applied not only to teach speech science, but also to elucidate speech articulation by scientists and engineers, and also to develop a tongue actuator for speaking robots.
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Case study of curriculum development for technical listening training for employees of an acoustic related company
Kawahara, Kazuhiko (1) , Ito, Toshihiro (2) , Kobayashi, Tetsu (3) , Iwamiya, Shin-ichiro (1) , Takada, Masayuki (1)
(1) Faculty of Design, Kyushu University, Japan (2) Yamaha Corporation, Japan (3) Yamaha Business Support Corporation, Japan
ABSTRACT
This is a case study of curriculum development for technical listening training. Technical listening training is a systematic education program designed to allow prospective acoustic engineers and sound designers to enhance their auditory sensitivity. Authors established a training strategy in an acoustics related company; Yamaha Corporation. We re-organized existing, and developed new, curricula for a training suite for company employees. Discrimination, level difference identification and frequency identification training were classified as 'beginners training'. Identification of reverberation time and some application specific training were classified for 'expert training'. The company successfully conducted 9 days of training for freshman engineers. Trainee learning curves showed auditory sensitivity was improved.
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EAA Summer Schools
Maffei, L. (1) , Vorländer, Michael (2) , Svensson, P. (3) , Jambrosic, K. (4)
(1) 2nd University of Naples, Italy (2) RWTH Aachen University, Germany (3) NTNU Trondheim, Norway (4) University of Zagreb, Croatia
ABSTRACT
EAA Summer Schools are an integral part of the Young Acousticians Programme in the European Acoustics Association. They consist of various courses on advanced level, taught by internationally recognized and distinguished experts in Acoustics, and they are integrated into a European regional conference. Furthermore, structured sessions of the conference are related to the summer school courses, thus connecting basic lectures to keynotes and other invited papers on advanced topics. Those sessions are co-chaired one experienced expert and one young acoustician, typically a doctoral student. The first EAA Summer School will be held in Ljubljana, Slovenia, with short courses on Soundscapes, Voice and Musical Acoustics, Building Acoustics, Hydroacoustics, Numerical Methods, Psychoacoustics and Ultrasound. In the presentation we will illustrate the background and the motivation of this initiative. Content, organization and future plans of integration in the European higher education in acoustics will be discussed.
Full Paper
Integral curriculum on noise control in Spain: a cooperative task
Romeu, J. , Genesca, M. , Pamies, T.
Acoustical and Mechanical Engineering Laboratory (LEAM), Technical University of Catalonia, Spain
ABSTRACT
Since the European Directive on Environmental Noise 2002/49 came into effect requiring strategic agglomeration and infrastructure noise maps to be made, the demand on environmental acoustics knowledge has been boosted in Spain. Currently several groups and companies are available to carry out noise surveys and pointing out the noise causes in different streets or areas of a city. However, a second stage is starting now: once the noise causes are identified, control noise techniques needs to be applied. This fact is supported in the Spanish adaptation of this regulation known as Ley del Ruido (2003) that states that noise control techniques should be applied to minimize the acoustic emission of municipal work activities, municipal devices, infrastructures, road workThis means that a demand on noise control knowledge is arising. This knowledge is scarcely provided in the bachelor degrees currently available in Spain, but there are some master degrees focussed in acoustics. However, it is difficult to find an institution that can cover all the topics needed for a complete Acoustics curriculum. This work analyses the feasibility of creating an integral curriculum in noise control involving different Spanish research groups in order to take benefit of the expertise of each one to cover the legal and industrial needs of Acoustics knowledge. In that way, the teaching effort would be optimized and the appropriate facilities would be available, however funds would be necessary for the mobility of teachers and students.
Full Paper
Distance learning program for professional career in acoustics
Stead, Matthew (1) , Burgess, Marion (2)
(1) AECOM, Adelaide, SA, Australia (2) Acoustics and Vibration Unit, UNSW@ADFA, Canberra, Australia
ABSTRACT
Acoustical consulting companies frequently face the need to employ staff but find that, while there may be very good applicants with engineering and science backgrounds there are few that have any experience in acoustics. Larger consultancies can provide 'in-house' training but this is a strain on resources and smaller consultancies do not have this capacity. Any course available via the formal university system may not be available at a suitable time or location. A flexible distance learning program of study, based on the UK Institute of Acoustics Diploma, has been developed as a short course and managed via the university. A key feature of this program is that there is no need for the registrants to attend any central location at any time during the program. The early experiences with implementing the program have been influenced by the continued interest and support from the senior, experienced acoustical consultants. In this paper we will discuss the structure and experiences in the implementation of this fully flexible distance learning program.
Full Paper
Identification, classification and acquisition of sounds for spatial orientation and mobility training of blind and visually impaired persons
Tomaszewski, Franciszek (1) , Czechyra, Bartosz (1) , Skrodzka, Ewa (2)
(1) Institute of Combustion Engines and Transportation, Division of Rail Vehicles, Poznan University of Technology, Poznan, Poland (2) Institute of Acoustics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
ABSTRACT
Teaching and training of spatial orientation and mobility (SOM) is an important element of their education. Despite progress in supporting equipment technology and study on spatial orientation, blind people use still old, not always effective methods. Therefore, a method of SOM training based on environmental sounds may be a huge step in "opening" a surrounding world for them. The method will be a supplement, not a substitution, of a popular orientation method based on a white cane. A basic tool for the method is �a library of sound events and vibrations'. In the library both vibration and acoustic signals, which may be helpful or disturbing for SOM are collected as well as specific sounds of places and objects, which are often visited by persons with disabilities of sight. In the first step an identification of necessary signals was done, i.e. a questionnaire about various aspects of signals helping/disturbing spatial orientation was administered to blind and visually impaired. In the next step potential signals for recording were classified according to estimated level of teaching. Next, signals were recorded using artificial head or in-the-ear microphones at the attitude of 1.6 m and 0.9 m. A survey of collected signals and their classification will be presented.
Full Paper
Workshop on advanced room acoustic prediction modelling
Wenmaekers, R. H. C. (1) , van Hout, N. H. A. M. (1) , van Luxemburg, L. C. J. (1) , Rindel, J. H. (2)
(1) Level Acoustics, Eindhoven, The Netherlands (2) Odeon, Lyngby, Denmark
ABSTRACT
The use of acoustic 3D modelling software has become increasingly popular among acousticians. Some software developers offer introduction courses for starting users. However, there is a need for more advanced courses for experienced modellers. Such a course should not only consist of lectures with the scientific background of the model, but should also give room for sharing practical experience so one can learn from one another. In this context a master class on room acoustic prediction modelling has taken place in January 2010. A significant part of this master class consisted of a modelling workshop. By working on an assignment in small groups participants were stimulated to discuss ideas and exchange knowledge.
The workshop was divided into four different parts, each part carefully tuned to the theoretical lectures in between. The workshop assignment was to compare predicted room acoustical parameters with measurement results concerning reverberation and speech intelligibility in an open plan office. Also an auralisation had to be made using multiple sound sources. The open plan office of the Laboratorium voor Akoestiek of Eindhoven University of Technology where the workshop took place served as an interesting modelling object. This room was interesting for educational reasons, since the participants were inside the room, as well as for acoustical reasons, because it consists of two coupled volumes, many details like furniture and a wide range of different materials.
In this paper the assignment will be elucidated and the results will be presented. The response of the participants and the experience of the master showed that a workshop is an indispensible part of master classes in the field of room acoustics.
Full Paper
Acoustic education: Experiments for off-campus teaching and learning
Wild, Graham , Swan, Geoff
School of Engineering, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
ABSTRACT
In undergraduate Physics and Engineering courses on acoustics, experiments typically involve the use of a Digital Storage Oscilloscope (DSO) and a Function Generator (FG). These relatively expensive and bulky pieces of bench top equipment make it prohibitive for external, distance, or off-campus students to be involved in experimental work, without attending a residential school. However, there is a growing demand, particularly from the Engineering sector, for courses to be more available remotely. To that end, Edith Cowan University is investigating the possibility of remote laboratory programs, which can be completed by off-campus students to ensure their Applied Physics or Engineering knowledge, is balanced by experimental experience. In this work, we show the implementation of a computer based DSO and FG, using the computers sound card. Here the PCs microphone jack is used as the DSO input, and the speaker jack is used as the FG output. In an effort to reduce the cost of implementing the experiment, we examine software available for free online. A small number of applications were compared in terms of their interface and func-tionality, for both the DSO and FG. The software system was then used to conduct a number of acoustics experiments relevant to undergraduate Physics and Engineering. These experiments include, the Physics of Music, Standing Waves in Pipes, and the Properties of Sound Waves. There are two primary benefits to the computer based system developed. The first is in terms of the enhancement to learning by students at the undergraduate level, where the knowledge learnt by off-campus students can be significantly improved with the use of practical experimental work. Secondly, remote experiments could provide additional components of laboratory work for students in on-campus subjects where resource issues are making traditional and comprehensive supervised laboratory programs hard to maintain.
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Left-handed elastic shear and longitudinal elastic waves in 2D phononic crystals made of a solid matrix
Croënne, Charles (1,3) , Hladky-Hennion, Anne-Christine (1,3) , Vasseur, Jérôme (1,3) , Bavencoffe, Maxime (1,2,3) , Tinel, Alain (2,3) , Morvan, Bruno (2,3) , Dubus, Bertrand (1,3)
(1) IEMN dpt ISEN, UMR CNRS 8520, Lille, France (2) LOMC, FRE CNRS 3102, Le Havre, France (3) FANO, FR CNRS 3110, France
ABSTRACT
Waves propagating in left-handed materials have unusual properties such as phase and group velocities of opposite signs and negative refraction index. Periodic lattices have been shown to exhibit such properties both for electromagnetic (photonic crystals) and in-fluid acoustic (phononic crystals) waves. This work addresses the question of the existence of left handed elastic waves in phononic crystals. Two-dimensional phononic crystals made of square lattices of cylindrical cavities or inclusions in a solid matrix are considered. Dispersion curves are computed using plane wave expansion method for real wave vectors in the Brillouin zone and finite element method for complex wavenumbers along a specific propagation direction. From these results, the existence and symmetry of the left-handed propagation mode in the phononic crystal is discussed and its relationship with lattice geometry and constitutive materials is analyzed.
Full Paper
Diffraction of bulk waves on phononic crystals
Herbison, Sarah W. (1) , Declercq, Nico F. (1) , Moiseyenko, Rayisa (1,2) , Laude, Vincent (2)
(1) UMI Georgia Tech, George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Metz-Technopole, France (2) Institut FEMTO-ST, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
ABSTRACT
Phononic crystals have attracted much research interest in the last decade due to their unique properties (band gaps, etc.) and potential applications in acoustic filtering and novel transducer design, among others. Many studies have examined the acoustic wave propagation that occurs inside (infinite) phononic crystals. However, in order for phononic crystals to find application in actual devices, they must be of finite size and the diffraction that may occur on the surface of the crystal becomes important. This work presents the results of experiments performed on a 2D phononic crystal consisting of steel cylinders in a water matrix. The diffraction of bulk waves that occurs on the exterior surface of the crystal will be examined, and the surface of the crystal will be shown to function as an acoustic diffraction grating. In addition, angular scans of the diffracted fields will examine the possibility of surface wave generation along the exterior surface of the crystal. It is expected that these results will contribute to a better understanding of finite-size phononic crystals and aid in the development of devices employing such crystals.
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Composite square and monomial power sweeps for SNR customization in acoustic measurements
Huszty, Csaba (1) , Sakamoto, Shinichi (2)
(1) Graduate School, The University of Tokyo, Japan (2) Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Japan
ABSTRACT
Swept signals for acoustic measurements are widely used nowadays to obtain impulse responses of the system under test. The overall spectrum and the inverse filter that compresses the sweep into an impulse together with the background noise conditions prescribe the result's signal-noise ratio as a function of frequency. This paper proposes a time-domain sweep synthesis method using composite square and monomial power function modulated sine sweeps that can customize the resulting SNR-frequency function. Theoretical and practical aspects as well as measurement results are presented.
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Research on acoustic source positioning method for boiler tube leakage
Jiang, Genshan (1) , Wang, Lin (1) , Tian, Jing (2) , Pan, Jie (3)
(1) North China Electric Power University, P.R.China (2) State Key Laboratory of Acoustics, Academia Sinica, (3) University of Western Australia, WA, Australia
ABSTRACT
In this paper, by considering the shortcomings of the current boiler pipeline leak monitoring system, a method to perfect the features of location function in the system by using multi-microphones array passive source localization techniques is presented. A model of 660MW boiler is taken for example to simulate the location results for different positions of the leak source location in the furnace of the boiler's body. Additionally, there have been given out the analysis of the effect factors, which included the effect of sound wave propagation through a combustion temperature-field inside a boiler and the reverberation factors caused by the close feature of the boiler, and then the location results of leakages source have been amended from the original results accordingly. And the conclusion is that the combustion temperature gradient field would impact more apparently on the location results of the leakage. Works in this paper may provide some reference for ideas to scolars who studied aspect to this topic.
Full Paper
Wave propagation interaction in anisotropic piezoelectric porous layer loaded with fluid
Khurana, Poonam , Lauriks, Walter
Laboratorium voor Akoestiek en Thermische Fysica, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
ABSTRACT
Piezoelectric materials have been acting as very important functional components in sonar projectors, fluid monitors, pulse generators and surface acoustic wave devices. Moreover, piezoelectric materials have been integrated with the structural systems to form a class of smart structures and embedded as layers or fibers into multifunctional composites. Much of the interest in the subject of electro-acoustic waves is directed towards the applications in the areas of signal processing, transduction and frequency control, where transmission and reflection of acoustic energy at surfaces play an important role. In this article, the wave propagation in porous piezoelectric materials is studied. First, Christoffel equation for plane harmonic waves propagating in porous piezoelectric materials is derived. Solutions for the Christoffel equation are obtained and then those are used to study the reflection-transmission phenomenon in anisotropic piezoelectric layer which is loaded with fluid on both sides. The study finds its applications in various fields such as medical ultrasonic imaging devices, underwater sonar detectors, oil reservoir monitoring.
Cylindrical harmonic expansion of the sound field due to a rotating line source
Poletti, Mark A.
Industrial Research Limited, Wellington, New Zealand
ABSTRACT
The motion of an acoustic source relative to some fixed frame produces a Doppler shifting of the source frequency at a fixed point relative to that frame. For linear motion of the source greater than the speed of sound, the radiated sound forms a shock wave whose angle relative to the direction of motion varies with source speed. Some applications in acoustics involve a sound source rotating around a fixed point in space. For example, in surround sound systems, it may be desirable to generate the sound due to a sound source which moves around the listener. As another example, the Leslie speaker is a rotating loudspeaker system designed to produce amplitude and frequency modulation effects. In aeroacoustics, the noise produced by rotating propellers or rotors is of interest and the linear wave equation solution for a rotating source has some relevance. The description of rotating sources also has applicability in other disciplines such as electromagnetism and astronomy.
This paper develops a cylindrical harmonic expansion for the sound field produced by a rotating line source. The expansion has a simple form and reverts to the standard expression for a fixed line source when the rotation speed is zero. For rotational speeds where the source is supersonic, the sound field produced by the expansion produces features similar to those demonstrated for rotating supersonic point sources, such as a Mach cone emanating from the source position, a spiral cylinder within which the field produces a spiralling pattern, and an inner cusp where the circular wavefronts converge. The expansion is implemented in matlab using a truncated form of the expansion, and examples of sound fields are given for both subsonic and supersonic cases.
Full Paper
The physics of wedge diffraction: high-frequency approximate solution in the vicinity of shadow boundary
Ueda, Mitsuhiro
Predio Meguro Science Laboratory, Tokyo, Japan
ABSTRACT
We have proposed a new physical principle that is called virtual discontinuity principle of diffraction for analyzing waves diffracted by perfectly reflecting objects and formulated a model for calculating diffracted waves by a sum of two elementary diffracted waves. The model is applied to waves diffracted by a wedge and high-frequency approximate solution for diffracted waves is deducted from the model that is exactly the same as the one that has been already derived from the rigorous solution of waves diffracted by the wedge. It is rare to find the relation derived from the rigorous solution in the relations deducted from the model formulated by a top-down physical principle. Thus the principle is validated fairly by this result. The above approximate solution, however, does not work in the vicinity of shadow boundary. The role of diffracted waves lies in the compensation of discontinuity caused by the geometrical optics solution, that is, discontinuity at shadow boundary. Thus the above agreement may not be enough to validate the principle firmly.
In this presentation high-frequency approximate solution that works in the vicinity of shadow boundary is deducted from the model, whereas it is not succeeded in deriving this relation from the rigorous solution since shadow boundary in diffracted waves occurs at two angles and the angle for shadow boundary changes complicatedly as a function of wedge and source angles. On the other hand shadow boundary in elementary diffracted waves occurs at one angle and its angle equals to the source angle. This outstanding simplification enabled by the new principle makes it possible to deduct the high-frequency approximate solution near shadow boundary from the model and it is combined with the conventional one so that the high-frequency solution can be applied at any angle of observation. The accuracy of the approximate solution is examined by comparing it with the rigorous solution and that of the new approximate solution in the vicinity of shadow boundary is almost the same as that of the conventional one at far outside of shadow boundary. This would validate the new principle further since it should make the analysis remarkably simple. Lastly the implication of the new principle is discussed shortly.
Full Paper
Acoustic versus ultrasonic breast imaging
Alizad, Azra , Whaley, Dana H. , Urban, Matthew W. , Kinnick, Randall R. , Greenleaf, James F. , Fatemi, Mostafa
Mayo clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
ABSTRACT
Vibro-acoustography (VA) is an emerging imaging technology. In this method, radiation force of ultrasound is used to vibrate tissue at low (kHz) frequencies. The resulting vibration produces an acoustic field that is detected by a sensitive hydrophone. VA can provide detail information at high resolution that is not available from conventional B-mode ultrasound (US) imaging. Here, we compare VA and US in breast imaging. An experimental VA system was used to image breasts of patients with known lesions of various kinds. Results were compared to US. Image quality was assessed based on contrast, resolution, lesion boundaries, and artifacts. VA images displayed breast cysts with well-defined borders. Fibroadenomas were seen with identifiable texture, and in some cases, with enhanced boundaries. Post-lumpectomy scars were displayed with characteristic structure. Some malignant masses were seen with identifiable spiculations. Compared to US, VA images were speckle free, had high contrast and high signal to noise ratio. Microcalcifications were particularly visible with VA. The combination of features offered by VA, such as lack of image speckle, enhanced lesion boundaries, and sensitivity to microcalcifications, are important advantages of VA over US for breast imaging. It is concluded that VA may become a choice modality for breast imaging.
Full Paper
Droplet motion and deformation induced by acoustic streaming and radiation pressure
Brunet, Philippe , Baudoin, Michael , Bou-Matar, Olivier , Zoueshtiagh, Farzam
Institut d'Electronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologies (IEMN), Université Lille 1 and UMR CNRS 8520, Avenue Poincaré, 59652 Villeneuve d'Ascq cedex, France
ABSTRACT
Acoustic waves generated at the surface of a solid substrate can induce deformation, motion and even atomization of partially wetting droplets. The characteristic time scales associated with the droplets response strongly differ from the acoustic period, suggesting the existence of nonlinear coupling between acoustic waves and droplets dynamics. If different behaviors have been observed in different experimental conditions (droplet size, acoustic wave frequency, wetting properties of the liquid), the underlying physics remains unclear. To understand it, a parametric experimental study [P. Brunet et al., Phys. Rev. E, 81, 036315 (2010)] has been performed at a ï¬xed frequency of 20 MHz, by varying the droplet size, the liquid viscosity and the acoustic wave intensity. In these experiments, the free surface of the droplet is modiï¬ed in three different way: ï¬rst a breaking of its symmetry, second global oscillations of the droplet and ï¬nally small amplitude and higher frequency "trembling modes". To explain all these deformations, two classical nonlinear acoustic driving can ve invoked: ï¬rst the radiation pressure and second the acoustic streaming. The relative importance of these nonlinear phenomena strongly depends on the frequency considered. At 20 MHz, the acoustic wave is multiply reï¬ected into the droplet and therefore the acoustic radiation pressure plays an important role. At higher frequencies, the acoustic wave hardly reaches the surface and the radiation pressure plays no role. With our experiments, we show that while both acoustic streaming and radiation pressure can induce the asymmetry of the droplet, global oscillations only appear when acoustic radiation is significant. We therefore exhibit for the ï¬rst time the role played by the acoustic radiation pressure on droplets dynamics in a certain frequency range. The comprehension of these phenomena is of fundamental to minimize the energy required to handle droplet in view of harmless manipulation of biofluids.
Full Paper
Beyond the geometrical focus in focused acoustic beams
Camarena, Francisco (1) , Makov, Yuri N. (2) , Sánchez-Morcillo, Victor (1) , Adrián, Silvia (1) , Jiménez, Noé (1) , Redondo, Javier (1)
(1) Institut per a la Gestió Integrada de les Zones Costaneres, Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain (2) Department of Acoustics, Faculty of Physics, Moscow State University, Russia
ABSTRACT
The study of the acoustic field characteristics generated by focusing sources, both in linear and nonlinear regime, is an active field of research as they are relevant in most of the ultrasonic applications in medicine and industry. Particularly, the linear shift phenomenon (the distance between the geometrical focus of the focused source and the on-axis maximum pressure position in linear regime, real focus) was explained by Lucas and Muir in 1982 and corrected by Makov et al. in 2006 based on the parabolic approximation to the ordinary wave equation. Also, the nonlinear shift phenomenon (the movement of the pressure and intensity maxima position along the axis of focused acoustic beams under increasing driving voltages) has been related and interpreted in previous works. But, although the nonlinear shift has been observed and explained in previous studies, till the moment it has not been published a specific experiment with the objective to study, experimentally and numerically, the focal region of medium and high Fresnel number transducers, and the magnitude of the this shift. It is important to cover this region of focusing as the majority of the medical devices are there. In this work we evaluate the nonlinear shift of an ultrasonic beam with medium Fresnel number (NF = 6), both in pressure and intensity, as well as we demonstrate that the nonlinear shift is able to move the on axis maximum pressure location beyond the geometrical focus.
Full Paper
Nonlinear resonant ultrasound spectroscopy and acoustic slow dynamics for micro-damage characterization, correlation to acoustic emission : new trends for heterogeneous materials Non Destructive Testing (NDT) and Structural Health Monitoring (SHM)
El Guerjouma, Rachid , Bentahar, Mourad
LAUM (Laboratoire d'Acoustique de l'Université du Maine), Université du Maineand CNRS, Le Mans, France
ABSTRACT
The characterization of damage in structural heterogeneous materials as concrete, rocks, or composites by classical linear acoustical methods, based on the measurement of ultrasonic wave velocities and/or attenuation, does not generally give the expected sensitivity to early damage detection. As such, acoustical Nonlinear methods appear like an interesting alternative. Nonlinear effects can be observed through the distortion of an ultrasonic sine wave when propagating in a medium. In that case, higher harmonics are created and classical nonlinearity predicts that the resonance frequency of the fundamental resonance mode (Young's mode) changes. In this contribution we present a NonLinear Resonance Spectroscopy (NLRS) approach and use some NLRS features as Resonance frequency shift and Q-factor change as a function of the peak amplitude to characterize damage in concrete and polymer-based composite. Materials are characterized at intact and gradually damaged states. Besides, damage was monitored using the Acoustic Emission (AE) generated by the material during the damage process. A classification of the AE signals is proposed to identify the different damage mechanisms and to understand their contribution to the evolution of the NonLinear behaviour of the materials under investigation. Furthermore, another NonLinear phenomenon we investigated in relation with damage is Acoustical Slow Dynamics (ASD) which correspond to the response of the material when an external high drive harmonic acoustic stressing applied to the material is removed. In the case of hysteretic materials the initial properties are not recovered instantaneously but take a given time, which depends on the perturbation level as well as the materials integrity. In this contribution we report observations of ASD behaviour corresponding to a polymer-based composite sample taken at the intact as well as progressively damaged states. ASD measurements are correlated to Acoustic Emission data recorded during the different damage steps. With the help of a proposed classification procedure of AE hits, damage mechanisms are identified and then correlated to the global material ASD relaxation. Original relaxation features are then identified for every damage mechanism. More particularly, relaxation time and frequency shift have been found to be very sensitive to damage creation and development for polymer-based composite and concrete. This work shows the relevance of this approach in developing new highly sensitive methods for Non Destructive Testing (NDT) and Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) purpose.
Diagnostics of elastic properties of polymerizing polyacrylamide
Korobov, A. I. , Filippova, O. E. , Kokshaisky, A. I.
Faculty Of Physics, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
ABSTRACT
Experimental results for the behavior of both linear and nonlinear elastic properties of polyacrylamide polymerization process are shown. Polymerization process has several stages: initiation - first appearance of active polymerization spots, chain growth - consequent joining of monomer molecules to active spots, chain joining - attachment of double monomers to chains. During the 80 minute polymerization process the initial liquid solution is transformed into gel with the different internal structure. For the diagnostics of elastic properties of initial solution during the polymerization process the automated ultrasound device employing impulse method of measurement has been used. Amplitudes of longitudinal acoustical wave at f=5MHZ and its second harmonic at f=10MHz has been measured simultaneously as well as the change of wave velocity dependence on time passed since the start of polymerization. Measurements of the amplitude at excitation frequency as a function of time allowed to calculate the change of absorption. The measurements of wave amplitudes at excitation frequency and at its second harmonic provided the change in nonlinear acoustical parameter which characterizes the non harmonic nature of molecular interaction in polymers. Density of the material and longitudinal velocity of acoustical wave closely resemble that of water and respectively equals to 1003 kg/m3 and 1500 m/sec. The increase in velocity at the beginning of polymerization due to the presence of air bubbles in the initial solution has been observed. That was followed by slow monotonous decrease of velocity as a function of time by approximately 1% of initial value. Changes in absorption and nonlinear acoustical parameter are in fact irregular and have features similar in both parameters at a given time which is believed to be due to ongoing change in the internal structure of the initial material during the polymerization process. That anomalous behavior is observed at 15-60 minute window after the start of polymerization. It is important to note that nonlinear acoustical parameter appeared to be the most sensitive to the processes occurring during polymerization as its value has changed for over 15%. The experimental results are being discussed.
Nonlinear elastic properties of solids with defects
Korobov, A. I. , Rudenko, O. V. , Izossimova, M. Y.
Department Of Acoustics, Faculty Of Physics, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
ABSTRACT
One of the interesting and perspective trends if modern acoustics is research of nonlinear processes caused with presence of mesoscale inhomogenuities and material defect structure. Presence of mesoscale inhomogenuities in solids leads to appearance of some new physical properties not presented in homogeneous solids. The example for that are such quantum phenomena as negative magnetoresistance, quantum galvanomagnetic effect, etc. The experiments conducted by number of authors have shown the defects of supramolecular structure of solids give rise to the so-called structure nonlinearity, which has local behavior and may exceed the physical nonlinearities due two lattice anharmonicity by two or three orders of magnitude. However, there still is no universally accepted definition of the quantitative characteristics of structure nonlinearity, such as, e.g., the nonlinear acoustic parameter is for traveling waves. Numerous experiments only reveal the tendency and allow no quantitative comparison of the results. We have analyzed elastic nonlinearity of solids with micro- and nanosacale defects and characteristics features of its manifestations. The meaning of the experimentally measured nonlinear parameters of a medium is discussed. The difference in meaning between the local nonlinearity, which is measured in the vicinity of a single defect and depends on the size of the region of averaging, and the effective volume nonlinearity of the medium containing numerous defects is emphasized. The local nonlinearity arising at the tip of a crack is calculated; this nonlinearity decreases with an increase in the region of second harmonic generation. The volume nonlinearity is calculated for a solid containing spherical cavities. The volume nonlinearity is also calculated for a medium containing infinitely thin cracks in the form of circular disks, which assume the shape of ellipsoids in the course of the crack opening. It has been shown that in the presence of an ensemble of disk shaped cracks (the disks are parallel to each other), contrary to the case with cavities, the amplification of nonlinearity does not depend on Poisson's ratio and linear elastic moduli of the medium. Hence, the estimations have shown the increase in nonlinearity in the presence of cracks can be greater than the nonlinearity increase in the presence of spherical cavities.
Full Paper
Longitudinal magnetoelastic Riemann wave in a rod
Malkhanov, Alexey , Erofeyev, Vladimir I.
Nizhny Novgorod Branch of Mechanical Engineering Research Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
ABSTRACT
The propagation of longitudinal magnetoelastic waves in a rod is under our consideration.
Magnetoelasticity is a scientific branch which arose on the junction of mechanics of deformable bodies, electrodynamics and acoustics. It studies dynamic processes arising during interaction between electromagnetic and deformational fields.
The nonlinear Bernoulli's model of a rod has been used for describing longitudinal oscillations. The rod assumed an ideal conductor. For the research we've got the evolutionary equation from the system of equations of magneto-elasticity. For that we entered a small parameter into the system. The obtained evolutionary equation represents Riemann equation with regard to axial deformation.
Profile of the Riemann wave is corrupting along with propagation because different wave's pieces have different velocity. That is why at a certain moment of time the wave turns over. Under this model the time when the wave turns over depends on the value of the external magnetic field.
The profile of the wave has been taken as a sine at initial moment of time. The moment of the wave's inversion grows with increasing of the value of the external magnetic field. Thereby external magnetic field stabilizes the Riemann wave increasing the time of its inversion.
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3D numerical modeling of nonlinear continuous wave ultrasound beam propagation in homogeneous dissipative media
Mashouf, Shahram , Tavakkoli, Jahan
Dept. of Physics, Ryerson University, Toronto, Canada
ABSTRACT
In this work, a new 3D numerical model to simulate nonlinear propagation of continuous wave ultrasound beams in homogeneous dissipative media is presented. The model implements a second-order operator splitting method in which the effects of diffraction, nonlinearity and attenuation are propagated in sequence over incremental steps. It makes use of an arbitrary 3D source geometry definition and a non axi-symmetric propagation scheme, which leads to a full 3D solution to the resulting nonlinear field. The diffraction sub-step is accomplished by making use of an angular spectrum approach coupled with an enhanced formula to calculate the acoustic pressure in non-planar fields without using the standard linear relationship between pressure and particle velocity. Comparisons with other numerical models (both linear and nonlinear) as well as experimental data show good agreements. The proposed model is a particularly useful tool in carrying out accurate and efficient simulations of high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) beams in tissue where the effects of nonlinearity, diffraction, and attenuation are significant.
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Time-resolved Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) of the flow in an acoustic standing wave tube
Mongeau, Luc , Rafat, Yasser
Department of Mechanical Engineering, McGill University, Quebec, Canada
ABSTRACT
The flow field in an acoustic standing wave tube was measured using time-resolved particle image velocimetry (PIV). Verifications were made through comparisons between measured and predicted acoustic particle velocities in the spa-tial domain and the time domain. The accuracy of the time-resolved PIV system was satisfactory, at least for the peri-odic flow velocity component. The steady streaming flow field was then obtained through synchronous data acquisi-tion. The streaming flow featured recirculation patterns which were different from classical Rayleigh or Schilchting streaming patterns. One possible reason is that the streaming Reynolds number was too low for classical streaming to occur.
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Evaluation of stress corrosion cracks in metals by linear and nonlinear ultrasound
Shintaku, Yohei , Ohara, Yoshikazu , Hashimoto, Makoto , Horinouchi, Satoshi , Yamanaka, Kazushi
Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
ABSTRACT
In atomic power plant, stress corrosion cracks (SCCs) have been observed in even metals with high corrosion resistance. Although it is needed to evaluate crack depths with high accuracy, there is a concern that cracks were overlooked or underestimated by Non-Destructive Testing. One of the reasons is that SCCs formed in the water at high temperature and high pressure were closed by oxide films. To solve this problem, we focused on subharmonic waves1) generated by the interaction of large-amplitude ultrasound with closed cracks and developed a novel imaging method SPACE (Subharmonic Phased Array for Crack Evaluation). SPACE can image open and closed parts of cracks as a fundamental image (FA) and subharmonic image (SA), respectively. In early studies, we demonstrated the performance such as in SCC in SUS304 base material, but the comparison between different SCCs had not been made yet.
In this study, we evaluated the open-close behavior and crack depths of SCCs formed in different conditions by coherent measurement using SPACE and linear phased array (PA). the objects were (A): SCC introduced from a notch in Inconel600 weld metal in Tetrathionate (B): SCC obliquely extended from a fatigue crack tip in SUS304 base metal in MgCl2. As a result, in (A) we could image similar crack tips in PA and FA, but we could not image cracks in SA. Therefore, the crack tips of (A) were estimated to be open and then it is confirmed by destructive testing. On the other hand, in (B) we could imaged crack tips of equal depth in PA and FA, in addition, we sometimes imaged deeper cracks in SA than in FA. Therefore, some crack tips of (B) were estimated to be closed. It is interesting to note that SCC (A) and (B) were both introduced by accelerated test in chemical solutions, though one was opened and another was partly closed. The specimens are base material and weld meal, thus each metallographic structures differed greatly. However, there have been no report on the difference of closure state between SCC(A) and (B) caused by the difference between metallographic structures. Therefore, it would necessary to consider the difference of stress state at the points of introduction of SCCs. For this purpose it is useful to evaluate various SCCs in the same material by SPACE and to compare and discuss the crack closure behavior in detail.
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Classical and non-classical nonlinear acoustic effects discerned by airborne ultrasound
Solodov, Igor , Döring, Daniel , Busse, Gerd
Department for Non-Destructive Testing, Institute for Polymer Technology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
ABSTRACT
Nonlinear effects in air, which are regarded as fundamentals of classical nonlinear acoustics, were experimentally investigated solely in a sonic frequency range. The present study extends the results into the ultrasonic frequency range of hundreds kHz. An acousto-optic technique of air-coupled vibrometry (ACV) has been adapted for imaging and non-invasive quantitative probing of nonlinear airborne ultrasound. At fundamental frequency of 200 kHz, the Mach number is shown to rise up to M>0.001 even for ultrasonic beams used in commercial equipment that makes the high frequency airborne ultrasound strongly nonlinear. The experiments confirm that such beams are affected by nonlinear attenuation and intense second harmonic generation. The experimental results comply well with theoretical estimations which account for interplay between acoustic dissipation and nonlinearity.
In non-perfect solid materials, the acoustic nonlinearity develops quite differently from classical lattice nonlinearity due to strongly nonlinear vibrations in the flaw areas. In this study, such non-classical local nonlinearity is shown to be accompanied by the radiation of high-frequency airborne ultrasound (Nonlinear Air-Coupled Emission (NACE). A direct visualization of the NACE in the form of higher-order harmonics and sub-harmonics from damaged areas in solid materials and components by using the ACV is reported. The ACV also quantifies the nonlinear airborne radiation produced by non-classical nonlinearity of planar defects. The imaging technique is effective in defect characterization by identifying their far-field NACE patterns since the directivity of the radiated field is a spatial Fourier transform of the vibration velocity distribution in the source (defect) area. An efficient radiation of airborne higher harmonics enables to apply conventional air-coupled transducers for detecting NACE which is used as a nonlinear "tag" to locate and image the defects.
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Resonant amplification of evanescent acoustic waves by a slab of 2D magnetic acoustic metamaterials
Sukhorukova, O. S. (1) , Tarasenko, S. V. (1) , Laptyeva, T. V. (1) , Shavrov, V. G. (2) , Yurchenko, V. M. (1)
(1) Donetsk A.A. Galkin Institute of Physics & Engineering of NASU, Ukraine (2) V.A. Kotelnikov Institute of Radioengineering & Electronics of RAS, Moscow, Russia
ABSTRACT
At the present time the search of acoustic analogies of extraordinary electromagnetic properties of metamaterials (such as superlenses, cloaking, negative refraction, double negative medium etc.) is the main direction of the composite medium of modern physical acoustics. However, despite the constantly growing number of publications devoted to this theme, all theoretical and experimental works known until now were associated exclusively with non magnetic acoustic metamaterials.
The aim of this report is the theoretical studying of the possibility of resonance amplification of SH evanescent acoustic wave by means of 2D magnetic acoustic metamaterials slab. As an example of 2D magnetic acoustic material we consider the two-component acoustically continuous structure representing an elastically isotropic nonmagnetic solid matrix in which there is a set of inï¬nite ferro- or antiferrromagnetic rods of circular cross section with a metal covering. In the frame of effective medium approximation the necessary conditions, under which for acoustically continuous structure from2D magnetic acoustic material slab and elastically isotropic nonmagnetic layer the incident shear elastic wave (volume or evanescent) reflection coefficient is equal to zero, is determined. The anomalies found in this work in the propagation of the shear elastic wave through a layered acoustically continuous structure containing a layer of a composite magnetic material represent an acoustic analogue of the effect of ampliï¬cation of photon tunneling by a layer of the uniaxial anisotropic left medium.
Vibro-acoustic behavior of micro-perforated plate to sound absorption performance
Tanaka, Toshimitsu (1) , Kusakari, Tatsuhiro (1) , Tsugihashi, Kazuki (2)
(1) Seikei University, Tokyo, Japan (2) Kobe Steel Ltd., Kobe, Japan
ABSTRACT
As a new sound absorption material, micro-perforated aluminum thin plate has been developed, which is strong for water, oil, or heat. But thin plate is easily vibrated by sound pressure. And the vibration affects the performance of sound absorption. We experimented to make clear the relation between the coefficient of sound absorption and the vibration of micro-perforated plate. Natural frequencies and vibration modes of micro-perforated thin aluminum plate were observed by using the scanning laser Dopper vibrometer, and the sound absorption coefficient of that plate was measured by two microphone method. We found that the sound absorption performance was affected by natural vibration modes and that there was the special mode to decrease sound absorption performance remarkably when the phase of particle velocity of air and vibration velocity of the plate became same. We also found that damping is effective to improve the local depression of the sound absorption coefficient.
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The acoustic source strength of high-energy blast waves: combining measurements and a non-linear model
van der Eerden, Frits, van den Berg, Frank
Acoustics Department, TNO Science and Industry, Delft, The Netherlands
ABSTRACT
In the densely populated area of the Netherlands, the objective of the Netherlands Ministry of Defence is to find an optimal balance between military training and the impact on the surrounding civilian community. A special case concerns large weapons, such as armor, artillery or demolitions, which create high-energy blast waves. These waves have a low frequency content, typically between 15 and 125 Hz, and can propagate over large distances. As a result it is a relative important cause for annoyance. By using a dedicated model for military training facilities, rating sound levels around the facility can be calculated for different training situations and the effect of measures can be determined. This model uses a linear sound propagation and an equivalent linear source strength. The source is measured at a sufficiently large distance, between 100 and 200m, where the sound propagation has become linear. As a consequence the effect of the ground and the meteorology is also measured and one has to correct for these effects. A more efficient approach has been tested, where the measurements are done close to the source, at typically less than 10 meters distance. The linear source strength is then calculated by applying a non-linear propagation model. The result are compared to the conventional measurement method. Another advantage of applying the non-linear model, and the nonlinear source strength, is that the effect of mitigation measures close to the source can be determined.
Full Paper
Aeolian tones generated by a square cylinder with a splitter plate
Ali, Mohamed Sukri Mat (1) , Doolan, Con J. (1) , Wheatley, Vincent (2)
(1) School of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Australia (2) School of Mechanical and Mining Engineering, The University of Queensland, Australia
ABSTRACT
The generation of aeolian tones by the interaction of a low Reynolds number, low Mach numbers flow with a rigid square cylinder attached with a rigid thin flat plate is numerically investigated. When the length of the plate is varied from L = 0.5D to 6D, where D is the side length of the square cylinder, the results can be grouped into three distinct regimes. For the first flow regime (L lesssim D), the aoelian tone levels decreases with increasing of the plate length. For the second regime (2D lesssim L lesssim 4D), the aeolian tone levels are always higher than the single square cylinder case and they increase with increasing of the plate length. For the third regime (5D lesssim L lesssim 6D), the levels of the aeolian tone decrease as the length of the plate is increases but the levels are higher than other regimes. These acoustic results can be explained in terms of fluid mechanics occurring in the near wake of the cylinder.
Full Paper
Design and calibration of a small aeroacoustic beamformer
Arcondoulis, Elias J. G. , Doolan, Con J. , Zander, Anthony C. , Brooks, Laura A.
School of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, SA, Australia
ABSTRACT
The use of aeroacoustic beamforming has increased dramatically in the past decade. The primary driving force behind this has been the need to improve the noise characteristics of aircraft and automotive vehicles, coupled with ever increasing computer processing power. Aeroacoustic beamforming is an experimental technique that uses an array of microphones located in the far field of acoustic noise sources generated by a body in air flow. Each microphone measures an acoustic magnitude and relative phase based on its unique position with respect to the acoustic source(s). Beamforming algorithms process this data, typically to generate spatial noise source plots over a two dimensional grid at each frequency of interest. Much of the available aeroacoustic beamforming literature presents results at relatively high frequencies corresponding to large facilities, scale models, and available budgets, which can potentially set unrealistic goals for the development of a small-scale university research facility. This paper details the design and calibration of a small aeroacoustic beamformer, designed to investigate airfoil trailing edge noise for low to moderate Reynolds number flows. The optimisation of the microphone array, based on spatial, air flow and financial constraints, is presented. The algorithms which were used to calculate the beamformer outputs are described, as well as the array calibration process, including beamforming of various noise sources in an anechoic environment. The array is shown to successfully detect and accurately locate both tonal and broadband noise sources.
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Time-domain simulations for outdoor sound propagation : surface waves and ground effects
Blanc-Benon, Philippe (1) , Dragna, Didier (1) , Poisson, F. (2)
(1) Laboratoire de Mécanique des Fluides et d'Acoustique, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, Ecully, France (2) Société Nationale des Chemins de Fer, Paris, France
ABSTRACT
Outdoor sound propagation involves many complex phenomena such as interactions between the acoustic waves with local wind and temperature fluctuations in the atmospheric boundary layer or terrain effects due to impedance ground and topography. Moreover, in the context of transportation noise, acoustic sources are usually broadband and in motion. Time-domain numerical solutions of the linearized Euler equations (LEE) are well suited to study broadband noise propagation outdoors, since they can take into account the interactions of the acoustic waves with local wind and temperature fluctuations in the atmospheric boundary layer. The motion of the acoustic sources can also be considered with this type of simulations, which can be useful in the context of transportation noise. Finite-difference time-domain methods are thus becoming increasingly popular in the outdoor sound propagation community. One of the main difficulties is to account for the reflection of acoustic waves over an impedance ground. A time-domain boundary condition has been recently proposed and has been implemented in a finite-difference time-domain solver using methods developed for computational aeroacoustics. We will first considered the propagation of an initial pulse over a distance of 100 m in a three-dimensional geometry in a frequency band up to 600 Hz. Surface waves which propagate close to and parallel to impedance grounds are exhibited. The numerical results are compared in time-domain with an analytical solution. The tails of the pressure signals are well predicted by the surface wave. Then a long range configuration in 2D geometry is also investigated in homogeneous conditions and in downward-refracting conditions with an impedance of a grassy ground and of a snow ground. Numerical results are compared in time domain to an analytical solution for homogeneous conditions and to a ray-tracing code for downward-refracting conditions. Near the ground, surfaces waves are the dominant arrivals in the two cases.
Full Paper
Hybrid CFD/BEM approach to predicting flow induced noise
Croaker, Paul (1) , Kinns, Roger (1) , Kessissoglou, Nicole (1) , Norrison, Daniel (2) , Widjaja, Ronny (2) , Marburg, Steffen (3)
(1) School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (2) Maritime Platforms Division, Defence Science and Technology Organisation, Melbourne, Australia (3) Institute of Mechanics, Universität der Bundeswehr München, Neubiberg, Germany
ABSTRACT
A computational approach is proposed to extract the acoustic sources generated by low Mach number flow past a circular cylinder and to predict the associated far-field acoustic pressure. The transient hydrodynamic flow field is calculated using an incompressible computational fluid dynamics (CFD) solver. The acoustic sources are extracted from the hydrodynamic flow field based on the linearised perturbed compressible equations (LPCE). These acoustic sources are combined with a boundary element method (BEM) model of a rigid circular cylinder and the far field sound pressure level is predicted. The results from this hybrid CFD/BEM approach are presented for flow past a circular cylinder with Reynolds number, ReD=100 and Mach number, M=0.15. The directivity of the radiated sound pressure field at the vortex shedding frequency agrees well with results of alternate methods available in the literature.
Full Paper
Statistical estimation of turbulent trailing edge noise
Doolan, Con J. , Gonzalez, C. Albarracin , Hansen, Colin H.
School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Adelaide, SA, Australia
ABSTRACT
The efficient computation of turbulent airfoil trailing edge noise is important for the cost-effective design of fixed and rotary-wing aircraft, wind turbines, fans and submarines. Recently, the computation of trailing edge noise has mainly been attempted using either direct or hybrid methods of computational aeroacoustics (CAA). However, many of these approaches rely on expensive transient flow solution methods for acoustic source term calculation, such as direct numerical simulation (DNS) or large eddy simulation (LES), which aren't appropriate for engineering design purposes. This paper will present a new approach for calculating turbulent trailing edge noise. Instead of using DNS or LES for a flow solution, the method uses mean flow solutions (Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes or RANS) and a statistical model to calculate acoustic source terms and radiated far-field noise. After the method is presented, results showing the noise generated by the passage of turbulent flow past a sharp edged flat plate will be shown. For the purposes of validation, the model will use mean flow data from both DNS and RANS solutions to calculate the acoustic source terms. Simulated noise will then be compared with an empirical model of flat-plate trailing edge noise. The paper will conclude with remarks on the accuracy of the method and a discussion of future test cases required to test its validity in more challenging flow conditions.
Full Paper
Development of low-noise centrifugal fans in a refrigerator
Heo, Seung , Cheong, Cheolung
Pusan National University, Korea
ABSTRACT
In this paper, low-noise centrifugal fans are developed by applying a new design concept which can reduce the airfoil-self noise by inducing phase differences of potential sources on trailing edge lines of fan blades in the span-wise direction. These design concepts are realized by modifying existing linear trailing edge lines of fan blades into the inclined S-shaped trailing edge lines. First, the validity of low-design concepts are confirmed by the experiments carried out with four prototype fans. These results show that noise reductions of approximately 2 to 3.5 dB are achieved for the new fans in comparison with the original fan. These reductions are retained over the range of rotation speed of fans from 1800 rpm to 2400 rpm. The detailed comparison of sound pressure spectrums between the new fans and original fan reveals that these reductions are mainly due to broadband noise reduction but not BPF components. To analyze the detailed mechanisms of noise reduction of newly developed inclined S-shaped fans, further analysis is made by using hybrid computational aeroacoustic techniques where the computational fluid dynamics (CFD), the acoustic analogy, and the boundary method (BEM) are sequentially used. The validity of numerical results is confirmed by comparing the predicted BPF noise components with the measurement. It is found that the turbulence kinetic energy of the fluid, predicted for the inclined S-shaped fans, is less than those for the existing fan. This implies that the main mechanism for the nose reduction of newly developed fans is due to the decreased turbulence energy considered as a qualitative index for the source magnitude of broadband self-noise.
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The effect of grazing-bias flow on the self sustained oscillations in a side branch
Holmberg, Andreas , Karlsson, Mikael
The Marcus Wallenberg Laboratory, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
ABSTRACT
Junctions and cavities are common elements in flow ducts such as automotive intake and exhaust systems, ventilation systems or pipelines. The aeroacoustic response of such elements is strongly influenced by the mean flow configuration in the system. The fluid-acoustic interaction is in low Mach number applications often described as the continuous interaction of hydrodynamic instabilities with the acoustic field as they are convected across the aperture. The interaction can be constructive or deconstructive, that is, both attenuation and amplification of incident sound is possible. At low amplification rates the system is still linear; however if the amplification rate is too high, the interaction becomes nonlinear leading to a self-sustained oscillation. This can lead to intense noise and even mechanical failure. The frequencies where a system potentially can sustain an oscillation can be predicted from analysis of the linear system since the frequency at which it occurs is given by the convection of the hydrodynamic instabilities across the aperture (which is not influenced by the vorticity strength). Hence, the interaction between the hydrodynamic and acoustic field collapse well with a Strouhal number based on the frequency of the incident sound and the convection velocity of the hydrodynamic disturbance. A well defined case is grazing flow past an orifice, here the characteristic length is easily defined (simply the effective length of the aperture) and the convection velocity is around half the mean flow velocity. Other flow configurations are not as obvious to define. An example is studied here; a T-junction is subjected simultaneously to grazing and bias flow, and hence, both the effective length the vorticity travels across the aperture as well as the convection velocity will change. The purpose of this work is to understand and quantify the influence on the collapse Strouhal number of grazing-bias flow.
The method is mainly experimental and involves detailed measurement on a T-junction of rectangular cross-section. The T-junction is seen as a linear acoustic three-port from which quantities of interest can be derived. The three-port is determined via the two-microphone wave decomposition method using the source switching technique. Since the whole analysis assumes a linear system the excitation of the system (here by loudspeakers) must not be too high, also any resonant system should be avoided. Hence, each branch of the three-port is terminated with a large resistive silencer.
Full Paper
Linear stability analysis applied to flow duct acoustics
Karlsson, Mikael
Markus Wallenberg Laboratory for Sound and Vibration Research, Stockholm, Sweden
ABSTRACT
Modelling of the acoustic properties and especially the influence and interaction with mean flow in ducts is a challenge. Often the problem is reduced assuming that the system under study can be broken down into a network of linear multiports. These multiports are then characterised individually either analytically or by experiments or numerical simulations.
In control theory methods for assessing the stability of this type of networks of multiports are widely used. Applying the Nyquist stability criteria frequencies where the system can become unstable at a certain gain is identified. In this work the Nyquist stability criteria will be applied to detect frequencies where self sustained oscillation can occur in a flow duct system. The test case is a side branch orifice, realised as a T-Junction, which is subjected to grazing flow. Hydrodynamic instabilities in the shear layer interact with the acoustic field while being convected across the orifice. When the acoustic period match the travel time of the hydrodynamic instabilities incident sound can be amplified. If the amplification rate is sufficiently high, as it would be if a resonant system is present, the response become non linear resulting in a self-sustained oscillation. First the T-junction is characterised experimentally and presented as a linear acoustic three-port. This three-port is then connected to other linear elements to form a simple network. Finally the stability analysis is applied to the complete system matrix. It is shown that providing a resonant system with the appropriate characteristics to match the fluid-acoustic interaction at the orifice the system is unstable. It is also possible to find the amount of damping needed to make the system stable again. The results are of great practical use for anyone involved in designing flow duct systems. Being able to predict a non linear phenomenon such as self sustained oscillations by simple linear models is a most effective engineering tool.
Full Paper
Simulations of acoustic scattering in duct systems with flow
Kierkegaard, A. , Boij, S. , Efraimsson, G.
MWL Sound and Vibrations, Linne FLOW Centre, KTH, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
ABSTRACT
We present an efficient methodology to perform calculations of acoustic propagation and scattering by geometrical objects in ducts with flows. In this paper a methodology with a linearized Navier-Stokes equations solver in frequency domain is evaluated on a two-dimensional geometry of an in-duct area expansion. The Navier-Stokes equations are linearized around a time- independent mean flow that is obtained from an incompressible Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes solver which uses a k-e turbulence model. A plane wave decomposition method based on acoustic pressure and velocity is used to extract the up- and downstream propagating waves. The scattering of the acoustic waves by the induct area expansion is calculated and compared to experiments. Frequencies in the plane wave range up to the cut-on frequency of the first higher order propagating acoustical mode are considered. The acoustical properties of the area expansion is presented in a scattering matrix form that can be used in acoustical two-port calculations on complex duct systems such as exhaust system mufflers and ventilation systems.
Full Paper
Uncertainty assessment for outdoor sound propagation
Leroy, Olivia (1) , Gauvreau, Benoit (1) , Junker, Fabrice (2) , de Rocquigny, Etienne (3) , Bérengier, Michel (1)
(1) Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chaussées, France (2) Électricité de France R&D, France (3) Laboratoire Mathématiques Appliquées aux Systèmes, Ecole Centrale Paris, France
ABSTRACT
Intrinsic variability due to micrometeorological effects and/or ground effects, measurement uncertainty and model uncertainty are the main sources of spreading of the parameters influencing outdoor sound propagation. Thus spreading associated to outdoor SPL is a complex combination of deterministic, stochastic and epistemic uncertainties, and can be quantified thanks to a probabilistic process. This statistical process is presented in this paper and is called Calibration Under Uncertainty (CUU). Quantitative uncertainty assessment involves a pre-existing physical system to be studied, input data which can be measured or derived from measurements, and a sufficient amount of available (experimental and/or numerical) data with an eventual human expertise. CUU couples information from experimental and modelled data taking into account their own uncertainties (measurements errors, lack of knowledge on physical behavior, etc.) under specific assumptions. Quantify the global uncertainty on SPL, rank or apportion the contributions of influent parameters to a given output quantity of interest, compare experimental and effective parameters, and more generally understand the whole input-output structure are the main tasks of such a statistical method. CUU process has been applied to more or less complex cases using a large experimental set of data (Lannemezan 2005 (F)). An application to near ground sound propagation has been first led to understand the relative influence of ground parameters. A more complex case considering large distances and including micrometeorological effects has also been fulfilled with promising results which are presented in this paper.
Full Paper
Reducing the acoustic signature of a UAV propeller operating at low Reynolds numbers
Leslie, Angus , Wong, K. C. , Auld, Doug
University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
ABSTRACT
The acoustic signature of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) is one of the limiting factors facing the expanding use of these platforms for both civil and military uses. The overall propeller noise signature can be reduced by firstly reducing the motor noise and the blade passage noise, which is a result of the propellers rotational speed, diameter and shape. However, once these are optimised only modifications to the propeller self noise will help to further reduce the platforms noise signature. This investigation presents one method that will reduce the propeller self noise through tripping the boundary layer on a small propeller (diameter ~250mm) with a short chord length (15~30mm) with blades operating at low Reynolds numbers. Laminar separation bubbles commonly occur on propellers of this size as a result of the low Reynolds number conditions existing on blades. Experiments have shown that boundary layer tripping not only reduces that drag of the blade, but when a laminar separation bubble on the suction surface of the propeller blade is eliminated a noise reduction occurs as well. The reasons for this noise reduction were not initially clear, and so its characteristics were examined experimentally on a rotating propeller in both static and wind tunnel conditions. These experiments have helped to show that a number of aerofoil noise mechanisms are at work simultaneously, and do not necessarily occur as the simple turbulent or laminar boundary layer noise models as traditionally believed. Analyse of the spectral peaks has exhibited characteristics of laminar boundary layer noise, even with the presents of a laminar separation bubble which would promote boundary layer transition to occur on the blade surface. Comparisons with literature models such as the semi-empirical aerofoil self noise model of Brooks, Pope, et al (1989) have also shown agreement with laminar boundary layer noise characteristics.
The leading edge trip has proved successful in achieving a broadband reduction in simulated operational conditions which resulted in up to a ~6dBA SPL repeatable noise reduction at the sample location, but has not yet been successful in fly over tests. It is hypothesised that the laminar separation bubble is the most likely amplification source for the Tollmien-Schlichting instability waves, which then reach sufficient amplitude to be radiated as noise from the trailing edge. The elimination of the laminar separation bubble removes the strong laminar boundary layer noise source and also reduces the noise generated by the turbulent boundary layer.
Full Paper
Tomographic reconstruction of the inclining vortex wind field from the acoustic travel time data between a pair of facing line array
Li, Haiyue , Yamada, Akira
Tokyo University of Agriculture & Technology, Tokyo, Japan
ABSTRACT
A monitoring system for a gust of wind like a tornado is desired such as in railroads or airports. It is not realistic to use an anemometer for this purpose because ordinary anemometers are of fixed observation in situ and large numbers must be needed. In order to encounter the problem, acoustic line array elements were placed along the facing sides of the monitoring region. From the remote observation of the travel time along the multiple propagation path between the facing line elements, two-dimensional vortex air flow profile was reconstructed based on the Fourier central slice theorem valid for the vector vortex air flow fields. The previous method by the present authors was extended to cover the inclining vortex wind field including the vertical axial air flow component. To this end, the target horizontal vortex components were discriminated from the axial flow components using the symmetrical property of the travel time characteristics over the observation line. As a indoor experiment system, 10 pairs of ultrasound transmitter/receiver were arrayed on a facing sides of the measurement region of 36cm x 36cm. Vortex wind fields from the electric fan (with diameter 190 mm) were reconstructed under the various wind source conditions. The results were demonstrated that precisions of the estimated vortex parameters (maximum vortex flow speed, size and position of the vortex wind field) were satisfactory which justifies the feasibility of the present method.
Full Paper
Acoustic analysis of flat plate trailing edge noise
Moreau, Danielle J. , Tetlow, Matthew R. , Brooks, Laura A. , Doolan, Con J.
School of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005 Australia
ABSTRACT
This paper presents an acoustic analysis of the noise generated at the trailing edge of a flat plate encountering low turbulence fluid flow. Experimental measurements were taken in an anechoic wind tunnel using four microphones: one mounted above the trailing edge, one below the trailing edge, one adjacent to the trailing edge and one above the leading edge. The noise spectra produced by the flat plate were recorded at the four microphone locations. Information about the strength and directivity of the trailing edge noise is determined by comparing the four signals. Subtracting the out-of-phase signals at the microphones above and below the trailing edge is shown to increase the airfoil self-noise spectra further above that of the ambient noise and is shown to be an effective signal extraction technique.
Full Paper
Comparative study on finite-difference and finite-volume implementations of the linearized Euler model for outdoor sound propagation simulations
Oshima, Takuya
Faculty of Engineering, Niigata University, Japan
ABSTRACT
Rapidly growing recent demands in accurate simulations in the processes of acoustic designs involving outdoor acoustic environments, such as road traffic noise barriers, have urged developments and applications of more advanced models that can deal with characteristics of such outdoor environments. The linearized Euler model is known to be one of the most accurate models for such advanced simulations in that the model can take into account the effects of nonuniform and even unsteady turbulent background flows and temperature gradients which supposedly have large influences to typical outdoor acoustic propagation situations. The model has traditionally been implemented using finite-difference numerics under structured grids thanks to its compatibility with higher-order schemes. However, for real world urban complex geometries such as urban city blocks it may make sense to apply finite-volume technique which in general is computationally more heavy but can handle full unstructured grids. In the present study, linearized Euler implementations based on the traditional second- and higher-order finite-difference techniques and the new unstructured finite-volume technique are compared in terms of errors from theoretical solutions and computational costs. A modified version of one of the benchmark problems laid down by the NASA/LaRC CAA workshop is used as the testcase. The accuracy of the results by the finite-volume technique turned out to match those by finite-difference techniques with slight lags, however with 20 - 300 times higher processor and memory usages.
Localization of stationary sound sources in flows by using a time-reversal method
Padois, Thomas , Graveline, Valentin , Prax, Christian , Valeau, Vincent
Département Fluides, Thermique, Combustion, Institut Pprime CNRS, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
ABSTRACT
The time-reversal (TR) technique has been extensively developed over the two last decades, but very few applications
have concerned the field of aeroacoustics. The possibility of using the TR technique in the context of wind-tunnel
measurements is then investigated in this study, in order to localize a sound source in a flow. The chosen strategy is
the following: in a first experimental step, the pressure fluctuations are recorded in the far field over a linear array of
microphones, located outside the flow; in a second simulation step, the experimental signals are time-reversed and used
as input data. The time-reversed linearized Euler equations are then solved numerically in order to model the sound
propagation through the shear layer and the flow. The back-propagated pressure field is then investigated, both in terms
of energy and phase. Some preliminary simulations show that it is possible to localize a monopolar source located in a
flow by using this method. The experimental results at Mach number 0.12 show that a monopolar source at 5 kHz can
be satisfactorily located, with an error of the order of half-the acoustic wavelength. Some measurements concerning
a dipolar source are also presented: the effects of the flow on the radiation appear clearly on the data, and the source
position is estimated with an error of the order of the acoustic wavelength.
Full Paper
Battlefield target localization using acoustic vector sensor on board UAV
Prabhu, C. (1) , Sadasivan, S. (2) , Anitha, G. (3)
(1) Madras Institute of Technology, Anna Uuniversity, Chennai, India (2) Aeronautical Development Establishment, Bangalore, India (3) Division of Avionics, Madras Institute of Technology, Anna Uuniversity, Chennai, India
ABSTRACT
Acoustic surveillance of the battlefield enables the detection, classification, localization and tracking of sound sources of military interest including ground vehicles, air vehicles etc. An application of current interest is the detection and localization of sources on battlefield using acoustic vector sensors (AVS) onboard unmanned aerial vehicle. The acoustic self-noise environment onboard unmanned aerial vehicle which is dominated by propulsion engine noise with air flow noise contributing to a lesser extent.
By applying suitable signal processing and pattern recognition methods, it is shown that an unmanned aerial vehicle can provide an effective platform for locating sources on battlefield. There have been onboard sensors like EO-systems incorporated on UAV. However the performance is limited by Field of View (Fov), Terrain condition, foliage vegetation, Day/Night etc. Hence acoustic modality is increasingly being considered to locate acoustic events like gun shots, movement of tankers, trucks, sniper, armoured vehicle activity on ground, other aircrafts and also cueing onboard EO payloads towards target etc.
The Doppler-shifted frequency time histories derived from spectrogram contours and Lloyd's mirror effect interference pattern in time-frequency distribution of the output of an Acoustic vector sensor positioned above the ground & onboard is used in this approach for estimating parameters. Acoustic intensity measured using an AVS in three orthogonal directions at a point is a powerful quantity that can be used to estimate the source bearing with simple computations. Methods, with examples, for extracting tactical information from acoustic signals emitted by continuous & transient acoustic events are provided for both acoustic vector sensor on ground & onboard. Besides this, the dynamic parameters like (velocity, direction of motion, height and distance to closest point of approach - cpa) can be estimated under certain conditions. The considerations presented in this paper are confined to time-frequency analysis of the radiated noise.
Numerical analysis on 2D and 3D edge tones in terms of aerodynamic sound theory
Takahashi, Kin'ya (1) , Miyamoto, Masataka (1) , Ito, Yashunori (1) , Takami, Toshiya (2) , Kobayashi, Taizo (2) , Nishida, Akira (2) , Aoyagi, Mutsumi (2)
(1) Physics Laboratories, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Iizuka, Fukuoka, Japan (2) Research Institute for Information Technology, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
ABSTRACT
Edge tones are acoustic fluctuations generated by the oscillation of a jet emanating from flue and collided with an edge. The study of edge tones has a long history and many authors have contributed to this problem. It is considered that some feedback mechanism, fluid and/or acoustic feedback, sustains the jet oscillation whose frequency mainly determines the frequency of the edge tone emitted by aerodynamic sound sources, so-called Lighthill's source. However, the detail mechanism of the edge tone is still not understood completely.
The aim of our study is to specify positions of the sound sources and to clarify how they are created in turbulence and how the sound is emitted from them, in terms of the aerodynamic sound theory. For the first step, we numerically reproduce the jet oscillation as a sound source and the edge tones as a product simultaneously for 2D and 3D models with compressible Large-eddy Simulations. In previous work we succeeded in reproducing sound vibrations of 2D and 3D air-reed instruments with a numerical scheme provided as a free software, OpenFOAM.
In this paper, we concentrate ourselves on a simple case of a symmetric edge without a resonator and calculate edge tones for 2D and 3D models with changing jet velocity. Lighthill's sound sources are obtained numerically and their behavior is analyzed in statistical methods. Actually mutual correlations among the sound source and the sound field are calculated so as to examine details of interaction among them. With those results, we try to specify the most dominant area of sound sources distributing around the jet and the eddies behind the edge which are generated by collision of the jet with the edge.
We also compare Lighthill's sound source with the sound source of the vortex sound theory formulated by Howe. In the vortex sound theory, the sound wave is considered as propagation of fluctuation of the total enthalpy instead of the air pressure or air density. Thus, the formulae are different and so are the source terms. We will clarify the difference of source distribution between Lighthill's and Howe's formulae and will discuss why such a difference occurs.
Full Paper
Flow-induced pulsations in pipe systems with closed side branches: study of the effectiveness of detuning as remedial measure
Tonon, D. , Willems, J. F. H. , Hirschberg, A.
Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
ABSTRACT
Flow-induced pulsations in resonant pipe systems with two closed side branches in cross configuration are considered. These pulsations, commonly observed in many technical applications, are self-sustained aeroacoustic oscillations driven by the instability of the flow along the closed branches. Detuning of the acoustic resonator is often considered as a possible remedial measure. Although this countermeasure appears to be very effective for double side branch systems in cross configuration with anechoic boundary conditions of the main pipe, its effectiveness has not been assessed for different boundary conditions. The significance of the acoustic boundary conditions of the main pipe has been studied by means of experiments conduced on double side branch systems presenting two acoustically reflecting boundaries of the main pipe. While pulsations are often a nuisance, the double side branch system can also be used as a powerful sound source.
Full Paper
On conditions of equivalence between Curle's and non-uniform Kirchhoff equations of aeroacoustics
Zinoviev, Alex
Defence Science and Technology Organisation (DSTO), Australia
ABSTRACT
The derivation of Curle's equation for the sound radiated by a flow near a rigid surface is reconsidered. It is shown that this equation and the non-uniform Kirchhoff equation previously derived by the author are equivalent if the sum of two integrals containing Lighthill's stress tensor over the rigid surface is zero. These two integrals are equivalent to the acoustic field radiated by sources determined by Lighthill's stress tensor and its spatial derivatives on the boundary. This leads to an immediate result that the two equations are equivalent if Lighthill's stress tensor vanishes altogether, for instance, for linear acoustical waves in ideal fluid. The obtained criterion is applied to a flow near an infinite rigid plane in a fluid. Two cases are considered: first, a weakly non-linear flow (with low Mach number) in an ideal fluid and, second, a linear flow in a viscous fluid. It is shown that, in a weakly non-linear flow, the equations are equivalent if the plane is stationary, and, if the plane is vibrating, the two integrals are proportional to the value of the plane normal velocity squared and, therefore, the difference between the predictions for the radiated sound by both equations is non-zero in general. It is also shown that, in a viscous linear flow, the difference between the two predictions is also in general non-zero. It is concluded that, although the two equations are different, they lead to equivalent or close predictions in a number of situations. The question of the equivalence of the two equations for flows with large Mach numbers requires further investigation.
Full Paper
Assessment of the sea surface roughness effects on shallow water inversion of sea bottom properties
Bouchage, Géraldine , Zakharia, Manell E.
NURC, France
ABSTRACT
The inversion of sea bottom properties and in particular the knowledge of sound speed in the seabed is essential information for the prediction of sonar performances. In shallow water, the surface roughness (sea-state) can be a factor of error for inversion procedures. The aim of this paper is to assess, in simple cases, the effects of the sea surface scattering phenomena on inversion procedures. The paper presents results of simulation achieved for various sea states. The inversion was achieved ignoring the sea state in order to estimate its robustness to sea-state variations. Simulations were performed using conventional normal-mode model (ORCA). Under small roughness approximation, the sea-state was introduced using modal attenuation coefficients and takes into account sea-state influence on forward scattering. For a given environment and geometry, the acoustic field was computed for a fixed sea-state (reference field) and the inversion was achieved for other states. Sound speed in the sediment was recovered by a conventional inversion method based on Bartlett operator. Numerous simulations were realized for various values of frequency (50-750 Hz), water depth (50-200 m), sea-states (1-6) and sediment types (1570-1970 m/s). The estimation errors vary with all the relative values of the parameters and can reach values as higher than 400 m/s in the worst cases.
Full Paper
Active suppression of acoustic radiation from a submarine hull using inertial actuators
Caresta, Mauro, Kessissoglou, Nicole
School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
ABSTRACT
This work investigates the use of inertial actuators to actively reduce the sound radiated by a submarine hull under harmonic excitation from the propeller. The axial fluctuating forces from the propeller are tonal at the blade passing frequency. The hull is modelled as a fluid loaded cylindrical shell with ring stiffeners and two equally spaced bulkheads. The cylinder is closed by end plates and conical end caps. The forces from the propeller are transmitted to the hull by a rigid foundation connected to the shaft with a thrust bearing. The actuators are arranged in circumferential arrays and attached to the internal end plates of the hull. Two active control techniques corresponding to active vibration control and active structural acoustic control are implemented to attenuate the structural and acoustic responses of the submarine. An acoustic transfer function is defined to estimate the far field sound pressure from a single point measurement on the hull. The inertial actuators are shown to provide control forces with a magnitude large enough to reduce the structure-borne sound due to hull vibration.
Full Paper
Acoustic sensing in snapping shrimp dominated environments
Chitre, Mandar
ARL, Tropical Marine Science Institute and Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore
ABSTRACT
Snapping shrimp dominate the high frequency soundscape in shallow warm waters. The noises produced by these small creatures are a result of the collapse of cavitation bubbles they produce. During the rapid collapse, the temperatures in the bubble can momentarily reach the surface temperature of the sun, and produce impulsive noise with source levels higher than 190 dB re 1 uPa @ 1m. With millions of snapping shrimp in most warm shallow water environments, the resulting cacophony is heard in the form of a background crackle familiar to many tropical divers. The resulting ambient noise has highly non-Gaussian statistics. What implications does this have on acoustic sensing in these environments? Can signal processing techniques developed with Gaussian noise assumptions be used without significant penalty in these environments? Can these shrimp be used as sources of opportunity for sensing? To begin answering some of these questions, we present a review of some of the research on signal processing in impulsive noise. Snapping shrimp noise is modeled accurately by symmetric alpha-stable distributions. Optimal signal processing in alpha-stable noise is often computationally infeasible, but computationally simple near-optimal solutions can be applied with gains up to 5-10 dB. Communicating in environments with snapping shrimp noise has its own challenges. The errors due to the impulsive noise on sub-carriers of a multi-carrier communication system, or the in-phase and quadrature channels of a single carrier system are not independent. If handled inappropriately, forward error correction codes can perform poorly in such systems. However, if the dependence in the errors can be characterized, it can be exploited in the decoding process to get substantial communication performance gains. We show this through an information theoretic analysis of the communication channel with additive symmetric alpha-stable noise. Finally, we turn to some applications where the snapping shrimp sounds can be used as sources of opportunity. They can serve as "illumination" for ambient noise imaging, where underwater objects can be imaged completely passively. They can also be used as sources for geoacoustic inversion of the surface sediment. We present some results from past experiments to show how sediment sound speed can indeed be inferred by simply listening passively to the cacophony of the shrimp.
Full Paper
Model calculations of wave noise and their application to the open ocean
Deane, Grant
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UCSD, La Jolla, USA
ABSTRACT
The origin of underwater noise from breaking waves above a few hundred hertz is thought to be due to the pulses of sound radiated by newly-formed bubbles. A simple model based on bubble physics shows that breaking wave noise depends on bubble creation rate, the mechanism(s) of bubble acoustical excitation and sound scattering and absorption by the plume of bubbles entrained by the wave. Model calculations of the noise based on estimates of these factors is compared with measurements made in a laboratory flume of focused, breaking seawater wave packets. The model calculations are in good agreement with experimental results once reverberation in the flume is accounted for. A closed-form, analytical expression for the noise from an individual wave event can be obtained from the mode. The power-law scaling of noise level on frequency predicted by the model depends on three factors: a factor of 3/2 from the bubble creation rate, a factor of -2 from the shape of the bubble pulse and a factor of -4/3 from bubble damping, determined by thermal and radiation losses. The combined scaling of 3/2-2-4/3=-11/6 is in good agreements with the -10/6 dependence observed from the Wenz spectra. Elements of the model and its implications for calculation of noise in the open ocean will be discussed.
Vertical array passive geo-acoustic inversion in range-dependent environments
DelBalzo, Donald R. , Leclere, James H.
QinetiQ North America, VA, USA
ABSTRACT
Antisubmarine Warfare (ASW) is often conducted in littoral, shallow-water areas, where hostile subsurface enemies pose a constant threat—and where the seabed geophysical properties are complicated, and to a great extent unknown to us. Accurate estimates of seabed interface roughness and sediment geophysical properties are critical for proper prediction of sensor and weapon system performance. In the absence of good seabed characterization, tactical mission planning is seldom optimal or efficient. Current data collection survey techniques for geo-acoustic bottom characteristics are expensive, time consuming, and they suffer from time latency (months to years) between collection, processing, analysis, and tactical use. In response to this problem, the U.S. Navy has investigated several new inversion techniques to characterize littoral seabed sediments. Most of these techniques use an a
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About science; About fallout
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This program focuses on the definition of fallout. The guest for this
program is Milton Plesset.
Interview series on variety of science-related subjects, produced by the
California Institute of Technology. Features three Cal Tech faculty members:
Dr. Peter Lissaman, Dr. Albert R. Hibbs, and Dr. Robert Meghreblian.
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American Archive of Public Broadcasting
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http://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip-500-7w677g9w
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Welcome to the American Archive of Public Broadcasting Online Reading Room (ORR). To access media in the ORR, please review and agree to the ORR Rules of Use.
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Andrea Prosperetti
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https://en.wikipedia.org/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico
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/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea_Prosperetti
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Andrea Prosperetti is the Distinguished Professor of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Houston,[1] the Berkhoff Professor of Applied Physics at the University of Twente in the Netherlands[2] and an elected member of the National Academy of Engineering in 2012 ("for contributions to the fundamentals and applications of multiphase flows"). He is known for his work in the field of multiphase flows including bubble dynamics and cavitation.
He was the editor-in-chief of the International Journal of Multiphase Flow and serves on the editorial board of the Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics. He completed his doctoral work in 1974 at the California Institute of Technology under the supervision of Milton Plesset (of the Rayleigh–Plesset equation and Møller–Plesset perturbation theory) and holds a B.S. in Physics from Universitá di Milano, Italy (1968).
Prosperetti was awarded the Fluid Dynamics Prize (the highest award in Fluid Mechanics) by the American Physical Society in 2003 "for breakthroughs in the theory of multiphase flows, the dynamics of bubble oscillations, underwater sound, and free-surface flows and for providing elegant explanations of paradoxical phenomena in these fields".[3] In 2012, the Acoustical Society of America awarded him the Silver Medal in Physical Acoustics "for contributions to bubble dynamics and multiphase flow."[4] In addition, Prosperetti also won the 2014 EUROMECH Fluid Mechanics Prize (administered by the Council of the European Mechanics Society),[5] the Lifetime Achievement Award in 2001 by the Japan Society of Multiphase Flow, and the Fluids Engineering Award in 2005 by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. He is a fellow of the Acoustical Society of America, the American Physical Society, and the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. He has been a foreign member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences since 2000.[6]
He is the author of "Advanced Mathematics for Applications", a reference textbook for graduate-level engineers and also of "Computational Methods for Multiphase Flows", both published by the Cambridge University Press.
References
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Radware Bot Manager Captcha
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We apologize for the inconvenience...
To ensure we keep this website safe, please can you confirm you are a human by ticking the box below.
If you are unable to complete the above request please contact us using the below link, providing a screenshot of your experience.
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https://www.abebooks.com/Dynamics-Particles-Rigid-Elastic-Fluid-Bodies/30281014868/bd
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The Dynamics Of Particles And Of Rigid, Elastic, And Fluid Bodies, Being Lectures On Mathematical Physics (Third Edition, From The Corrected Second Edition) by Webster, Arthur Gordon: Good Hardcover (
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1912-08-17T00:00:00
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2nd Edition - Hardcover - B. G. Teubner, Leipzig - 1912 - Condition: Good - Xii, 588 Pp. + Ads At Front And Rear. Green Cloth, Gilt. A Technical Compendium Of The Classical Mechanics Of The Major Mathematical Physicists To 1904; Errors Were Corrected In This Second Edition Of 1912 (Apparently No Changes In Later Editions). Wear, Gilt Brilliant, Front Hinge Cracked Before Title Page, Joints Cracked With Neat Exterior Black Tape Reinforcement, Fraying At Corners. Ownership Name Of A. T. Ellis (Possibly Arthur T. Ellis Of Caltech); Ownership Stamp Of Howard Higbee Dated Jan 4 1924; Later Ownership Signature Of Caltech Mathematics Professor Milton S. Plesset, With His Penciled Marginal Notes To P. 36. Per Wikipedia, Arthur Gordon Webster (1863 ?1923) Was An American Physicist Who Founded The American Physical Society. Webster Had Graduated From Harvard College In 1885 At The Top Of His Class And Had Stayed For A Year As Instructor In Mathematics And Physics. At The End Of That Year He Went To The University Of Berlin Where He Studied For Four Years With Hermann Von Helmholtz, Receiving His Phd In 1890. Helmholtz Is Said To Have Considered Webster His Favorite American Student. During This Period Webster Also Studied In Paris And Stockholm. He Was Unusually Proficient In Literature And Was Fluent In Latin, Greek, German, French, And Swedish, With A Good Knowledge Of Italian And Spanish And Competency In Russian And Modern Greek. Clark University President G. Stanley Hall Appointed Webster Assistant Professor And Head Of The Physical Laboratories In 1892, When Physicist Albert A. Michelson Left For The Newly Organized University Of Chicago. At That Time, Only Johns Hopkins University And Clark University Had Doctoral Programs In Physics. Webster Was Promoted To Full Professor In 1900. Webster Was Unusual For His Time In That He Was Both A Proficient Mathematician As Well As A Competent Experimentalist. Webster's Research Was In The Field Of Acoustics And Mechanics. He Is Credited With Developing An Instrument To Measure The Absolute Intensity Of Sound (The Phonometer) And For Research On The Gyroscope. He Also Gave Graduate Lectures In Theoretical Physics At Clark University, Which Have Been Published As Three Textbooks. A Group Of 20 Physicists, Invited By Webster, Founded The American Physical Society At A Meeting At Fayerweather Hall In Columbia University On May 20, 1899. In 1903, Webster Became President Of The American Physical Society And Was Elected To The National Academy Of Sciences. Webster Committed Suicide In 1923, Leaving A Note To Huis Son How He Felt That Every Aspect Of His Life Was A Failure, Including The Impending Closure Pf Clark?S Physical Sciences Department. Unfortunately Only A Very Few Politicians Have Ever Felt That. - The Dynamics Of Particles And Of Rigid, Elastic, And Fluid Bodies, Being Lectures On Mathematical Physics (Third Edition, From The Corrected Second Edition)
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en
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https://www.abebooks.com/Dynamics-Particles-Rigid-Elastic-Fluid-Bodies/30281014868/bd
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About this Item
Xii, 588 Pp. + Ads At Front And Rear. Green Cloth, Gilt. A Technical Compendium Of The Classical Mechanics Of The Major Mathematical Physicists To 1904; Errors Were Corrected In This Second Edition Of 1912 (Apparently No Changes In Later Editions). Wear, Gilt Brilliant, Front Hinge Cracked Before Title Page, Joints Cracked With Neat Exterior Black Tape Reinforcement, Fraying At Corners. Ownership Name Of A. T. Ellis (Possibly Arthur T. Ellis Of Caltech); Ownership Stamp Of Howard Higbee Dated Jan 4 1924; Later Ownership Signature Of Caltech Mathematics Professor Milton S. Plesset, With His Penciled Marginal Notes To P. 36. Per Wikipedia, Arthur Gordon Webster (1863 ?1923) Was An American Physicist Who Founded The American Physical Society. Webster Had Graduated From Harvard College In 1885 At The Top Of His Class And Had Stayed For A Year As Instructor In Mathematics And Physics. At The End Of That Year He Went To The University Of Berlin Where He Studied For Four Years With Hermann Von Helmholtz, Receiving His Phd In 1890. Helmholtz Is Said To Have Considered Webster His Favorite American Student. During This Period Webster Also Studied In Paris And Stockholm. He Was Unusually Proficient In Literature And Was Fluent In Latin, Greek, German, French, And Swedish, With A Good Knowledge Of Italian And Spanish And Competency In Russian And Modern Greek. Clark University President G. Stanley Hall Appointed Webster Assistant Professor And Head Of The Physical Laboratories In 1892, When Physicist Albert A. Michelson Left For The Newly Organized University Of Chicago. At That Time, Only Johns Hopkins University And Clark University Had Doctoral Programs In Physics. Webster Was Promoted To Full Professor In 1900. Webster Was Unusual For His Time In That He Was Both A Proficient Mathematician As Well As A Competent Experimentalist. Webster's Research Was In The Field Of Acoustics And Mechanics. He Is Credited With Developing An Instrument To Measure The Absolute Intensity Of Sound (The Phonometer) And For Research On The Gyroscope. He Also Gave Graduate Lectures In Theoretical Physics At Clark University, Which Have Been Published As Three Textbooks. A Group Of 20 Physicists, Invited By Webster, Founded The American Physical Society At A Meeting At Fayerweather Hall In Columbia University On May 20, 1899. In 1903, Webster Became President Of The American Physical Society And Was Elected To The National Academy Of Sciences. Webster Committed Suicide In 1923, Leaving A Note To Huis Son How He Felt That Every Aspect Of His Life Was A Failure, Including The Impending Closure Pf Clark?S Physical Sciences Department. Unfortunately Only A Very Few Politicians Have Ever Felt That. Seller Inventory # 041860
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_S._Plesset
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Milton S. Plesset
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_S._Plesset
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American physicist (1908–1991)
Milton Spinoza Plesset (7 February 1908 – 19 February 1991) was an American applied physicist who worked in the field of fluid mechanics and nuclear energy. He was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 1979 for his fundamental contributions to multiphase flows, bubble dynamics, and safety of nuclear reactors.[2][3] Plesset served as professor of engineering science at California Institute of Technology during 1951 to 1978. Notable scientists Andrea Prosperetti, Norman Zabusky, and Chris Whipple finished their doctoral work under Plesset's guidance. Milton Plesset, Andrea Prosperetti, and Chris Whipple were elected to the National Academy of Engineering.
He with Christian Møller are known for the Møller–Plesset perturbation theory.[4] The Rayleigh–Plesset equation describing the dynamics of a bubble in an infinite body of fluid is also named after him.
Education and work
[edit]
Born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Plesset received his bachelor's degree from University of Pittsburgh in 1929 and a Ph.D. from Yale University in 1932. Soon after his Ph.D. Plesset joined Caltech and worked with Robert Oppenheimer. Together, they undertook a theoretical study of positrons using the Dirac equation in quantum electrodynamics to show how electron-positron pairs were formed.[2]
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Experimental study of flash boiling spray with isooctane, hexane, ethanol and their binary mixtures (Journal Article)
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[
"Yan, Junhao",
"Gao, Suya",
"Liu, Wenchuan",
"Chen, Tairan",
"Lee, Timothy H",
"Lee, Chia-Fon",
"Timothy H",
"Chia-Fon",
"Timothy H.;"
] |
2021-02-18T00:00:00
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The U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Scientific and Technical Information
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en
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https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1848513
|
The main goal of this study is to understand the effect of fuel properties on flash boiling sprays using multi-hole injectors. Macroscopic characteristics were investigated using Diffused Backlight Imaging (DBI) and quantified with liquid penetration length and spray angles. Phase Doppler Anemometry (PDA) was applied to measure the droplet size and velocity. Behaviors of spray with three single-component fuels (isooctane, hexane, ethanol) under different ambient pressures (100 kPa, 80 kPa, 50 kPa, 22 kPa) as well as their binary mixtures under different blend ratios (10%, 30%, 85%) were reported and analyzed. The results showed that adding ethanol or hexane to isooctane could both promote flash boiling by increasing the overall vapor pressure thus superheated degree. Under mixing ratios of 10% and 30%, sprays with ethanol blends showed more severe flash boiling comparing with sprays with hexane blends. Shorter liquid penetration and better liquid dispersion have been observed. Comparing with isooctane spray, the droplet size continuously decreased with increasing hexane content due to enhanced breakup and faster vaporization. Sprays with ethanol mixtures showed a different trend. Noticeable droplet size reduction has been observed for spray with 10% ethanol content. However, droplet size did not further decrease with higher blend ratios regardless of higher flash boiling intensity. Such observations indicate severe vaporization inhibition caused by the high latent heat of vaporization of ethanol. For sprays with all test fuels, collapsing occurred when the pressure ratio of ambient pressure to saturation pressure (Rp) dropped below 0.3.
|
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3
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https://thesis.library.caltech.edu/4443/
|
en
|
Viscous and Nonlinear Effects in the Oscillations of Drops and Bubbles
|
https://thesis.library.caltech.edu/favicon.ico
|
https://thesis.library.caltech.edu/favicon.ico
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Abstract
NOTE: Text or symbols not renderable in plain ASCII are indicated by [...]. Abstract is included in .pdf document. The thesis is divided into three parts. In Part I the nonlinear oscillations of a spherical gas bubble in an incompressible, viscous liquid are investigated analytically by means of an asymptotic method. The effect of surface tension is included, and it is shown that thermal and acoustic damping can be accounted for by the suitable redefinition of one parameter. Approximate analytical solutions for the steady state oscillations are presented for the fundamental mode as well as for the first and second subharmonic and for the first and second harmonic. The transient behaviour is also briefly considered. The first subharmonic is studied in particular detail, and a new explanation of its connection with acoustic cavitation is proposed. The approximate analytical results are compared with some numerical ones and a good agreement is found. In Part II the characteristics of subharmonic and ultraharmonic modes appearing in the forced, steady state oscillations of weakly nonlinear systems are considered from the physical, rather than mathematical, viewpoint. A simple explanation of the differences between the two modes, and in particular of the threshold effect usually exhibited by subharmonic oscillations, is presented. The principal resonance in the case of weak excitation is also briefly considered. Finally, in Part III the problem of two viscous, incompressible fluids separated by a nearly spherical free surface is considered in general terms as an initial value problem to first order in the perturbation of the spherical symmetry. As an example of the applications of the theory, the free oscillations of a viscous drop are studied in some detail. In particular, it is shown that the normal mode analysis of this problem available in the literature does not furnish a solution correct for all times, but only an asymptotic one valid as [...].
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7162
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dbpedia
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https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/36472421/curriculum-vitae-andrea-prosperetti-mechanical-
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Curriculum Vitae ANDREA PROSPERETTI - Mechanical ...
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Curriculum Vitae ANDREA PROSPERETTI - Mechanical ...
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https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/36472421/curriculum-vitae-andrea-prosperetti-mechanical-
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7162
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dbpedia
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https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/1865/3/032004
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en
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Radware Bot Manager Captcha
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7162
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dbpedia
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3
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https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1848513
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en
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Experimental study of flash boiling spray with isooctane, hexane, ethanol and their binary mixtures (Journal Article)
|
[] |
[] |
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[
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2021-02-18T00:00:00
|
The U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Scientific and Technical Information
|
en
|
https://www.osti.gov/pages/biblio/1848513
|
The main goal of this study is to understand the effect of fuel properties on flash boiling sprays using multi-hole injectors. Macroscopic characteristics were investigated using Diffused Backlight Imaging (DBI) and quantified with liquid penetration length and spray angles. Phase Doppler Anemometry (PDA) was applied to measure the droplet size and velocity. Behaviors of spray with three single-component fuels (isooctane, hexane, ethanol) under different ambient pressures (100 kPa, 80 kPa, 50 kPa, 22 kPa) as well as their binary mixtures under different blend ratios (10%, 30%, 85%) were reported and analyzed. The results showed that adding ethanol or hexane to isooctane could both promote flash boiling by increasing the overall vapor pressure thus superheated degree. Under mixing ratios of 10% and 30%, sprays with ethanol blends showed more severe flash boiling comparing with sprays with hexane blends. Shorter liquid penetration and better liquid dispersion have been observed. Comparing with isooctane spray, the droplet size continuously decreased with increasing hexane content due to enhanced breakup and faster vaporization. Sprays with ethanol mixtures showed a different trend. Noticeable droplet size reduction has been observed for spray with 10% ethanol content. However, droplet size did not further decrease with higher blend ratios regardless of higher flash boiling intensity. Such observations indicate severe vaporization inhibition caused by the high latent heat of vaporization of ethanol. For sprays with all test fuels, collapsing occurred when the pressure ratio of ambient pressure to saturation pressure (Rp) dropped below 0.3.
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7162
|
dbpedia
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0
| 0
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_S._Plesset
|
en
|
Milton S. Plesset
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2009-06-13T18:57:40+00:00
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|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_S._Plesset
|
American physicist (1908–1991)
Milton Spinoza Plesset (7 February 1908 – 19 February 1991) was an American applied physicist who worked in the field of fluid mechanics and nuclear energy. He was elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 1979 for his fundamental contributions to multiphase flows, bubble dynamics, and safety of nuclear reactors.[2][3] Plesset served as professor of engineering science at California Institute of Technology during 1951 to 1978. Notable scientists Andrea Prosperetti, Norman Zabusky, and Chris Whipple finished their doctoral work under Plesset's guidance. Milton Plesset, Andrea Prosperetti, and Chris Whipple were elected to the National Academy of Engineering.
He with Christian Møller are known for the Møller–Plesset perturbation theory.[4] The Rayleigh–Plesset equation describing the dynamics of a bubble in an infinite body of fluid is also named after him.
Education and work
[edit]
Born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Plesset received his bachelor's degree from University of Pittsburgh in 1929 and a Ph.D. from Yale University in 1932. Soon after his Ph.D. Plesset joined Caltech and worked with Robert Oppenheimer. Together, they undertook a theoretical study of positrons using the Dirac equation in quantum electrodynamics to show how electron-positron pairs were formed.[2]
References
[edit]
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7162
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dbpedia
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3
| 91
|
https://vdoc.pub/documents/encyclopedia-of-applied-and-computational-mathematics-sglqfar6cdk0
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en
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Encyclopedia Of Applied And Computational Mathematics [PDF] [sglqfar6cdk0]
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Encyclopedia Of Applied And Computational Mathematics [PDF] [sglqfar6cdk0]. EACM is a comprehensive reference work covering the vast field of applied and computational mathematics. Applied mathema...
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en
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https://vdoc.pub/documents/encyclopedia-of-applied-and-computational-mathematics-sglqfar6cdk0
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E-Book Overview
EACM is a comprehensive reference work covering the vast field of applied and computational mathematics. Applied mathematics itself accounts for at least 60 per cent of mathematics, and the emphasis on computation reflects the current and constantly growing importance of computational methods in all areas of applications. EACM emphasizes the strong links of applied mathematics with major areas of science, such as physics, chemistry, biology, and computer science, as well as specific fields like atmospheric ocean science. In addition, the mathematical input to modern engineering and technology form another core component of EACM.
E-Book Content
E-Book Information
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7162
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https://brown.academia.edu/AllisonLevy
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en
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Brown University - Academia.edu
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https://research.utwente.nl/en/publications/growing-bubbles-and-freezing-drops-depletion-effects-and-tip-sing
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Growing bubbles and freezing drops: depletion effects and tip singularities
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University of Twente Research Information
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https://research.utwente.nl/en/publications/growing-bubbles-and-freezing-drops-depletion-effects-and-tip-sing
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TY - THES
T1 - Growing bubbles and freezing drops: depletion effects and tip singularities
AU - Enriquez Paz y Puente, O.R.
PY - 2015/1/14
Y1 - 2015/1/14
N2 - In this thesis, the author investigates the growth of gas bubbles in a supersaturated solution and the freezing of water drops when placed on a cold plate. Supersaturated solutions are common in nature and industry; perhaps the best know examples are carbonated drinks, such as beer or soda. These are bottled under pressure, and contain an amount of dissolved gas, which is in a saturated state. When opened, the pressure in the container decreases to the same level as atmospheric pressure. At that moment the solution is supersaturated, which means it contains more gas that what it would thermodynamically “want to”. Hence, the gas needs to escape from the liquid, and given the right conditions bubbles will form in this process, as we usually see them on the walls of our glass or bottle when having a drink. Besides this example, bubbles can grow for similar reasons in the blood of scuba divers with decompression sickens, volcanic magma, molten polymers and metals, and oil wells. Hence, understanding the basic physics of how bubbles grow can contribute to better understand (and perhaps control) some of these phenomena. The experimental study presented here focuses on bubbles that grow under a supersaturation ten times smaller than a normal carbonated drink, which is especially interesting for oil extraction processes. The freezing drop problem holds an analogy to the bubble growth in that both phenomena are driven by mass diffusion and heat conduction, respectively, which are physically analogous. Understanding the physics of solidification processes is crucial for 3D printing and other deposition processes. It is also a very important aspect in the preparation of ice before curling matches. In this case, the investigation focussed on the formation of the pointy tip that appears at the end of the freezing process. In this work it is experimentally and theoretically shown that for a wide temperature range the shape of this tip does not depend on the freezing dynamics.
AB - In this thesis, the author investigates the growth of gas bubbles in a supersaturated solution and the freezing of water drops when placed on a cold plate. Supersaturated solutions are common in nature and industry; perhaps the best know examples are carbonated drinks, such as beer or soda. These are bottled under pressure, and contain an amount of dissolved gas, which is in a saturated state. When opened, the pressure in the container decreases to the same level as atmospheric pressure. At that moment the solution is supersaturated, which means it contains more gas that what it would thermodynamically “want to”. Hence, the gas needs to escape from the liquid, and given the right conditions bubbles will form in this process, as we usually see them on the walls of our glass or bottle when having a drink. Besides this example, bubbles can grow for similar reasons in the blood of scuba divers with decompression sickens, volcanic magma, molten polymers and metals, and oil wells. Hence, understanding the basic physics of how bubbles grow can contribute to better understand (and perhaps control) some of these phenomena. The experimental study presented here focuses on bubbles that grow under a supersaturation ten times smaller than a normal carbonated drink, which is especially interesting for oil extraction processes. The freezing drop problem holds an analogy to the bubble growth in that both phenomena are driven by mass diffusion and heat conduction, respectively, which are physically analogous. Understanding the physics of solidification processes is crucial for 3D printing and other deposition processes. It is also a very important aspect in the preparation of ice before curling matches. In this case, the investigation focussed on the formation of the pointy tip that appears at the end of the freezing process. In this work it is experimentally and theoretically shown that for a wide temperature range the shape of this tip does not depend on the freezing dynamics.
KW - IR-93554
KW - METIS-307835
U2 - 10.3990/1.9789036538145
DO - 10.3990/1.9789036538145
M3 - PhD Thesis - Research UT, graduation UT
SN - 978-90-365-3814-5
PB - University of Twente
CY - Enschede
ER -
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https://worldwidescience.org/topicpages/c/cavitation%2Bbubble%2Bcluster.html
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cavitation bubble cluster: Topics by WorldWideScience.org
|
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Dynamic behaviors of cavitation bubble for the steady cavitating flow
Science.gov (United States)
Cai, Jun; Huai, Xiulan; Li, Xunfeng
2009-12-01
In this paper, by introducing the flow velocity item into the classical Rayleigh-Plesset dynamic equation, a new equation, which does not involve the time term and can describe the motion of cavitation bubble in the steady cavitating flow, has been obtained. By solving the new motion equation using Runge-Kutta fourth order method with adaptive step size control, the dynamic behaviors of cavitation bubble driven by the varying pressure field downstream of a venturi cavitation reactor are numerically simulated. The effects of liquid temperature (corresponding to the saturated vapor pressure of liquid), cavitation number and inlet pressure of venturi on radial motion of bubble and pressure pulse due to the radial motion are analyzed and discussed in detail. Some dynamic behaviors of bubble different from those in previous papers are displayed. In addition, the internal relationship between bubble dynamics and process intensification is also discussed. The simulation results reported in this work reveal the variation laws of cavitation intensity with the flow conditions of liquid, and will lay a foundation for the practical application of hydrodynamic cavitation technology.
Influence of cavitation bubble growth by rectified diffusion on cavitation-enhanced HIFU
Science.gov (United States)
Okita, Kohei; Sugiyama, Kazuyasu; Takagi, Shu; Matsumoto, Yoichiro
2017-11-01
Cavitation is becoming increasingly important in therapeutic ultrasound applications such as diagnostic, tumor ablation and lithotripsy. Mass transfer through gas-liquid interface due to rectified diffusion is important role in an initial stage of cavitation bubble growth. In the present study, influences of the rectified diffusion on cavitation-enhanced high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) was investigated numerically. Firstly, the mass transfer rate of gas from the surrounding medium to the bubble was examined as function of the initial bubble radius and the driving pressure amplitude. As the result, the pressure required to bubble growth was decreases with increasing the initial bubble radius. Next, the cavitation-enhanced HIFU, which generates cavitation bubbles by high-intensity burst and induces the localized heating owing to cavitation bubble oscillation by low-intensity continuous waves, was reproduced by the present simulation. The heating region obtained by the simulation is agree to the treatment region of an in vitro experiment. Additionally, the simulation result shows that the localized heating is enhanced by the increase of the equilibrium bubble size due to the rectified diffusion. This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Numbers JP26420125,JP17K06170.
Cavitation bubble nucleation induced by shock-bubble interaction in a gelatin gel
Science.gov (United States)
Oguri, Ryota; Ando, Keita
2018-05-01
An optical visualization technique is developed to study cavitation bubble nucleation that results from interaction between a laser-induced shock and a preexisting gas bubble in a 10 wt. % gelatin gel; images of the nucleated cavitation bubbles are captured and the cavitation inception pressure is determined based on Euler flow simulation. A spherical gas cavity is generated by focusing an infrared laser pulse into a gas-supersaturated gel and the size of the laser-generated bubble in mechanical equilibrium is tuned via mass transfer of the dissolved gas into the bubble. A spherical shock is then generated, through rapid expansion of plasma induced by the laser focusing, in the vicinity of the gas bubble. The shock-bubble interaction is recorded by a CCD camera with flash illumination of a nanosecond green laser pulse. The observation captures cavitation inception in the gel under tension that results from acoustic impedance mismatching at the bubble interface interacting with the shock. We measure the probability of cavitation inception from a series of the repeated experiments, by varying the bubble radius and the standoff distance. The threshold pressure is defined at the cavitation inception probability equal to one half and is calculated, through comparisons to Euler flow simulation, at -24.4 MPa. This threshold value is similar to that from shock-bubble interaction experiments using water, meaning that viscoelasticity of the 10 wt. % gelatin gel has a limited impact on bubble nucleation dynamics.
Interaction of a bubble and a bubble cluster in an ultrasonic field
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Wang Cheng-Hui; Cheng Jian-Chun
2013-01-01
Using an appropriate approximation, we have formulated the interacting equation of multi-bubble motion for a system of a single bubble and a spherical bubble cluster. The behavior of the bubbles is observed in coupled and uncoupled states. The oscillation of bubbles inside the cluster is in a coupled state. The numerical simulation demonstrates that the secondary Bjerknes force can be influenced by the number density, initial radius, distance, driving frequency, and amplitude of ultrasound. However, if a bubble approaches a bubble cluster of the same initial radii, coupled oscillation would be induced and a repulsive force is evoked, which may be the reason why the bubble cluster can exist steadily. With the increment of the number density of the bubble cluster, a secondary Bjerknes force acting on the bubbles inside the cluster decreases due to the strong suppression of the coupled bubbles. It is shown that there may be an optimal number density for a bubble cluster which can generate an optimal cavitation effect in liquid for a stable driving ultrasound. (electromagnetism, optics, acoustics, heat transfer, classical mechanics, and fluid dynamics)
Cavitation inception from bubble nuclei
DEFF Research Database (Denmark)
Mørch, Knud Aage
2015-01-01
, and experimental investigations of bubbles and cavitation inception have been presented. These results suggest that cavitation nuclei in equilibrium are gaseous voids in the water, stabilized by a skin which allows diffusion balance between gas inside the void and gas in solution in the surrounding liquid....... The cavitation nuclei may be free gas bubbles in the bulk of water, or interfacial gaseous voids located on the surface of particles in the water, or on bounding walls. The tensile strength of these nuclei depends not only on the water quality but also on the pressure-time history of the water. A recent model...
Comparison of cavitation bubbles evolution in viscous media
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Jasikova Darina
2018-01-01
Full Text Available There have been tried many types of liquids with different ranges of viscosity values that have been tested to form a single cavitation bubble. The purpose of these experiments was to observe the behaviour of cavitation bubbles in media with different ranges of absorbance. The most of the method was based on spark to induced superheat limit of liquid. Here we used arrangement of the laser-induced breakdown (LIB method. There were described the set cavitation setting that affects the size bubble in media with different absorbance. We visualized the cavitation bubble with a 60 kHz high speed camera. We used here shadowgraphy setup for the bubble visualization. There were observed time development and bubble extinction in various media, where the size of the bubble in the silicone oil was extremely small, due to the absorbance size of silicon oil.
Interaction mechanism of double bubbles in hydrodynamic cavitation
Science.gov (United States)
Li, Fengchao; Cai, Jun; Huai, Xiulan; Liu, Bin
2013-06-01
Bubble-bubble interaction is an important factor in cavitation bubble dynamics. In this paper, the dynamic behaviors of double cavitation bubbles driven by varying pressure field downstream of an orifice plate in hydrodynamic cavitation reactor are examined. The bubble-bubble interaction between two bubbles with different radii is considered. We have shown the different dynamic behaviors between double cavitation bubbles and a single bubble by solving two coupling nonlinear equations using the Runge-Kutta fourth order method with adaptive step size control. The simulation results indicate that, when considering the role of the neighbor smaller bubble, the oscillation of the bigger bubble gradually exhibits a lag in comparison with the single-bubble case, and the extent of the lag becomes much more obvious as time goes by. This phenomenon is more easily observed with the increase of the initial radius of the smaller bubble. In comparison with the single-bubble case, the oscillation of the bigger bubble is enhanced by the neighbor smaller bubble. Especially, the pressure pulse of the bigger bubble rises intensely when the sizes of two bubbles approach, and a series of peak values for different initial radii are acquired when the initial radius ratio of two bubbles is in the range of 0.9Ë1.0. Although the increase of the center distance between two bubbles can weaken the mutual interaction, it has no significant influence on the enhancement trend. On the one hand, the interaction between two bubbles with different radii can suppress the growth of the smaller bubble; on the other hand, it also can enhance the growth of the bigger one at the same time. The significant enhancement effect due to the interaction of multi-bubbles should be paid more attention because it can be used to reinforce the cavitation intensity for various potential applications in future.
Nano-scale bubble thermonuclear fusion in acoustically cavitated deuterated liquid
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Robert I Nigmatulin; Richard T Lahey Jr; Rusi Taleyarkhan
2005-01-01
Full text of publication follows: It has been experimentally shown (Taleyarkhan, West, Cho, Lahey, Nigmatulin, Block, 2002, 2004) that neutron emission and tritium formation may occur in deuterated acetone (D-acetone C 3 DO 6 ) under acoustic cavitation conditions. Intensity of the fast neutron (2.45 MeV) emission and tritium nucleus production is â¼ 4 x 10 5 s -1 . This suggests ultrahigh compression of matter produced inside bubbles during their collapse. In the paper a systematic theoretical analysis of the vapor bubble growth and subsequent implosion in intense acoustic fields in D-acetone is presented. The goal is to describe and explain the experimental observations of thermonuclear fusion for collapsing cavitation bubble in D-acetone. The dynamics of bubbles formed during maximum rarefaction in the liquid is numerically studied on the basis of the developed models of a single bubble and bubble clusters. It is supposed that during their growth the bubbles coagulate and form a few bigger bubbles, which then collapse under the action of additional pressure pulses produced in the liquid through the intensification of acoustic waves within the cluster. A shock wave is shown to be formed inside the bubble during the latter's rapid contraction. Focusing of this shock wave in the bubble center initiates dissociation and ionization, violent increases in density (10 4 kg m 3 ), pressure (10 10 -10 11 bar) and temperature (2 x 10 8 K), high enough to produce nuclear fusion reactions. The bubble looks like micro-hydrogen bomb. The diameter of the neutron emission zone is about 100 nm. The highest neutron emission is recorded at about 10-20 nm from the bubble center. It is found out that the intensity of bubble implosion and the number of neutron emitted increase with variations in nucleation phase, positive half-wave amplitude, liquid temperature and also with the involvement of coagulation mechanisms within the cluster during the bubble simultaneous growth. The number
Synchrotron x-ray imaging of acoustic cavitation bubbles induced by acoustic excitation
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Jung, Sung Yong; Park, Han Wook; Park, Sung Ho; Lee, Sang Joon
2017-01-01
The cavitation induced by acoustic excitation has been widely applied in various biomedical applications because cavitation bubbles can enhance the exchanges of mass and energy. In order to minimize the hazardous effects of the induced cavitation, it is essential to understand the spatial distribution of cavitation bubbles. The spatial distribution of cavitation bubbles visualized by the synchrotron x-ray imaging technique is compared to that obtained with a conventional x-ray tube. Cavitation bubbles with high density in the region close to the tip of the probe are visualized using the synchrotron x-ray imaging technique, however, the spatial distribution of cavitation bubbles in the whole ultrasound field is not detected. In this study, the effects of the ultrasound power of acoustic excitation and working medium on the shape and density of the induced cavitation bubbles are examined. As a result, the synchrotron x-ray imaging technique is useful for visualizing spatial distributions of cavitation bubbles, and it could be used for optimizing the operation conditions of acoustic cavitation. (paper)
Effect of free-air nuclei on fully developed individual bubble cavitation
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Danel, F.; Lecoffre, Y.
1976-01-01
Fully developed individual-bubble cavitation was studied. Nuclei population and pressure distribution at the boundary of a cavitating converging-diverging test section were measured. It was shown that some cavitation tests can only yield valid results if the free air content of the water is known. During the initial stages of bubble growth the wall pressure in the cavitation region is lower than the vapor pressure. Wall pressure rises later. For a given cavitation number and flow velocity, the pressure distribution depends on the number of expanding bubbles on the hydrofoil. Minimum pressure coefficient depends only on the cavitation number, the flow velocity and the number of expanding bubbles present. Bubbles generate pressure pulses at the wall; combined effect of all such pulses is to shift the wall pressure away from the value that would be obtained at the same cavitation number if no cavitation was present. The greater the number of expanding bubbles, the more the wall pressure tends to approach the vapor pressure. An important result of the work is to pin-point free air contents of water tunnel which lead to correct scaling of cavitation flows [fr
Excitation of cavitation bubbles in low-temperature liquid nitrogen
Science.gov (United States)
Sasaki, Koichi; Harada, Shingo
2017-06-01
We excited a cavitation bubble by irradiating a Nd:YAG laser pulse onto a titanium target that was installed in liquid nitrogen at a temperature below the boiling point. To our knowledge, this is the first experiment in which a cavitation bubble has been successfully excited in liquid nitrogen. We compared the cavitation bubble in liquid nitrogen with that in water on the basis of an equation reported by Florschuetz and Chao [J. Heat Transfer 87, 209 (1965)].
Intensely oscillating cavitation bubble in microfluidics
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Siew-Wan, Ohl; Tandiono; Klaseboer, Evert; Dave, Ow; Choo, Andre; Claus-Dieter, Ohl
2015-01-01
This study reports the technical breakthrough in generating intense ultrasonic cavitation in the confinement of a microfluidics channel [1], and applications that has been developed on this platform for the past few years [2,3,4,5]. Our system consists of circular disc transducers (10-20 mm in diameter), the microfluidics channels on PDMS (polydimethylsiloxane), and a driving circuitry. The cavitation bubbles are created at the gas- water interface due to strong capillary waves which are generated when the system is driven at its natural frequency (around 100 kHz) [1]. These bubbles oscillate and collapse within the channel. The bubbles are useful for sonochemistry and the generation of sonoluminescence [2]. When we add bacteria (Escherichia coli), and yeast cells (Pichia pastoris) into the microfluidics channels, the oscillating and collapsing bubbles stretch and lyse these cells [3]. Furthermore, the system is effective (DNA of the harvested intracellular content remains largely intact), and efficient (yield reaches saturation in less than 1 second). In another application, human red blood cells are added to a microchamber. Cell stretching and rapture are observed when a laser generated cavitation bubble expands and collapses next to the cell [4]. A numerical model of a liquid pocket surrounded by a membrane with surface tension which was placed next to an oscillating bubble was developed using the Boundary Element Method. The simulation results showed that the stretching of the liquid pocket occurs only when the surface tension is within a certain range. (paper)
Letter: Entrapment and interaction of an air bubble with an oscillating cavitation bubble
Science.gov (United States)
Kannan, Y. S.; Karri, Badarinath; Sahu, Kirti Chandra
2018-04-01
The mechanism of the formation of an air bubble due to an oscillating cavitation bubble in its vicinity is reported from an experimental study using high-speed imaging. The cavitation bubble is created close to the free surface of water using a low-voltage spark circuit comprising two copper electrodes in contact with each other. Before the bubble is created, a third copper wire is positioned in contact with the free surface of water close to the two crossing electrodes. Due to the surface tension at the triple point (wire-water-air) interface, a small dip is observed in the free surface at the point where the wire is immersed. When the cavitation bubble is created, the bubble pushes at the dip while expanding and pulls at it while collapsing. The collapse phase leads to the entrapment of an air bubble at the wire immersion point. During this phase, the air bubble undergoes a "catapult" effect, i.e., it expands to a maximum size and then collapses with a microjet at the free surface. To the best of our knowledge, this mechanism has not been reported so far. A parametric study is also conducted to understand the effects of wire orientation and bubble distance from the free surface.
Cavitation inception by the backscattering of pressure waves from a bubble interface
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Takahira, Hiroyuki, E-mail: takahira@me.osakafu-u.ac.jp; Ogasawara, Toshiyuki, E-mail: oga@me.osakafu-u.ac.jp; Mori, Naoto, E-mail: su101064@edu.osakafu-u.ac.jp; Tanaka, Moe [Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai-shi, Osaka 599-8531 (Japan)
2015-10-28
The secondary cavitation that occurs by the backscattering of focused ultrasound from a primary cavitation bubble caused by the negative pressure part of the ultrasound (Maxwell, et al., 2011) might be useful for the energy exchange due to bubble oscillations in High Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU). The present study is concerned with the cavitation inception by the backscattering of ultrasound from a bubble. In the present experiment, a laser-induced bubble which is generated by a pulsed focused laser beam with high intensity is utilized as a primary cavitation bubble. After generating the bubble, focused ultrasound is emitted to the bubble. The acoustic field and the bubble motion are observed with a high-speed video camera. It is confirmed that the secondary cavitation bubble clouds are generated by the backscattering from the laser-induced bubble. The growth of cavitation bubble clouds is analyzed with the image processing method. The experimental results show that the height and width of the bubble clouds grow in stepwise during their evolution. The direct numerical simulations are also conducted for the backscattering of incident pressure waves from a bubble in order to evaluate a pressure field near the bubble. It is shown that the ratio of a bubble collapse time t{sub 0} to a characteristic time of wave propagation t{sub S}, η = t{sub 0}/t{sub s}, is an important determinant for generating negative pressure region by backscattering. The minimum pressure location by the backscattering in simulations is in good agreement with the experiment.
Scale effect on bubble growth and cavitation inception in cavitation susceptibility meters
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Shen, Y.T.; Gowing, S.
1985-01-01
The Reynolds number alone is not adequate to predict cavitation inception scaling. Recent experiments on headforms once again show that the cavitation inception data are very sensitive to the nuclei tensile strength which, in turn depends on the velocity scale. This paper theoretically investigates the influence of Reynolds number and velocity scale on cavitation inception in a cavitation susceptibility meter. The numerical examples given are based on a single bubble spherical model
Dynamics and noise emission of laser induced cavitation bubbles in a vortical flow field
Science.gov (United States)
Oweis, Ghanem F.; Choi, Jaehyug; Ceccio, Steven L.
2004-03-01
The sound produced by the collapse of discrete cavitation bubbles was examined. Laser-generated cavitation bubbles were produced in both a quiescent and a vortical flow. The sound produced by the collapse of the cavitation bubbles was recorded, and its spectral content was determined. It was found that the risetime of the sound pulse produced by the collapse of single, spherical cavitation bubbles in quiescent fluid exceeded that of the slew rate of the hydrophone, which is consistent with previously published results. It was found that, as collapsing bubbles were deformed by the vortical flow, the acoustic impulse of the bubbles was reduced. Collapsing nonspherical bubbles often created a sound pulse with a risetime that exceeded that of the hydrophone slew rate, although the acoustic impulse created by the bubbles was influenced largely by the degree to which the bubbles became nonspherical before collapse. The noise produced by the slow growth of cavitation bubbles in the vortex core was not detectable. These results have implications for the interpretation of hydrodynamic cavitation noise produced by vortex cavitation.
Cavitation in confined water: ultra-fast bubble dynamics
Science.gov (United States)
Vincent, Olivier; Marmottant, Philippe
2012-02-01
In the hydraulic vessels of trees, water can be found at negative pressure. This metastable state, corresponding to mechanical tension, is achieved by evaporation through a porous medium. It can be relaxed by cavitation, i.e. the sudden nucleation of vapor bubbles. Harmful for the tree due to the subsequent emboli of sap vessels, cavitation is on the contrary used by ferns to eject spores very swiftly. We will focus here on the dynamics of the cavitation bubble, which is of primary importance to explain the previously cited natural phenomena. We use the recently developed method of artificial tress, using transparent hydrogels as the porous medium. Our experiments, on water confined in micrometric hydrogel cavities, show an extremely fast dynamics: bubbles are nucleated at the microsecond timescale. For cavities larger than 100 microns, the bubble ``rings'' with damped oscillations at MHz frequencies, whereas for smaller cavities the oscillations become overdamped. This rich dynamics can be accounted for by a model we developed, leading to a modified Rayleigh-Plesset equation. Interestingly, this model predicts the impossibility to nucleate bubbles above a critical confinement that depends on liquid negative pressure and corresponds to approximately 100 nm for 20 MPa tensions.
Observations of the Dynamics and Acoustics of Travelling Bubble Cavitation
Science.gov (United States)
1990-06-25
Bubbles 6.1 Introduction The detailed relationship between the collapse mechanism of hydrodynamic cavitation bubbles and the resulting noise generation is...Contribution to 11th International Towing Tank Conference. Il’ichev, V. I. 1968. Statistical Model of the Onset of Hydrodynamic Cavitation Noise. Soviet...On the Theory of Hydrodynamic Cavitation Noise. Soviet Physics-Acoustics, Vol. 15, pp. 494-498. Marboe, M. L., Billet, M. L. and Thompson, D. E. 1986
Formation of a cavitation cluster in the vicinity of a quasi-empty rupture
Science.gov (United States)
Bol'shakova, E. S.; Kedrinskiy, V. K.
2017-09-01
The presentation deals with one of the experimental and numerical models of a quasi-empty rupture in the magma melt. This rupture is formed in the liquid layer of a distilled cavitating fluid under shock loading within the framework of the problem formulation with a small electromagnetic hydrodynamic shock tube. It is demonstrated that the rupture is shaped as a spherical segment, which retains its topology during the entire process of its evolution and collapsing. The dynamic behavior of the quasi-empty rupture is analyzed, and the growth of cavitating nuclei in the form of the boundary layer near the entire rupture interface is found. It is shown that rupture implosion is accompanied by the transformation of the bubble boundary layer to a cavitating cluster, which takes the form of a ring-shaped vortex floating upward to the free surface of the liquid layer. A p-κ mathematical model is formulated, and calculations are performed to investigate the implosion of a quasi-empty spherical cavity in the cavitating liquid, generation of a shock wave by this cavity, and dynamics of the bubble density growth in the cavitating cluster by five orders of magnitude.
Gas transport into a cavitation bubble during the explosion
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Oldenziel, D.M.
1976-01-01
When considering cavitation bubbles exploding from small stream nuclei the surface tension plays an important role, and mostly negative pressures exist in the surroundings of such a bubble. During the short explosion time, the gas and vapor pressure in the bubble plays no important role in the dynamic process. The high radial velocity of the bubble wall introduces a steep gradient in the concentration of dissolved air near it, which results in some enforced gas transport into the bubble. During the bubble implosion it is necessary to take into account the amount of gas in the bubble, as it certainly plays an important role in exploring the cavitation erosion. In this survey the solution of a mathematical model for the gas diffusion process is compared with some experimental results
Dendrites fragmentation induced by oscillating cavitation bubbles in ultrasound field.
Science.gov (United States)
Wang, S; Kang, J; Zhang, X; Guo, Z
2018-02-01
The fragmentation of the dendrites of succinonitrile (SCN)-2-wt.% acetone organic transparent alloy caused by ultrasound-induced cavitation bubbles was studied by using ultra-high-speed digital camera with a rate of 40,000fps. Real-time imaging reveals that the vibrating cavitation bubbles can fragment not only secondary arms but also the primary ones under high ultrasound power. The secondary arms always broke at their roots as a result of stress concentration induced by oscillated cavitation bubble and then ripped off from their primary arms. Generally the fragment process takes tens of milliseconds from bending to breaking, while the break always occurs immediately in less than 25μs. Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier B.V.
Interactions of inertial cavitation bubbles with stratum corneum lipid bilayers during low-frequency sonophoresis.
Science.gov (United States)
Tezel, Ahmet; Mitragotri, Samir
2003-12-01
Interactions of acoustic cavitation bubbles with biological tissues play an important role in biomedical applications of ultrasound. Acoustic cavitation plays a particularly important role in enhancing transdermal transport of macromolecules, thereby offering a noninvasive mode of drug delivery (sonophoresis). Ultrasound-enhanced transdermal transport is mediated by inertial cavitation, where collapses of cavitation bubbles microscopically disrupt the lipid bilayers of the stratum corneum. In this study, we describe a theoretical analysis of the interactions of cavitation bubbles with the stratum corneum lipid bilayers. Three modes of bubble-stratum corneum interactions including shock wave emission, microjet penetration into the stratum corneum, and impact of microjet on the stratum corneum are considered. By relating the mechanical effects of these events on the stratum corneum structure, the relationship between the number of cavitation events and collapse pressures with experimentally measured increase in skin permeability was established. Theoretical predictions were compared to experimentally measured parameters of cavitation events.
Prediction of Cavitation Depth in an Al-Cu Alloy Melt with Bubble Characteristics Based on Synchrotron X-ray Radiography
Science.gov (United States)
Huang, Haijun; Shu, Da; Fu, Yanan; Zhu, Guoliang; Wang, Donghong; Dong, Anping; Sun, Baode
2018-04-01
The size of cavitation region is a key parameter to estimate the metallurgical effect of ultrasonic melt treatment (UST) on preferential structure refinement. We present a simple numerical model to predict the characteristic length of the cavitation region, termed cavitation depth, in a metal melt. The model is based on wave propagation with acoustic attenuation caused by cavitation bubbles which are dependent on bubble characteristics and ultrasonic intensity. In situ synchrotron X-ray imaging of cavitation bubbles has been made to quantitatively measure the size of cavitation region and volume fraction and size distribution of cavitation bubbles in an Al-Cu melt. The results show that cavitation bubbles maintain a log-normal size distribution, and the volume fraction of cavitation bubbles obeys a tanh function with the applied ultrasonic intensity. Using the experimental values of bubble characteristics as input, the predicted cavitation depth agrees well with observations except for a slight deviation at higher acoustic intensities. Further analysis shows that the increase of bubble volume and bubble size both leads to higher attenuation by cavitation bubbles, and hence, smaller cavitation depth. The current model offers a guideline to implement UST, especially for structural refinement.
Visualization of cavitation bubbles induced by a laser pulse
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Testud-Giovanneschi, P.; Dufresne, D.; Inglesakis, G.
1987-01-01
The I.M.F.M. researchers working on Laser-Matter Interaction are studying the effects induced on matter by a pulsed radiation energy deposit. In this research, the emphasis is on the laser liquids interaction field and more particularly the cavitation induced by a laser pulse or ''optical-cavitation'' as termed by W. Lauterborn (1). For bubbles investigations, the visualizations form a basic diagnostic. This paper presents the experimental apparatus of formation of bubbles, the visualization apparatus and different typical examples of photographic recordings
Interactions of Inertial Cavitation Bubbles with Stratum Corneum Lipid Bilayers during Low-Frequency Sonophoresis
OpenAIRE
Tezel, Ahmet; Mitragotri, Samir
2003-01-01
Interactions of acoustic cavitation bubbles with biological tissues play an important role in biomedical applications of ultrasound. Acoustic cavitation plays a particularly important role in enhancing transdermal transport of macromolecules, thereby offering a noninvasive mode of drug delivery (sonophoresis). Ultrasound-enhanced transdermal transport is mediated by inertial cavitation, where collapses of cavitation bubbles microscopically disrupt the lipid bilayers of the stratum corneum. In...
Relationship between thrombolysis efficiency induced by pulsed focused ultrasound and cavitation bubble size
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Xu, S; Liu, X; Wang, S; Wan, M
2015-01-01
In this study, the relationship between the efficiency of pulsed focused ultrasound (FUS)-induced thrombolysis and the size distribution of cavitation bubbles has been studied. Firstly, the thrombolysis efficiency, evaluated by degree of mechanical fragmentation was investigated with varying duty cycle. Secondly, the size distribution of cavitation bubbles after the 1st, 10 3 th and 10 5 th pulse during experiments for various duty cycles was studied. It was revealed that the thrombolysis efficiency was highest when the cavitation bubble size distribution was centred around linear resonance radius of the emission frequency of the FUS transducer. Therefore, in cavitation enhanced therapeutic applications, the essential of using a pulsed FUS may be controlling the size distribution of cavitation nuclei within an active size range so as to increase the treatment efficiency. (paper)
Sono-chemiluminescence from a single cavitation bubble in water
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Brotchie, Adam; Shchukin, Dmitry; Moehwald, Helmuth; Schneider, Julia; Pflieger, Rachel
2012-01-01
In summary, this study has revealed the conditions required for a single bubble to be sono-chemically active. Evidence of radical-induced processes surrounding the bubble was only observed below the SL threshold, where the bubble was not spatially stable, and did not correlate with emission from excited molecular states inside the bubble. Moreover, this work substantiates recent progress that has been made in bridging the gap between single and multi-bubble cavitation. (authors)
Acoustical signature of the collapse of a cavitation bubble
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Chahine, G.L.
1978-10-01
The influence of the proximity of a wall on the noise emitted when an isolated cavitation bubble collapses is studied qualitatively by correlation between the noise emitted and the dynamics of the bubble, by amplitude analysis and by time analysis [fr
Multifocal laser surgery: cutting enhancement by hydrodynamic interactions between cavitation bubbles.
Science.gov (United States)
Toytman, I; Silbergleit, A; Simanovski, D; Palanker, D
2010-10-01
Transparent biological tissues can be precisely dissected with ultrafast lasers using optical breakdown in the tight focal zone. Typically, tissues are cut by sequential application of pulses, each of which produces a single cavitation bubble. We investigate the hydrodynamic interactions between simultaneous cavitation bubbles originating from multiple laser foci. Simultaneous expansion and collapse of cavitation bubbles can enhance the cutting efficiency, by increasing the resulting deformations in tissue, and the associated rupture zone. An analytical model of the flow induced by the bubbles is presented and experimentally verified. The threshold strain of the material rupture is measured in a model tissue. Using the computational model and the experimental value of the threshold strain one can compute the shape of the rupture zone in tissue resulting from application of multiple bubbles. With the threshold strain of 0.7 two simultaneous bubbles produce a continuous cut when applied at the distance 1.35 times greater than that required in sequential approach. Simultaneous focusing of the laser in multiple spots along the line of intended cut can extend this ratio to 1.7. Counterpropagating jets forming during collapse of two bubbles in materials with low viscosity can further extend the cutting zone-up to approximately a factor of 1.5.
Application of analyzer based X-ray imaging technique for detection of ultrasound induced cavitation bubbles from a physical therapy unit.
Science.gov (United States)
Izadifar, Zahra; Belev, George; Babyn, Paul; Chapman, Dean
2015-10-19
The observation of ultrasound generated cavitation bubbles deep in tissue is very difficult. The development of an imaging method capable of investigating cavitation bubbles in tissue would improve the efficiency and application of ultrasound in the clinic. Among the previous imaging modalities capable of detecting cavitation bubbles in vivo, the acoustic detection technique has the positive aspect of in vivo application. However the size of the initial cavitation bubble and the amplitude of the ultrasound that produced the cavitation bubbles, affect the timing and amplitude of the cavitation bubbles' emissions. The spatial distribution of cavitation bubbles, driven by 0.8835Â MHz therapeutic ultrasound system at output power of 14 Watt, was studied in water using a synchrotron X-ray imaging technique, Analyzer Based Imaging (ABI). The cavitation bubble distribution was investigated by repeated application of the ultrasound and imaging the water tank. The spatial frequency of the cavitation bubble pattern was evaluated by Fourier analysis. Acoustic cavitation was imaged at four different locations through the acoustic beam in water at a fixed power level. The pattern of cavitation bubbles in water was detected by synchrotron X-ray ABI. The spatial distribution of cavitation bubbles driven by the therapeutic ultrasound system was observed using ABI X-ray imaging technique. It was observed that the cavitation bubbles appeared in a periodic pattern. The calculated distance between intervals revealed that the distance of frequent cavitation lines (intervals) is one-half of the acoustic wave length consistent with standing waves. This set of experiments demonstrates the utility of synchrotron ABI for visualizing cavitation bubbles formed in water by clinical ultrasound systems working at high frequency and output powers as low as a therapeutic system.
Shock waves from non-spherically collapsing cavitation bubbles
Science.gov (United States)
Supponen, Outi; Obreschkow, Danail; Farhat, Mohamed
2017-11-01
Combining simultaneous high-speed imaging and hydrophone measurements, we uncover details of the multiple shock wave emission from laser-induced cavitation bubbles collapsing in a non-spherical way. For strongly deformed bubbles collapsing near a free surface, we identify the distinct shock waves caused by the jet impact onto the opposite bubble wall and by the individual collapses of the remaining bubble segments. The energy carried by each of these shocks depends on the level of bubble deformation, quantified by the anisotropy parameter ζ, the dimensionless equivalent of the Kelvin impulse. For jetting bubbles, at ζ water hammer as ph = 0.45 (Ïc2 Îp) 1 / 2ζ-1 .
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SECONDARY BUBBLE CLUSTER PRODUCED BY AN ELECTROHYDRAULIC SHOCK WAVE LITHOTRIPTER
Science.gov (United States)
Zhou, Yufeng; Qin, Jun; Zhong, Pei
2013-01-01
This study investigated the characteristics of the secondary bubble cluster produced by an electrohydraulic lithotripter using high-speed imaging and passive cavitation detection techniques. The results showed that (i) the discrepancy of the collapse time between near a flat rigid boundary and in a free field of the secondary bubble cluster was not as significant as that by the primary one; (ii) the secondary bubble clusters were small but in a high bubble density and nonuniform in distribution, and they did not expand and aggregate significantly near a rigid boundary; and (iii) the corresponding bubble collapse was weaker with few microjet formation and bubble rebound. By applying a strong suction flow near the electrode tip, the production of the secondary shock wave (SW) and induced bubble cluster could be disturbed significantly, but without influence on the primary ones. Consequently, stone fragmentation efficiency was reduced from 41.2 ± 7.1% to 32.2 ± 3.5% after 250 shocks (p <0.05). Altogether, these observations suggest that the secondary bubble cluster produced by an electrohydraulic lithotripter may contribute to its ability for effective stone fragmentation. PMID:22390990
Pseudopotential multi-relaxation-time lattice Boltzmann model for cavitation bubble collapse with high density ratio
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Shan Ming-Lei; Zhu Chang-Ping; Yao Cheng; Yin Cheng; Jiang Xiao-Yan
2016-01-01
The dynamics of the cavitation bubble collapse is a fundamental issue for the bubble collapse application and prevention. In the present work, the modified forcing scheme for the pseudopotential multi-relaxation-time lattice Boltzmann model developed by Li Q et al. [Li Q, Luo K H and Li X J 2013 Phys. Rev. E 87 053301] is adopted to develop a cavitation bubble collapse model. In the respects of coexistence curves and Laplace law verification, the improved pseudopotential multi-relaxation-time lattice Boltzmann model is investigated. It is found that the thermodynamic consistency and surface tension are independent of kinematic viscosity. By homogeneous and heterogeneous cavitation simulation, the ability of the present model to describe the cavitation bubble development as well as the cavitation inception is verified. The bubble collapse between two parallel walls is simulated. The dynamic process of a collapsing bubble is consistent with the results from experiments and simulations by other numerical methods. It is demonstrated that the present pseudopotential multi-relaxation-time lattice Boltzmann model is applicable and efficient, and the lattice Boltzmann method is an alternative tool for collapsing bubble modeling. (paper)
Spatial-temporal ultrasound imaging of residual cavitation bubbles around a fluid-tissue interface in histotripsy.
Science.gov (United States)
Hu, Hong; Xu, Shanshan; Yuan, Yuan; Liu, Runna; Wang, Supin; Wan, Mingxi
2015-05-01
Cavitation is considered as the primary mechanism of soft tissue fragmentation (histotripsy) by pulsed high-intensity focused ultrasound. The residual cavitation bubbles have a dual influence on the histotripsy pulses: these serve as nuclei for easy generation of new cavitation, and act as strong scatterers causing energy "shadowing." To monitor the residual cavitation bubbles in histotripsy, an ultrafast active cavitation imaging method with relatively high signal-to-noise ratio and good spatial-temporal resolution was proposed in this paper, which combined plane wave transmission, minimum variance beamforming, and coherence factor weighting. The spatial-temporal evolutions of residual cavitation bubbles around a fluid-tissue interface in histotripsy under pulse duration (PD) of 10-40âμs and pulse repetition frequency (PRF) of 0.67-2âkHz were monitored by this method. The integrated bubble area curves inside the tissue interface were acquired from the bubble image sequence, and the formation process of histotripsy damage was estimated. It was observed that the histotripsy efficiency decreased with both longer PDs and higher PRFs. A direct relationship with a coefficient of 1.0365 between histotripsy lesion area and inner residual bubble area was found. These results can assist in monitoring and optimization of the histotripsy treatment further.
Effect of ultrasound on dynamics characteristic of the cavitation bubble in grinding fluids during honing process.
Science.gov (United States)
Guo, Ce; Zhu, Xijing
2018-03-01
The effect of ultrasound on generating and controlling the cavitation bubble of the grinding fluid during ultrasonic vibration honing was investigated. The grinding fluid on the surface of the honing stone was measured by utilizing the digital microscope VHX-600ESO. Based on analyzing the cavitation mechanism of the grinding fluid, the bubble dynamics model under conventional honing (CH) and ultrasonic vibration honing (UVH) was established respectively. Difference of dynamic behaviors of the bubble between the cases in UVH and CH was compared respectively, and the effects of acoustic amplitude and ultrasonic frequency on the bubble dynamics were simulated numerically using the Runge-Kutta fourth order method with variable step size adaptive control. Finally, the cavitation intensity of grinding fluids under ultrasound was measured quantitatively using acoustimeter. The results showed that the grinding fluid subjected to ultrasound can generate many bubbles and further forms numerous groups of araneose cavitation bubbles on the surface of the honing stone. The oscillation of the bubble under UVH is more intense than the case under CH, and the maximum velocity of the bubble wall under UVH is higher two magnitudes than the case under CH. For lower acoustic amplitude, the dynamic behaviors of the bubble under UVH are similar to that case under CH. As increasing acoustic amplitude, the cavitation intensity of the bubble is growing increased. Honing pressure has an inhabitation effect on cavitation effect of the grinding fluid. The perfect performance of cavitation of the grinding fluid can be obtained when the device of UVH is in the resonance. However, the cavitation intensity of the grinding fluid can be growing weakened with increasing ultrasonic frequency, when the device of UVH is in the off-resonance. The experimental results agree with the theoretical and numerical analysis, which provides a method for exploring applications of the cavitation effect in
Synchrotron quantification of ultrasound cavitation and bubble dynamics in Al-10Cu melts.
Science.gov (United States)
Xu, W W; Tzanakis, I; Srirangam, P; Mirihanage, W U; Eskin, D G; Bodey, A J; Lee, P D
2016-07-01
Knowledge of the kinetics of gas bubble formation and evolution under cavitation conditions in molten alloys is important for the control casting defects such as porosity and dissolved hydrogen. Using in situ synchrotron X-ray radiography, we studied the dynamic behaviour of ultrasonic cavitation gas bubbles in a molten Al-10 wt%Cu alloy. The size distribution, average radius and growth rate of cavitation gas bubbles were quantified under an acoustic intensity of 800 W/cm(2) and a maximum acoustic pressure of 4.5 MPa (45 atm). Bubbles exhibited a log-normal size distribution with an average radius of 15.3 ± 0.5 μm. Under applied sonication conditions the growth rate of bubble radius, R(t), followed a power law with a form of R(t)=αt(β), and α=0.0021 &β=0.89. The observed tendencies were discussed in relation to bubble growth mechanisms of Al alloy melts. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Localized Tissue Surrogate Deformation due to Controlled Single Bubble Cavitation
Science.gov (United States)
2014-08-27
studies using ultrasound shock waves also support cavitation induced damage, e.g. hemorrhage and cellular membrane poration 26-28. In addition...SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF: Cavitation -induced shock wave, as might occur in the head during exposure to blast waves, was investigated as a possible...damage mechanism for soft brain tissues. A novel experimental scheme was developed to visualize and control single bubble cavitation and its
Visualization of ultrasound induced cavitation bubbles using the synchrotron x-ray Analyzer Based Imaging technique
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Izadifar, Zahra; Izadifar, Mohammad; Izadifar, Zohreh; Chapman, Dean; Belev, George
2014-01-01
Observing cavitation bubbles deep within tissue is very difficult. The development of a method for probing cavitation, irrespective of its location in tissues, would improve the efficiency and application of ultrasound in the clinic. A synchrotron x-ray imaging technique, which is capable of detecting cavitation bubbles induced in water by a sonochemistry system, is reported here; this could possibly be extended to the study of therapeutic ultrasound in tissues. The two different x-ray imaging techniques of Analyzer Based Imaging (ABI) and phase contrast imaging (PCI) were examined in order to detect ultrasound induced cavitation bubbles. Cavitation was not observed by PCI, however it was detectable with ABI. Acoustic cavitation was imaged at six different acoustic power levels and six different locations through the acoustic beam in water at a fixed power level. The results indicate the potential utility of this technique for cavitation studies in tissues, but it is time consuming. This may be improved by optimizing the imaging method. (paper)
Visualization of ultrasound induced cavitation bubbles using the synchrotron x-ray Analyzer Based Imaging technique.
Science.gov (United States)
Izadifar, Zahra; Belev, George; Izadifar, Mohammad; Izadifar, Zohreh; Chapman, Dean
2014-12-07
Observing cavitation bubbles deep within tissue is very difficult. The development of a method for probing cavitation, irrespective of its location in tissues, would improve the efficiency and application of ultrasound in the clinic. A synchrotron x-ray imaging technique, which is capable of detecting cavitation bubbles induced in water by a sonochemistry system, is reported here; this could possibly be extended to the study of therapeutic ultrasound in tissues. The two different x-ray imaging techniques of Analyzer Based Imaging (ABI) and phase contrast imaging (PCI) were examined in order to detect ultrasound induced cavitation bubbles. Cavitation was not observed by PCI, however it was detectable with ABI. Acoustic cavitation was imaged at six different acoustic power levels and six different locations through the acoustic beam in water at a fixed power level. The results indicate the potential utility of this technique for cavitation studies in tissues, but it is time consuming. This may be improved by optimizing the imaging method.
Numerical analysis of the effects of radiation heat transfer and ionization energy loss on the cavitation Bubble's dynamics
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Mahdi, M.; Ebrahimi, R.; Shams, M.
2011-01-01
A numerical scheme for simulating the acoustic and hydrodynamic cavitation was developed. Bubble instantaneous radius was obtained using Gilmore equation which considered the compressibility of the liquid. A uniform temperature was assumed for the inside gas during the collapse. Radiation heat transfer inside the bubble and the heat conduction to the bubble was considered. The numerical code was validated with the experimental data and a good correspondence was observed. The dynamics of hydrofoil cavitation bubble were also investigated. It was concluded that the thermal radiation heat transfer rate strongly depended on the cavitation number, initial bubble radius and hydrofoil angle of attack. -- Highlights: â Heat transfer and ionization energy losses were analyzed in the cavitation bubble. â Radiation of hydrodynamic bubble was approximately equal to the black body. â Radiation heat transfer did not affect the bubble dynamic. â Conduction decreased the bubble pressure and increased the bubble temperature. â Ionization decreased the temperature and increased the pressure in the bubble.
Influence of the bubbles on the turbulence in the liquid in hydrodynamic cavitation through a venturi
Science.gov (United States)
Fuzier, Sylvie; Coutier Delgosha, Olivier; Coudert, S. Ãbastien; Dazin, Antoine
2011-11-01
The physical description of hydrodynamic cavitation is complex as it includes strongly unsteady, turbulent and phase change phenomena. Because the bubbles in the cavitation area render this zone opaque, nonintrusive experimental observation inside this zone is difficult and little is known about the detailed bubble, flow structure and physics inside. A novel approach using LIF-PIV to investigate the dynamics inside the cavitation area generated through a venturi is presented. The velocity in the liquid and of the bubbles are measured simultaneously and correlated with areas of various bubble structure. The influence of the bubble structure on the turbulence in the liquid is also studied.
A reduced-order, single-bubble cavitation model with applications to therapeutic ultrasound.
Science.gov (United States)
Kreider, Wayne; Crum, Lawrence A; Bailey, Michael R; Sapozhnikov, Oleg A
2011-11-01
Cavitation often occurs in therapeutic applications of medical ultrasound such as shock-wave lithotripsy (SWL) and high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU). Because cavitation bubbles can affect an intended treatment, it is important to understand the dynamics of bubbles in this context. The relevant context includes very high acoustic pressures and frequencies as well as elevated temperatures. Relative to much of the prior research on cavitation and bubble dynamics, such conditions are unique. To address the relevant physics, a reduced-order model of a single, spherical bubble is proposed that incorporates phase change at the liquid-gas interface as well as heat and mass transport in both phases. Based on the energy lost during the inertial collapse and rebound of a millimeter-sized bubble, experimental observations were used to tune and test model predictions. In addition, benchmarks from the published literature were used to assess various aspects of model performance. Benchmark comparisons demonstrate that the model captures the basic physics of phase change and diffusive transport, while it is quantitatively sensitive to specific model assumptions and implementation details. Given its performance and numerical stability, the model can be used to explore bubble behaviors across a broad parameter space relevant to therapeutic ultrasound.
Application of analyzer based X-ray imaging technique for detection of ultrasound induced cavitation bubbles from a physical therapy unit
OpenAIRE
Izadifar, Zahra; Belev, George; Babyn, Paul; Chapman, Dean
2015-01-01
Background The observation of ultrasound generated cavitation bubbles deep in tissue is very difficult. The development of an imaging method capable of investigating cavitation bubbles in tissue would improve the efficiency and application of ultrasound in the clinic. Among the previous imaging modalities capable of detecting cavitation bubbles in vivo, the acoustic detection technique has the positive aspect of in vivo application. However the size of the initial cavitation bubble and the am...
Transfection effect of microbubbles on cells in superposed ultrasound waves and behavior of cavitation bubble.
Science.gov (United States)
Kodama, Tetsuya; Tomita, Yukio; Koshiyama, Ken-Ichiro; Blomley, Martin J K
2006-06-01
The combination of ultrasound and ultrasound contrast agents (UCAs) is able to induce transient membrane permeability leading to direct delivery of exogenous molecules into cells. Cavitation bubbles are believed to be involved in the membrane permeability; however, the detailed mechanism is still unknown. In the present study, the effects of ultrasound and the UCAs, Optison on transfection in vitro for different medium heights and the related dynamic behaviors of cavitation bubbles were investigated. Cultured CHO-E cells mixed with reporter genes (luciferase or beta-gal plasmid DNA) and UCAs were exposed to 1 MHz ultrasound in 24-well plates. Ultrasound was applied from the bottom of the well and reflected at the free surface of the medium, resulting in the superposition of ultrasound waves within the well. Cells cultured on the bottom of 24-well plates were located near the first node (displacement node) of the incident ultrasound downstream. Transfection activity was a function determined with the height of the medium (wave traveling distance), as well as the concentration of UCAs and the exposure time was also determined with the concentration of UCAs and the exposure duration. Survival fraction was determined by MTT assay, also changes with these values in the reverse pattern compared with luciferase activity. With shallow medium height, high transfection efficacy and high survival fraction were obtained at a low concentration of UCAs. In addition, capillary waves and subsequent atomized particles became significant as the medium height decreased. These phenomena suggested cavitation bubbles were being generated in the medium. To determine the effect of UCAs on bubble generation, we repeated the experiments using crushed heat-treated Optison solution instead of the standard microbubble preparation. The transfection ratio and survival fraction showed no additional benefit when ultrasound was used. These results suggested that cavitation bubbles created by the
A derivation of the stable cavitation threshold accounting for bubble-bubble interactions.
Science.gov (United States)
Guédra, Matthieu; Cornu, Corentin; Inserra, Claude
2017-09-01
The subharmonic emission of sound coming from the nonlinear response of a bubble population is the most used indicator for stable cavitation. When driven at twice their resonance frequency, bubbles can exhibit subharmonic spherical oscillations if the acoustic pressure amplitude exceeds a threshold value. Although various theoretical derivations exist for the subharmonic emission by free or coated bubbles, they all rest on the single bubble model. In this paper, we propose an analytical expression of the subharmonic threshold for interacting bubbles in a homogeneous, monodisperse cloud. This theory predicts a shift of the subharmonic resonance frequency and a decrease of the corresponding pressure threshold due to the interactions. For a given sonication frequency, these results show that an optimal value of the interaction strength (i.e. the number density of bubbles) can be found for which the subharmonic threshold is minimum, which is consistent with recently published experiments conducted on ultrasound contrast agents. Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Interaction of Impulsive Pressures of Cavitation Bubbles with Cell Membranes during Sonoporation
Science.gov (United States)
Kodama, Tetsuya; Koshiyama, Ken-ichiro; Tomita, Yukio; Suzuki, Maiko; Yano, Takeru; Fujikawa, Shigeo
2006-05-01
Ultrasound contrast agents (UCAs), are capable of enhancing non-invasive cytoplasmic molecular delivery in the presence of ultrasound. Collapse of UCAs may generate nano-scale cavitation bubbles, resulting in the transient permeabilization of the cell membrane. In the present study, we investigated the interaction of a cavitation bubble-induced shock wave with a cell membrane using acoustic theory and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. From the theory, we obtained the shock wave propagation distance from the center of a cavitation bubble that would induce membrane damage. The MD simulation determined the relationship between the uptake of water molecules into the lipid bilayer and the shock wave. The interaction of the shock wave induced a structural change of the bilayer and subsequently increased the fluidity of each molecule. These changes in the bilayer due to shock waves may be an important factor in the use of UCAs to produce the transient membrane permeability during sonoporation.
Numerical analysis of the effects of radiation heat transfer and ionization energy loss on the cavitation Bubble's dynamics
Science.gov (United States)
Mahdi, M.; Ebrahimi, R.; Shams, M.
2011-06-01
A numerical scheme for simulating the acoustic and hydrodynamic cavitation was developed. Bubble instantaneous radius was obtained using Gilmore equation which considered the compressibility of the liquid. A uniform temperature was assumed for the inside gas during the collapse. Radiation heat transfer inside the bubble and the heat conduction to the bubble was considered. The numerical code was validated with the experimental data and a good correspondence was observed. The dynamics of hydrofoil cavitation bubble were also investigated. It was concluded that the thermal radiation heat transfer rate strongly depended on the cavitation number, initial bubble radius and hydrofoil angle of attack.
Experimental study of formation and dynamics of cavitation bubbles and acoustic flows in NaCl, KCl water solutions
Science.gov (United States)
Rybkin, K. A.; Bratukhin, Yu. K.; Lyubimova, T. P.; Fatallov, O.; Filippov, L. O.
2017-07-01
The acoustic flows and the phenomena associated with them arising under the action of ultrasound of different power on distilled water and aqueous solutions of a mixture of NaCl and KCl salts of various concentrations are studied experimentally. It is found that in the distilled water, under the action of ultrasound, the appearance of inertial and non-inertial cavitation bubbles takes place, then the formation of stable clusters, the distance between which depends on the power of the ultrasound source is observed. Experiments show that an increase in the mass concentration of salts in water leads to the decrease in the average diameter of the arising inertial cavitation bubbles and to the gradual decrease in their number, up to an almost complete disappearance at nearly 13% of the concentration of the salt mixture in the water.
Numerical analysis of the effects of radiation heat transfer and ionization energy loss on the cavitation Bubble's dynamics
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Mahdi, M. [Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran (Iran, Islamic Republic of); Ebrahimi, R. [Faculty of Aerospace Engineering, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran (Iran, Islamic Republic of); Shams, M., E-mail: shams@kntu.ac.ir [Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, Pardis St., Molla-Sadra Ave, Vanak. Sq., P.O. Box: 19395-1999, Tehran (Iran, Islamic Republic of)
2011-06-13
A numerical scheme for simulating the acoustic and hydrodynamic cavitation was developed. Bubble instantaneous radius was obtained using Gilmore equation which considered the compressibility of the liquid. A uniform temperature was assumed for the inside gas during the collapse. Radiation heat transfer inside the bubble and the heat conduction to the bubble was considered. The numerical code was validated with the experimental data and a good correspondence was observed. The dynamics of hydrofoil cavitation bubble were also investigated. It was concluded that the thermal radiation heat transfer rate strongly depended on the cavitation number, initial bubble radius and hydrofoil angle of attack. -- Highlights: â Heat transfer and ionization energy losses were analyzed in the cavitation bubble. â Radiation of hydrodynamic bubble was approximately equal to the black body. â Radiation heat transfer did not affect the bubble dynamic. â Conduction decreased the bubble pressure and increased the bubble temperature. â Ionization decreased the temperature and increased the pressure in the bubble.
Effect of supercritical water shell on cavitation bubble dynamics
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Shao Wei-Hang; Chen Wei-Zhong
2015-01-01
Based on reported experimental data, a new model for single cavitation bubble dynamics is proposed considering a supercritical water (SCW) shell surrounding the bubble. Theoretical investigations show that the SCW shell apparently slows down the oscillation of the bubble and cools the gas temperature inside the collapsing bubble. Furthermore, the model is simplified to a RayleighâPlesset-like equation for a thin SCW shell. The dependence of the bubble dynamics on the thickness and density of the SCW shell is studied. The results show the bubble dynamics depends on the thickness but is insensitive to the density of the SCW shell. The thicker the SCW shell is, the smaller are the wall velocity and the gas temperature in the bubble. In the authorsâ opinion, the SCW shell works as a buffering agent. In collapsing, it is compressed to absorb a good deal of the work transformed into the bubble internal energy during bubble collapse so that it weakens the bubble oscillations. (paper)
Ultrasound induced by CW laser cavitation bubbles
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Korneev, N; Montero, P Rodriguez; Ramos-Garcia, R; Ramirez-San-Juan, J C; Padilla-Martinez, J P
2011-01-01
The generation of ultrasound by a collapsing single cavitation bubble in a strongly absorbing liquid illuminated with a moderate power CW laser is described. The ultrasound shock wave is detected with hydrophone and interferometric device. To obtain a stronger pulse it is necessary to adjust a liquid absorption and a beam diameter. Their influence can be qualitatively understood with a simple model.
Jets from pulsed-ultrasound-induced cavitation bubbles near a rigid boundary
Science.gov (United States)
Brujan, Emil-Alexandru
2017-06-01
The dynamics of cavitation bubbles, generated from short (microsecond) pulses of ultrasound and situated near a rigid boundary, are investigated numerically. The temporal development of the bubble shape, bubble migration, formation of the liquid jet during bubble collapse, and the kinetic energy of the jet are investigated as a function of the distance between bubble and boundary. During collapse, the bubble migrates towards the boundary and the liquid jet reaches a maximum velocity between 80 m s-1 and 120 m s-1, depending on the distance between bubble and boundary. The conversion of bubble energy to kinetic energy of the jet ranges from 16% to 23%. When the bubble is situated in close proximity to the boundary, the liquid jet impacts the boundary with its maximum velocity, resulting in an impact pressure of the order of tens of MPa. The rapid expansion of the bubble, the impact of the liquid jet onto the nearby boundary material, and the high pressure developed inside the bubble at its minimum volume can all contribute to the boundary material damage. The high pressure developed during the impact of the liquid jet onto the biological material and the shearing forces acting on the material surface as a consequence of the radial flow of the jet outward from the impact site are the main damage mechanisms of rigid biological materials. The results are discussed with respect to cavitation damage of rigid biological materials, such as disintegration of renal stones and calcified tissue and collateral effects in pulsed ultrasound surgery.
Jets from pulsed-ultrasound-induced cavitation bubbles near a rigid boundary
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Brujan, Emil-Alexandru
2017-01-01
The dynamics of cavitation bubbles, generated from short (microsecond) pulses of ultrasound and situated near a rigid boundary, are investigated numerically. The temporal development of the bubble shape, bubble migration, formation of the liquid jet during bubble collapse, and the kinetic energy of the jet are investigated as a function of the distance between bubble and boundary. During collapse, the bubble migrates towards the boundary and the liquid jet reaches a maximum velocity between 80 m s â1 and 120 m s â1 , depending on the distance between bubble and boundary. The conversion of bubble energy to kinetic energy of the jet ranges from 16% to 23%. When the bubble is situated in close proximity to the boundary, the liquid jet impacts the boundary with its maximum velocity, resulting in an impact pressure of the order of tens of MPa. The rapid expansion of the bubble, the impact of the liquid jet onto the nearby boundary material, and the high pressure developed inside the bubble at its minimum volume can all contribute to the boundary material damage. The high pressure developed during the impact of the liquid jet onto the biological material and the shearing forces acting on the material surface as a consequence of the radial flow of the jet outward from the impact site are the main damage mechanisms of rigid biological materials. The results are discussed with respect to cavitation damage of rigid biological materials, such as disintegration of renal stones and calcified tissue and collateral effects in pulsed ultrasound surgery. (paper)
Effect of Shock-Induced Cavitation Bubble Collapse on the damage in the Simulated Perineuronal Net of the Brain.
Science.gov (United States)
Wu, Yuan-Ting; Adnan, Ashfaq
2017-07-13
The purpose of this study is to conduct modeling and simulation to understand the effect of shock-induced mechanical loading, in the form of cavitation bubble collapse, on damage to the brain's perineuronal nets (PNNs). It is known that high-energy implosion due to cavitation collapse is responsible for corrosion or surface damage in many mechanical devices. In this case, cavitation refers to the bubble created by pressure drop. The presence of a similar damage mechanism in biophysical systems has long being suspected but not well-explored. In this paper, we use reactive molecular dynamics (MD) to simulate the scenario of a shock wave induced cavitation collapse within the perineuronal net (PNN), which is the near-neuron domain of a brain's extracellular matrix (ECM). Our model is focused on the damage in hyaluronan (HA), which is the main structural component of PNN. We have investigated the roles of cavitation bubble location, shockwave intensity and the size of a cavitation bubble on the structural evolution of PNN. Simulation results show that the localized supersonic water hammer created by an asymmetrical bubble collapse may break the hyaluronan. As such, the current study advances current knowledge and understanding of the connection between PNN damage and neurodegenerative disorders.
Prediction method for cavitation erosion based on measurement of bubble collapse impact loads
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Hattori, S; Hirose, T; Sugiyama, K
2009-01-01
The prediction of cavitation erosion rates is important in order to evaluate the exact life of components. The measurement of impact loads in bubble collapses helps to predict the life under cavitation erosion. In this study, we carried out erosion tests and the measurements of impact loads in bubble collapses with a vibratory apparatus. We evaluated the incubation period based on a cumulative damage rule by measuring the impact loads of cavitation acting on the specimen surface and by using the 'constant impact load - number of impact loads curve' similar to the modified Miner's rule which is employed for fatigue life prediction. We found that the parameter Σ(F i α xn i ) (F i : impact load, n i : number of impacts and α: constant) is suitable for the evaluation of the erosion life. Moreover, we propose a new method that can predict the incubation period under various cavitation conditions.
Ultrasonic cavitation erosion of Ti in 0.35% NaCl solution with bubbling oxygen and nitrogen.
Science.gov (United States)
Li, D G; Wang, J D; Chen, D R; Liang, P
2015-09-01
The influences of oxygen and nitrogen on the ultrasonic cavitation erosion of Ti in 0.35%NaCl solution at room temperature, were investigated using a magnetostrictive-induced ultrasonic cavitation erosion (CE) facility and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The roles of oxygen and nitrogen in the composition and the electronic property of the passive film on Ti, were studied by Mott-Schottky plot and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results showed that the mass loss of Ti in 0.35%NaCl solution increased with increasing cavitation time. Bubbling oxygen can evidently increase the resistance of ultrasonic cavitation erosion comparing with bubbling nitrogen. XPS results showed that the thickness of the passive film on Ti in 0.35%NaCl solution in the case of bubbling oxygen for 3 weeks, was about 7 nm, and the passive film was mainly composed of TiO2 with an anatase structure. While TiO2 with a rutile structure was found to be the major component of the passive film on Ti in 0.35%NaCl solution in the case of bubbling nitrogen for 3 weeks, and the film thickness was 5 nm. The results extracted from Mott-Schottky plot showed that the passive film on Ti in the case of bubbling oxygen had more donor density than the passive film on Ti in the case of bubbling nitrogen. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Collapse of a cavitation bubble generated by low voltage discharge in water
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
Zima Patrik
2012-04-01
Full Text Available The article presents experimental results of the optical study of cavitation bubble collapse close to a solid boundary in water. The bubble was generated by discharge of two low-voltage capacitors. High-speed CCD camera was used to record the time evolution of the bubble size. High-power halogen lamp was used for illumination. The system was synchronized by pulse generator connected to an oscilloscope. The velocity of the re-entrant jet was estimated from the time resolved photography for different maximum bubble sizes.
Acoustic cavitation bubbles in the kidney induced by focused shock waves in extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL)
Science.gov (United States)
Kuwahara, M.; Ioritani, N.; Kambe, K.; Taguchi, K.; Saito, T.; Igarashi, M.; Shirai, S.; Orikasa, S.; Takayama, K.
1990-07-01
On an ultrasonic imaging system a hyperechoic region was observed in a focal area of fucused shock waves in the dog kidney. This study was performed to learn whether cavitation bubbles are responsible for this hyperechoic region. The ultrasonic images in water of varying temperatures were not markedly different. In the flowing stream of distilled water, the stream was demonstrated as a hyperechoic region only with a mixture of air bubbles. Streams of 5%-50% glucose solutions were also demonstrated as a hyperechoic region. However, such concentration changes in living tissue, as well as thermal changes, are hardly thought to be induced. The holographic interferometry showed that the cavitation bubbles remained for more than 500 msec. in the focal area in water. This finding indicate that the bubble can remain for longer period than previously supposed. These results support the contentions that cavitation bubbles are responsible for the hyperechoic region in the kidney in situ.
Simultaneous observation of cavitation bubbles generated in biological tissue by high-speed optical and acoustic imaging methods
Science.gov (United States)
Suzuki, Kai; Iwasaki, Ryosuke; Takagi, Ryo; Yoshizawa, Shin; Umemura, Shin-ichiro
2017-07-01
Acoustic cavitation bubbles are useful for enhancing the heating effect in high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) treatment. Many studies were conducted to investigate the behavior of such bubbles in tissue-mimicking materials, such as a transparent gel phantom; however, the detailed behavior in tissue was still unclear owing to the difficulty in optical observation. In this study, a new biological phantom was developed to observe cavitation bubbles generated in an optically shallow area of tissue. Two imaging methods, high-speed photography using light scattering and high-speed ultrasonic imaging, were used for detecting the behavior of the bubbles simultaneously. The results agreed well with each other for the area of bubble formation and the temporal change in the region of bubbles, suggesting that both methods are useful for visualizing the bubbles.
Localized removal of layers of metal, polymer, or biomaterial by ultrasound cavitation bubbles
NARCIS (Netherlands)
Rivas, David Fernandez; Verhaagen, Bram; Seddon, James R. T.; Zijlstra, Aaldert G.; Jiang, Lei-Meng; van der Sluis, Luc W. M.; Versluis, Michel; Lohse, Detlef; Gardeniers, Han J. G. E.
We present an ultrasonic device with the ability to locally remove deposited layers from a glass slide in a controlled and rapid manner. The cleaning takes place as the result of cavitating bubbles near the deposited layers and not due to acoustic streaming. The bubbles are ejected from air-filled
Localized removal of layers of metal, polymer, or biomaterial by ultrasound cavitation bubbles
NARCIS (Netherlands)
Fernandez Rivas, David; Verhaagen, B.; Seddon, James Richard Thorley; Zijlstra, A.G.; Jiang, L.M.; van der Sluis, L.W.M.; Versluis, Michel; Lohse, Detlef; Gardeniers, Johannes G.E.
2012-01-01
We present an ultrasonic device with the ability to locally remove deposited layers from a glass slide in a controlled and rapid manner. The cleaning takes place as the result of cavitating bubbles near the deposited layers and not due to acoustic streaming. The bubbles are ejected from air-filled
Mechanism of cavitation damage and structure of a cavitating eddy
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Efimov, A.V.; Vorob'ev, G.A.; Filenko, Yu.I.; Petrov, K.N.
1976-01-01
As a result of experimental studies of the structure of a cavitating eddy and the action of single cavitation bubbles on a solid surface the assumption of double nature of cavitation damage forces depending on its regimes was made. The first type of the damage forces is shock waves, appearing around collapsing spherical bubble, the second type is hydraulic impacts of microjets making a hole in a collapsing aspherical bubble. The outward appearance of single microdents differs from each other. The damage of the first type is accompanied by corrosion. The cavitation erosion intensity of the damage of the first type exceeds that of the damage of the second type by one order of magnitude. The values of the porosity of a cavitation eddy, the bubble concentration and the distance between them, the bubble distribution according to the size and the form for the initial cavitation stage are given from holographic investigations
Rayleigh-Plesset equation of the bubble stable cavitation in water: A nonequilibrium all-atom molecular dynamics simulation study
Science.gov (United States)
Man, Viet Hoang; Li, Mai Suan; Derreumaux, Philippe; Nguyen, Phuong H.
2018-03-01
The Rayleigh-Plesset (RP) equation was derived from the first principles to describe the bubble cavitation in liquids in terms of macroscopic hydrodynamics. A number of nonequilibrium molecular dynamics studies have been carried out to validate this equation in describing the bubble inertial cavitation, but their results are contradictory and the applicability of the RP equation still remains to be examined, especially for the stable cavitation. In this work, we carry out nonequilibrium all-atom simulation to validate the applicability of the RP equation in the description of the stable cavitation of nano-sized bubbles in water. We show that although microscopic effects are not explicitly included, this equation still describes the dynamics of subnano-bubbles quite well as long as the contributions of various terms including inertial, surface tension, and viscosity are correctly taken into account. These terms are directly and inversely proportional to the amplitude and period of the cavitation, respectively. Thus, their contributions to the RP equation depend on these two parameters. This may explain the discrepancy between the current results obtained using different parameters. Finally, the accuracy of the RP equation in the current mathematical modeling studies of the ultrasound-induced blood-brain-barrier experiments is discussed in some detail.
Hemolytic potential of hydrodynamic cavitation.
Science.gov (United States)
Chambers, S D; Bartlett, R H; Ceccio, S L
2000-08-01
The purpose of this study was to determine the hemolytic potentials of discrete bubble cavitation and attached cavitation. To generate controlled cavitation events, a venturigeometry hydrodynamic device, called a Cavitation Susceptibility Meter (CSM), was constructed. A comparison between the hemolytic potential of discrete bubble cavitation and attached cavitation was investigated with a single-pass flow apparatus and a recirculating flow apparatus, both utilizing the CSM. An analytical model, based on spherical bubble dynamics, was developed for predicting the hemolysis caused by discrete bubble cavitation. Experimentally, discrete bubble cavitation did not correlate with a measurable increase in plasma-free hemoglobin (PFHb), as predicted by the analytical model. However, attached cavitation did result in significant PFHb generation. The rate of PFHb generation scaled inversely with the Cavitation number at a constant flow rate, suggesting that the size of the attached cavity was the dominant hemolytic factor.
Two-dimensional direct numerical simulation of bubble cloud cavitation by front-tracking method
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Peng, G; Shimizu, S; Tryggvason, G
2015-01-01
Unsteady bubble cloud cavitation phenomenon caused by negative pressure pulse has been treated numerically by applying a front tracking method. The behaviour of bubble cloud expanding and contracting is evaluated by tracking the motion of all bubble interfaces. Numerical investigation demonstrates that: (1) In the collapsing of bubble cloud micro liquid jets toward the inner bubbles are formed while the outer layer bubbles contract extremely, and then a high impact pressure is released when the inner central bubble contacts to its minimum. (2) The oscillation of bubble cloud depends upon the void fraction greatly. In the case of high void fraction, the frequency of cloud oscillation is lower than that of individual bubble and the decay of the oscillation becomes much slowly also
Bubble collapsing behavior of vortex cavitation relative to erosion especially in the near wake behind a triangular cylinder; Cavitation kaishoku ni kanrensuru uzu cavity atsukai kyodo no kansatsu (tokuni, sankakuchu mawari no near-wake ni oite)
Energy Technology Data Exchange (ETDEWEB)
Sato, K.; Sugimoto, Y. [Kanazawa Institute of Technology, Ishikawa (Japan). Faculty of Engineering
1997-12-25
It is known that erosion of fluid machinery can be caused by collapes of a cavitation bubble under high speed flow conditions. To solve this cavitation erosion problem, we performed some experiments on the cavitation process from a subcavitation to a supercavitation stage with a measurement system combining a high-speed video camera and an impulsive pressure sensor. This study focuses in particular on a vortex cavitation bubble in the near wake of a triangular body at the partially cavitating stage which is well known as a highly erosive pattern. Erosion tests were conducted regarding the mechanism of highly impulsive force generation, and bubble collapsing behaviors were observed. The results show that three characteristic patterns of bubble collapse and erosion occur within the near-wake region. 15 refs., 11 figs.
The Behavior of Micro Bubbles and Bubble Cluster in Ultrasound Field
Science.gov (United States)
Yoshizawa, Shin; Matsumoto, Yoichiro
2001-11-01
Ultrasound is widely applied in the clinical field today, such as ultrasound imaging, Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL) and so on. It is essential to take a real understanding of the dynamics of micro bubbles and bubble cluster in these applications. Thus we numerically simulate them in ultrasound field in this paper. In the numerical simulation, we consider the thermal behavior inside the bubble and the pressure wave phenomena in the bubble cluster in detail, namely, the evaporation and condensation of liquid at the bubble wall, heat transfer through the bubble wall, diffusion of non-condensable gas inside the bubble and the compressibility of liquid. Initial cluster radius is to 0.5[mm], bubble radius is 1.7[mm], void fraction is 0.1[ambient pressure is 101.3[kPa], temperature is 293[K] and the amplitude of ultrasound is 50[kPa]. We simulate bubble cluster in ultrasound field at various frequencies and we obtain the following conclusions. 1) The maximum pressure inside bubble cluster reaches 5[MPa] and this is much higher than that of a bubble. 2) Bubble cluster behaves like a rigid body acoustically when the frequency of ultrasound is much higher than its natural frequency.
Luminescence from cavitation bubbles deformed in uniform pressure gradients
Science.gov (United States)
Supponen, Outi; Obreschkow, Danail; Kobel, Philippe; Farhat, Mohamed
2017-09-01
Presented here are observations that demonstrate how the deformation of millimetric cavitation bubbles by a uniform pressure gradient quenches single-collapse luminescence. Our innovative measurement system captures a broad luminescence spectrum (wavelength range, 300-900 nm) from the individual collapses of laser-induced bubbles in water. By varying the bubble size, driving pressure, and perceived gravity level aboard parabolic flights, we probed the limit from aspherical to highly spherical bubble collapses. Luminescence was detected for bubbles of maximum radii within the previously uncovered range, R0=1.5 -6 mm, for laser-induced bubbles. The relative luminescence energy was found to rapidly decrease as a function of the bubble asymmetry quantified by the anisotropy parameter ζ , which is the dimensionless equivalent of the Kelvin impulse. As established previously, ζ also dictates the characteristic parameters of bubble-driven microjets. The threshold of ζ beyond which no luminescence is observed in our experiment closely coincides with the threshold where the microjets visibly pierce the bubble and drive a vapor jet during the rebound. The individual fitted blackbody temperatures range between Tlum=7000 and Tlum=11 500 K but do not show any clear trend as a function of ζ . Time-resolved measurements using a high-speed photodetector disclose multiple luminescence events at each bubble collapse. The averaged full width at half-maximum of the pulse is found to scale with R0 and to range between 10 and 20 ns.
Corner-transport-upwind lattice Boltzmann model for bubble cavitation
Science.gov (United States)
Sofonea, V.; BiciuÅcÇ, T.; Busuioc, S.; AmbruÅ, Victor E.; Gonnella, G.; Lamura, A.
2018-02-01
Aiming to study the bubble cavitation problem in quiescent and sheared liquids, a third-order isothermal lattice Boltzmann model that describes a two-dimensional (2D) fluid obeying the van der Waals equation of state, is introduced. The evolution equations for the distribution functions in this off-lattice model with 16 velocities are solved using the corner-transport-upwind (CTU) numerical scheme on large square lattices (up to 6144 Ã6144 nodes). The numerical viscosity and the regularization of the model are discussed for first- and second-order CTU schemes finding that the latter choice allows to obtain a very accurate phase diagram of a nonideal fluid. In a quiescent liquid, the present model allows us to recover the solution of the 2D Rayleigh-Plesset equation for a growing vapor bubble. In a sheared liquid, we investigated the evolution of the total bubble area, the bubble deformation, and the bubble tilt angle, for various values of the shear rate. A linear relation between the dimensionless deformation coefficient D and the capillary number Ca is found at small Ca but with a different factor than in equilibrium liquids. A nonlinear regime is observed for Caâ³0.2 .
Enhancing the aggressive intensity of hydrodynamic cavitation through a Venturi tube by increasing the pressure in the region where the bubbles collapse
Science.gov (United States)
Soyama, H.; Hoshino, J.
2016-04-01
In this paper, we used a Venturi tube for generating hydrodynamic cavitation, and in order to obtain the optimum conditions for this to be used in chemical processes, the relationship between the aggressive intensity of the cavitation and the downstream pressure where the cavitation bubbles collapse was investigated. The acoustic power and the luminescence induced by the bubbles collapsing were investigated under various cavitating conditions, and the relationships between these and the cavitation number, which depends on the upstream pressure, the downstream pressure at the throat of the tube and the vapor pressure of the test water, was found. It was shown that the optimum downstream pressure, i.e., the pressure in the region where the bubbles collapse, increased the aggressive intensity by a factor of about 100 compared to atmospheric pressure without the need to increase the input power. Although the optimum downstream pressure varied with the upstream pressure, the cavitation number giving the optimum conditions was constant for all upstream pressures.
Enhancing the aggressive intensity of hydrodynamic cavitation through a Venturi tube by increasing the pressure in the region where the bubbles collapse
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
H. Soyama
2016-04-01
Full Text Available In this paper, we used a Venturi tube for generating hydrodynamic cavitation, and in order to obtain the optimum conditions for this to be used in chemical processes, the relationship between the aggressive intensity of the cavitation and the downstream pressure where the cavitation bubbles collapse was investigated. The acoustic power and the luminescence induced by the bubbles collapsing were investigated under various cavitating conditions, and the relationships between these and the cavitation number, which depends on the upstream pressure, the downstream pressure at the throat of the tube and the vapor pressure of the test water, was found. It was shown that the optimum downstream pressure, i.e., the pressure in the region where the bubbles collapse, increased the aggressive intensity by a factor of about 100 compared to atmospheric pressure without the need to increase the input power. Although the optimum downstream pressure varied with the upstream pressure, the cavitation number giving the optimum conditions was constant for all upstream pressures.
Cavitation cluster dynamics in shock-wave lithotripsy: Part I
NARCIS (Netherlands)
Arora, M.; Junge, L.; Junge, L.; Ohl, C.D.
2005-01-01
The spatiotemporal dynamics of cavitation bubble growth and collapse in shock-wave lithotripsy in a free field was studied experimentally. The lithotripter was equipped with two independently triggerable layers of piezoceramics. The front and back layers generated positive pressure amplitudes of 30
Variations of bubble cavitation and temperature elevation during lesion formation by high-intensity focused ultrasound.
Science.gov (United States)
Zhou, Yufeng; Gao, Xiaobin Wilson
2013-08-01
High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) is emerging as an effective therapeutic modality in both thermal ablations for solid tumor/cancer and soft-tissue fragmentation. Mechanical and thermal effects, which play an important role in the HIFU treatment simultaneously, are dependent on the operating parameters and may vary with the progress of therapy. Mechanical erosion in the shape of a "squid," a "dumbbell" lesion with both mechanical and thermal lesions, or a "tadpole" lesion with mechanical erosion at the center and thermal necrosis on the boundary in the transparent gel phantom could be produced correspondingly with the pulse duration of 5-30âms, which is much longer than histotripsy burst but shorter than the time for tissue boiling, and pulse repetition frequency (PRF) of 0.2-5âHz. Meanwhile, variations of bubble cavitation (both inertial and stable cavitation) and temperature elevation in the focal region (i.e., zâ=â-2.5, 0, and 2.5âmm) were measured by passive cavitation detection (PCD) and thermocouples during the therapeutic procedure, respectively. Stable cavitation increased with the pulse duration, PRF, and the number of pulses delivered. However, inertial cavitation was found to increase initially and then decrease with long pulse duration and high PRF. Temperature in the pre-focal region is always higher than those at the focal and post-focal position in all tests. Great variations of PCD signals and temperature elevation are due to the generation and persistence of large bubble, which is resistant to collapse and occurs with the increase of pulse duration and PRF. Similar lesion pattern and variations were also observed in ex vivo porcine kidneys. Hyperechoes in the B-mode ultrasound image were comparable to the shape and size of lesions in the dissected tissue. Thermal lesion volume increased with the increase of pulse duration and PRF, but mechanical erosion reached its maximum volume with the pulse duration of 20âms and PRF of 1â
The ring vortex metamorphosis as a basis for cavitation bubble implosion, the Schwenk method for drop formation and the water jet cutting
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Schneider, P.E.M.
1980-01-01
It is possible, even to understand better the implosion of cavitation bubles by means of the progress of the recent years with reference to the transition of the laminar into the turbulent state of flow, especially for the case of ring vortices. The present report proves that the implosion of the cavitation bubbles takes place within implosion of the cavitation bubbles takes place within a gaseous/liquid ring vortex that transits from laminar flow state into the turbulent. The material erosion by a cavitation bubble takes place, when the metamorphosis of the ring vortex takes place immediately at a wall resp. in the vicinity of a wall, when the ring vortices of the cavitation move towards the wall and hereby erode it. Furthermore it is presented that this beam phenomenon, observed in cavitation also takes place during other events e.g. the drop transformation at the impact of a drop on a liquid layer or a solid material. This way it is possible to make a contribution to the explantations of phenomena, that take place during cuttering of solid materials by high pressure drop jets cutters. (orig.)
Some investigations on the use of ultrasonics in travelling bubble cavitation control
Science.gov (United States)
Chatterjee, Dhiman; Arakeri, Vijay H.
2004-04-01
In this paper we report results from some investigations on the use of ultrasonics in controlling travelling bubble cavitation. Control of this type of cavitation, generated using a venturi device, has been achieved by manipulation of potential nuclei using a piezoelectric device, termed the Ultrasonic Nuclei Manipulator (UNM). The performance of the UNM, activated in continuous-wave (CW) and pulsed modes, has been studied over a range of dissolved gas concentration (C). The performance under CW-excitation is found to depend sensitively on C, with lack of control in near-saturated water samples. Failure to control cavitation at C â 1 under CW-excitation is suggested to be a result of bubble growth by rectified diffusion under these conditions. The pulsed mode of excitation of the UNM, in such cases, seems to be a very promising alternative. Further improvement is observed by using two piezoelectric crystals, one driven in the CW-mode and the second in pulsed mode, as the UNM. Through carefully designed experimentation, this has been traced to the movement of nuclei under the influence of Bjerknes forces. Besides reduction of noise, other measures of control have been identified and investigated. For example, it has been found that the maximum velocity achievable at the venturi throat can be increased from about 15 m s(-1) to about 22 m s(-1) with nuclei manipulation using ultrasonics.
Cavitation
International Nuclear Information System (INIS)
Anon.
1983-01-01
Cavitation in fluid machines or flow passages can cause loss of performance or material damage due to erosion. This conference reports the results of world-wide research into all aspects of the study of cavitation. Contents include: Cavitation effects in machinery such as pumps, water turbines, propellers and positive displacement machinery; Cavitation in structures, flow passages, valves, flow meters and bearings; Cavitation erosion, noise and instability effects; Cavitation inception; Developed flows; Supercavitating flows and machines; Fundamentals; Bubble dynamics and thermodynamics of cavitation in various fluids; Test facilities and methods of cavitation research and testing; Special instrumentation for cavitation studies, and standards and recommendations for cavitation or erosion
Shock waves and cavitation bubbles in water and isooctane generated by Nd:YAG laser: experimental and theoretical results
Science.gov (United States)
Muller, Milos; Garen, Walter; Koch, Sandra; Marsik, Frantisek; Neu, Walter; Saburov, Eduado
2004-04-01
Temporal evolution of laser generated cavitation bubbles and shock waves were studied. Q-switched Nd-Yag laser pulses at 1064 nm are focused into the liquid. An Imager 3 CCD camera with multi exposure mode allows recording of 10 images with minimal exposure delay of 100 ns and minimal exposure time of 100 ns. Illumination is provided by xenon flash lamp for single exposure (shock wave recording) and by halogen lamp for multi exposure mode (bubble recording). Distilled water and a retrograde fluid, isooctane, have been under investigation to identify the differences in the cavitation process and shock wave propagation. The calculation of the shock wave velocities in water and isooctane are based on image recording at constant exposure time of 100 ns and using laser differential interferometry. Strong differences of bubble oscillation were observed in water and isooctane. Gilmore's model is used for numerical simulation of bubble dynamics.
Techniques of Ultrasound Cavitation Control
Directory of Open Access Journals (Sweden)
S. P. Skvortsov
2015-01-01
Full Text Available The control methods of ultrasonic cavitation applied now within the range from 20 kHz to 80 kHz use either control of ultrasound source parameters (amplitude, acoustic power, etc. or control of one of the cavitation effects (erosion of materials, sonoluminescence, power of acoustic noise, etc.. These methods provide effective management of technological processes, however, make it impossible to relate the estimated effect with parameters of pulsations of cavitation bubbles. This is, mainly, due to influence of a number of uncontrollable parameters, in particular, such as temperature, composition of liquid, gas content, etc. as well as because of the difficulty to establish interrelation between the estimated effect and parameters of pulsations. As a result, in most cases it is difficult to compare controlled parameters of ultrasonic cavitation among themselves, and quantitative characteristics of processes become depending on the type of ultrasonic installation and conditions of their measurement.In this regard, methods to determine parameters of bubble pulsations through sounding a cavitation area by low-intensity laser radiation or to record cavitation noise sub-harmonics reflecting dynamics of changing radius of cavitation bubbles are of interest. The method of optical sounding, via the analysis of spectral components of a scattered signal recorded by a photo-detector, allows us to define a phase of the bubbles collapse with respect to the sound wave and a moving speed of the bubbles wall, as well as to estimate a cavitation index within the light beam section.The method to record sub-harmonicas of cavitation noise allows us to define parameters of pulsations, average for cavitation areas.The above methods allow us both to study mechanisms of cavitation action and to form quantitative criteria of its efficiency based on the physical processes, rather than their consequences and are convenient for arranging a feedback in the units using
Towards classification of the bifurcation structure of a spherical cavitation bubble.
Science.gov (United States)
Behnia, Sohrab; Sojahrood, Amin Jafari; Soltanpoor, Wiria; Sarkhosh, Leila
2009-12-01
We focus on a single cavitation bubble driven by ultrasound, a system which is a specimen of forced nonlinear oscillators and is characterized by its extreme sensitivity to the initial conditions. The driven radial oscillations of the bubble are considered to be implicated by the principles of chaos physics and owing to specific ranges of control parameters, can be periodic or chaotic. Despite the growing number of investigations on its dynamics, there is not yet an inclusive yardstick to sort the dynamical behavior of the bubble into classes; also, the response oscillations are so complex that long term prediction on the behavior becomes
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